NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Nature of Operations

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Lightbridge Corporation and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, including the instructions to Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, including a summary of the Company’s significant accounting policies, have been condensed or omitted from these statements pursuant to such rules and regulations and, accordingly, they do not include all the information and notes necessary for comprehensive consolidated financial statements and should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

In the opinion of the management of the Company, all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the three and six-month periods have been made. Results for the interim period presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that might be expected for the entire fiscal year. When used in these notes, the terms “Lightbridge”, "Company,” "we,” "us" or "our" mean Lightbridge Corporation and all entities included in our condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company was formed on October 6, 2006, when Thorium Power, Ltd., which had been formed in the State of Nevada on February 2, 1999, merged with Thorium Power, Inc. (“TPI”), which had been formed in the State of Delaware on January 8, 1992. On September 29, 2009, we changed our name from Thorium Power, Ltd. to Lightbridge Corporation. We are engaged in two operating business segments: our Technology Business Segment and our Consulting Business Segment (see Note 8-Business Segment Results).

Liquidity

As of June 30, 2018, the Company has an accumulated deficit of approximately $96.1 million, representative of recurring losses since inception. The Company has incurred recurring losses since inception because it is a development stage nuclear fuel development company. The Company expects to continue to incur losses because of costs and expenses related to the Company’s research and development expenses and corporate general and administrative expenses.

At June 30, 2018, the Company had $25.7 million in cash and cash equivalents and had a working capital surplus of approximately $24.8 million. The Company had expended substantial funds on its research and development activities and expects to increase this spending through its equity contributions to Enfission, LLC. The Company’s net cash used in operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2018 was approximately $3.2 million, and current projections indicate that the Company will have continued negative cash flows for the foreseeable future. Net losses incurred for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 amounted to approximately $8.2 million and $3.4 million, respectively. 

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The amount of cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet as of the date of the filing is approximately $26 million. The Company also may consider other plans to fund operations including: (1) raising additional capital through debt financings or from other sources; (2) additional funding through new relationships to help fund future research and development costs (e.g., Department of Energy funding); and (3) additional capital raises. The Company may issue securities, including common stock, preferred stock and stock purchase contracts through private placement transactions or registered public offerings, pursuant to its registration statement on Form S-3 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 15, 2018 and declared effective on March 23, 2018. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which financing and capital might be available. The Company’s future liquidity needs, and ability to address those needs, will largely be determined by the success of the development of its nuclear fuel and key nuclear development and regulatory events and its business decisions in the future.

The Company believes that its current financial resources, as of the date of the issuance of these financial statements, are sufficient to fund its current 12 month operating budget, alleviating the substantial doubt raised by our historical operating results and satisfying our estimated liquidity needs 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements.

Equity Method Investment – Enfission, LLC - Joint Venture with Framatome Inc.

In January 2018, Lightbridge and Framatome Inc., a subsidiary of Framatome SAS (formerly AREVA SAS), finalized and launched Enfission, LLC, (“Enfission”), a 50-50 joint venture company to develop, license and sell nuclear fuel assemblies based on Lightbridge-designed metallic fuel technology and other advanced nuclear fuel intellectual property. Framatome SAS and Framatome Inc. (collectively “Framatome”) is a global leader in designing, building, servicing, and fueling reactor fleet and advancing nuclear energy and is majority owned by Électricité de France, the world’s largest owner and operator of nuclear power plants. Lightbridge and Framatome began joint fuel development and regulatory licensing work under previously signed agreements initiated in March 2016. The joint venture Enfission is a Delaware-based limited liability company that was formed on January 24, 2018.

