STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
(formerly, Adaptive Income Fund)
Institutional Class Shares CADTX
Class C Shares CADAX
Class A Shares CAADX
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January 12, 2021
Each a series of the
Starboard Investment Trust
116 South Franklin Street
Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27804
Telephone 1-800-773-3863
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is meant to be read in conjunction with the prospectus for the Adaptive Funds, dated January 12, 2021 , as amended
or supplemented from time to time (the “Prospectus”), and is incorporated by reference in its entirety into the Prospectus. Because this SAI is not itself a prospectus, no investment in shares of the Adaptive Funds should be made solely upon the
information contained herein. Copies of the Prospectus, annual report, and/or semi-annual report may be obtained at no charge by writing or calling the Funds at the address or phone number shown above or online at
https://www.nottinghamco.com/fundpages/Adaptive. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein have the same meanings as in the Prospectus.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
GENERAL INFORMATION
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2
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENT POLICIES
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2
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INVESTMENT LIMITATIONS
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14
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PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS
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15
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DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUST
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1 7
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MANAGEMENT AND OTHER SERVICE PROVIDERS
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1 8
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ADDITIONAL PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION INFORMATION
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29
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SPECIAL SHAREHOLDER SERVICES
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32
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DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
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33
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NET ASSET VALUE
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35
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ADDITIONAL TAX INFORMATION
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35
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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38
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APPENDIX A – DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
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39
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APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES
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42
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GENERAL INFORMATION
Starboard Investment Trust (“Trust”) was organized on May 13, 2009, as a Delaware statutory trust and is authorized to have multiple series or
portfolios. The Trust is registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as an open-end management investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The Trust currently consists of 14
separate series. This SAI relates to the Adaptive Hedged Income Fund (the “Fund”) is a separate, diversified series of the Trust. Prior to October 16, 2020, the Adaptive Hedged Income Fund was known as the Adaptive Income Fund. Prior to October 1,
2020, the fund family was known as the Cavalier Funds and the Fund’s name included “Cavalier” in the title rather than “Adaptive”. Prior to August 3, 2016, the Cavalier Adaptive Hedged Income Fund was known as the Cavalier Stable Income Fund.
Prior to August 4, 2015, the fund family was known as the Rx Funds and the Fund’s name included “Rx” in the title rather than “Cavalier.” Prior to May 3, 2013, the fund family was known as the FMX Funds and the Fund’s name included “ISM” in the
title rather than “Rx.” Prior to September 18, 2012, the Cavalier Adaptive Hedged Income Fund was known as the FMX Total Return Fund. As of August 20, 2015, the Fund’s investment advisor is Cavalier Investments, LLC d/b/a Adaptive Investments (the
“Advisor” or “Adaptive Investments”). During the period between August 1, 2015, and August 19, 2015, the Fund’s investment advisor was Compass Capital Corporation. Prior to August 1, 2015, the Fund’s investment advisor was FolioMetrix, LLC.
This SAI describes the financial history, management and operation of the Fund, as well as the Fund’s investment objective and policies. It should be
read in conjunction with the Prospectus.
Investments in the Fund is not:
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Deposits or obligations of any bank;
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•
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Guaranteed or endorsed by any bank; or
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•
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Federally insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Reserve Board, or any other federal agency.
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENT POLICIES
The Prospectus describes the Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies, as well as the principal investment risks of the Fund.
All investments in securities and other financial instruments involve a risk of financial loss. No assurance can be given that a Fund’s investment program will be successful. Investors should carefully review the descriptions of a Fund’s
investments and their risks described in the Prospectus and this SAI.
The following descriptions and policies supplement the descriptions in the Prospectus and include descriptions of certain types of investments that
may be made by a Fund but are not principal investment strategies of the Fund. Any investment type not also described in the Prospectus is not a principal investment strategy of the applicable Fund nor a principal investment risk of such Fund.
Attached to this SAI is Appendix A, which contains descriptions of the rating symbols used by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations for securities in which a Fund may invest. Appendix B contains copies of the Advisor’s Proxy
Voting Policy and Procedures.
Common Stocks. The equity portion of a Fund’s portfolio may include common stocks traded on domestic
securities exchanges. Prices of common stocks in which that Fund invests may fluctuate in response to many factors, including, but not limited to, the activities of the individual companies whose securities the Fund owns, general market and
economic conditions, interest rates, and specific industry changes. Such price fluctuations subject the Fund to potential losses. In addition, regardless of any one company’s particular prospects, a declining stock market may produce a decline in
prices for all common stocks, which could also result in losses for the Fund. Market declines may continue for an indefinite period of time, and investors should understand that during temporary or extended bear markets, the value of common stocks
will decline.
Investment Companies. Investments in securities of other investment companies involve certain additional
expenses and certain tax results, which would not be present in a direct investment in the underlying fund. The Fund expects to rely on Rule 12d1-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), when purchasing shares of a
money market fund. Under Rule 12d1-1, a Fund may generally invest without limitation in money market funds as long as a Fund pay no sales charge, as defined in rule 2830(b)(8) of the Conduct Rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
(“FINRA”), or service fee, as defined in Rule 2830(b)(9) of the Conduct Rules of FINRA, charged in connection with the purchase, sale, or redemption of securities issued by the money market fund; or the Advisor waives its management fee in an
amount necessary to offset any sales charge or service fee. A Fund will also purchase shares of other investment companies that are not money market funds. Pursuant to Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Acts, the Fund will be prevented from: (i)
purchasing more than 3% of an investment company's outstanding shares; (ii) investing more than 5% of a Fund's assets in any single such investment company; and (iii) investing more than 10% of a Fund's assets in investment companies overall;
unless: (a) the underlying investment company and/or the applicable Fund has received an order for exemptive relief from such limitations from the SEC; and (b) the underlying investment company and the Fund take appropriate steps to comply with any
conditions in such order. In addition, the respective Fund is subject to Section 12(d)(1)(C), which provides that the Fund may not acquire shares of a closed-end fund if, immediately after such acquisition, the Fund and other investment companies
having the same adviser as the Fund would hold more than 10% of the closed-end fund’s total outstanding voting stock. However, Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the 1940 Act provides that the limitations of paragraph 12(d)(1) shall not apply to securities
purchased or otherwise acquired by the respective Fund if immediately after such purchase or acquisition not more than 3% of the total outstanding shares of such investment company is owned by the respective Fund and all affiliated persons of the
fund. Investments by the Fund in other investment companies entail a number of risks unique to a fund of funds structure. These risks include the following:
Multiple Layers of Fees. By investing in other investment companies indirectly through the Fund, prospective investors will
directly bear the fees and expenses of the Advisor and indirectly bear the fees and expenses of other investment companies and other investment companies’ managers as well. As such, this multiple or duplicative layer of fees will increase the cost
of investments in the Fund.
Lack of Transparency. The Advisor will not be able to monitor the investment activities of the other investment companies
on a continuous basis and the other investment companies may use investment strategies that differ from its past practices and are not fully disclosed to the Advisor and that involve risks that are not anticipated by the Advisor. The Fund has no
control over the risks taken by the underlying investment companies in which they invest.
Valuation of Investment Companies. Although the Advisor will attempt to review the valuation procedures used by other
investment companies’ managers, the Advisor will have little or no means of independently verifying valuations of the Fund’s investments in investment companies and valuations of the underlying securities held by other investment companies. As
such, the Advisor will rely significantly on valuations of other investment companies and the securities underlying other investment companies that are reported by other investment companies’ managers. In the event that such valuations prove to be
inaccurate, the net asset value (“NAV”) of the Fund could be adversely impacted and an investor could incur a loss of investment in the Fund.
Illiquidity of Investments by and In Other Investment Companies. The market prices, if any, for securities that are not
registered, are subject to legal or other restrictions on transfer, or for which no liquid market exists tend to be volatile and restricted securities may sell at prices that are lower than similar securities that are not subject to legal
restrictions on resale. Further, the Fund may not be able to redeem their interests in other investment companies’ securities that they have purchased in a timely manner. If adverse market conditions were to develop during any period in which the
Fund is unable to redeem interests in other investment companies, the Fund may suffer losses as a result of this illiquidity. As such, the lack of liquidity and volatility of restricted securities held by other investment companies could adversely
affect the value of the other investment companies. Any such losses could adversely affect the value of the Fund’s investments and an investor could incur a loss of investment in the Fund.
Lack of Control. Although the Fund and the Advisor will evaluate regularly each portfolio fund (“Portfolio Fund”) to
determine whether such Portfolio Fund’s investment program is consistent with each respective Fund’s investment objective, the Advisor will not have any control over the investments made by a Portfolio Fund. Even though each Portfolio Fund is
subject to certain constraints, the investment advisor to each such Portfolio Fund may change aspects of their investment strategies at any time. The Advisor will not have the ability to control or influence the composition of the investment
portfolio of any Portfolio Fund.
Lack of Diversification. There is no requirement that the underlying investments held by other investment companies be
diversified. As such, other investment companies’ managers may target or concentrate other investment companies’ investments in specific markets, sectors, or types of securities. As a result, investments made by other investment companies are
subject to greater volatility as a result of this concentration than if the other investment companies had non-concentrated and diversified portfolios of investments. Thus, the Fund’s portfolios (and by extension the value of an investment in the
Fund) may therefore be subject to greater risk than the portfolio of a similar fund with investments in diversified investment companies.
Use of Leverage. The other investment companies may utilize leverage (i.e., borrowing) to acquire their underlying
portfolio investments. When other investment companies borrow money or otherwise leverage their portfolio of investments, doing so may exaggerate changes in the NAV of the shares of the other investment companies and in the return on the other
investment companies’ investments. Borrowing will also cost other investment companies interest expense and other fees. As such, the value of the Fund’s investments in other investment companies may be more volatile and all other risks (including
the risk of loss of an investment in other investment companies) tend to be compounded or magnified. As a result, any losses suffered by other investment companies as a result of their use of leverage could adversely affect the value of the Fund’s
investments and an investor could incur a loss of investment in the Fund.
Exchange Traded Funds. ETFs are traded on a securities exchange based on their market value. An investment
in an ETF presents the same risks as an investment in a conventional registered investment company (i.e., one that is not exchange traded). In addition, all ETFs will have costs and expenses that will be passed on to the Fund, which will in turn
increase the Fund’s expenses. ETFs are also subject to the following risks that often do not apply to conventional investment companies: (i) the market price of the ETF’s shares may trade at a discount to the ETF’s NAV, and as a result, ETFs may
experience more price volatility than other types of portfolio investments which could negatively impact the Fund’s NAVs; (ii) an active trading market for an ETF’s shares may not develop or be maintained at a sufficient volume; (iii) trading of an
ETF’s shares may be halted if the listing exchange deems such action appropriate; and (iv) ETF shares may be delisted from the exchange on which they trade, or “circuit breakers” (which are tied to large decreases in stock prices used by the
exchange) may temporarily halt trading in the ETF’s stock. ETFs are also subject to the risks of the underlying securities the ETF holds. Finally, there may be legal limitations and other conditions imposed by SEC rules on the amount of the ETF
shares that the Fund may acquire.
Equity Securities. The equity portion of a Fund’s portfolio may be comprised of common stocks traded on
domestic securities exchanges or on the over-the-counter market. In addition to common stocks, the equity portion of the Fund’s portfolio may also include preferred stocks, convertible preferred stocks, convertible bonds and warrants. Prices of
equity securities in which the Fund invests may fluctuate in response to many factors, including the activities of the individual companies issuing the equity securities, general market and economic conditions, interest rates, and specific industry
changes. Such price fluctuations subject the Fund to potential losses. In addition, regardless of any one company’s prospects, a declining stock market may produce a decline in prices for all equity securities, which could also result in losses
for the Fund. Market declines may continue for an indefinite period and investors should understand that during temporary or extended bear markets, the value of equity securities will decline.
Convertible securities entitle the holder to receive interest payments or a dividend preference until the security matures or is redeemed, or the
conversion privilege is exercised. As a result of the conversion feature, the interest rate or dividend preference on a convertible security is generally less than would be the case if the securities were issued in non-convertible form. Warrants
entitle the holder to purchase equity securities at specific prices for a certain period of time. The prices do not necessarily move parallel to the prices of the underlying securities and the warrants have no voting rights, receive no dividends,
and have no rights with respect to the assets of the issuer.
Foreign Investment Risk. Foreign securities and foreign currency contracts involve investment risks different
from those associated with domestic securities. Changes in foreign economies and political climates are more likely to affect the Fund than a mutual fund that invests exclusively in domestic securities. The value of foreign currency denominated
securities or foreign currency contracts is affected by the value of the local currency relative to the U.S. dollar. There may be less government supervision of foreign markets, resulting in non-uniform accounting practices and less publicly
available information about issuers of foreign currency denominated securities. The value of foreign investments may be affected by changes in exchange control regulations, application of foreign tax laws (including withholding tax), changes in
governmental administration or economic or monetary policy (in this country or abroad), or changed circumstances in dealings between nations. In addition, foreign brokerage commissions, custody fees, and other costs of investing in foreign
securities are often higher than in the United States. Investments in foreign issues could be affected by other factors not present in the United States, including expropriation, armed conflict, confiscatory taxation, and potential difficulties in
enforcing contractual obligations.
Uncertainties surrounding the sovereign debt of a number of European Union (EU) countries and the viability of the EU have disrupted and may in the
future disrupt markets in the United States and around the world. If one or more countries leave the EU or the EU dissolves, the world's securities markets likely will be significantly disrupted. In June 2016, the United Kingdom approved a
referendum to leave the EU, commonly referred to as "Brexit." There is significant market uncertainty regarding Brexit's ramifications, and the range and potential implications of possible political, regulatory, economic, and market outcomes are
difficult to predict. Political and military events, including the military crises in Ukraine and the Middle East, and nationalist unrest in Europe, also may cause market disruptions.
Fixed-Income Securities. Zero-coupon bonds are purchased at a discount from their face values and accrue
interest at the applicable coupon rate over a period of time. Fixed-income securities purchased by the Fund or other investment companies in which the Fund invests may consist of obligations of any rating. Fixed-income securities in the lowest
investment grade categories have speculative characteristics, with changes in the economy or other circumstances more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the bonds to make principal and interest payments than would occur with bonds rated in
higher categories. High yield bonds are typically rated below “Baa” by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), or below “BBB” by S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) or below investment grade by other recognized rating agencies. The Fund may
invest directly in unrated securities or indirectly through other investment companies that invest in unrated securities. Such bonds are subject to greater market fluctuations and risk of loss of income and principal than higher rated bonds for a
variety of reasons, including:
Sensitivity to Interest Rate and Economic Change. The economy and interest rates affect high yield securities differently
than other securities. The prices of high yield bonds have been found to be less sensitive to interest rate changes than higher-rated investments, but more sensitive to adverse economic changes or individual corporate developments. Also, during an
economic downturn or substantial period of rising interest rates, highly leveraged issuers may experience financial stress which would adversely affect their ability to service their principal and interest obligations, to meet projected business
goals, and to obtain additional financing. If the issuer of a bond defaults, an underlying mutual fund may incur additional expenses to seek recovery. In addition, periods of economic uncertainty and changes can be expected to result in increased
volatility of market prices of high yield bonds and a Fund’s asset values.
Payment Expectations. High yield bonds present certain risks based on payment expectations. For example, high yield bonds
may contain redemption and call provisions. If an issuer exercises these provisions in a declining interest rate market, a Fund or an investment company in which a Fund invests, as applicable, would have to replace the security with a lower
yielding security, resulting in a decreased return for investors. Conversely, a high yield bond’s value will decrease in a rising interest rate market, as will the value of the other investment companies’ assets. If a Fund or an investment company
in which a Fund invests, as applicable, experiences unexpected net redemptions, it may be forced to sell its high yield bonds without regard to their investment merits, thereby decreasing the asset base upon which expenses can be spread and
possibly reducing the rate of return.
Liquidity and Valuation. To the extent that there is no established retail secondary market, there may be thin trading of
high yield bonds, and this may impact the ability of the Fund, or the investment companies in which the Fund, invest to accurately value high yield bonds and may hinder their ability to dispose of the bonds. Adverse publicity and investor
perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may decrease the values and liquidity of high yield bonds, especially in a thinly traded market.
Credit Ratings. Credit ratings evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments, not the market value risk of high
yield bonds. Also, because credit rating agencies may fail to timely change the credit ratings to reflect subsequent events, a Fund, or an investment company in which a Fund invests must monitor the issuers of high yield bonds in their portfolios
to determine if the issuers will have sufficient cash flow and profits to meet required principal and interest payments, and to assure the bonds’ liquidity so a Fund or an investment company in which the Fund invests, as applicable, can meet
redemption requests.
High-yield securities are deemed speculative with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal over a long period of time.
Special tax considerations are associated with investing in high-yield securities structured as zero coupon or “pay-in-kind” securities. The Fund, or the investment companies in which the Fund invests, will report the interest on these securities
as income even though it receives no cash interest until the security’s maturity or payment date. The payment of principal and interest on most fixed-income securities purchased by the Fund, or an investment company in which a Fund invests, will
depend upon the ability of the issuers to meet their obligations. An issuer’s obligations under its fixed-income securities are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency, and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors,
including the Federal Bankruptcy Code, and laws, if any, which may be enacted by federal or state legislatures extending the time for payment of principal or interest, or both, or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations. The
power or ability of an issuer to meet its obligations for the payment of interest on, and principal of, its fixed-income securities may be materially adversely affected by litigation or other conditions.
The ratings of S&P, Moody’s, and other nationally recognized rating agencies represent their opinions as to the quality of fixed-income
securities. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality, and fixed-income securities with the same maturity, interest rate, and rating may have different yields while fixed-income securities
of the same maturity and interest rate with different ratings may have the same yield. For a more detailed description of ratings, please see Appendix A.
Money Market Instruments. Money market instruments include U.S. Government obligations or corporate debt
obligations (including those subject to repurchase agreements). Money market instruments also may include banker’s acceptances and certificates of deposit of domestic branches of U.S. banks, commercial paper, and variable amount demand master notes
(“Master Notes”). Banker’s acceptances are time drafts drawn on and “accepted” by a bank. When a bank “accepts” such a time draft, it assumes liability for its payment. When the Fund or an investment company acquires a banker’s acceptance, the
bank that “accepted” the time draft is liable for payment of interest and principal when due. The banker’s acceptance carries the full faith and credit of such bank. A certificate of deposit (“CD”) is an unsecured, interest bearing debt obligation
of a bank. Commercial paper is an unsecured, short-term debt obligation of a bank, corporation, or other borrower. Commercial paper maturity generally ranges from two to 270 days and is usually sold on a discounted basis rather than as an
interest-bearing instrument. Master Notes are unsecured obligations which are redeemable upon demand of the holder and which permit the investment of fluctuating amounts at varying rates of interest.
