Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

Note 1—Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

OncoSec Medical Incorporated (together with its subsidiary, unless the context indicates otherwise, being collectively referred to as the “Company”) began its operations as a biotechnology company in March 2011. The Company has not generated any revenues since its inception. The Company was incorporated in the State of Nevada on February 8, 2008 under the name of Netventory Solutions, Inc. and changed its name to OncoSec Medical Incorporated in March 2011 when it began operating as a biotechnology company.

The Company is a late-stage immuno-oncology company focused on designing, developing and commercializing innovative, proprietary, intra-tumoral DNA-based therapeutics delivered by electroporation (“EP”) to stimulate and augment anti-tumor immune responses for the treatment of cancers. Its core technology, ImmunoPulse®, is a drug-device therapeutic modality platform comprised of a proprietary OncoSec Medical System EP device (the “OMS EP Device”) and a proprietary DNA plasmid delivery and application method that enables transient expression of recombinant therapeutic molecules in cells. The OMS EP Device is designed to promote cellular uptake of plasmid DNA injected directly into solid tumors to allow subsequent expression of the encoded therapeutic protein. The OMS EP Device can be adapted to treat different tumor types, and consists of an electrical pulse generator and a disposable applicator. The Company’s lead product candidate, called tavokinogene telseplasmid (“TAVO™”), is a plasmid encoding human interleukin-12 (“IL-12”). The OMS EP Device is used to deliver TAVO™ into cells in tumor lesions, with the aim of overcoming the immunosuppressive microenvironment in the treated tumor and elicit systemic tumor-specific immune responses in cancer patients, which process we refer to as TAVO™-EP. Activation of an appropriate anti-tumor inflammatory response in the treated lesion can drive the immune system to mount a systemic anti-tumor response against tumors in other parts of the body that were not treated directly with the therapeutic approach. In 2017, the Company received Fast Track Designation and Orphan Drug Designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for TAVO™ in metastatic melanoma, which could qualify TAVO™-EP for expedited FDA review, a rolling Biologics License Application (“BLA”) review and certain other benefits to achieve faster registration of a therapeutic product.

The Company’s primary focus is to pursue TAVO™-EP in combination with KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) in melanoma. In October 2022, due to its financial position, the Company decreased all clinical activity outside of its melanoma clinical pipeline, including trials and studies involving triple negative breast cancer (“TNBC”) and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

The Company’s KEYNOTE-695 clinical trial is a registration-directed, Phase 2b open-label, non-randomized, multicenter trial in approximately 100 patients treated with TAVO™-EP in combination with KEYTRUDA® in anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor (nivolumab or pembrolizumab) relapsed or refractory metastatic melanoma. The KEYNOTE-695 clinical trial is being conducted in the United States, Canada, Australia and Europe. In May 2017, the Company entered into a clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. (“Merck”) in connection with the KEYNOTE-695 trial. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, each company will bear its own costs related to manufacturing and supply of its product, as well as its own internal costs. The Company is the trial sponsor and is responsible for external costs. The trial completed enrollment of Cohort 1 in December 2020. In December 2020, the protocol was amended to include an additional cohort, consisting of patients who were exposed to prior treatment with ipilimumab and progressed on anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor therapy. The amendment also enabled enrollment of approximately 25 additional patients to be treated with an updated version of the OMS EP Device (i.e., GenPulse™ generator and Series 3 Applicator). Enrollment in these additional two cohorts has also been stopped in order to prepare for the final data analyses of the trial. Database lock for the 105 patients enrolled in Cohort 1 occurred in October 2022. The final data analysis of the key secondary endpoints, including objective response rate (ORR) by investigator assessment, was announced in November 2022, and the final data analysis of the primary endpoint, ORR by blinded independent central review (BICR) is expected to be available during the first calendar quarter of 2023.

The Company’s KEYNOTE-890 clinical trial is a Phase 2, open-label, non-randomized, multicenter trial conducted in the United States and Australia to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TAVO™-EP in combination with KEYTRUDA® in patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC who have previously failed at least one systemic chemotherapy or immunotherapy (Cohort 1) or TAVO™-EP in combination with KEYTRUDA® and chemotherapy in patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC who have had no prior systemic therapy in the advanced or metastatic setting (Cohort 2).