Management has determined that its investment in Enfission should be accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, an investee company’s accounts are not reflected within the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets and condensed consolidated statements of operations; however, the Company’s share of the losses of the investee company is reported in the “Equity in loss from joint venture” line item in the condensed consolidated statements of operations, and the Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee company is reported in the “Investment in joint venture” line item in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company allocates income (loss) utilizing the hypothetical liquidation book value ("HLBV") method, in which the Company allocates income or loss based on the change in each JV member’s claim on the net assets of the JV’s operating agreement at period end after adjusting for any distributions or contributions made during such period. The Company uses this method because of the difference between the distribution rights and priorities set forth in the Enfission operating agreement and what is reflected by the underlying percentage ownership interests of the Joint Venture. Additionally, if the Company's carrying value in an equity method investment is zero and the Company has not guaranteed any obligations of the investee, nor is it required to provide additional funding to the investee, the Company will not recognize its share of any reported losses by the investee until future equity contributions or earnings are generated to offset previously unrecognized losses.

Basis of Consolidation

These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lightbridge, a Nevada corporation, and our wholly-owned subsidiaries, TPI, a Delaware corporation and Lightbridge International Holding LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Translation gains and losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were not significant.

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As of January 24, 2018, the Company owns a 50% interest in Enfission –accounted for using the equity method of accounting (Note 3). Enfission is deemed to be variable interest entity ("VIE") under the VIE model of consolidation because it currently does not have sufficient funds to finance its operations and will require significant additional equity or subordinated debt financing. The Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE since it does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s performance.

In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary and whether we have the right to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE, we evaluate all our economic interests in the entity, regardless of form. This evaluation considers all relevant factors of the entity’s structure, including: the entity’s capital structure, contractual rights to earnings (losses) as well as other contractual arrangements that have potential to be economically significant. Although we have the obligation to absorb the losses as of this reporting period, we concluded that we are not the primary beneficiary since the major decision making for all significant economic activities require the approval of both the Company and Framatome. The significant economic activities identified were financing activities; research and development activities; licensing activities; manufacturing of fuel assembly product activities; and marketing and sales activities. The evaluation of each of these factors in reaching a conclusion about the potential significance of our economic interests and control is a matter that requires the exercise of professional judgment.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We may at times invest our excess cash in savings accounts and US Treasury Bills. We classify all highly liquid investments with stated maturities of three months or less from date of purchase as cash equivalents and all highly liquid investments with stated maturities of greater than three months as marketable securities. We hold cash balances in excess of the federally insured limits of $250,000. We deem this credit risk not to be significant as our cash is held by two prominent financial institutions. We buy and hold short-term US Treasury Bills from Treasury Direct to maturity. US Treasury Bills totaled approximately $10.0 million at June 30, 2018 with the remaining $15.7 million on deposits with two financial institutions. Total cash and cash equivalents held, as reported on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets, totaled approximately $25.7 million and $4.5 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Technology Business Segment

Our primary business segment, based on future revenue potential, is to develop and commercialize innovative, proprietary nuclear fuel designs, which we expect will significantly enhance the nuclear power industry’s economics due to higher power output and improved safety margins.

We are focusing our technology development efforts on the metallic fuel with a potential power uprate of up to 10% and an operating cycle extended from 18 to 24 months in existing Westinghouse-type four-loop pressurized water reactors. Those reactors represent the largest segment of our global target market. Our metallic fuel could also be adapted for use in other types of water-cooled commercial power reactors, such as boiling water reactors, Russian-type VVER reactors, CANDU heavy water reactors, water-cooled small and modular reactors, as well as water-cooled research reactors.

Lightbridge has obtained and will continue to seek patent validation in key countries that either currently operate or are expected to build and operate a large number of suitable nuclear power reactors.

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Consulting Business Segment

Our business model expanded with first consulting revenue in 2008. We have provided consulting and strategic advisory services to companies and governments planning to create or expand electricity generation capabilities using nuclear power plants.

Beneficial Conversion Feature of Convertible Preferred Stock

The Company accounts for the beneficial conversion feature on its convertible preferred stock in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options . The Beneficial Conversion Feature (“BCF”) of convertible preferred stock is normally characterized as the convertible portion or feature that provides a rate of conversion that is below market value or in-the-money when issued. We record a BCF related to the issuance of convertible preferred stock when issued. Beneficial conversion features that are contingent upon the occurrence of a future event are recorded when the contingency is resolved.