U.S. Government Securities and U.S. Government Agency Securities. U.S. Government securities and U.S.
Government Agency securities include (i) U.S. Treasury notes, U.S. Treasury bonds, U.S. Treasury bills, and other U.S. Government obligations; (ii) obligations of the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) and other U.S. Government
sponsored entities that are guaranteed by the U.S. Government; and (iii) obligations of the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Federal Farm Credit Bank
(FFCB), Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB), Student Loan Marketing Association (SLMA), The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and other U.S. Government authorities, agencies, and instrumentalities. While obligations of some U.S. Government agencies and
sponsored entities are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government (e.g. GNMA), others are not. No assurance can be given that the U.S. Government will provide financial support to U.S. Government agencies or instrumentalities in
the future since it is not obligated to do so by law. The guarantee of the U.S. Government does not extend to the yield or value of the Fund’s shares.
Municipal Securities. Municipal securities share the attributes of debt obligations in general, but are
generally issued by states, municipalities, and other political subdivisions, agencies, authorities, and instrumentalities of states and multi-state agencies or authorities. The municipal securities include general obligation bonds and limited
obligation bonds (or revenue bonds), including industrial development bonds formerly issued pursuant to federal tax law. General obligation bonds are obligations involving the credit of an issuer possessing taxing power and are payable from such
issuer’s general revenues and not from any particular source. Limited obligation bonds are payable only from the revenues derived from a particular facility or class of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise or other
specific revenue source. Tax-exempt private activity bonds and industrial development bonds generally are also revenue bonds and thus are not payable from the issuer’s general revenues. The credit and quality of private activity bonds and
industrial development bonds are usually related to the credit of the user of the facilities. Payment of interest on and repayment of principal of such bonds is the responsibility of the user (and/or any guarantor).
Municipal securities are subject to credit and market risk. Prices of higher quality issues tend to fluctuate less with changes in market interest
rates than prices of lower quality issues, and prices of longer maturity issues tend to fluctuate more than prices of shorter maturity issues. Prices and yields on municipal bonds are dependent on a variety of factors, including general
money-market conditions, the financial condition of the issuer, general conditions of the municipal bond market, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligation, and the rating of the issue. A number of these factors, including
the ratings of particular issues, are subject to change from time to time. Information about the financial condition of an issuer of municipal bonds may not be as extensive as that which is made available by corporations whose securities are
publicly traded. Obligations of issuers of municipal bonds are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws, including the Federal Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, affecting the rights and remedies of creditors. Congress or
state legislatures may seek to extend the time for payment of principal or interest, or both, or to impose other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations. There is also the possibility that as a result of litigation or other conditions, the
power or ability of issuers to meet their obligations for the payment of interest and principal on their municipal bonds may be materially affected, or their obligations may be found to be invalid or unenforceable.
Debentures. A debenture is long-term, unsecured debt instrument backed only by the integrity of the borrower,
not by collateral, and documented by an indenture. Governments often issue debentures, in part because they cannot guarantee debt with assets (government assets are public property). The principal risk with this type of investment is that the
issuer will default or go into bankruptcy. As an unsecured creditor, in the event of default or bankruptcy, the holder of a debenture does not have a claim against any specific assets of the issuing firm, so the investor will only be paid from the
issuer’s assets after the secured creditors have been paid. While the Fund will not invest directly in debentures as a principal investment strategy, the Fund may invest in all types of debentures, including corporate and government debentures,
directly or indirectly through investments in shares of other investment companies.
Mortgage-Backed and Asset-Backed Securities. Mortgage-backed securities are mortgage related securities
issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies and instrumentalities, or issued by nongovernment entities. Mortgage-related securities represent ownership in pools of mortgage loans assembled for sale to investors by various government
agencies and government-related organizations, as well as by nongovernment issuers such as commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, mortgage bankers, and private mortgage insurance companies. Although certain mortgage-related securities are
guaranteed by a third party or otherwise similarly secured, the market value of the security, which may fluctuate, is not so secured. These securities differ from conventional bonds in that the principal is paid back to the investor as payments are
made on the underlying mortgages in the pool. Accordingly, the Fund or investment companies in which the Fund invests, as applicable, will receive scheduled payments of principal and interest along with any unscheduled principal prepayments on the
underlying mortgages. Because these scheduled and unscheduled principal payments must be reinvested at prevailing interest rates, mortgage-backed securities do not provide an effective means of locking in long-term interest rates for the investor.
Asset-backed securities are structured like mortgage-backed securities, but instead of mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans, the underlying
assets may include such items as motor vehicle installment sales contracts or installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property, and receivables from credit card agreements and from sales of personal property.
Regular payments received on asset-backed securities include both interest and principal. Asset-backed securities typically have no U.S. Government backing, though they are usually guaranteed up to a certain amount and time period by a letter of
credit issued by a financial institution. If the letter of credit is exhausted and the full amounts due on the underlying loans are not received because of unanticipated costs, depreciation, damage, or loss of the collateral securing the
contracts, or other factors, certificate holders may experience delays in payment or losses on asset-backed securities. Additionally, the ability of an issuer of asset-backed securities to enforce its security interest in the underlying assets may
be limited.
If the Fund or an investment company in which a Fund invests purchases a mortgage-backed or other asset-backed security at a premium, the premium may
be lost if there is a decline in the market value of the security whether resulting from changes in interest rates or prepayments in the underlying collateral. As with other interest-bearing securities, the prices of such securities are inversely
affected by changes in interest rates. Although the value of a mortgage-backed or other asset-backed security may decline when interest rates rise, the converse is not necessarily true, since in periods of declining interest rates the mortgages and
loans underlying the securities are prone to prepayment, thereby shortening the average life of the security and shortening the period of time over which income at the higher rate is received. When the interest rates are rising, the rate of
prepayment tends to decrease, thereby lengthening the period of time over which income at the lower rate is received. For these and other reasons, a mortgage-backed or other asset-backed security’s average maturity may be shortened or lengthened as
a result of interest rate fluctuations and, therefore it is not possible to predict accurately the security’s return. In addition, while the trading market for short-term mortgages and asset-backed securities is ordinarily quite liquid, in times
of financial stress the trading market for these securities may become restricted.
Mortgage-backed securities that are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies, or instrumentalities, are not subject to the Fund’s
industry concentration restrictions because securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities are excluded from the restriction. Privately-issued mortgage-backed securities are, however, subject to
the Fund’s industry concentration restrictions.
Real Estate Securities. The Fund or investment companies in which the Fund invests may invest in real estate
investment trusts (“REITs”) and real estate operating companies, as well as other types of real estate securities including publicly traded common stock, preferred stock, limited partnerships (including real estate master limited partnerships),
rights or warrants to purchase common stock or convertible securities of corporations engaged in real estate development. A REIT is a pooled investment vehicle that is organized as a corporation or business trust which invests in income producing
real estate or real estate loans or interests. Therefore, an investment in REITs or other real estate securities is subject to certain risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate and with the real estate industry in general. These
risks include, among others: possible declines in the value of real estate; risks related to general and local economic conditions; possible lack of availability of mortgage funds; overbuilding; extended vacancies of properties; increases in
competition, property taxes, and operating expenses; changes in zoning laws; costs resulting from the clean-up of, and liability to third parties for damages resulting from, environmental problems; casualty or condemnation losses; uninsured damages
from floods, earthquakes, or other natural disasters; limitations on and variations in rents; and changes in interest rates. To the extent that assets underlying the REIT’s investments are concentrated geographically, by property type, or in
certain other respects, the REIT may be subject to certain of the foregoing risks to a greater extent. Equity REITs invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive income from the collection of rents. Equity REITs may be
affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the REITs. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive income from the collection of interest payments. Mortgage REITs may be affected
by the quality of any credit extended. REITs are dependent upon management skills, are not diversified, and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, default by borrowers, and self-liquidation. REITs are also subject to the possibilities of
failing to qualify for tax-free pass-through of income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and failing to maintain their exemptions from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940
Act”).
REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are also subject to interest rate risks. When interest rates decline, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed
rate obligations can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to decline. In contrast, as interest rates on adjustable rate mortgage loans are reset
periodically, yields on a REIT’s investment in such loans will gradually align themselves to reflect changes in market interest rates, causing the value of such investments to fluctuate less dramatically in response to interest rate fluctuations
than would investments in fixed rate obligations. Investing in REITs involves risks similar to those associated with investing in small capitalization companies. REITs may have limited financial resources, may trade less frequently and in a
limited volume, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than larger company securities.
Derivative Instruments. Options, futures, and other forms of financial derivatives specifically described
below, the investments involve risks different from direct investments in the underlying securities. While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. Unanticipated changes in
interest rates, securities prices, or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of a Fund than if they had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify a Fund’s gains or losses, causing it to make
or lose substantially more than it invested.
A Fund may invest in derivative instruments for both speculative and hedging purposes. These investments can be made as a substitute for taking a
direct position in the underlying asset or as part of a strategy that is intended to reduce the exposure of a Fund to various risks. To the extent that a Fund invests directly in financial derivatives, a Fund will comply with the applicable
requirements of the 1940 Act and the guidance of no-action letters issued by the SEC, including SEC Release 10666, that require a Fund to segregate assets or otherwise “cover” its positions in a manner that limits a Fund’s risk of loss.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities a Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a
derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose a Fund to greater risks.
A Fund’s ability to hedge securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument
correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities a Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Advisor will try
to minimize this risk by investing only in those contracts whose behavior it expects to resemble with the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if a Fund’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility, or other
economic factors is incorrect, a Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very
similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
•
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current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract;
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•
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a difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or trading of an
instrument stops; and
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•
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differences between the derivatives, including different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets, and the participation of speculators in such markets.
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Derivatives based upon a narrow index of securities may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad index. Since narrower indices are made
up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of
the investments of a Fund. A currency hedge should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen but will not protect a Fund against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of
a Fund’s foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Fund’s investments precisely over time.
Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, a Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction.
Moreover, a Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Even when there appears to be an active market for options and futures, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there
is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, a Fund may not be able to close out a position. In an illiquid market, a Fund may:
•
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have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so;
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•
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have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract;
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•
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not be able to hedge its investments; and
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•
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not be able to realize profits or limit its losses.
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Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions:
•
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an exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives, or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility;
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•
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unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange;
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•
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the facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume;
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•
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equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house, or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or
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•
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investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives.
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If a Fund incorrectly predicts securities market and interest rate trends, such Fund may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if a
Fund were to write a call option based on the expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, a Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market
price. Similarly, if a Fund were to write a put option based on the expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, a Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price
higher than the current market price.
Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage.
Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to the Fund and they may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, a Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet their
minimum daily margin requirement. A Fund may lose margin deposits if a broker with whom they have an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially, and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors,
including:
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actual and anticipated changes in interest rates;
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•
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fiscal and monetary policies; and
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•
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national and international political events.
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Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum
amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches this value, a Fund may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that
limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation
of the derivative.
Government Regulation of Derivatives. It is possible that government regulation of various types of derivative instruments,
including futures and swap agreements, may limit or prevent a Fund from using such instruments as a part of its investment strategy, and could ultimately prevent a Fund from being able to achieve its investment objective. It is impossible to
predict fully the effects of legislation and regulation in this area, but the effects could be substantial and adverse.
The futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations, and margin requirements. The SEC, the Commodities Futures Trading Commission
(“CFTC”), and the exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency, including, for example, the implementation or reduction of speculative position limits, the implementation of higher margin requirements,
the establishment of daily price limits, and the suspension of trading.
The regulation of swaps and futures transactions in the U.S., the European Union, and other jurisdictions is a rapidly changing area of law and is
subject to modification by government and judicial action. There is a possibility of future regulatory changes altering, perhaps to a material extent, the nature of an investment in a Fund or the ability of a Fund to continue to implement its
investment strategies.
Under recently adopted rules and regulations, transactions in some types of swaps (including interest rate swaps and credit default swaps on North
American and European indices) are required to be centrally cleared, and additional types of swaps may be required to be centrally cleared in the future. In a transaction involving those swaps (“cleared derivatives”), a Fund’s counterparty is a
clearing house, rather than a bank or broker. Since the Fund is not a member of clearing houses and only clearing members can participate directly in the clearing house, a Fund will hold cleared derivatives through accounts at clearing members. In
cleared derivatives transactions, a Fund will make payments (including margin payments) to and receive payments from a clearing house through its accounts at clearing members. Clearing members guarantee performance of their clients’ obligations to
the clearing house.
In addition, U.S. regulators, the European Union, and certain other jurisdictions have adopted minimum margin and capital requirements for uncleared
over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives transactions. It is expected that these regulations will have a material impact on a Fund’s use of uncleared derivatives. These rules will impose minimum margin requirements on derivatives transactions between a
Fund and its swap counterparties and may increase the amount of margin a Fund is required to provide. They will impose regulatory requirements on the timing of transferring margin, which may accelerate a Fund’s current margin process. They will
also effectively require changes to typical derivatives margin documentation. Such requirements could increase the amount of margin a Fund needs to provide in connection with uncleared derivatives transactions and, therefore, make such transactions
more expensive.
The SEC has also issued a proposed rule under the 1940 Act providing for the regulation of registered investment companies’ use of derivatives and
certain related instruments. The ultimate impact, if any, of possible regulation remains unclear, but the proposed rule, if adopted, could, among other things, restrict a Fund’s ability to engage in derivatives transactions and/or increase the
costs of such derivatives transactions such that the Fund may be unable to implement its investment strategy. These and other new rules and regulations could, among other things, further restrict a Fund’s ability to engage in, or increase the cost
to a Fund of, derivatives transactions, for example, by making some types of derivatives no longer available to a Fund, increasing margin or capital requirements, or otherwise limiting liquidity or increasing transaction costs. The implementation
of the clearing requirement has increased the costs of derivatives transactions for a Fund, since the Fund has to pay fees to its clearing members and is typically required to post more margin for cleared derivatives than it has historically posted
for bilateral derivatives. The costs of derivatives transactions are expected to increase further as clearing members raise their fees to cover the costs of additional capital requirements and other regulatory changes applicable to the clearing
members. These regulations are new and evolving, so their potential impact on a Fund and the financial system are not yet known. While the new regulations and central clearing of some derivatives transactions are designed to reduce systemic risk
(i.e., the risk that the interdependence of large derivatives dealers could cause them to suffer liquidity, solvency or other challenges simultaneously), there is no assurance that the new mechanisms will achieve that result.
Short Sales. A short sale is a transaction in which a party sells a security it does not own or have the
right to acquire (or that it owns but does not wish to deliver) in anticipation that the market price of that security will decline. When a party makes a short sale, the broker-dealer through which the short sale is made must borrow the security
sold short and deliver it to the party purchasing the security. The party is required to make a margin deposit in connection with such short sales; the party may have to pay a fee to borrow particular securities and will often be obligated to pay
over any dividends and accrued interest on borrowed securities. If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time the party covers the short position, the party will incur a loss; conversely, if the
price declines, the party will realize a capital gain. Any gain will be decreased, and any loss increased, by the transaction costs described above.
Options. The purchase and writing of options involves certain risks. During the option period, a call writer
that holds the underlying security has, in return for the premium on the option, given up the opportunity to profit from a price increase in the underlying securities above the exercise price, but, as long as its obligation as a writer continues,
has retained the risk of loss should the price of the underlying security decline. The writer of an option has no control over the time when it may be required to fulfill its obligation as a writer of the option. Once an option writer has received
an exercise notice, it cannot effect a closing purchase transaction in order to terminate its obligation under the option and must deliver the underlying securities at the exercise price. If a put or call option is not sold when it has remaining
value, and if the market price of the underlying security, in the case of a put, remains equal to or greater than the exercise price or, in the case of a call, remains less than or equal to the exercise price, the entire investment in the option
will be lost. Also, where a put or call option on a particular security is purchased to hedge against price movements in a related security, the price of the put or call option may move more or less than the price of the related security. There
can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist when an option position is closed out. Furthermore, if trading restrictions or suspensions are imposed on the options market, it may not be possible to close out a position.
A Fund may write a call or put option only if the option is “covered” by holding a position in the underlying securities or by other means which would
permit immediate satisfaction of the Fund’s obligation as writer of the option. A written call option creates a potential obligation to sell the underlying security. In order to make sure that this obligation can be met, a Fund could: (i) hold
the security underlying the written option; (ii) hold an offsetting call option (one with a strike price that is the same or lower than the strike price of the written option); or (iii) segregate cash and liquid securities (which can be cash, U.S.
Government securities, and other liquid debt or equity securities) that when added to collateral on deposit equals the market value of the underlying security. A written put option creates a potential obligation to buy the underlying security. In
order to make sure that this obligation can be met, a Fund could: (i) hold an offsetting put option (one with a strike price that is the same or higher than the strike price of the written option); or (ii) segregate cash and liquid securities that
when added to collateral on deposit equals the strike price of the option.
Options offer large amounts of leverage, which will result in a Fund’s NAV being more sensitive to changes in the value of the related instrument. A
Fund may purchase or write both exchange-traded and OTC options. Exchange-traded options in the United States are issued by a clearing organization affiliated with the exchange on which the option is listed that, in effect, guarantees completion of
every exchange-traded option transaction. In contrast, OTC options are contracts between a Fund and its counterparty (usually a securities dealer or a bank) with no clearing organization guarantee. Thus, when a Fund purchases an OTC option, it
relies on the counterparty from whom it purchased the option to make or take delivery of the underlying investment upon exercise of the option. Failure by the counterparty to do so would result in the loss of any premium paid by a Fund as well as
the loss of any expected benefit of the transaction.
A Fund’s ability to establish and close out positions in exchange-listed options depends on the existence of a liquid market. However, there can be no
assurance that such a market will exist at any particular time. Closing transactions can be made for OTC options only by negotiating directly with the counterparty, or by a transaction in the secondary market if any such market exists. There can be
no assurance that a Fund will in fact be able to close out an OTC option position at a favorable price prior to expiration. In the event of insolvency of the counterparty, a Fund might be unable to close out an OTC option position at any time prior
to its expiration, if at all.
If a Fund were unable to effect a closing transaction for an option it had purchased, due to the absence of a counterparty or secondary market, the
imposition of price limits or otherwise, it would have to exercise the option to realize any profit. The inability to enter into a closing purchase transaction for a covered call option written by a Fund could cause material losses because the Fund
would be unable to sell the investment used as cover for the written option until the option expires or is exercised.
Options have varying expiration dates. The exercise price of the options may be below, equal to or above the current market value of the underlying
security or instrument. Options purchased by a Fund that expire unexercised have no value, and the Fund will realize a loss in the amount of the premium paid and any transaction costs. If an option written by a Fund expires unexercised, the Fund
realizes a gain equal to the premium received at the time the option was written. Transaction costs must be included in these calculations.