In May 2018, the Company entered into a second clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with Merck with respect to the KEYNOTE-890 trial, Cohort 1. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, each company will bear its own costs related to manufacturing and supply of its product, as well as its own internal costs. The Company is the trial sponsor and is responsible for external costs. In June 2020, the Company amended this second clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with Merck to include KEYNOTE-890, Cohort 2, for the frontline treatment of patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC with the combination of TAVO™-EP, KEYTRUDA®, and chemotherapy. Enrollment of Cohort 1 (26 patients) was completed in December 2020. Interim data for Cohort 1 was initially presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (“SABCS”) in December 2019, and an update on this cohort was presented at the SABCS in December 2021. Enrollment of Cohort 2 (target 40 patients) began in January 2021. Enrollment of Cohort 2 has been closed as of October 2022; the Company has deferred further development of TAVO™-EP for the treatment of TNBC in order to focus its efforts and resources on the ongoing development of TAVO™-EP in melanoma.

In August 2020, the Company supported commencement of an investigator-sponsored Phase 2 clinical trial (Phase 2 IST) conducted by the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and the University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine to evaluate TAVO™-EP as neoadjuvant treatment (administered before surgery) in combination with intravenous OPDIVO® (nivolumab) in up to 33 patients with operable locally/regionally advanced melanoma. This trial has been designed to evaluate whether the addition of TAVO™-EP can increase the complete pathological response rate observed with monotherapy OPDIVO®, an anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor, in patients with locally/regionally advanced melanoma prior to surgical resection of tumors. This Phase 2 IST began enrolling patients in December 2020. Enrollment for this trial is expected to be completed in calendar year 2023. Preliminary data from this trial was presented at an international medical conference, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), in November 2022.

In November 2020, the Company obtained an exclusive license to the Cliniporator® electroporation gene electrotransfer platform from IGEA Clinical Biophysics. This platform has been used for electrochemotherapy in and outside of Europe in over 200 major oncological centers to treat cutaneous metastatic cancer nodules, including melanoma. The license encompasses a broad field of use for gene delivery in oncology, including use as part of the Company’s Visceral Lesion applicator (“VLA”) program. The Company may continue to pursue potential new trials and studies related to TAVO™-EP in various tumor types once the Company’s financial resources allow.

The VLA is intended and may be designed to work with low voltage EP generators, including but not limited to the Company’s proprietary APOLLO™ EP generator and Cliniporator®, and it is expected to enable transfection of immunologically relevant genes into cells located in visceral primary or metastatic tumor lesions. For example, the Company may develop this proprietary technology to treat liver, lung, bladder, pancreatic and other difficult to treat visceral lesions. In early 2020, the Company presented early preclinical data pertaining to visceral delivery of plasmid-based therapeutics at meeting of the Society for Interventional Oncology and the Society for Interventional Radiology, and the Company has since successfully completed several animal studies to assess the VLA. The Company has deferred further development of the VLA in order to focus its efforts and resources on the ongoing development of TAVO™-EP in melanoma.

Restructuring Plan

On October 2, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a restructuring plan (the “Restructuring Plan”) that is designed to prioritize clinical activities in melanoma to reduce operating expenses while advancing the Company’s lead product candidate, TAVO™-EP, toward near-term data milestones in connection with the KEYNOTE-695 clinical trial. As part of the Restructuring Plan, the Company restructured its internal operations and reduced its workforce by approximately 45%, or 17 employees.

The Company incurred charges of approximately $650,000 through January 31, 2023, in connection with the Restructuring Plan, consisting primarily of expenditures for employee transition, notice period and severance payments, retention bonus payments, and related costs. The Company currently estimates that it will incur additional charges of approximately $200,000 during the remainder of the first calendar quarter of 2023 in connection with the Restructuring Plan, consisting primarily of cash expenditures for retention bonus payments and related costs.

Any further charges that the Company expects to incur in connection with the Restructuring Plan are estimates and subject to a number of assumptions, and actual results may differ materially. The Company expects to operationalize additional cost reduction actions that will include other incremental cost reduction actions unrelated to workforce reductions.

Additionally, in connection with the Restructuring Plan, on December 26, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors approved cash bonus retention awards for certain members of the Company’s leadership team, pursuant to which the Company will provide a cash incentive designed to retain such employees (the “Retention Bonuses”). Pursuant to the terms of the Retention Bonuses, eligible employees will each receive a cash bonus award of $50,000 (not to exceed $300,000 in the aggregate for all recipients of the Retention Bonuses), to be paid on or about August 4, 2023, for services rendered to the Company during the period beginning on October 7, 2022 and ending on July 31, 2023, subject to each eligible employee’s continued employment and good standing with the Company on July 31, 2023. The Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer and the Company’s Chief Financial Officer will not receive Retention Bonuses.