To determine the effective conversion price, we first allocate the proceeds received to the convertible preferred stock and then use those allocated proceeds to determine the effective conversion price. If the convertible instrument is issued in a basket transaction (i.e., issued along with other freestanding financial instruments), the proceeds should first be allocated to the various instruments in the basket. The intrinsic value of the conversion option should be measured using the effective conversion price for the convertible preferred stock on the proceeds allocated to that instrument. The effective conversion price represents proceeds allocable to the convertible preferred stock divided by the number of shares into which it is convertible. The effective conversion price is then compared to the per share fair value of the underlying common shares on the commitment date. The accounting for a BCF requires that the BCF be recognized by allocating the intrinsic value of the conversion option to additional paid-in capital, resulting in a discount on the convertible preferred stock. This discount should be accreted from the date on which the BCF is first recognized through the earliest conversion date for instruments that do not have a stated redemption date. The intrinsic value of the BCF is recognized as a deemed dividend on convertible preferred stock over a period specified in the guidance. In the case of both the Series A and Series B preferred shares, the holders of the shares had the right to convert beginning at the date of issuance with the result that the accretion of the related BCF was recognized immediately at issuance.

When the Company’s preferred stock has dividends that are paid-in-kind (“PIK”) (i.e., the holder is paid in additional shares or liquidation/dividend rights), and either (1) neither the Company nor the holder has the option for the dividend to be paid in cash, or (2) the PIK amounts do not accrue to the holder if the instrument is converted prior to the PIK amount otherwise being accrued or due, additional BCF is recognized as dividends accrue to the extent that the per share fair value of the underlying common shares at the commitment date exceeds the conversion price.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Compensation – Stock Compensation — In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting , which allows companies to account for nonemployee awards in the same manner as employee awards. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods. The Company elected the early adoption of this ASU on July 1, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2018-07 will not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Compensation – Stock Compensation — In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting . ASU 2017-09 provides clarity and reduces both (1) diversity in practice and (2) cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718, to a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. The amendments in ASU 2017-09 should be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017. This new pronouncement has been adopted on January 1, 2018 and did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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Financial Instruments — In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments (Subtopic 825-10) - Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities ("ASU 2016-01"). This standard provides guidance on how entities measure certain equity investments and present changes in the fair value. This standard requires that entities measure certain equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income. ASU 2016-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2017. This new pronouncement has been adopted on January 1, 2018 and did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Statement of Cash Flows — In 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments and ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. ASU 2016-15 addresses the presentation and classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 is intended to reduce diversity in the presentation of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the cash flows statement. The statement requires that restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents to be included as components of total cash and cash equivalents as presented on the statement of cash flows. These pronouncements go into effect for periods beginning after December 15, 2017. This new pronouncement has been adopted on January 1, 2018 and did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Revenue Recognition — In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) which supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance provides a five-step analysis of transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. Other major provisions include capitalization of certain contract costs, consideration of time value of money in the transaction price and allowing estimates of variable consideration to be recognized before contingencies are resolved in certain circumstances. The guidance also requires enhanced disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity’s contracts with customers. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Principal versus Agent Considerations . ASU 2016-08 clarifies implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations in ASU 2014-09. ASU 2016-10 was issued to clarify ASC Topic 606 related to (i) identifying performance obligations; and (ii) the licensing implementation guidance. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients , to clarify certain narrow aspects of Topic 606 such as assessing the collectability criterion, presentation of sales taxes and other similar taxes collected from customers, noncash consideration, contract modifications at transition, completed contracts at transition, and technical correction. The guidance is effective for the interim and annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2017, and this new pronouncement was adopted on January 1, 2018. The guidance permits the use of either a retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company has evaluated its prior various contracts subject to these updates and completed its assessment. The Company has concluded that the adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material effect on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures since we did not enter into any consulting revenue contracts with third parties in 2018.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Intangibles, Goodwill and Other — In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) – Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). To simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill, ASU 2017-04 eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity had to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities following the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Instead, ASU 2017-04 requires an entity to perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 also eliminates the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Therefore, the same impairment assessment applies to all reporting units. An entity is required to disclose the amount of goodwill allocated to each reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount of net assets. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. ASU 2017-04 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company will adopt ASU 2017-04 commencing in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. The Company does not believe this standard will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or the related footnote disclosures.