Futures Contracts. A futures contract is a bilateral agreement to buy
or sell a security (or deliver a cash settlement price, in the case of a contract relating to an index or otherwise not calling for physical delivery at the end of trading in the contracts) for a set price in the future. Futures contracts are
designated by boards of trade which have been designated “contracts markets” by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). No purchase price is paid or received when the contract is entered into. Instead, the Fund, or investment companies
in which the Fund invests, upon entering into a futures contract (and to maintain the open positions in futures contracts), would be required to deposit with their custodian in a segregated account in the name of the futures broker an amount of
cash, U.S. Government securities, suitable money market instruments, or liquid, high-grade debt securities, known as “initial margin.” The margin required for a particular futures contract is set by the exchange on which the contract is traded and
may be significantly modified from time to time by the exchange during the term of the contract. Futures contracts are customarily purchased and sold on margin that may range upward from less than 5% of the value of the contract being traded. By
using futures contracts as a risk management technique, given the greater liquidity in the futures market than in the cash market, it may be possible to accomplish certain results more quickly and with lower transaction costs.
If the price of an open futures contract changes (by increase in the case of a sale or by decrease in the case of a purchase) such that the loss on
the futures contract reaches a point at which the margin on deposit does not satisfy margin requirements, the broker will require an increase in the margin. However, if the value of a position increases because of favorable price changes in the
futures contract such that the margin deposit exceeds the required margin, the broker will pay the excess to the Fund or investment companies in which the Fund invests. These subsequent payments, called “variation margin,” to and from the futures
broker, are made on a daily basis as the price of the underlying assets fluctuates, making the long and short positions in the futures contract more or less valuable, a process known as “marking to the market.” The Fund is expected to earn
interest income on initial and variation margin deposits.
The Fund and investment companies in which the Fund invests will incur brokerage fees when they purchase and sell futures contracts. Positions taken
in the futures markets are not normally held until delivery or cash settlement is required but are instead liquidated through offsetting transactions that may result in a gain or a loss. While futures positions taken by the Fund and investment
companies in which the Fund invests will usually be liquidated in this manner, the Fund and investment companies in which the Fund invests may instead make or take delivery of underlying securities whenever it appears economically advantageous to
do so. A clearing organization associated with the exchange on which futures are traded assumes responsibility for closing out transactions and guarantees that as between the clearing members of an exchange, the sale and purchase obligations will
be performed with regard to all positions that remain open at the termination of the contract.
In addition to the margin restrictions discussed above, transactions in futures contracts may involve the segregation of funds pursuant to
requirements imposed by the SEC. Under those requirements, where a Fund has a long position in a futures contract, it may be required to establish a segregated account (not with a futures commission merchant or broker) containing cash or certain
liquid assets equal to the purchase price of the contract (less any margin on deposit). However, segregation of assets is not required if a Fund “covers” a long position. For a short position in futures or forward contracts held by a Fund, those
requirements may mandate the establishment of a segregated account (not with a futures commission merchant or broker) with cash or certain liquid assets that, when added to the amounts deposited as margin, equal the market value of the instruments
underlying the futures contracts (but are not less than the price at which the short positions were established).
Swaps. A swap is an agreement between two parties (known as counterparties) where one stream of payments is
exchanged for another. The parties agree to exchange to exchange payments at specified dates (periodic payment dates) on the basis of a specified amount (the notional value of the agreement) with the payments calculated with reference to a
specified asset, reference rate, or index. Swaps allow for a wide variety of transactions. For example, fixed rate payments may be exchanged for floating rate payments; U.S. dollar-denominated payments may be exchanged for payments denominated in a
different currency; and payments tied to the price of one asset, reference rate, or index may be exchanged for payments tied to the price of another asset, reference rate, or index. For purposes of calculating the NAV, the Fund will price swaps at
their market value based on prices supplied by an independent pricing service, if available, or quotations obtained from broker-dealers.
The Fund may use swaps for both speculative and hedging purposes. Swaps can be used as part of a strategy that is intended to reduce a Fund’s
exposure to various risks or as a substitute for taking a direct position in the underlying asset. The Fund may use swaps to limit or manage exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, currency exchange rates, or potential defaults by credit
issuers. The Fund may also attempt to enhance returns by investing in total return swaps. A total return swap provides a Fund with a return based on the performance of an underlying asset, in exchange for fee payments to a counterparty based on a
specific rate. If the underlying asset declines in value over the term of the swap, the Fund would be required to pay the dollar value of that decline to the counterparty. For example, the Fund may agree to pay a counterparty the total return
earned or realized on the notional amount of a particular stock and any dividends declared with respect to that stock. In return, the Fund would make payments based on the notional amount calculated at the specified rate and would be required to
pay amounts resulting from a decline in the value of the stock.
Most swaps provide that when the periodic payment dates for both parties are the same, payments are netted, and only the net amount is paid to the
counterparty entitled to receive the net payment. Consequently, a Fund’s current obligations (or rights) under a swap will generally be equal only to the net amount to be paid or received under the agreement, based on the relative values of the
positions held by the Fund and the counterparty. During the term of a swap, the Fund is usually required to pledge to the counterparty, from time to time, an amount of cash or other assets equal to the total net amount (if any) that would be
payable by the Fund to the counterparty if the swap were terminated on the date in question, including any early termination payments.
Since a swaps transaction can result in a loss greater than the amount invested, the Fund will comply with guidance from the staff of the SEC
regarding asset coverage requirements, including Investment Company Act Release No. 10666 (Apr. 18, 1979), that require a Fund to segregate assets or otherwise “cover” its positions in a manner that limits the Fund’s risk of loss. In particular,
the Fund will ensure that its potential obligations with respect to the swap will be met by segregating liquid assets (which can be cash, U.S. Government securities, and other liquid debt or equity securities) on the Fund’s books or in a segregated
account at the Fund’s custodian. For swaps that call for periodic netting between the Fund and its counterparty, the segregated amount is the net amount due under the contract, as determined daily on a mark-to-market basis. For other kinds of
swaps, the segregated amount is the notional value of the contract.
The use of swaps subjects the Fund to the risk of default by the counterparty. A loss may be sustained as a result of the insolvency or bankruptcy of
the counterparty or the failure of the counterparty to make required payments or otherwise comply with the terms of the agreement. If there is a default by the counterparty to such a transaction, there may be contractual remedies pursuant to the
agreements related to the transaction, although bankruptcy and insolvency laws could affect a Fund’s rights as a creditor. Additionally, the use of credit default swaps can result in losses if the Advisor does not correctly evaluate the
creditworthiness of the issuer on which the credit default swap is based.
Because swaps are two-party contracts, they may subject the Fund to liquidity risk. If a swap is particularly large or if the relevant market is
illiquid, a Fund may not be able to establish or liquidate a position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses. Participants in the swap markets are not required to make continuous markets in the swaps they trade.
Participants could refuse to quote prices for swaps or quote prices with an unusually wide spread between the price at which they are prepared to buy and the price at which they are prepared to sell.
Swaps are highly specialized instruments, and their use involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with other
traditional investments. The use of swaps requires an understanding not only of the referenced asset, reference rate, or index but also of the swap itself, without the benefit of observing the performance of the swap under all possible market
conditions. Whether the Fund will be successful in using swaps to achieve its investment goals depends on the ability of the Advisor to correctly forecast future market trends or the values of assets, reference rates, indexes, or other economic
factors when establishing swap positions.
Liquidity Impact of Margin and Segregation Requirements. Although the Fund will segregate cash and liquid
assets in an amount sufficient to cover its open obligations with respect to written options and short sales, the segregated assets will be available to the Fund immediately upon closing out the positions, while settlement of securities
transactions could take several days. However, because the Fund’s cash that may otherwise be invested would be held uninvested or invested in other liquid assets so long as the position remains open, the Fund’s returns could be diminished due to
the opportunity losses of foregoing other potential investments.
Portfolio Turnover. Portfolio turnover is a ratio that indicates how often the securities in a mutual fund’s
portfolio change during a year’s time. Higher numbers indicate a greater number of changes, and lower numbers indicate a smaller number of changes. The Fund may sell portfolio securities without regard to the length of time they have been held in
order to take advantage of new investment opportunities or changing market conditions. Since portfolio turnover may involve paying brokerage commissions and other transaction costs, there could be additional expenses for the Fund. High rates of
portfolio turnover could lower performance of the Fund due to increased costs and may also result in the realization of capital gains. If the Fund realizes capital gains when they sell portfolio investments, they must generally distribute those
gains to shareholders, increasing their taxable distributions.
Temporary Defensive Positions. The Fund may, from time to time, take temporary defensive positions that are
inconsistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategies in an attempt to respond to adverse market, economic, political, or other conditions. During such an unusual set of circumstances, the Fund may hold up to 100% of their portfolios in
cash or cash equivalent positions (e.g., money market securities, U.S. Government securities, and/or similar securities). When the Fund takes a temporary defensive position, the Fund may not be able to achieve their investment objectives.
INVESTMENT LIMITATIONS
Fundamental Investment Restrictions. The following investment restrictions have been adopted by the Board with
respect to the Fund. Except as otherwise stated, these investment restrictions are fundamental policies, which cannot be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund. A vote of a
majority of the outstanding voting securities of a Fund is defined by the 1940 Act as the lesser of (i) 67% or more of the voting securities present at a shareholder meeting if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of a
Fund are present or represented by proxy; or (ii) more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund.
As a matter of fundamental policy, the Fund may not:
(1)
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Issue senior securities, except as permitted by the 1940 Act;
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(2)
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Borrow money, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act (including, without limitation, borrowing to meet redemptions). For purposes of this investment restriction, the entry into options, forward contracts, futures contracts,
including those relating to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices shall not constitute borrowing;
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(3)
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Pledge, mortgage, or hypothecate its assets, except to the extent necessary to secure permitted borrowings and to the extent related to the deposit of assets in escrow in connection with writing covered put and call options and the
purchase of securities on a when-issued or forward commitment basis and collateral and initial or variation margin arrangements with respect to options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those relating to indices, and options
on futures contracts or indices;
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(4)
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Act as an underwriter except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of portfolio securities, the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriter under certain federal securities laws;
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(5)
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Purchase or sell real estate or direct interests in real estate; provided, however, that the Fund may purchase and sell securities which are secured by real estate and securities of companies which invest or deal in real estate
(including, without limitation, investments in REITs, mortgage-backed securities, and privately-held real estate funds);
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(6)
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Invest in commodities, except that the Fund may purchase and sell options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those relating to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices;
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(7)
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Make investments for the purpose of exercising control or management over a portfolio company;
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(8)
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Make loans, provided that the Fund may lend its portfolio securities in an amount up to 33% of total Fund assets, and provided further that, for purposes of this restriction, investment in U.S. Government obligations, short-term
commercial paper, certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances, and repurchase agreements shall not be deemed to be the making of a loan;
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(9)
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With respect to 75% of its total assets: (i) purchase 10% or more of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer; or (ii) purchase securities of any issuer if, as a result, 5% or more of the Fund’s total assets would be invested
in that issuer’s securities. This limitation does not apply to investments in (i) cash and cash items; (ii) securities of other registered investment companies; and (iii) obligations of the United States Government, its agencies, or
instrumentalities; or
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(10)
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Concentrate its investments. The Fund’s concentration policy limits the aggregate value of holdings of a single industry or group of industries (except U.S. Government and cash items) to less than 25% of the Fund’s total assets.
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Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from
issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as certain borrowings, short sales, reverse repurchase agreements, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking
or segregation of assets to cover such obligations.
The Fund is allowed to pledge, mortgage, or hypothecate assets up to the amounts allowable under the 1940 Act, which presently allows an investment
company to borrow from any bank (including pledging, mortgaging or hypothecating assets) in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (not including temporary borrowings not in excess of 5% of its total assets).
For purposes of the Fund’s concentration policy, if the Fund invests in one or more investment companies, the Fund will examine the holdings of such
investment companies to ensure that the Fund is not indirectly concentrating its investments in a particular industry. In determining the exposure of the Fund to a particular industry for purposes of the fundamental investment restriction on
concentration, the Fund currently uses Standard & Poor’s Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) in order to classify industries.
With respect to the fundamental investment restrictions above (other than those involving senior securities and borrowings), if a percentage
limitation is adhered to at the time of investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from any change in value or net assets will not result in a violation of such restriction (i.e., percentage limitations are determined at the
time of purchase).
With respect to the Fund that principally invests in unaffiliated investment companies, neither the Fund nor the Advisor will have control or
influence over the activities of the unaffiliated investment companies. While other investment companies are subject to certain constraints of the 1940 Act, the investment limitations of the other investment companies in which the Fund invests may
differ from those of the Fund.
Non-Fundamental Policies. The following investment policies are not fundamental and may be changed without
shareholder approval.
The Fund will not invest more than 15% of its net assets in securities for which there are legal or contractual restrictions on resale or other
illiquid investments.
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS
Subject to the policies established by the Board, the Advisor makes decisions with respect to, and places orders for all purchases and sales of
portfolio securities for the Fund. The Advisor shall manage the Fund’s portfolios in accordance with the terms of the investment advisory agreement by and between the Advisor and the Trust on behalf of the Fund (the “Investment Advisory
Agreement”), which is described in detail under “Management and Other Service Providers – Investment Advisor.” The Advisor serves as investment advisor for a number of client accounts, including the Fund. Investment decisions for the Fund are
made independently from those for any other series of the Trust, if any, and for any other investment companies and accounts advised or managed by the Advisor.
Brokerage Selection. The Board has adopted, and the Trustees have approved, policies and procedures relating
to the direction of mutual fund portfolio securities transactions to broker-dealers. The Advisor may not give consideration to sales of shares of the Fund as a factor in selecting broker-dealers to execute portfolio securities transactions. The
Advisor may, however, place portfolio transactions with broker-dealers that promote or sell the Fund’s shares so long as such transactions are done in accordance with the policies and procedures established by the Trustees that are designed to
ensure that the selection is based on the quality of the broker’s execution and not on its sales efforts. In selecting brokers to be used in portfolio transactions, the Advisor’s general guiding principle is to obtain the best overall execution
for each trade, which is a combination of price and execution. With respect to execution, the Advisor considers a number of discretionary factors, including, without limitation, the actual handling of the order, the ability of the broker to settle
the trade promptly and accurately, the financial standing of the broker, the ability of the broker to position stock to facilitate execution, the Advisor’s past experience with similar trades, and other factors that may be unique to a particular
order. Recognizing the value of these discretionary factors, the Advisor may select brokers who charge a brokerage commission that is higher than the lowest commission that might otherwise be available for any given trade.
Under Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Advisory Agreement, the Advisor is authorized to pay a brokerage
commission in excess of that which another broker might have charged for effecting the same transaction, in recognition of the value of brokerage and/or research services provided by the broker. The research received by the Advisor may include,
without limitation: information on the United States and other world economies; information on specific industries, groups of securities, individual companies, and political and other relevant news developments affecting markets and specific
securities; technical and quantitative information about markets; analysis of proxy proposals affecting specific companies; accounting and performance systems that allow the Advisor to determine and track investment results; and trading systems
that allow the Advisor to interface electronically with brokerage firms, custodians, and other providers. Research is received in the form of written reports, telephone contacts, personal meetings, research seminars, software programs, and access
to computer databases. In some instances, research products or services received by the Advisor may also be used by the Advisor for functions that are not research related (i.e. not related to the making of investment decisions). Where a research
product or service has a mixed use, the Advisor will make a reasonable allocation according to the use and will pay for the non-research function in cash using its own funds.
The research and investment information services described above make available to the Advisor for its analysis and consideration the views and
information of individuals and research staffs of other securities firms. These services may be useful to the Advisor in connection with advisory clients other than the Fund and not all such services may be useful to the Advisor in connection with
the Fund. Although such information may be a useful supplement to the Advisor’s own investment information in rendering services to the Fund, the value of such research and services is not expected to reduce materially the expenses of the Advisor
in the performance of its services under the Investment Advisory Agreement and will not reduce the management fees payable to the Advisor by the Fund.
The Fund may invest in securities traded in the over-the-counter market. In these cases, the Fund may initiate trades through brokers on an agency
basis and pay a commission in connection with the transaction. The Fund may also effect these transactions by dealing directly with the dealers who make a market in the securities involved, in which case the costs of such transactions would involve
dealer spreads rather than brokerage commissions. With respect to securities traded only in the over-the-counter market, orders will be executed on a principal basis with primary market makers in such securities except where better prices or
executions may be obtained on an agency basis or by dealing with those other than a primary market maker.
The Fund’s fixed income portfolio transactions may be executed through broker-dealers on an agency basis or be principal transactions executed in
over the counter markets on a “net” basis, which may include a dealer mark up. Where possible, the Advisor will deal directly with the broker-dealers who make a market in the securities involved except in those circumstances where better prices and
execution are available elsewhere. Such broker-dealers usually act as principal for their own account.
The Fund may participate, if and when practicable, in bidding for the purchase of Fund securities directly from an issuer in order to take advantage
of the lower purchase price available to members of a bidding group. The Fund will engage in this practice, however, only when the Advisor, in its sole discretion, believes such practice to be otherwise in the Fund’s interest.
The following shows the aggregate amount of brokerage commissions paid the Fund during its three most recent fiscal years, as applicable.
Fund
|
2020
|
2019
|
2018
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
$0
|
$0
|
$2,566
|
The decrease in brokerage commissions in Adaptive Hedged Income Fund for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2019 from the prior fiscal
year was due to a decrease in trading activity.
Aggregated Trades. While investment decisions for the Fund is made independently of the Advisor’s other
client accounts, the Advisor’s other client accounts may invest in the same securities as the Fund. To the extent permitted by law, the Advisor may aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased for a Fund with those to be sold or purchased for
other investment companies or accounts in executing transactions. When a purchase or sale of the same security is made at substantially the same time on behalf of a Fund and another investment company or account, the transaction will be averaged as
to price and available investments allocated as to amount in a manner which the Advisor believes to be equitable to the Fund and such other investment company or account. In some instances, this investment procedure may adversely affect the price
paid or received by a Fund or the size of the position obtained or sold by a Fund.
Portfolio Turnover. The annualized portfolio turnover rate for the Fund is calculated by dividing the lesser
of purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of the portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. The calculation excludes all securities whose maturities or expiration dates at the time of
acquisition are one year or less. Portfolio turnover of the Fund may vary greatly from year to year as well as within a particular year and may be affected by cash requirements for redemption of shares and by requirements that enable the Fund to
receive favorable tax treatment. Portfolio turnover will not be a limiting factor in making Fund decisions, and the Fund may engage in short-term trading to achieve its investment objectives. High rates of portfolio turnover could lower
performance of the Fund due to increased transaction costs and may also result in the realization of short-term capital gains taxed at ordinary income tax rates.