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 31, 2023, the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity (deficit) for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, are unaudited, but include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented and necessary in order to make the Company’s financial statements not misleading. The condensed consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 shown herein are not necessarily indicative of the consolidated results that may be expected for the year ending July 31, 2023, or for any other period. These condensed consolidated financial statements, and notes thereto, should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2022, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on October 31, 2022. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at July 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date but does not include all the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies

Reverse Stock Split

The Board of Directors of the Company approved a reverse stock split of the Company’s authorized, issued and outstanding shares of common stock at a ratio of 1-for-22 (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Reverse Stock Split became effective on November 9, 2022 (the “Effective Date”). All share and per share amounts for all periods presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted, on a retrospective basis, to reflect the Reverse Stock Split, unless otherwise stated. The number of authorized shares were also proportionately adjusted and the par value remained unaffected.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, OncoSec Medical Australia PTY LTD. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto have been reclassified where necessary to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications did not affect the prior period total assets, total liabilities, stockholders’ equity (deficit), net loss or net cash used in operating activities.

Use of Estimates

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires Management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Significant accounting estimates related to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern and certain calculations related to that determination. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. On an ongoing basis, the Company reviews its estimates to ensure that they appropriately reflect changes in the business or as new information becomes available. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Segment Reporting

The Company operates in a single industry segment—the discovery and development of novel immunotherapeutic product candidates to improve treatment options for patients and physicians, intended to treat a wide range of oncology indications.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash and have an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents.

Concentrations and Credit Risk

The Company maintains cash balances at a small number of financial institutions in both the United States and Australia and such balances commonly exceed the $250,000 amount insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and $250,000 AUD (approximately $177,000 USD) insured by the Australian Financial Claims Scheme. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and Management believes that the Company does not have significant credit risk with respect to such cash and cash equivalents.

Construction-in-progress is stated at cost, which relates to the cost of equipment not yet placed into service. No depreciation expense is recorded on construction-in-progress until such time as the relevant assets are completed and put into use.

Intangible Assets

Definite life intangible assets include a license. Intangible assets are recorded at cost. License agreement cost represents the fair value of the license agreement on the date acquired. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company periodically assesses the carrying value of intangible and other long-lived assets, and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset might not be recoverable. The assets are considered to be impaired if the Company determines that the carrying value may not be recoverable based upon its assessment, which includes consideration of the following events or changes in circumstances:

If the assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment recognized is the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Fair value is determined by the application of discounted cash flow models to project cash flows from the assets. In addition, the Company bases estimates of the useful lives and related amortization or depreciation expense on its subjective estimate of the period the assets will generate revenue or otherwise be used by it. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less selling costs. The Company also periodically reviews the lives assigned to long-lived assets to ensure that the initial estimates do not exceed any revised estimated periods from which the Company expects to realize cash flows from its assets.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for internal projects, as well as partner-funded collaborative research and development activities. These costs include direct and research-related overhead expenses, which include salaries, stock-based compensation and other personnel-related expenses, facility costs, supplies, depreciation of facilities and laboratory equipment, as well as research consultants and the cost of funding research at universities and other research institutions, and are expensed as incurred. Costs to acquire technologies that are utilized in research and development that have no alternative future use, are expensed when incurred. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 730-20, the Company accounts for upfront, non-refundable research and development payments received from a related party as a long-term liability as there has not been a substantive and genuine transfer of risk and there is a presumption that the Company is obligated to repay the related party.

Accruals for Research and Development Expenses and Clinical Trials

The Company is required to estimate its expenses resulting from its obligations under contracts with vendors, clinical research organizations and consultants and under clinical site agreements in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts vary from contract to contract and may result in payment terms that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided under such contracts. The Company accounts for these expenses in its financial statements by matching those expenses with the period in which services are performed and efforts are expended. The Company determines accrual estimates through financial models and takes into account discussion with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress of clinical trials, or the services completed. The Company makes estimates of its accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known to it at that time. The Company’s clinical trial accruals are dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of contract research organizations and other third-party vendors. During the course of a clinical trial, the Company adjusts its clinical expense recognition if actual results differ from its estimates.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, accounts payable and accrued expenses and notes payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. It is Management’s opinion that the Company is not exposed to significant interest, currency, or credit risks arising from its other financial instruments and that their fair values approximate their carrying values except where expressly disclosed.