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Leases — In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which amends existing lease accounting guidance and requires recognition of most lease arrangements on the balance sheet. The adoption of this standard will result in the Company recognizing a right-of-use asset representing its rights to use the underlying asset for the lease term with an offsetting lease liability. ASU 2016-02 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of the adoption of this accounting pronouncement to its consolidated financial statements. This new pronouncement is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

The Company does not believe that other standards, which have been issued but are not yet effective, will have a significant impact on its financial statements.

Note 2. Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period except that it does not include unvested common shares subject to repurchase or cancellation. Diluted net income per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares and, if dilutive, potential common shares outstanding during the period. Potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options, warrants, restricted shares, and unvested common shares subject to repurchase or cancellation. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options, restricted shares, restricted stock units, and warrants is not reflected in diluted earnings per share because we incurred net losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, and the effect of including these potential common shares in the net loss per share calculations would be anti-dilutive and are therefore not included in the calculations.

Note 3. Investment in Joint Venture

Pursuant to the Enfission operating agreement, both partners agreed that Enfission will serve as an exclusive vehicle to develop, license and sell nuclear fuel assemblies based on Company-designed metallic fuel technology and other advanced nuclear fuel intellectual property licensed to Enfission by the Company and Framatome or their affiliates. The joint venture builds on the joint fuel development and regulatory licensing work under previously signed agreements initiated in March 2016.

The Enfission operating agreement provided that the Company and Framatome each hold 50% of the total issued Class A voting membership units of the joint venture. The Company's investment accounted for under the equity method consist of the following as of June 30, 2018 (carrying amounts rounded in millions of dollars):

The Company invested approximately $5.2 million in Enfission June 30, 2018. The cash balance in Enfission at June 30, 2018 was approximately $4.5 million. During the six-months ended June 30, 2018, Enfission incurred a loss of approximately $2.8 million, and accordingly, the Company recorded its share of the loss in investment in Enfission, in accordance with the provisions in the joint venture operating agreement, of approximately $2.8 million in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations. The Company’s cash position exceeds the approximate $10 million to $12 million that it is presently contractually bound to provide to Enfission. The Company expects to continue providing additional equity contributions in 2018 and for the foreseeable future.

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Summarized balance sheet information for the Company’s equity method investee Enfission as of June 30, 2018 is presented in the following table (rounded in millions of dollars):

Summarized income statement information for the Company’s equity method investee Enfission is presented in the following table for the period ended June 30, 2018 (rounded in millions):

As of June 30, 2018, the total receivable due from Enfission was approximately $0.4 million, which represents consulting fees charged to Enfission and reimbursable expenses paid by Lightbridge on Enfission’s behalf.

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Note 5. Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

Operating Leases

On December 22, 2015 we entered into a lease for new office space for a 12-month term, with a monthly rent payment of approximately $6,500 per month plus additional charges. This lease was renewed for an additional one-year term in December 2017.

The future minimum lease payments required under the non-cancelable operating leases are as follows (rounded in millions):

Contingency

Litigation

A former Chief Financial Officer of the Company filed a complaint against the Company with the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (the “OSHA Complaint”) on March 9, 2015. This complaint was closed and dismissed by OSHA in January 2018 without any findings against the Company. On March 14, 2018 an appeal was filed and the Company will vigorously defend this appeal and believes that this appeal hearing will not result in any findings against the Company.

Note 6. Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs included in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations amounted to approximately $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and approximately $1.4 million and $1.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Note 7. Stockholders’ Equity

At June 30, 2018, there were 28,621,758 common shares outstanding, and there were also outstanding warrants relating to 1,511,001 shares of common stock, stock options relating to 3,970,739 shares of common stock, 908,740 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock convertible into 908,740 shares of common stock (plus accrued dividends of $49,000, relating to an additional 17,850 common shares), and 2,666,667 shares of Series B convertible preferred stock convertible into 2,666,667 shares of common stock (plus accrued dividends of $116,667, relating to an additional 77,778 common shares), all totaling 37,774,533 shares of common stock and common stock equivalents outstanding at June 30, 2018.