The portfolio turnover rate for the Fund over the last two fiscal years is set forth below.
Fund
|
2020
|
2019
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
9.52%
|
27.78%
|
The decrease in the portfolio turnover rate for the Adaptive Hedged Income Fund for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020, from the prior fiscal year was primarily due to less portfolio trading and higher net assets.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUST
The Trust, which is a statutory trust organized under Delaware law on May 13, 2009, is an open-end management investment company. The Trust’s
Declaration of Trust (“Trust Instrument”) authorizes the Trustees to divide shares into series, each series relating to a separate portfolio of investments, and to classify and reclassify any unissued shares into one or more classes of shares of
each such series. The Trust currently consists of 1 2 series. The shares of some series are divided into classes, which are described in the Prospectus of each such series. Additional series and/or classes may be created from time to time.
The number of shares of each series in the Trust shall be unlimited. When issued for payment as described in the Prospectus and this SAI, shares of the Fund will be fully paid and non‑assessable and shall have no preemptive rights. The Trust does
not issue share certificates.
In the event of a liquidation or dissolution of the Trust or an individual series, such as a Fund, shareholders of a particular series would be
entitled to receive the assets available for distribution belonging to such series. Shareholders of a series are entitled to participate equally in the net distributable assets of the particular series involved on liquidation, based on the number
of shares of the series that are held by each shareholder. If there are any assets, income, earnings, proceeds, funds, or payments that are not readily identifiable as belonging to any particular series, the Trustees shall allocate them among any
one or more of the series as they, in their sole discretion, deem fair and equitable.
Shareholders of all of the series of the Trust, including the Fund, will vote together and not separately on a series‑by‑series or class-by-class
basis, except as otherwise required by law or when the Trustees determine that the matter to be voted upon affects only the interests of the shareholders of a particular series or class. The Trust has adopted a Rule 18f-3 Multi-class Plan for
certain series that contain the general characteristics of and conditions under which such series may offer multiple classes of shares. Rule 18f-2 under the 1940 Act provides that any matter required to be submitted to the holders of the
outstanding voting securities of an investment company such as the Trust shall not be deemed to have been effectively acted upon unless approved by the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of each series or class affected by the matter.
A series or class is affected by a matter unless it is clear that the interests of each series or class in the matter are substantially identical or that the matter does not affect any interest of the series or class. Under Rule 18f-2, the approval
of an investment advisory agreement or any change in a fundamental investment policy would be effectively acted upon with respect to a series only if approved by a majority of the outstanding shares of such series. However, the rule also provides
that the ratification of the appointment of independent accountants, the approval of principal underwriting contracts, and the election of Trustees may be effectively acted upon by shareholders of the Trust voting together, without regard to a
particular series or class. Rights of shareholders can only be modified by a majority vote.
When used in the Prospectus or this SAI, a “majority” of shareholders means the vote of the lesser of (i) 67% of the shares of the Trust or the
applicable series or class present at a meeting if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares are present in person or by proxy or (ii) more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Trust or the applicable series or class.
Shareholders are entitled to one vote for each full share and a fractional vote for each fractional share held. Shares have non-cumulative voting
rights, which means that the holders of more than 50% of the shares voting for the election of Trustees can elect 100% of the Trustees, and in this event, the holders of the remaining shares voting will not be able to elect any Trustees.
The Trustees will hold office indefinitely, except that: (i) any Trustee may resign or retire, and (ii) any Trustee may be removed: (a) any time by
written instrument signed by at least two-thirds of the number of Trustees prior to such removal; (b) at any meeting of shareholders of the Trust by a vote of two-thirds of the outstanding shares of the Trust; or (c) by a written declaration signed
by shareholders holding not less than two-thirds of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In case a vacancy on the Board shall for any reason exist, the vacancy shall be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining Trustees,
subject to certain restrictions under the 1940 Act. Otherwise, there will normally be no meeting of shareholders for the purpose of electing Trustees, and the Trust does not expect to have an annual meeting of share-holders.
The Trust Instrument provides that the Trustees will not be liable in any event in connection with the affairs of the Trust, except as such liability
may arise from a Trustee’s bad faith, willful misfeasance, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of duties. It also provides that all third parties shall look solely to the Trust’s property for satisfaction of claims arising in connection with
the affairs of the Trust. With the exceptions stated, the Trust Instrument provides that a Trustee or officer is entitled to be indemnified against all liability in connection with the affairs of the Trust.
MANAGEMENT AND OTHER SERVICE PROVIDERS
The Trustees are governed by the Board, which is responsible for the management and supervision of the Fund. The Trustees meet periodically throughout
the year to review contractual arrangements with companies that furnish services to the Fund, review performance of the Advisor and the Fund, and oversee activities of the Fund. This section of the SAI provides information about the persons who
serve as Trustees and officers to the Trust and Fund, respectively, as well as the entities that provide services to the Fund.
Trustees and Officers. Following are the Trustees and officers of the Trust, their age and address, their
present position with the Trust or the Fund, and its principal occupation during the past five years. The Trustees in the following table who are not “interested” persons of the Trust within the meaning of the 1940 Act (“Independent Trustees”) are
indicted as such. The address of each Trustee and officer of the Trust, unless otherwise indicated, is 116 South Franklin Street, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27804.
Name and
Date of Birth
|
Position
held with
Funds or Trust
|
Length
of Time Served
|
Principal Occupation
During Past 5 Years
|
Number of Portfolios
in Fund
Complex
Overseen by Trustee
|
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years
|
Independent Trustees
|
James H. Speed, Jr.
(06/1953)
|
Independent Trustee, Chairman
|
Trustee since 7/09, Chair since 5/12
|
Previously President and CEO of NC Mutual Life Insurance Company (insurance company) from 2003 to 2015.
|
12
|
Independent Trustee of the Brown Capital Management Mutual Funds for all its series from 2011 to present, Hillman Capital Management Investment Trust for all its series from 2009 to
present, Centaur Mutual Funds Trust for all its series from 2013 to present, Chesapeake Investment Trust for all its series from 2016 to present, Leeward Investment Trust for all its series from 2018 to present, and WST Investment Trust
for all its series from 2013 to present. (all registered investment companies) Member of Board of Directors of Communities in Schools of N.C. from 2001 to present. Member of Board of Directors of Investors Title Company from 2010 to
present. Member of Board of Directors of AAA Carolinas from 2011 to present. Previously, member of Board of Directors of M&F Bancorp Mechanics & Farmers Bank from 2009 to 2019. Previously, member of Board of Visitors of North
Carolina Central University School of Business from 1990 to 2016. Previously, Board of Directors of NC Mutual Life Insurance Company from 2004 to 2016. Previously, President and CEO of North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company from
2003 to 2015.
|
Theo H. Pitt, Jr.
(04/1936)
|
Independent Trustee
|
Since 9/10
|
Senior Partner, Community Financial Institutions Consulting (financial consulting) since 1999.
|
12
|
Independent Trustee of World Funds Trust for all its series from 2013 to present, Chesapeake Investment Trust for all its series from 2002 to present, Leeward Investment Trust for all its
series from 2011 to present, and Hillman Capital Management Investment Trust for all its series from 2000 to present (all registered investment companies). Senior Partner of Community Financial Institutions Consulting from 1997 to
present. Previously, Partner at Pikar Properties from 2001 to 2017.
|
Michael G. Mosley
(01/1953)
|
Independent Trustee
|
Since 7/10
|
Owner of Commercial Realty Services (real estate) since 2004.
|
12
|
None.
|
J. Buckley Strandberg
(03/1960)
|
Independent Trustee
|
Since 7/09
|
President of Standard Insurance and Realty since 1982.
|
12
|
None.
|
Name and
Date of Birth
|
Position held with
Fund or Trust
|
Length
of Time Served
|
Principal Occupation
During Past 5 Years
|
Officers
|
Katherine M. Honey
(09/1973)
|
President and Principal Executive Officer
|
Since 05/15
|
President of The Nottingham Company since 2018. EVP of The Nottingham Company from 2008 to 2018.
|
Ashley H. Lanham
(03/1984)
|
Treasurer, Assistant Secretary, Principal Accounting Officer, and Principal Financial Officer
|
Since 05/15
|
Director of Fund Administration, The Nottingham Company since 2008.
|
Name and
Date of Birth
|
Position held with
Fund or Trust
|
Length
of Time Served
|
Principal Occupation
During Past 5 Years
|
Tracie A. Coop
(12/1976)
|
Secretary
|
Since 12/19
|
General Counsel, The Nottingham Company since 2019. Formerly, Vice President and Managing Counsel, State Street Bank and Trust Company from 2015 to 2019. Formerly, General Counsel for
Santander Asset Management USA, LLC from 2013 to 2015.
|
Matthew Baskir
(07/1979)
|
Chief Compliance Officer
|
Since 04/20
|
Compliance Director, The Nottingham Company, Inc., since 2020. Formerly, Consultant at National Regulatory Services from 2019 to 2020. Formerly, Counsel at Financial Industry Regulatory
Authority (FINRA), Member Supervision from 2016-2019. Formerly Counsel at FINRA, Market Regulation Enforcement from 2014 – 2016.
|
Qualification of Trustees. The Board believes that each Trustee’s experience, qualifications, attributes, or
skills on an individual basis and in combination with those of the other Trustees on the Board lead to the conclusion that the Board possesses the requisite skills and attributes to carry out its oversight responsibilities with respect to the
Trust. The Board believes that its Trustees’ ability to review, critically evaluate, question, and discuss information provided to them, to interact effectively with the Advisor, other service providers, counsel and independent auditors, and to
exercise effective business judgment in the performance of its duties, support this conclusion. The Board also has considered the following experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills, among others, of its members, as applicable, in
reaching its conclusion: (i) such person’s business and professional experience and accomplishments, including prior experience in the financial services and investment management fields or on other boards; (ii) such person’s ability to work
effectively with the other members of the Board; (iii) how the individual’s skills, experiences, and attributes would contribute to an appropriate mix of relevant skills and experience on the Board; (iv) such person’s character and integrity; (v)
such person’s willingness to serve and willingness and ability to commit the time necessary to perform the duties of a Trustee; and (vi) as to each Trustee his status as an Independent Trustee.
In addition, the following specific experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills were considered in respect of the listed Trustee. Mr. Mosley
has had business experience as an owner of a real estate company. Mr. Pitt has experience as an investor, including his role as trustee of several other investment companies and business experience as senior partner of a financial consulting
company, as a partner of a real estate partnership and as an account administrator for a money management firm. Mr. Speed also has experience as an investor as trustee of several other investment companies and business experience as president and
CEO of an insurance company and as president of a company in the business of consulting and private investing. Mr. Strandberg also has investment experience as a former trustee of another investment company and business experience as president of
an insurance and property management company.
The Board has determined that each of the Trustees’ careers and background, combined with their interpersonal skills and general understanding of
financial and other matters, enable the Trustees to effectively participate in and contribute to the Board’s functions and oversight of the Trust.
Board Structure. The Board currently consists of four Trustees, all of whom are Independent. Mr. Speed, Jr.
serves as the Independent Chairman of the Board. The Board has established several standing committees: Audit Committee, Nominating Committee, Fair Valuation Committee, Governance Committee, and Qualified Legal Compliance Committee. These
standing committees are comprised entirely of the Independent Trustees. Other information about these standing committees is set forth below. The Board has determined that the Board’s structure is appropriate given the characteristics, size, and
operations of the Trust. The Board also believes that its leadership structure, including its committees, helps facilitate effective oversight of Trust management. The Board reviews its structure annually.
With respect to risk oversight, the Board considers risk management issues as part of its general oversight responsibilities throughout the year. The
Board holds four regular board meetings each year during which the Board receives risk management reports and/or assessments from Trust management, the Advisor, administrator, transfer agent, and distributor, and receives an annual report from the
Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”). The Audit Committee also meets with the Trust’s independent registered public accounting firm on an annual basis, to discuss among other things, the internal control structure of the Trust’s financial
reporting function. When appropriate, the Board may hold special meetings or communicate directly with Trust management, the CCO, the Trust’s third-party service providers, legal counsel, or independent public accountants to address matters arising
between regular board meeting or needing special attention. In addition, the Board has adopted policies and procedures for the Trust to help detect and prevent and, if necessary, correct violations of federal securities laws.
The Board met eleven times during the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020.
Trustee Standing Committees. The Trustees have established the following standing committees:
Audit Committee. All of the Independent Trustees are members of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee oversees the Fund’s accounting and
financial reporting policies and practices, reviews the results of the annual audits of the Fund’s financial statements, and interacts with the Fund’s independent auditors on behalf of all the Trustees. The Audit Committee operates pursuant to an
Audit Committee Charter and meets periodically as necessary. The Audit Committee met eight times during the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020.
Fair Valuation Committee. An Independent Trustee and a representative of the advisor are members of the Fair Valuation Committee. The Fair
Valuation Committee has the authority to determine the fair value of specific securities under the methods established by the adopted Guidelines for Valuing Portfolio Securities. The Fair Valuation Committee meets only as necessary. The Fair
Valuation Committee met four times during the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020.
Governance Committee. The Independent Trustees are the current members of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee assists the Board
in adopting fund governance practices and meeting certain fund governance standards. The Governance Committee operates pursuant to a Governance Committee Charter and normally meets annually, but may also meet as often as necessary to carry out its
purpose. The Governance Committee met once during the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020.
Qualified Legal Compliance Committee. The Independent Trustees are the current members of the Qualified Legal Compliance Committee. The
Qualified Legal Compliance Committee receives, investigates, and makes recommendations as to appropriate remedial action in connection with any report of evidence of a material violation of securities laws or breach of fiduciary duty or similar
violation by the Trust, its officers, Trustees, or agents. The Qualified Legal Compliance Committee meets only as necessary and did not meet during the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020.
Beneficial Equity Ownership Information. The table below sets forth, as of December 31, 2020, the dollar
range of equity securities beneficially owned by each Trustee in the Fund, and the aggregate dollar range of equity securities in the Fund’s family of investment companies.
A = None; B = $1-$10,000; C = $10,001-$50,000; D = $50,001-$100,000; and E = over $100,000.
Name of Trustee
|
Fund
|
Dollar Range of
Equity Securities in
the Fund
|
Aggregate Dollar Range
of Equity Securities in All
Funds Overseen or to be
Overseen by Trustee in
Family of Investment
Companies
|
James H. Speed, Jr.
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
A
|
A
|
Theo H. Pitt, Jr.
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
A
|
A
|
Michael G. Mosley
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
A
|
A
|
J. Buckley Strandberg
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
A
|
A
|
Ownership of Securities of Advisor, Distributor, or Related Entities. As of December 31, 2020, none of the
Independent Trustees and/or their immediate family members own securities of the Advisor, Capital Investment Group, Inc. (the “Distributor”), or any entity controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Advisor or Distributor.
Compensation. Officers of the Trust and Trustees who are interested persons of the Trust or the Advisor will
receive no salary or fees from the Trust. Independent Trustees receive $2,000 per series of the Trust each year, but may receive up to an additional $200 per meeting attended and $500 per Fund per special meeting related to contract renewal
issues. This amount may be paid pro rata in the event that a Fund closes during the fiscal year. The Trust reimburses each Trustee and officers of the Trust for his or her travel and other expenses relating to attendance at such meetings. Prior to
April 1, 2020, the Independent Trustees received $2,000 per series of the Trust each year, and they received up to an additional $500 per series of the Trust per special meeting in the event that special meetings were held. Each of the Trustees
serves as a Trustee to all series of the Trust, including the Fund. During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020, the Trustees received the amounts set forth in the following table for services to the Fund and the Fund Complex.
Name of Trustee
|
Aggregate
Compensation from
the Fund
|
Pension or
Retirement Benefits
Accrued as Part of
Fund Expenses
|
Estimated Annual
Benefits Upon
Retirement
|
Total Compensation
from Funds and Fund
Complex Paid to
Trustees
|
Independent Trustees
|
Michael G. Mosley
|
$3,516.67
|
None
|
None
|
$47,400
|
Theo H. Pitt, Jr.
|
$3,516.67
|
None
|
None
|
$47,400
|
James H. Speed, Jr.
|
$3,516.67
|
None
|
None
|
$47,400
|
J. Buckley Strandberg
|
$3,516.67
|
None
|
None
|
$47,400
|
Codes of Ethics. The Trust, Advisor, and Distributor each have adopted a code of ethics, as
required under Rule 17j-1 of the 1940 Act, which is designed to prevent affiliated persons of the Trust, Advisor, and Distributor from engaging in deceptive, manipulative, or fraudulent activities in connection with securities held or to be
acquired by the Fund (which securities may also be held by persons subject to each such code of ethics). There can be no assurance that the codes will be effective in preventing such activities. The codes permit employees and officers of the
Trust, Advisor, and Distributor to invest in securities held by the Fund, subject to certain restrictions and pre-approval requirements. In addition, the Advisor’s code requires that portfolio managers and other investment personnel of the Advisor
report their personal securities transactions and holdings, which are reviewed for compliance with the Trust’s and Advisor’s code of ethics.
Anti-Money Laundering Program. The Trust has adopted an anti-money laundering program, as required by
applicable law, that is designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of terrorist activities. The Trust’s CCO is responsible for implementing and monitoring the operations and internal controls of the program.
Compliance officers at certain of the Fund’s service providers are also responsible for monitoring the program. The anti-money laundering program is subject to the continuing oversight of the Trustees.
Proxy Voting Policies. The Trust has adopted a proxy voting and disclosure policy that delegates to the
Advisor the authority to vote proxies for the Fund, subject to oversight by the Board. A copy of the Advisor’s Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures is included as Appendix B to this SAI. No later than August 31st of each year, the Fund will file
Form N-PX stating how the Fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30th. Information regarding how the Fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month
period ended June 30 is available (i) without charge, upon request, by calling the Fund at 1-800-773-3863 and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
Principal Holders of Voting Securities. As of December 31, 2020, the Trustees and officers of the
Trust as a group owned beneficially (i.e., had direct or indirect voting and/or investment power) none of the then outstanding shares of each class of the Fund. As of December 31, 2020, to the Trust’s knowledge, the following shareholders
owned of record or beneficially 5% or more of the outstanding shares of each class of the Funds. Shareholders owning 25% or more of outstanding shares may be in control and may be able to affect the outcome of certain matters presented for a vote
of Shareholders. There are no Class A Shares of the Adaptive Hedged Income Fund outstanding as of the date of this SAI.
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
Institutional Class Shares
Name and Address of
Owner
|
Percentage of
Ownership
|
Type of
Ownership
|
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.