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At December 31, 2017, there were 12,737,703 common shares outstanding, and there were also outstanding warrants relating to 1,210,905 shares of common stock, stock options relating to 3,976,884 shares of common stock, and 1,020,000 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock convertible into 1,020,000 shares of common stock (plus accrued dividends of $276,578, relating to an additional 100,753 common shares), all totaling 19,046,245 shares of common stock and common stock equivalents outstanding at December 31, 2017.

Filing of New $75 Million Shelf Registration Statement

On March 15, 2018, the Company filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3, registering the sale of up to $75 million of the Company’s securities, which registration statement became effective on March 23, 2018.

Common Stock Equity Offerings

ATM Offering - 2018

On March 30, 2018, the Company entered into an at-the-market issuance sales agreement (“New ATM”) with B. Riley FBR, Inc. (the “Distribution Agent”), pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell shares of its common stock from time to time through the Distribution Agent as the Company’s sales agent. Sales of the Company’s common stock through the Distribution Agent, if any, will be made by any method that is deemed to be an “at-the-market” equity offering as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to the Company’s effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-223674) filed on March 15, 2018 with the Securities and Exchange Commission and declared effective on March 23, 2018, the base prospectus filed as part of such registration statement and the prospectus supplement dated March 30, 2018, which registered the offer and sale of up to $50 million of common stock under the New ATM. Sales under the New ATM that were made during the three months and six months ended June 30, 2018 was the sale of 4.6 million shares that totaled gross proceeds of $5.4 million and the remaining balance as of June 30, 2018 was $44.6 million.

On January 24, 2018, January 26, 2018, February 7, 2018 and March 2, 2018, the Company filed prospectus supplements registering an aggregate of approximately $22.6 million under the prior ATM agreement with B. Riley FBR, Inc., of which the Company sold approximately $20.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018. No additional sales may be made under the prior ATM agreement.

ATM Offering - 2017

On July 12, 2017, the Company entered into an ATM sales agreement with FBR Capital Markets & Co. and MLV & Co. LLC. The Company registered the sale of approximately $1.6 million under the ATM sales agreement on July 12, 2017 and sold all of such amount in the year ended December 31, 2017, through the issuance of approximately 1.4 million shares.

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Preferred Stock Equity Offerings

Series B Preferred Stock - Securities Purchase Agreement

On January 30, 2018, the Company issued 2,666,667 shares of newly created Non-Voting Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) and associated warrants to purchase up to 666,664 shares of the Company’s common stock to the several purchasers for approximately $4.0 million or approximately $1.50 per share of Series B Preferred Stock and associated 0.25 of a warrant. Dividends accrue on the Series B Preferred Stock at the rate of 7% per year and will be paid in-kind through an increase in the liquidation preference per share. The liquidation preference, initially $1.50 per share of Series B Preferred Stock, is the base that is also used to determine the number of common shares into which the Series B Preferred Stock will convert as well as the calculation of the 7% dividend. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible at the option of the holder into such number of shares of the Company’s common stock equal to the liquidation preference divided by the conversion price of $1.50 per share subject to adjustments in the case of stock splits and stock dividends.

Holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are also entitled to participating dividends whenever dividends in cash securities (other than shares of the Company’s common stock paid on shares of common stock) or property are paid on common shares or shares of Series A Preferred Stock. The amount of the dividends will equal the amount to which the holder would be entitled if all shares of Series B Preferred Stock had been converted to common stock immediately prior to the record date.

The warrants have a per share of common stock exercise price of $1.875, which is subject to adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, recapitalizations, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the Company’s common stock. The warrants are exercisable upon issuance and will expire six months after issuance. On February 6, 2017 the Company entered into an agreement with an investment bank that introduced the Company to these investors. The agreement calls for monthly retainer payments of $15,000, which are credited against any transaction introductory fee earned by the investment bank. This agreement calls for a 7% transaction introductory fee and warrants equal to 5% of the total transaction amount, at a strike price equal to the offering price for a three-year term.

The holders of the Series B Preferred Stock have no voting rights. In addition, as long as the shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, the Company may not take certain actions without first having obtained the affirmative vote or waiver of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock. The Company has the option at any time after August 2, 2019 to redeem some or all of the outstanding Series B Preferred Stock for an amount in cash equal to the liquidation preference plus the amount of any accrued but unpaid dividends of the Series B Preferred Stock being redeemed. The holders of the Series B Preferred Stock do not have the ability to require the Company to redeem the Series B Preferred Stock.

The accumulated dividend (unpaid) at June 30, 2018 was approximately $117,000. The liquidation preference of the Series B Preferred Stock at June 30, 2018 is approximately $4.1 million.

The Company has the option of forcing the conversion of all or part of the Series B Preferred Stock if at any time the average closing price of the Company’s common stock for a thirty-trading day period is greater than $5.4902 prior to August 2, 2019 or greater than $8.2353 at any time. The Company can only exercise this option if it also requires the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock in the same proportion as it is requiring of the Series B Preferred Stock.

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Of the $4 million proceeds, approximately $0.3 million was allocated to the warrants with the remaining approximate $3.7 million allocated to the Series B Preferred Stock. The Series B Preferred Stock was initially convertible into 2,666,667 shares of common stock. The average of the high and low market prices of the common stock on January 30, 2018, the date of the closing of the sale of the preferred stock, was approximately $2.34 per share. At $2.34 per share the common stock into which the Series B Preferred Stock was initially convertible was valued at approximately $6.2 million. This amount was compared to the $3.6 million of proceeds allocated to the Series B Preferred Stock to indicate that a BCF of approximately $2.6 million existed at the date of issuance which was immediately accreted as a deemed dividend because the conversion rights were immediately effective. This deemed dividend is included on the statement of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Additionally, comparison of the $1.50 conversion price of the PIK dividends to the $2.34 commitment date fair value per share indicates that each PIK dividend will accrete $0.84 of BCF as an additional deemed dividend for every $1.50 of PIK dividend accrued. Total cumulative deemed dividend for this PIK dividend at June 30, 2018 was $65,334. Total deemed dividend for this PIK dividend for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $39,200.

Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement for the Series B Preferred Stock, we terminated our stock purchase agreement with Aspire Capital and this termination resulted in a write-off of our deferred financing costs asset of approximately $1 million.

Series A Preferred Stock - Securities Purchase Agreement

On August 2, 2016, the Company issued 1,020,000 shares of newly created Non-Voting Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) to General International Holdings, Inc. (“GIH”) for $2.8 million or approximately $2.75 per share. Dividends accrue on the Series A Preferred Stock at the rate of 7% per year and will be paid in-kind through an increase in the liquidation preference per share. The liquidation preference, initially $2.7451 per share of Series A Preferred Stock, is the base that is also used to determine the number of common shares into which the Series A Preferred Stock will convert as well as the calculation of the 7% dividend. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible at the option of the holder into such number of shares of the Company’s common stock equal to the liquidation preference divided by the conversion price of $2.7451 per share subject to adjustments in the case of stock splits and stock dividends.

Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are also entitled to participating dividends whenever dividends in cash securities (other than shares of the Company’s common stock) or property are paid on common shares. The amount of the dividends will the amount to which the holder would be entitled if all shares of Series A Preferred Stock had been converted to common stock immediately prior to the record date.

The accumulated dividend (unpaid) at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was approximately $0.1 million and $0.3 million dollars, respectively. On April 30, 2018, the holders of the Series A Preferred Shares converted 111,260 preferred shares into 124,882 common shares in payment of the accumulated dividend at March 31, 2018 of $342,813, at $2.7451 per share. The Series A Preferred Shares outstanding at June 30, 2018 was 908,740 shares with a liquidation preference of approximately $2.9 million.