101 Montgomery Street
San Francisco, CA 94104
|
28.31%
|
Record 1
|
Pershing, LLC
1 Pershing Plaza
Jersey City, NJ 07399
|
14.36%
|
Record 1
|
LPL Financial
A/C 1000-0005
4707 Executive Drive
San Diego, CA 92121 – 3091
|
5.94%
|
Record 1
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
Class C Shares
Name and Address of
Owner
|
Percentage of
Ownership
|
Type of
Ownership
|
Pershing, LLC
1 Pershing Plaza
Jersey City, NJ 07399
|
90.59%
|
Record 1
|
1 The Fund believes that such entity does not have a beneficial ownership interest in such shares.
Investment Advisor. Cavalier Investments, LLC d/b/a Adaptive Investments, located at 12600 Deerfield Parkway, Suite 100,
Alpharetta, Georgia 30004, serves as the investment advisor to the Fund pursuant to an investment advisory agreement between the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, and Adaptive Investments, LLC. The Advisor is controlled by Cavalier 16, Inc., a company
controlled by Gregory Rutherford. The Advisor supervises the Fund’s investments pursuant to an Investment Advisory Agreement. The Investment Advisory Agreement is effective for an initial two-year period and will be renewed thereafter only so long
as such renewal and continuance is specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the Board or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund; and (ii) by vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees, cast in person at a
meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Investment Advisory Agreement is terminable without penalty by the Trust by a vote of the Board or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities upon 60 calendar days’
written notice or by the Advisor upon 60 calendar days’ written notice. The Investment Advisory Agreement provides that it will terminate automatically in the event of its “assignment,” as such term is defined in the 1940 Act.
The Advisor manages the Fund’s investments in accordance with the stated policies of the Fund, subject to oversight by the Board. The Advisor is
responsible for investment decisions and provides the Fund with portfolio managers who are authorized to execute purchases and sales of securities.
Under the Investment Advisory Agreement, the Advisor is not liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Fund in
connection with the performance of such agreement, except a loss resulting from a breach of fiduciary duty with respect to the receipt of compensation for services, or a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith, or gross negligence on the
part of the Advisor in the performance of its duties, or from its reckless disregard of its duties and obligations under the Investment Advisory Agreement.
As full compensation for the investment advisory services provided to the Fund, the Advisor receives monthly compensation based on the Fund’s average
daily net assets calculated at the annual rates shown below.
Expense Limitation Agreement. In the interest of limiting expenses of the Fund, the Advisor has entered into an Expense Limitation Agreement with the Fund under which it has agreed to waive or reduce its fees and to assume other expenses of the Fund, if necessary, in an amount that limits the Fund’s annual
operating expenses (exclusive of (i) any front-end or contingent deferred loads; (ii) brokerage fees and commissions, (iii) acquired fund fees and expenses; (iv) fees and expenses associated with investments in other collective investment vehicles
or derivative instruments (including for example option and swap fees and expenses); (v) borrowing costs (such as interest and dividend expense on securities sold short); (vi) taxes; and (vii) extraordinary expenses, such as litigation expenses
(which may include indemnification of Fund officers and Trustees and contractual indemnification of Fund service providers (other than the Adviser)) to not more than certain percentages of the average daily net assets of the Fund as outlined in the
chart below of the average daily net assets of the Institutional, Class A, and Class C shares of the Fund, respectively. Net annual operating expenses for the Fund may exceed these limits to the extent that they incur expenses enumerated above as
exclusions. The Expense Limitation Agreement run s through January 31 , 2022 and may be terminated by the Board at any time. It is expected that the Expense Limitation Agreement will continue from year-to-year thereafter, provided such
continuance is specifically approved by a majority of the Trustees who (i) are not “interested persons” of the Trust or any other party to the Expense Limitation Agreement, as such term is defined in the 1940 Act, and (ii) have no direct or
indirect financial interest in the operation of the Expense Limitation Agreement. The Advisor cannot recoup from the Fund any amounts paid by the Advisor under the Expense Limitation Agreement.
The following chart shows the current advisory fee rate and operating expense limit for the Fund as of the date of this SAI:
Operating Expense Limit
|
Fund
|
Advisory Fee
Rate
|
Institutional
|
Class A
|
Class C
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
1.00%
|
1.25%
|
1.50%
|
2.25%
|
The following chart shows the total dollar amounts that the Fund paid to Cavalier Investments, LLC d/b/a Adaptive Investments over
the past three fiscal years.
|
Net
Amount Paid for the fiscal years ended May 31,
(Paid to Adaptive Investments)
|
Fund
|
2020
|
2019
|
2018
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
$179,287
|
$0
|
$0
|
Investment Sub-Advisors.
Buckhead Capital Management, LLC (the “Sub-Advisor”) assisted the Advisor in supervising the Fund’s investments pursuant to an
Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement. The Investment Sub-Advisory Agreements was effective for an initial two-year period and was renewed for a period of one year only so long as such renewal and continuance was specifically approved at least annually
by the Trustees, provided the continuance is also approved by a majority of the Trustees who are neither parties to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement nor interested persons of any such party, or by vote of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding
voting securities. The Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement was terminable without penalty on 60-days’ notice by the Trustees, by the Advisor or Sub-Advisor, or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the applicable Fund. The
Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement provided that it would terminate automatically in the event of its “assignment,” as such term is defined in the 1940 Act.
Under the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, the Sub-Advisor was not liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by a
Fund in connection with the performance of the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, except: a loss resulting from a breach of fiduciary duty with respect to the receipt of compensation for services; a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad
faith, or gross negligence on the part of a Sub-Advisor in the performance of its duties; or a loss resulting from a Sub-Advisor’s reckless disregard of its duties and obligations under the Agreement. The Sub-Advisory Agreement was terminated
effective October 1, 2020.
The Fund does not pay a direct fee to the Sub-Advisors. The following charts show the aggregate fees paid to the Sub-Advisors by the Advisor over the
past three fiscal years:
For the Fiscal Year ended May 31, 2020
|
Sub-Advisor
|
Compensation from
Adaptive Hedged Income
|
Total Compensation received
|
Buckhead Capital Management, LLC 1
|
$76,799
|
$76,799
|
1. Buckhead Capital Management, LLC stopped serving as sub-advisor to the Adaptive Hedged Income fund effective October 1, 2020.
For the Fiscal Year ended May 31, 2019
|
Sub-Advisor
|
Compensation from Adaptive
Hedged Income
|
Total Compensation received
|
Buckhead Capital Management, LLC
|
$5,266
|
$5,266
|
For Fiscal Year Ended May 31, 2018
|
Sub-Advisor
|
Compensation from
Adaptive Hedged Income
|
Total Compensation received
|
Buckhead Capital Management, LLC
|
$2,793
|
$2,793
|
Compensation. The portfolio manager’s compensation varies with the general success of the Advisor as a firm. Mr. Wetherington receives a fixed annual salary plus
a quarterly bonus based on the Advisor’s assets under management. The portfolio manager’s compensation is not directly linked to the Fund’s performance, although positive performance and growth in managed assets are factors that may contribute to
the Advisor’s distributable profits and assets under management.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The following table shows the amount of the Fund’s equity securities beneficially owned by the portfolio manager as
of May 31, 2020 (unless otherwise indicated) and stated as one of the following ranges: A = None; B = $1-$10,000; C = $10,001-$50,000; D = $50,001-$100,000; E = $100,001-$500,000; F = $500,001-$1,000,000; and G = over $1,000,000.
Portfolio Manager
|
Fund
|
Dollar Range of
Equity Securities in the Fund
|
Scott Wetherington
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
A
|
Matt Boden*
|
Adaptive Income Fund
|
E
|
Rick Nelson*
|
Adaptive Income Fund
|
D
|
*This individual stopped serving as a portfolio manager when Buckhead Capital Management, LLC stopped serving as sub-advisor to the Adaptive
Hedged Income Fund effective October 1, 2020.
Other Accounts. In addition to the Fund, the portfolio manager is responsible for
the day-to-day management of certain other accounts. The table below shows the number of, and total assets in, such other accounts as of May 31, 2020.
|
Registered Investment
Companies
|
Other Pooled Investment
Vehicles
|
Other Accounts
|
Portfolio Manager
|
Number of
Accounts
|
Total Assets
|
Number of
Accounts
|
Total Assets
|
Number of
Accounts
|
Total Assets
|
All Accounts
|
Scott Wetherington
|
0
|
$0
|
0
|
$0
|
24
|
$6,627,411
|
Matt Boden*
|
0
|
$0
|
0
|
$0
|
27
|
$1,826,356,261
|
Rick Nelson*
|
0
|
$0
|
0
|
$0
|
27
|
$1,826,356,261
|
Accounts with Performance-Based Advisory Fee
|
Scott Wetherington
|
0
|
$0
|
0
|
$0
|
0
|
$0
|
Matt Boden*
|
0
|
$0
|
0
|
$0
|
4
|
$27,890,824
|
Rick Nelson*
|
0
|
$0
|
0
|
$0
|
4
|
$27,890,824
|
*This individual stopped serving as a portfolio manager when Buckhead Capital Management, LLC stopped serving as sub-advisor to the Adaptive Hedged Income Fund effective October 1, 2020.
Conflicts of Interests. The portfolio manager’s management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection
with their management of the Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts consist of separately managed private clients (“Other Accounts”). The Other Accounts might have similar
investment objectives as the Fund, be compared to the same index as the Fund, or otherwise hold, purchase, or sell securities that are eligible to be held, purchased, or sold by the Fund.
Knowledge of the Timing and Size of Fund Trades: A potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the portfolio
manager’s day-to-day management of the Fund. The portfolio manager knows the size and timing of trades for the Fund and the Other Accounts and may be able to predict the market impact of Fund trades. It is theoretically possible that the portfolio
manager could use this information to the advantage of Other Accounts it manages and to the possible detriment of the Fund, or vice versa.
Investment Opportunities: The Advisor provides investment supervisory services for a number of investment products that
have varying investment guidelines. The portfolio manager works across different investment products. Differences in the compensation structures of the Advisor’s investment products may give rise to a conflict of interest by creating an incentive
for the Advisor to allocate the investment opportunities it believes might be the most profitable to the client accounts where it might benefit the most from the investment gains.
Administrator. The Trust has entered into a Fund Accounting and Administration Agreement with The Nottingham
Company (“Administrator”), located at 116 South Franklin Street, Post Office Box 69, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27802-0069. The Administrator performs the following services for the Fund: (i) procures on behalf of the Trust, and coordinates with
the custodian and monitors the services it provides to the Fund; (ii) coordinates with and monitors any other third parties furnishing services to the Fund; (iii) provides the Fund with necessary office space, telephones, and other communications
facilities and personnel competent to perform administrative and clerical functions for the Fund; (iv) assists or supervises the maintenance by third parties of such books and records of the Fund as may be required by applicable federal or state
law; (v) assists in the preparation of all federal, state, and local tax returns and reports of the Fund required by applicable law; (vi) assists in the preparation of and, after approval by the Trust, files and arranges for the distribution of
proxy materials and periodic reports to shareholders of the Fund as required by applicable law; (vii) assists in the preparation of and, after approval by the Trust, arranges for the filing of such registration statements and other documents with
the SEC and other federal and state regulatory authorities as may be required by applicable law; (viii) reviews and submits to the officers of the Trust for their approval invoices or other requests for payment of Fund expenses and instructs the
custodian to issue checks in payment thereof; and (ix) takes such other action with respect to the Fund as may be necessary in the opinion of the Administrator to perform its duties under the agreement. The Administrator will also provide certain
accounting and pricing services for the Fund.
Compensation of the Administrator, which is based upon an administration fee on the average daily net assets of the Fund, is at the following annual
rates: 0.100% of the Fund’s first $250 million, 0.080% on the next $250 million, 0.060% on the next $250 million, 0.050% on the next $250 million, 0.040% on the next $1 billion, and 0.035% on all net assets over $2 billion, with a monthly minimum
general administration fee of $2,000. The Administrator currently receives a monthly fund accounting fee of $2,250 per Fund for accounting and recordkeeping services with an additional fee of $500 per month for each additional class of shares plus
an asset-based fee of 0.01% of the net assets of the Fund. The Administrator will also receive the following to procure and pay the custodian for the Fund: 0.02% on the first $200 million of the Fund’s net assets and 0.009% on all assets over $200
million plus transaction fees with a minimum annual fee of $5,000. The Administrator also charges the Fund for certain costs involved with the daily valuation of investment securities and is reimbursed for out‑of‑pocket expenses.
The following shows the total dollar amounts that the Fund paid to the Administrator for the last three fiscal years:
Fund
|
2020
|
2019
|
2018
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
$45,955
|
$22,960
|
$23,999
|
Distributor. The Fund will conduct a continuous offering of their securities. Capital
Investment Group, Inc. (“Distributor”), located at 100 E. Six Forks Road, Suite 200, Raleigh, North Carolina 27609, acts as the underwriter and Distributor of the Fund’s shares for the purpose of facilitating the registration of shares of the Fund
under state securities laws and assisting in sales of Fund shares pursuant to a distribution agreement (“Distribution Agreement”) between the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, and the Distributor. In this regard, the Distributor has agreed at its own
expense to qualify as a broker-dealer under all applicable federal or state laws in those states that the Fund shall from time to time identify to the Distributor as states in which the Fund wishes to offer its shares for sale, in order that state
registrations may be maintained for the Fund. The Distributor is a broker-dealer registered with the SEC and a member in good standing of the FINRA. The Distributor is entitled to receive an annual fee of $5,000 per Fund for performing certain
recordkeeping, communication, and other administrative services for the Fund. Such administrative services include the following: (i) maintaining records with respect to submissions to the FINRA, dealer discounts and brokerage fees and
commissions, and selling agreements; (ii) maintaining an account with the National Securities Clearing Corporation's Fund/SERV System for the purpose of processing account registrations, maintaining accounts, and communicating transaction data;
(iii) preparing reports for the Board as shall be reasonably requested from time to time; and (iv) performing other services for the Trust as agreed to by the Distributor and the Trust from time to time. The Distributor and Trust agree that the
services described above are of an administrative nature and such services, as well as the fee provided in connection therewith, are not, nor are they intended to be, payment for marketing and/or distribution services related to, or the promotion
of, the sale of the Fund’s shares. The Distribution Agreement may be terminated by either party upon 60-days’ prior written notice to the other party and will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment. The Distributor serves as
exclusive agent for the distribution of the shares of the Fund.
The Distributor for the Fund received the following commissions and other compensation during the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020.
Fund
|
Net Underwriting
Discounts and
Commissions
|
Compensation
on Redemptions
and Repurchases
|
Brokerage
Commissions
|
Other
Compensation
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
$0
|
$0
|
$0
|
$5,000
|
Rule 12b-1 Plan. The Fund has adopted a Plan of Distribution pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (the “Plan”). Pursuant to the Plan, a Fund is authorized to pay the Distributor a fee at an annual rate of 1.00% of the average daily net
assets attributable to its Class C Shares and 0.25% of the average daily net assets attributable to its Class A Shares as compensation for the Distributor’s account maintenance services and as compensation for the Distributor’s sales of a Fund.
Such fees are to be paid by the Fund monthly, or at such other intervals, as the Board shall determine. Such fees shall be based upon the average daily net assets of the Fund’s shares during the preceding month and shall be calculated and accrued
daily. A Fund may pay fees to the Distributor at a lesser rate, as agreed upon by the Board and the Distributor.
Pursuant to the Plan, a Fund may (i) incur certain expenses, including reimbursing the Distributor and others for items such as advertising expenses,
selling expenses, commissions, travel or other expenses reasonably intended to result in sales of a Fund, and/or (ii) pay compensation for providing account maintenance services to Fund shareholders, including arranging for certain dealers or
brokers, administrators and others to provide them services.
The services to be provided by Recipients may include, but are not limited to, the following: assistance in the offering and sale of Fund shares and
in other aspects of the marketing of the shares to clients or prospective clients of the respective recipients; answering routine inquiries concerning a Fund; assisting in the establishment and maintenance of accounts or sub-accounts in a Fund and
in processing purchase and redemption transactions; making a Fund’s investment plan and shareholder services available; and providing such other information and services to investors in shares of a Fund as the Distributor or the Trust, on behalf of
a Fund, may reasonably request. The distribution services shall also include any advertising and marketing services provided by or arranged by the Distributor with respect to a Fund.
The Distributor is required to provide a written report, at least quarterly to the Board, specifying in reasonable detail the amounts expended
pursuant to the Plan and the purposes for which such expenditures were made. Further, the Distributor will inform the Board of any Rule 12b-1 fees to be paid by the Distributor to Recipients.
The initial term of the Plan is one year and will continue in effect from year to year thereafter, provided such continuance is specifically approved
at least annually by a majority of the Board of the Trust and a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and do not have a direct or indirect financial interest in the Plan (“Rule 12b-1 Trustees”) by votes cast in
person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on the Plan. The Plan may be terminated at any time by the Trust or the Fund by vote of a majority of the Rule 12b-1 Trustees or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting shares of the
Fund.
The Plan may not be amended to increase materially the amount of the compensation to be paid by a Fund, unless such amendment is approved by the vote
of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act). All material amendments must be approved by a majority of the Board of the Trust and a majority of the Rule 12b- 1 Trustees by votes cast in person at a
meeting called for the purpose of voting on the Plan. During the term of the Plan, the selection and nomination of non-interested Trustees of the Trust will be committed to the discretion of current non-interested Trustees. The Distributor will
preserve copies of the Plan, any related agreements, and all reports, for a period of not less than six years from the date of such document and for at least the first two years in an easily accessible place.
Any agreement related to the Plan will be in writing and provide that: (a) it may be terminated by the Trust or a Fund at any time upon sixty days’
written notice, without the payment of any penalty, by vote of a majority of the respective Rule 12b-1 Trustees, or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of a Fund; (b) it will automatically terminate in the event of its
assignment (as defined in the 1940 Act); and (c) it will continue in effect for a period of more than one year from the date of its execution or adoption only so long as such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by a majority of
the Board and a majority of the Rule 12b-1 Trustees by votes cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such agreement. Because Class A shares of the Adaptive Hedged Income Fund have not yet commenced operations as of the date
of this SAI, no payments for the Class A shares of the Adaptive Hedged Income Fund have yet been made.
The following shows the total dollar amounts that the Fund paid under the Plan for the Class C shares for the last three fiscal years:
Fund
|
2020
|
2019
|
2018
|
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
$42,124
|
$31,868
|
$23,971
|
The following chart describes the dollar amount and the manner in which amounts paid by the Fund under the Plan were spent during
the past fiscal year.