The Company has the option of forcing the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock if the trading price for the Company’s common stock is more than two times the applicable conversion price (approximately $2.75 per share) before the third anniversary of the issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock, or if the trading price is more than three times the applicable conversion price following the third anniversary of issuance. The Company may also redeem the Series A Preferred Stock following the third anniversary of the issuance.

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The Series A Preferred Stock was initially convertible into 1,020,000 shares of common stock. The average of the high and low market prices of the common stock on August 6, 2016, the date of the closing of the sale of the Series A Preferred Stock, was approximately $3.315 per share. At $3.315 per share the common stock into which the Series A Preferred Stock was initially convertible was valued at approximately $3.4 million. This amount was compared to the $2.8 million of proceeds of the Series A Preferred Stock to indicate that a BCF of approximately $0.6 million existed at the date of issuance which was immediately accreted as a deemed dividend because the conversion rights were immediately effective.

Additionally, comparison of the $2.7451 conversion price of the PIK dividends to the $3.315 commitment date fair value per share indicates that each PIK dividend will accrete $0.5699 of BCF as an additional deemed dividend for every $2.7451 of PIK dividend accrued. The total deemed dividends for this PIK dividend for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2018 was $10,173 and $20,346, respectively.

The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock have no voting rights. In addition, as long as 255,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, the Company may not take certain actions without first having obtained the affirmative vote or waiver of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock. The Company has the option at any time after August 2, 2019 to redeem some or all of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock for an amount in cash equal to the liquidation preference plus the amount of any accrued but unpaid dividends of the Series A Preferred Stock being redeemed. The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock do not have the ability to require the Company to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock. The liquidation preference of the Series A Preferred Stock at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was approximately $2.9 million and $3.1 million, respectively.

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Stock-based Compensation – Stock Options

2015 Equity Incentive Plan

On March 25, 2015, the Compensation Committee and Board of Directors approved the Lightbridge Corporation 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) to authorize grants of (a) Incentive Stock Options, (b) Non-qualified Stock Options, (c) Stock Appreciation Rights, (d) Restricted Awards, (e) Performance Share Awards, and (f) Performance Compensation Awards to the employees, consultants, and directors of the Company. The Plan initially authorized a total of 600,000 shares to be available for grant under the Plan, which amount was increased to 1,400,000 shares in May 2016 and 2,900,000 shares in May 2017. The Company held its 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders on May 4, 2018. At the Annual Meeting, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Plan to increase the number of shares authorized for issuance thereunder by 3,400,000 shares, resulting in total shares available under the Plan to 6,300,000 shares.

Total stock options outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, under the 2006 Stock Plan and 2015 Equity Incentive Plan were 3,970,739 and 3,976,884 of which 3,585,055 and 2,434,148 of these options were vested at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Total stock-based compensation was approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1.4 million and $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Short-Term Incentive Stock Options and Non-Qualified Stock Option Grants

On August 30, 2017, the Compensation Committee and Board granted 31,425 non-qualified stock options with a strike price of $1.08 per share, which was the closing price of the Company’s stock on the grant date to a consultant of the Company, under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan. These options have a 10-year contractual term, with a grant date fair market value of approximately $0.80 per option. These options vest annually in equal amounts over a three-year period.

On October 26, 2017, the Compensation Committee of the Board granted 523,319 short-term incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan to employees and consultants of the Company. All of these stock options vested immediately, with a strike price of $1.05 per share, which was the closing price of the Company’s stock on October 26, 2017. These options have a 10-year contractual term, with a fair market value of approximately $0.73 per option with an expected term of 5 years.