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
Class C Shares
|
Class A Shares
|
Advertising
|
$0
|
N/A
|
Printing and Mailing of Prospectuses to Other than Current Shareholders
|
$0
|
N/A
|
Compensation to Underwriters
|
$591.27
|
N/A
|
Compensation to Broker-Dealers
|
$41,634.64
|
N/A
|
Compensation to Sales Personnel
|
$0
|
N/A
|
Interest, Carrying, or Other Financing Charges
|
$0
|
N/A
|
Other
|
$0
|
N/A
|
Transfer Agent. The Trust has entered into a Dividend Disbursing and Transfer Agent
Agreement with Nottingham Shareholder Services, LLC (“Transfer Agent”), a North Carolina limited liability company, to serve as transfer, dividend paying, and shareholder servicing agent for the Fund. The address of the Transfer Agent is 116 South
Franklin Street, Post Office Box 4365, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27803-0365.
Custodian. UMB Bank, n.a., located at 1010 Grand Blvd, Kansas City, Missouri 64106, serves as custodian for
the Fund’s assets (the “Custodian”). The Custodian acts as the depository for the Fund, safe keeps their portfolio securities, collects all income and other payments with respect to portfolio securities, disburses monies at the Fund’s request, and
maintains records in connection with its duties as custodian. For its services, the Custodian is entitled to receive a monthly fee from the Administrator based on the average net assets of the Fund plus additional out-of-pocket and transaction
expenses as incurred by the Fund.
Compliance Services Administrator. The Trust has entered into a compliance services arrangement with The
Nottingham Company, Inc., located at 116 S Franklin Street, Rocky Mount, NC 27802. The Trust’s CCO will prepare and update the Trust’s compliance manual and monitor and test compliance with the policies and procedures under the Trust’s compliance
manual.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. BBD, LLP located at 1835 Market Street, 3rd Floor,
Philadelphia, PA 19103, to serve as the independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The independent registered public accounting firm conducts an annual audit of the Fund’s financial statements, and prepares the Fund’s federal,
state, and excise tax returns. Shareholders will receive annual audited and semi-annual (unaudited) reports when published and written confirmation of all transactions in their account. A copy of the most recent annual report will accompany the
SAI whenever a shareholder or a prospective investor requests it.
Legal Counsel. Greenberg Traurig LLP serves as legal counsel to the Trust and the Fund.
Additional Payments to Financial Firms. The Fund
may directly enter into agreements with “financial intermediaries” pursuant to which the Fund will pay the financial intermediary for services such as networking or sub-transfer agency, including the maintenance of “street name” or omnibus
accounts and related sub-accounting, record-keeping and administrative services provided to such accounts. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either: (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of clients
serviced by such financial intermediary, or (2) the number of accounts serviced by such financial intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements are in addition to, rather than in lieu of, Rule 12b-1 or shareholder service fees the
financial intermediary may also be receiving. From time to time, the Distributor, Advisor or their affiliates may pay a portion of the fees for networking or sub-transfer agency at its or their own expense and out of its or their legitimate
profits. These payments may be material to financial intermediaries relative to other compensation paid by the Fund and/or the Distributor, the Advisor and their affiliates. The payments described above may differ and may vary from amounts paid
to the Fund’s transfer agent or other service providers for providing similar services to other accounts. The financial intermediaries are not audited by the Fund, the Advisor or their service providers to determine whether such intermediaries
are providing the services for which they are receiving such payments.
The Advisor or affiliates of the Advisor may also, at their own expense and out of their own legitimate profits, provide additional cash payments to
financial intermediaries who sell shares of a Fund. These additional cash payments are payments over and above sales commissions or reallowances, distribution fees or servicing fees (including networking, administration and sub-transfer agency
fees) payable to a financial intermediary which are disclosed elsewhere in the prospectus or this SAI. These additional cash payments are generally made to financial intermediaries that provide sub- accounting, sub-transfer agency, shareholder or
administrative services or marketing support. Marketing support may include: (i) access to sales meetings or conferences, sales representatives and financial intermediary management representatives; (ii) inclusion of the Fund on a sales list,
including a preferred or select sales list, or other sales programs to which financial intermediaries provide more marketing support than to other sales programs on which the Advisor or its affiliates may not need to make additional cash payments
to be included; (iii) promotion of the sale of the Fund’s shares in communications with a financial intermediary’s customers, sales representatives or management representatives; and/or (iv) other specified services intended to assist in the
distribution and marketing of the Fund’s shares. These additional cash payments also may be made as an expense reimbursement in cases where the financial intermediary provides shareholder services to Fund shareholders. The Advisor and its
affiliates may also pay cash compensation in the form of finders’ fees or referral fees that vary depending on the dollar amount of shares sold.
The amount and value of additional cash payments vary for each financial intermediary. The availability of these additional cash payments, the varying
fee structure within a particular additional cash payment arrangement and the basis for and manner in which a financial intermediary compensates its sales representatives may create a financial incentive for a particular financial intermediary and
its sales representatives to recommend the Fund’s shares over the shares of other mutual funds based, at least in part, on the level of compensation paid. A financial intermediary and its sales representatives may have similar financial incentives
to recommend a particular class of a Fund’s shares over other classes of a Fund’s shares. You should consult with your financial advisor and review carefully any disclosure by the financial firm as to compensation received by your financial
advisor.
Although a Fund may use financial firms that sell its shares to effect portfolio transactions for a Fund, a Fund and the Advisor will not consider the
sale of Fund shares as a factor when choosing financial firms to effect those transactions.
ADDITIONAL PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION INFORMATION
Reference is made to “Purchasing Shares” and “Redeeming Shares” in the Prospectus for more information concerning how to purchase and redeem shares.
The following information supplements the information regarding share purchases and share redemptions in the Prospectus:
Purchases. Shares of the Fund are offered and sold on a continuous basis and may be purchased through
authorized investment dealers or directly by contacting the Distributor, or the Fund directly. Selling dealers have the responsibility of transmitting orders promptly to the Fund. The purchase price of shares of the Fund is based on the NAV next
determined after the order is received, subject to the order being accepted by the Fund in good form. NAV is normally determined at the close of regular trading closes on the NYSE on days the NYSE is open for trading, as described under “Net Asset
Value” above. The NAV per share of the Fund is not calculated on days on which the NYSE is closed. An order received prior to the time regular trading closes on the New York Stock Exchange will be executed at the price calculated on the date of
receipt and an order received after the time regular trading closes on the New York Stock Exchange will be executed at the price calculated as of that time on the next business day.
The Fund reserves the right in their sole discretion: (i) to suspend the offering of their shares; (ii) to reject purchase orders when in the judgment
of management such rejection is in the best interest of the Fund and its shareholders; and (iii) to reduce or waive the minimum for initial and subsequent investments under circumstances where certain economies can be achieved in sales of Fund
shares.
Sales Charge Waivers and Reductions Available Through Certain Financial Intermediaries. The availability of
certain sales charge waivers and discounts may depend on whether you purchase your shares directly from a Fund or through a financial intermediary. Intermediaries may impose different sales charges other than those listed below for Class A shares
and may have different policies and procedures regarding the availability of sales load and waivers or reductions. Such intermediary-specific sales charge variations are described in Appendix A to this prospectus, titled “Intermediary-Specific
Sales Charge Reductions and Waivers . ” Appendix A is incorporated by reference into (or legally considered part of) the Prospectus.
In all instances, it is the shareholder’s responsibility to notify a Fund or the shareholder’s financial intermediary at the time of purchase of any
relationship or other facts qualifying the shareholder for sales charge reductions or waivers. For reductions and waivers not available through a particular intermediary, shareholders will have to purchase Fund shares directly from a Fund or
through another intermediary to receive these reductions or waivers.
Front-End Sales Charge. The public offering price of Class A Shares of the Fund equals NAV plus a sales
charge. The Distributor receives this sales charge as Distributor and may reallow it in the form of dealer discounts and brokerage commissions as described in the table below. No front-end sales charge is imposed with respect to the Institutional
Class Shares or the Class C Shares of the Fund.
Amount Of Transaction
At Public Offering Price
|
Sales Charge
As % Of
Public Offering Price
|
Sales Charge
As % Of
Net Amount Invested
|
Dealer Discounts a nd
Brokerage Commissions As % Of
Public Offering Price
|
Less than $50,000
|
4.50%
|
4.71%
|
4.00%
|
$50,000 to $100,000
|
4.00%
|
4.17%
|
3.50%
|
$100,000 to $250,000
|
3.00%
|
3.09%
|
2.50%
|
$250,000 to $500,000
|
2.50%
|
2.56%
|
2.00%
|
$500,000 and above
|
1.00%
|
1.01%
|
0.50%
|
From time to time dealers who receive dealer discounts and brokerage commissions from the Distributor may reallow all or a portion of such dealer
discounts and brokerage commissions to other dealers or brokers. Pursuant to the terms of the Distribution Agreement, the sales charge payable to the Distributor and the dealer discounts may be suspended, terminated, or amended.
The dealer discounts and brokerage commissions schedule above applies to all dealers that have agreements with the Distributor. The Distributor, at
its expense, may also provide additional compensation to dealers in connection with sales of shares of the Fund. Compensation may include financial assistance to dealers in connection with conferences, sales or training programs for their
employees, seminars for the public, advertising campaigns regarding the Fund, and/or other dealer-sponsored special events. In some instances, this compensation may be made available only to certain dealers whose representatives have sold or are
expected to sell a significant amount of such shares. Compensation may include payment for travel expenses, including lodging, incurred in connection with trips taken by invited registered representatives and members of their families to locations
within or outside of the United States for meetings or seminars of a business nature. Dealers may not use sales of the Fund’s shares to qualify for this compensation to the extent such may be prohibited by the laws of any state or any
self-regulatory agency, such as the FINRA. None of the aforementioned compensation is paid for by the Fund or its shareholders, although the Distributor may use a portion of the payment it receives under the Plan to pay these expenses.
Reduced Sales Charges. Certain purchases of shares of the Class A Shares of the Fund may qualify for a lower
sales charge. In order to obtain a reduced sales charge, it may be necessary at the time of purchase for an investor to inform the Fund, the Distributor, or their broker-dealer that the purchase qualifies for a lower sales charge.
Rights of Accumulation. Pursuant to the right of accumulation,
investors are permitted to purchase Class A Shares at the public offering price applicable to the total of (i) the total public offering price of the Class A Shares of the Fund then being purchased plus (ii) an amount equal to the then current NAV
of the purchaser’s combined holdings of the Class A shares of the Fund. To receive the applicable public offering price pursuant to the right of accumulation, investors must, at the time of purchase, provide sufficient information to permit
confirmation of qualification, and confirmation of the purchase is subject to such verification. This right of accumulation may be modified or eliminated at any time or from time to time by the Trust without notice.
Letters of Intent. Investors may qualify for a lower sales charge for Class A shares by executing a letter of
intent. A letter of intent allows an investor to purchase Class A shares of the Fund over a 13-month period at reduced sales charges based on the total amount intended to be purchased plus an amount equal to the then current NAV of the purchaser's
combined holdings of the Class A shares of the Fund. Thus, a letter of intent permits an investor to establish a total investment goal to be achieved by any number of purchases over a 13-month period. Each investment made during the period
receives the reduced sales charge applicable to the total amount of the intended investment.
The letter of intent does not obligate the investor to purchase, or the Fund to sell, the indicated amount. If such amount is not invested within the
period, the investor must pay the difference between the sales charge applicable to the purchases made and the charges previously paid. If such difference is not paid by the investor, the Distributor is authorized by the investor to liquidate a
sufficient number of shares held by the investor to pay the amount due. On the initial purchase of shares, if required (or subsequent purchases, if necessary) shares equal to at least five percent of the amount indicated in the letter of intent
will be held in escrow during the 13-month period (while remaining registered in the name of the investor) for this purpose. The value of any shares redeemed or otherwise disposed of by the investor prior to termination or completion of the letter
of intent will be deducted from the total purchases made under such letter of intent.
A 90-day backdating period can be used to include earlier purchases at the investor’s cost (without a retroactive downward adjustment of the sales
charge); the 13-month period would then begin on the date of the first purchase during the 90-day period. No retroactive adjustment will be made if purchases exceed the amount indicated in the letter of intent. Investors must notify the
Administrator or the Distributor whenever a purchase is being made pursuant to a letter of intent.
Investors electing to purchase shares pursuant to a letter of intent should carefully read the letter of intent, which is included in the Fund’s
Shares Application accompanying the Prospectus for the Class A Shares or is otherwise available from the Administrator or the Distributor. This letter of intent option may be modified or eliminated at any time or from time to time by the Trust
without notice.
Redemptions. The Fund may suspend redemption privileges or postpone the date of payment (i) during any period
that the New York Stock Exchange is closed for other than customary weekend and holiday closings, or that trading on the New York Stock Exchange is restricted as determined by the SEC; (ii) during any period when an emergency exists as defined by
the rules of the SEC as a result of which it is not reasonably practicable for the Fund to dispose of securities owned by it, or to determine fairly the value of its assets; and (iii) for such other periods as the SEC may permit. The Fund may also
suspend or postpone the recordation of the transfer of shares upon the occurrence of any of the foregoing conditions. Any redemption may be more or less than the shareholder’s cost depending on the market value of the securities held by the Fund.
No charge is made by the Fund for redemptions other than the possible charge for wiring redemption proceeds. Please contact the financial firm for details.
Involuntary Redemptions. In addition to the situations described in the Fund’s Prospectus under “Redeeming
Fund Shares,” the Fund may redeem shares involuntarily to reimburse the Fund for any loss sustained by reason of the failure of a shareholder to make full payment for shares purchased by the shareholder or to collect any charge relating to a
transaction affected for the benefit of a shareholder which is applicable to Fund shares as provided in the Fund’s Prospectus from time to time or to close a shareholder’s account if the Fund is unable to verify the shareholder’s identity. Such
redemptions will not be subject to an otherwise applicable contingent deferred sales charge.
Other Information. If an investor realizes a gain on the redemption, the reinvestment will not affect the
amount of any federal capital gains tax payable on the gain. If an investor realizes a loss on the redemption, the reinvestment may cause some or all of the loss to be disallowed as a tax deduction, depending on the number of shares purchased by
reinvestment and the period of time that has elapsed after the redemption, although for tax purposes, the amount disallowed is added to the cost of the shares acquired upon the reinvestment.
SPECIAL SHAREHOLDER SERVICES
The Fund offers the following special shareholder services:
Regular Account. The regular account allows for voluntary investments to be made at any time. Available to
individuals, custodians, corporations, trusts, estates, corporate retirement plans, and others, investors are free to make additions to or withdrawals from their account. When an investor makes an initial investment in a Fund, a shareholder account
is opened in accordance with the investor’s registration instructions. Each time there is a transaction in a shareholder account, such as an additional investment or the reinvestment of a dividend or distribution, the shareholder will receive a
confirmation statement showing the current transaction and all prior transactions in the shareholder account during the calendar year to date, along with a summary of the status of the account as of the transaction date. As stated in the
Prospectus, share certificates are normally not issued.
Automatic Investment Plan. The automatic investment plan enables shareholders to make regular monthly or
quarterly investments in shares through automatic charges to their checking account. With shareholder authorization and bank approval, the Administrator will automatically charge the checking account for the amount specified ($50 minimum) which
will be automatically invested in shares at the public offering price on or about the 21st day of the month. The shareholder may change the amount of the investment or discontinue the plan at any time by writing to the Fund.
Purchases In Kind. The Fund may accept securities in lieu of payment for the purchase of shares in a Fund.
The acceptance of such securities is at the sole discretion of the Advisor based upon the suitability of the securities accepted for inclusion as a long-term investment of the Fund, the marketability of such securities, and other factors that the
Advisor may deem appropriate. If accepted, the securities will be valued using the same criteria and methods as described in “Purchase and Redemption Price – Determining the Fund’s Net Asset Value” in the Prospectus.
Systematic Withdrawal Plan. Shareholders owning shares of a particular class with a value of $5,000 or more
may establish a systematic withdrawal plan (“Systematic Withdrawal Plan”) for the applicable class of shares. A shareholder may receive monthly or quarterly payments, in amounts of not less than $50 per payment, by authorizing the Fund to redeem
the necessary number of shares periodically (each month or quarterly) in order to make the payments requested. The Fund has the capability of electronically depositing the proceeds of the systematic withdrawal directly to the shareholders personal
bank account ($5,000 minimum per bank wire). Instructions for establishing this service are included in the Fund Shares Application, enclosed in the Prospectus, or are available by calling the Fund. If the shareholder prefers to receive his
systematic withdrawal proceeds in cash, or if such proceeds are less than the $5,000 minimum for a bank wire, checks will be made payable to the designated recipient and mailed with-in seven days of the valuation date. If the designated recipient
is other than the registered shareholder, the signature of each shareholder must be guaranteed on the application (see “Redeeming Shares – Signature Guarantees” in the Prospectus). A corporation (or partnership) must also submit a “Corporate
Resolution” (or “Certification of Partnership”) indi-cat-ing the names, titles, and required number of signatures auth-orized to act on its behalf. The application must be signed by a duly authori-zed officer(s) and the corporate seal affixed.
Contingent deferred sales charges will not apply to shares redeemed under this plan. Costs in conjunction with the administration of the plan are borne by the Fund. Shareholders should be aware that such systematic withdrawals may deplete or use up
entirely their initial investment and may result in real-ized long-term or short-term capital gains or losses. The Syste-matic Withdrawal Plan may be terminated at any time by the Fund upon 60-days’ written notice or by a shareholder upon written
notice to the Fund. Applications and further details may be obtained by calling the Fund at 1-800-773-3863 or by writing to:
Adaptive Funds
c/o Nottingham Shareholder Services
116 South Franklin Street
Post Office Box 4365
Rocky Mount, NC 27803-0365
Redemptions In-Kind. The Fund does not intend, under normal circumstances, to redeem its securities by
payment in kind. It is possible, however, that conditions may arise in the future which would, in the opinion of the Trustees, make it undesirable for a Fund to pay for all redemptions in cash. In such case the Trustees may authorize payment to be
made in readily marketable portfolio securities of a Fund. The securities will be chosen by the Fund, may be either a pro rata payment of each of the securities held by the Fund or a representative sample of securities, and will be valued at the
same value assigned to them in computing the NAV per share. Shareholders receiving them would incur brokerage costs when these securities are sold. An irrevocable election has been filed under Rule 18f‑1 of the 1940 Act, wherein the Fund committed
to pay redemptions in cash, rather than in kind, to any shareholder of record of a Fund who redeems during any 90-day period, the lesser of (a) $250,000 or (b) one percent (1%) of the Fund’s NAV at the beginning of such period.
Transfer of Registration. To transfer shares to another owner, send a written request to the Fund at the
address shown above. Your request should include the following: (i) the Fund name and existing account registration; (ii) signatures of the registered owners exactly as the signatures appear on the account registration; (iii) the new account
registration, address, social security or taxpayer identification number, and how dividends and capital gains are to be distributed; (iv) signature guarantees (See the Prospectus under the heading “Signature Guarantees”); and (v) any additional
documents which are required for transfer by corporations, administrators, executors, trustees, guardians, etc. If you have any questions about transferring shares, call or write the Fund.