Long-Term Non-Qualified Option Grants

On October 26, 2017 the Compensation Committee of the Board granted 1,299,533 long-term non-qualified stock options to employees, consultants and directors of the Company. Out of this total, approximately 1,120,322 stock options were issued to employees and consultants containing both performance-based and market-based vesting provisions. These performance-based and market-based stock options vest only upon the applicable performance conditions or market conditions being satisfied by certain milestone dates, based on either a graded vesting schedule for each performance-based milestone or an accelerated 100% vesting for one performance-based milestone and one market-based milestone, as discussed below. The graded vesting schedule is based on the achievement of performance-based milestones related to the formation of the joint venture with Framatome and the development milestones for the fuel. Accelerated vesting of all these option grants would occur upon achievement of one or both of the following performance-based and market-based milestones:

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Accelerated vesting occurred on January 25, 2018 when the Company’s stock price closed above $3 per share and therefore, met the market-based milestone for 100% vesting of these option grants, as set forth in these stock option agreements. 

The remaining approximately 179,211 stock options were issued to the directors of the Company and vest over a one-year period on the anniversary date of the grant. These stock options have a strike price of $1.05 per share, which was the closing price of the Company’s stock on October 26, 2017. All options granted have a 10-year contractual term.

In May 2018, shareholder approval was received on contingent grants and approximately 0.7 million of such long-term non-qualified stock options were issued under the 2015 Equity Stock Plan.

Stock option transactions to the employees, directors and consultants are summarized as follows for the six months ended June 30, 2018:

Stock option transactions to the employees, directors and consultants are summarized as follows for the year ended December 31, 2017:

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A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested options as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2017 and the six months ended June 30, 2018, is presented below:

As of June 30, 2018, there was approximately $0.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.50 years. For stock options outstanding at June 30, 2018, the intrinsic value was approximately $0. For stock options outstanding at December 31, 2017, the intrinsic value was approximately $0.3 million. No stock options have been awarded in 2018.

The above tables include options issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, as follows:

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The following table provides certain information with respect to the above-referenced stock options that are outstanding and exercisable at June 30, 2018:

The following table provides certain information with respect to the above-referenced stock options that are outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2017:

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We use the historical volatility of our stock price over the number of years that matches the expected life of our stock option grants. Prior to January 1, 2015, we estimated the life of our option awards based on the full contractual term of the option grant. To date we have had very few exercises of our option grants, and those stock option exercises had occurred just before the contractual expiration dates of the option awards. Since the strike price of most of our outstanding awards is greater than the price of our stock, generally awards have expired at the end of the contractual term. For options granted after January 1, 2015, we have applied the simplified method to estimate the expected term of our option grants as it is more likely that these options may be exercised prior to the end of the term. We estimate the effect of future forfeitures of our option grants based on an analysis of historical forfeitures of unvested grants, as we have no better objective basis for that estimate. The expense that we have recognized related to our grants includes the estimate for future pre-vest forfeitures. We will adjust the actual expense recognized due to future pre-vest forfeitures as they occur.

Weighted average assumptions used in the Black Scholes option-pricing model for the service-based stock options issued for the years ended December 31, 2017, was as follows: 

In accordance with ASC 718, the market-based and performance-based long-term non-qualified option grants awards issued in 2017 were assigned a fair value of $0.80 per option share (total value of $0.9 million) on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation. The following assumptions were used in the Monte-Carlo simulation model:

Stock-based compensation expense includes the expense related to (1) grants of stock options, (2) grants of restricted stock, (3) stock issued as consideration for some of the services provided by our directors and strategic advisory council members, and (4) stock issued in lieu of cash to pay bonuses to our employees and contractors. Grants of stock options and restricted stock are awarded to our employees, directors, consultants, and board members and we recognize the fair value of these awards ratably as they are earned. The expense related to payments in stock for services is recognized as the services are provided.

Stock-based compensation expense is recorded under the financial statement captions “Cost of services provided,” “General and administrative expenses” and “Research and development expenses” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. Related income tax benefits were not recognized, as we incurred a tax loss for both periods.

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Note 8. Business Segment Results

The Company has two principal business segments, (1) the technology business and (2) the consulting services business. These business segments were determined based on the nature of the operations and the services offered. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief decision-makers of the Company, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have been identified as the chief operating decision makers. The chief operating decision makers direct the allocation of resources to operating segments based on the profitability, the cash flows, and the business plans of each respective segment.