Employees and Affiliates of the Funds. The Fund has adopted initial investment minimums for the purpose of
reducing the cost to the Fund (and consequently to the shareholders) of communicating with and servicing its shareholders. At the discretion of the Advisor, the Fund may allow investments in the Fund with a reduced minimum initial investment from
its Trustees, officers, and employees, the Advisor and certain parties related thereto, including clients of the Advisor or any sponsor, officer, committee member thereof, or the immediate family of any of them. In addition, accounts having the
same mailing address may be aggregated for purposes of the minimum investment if they consent in writing to sharing a single mailing of shareholder reports, proxy statements (but each such shareholder would receive his/her own proxy), and other
Fund literature.
Dealers. The Distributor, at its expense, may provide additional compensation in addition to dealer
discounts and brokerage commissions to dealers in connection with sales of shares of the Fund. Compensation may include financial assistance to dealers in connection with conferences, sales or training programs for their employees, seminars for the
public, advertising campaigns regarding the Fund, and/or other dealer-sponsored special events. In some instances, this compensation may be made available only to certain dealers whose representatives have sold or are expected to sell a significant
amount of such shares. Compensation may include payment for travel expenses, including lodging, incurred in connection with trips taken by invited registered representatives and members of their families to locations within or outside of the United
States for meetings or seminars of a business nature. Dealers may not use sales of the Fund shares to qualify for this compensation to the extent such may be prohibited by the laws of any state or any self-regulatory agency, such as the FINRA. None
of the aforementioned compensation is paid directly by the Fund or its shareholders, although the Distributor may use a portion of the payment it receives under the 12b-1 Plan to pay these expenses.
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
The Board has adopted a policy that governs the disclosure of portfolio holdings. This policy is intended to ensure that such disclosure is in the
best interests of the shareholders of the Fund and to address possible conflicts of interest. Under the Fund’s policy, the Fund generally will not disclose the Fund’s portfolio holdings to a third party unless such information is made available to
the public. The policy provides that the Fund may disclose non-public portfolio holdings information as required by law and under other limited circumstances that are set forth in more detail below.
The Fund may make portfolio holdings information available to the public, including the complete portfolio holdings from the previous business day.
The Fund will generally make this information available to the public on the web pages noted in the following chart:
Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
|
http://www.ncfunds.com/holdings/current-801.htm
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This information is also generally available on a quarterly basis within 60 days of the Fund’s fiscal quarter end and will remain available until the
next fiscal quarter’s portfolio holdings report becomes available. You may obtain a copy of these quarterly portfolio holdings reports by calling the Fund at 1-800-773-3863. The Fund will also file these quarterly portfolio holdings reports with
the SEC on Form N-CSR or Form N-PORT, as applicable. The Fund’s Form N-CSR and Form N-PORT are available on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. The first and third quarter portfolio holdings reports will be filed with the SEC on Form N-PORT
and the second and fourth fiscal quarter portfolio holdings reports will be included with the semi-annual and annual financial statements, respectively, which are sent to shareholders and filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
To the extent that a Fund’s portfolio holdings have previously been disclosed publicly either through a filing made with the SEC on Form N-CSR or
Form N-PORT, or by being posted to the Fund’s website, such holdings may also be disclosed to any third party that requests them.
Consistent with policies approved by the Board, the officers of the Fund will share non-public portfolio holdings information with the Fund’s service
providers that require such information for legitimate business and Fund oversight purposes. Recipients of non-public portfolio holdings information have a duty not to trade on that confidential information. The Fund has not (and do not intend to)
enter into any arrangement providing for the receipt of compensation or other consideration in exchange for the disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information, other than the benefits that result to the Fund and their shareholders from
providing such information, which include the publication of Fund ratings and rankings.
The Advisor, as well as the Custodian, fund accountant and Administrator, and CCO, have full daily access to the Fund’s portfolio holdings. These
service providers are subject to obligations requiring them to keep non-public portfolio holdings information confidential. In some, but not all, cases these confidentiality obligations are established by written agreements. The Board has
concluded that the confidentiality obligations in place for these parties are adequate to safeguard the Fund from unauthorized disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information. In addition, the Advisor has a code of ethics that prohibits
covered persons from disclosing or trading based on non-public portfolio holdings information.
The Fund’s Distributor, Transfer Agent, independent public accountants, and legal counsel have access to the Fund’s portfolio holdings on an ad hoc,
as needed basis. The Distributor and Transfer Agent are subject to written agreements that establish confidentiality obligations with respect to the Fund’s portfolio holdings. The independent public accountants and legal counsel are subject to
professional obligations that require them to keep non-public portfolio holdings information confidential. The Board has concluded that the confidentiality obligations in place for these parties are adequate to safeguard the Fund from unauthorized
disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information.
Broadridge ICS, Allegra Design Marketing Print Mail, PrintGrafix (a division of Sunbelt Graphics Systems, Inc.), PrinterLink Communications Group,
Inc., Riverside Printing, Inc., and V.G. Reed & Sons are financial printers the Fund may engage for, among other things, the printing and/or distribution of regulatory and compliance documents. These service providers are subject to written
agreements that establish confidentiality obligations with respect to the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
The Fund and its service providers may also provide non-public portfolio holdings information to appropriate regulatory agencies as required by
applicable laws and regulations.
The Fund currently does not provide non-public portfolio holdings information to any other third parties. In the future, the Advisor may establish
ongoing arrangements with other third parties if the Advisor determines that the Fund has a legitimate business purpose for doing so, determines that the disclosure is in the shareholders' best interest, and the recipient is subject to a duty of
confidentiality. These parties could include, by way of example, financial data processing companies that provide automated data scanning and monitoring services for the Fund, research companies that allow the Advisor to perform attribution
analysis for the Fund, and the Advisor’s proxy voting agent to assess and vote proxies on behalf of the Fund. The Advisor is responsible for determining which other third parties have a legitimate business purpose for receiving the Fund’s portfolio
holdings information.
The Fund’s policy regarding disclosure of portfolio holdings is subject to the continuing oversight and direction of the Board. Oversight includes:
(i) review and approval of the policy on disclosure of portfolio holdings as necessary, including review of the parties receiving non-public portfolio holdings information; (ii) periodic assessment of compliance in connection with a report from the
Trust’s CCO, (iii) receipt of reports on any conflicts of interest where disclosure of information about portfolio holdings may conflict or appear to conflict with the interests of the Fund’s investment advisor, any principal underwriter for the
Trust or an affiliated person of the Trust, and (iv) receipt of reports on any known disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings to unauthorized third parties. The Fund and Advisor are obligated to report issues that arise under the policy on
disclosure of portfolio holdings to the CCO. Material compliance matters must be reported to the Board.
NET ASSET VALUE
The NAV and NAV per share of each class of shares of the Fund is determined at the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern
Time). The Fund’s NAV for each class of shares is not calculated on the days on which the NYSE is closed. The New York Stock Exchange generally recognizes the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, President’s Day, Good
Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. The days on which these holidays are observed and any other holiday recognized by the NYSE will be deemed a business holiday on which the NAV of each class of
shares of the Fund will not be calculated.
The NAV per share of each class of shares of the Fund is calculated separately by adding the value of a Fund’s securities and other assets belonging
to that Fund and attributable to a class of shares, subtracting the liabilities charged to the Fund and to the class of shares, and dividing the result by the number of outstanding shares of such class of shares. “Assets belonging to” a Fund
consist of the consideration received upon the issuance of shares of the Fund together with all net investment income, realized gains/losses and proceeds derived from the investment thereof, including any proceeds from the sale of such investments,
any funds or payments derived from any reinvestment of such proceeds, and a portion of any general assets of the Trust not belonging to a particular Fund. Assets belonging to a Fund are charged with the direct liabilities of that Fund and with a
share of the general liabilities of the Trust, which are normally allocated in proportion to the number of or the relative NAVs of all of the Trust’s series at the time of allocation or in accordance with other allocation methods approved by the
Trustees. Subject to the provisions of the Trust Instrument, determinations by the Trustees as to the direct and allocable liabilities, and the allocable portion of any general assets, with respect to the Fund and the classes of the Fund are
conclusive.
The pricing and valuation of portfolio securities is determined in good faith in accordance with procedures established by, and under the direction
of, the Trustees. Values are determined according to generally accepted accounting practices and all laws and regulations that apply. Using methods approved by the Trustees, the assets of the Fund are valued as follows:
•
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Securities that are listed on a securities exchange are valued at the last quoted sales price provided by a third-party pricing service at the time the valuation is made. Price information on listed
securities is taken from the exchange where the security is primarily traded by the Fund.
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•
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Securities that are listed on an exchange and which are not traded on the valuation date are valued at the bid price.
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•
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Unlisted securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the latest quoted sales price, if available, at the time of valuation, otherwise, at the latest quoted bid price.
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•
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Options are valued at the mean of the last quoted bid and ask prices provided by a third-party pricing service from the primary exchange or the board of trade on which such options are traded.
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•
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Foreign securities listed on foreign exchanges are valued with quotations from the primary market in which they are traded and are translated from the local currency into U.S. dollars using current exchange
rates.
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•
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Temporary cash investments with maturities of 60 days or less will be valued at amortized cost, which approximates market value.
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Securities for which no current quotations are readily available are valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the
Trustees. Securities may be valued on the basis of prices provided by a pricing service when such prices are believed to reflect the fair market value of such securities.
ADDITIONAL TAX INFORMATION
The following summarizes certain additional tax considerations affecting the Fund and its shareholders that are not described in the Prospectus. No
attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund, its shareholders, or any special category of shareholders. The discussions here and in the Prospectus are not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning and
are based on tax laws and regulations that are in effect on the date hereof, and which may be changed by legislative, judicial, or administrative action. In addition, no attempt is made to address tax concerns applicable to an investor with a
special tax status such as a financial institution, real estate investment trust, insurance company, regulated investment company, individual retirement account, other tax-exempt entity, dealer in securities, or non-U.S. investor. Furthermore, this
discussion does not reflect possible application of the alternative minimum tax. Unless otherwise noted, this discussion assumes the common shares are held by U.S. persons and that such shares are held as capital assets. Investors are advised to
consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations.
Each series of the Trust, including the Fund, will be treated as a separate corporate entity under the Code, and intends to qualify or remain
qualified as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. In order to so qualify, each series must elect to be a regulated investment company or have made such an election for a previous year and must satisfy certain requirements
relating to the amount of distributions and source of its income for a taxable year. At least 90% of the gross income of each series must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans, gains from the sale or other
disposition of stocks, securities or foreign currencies, and other income derived with respect to the series’ business of investing in such stock, securities, currencies and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded
partnership. Any income derived by a series from a partnership (other than a qualified publicly traded partnership) or trust is treated as derived with respect to the series’ business of investing in stock, securities or currencies only to the
extent that such income is attributable to items of income that would have been qualifying income if realized by the series in the same manner as by the partnership or trust.
An investment company may not qualify as a regulated investment company for any taxable year unless it satisfies certain requirements with respect to
the diversification of its investments at the close of each quarter of the taxable year. In general, at least 50% of the value of its total assets must be represented by cash, cash items, government securities, securities of other regulated
investment companies, and other securities which, with respect to any one issuer, do not represent more than 5% of the total assets of the fund nor more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer. In addition, not more than 25%
of the value of a Fund’s total assets may be invested in the securities (other than government securities or the securities of other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer; the securities of two or more issuers (other than securities of
another regulated investment company) if the issuers are controlled by a Fund and they are, pursuant to Internal Revenue Service Regulations, engaged in the same or similar or related trades or businesses; or the securities of one or more publicly
traded partnerships. The Fund intends to satisfy all requirements on an ongoing basis for continued qualification as a regulated investment company.
Certain qualifying corporate dividends are taxable at long-term capital gains tax rates to individuals. Some, but not all, of the dividends paid by
the Fund may be taxable at the reduced long-term capital gains tax rate for individual shareholders. If a Fund designates a dividend as qualified dividend income, it generally will be taxable to individual shareholders at the long-term capital
gains tax rate, provided certain holding period requirements are met.
Taxable dividends paid by the Fund to corporate shareholders will be taxed at corporate income tax rates. Corporate shareholders may be entitled to a
dividends received deduction (“DRD”) for a portion of the dividends paid and designated by the Fund as qualifying for the DRD.
If the Fund designates a dividend as a capital gains distribution, it generally will be taxable to shareholders as long-term capital gains, regardless
of how long the shareholders have held their Fund shares or whether received in cash or reinvested in additional shares. All taxable dividends paid by the Fund other than those designated as qualified dividend income or capital gains distributions
will be taxable as ordinary income to shareholders, whether received in cash or reinvested in additional shares. To the extent the Fund engages in increased portfolio turnover, short-term capital gains may be realized, and any distribution
resulting from such gains will be considered ordinary income for federal tax purposes. The Fund’s net realized capital gains from securities transactions will be distributed only after reducing such gains by the amount of any available capital loss
carryforwards. Capital losses may be carried forward indefinitely and retain the character of the original loss. Capital loss carryforwards are available to offset future realized capital gains. To the extent that these carryforwards are used to
offset future capital gains it is probable that the amount offset will not be distributed to shareholders. As of May 31, 2020, the following funds have capital loss carryforwards as shown below and have no expiration:
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Adaptive Hedged Income Fund
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Short-Term
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$(23,857)
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Long-Term
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$(146,443)
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Total Capital Loss Carryforward
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$(170,300)
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Certain individuals, estates, and trusts must pay a 3.8% Medicare surtax on “net investment income” including, among other things,
dividends and proceeds of sale in respect of securities like the shares, subject to certain exceptions. Prospective investors should consult with their own tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of this surtax on their ownership and
disposition of the shares.
Shareholders who hold Fund shares in a tax-deferred account, such as a retirement plan, generally will not have to pay tax on Fund distributions until
they receive distributions from their account.
Each series of the Trust, including the Fund, will designate (i) any dividend of qualified dividend income as qualified dividend income; (ii) any
tax-exempt dividend as an exempt-interest dividend; (iii) any distribution of long-term capital gains as a capital gain dividend; and (iv) any dividend eligible for the corporate DRD as such in a written notice mailed to shareholders within 60 days
after the close of the series’ taxable year. Shareholders should note that, upon the sale or exchange of series shares, if the shareholder has not held such shares for at least six months, any loss on the sale or exchange of those shares will be
treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of the capital gain dividends received with respect to the shares.
To the extent that a distribution from a Fund is taxable, it is generally included in a shareholder’s gross income for the taxable year in which the
shareholder receives the distribution. However, if a Fund declares a dividend in October, November, or December but pay it in January, it will be taxable to shareholders as if they received it in the year it was declared. Every year, each
shareholder will receive a statement detailing the tax status of any Fund distributions for that year.
A 4% nondeductible excise tax is imposed on regulated investment companies that fail to currently distribute an amount equal to specified percentages
of their ordinary taxable income and capital gain net income (excess of capital gains over capital losses). Each series of the Trust, including the Fund, intends to make sufficient distributions or deemed distributions of its ordinary taxable
income and any capital gain net income prior to the end of each calendar year to avoid liability for this excise tax.
If for any taxable year a series does not qualify for the special federal income tax treatment afforded regulated investment companies, all of its
taxable income will be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates (without any deduction for distributions to its shareholders). In such event, dividend distributions (whether or not derived from interest on tax-exempt securities)
would be taxable as qualified dividends to individual shareholders to the extent of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, and would be eligible for the DRD for corporations, provided in each case that certain holding period and
other requirements are met.
In general, a shareholder who sells or redeems shares will realize a capital gain or loss, which will be long-term or short-term, depending upon the
shareholder’s holding period for a Fund’s shares. An exchange of shares may be treated as a sale and any gain may be subject to tax.
The Fund must report cost basis information to the Internal Revenue Service on Form 1099-B for any sale of shares purchased in non-retirement
accounts. Registered investment companies must select a default cost basis calculation method and apply that method to reportable sales of shares unless an alternate Internal Revenue Service approved method is specifically elected in writing by
the shareholder. Average cost, which is the mutual fund industry standard, has been selected as the Fund’s default cost basis calculation method. If a shareholder determines that an Internal Revenue Service approved cost basis calculation method
other than the Fund’s default method of average cost is more appropriate, the shareholder must contact the Fund at the time of or in advance of a reportable sale of shares that are to be subject to such alternate election. Internal Revenue Service
regulations do not permit the change of a cost basis election on previously executed trades. Cost basis information will not be reported to the IRS or shareholder upon the sale of any shares not covered by these cost basis reporting requirements.
The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold and remit to the U.S. Treasury a percentage of taxable dividends or of gross proceeds realized
upon sale paid to shareholders who (i) have failed to provide a correct taxpayer identification number in the manner required; (ii) are subject to back-up withholding by the Internal Revenue Service for failure to include properly on their return
payments of taxable interest or dividends; or (iii) have failed to certify to the Fund that they are not subject to backup withholding when required to do so or that they are “exempt recipients.” Back-up withholding is not an additional tax. Any
amounts withheld from payments to you may be refunded or credited against your U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, provided that the required information is furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.
Depending upon the extent of the Fund’s activities in states and localities in which its offices are maintained, in which its agents or independent
contractors are located, or in which it is otherwise deemed to be conducting business, the Fund may be subject to the tax laws of such states or localities. In addition, in those states and localities that have income tax laws, the treatment of
the Fund and its shareholders under such laws may differ from their treatment under federal income tax laws.
Dividends paid by the Fund to non-U.S. shareholders may be subject to U.S. withholding tax unless reduced by treaty (and the shareholder files a valid
Internal Revenue Service Form W-8BEN, or other applicable form, with the Fund certifying foreign status and treaty eligibility) or the non-U.S. shareholder files an Internal Revenue Service Form W-8ECI, or other applicable form, with the Fund
certifying that the investment to which the distribution relates is effectively connected to a United States trade or business of such non-U.S. shareholder (and, if certain tax treaties apply, is attributable to a United States permanent
establishment maintained by such non-U.S. shareholder). The Fund may elect not to withhold the applicable withholding tax on any distribution representing a capital gain dividend to a non-U.S. shareholder. Special rules may apply to non-U.S.
shareholders with respect to the information reporting requirements and withholding taxes and non-U.S. shareholders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the application of such reporting requirements and withholding taxes.
The Fund will send shareholders information each year on the tax status of dividends and distributions. A dividend or capital gains distribution
paid shortly after shares have been purchased, although in effect a return of investment, is subject to federal income taxation. Dividends from net investment income, along with capital gains, will be taxable to shareholders, whether received in
cash or Fund shares and no matter how long the shareholder has held Fund shares, even if they reduce the NAV of shares below the shareholder’s cost and thus, in effect, result in a return of a part of the shareholder’s investment.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The audited financial statements of the Fund for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020, including the financial highlights appearing in the Annual
Report to shareholders, are incorporated by reference and made a part of this document. You may request a copy of the Fund’s annual and semi-annual reports at no charge by calling the Fund at 1-800-773-3863.
APPENDIX A – DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
The Fund may acquire from time to time certain securities that meet the following minimum rating criteria (“Investment-Grade Debt Securities”) (or if
not rated, of equivalent quality as determined by the Advisor). The various ratings used by the nationally recognized securities rating services are described below.
A rating by a rating service represents the service’s opinion as to the credit quality of the security being rated. However, the ratings are general
and are not absolute standards of quality or guarantees as to the creditworthiness of an issuer. Consequently, the Advisor believes that the quality of Investment-Grade Debt Securities in which the Fund may invest should be continuously reviewed
and that individual analysts give different weightings to the various factors involved in credit analysis. A rating is not a recommendation to purchase, sell, or hold a security, because it does not take into account market value or suitability
for a particular investor. When a security has received a rating from more than one service, each rating is evaluated independently. Ratings are based on current information furnished by the issuer or obtained by the rating services from other
sources that they consider reliable. Ratings may be changed, suspended, or withdrawn as a result of changes in or unavailability of such information, or for other reasons.
S&P Global Ratings. The following summarizes the highest four ratings used by S&P Global Ratings, a
division of McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., for bonds which are deemed to be Investment‑Grade Debt Securities by the Advisor:
AAA – An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P Global Ratings. The obligor’s capacity to meet its
financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA – An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its
financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.
A – An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions
than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.
BBB – An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing
circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
To provide more detailed indications of credit quality, the AA, A, and BBB ratings may be modified by the addition of a plus or minus sign to show
relative standing within these major rating categories.
Bonds rated BB, B, CCC, CC, and C are not considered by the Advisor to be Investment‑Grade Debt Securities and are regarded as having significant
speculative characteristics. BB indicates the least degree of speculation and C the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to
adverse conditions.
Commercial paper rated A‑1 by S&P Global Ratings indicates that the degree of safety regarding timely payment is strong. Those issues determined
to possess extremely strong safety characteristics are denoted A‑1+. Capacity for timely payment on commercial paper rated A‑2 is satisfactory, but the relative degree of safety is not as high as for issues designated A‑1.
The rating SP‑1 is the highest rating assigned by S&P Global Ratings to short term notes and indicates strong capacity to pay principal and
interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation. The rating SP‑2 indicates a satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and
economic changes over the term of the notes. The rating SP-3 indicates a speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
Moody’s Investor Service, Inc. The following summarizes the highest four ratings used by Moody’s Investors
Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), for fixed-income obligations with an original maturity of one year or more, which are deemed to be Investment-Grade Debt Securities by the Advisor:
Aaa – Bond obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa – Bond obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A – Bond obligations rated A are considered upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa – Bond obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain
speculative characteristics.
Obligations that are rated Ba, B, Caa, Ca, or C by Moody’s are not considered “Investment-Grade Debt Securities” by the Advisor. Obligations rated Ba
are judged to have speculative elements and are subject to substantial credit risk. Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk. Obligations rated Caa are judged to be of poor standing and are subject to
very high credit risk.
Note: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the
obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Short-Term Ratings.
Moody’s short-term ratings are opinions of the ability of issuers to honor short-term financial obligations. Ratings may be assigned to issuers,
short-term programs, or individual short-term debt instruments. Such obligations generally have an original maturity not exceeding thirteen months, unless explicitly noted.
Moody’s employs the following designations to indicate the relative repayment ability of rated issuers:
P-1 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
NP – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Note: Canadian issuers rated P-1 or P-2 have their short-term ratings enhanced by the senior-most long-term rating of the issuer,
its guarantor, or support-provider.
US Municipal Short-Term Debt And Demand Obligation Ratings.
Short-Term Debt Ratings. There are three rating categories for short-term municipal obligations that are
considered investment grade. These ratings are designated as Municipal Investment Grade (MIG) and are divided into three levels – MIG 1 through MIG 3. In addition, those short-term obligations that are of speculative quality are designated SG, or
speculative grade. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation.
MIG 1 – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly
reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding
group.
MIG 3 – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access
for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG – This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of
protection.
Demand Obligation Ratings. In the case of variable rate demand obligations (VRDOs), a two-component rating
is assigned; a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of the degree of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s
evaluation of the degree of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand ("demand feature"), using a variation of the MIG rating scale, the Variable Municipal Investment Grade or VMIG rating.
When either the long- or short-term aspect of a VRDO is not rated, that piece is designated NR, e.g., Aaa/NR or NR/VMIG 1.
VMIG rating expirations are a function of each issue’s specific structural or credit features.
VMIG 1 – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit
strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of
the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit
strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG – This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a
liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Fitch Ratings. The following summarizes the highest four ratings used by Fitch, Inc. (“Fitch”):
Long-Term Ratings.
AAA – Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of
exceptionally strong capacity for timely payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA – Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for
payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A – High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments
is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB – Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment
of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
Long-term securities rated below BBB by Fitch are not considered by the Advisor to be Investment-Grade Debt Securities. Securities rated BB and B are
regarded as speculative with regard to a possible credit risk developing. BB is considered speculative and B is considered highly speculative. Securities rated CCC, CC, and C are regarded as a high default risk. A rating CC indicates that
default of some kind appears probable, while a rating C signals imminent default. Securities rated DDD, D, and D indicate a default has occurred.
Short-Term Ratings.
F1 – Highest short-term credit quality. The rating F1 indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial
commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 – Good short-term credit quality. The rating F2 indicates good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 – Fair short-term credit quality. The rating F3 indicates the intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is
adequate.
B – Speculative short-term credit quality. The rating B indicates minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments,
plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
Short-term rates B, C, and D by Fitch are considered by the Advisor to be below investment-grade securities. Short-term securities rated B are
considered speculative, securities rated C have a high default risk, and securities rated D denote actual or imminent payment default.
(+) or (-) suffixes may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to long-term ratings “AAA”
category, categories below “CCC”, or short-term ratings other than “F1”. The suffix “NR” indicates that Fitch does not publicly rate the issuer or issue in question.
APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES
The following proxy voting policies are provided:
(1)
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The Advisors’ Proxy Voting and Disclosure Policy, including a detailed description of the Advisors’ specific proxy voting guidelines.
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Cavalier Investments, LLC
d/b/a
Adaptive Investments
Proxy Voting Policy
Policy
With respect to accounts over which Adaptive performs proxy voting, it maintains written policies and procedures as to the handling, research, voting
and reporting of proxy voting and makes appropriate disclosures about Adviser’s proxy policies and practices. Our policy and practice includes the responsibility to receive and vote Client proxies where authorized and disclose any potential
conflicts of interest as well as making information available to Clients about the voting of proxies for their portfolio securities and maintaining relevant and required records. Adviser’s Advisory Agreements evidence whether voting authority has
been retained by the Client. Under ERISA, Adviser is responsible to vote proxies for the Client in the absence of specific written acknowledgement by the Client that the authority has been retained or granted elsewhere.
Background & Description
Proxy voting is an important right of shareholders and reasonable care and diligence must be undertaken to ensure that such rights are properly and
timely exercised. The purpose of these proxy voting policies and procedures are to set forth the principles, guidelines and procedures by which Adaptive votes the securities owned by its Clients for which Adviser exercises voting authority and
discretion (the “Proxies”).
These policies and procedures have been designed to ensure that Proxies are voted in the best interests of our Clients in accordance with our
fiduciary duties and Rule 206(4)-6 under the Advisers Act. Investment advisers registered with the SEC, and which exercise voting authority with respect to Client securities, are required by Rule 206(4)-6 of the Advisers Act to (a) adopt and
implement written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that Client securities are voted in the best interests of Clients, which must include how an adviser addresses material conflicts that may arise between an adviser's
interests and those of its Clients; (b) to disclose to Clients how they may obtain information from the adviser with respect to the voting of proxies for their securities; (c) to describe to Clients a summary of its proxy voting policies and
procedures and, upon request, furnish a copy to its Clients; and (d) maintain certain records relating to the adviser's proxy voting activities when the adviser does have proxy voting authority.
Responsibility for voting the Proxies is established by investment management agreements or comparable documents with our Clients, and our proxy
voting guidelines have been tailored to reflect these specific contractual obligations. In addition, our proxy guidelines reflect the fiduciary standards and responsibilities for ERISA accounts set out in Department of Labor Bulletin 94-2. These
policies and procedures do not apply to any Client that has retained authority and discretion to vote its own proxies or delegated such authority and discretion to a third party; Adviser takes no responsibility for the voting of any proxies on
behalf of any such Client. For those Clients that have delegated such authority and discretion to Adviser, these policies and procedures apply equally to registered investment companies, institutional and retail accounts. These proxy voting
policies and procedures are available to all Clients of Adviser upon request, subject to the provision that these policies and procedures are subject to change at any time without notice.
Responsibility
The Proxy Committee is responsible for the implementation and monitoring of Adviser’s Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures, including associated
practices, disclosures and recordkeeping, as well as oversight of a third party voting agent, if one exists. The Proxy Committee may delegate responsibility for the performance of these activities (provided that it maintains records evidencing
individuals to whom authority has been delegated) but oversight and ultimate responsibility remain with the Proxy Committee.
Procedures
Adaptive has delegated to Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (“ISS”), an independent service provider, the administration of proxy voting for the
Funds’ portfolio securities, subject to oversight by the Proxy Voting Committee, which consists of the same members as the Compliance Committee. Adaptive has a adopted the ISS Voting Guidelines (“Guidelines”), and absent a conflict, will vote the
proxies consistent with the Guidelines. Once a year, prior to each proxy voting season, Adaptive will review the Guidelines to ensure they wish to vote consistent with the Guidelines.
If Adaptive detects a material conflict of interest in connection with a proxy solicitation, it will abide by the following procedures:
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With respect to clients that are registered investment companies, the Advisor will notify the client of the conflict and will vote the client’s shares in accordance with the client’s instructions; and
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With respect to other clients, the Advisor will vote the proxy in accordance with the specifics of the Voting Guidelines (if addressed in the Voting Guidelines) or may abstain (if not addressed in the Voting Guidelines).
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Adaptive will not neglect its proxy voting responsibilities, but it may abstain from voting if it deems that abstaining is in its Clients’ best
interests. For example, Adaptive may be unable to vote securities that have been lent by the custodian. Also, proxy voting in certain countries involves “share blocking,” which limits Adaptive’s ability to sell the affected security during a
blocking period that can last for several weeks. Adaptive believes that the potential consequences of being unable to sell a security usually outweigh the benefits of participating in a proxy vote, so Adaptive generally abstains from voting when
share blocking is required. A member of the Proxy Committee will prepare and maintain memoranda describing the rationale for any instance in which Adaptive does not vote a Client’s proxy.
Adaptive will ensure that its third-party proxy voting vendor, ISS, is retaining the following information in connection with each proxy vote:
x The Issuer’s name;
x The security’s ticker symbol or CUSIP, as applicable;
x The shareholder meeting date;
x The number of shares that Adaptive voted;
x A brief identification of the matter voted on;
x Whether the matter was proposed by the Issuer or a security-holder;
x Whether Adaptive casts a vote;
x How Adaptive casts its vote (for the proposal, against the proposal, or abstain); and
x Whether Adaptive casts its vote with or against management.
Any attempt to influence the proxy voting process by Issuers or others not identified in these policies and procedures should be promptly reported to
the CCO. Similarly, any Client’s attempt to influence proxy voting with respect to other Clients’ securities should be promptly reported to the CCO.
Under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), investment advisers have special fiduciary responsibilities. Under ERISA, if the
authority to manage a plan has been delegated to an investment manager, only the investment manager has the authority to vote proxies on behalf of the plan except, when the plan named fiduciary has reserved to itself or to another named fiduciary
(as authorized by the plan document) the right to direct a plan trustee regarding the voting of proxies.
Adaptive will vote proxies on behalf of the Funds that are managed by the firm upon receiving written authorization from the fund board. In voting on
each and every issue, Adaptive has established a Proxy Voting Committee. This Committee will be responsible for voting proxies in the best interests of the Funds.
PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES: GENERAL
Adaptive believes the best financial interest of its clients is consistent with management’s recommendations. Therefore,
Adaptive will generally vote consistent with management’s recommendations absent a compelling documented basis to vote otherwise. This will mean voting “for” proposals that are determined to improve the management of a company, increase the rights
or preferences of the voted securities, and/or increase the chance that a premium offer would be made for the company or for the voted securities.
Adaptive’s decision to vote in support or opposition of a proposal will be based on the specific circumstances described in the proxy
statement and other available information.
Adaptive will also consider any voting guidelines issued by clients, so long as these guidelines are consistent with Adaptive’s duties under
applicable law, including ERISA.
VOTING GUIDELINES: ROUTINE MATTERS
Adaptive expects to vote proxies in favor of routine proposals, unless there is specific information that approval of the proposal would adversely
affect the value of the investment or would not be in the best interest of clients. Such routine matters generally include, among others: election of directors, appointment of independent auditors, increase in the outstanding common stock or
other equity classes, date and place of the annual meeting, ratification of directors’ actions on routine matters, and indemnification of directors and/or officers.
VOTING PROCEDURES: SOCIAL CONSCIENCE/MORAL ISSUES
Adaptive will generally vote against proxies requiring management action on a moral or social issue unless such issue has escalated to the point where
the company may be adversely affected by protests, governmental actions, or other serious economic consequences if no action is taken. Where the economic impact of a proposal is not clear, a vote to “abstain” may be appropriate.
VOTING PROCEDURES: FINANCIAL OR CORPORATE GOVERNANCE QUESTIONS
Financial and corporate governance issues take more time to consider and may be complicated by activities such as hostile takeovers and mergers.
Adaptive will generally vote in favor of the following types of proposals: incentive compensation plans for certain key employees and directors, mandatory retirement age for directors, confidential voting, cumulative voting, proposals to lower
barriers to shareholder action, proposals to restore shareholder ability to remove directors with or without cause.
Adaptive will generally vote against the following types of financial and corporate governance proposals: board entrenchment proposals and
anti-takeover measures, such as “poison pill” and “golden parachute” provisions, limitations on shareholder ability to act, blank check preferred stock authorizations, eliminating cumulative voting rights, and proposals to adopt
classified boards.
VOTING GUIDELINES: CLIENT GUIDELINES
Some Adaptive clients may have their own set of proxy voting guidelines. These may conflict with the proxy guidelines discussed above or the voting
guidelines of another client. If such a situation arises, Adaptive will comply with client guidelines by voting the proxies attributable to that client on a proportionate basis (based on the number of shares held by the client).
CLASS ACTIONS
As a fiduciary, Adaptive always seeks to act in Clients’ best interests with good faith, loyalty, and due care. Adaptive’s standard advisory contract
authorizes the Company to direct Client participation in class actions. The Proxy Voting Committee will determine whether Clients will (a) participate in a recovery achieved through a class actions, or (b) opt out of the class action and separately
pursue their own remedy. The Proxy Voting Committee oversees the completion of Proof of Claim forms and any associated documentation, the submission of such documents to the claim administrator, and the receipt of any recovered monies. The
CCO will maintain documentation associated with Clients’ participation in class actions.
Employees must notify the CCO if they are aware of any material conflict of interest associated with Clients’ participation in class actions. The
Proxy Voting Committee will evaluate any such conflicts and determine an appropriate course of action for Adaptive.
Adaptive generally does not serve as the lead plaintiff in class actions because the costs of such participation typically exceed any extra benefits
that accrue to lead plaintiffs.
DISCLOSURES TO CLIENTS
Adaptive includes a description of its policies and procedures regarding proxy voting and class actions in Part 2 of Form ADV, along with a statement
that Clients can contact the CCO to obtain a copy of these policies and procedures and information about how Adaptive voted with respect to the Client’s securities.
Any request for information about proxy voting or class actions should be promptly forwarded to the CCO, who will respond to any such requests.
As a matter of policy, Adaptive does not disclose how it expects to vote on upcoming proxies. Additionally, Adaptive does not disclose the way it
voted proxies to unaffiliated third parties without a legitimate need to know such information.
INVESTMENTS IN REGISTERED INVESTMENT COMPANIES
Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the Act provides a conditional exemption from the 5% and 10% limits in Section 12(d)(1)(A). Section 12(d)(1)(F) permits an
acquiring fund to purchase or otherwise acquire shares of an underlying fund if, immediately after the purchase or acquisition, the acquiring fund and all of its affiliated persons would not own more than 3% of the underlying fund’s total
outstanding stock, and if certain sales load restrictions are met. In addition, Section 12(d)(1)(F) provides that the acquiring fund “shall exercise voting rights by proxy or otherwise with respect to any security purchased or acquired pursuant to
Section 12(d)(1)(F) in the manner prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(E).”
In the event that there is a proxy vote with respect to shares of another investment company purchased and held by the Funds under Section
12(d)(1)(F), then the Funds will either (i) vote such shares in the same proportion as the vote of all other holders of such securities; or (ii) contact its shareholders for instructions regarding how to vote the proxy.
ADVISER TO A RIC
Adaptive has agreed to be responsible for voting proxies of issuers of securities held in the Adaptive Funds, a series of funds within the Starboard
Investment Trust, in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures, outlined above. The purpose of this procedure is to ensure that the Investment Manager complies with other obligations for disclosure and filing requirements that is
required to be performed as the RIC’s Proxy Administrator. Each RIC is required to describe the policies and procedures that each adviser uses to determine how to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities. As such, Adaptive will provide its
Proxy Voting Policy, and if requested by the Starboard Investment Trust, a summary of such Proxy Voting Policy for inclusion in the RIC’s Registration Statement, and will promptly provide the Starboard Investment Trust with any material amendments
to the Proxy Voting Policy within a reasonable time after such amendment has taken effect.
Annually, through the review of the RIC’s registration statement, Adaptive’s CCO, or his designee, will review the disclosures in the registration
statement and identify whether the appendix to the SAI with Adaptive’s Proxy Voting Policy is current.
Securities on Loan
The RIC may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other
criteria established by the RIC’s Board of Trustees. Voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower. However, the RIC’s policy states that the RIC must be entitled to exercise voting rights over the loaned securities in the event
of a material event affecting its portfolio securities on loan. Adaptive will determine if a vote is material enough to warrant calling back the security out on loan, and will vote the securities in accordance with its proxy voting policies and
procedures.
Quarterly Certification
On a quarterly basis, Adaptive will certify to the RICs’ Board that:
1. Adaptive has followed the Trust’s and the Advisor’s Proxy Voting and Disclosure Policies in voting proxies on behalf of the Funds.
2. If there have been any material issues or other items to report with respect to the Trust’s and Advisor’s Proxy Voting Policies.