The accounting standard for fair value measurements provides a framework for measuring fair value and requires disclosures regarding fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, based on the Company’s principal or, in the absence of a principal, most advantageous market for the specific asset or liability.

The Company uses a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires the Company to use observable inputs when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs, when determining fair value.

The three tiers are defined as follows:

The development and determination of the unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements and fair value calculations are the responsibility of the Company’s Management.

Changes in fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are analyzed each period based on changes in estimates or assumptions and recorded as appropriate.

The Company had no assets or liabilities that required remeasurement on a recurring basis as of January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022.

Warrants

The Company assesses its warrants as either equity or a liability based upon the characteristics and provisions of each instrument. Warrants classified as equity are recorded at fair value as of the date of issuance on the Company’s balance sheet and no further adjustments to their valuation are made. Warrants classified as derivative liabilities and other derivative financial instruments that require separate accounting as liabilities are recorded on the Company’s balance sheet at their fair value on the date of issuance and are re-measured on each subsequent balance sheet date until such instruments are exercised or expire, with any changes in the fair value between reporting periods recorded as other income or expense. Management estimates the fair value of these liabilities using option pricing models and assumptions that are based on the individual characteristics of the warrants or other instruments on the valuation date, as well as assumptions for future financings, expected volatility, expected life, yield and risk-free interest rate. As of January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, all outstanding warrants issued by the Company were classified as equity.

Net Loss Per Share

The Company computes basic net loss per common share by dividing the applicable net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the applicable net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus additional shares to account for the dilutive effect of potential future issuances of common stock relating to stock options and other potentially dilutive securities using the treasury stock method.

The Company did not include shares underlying stock options, restricted stock units and warrants issued and outstanding during any of the periods presented in the computation of net loss per share, as the effect would have been anti-dilutive. The following potentially dilutive outstanding securities were excluded from diluted net loss per share because of their anti-dilutive effect:

Schedule of Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share 

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company grants equity-based awards (typically stock options or restricted stock units) under its stock-based compensation plan and occasionally outside of its stock-based compensation plan, with terms generally similar to the terms under the Company’s stock-based compensation plan. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. For employees, directors and consultants, the fair value of the award is measured on the grant date. The fair value amount is then recognized over the period during which services are required to be provided in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. The Black-Scholes option valuation model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including price volatility of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, and expected life of the option. The Company estimates the fair value of restricted stock unit awards based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Employees may elect to participate in the Company’s stockholder-approved employee stock purchase plan. The stock purchase plan allows for the purchase of the Company’s common stock at not less than 85% of the lesser of (i) the fair market value of a share of common stock on the beginning date of the offering period and (ii) the fair market value of a share of common stock on the purchase date of the offering period, subject to a share and dollar limit as defined in the plan and subject to the applicable legal requirements. There are two six-month offering periods during each fiscal year, ending on January 31 and July 31.

In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the fair value of awards under the stock purchase plan is calculated at the beginning of each offering period. The Company estimates the fair value of the awards using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The Black-Scholes option valuation model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including price volatility of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, and the offering period. This fair value is then amortized at the beginning of the offering period. Stock-based compensation expense is based on awards expected to be purchased at the beginning of the offering period, and therefore is reduced when participants withdraw during the offering period.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease right of use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term, and operating lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating leases are included in ROU assets, current operating lease liabilities, and long-term operating lease liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are initially recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date calculated using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate applicable to the lease asset, unless the implicit rate is readily determinable. ROU assets also include any lease payments made at or before lease commencement and exclude any lease incentives received. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Leases with a term of 12 months or less are not recognized on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s leases do not contain any residual value guarantees. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all its leases.

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company uses the U.S. Dollar as the reporting currency for its financial statements. Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which an entity operates. The functional currency of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary is the Australian dollar.

Assets and liabilities of the Company’s subsidiary are translated into U.S. Dollars at period-end foreign exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated at average rates prevailing throughout the period. Translation adjustments are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive income” as a separate component of stockholders’ equity, and in the “Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents,” on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. Transaction gains and losses including intercompany transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the entity involved are included in “Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net” on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) includes foreign currency translation adjustments related to the Company’s subsidiary in Australia and is excluded from the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Australia Research and Development Tax Credit

The Company’s wholly-owned Australian subsidiary incurs research and development expenses, primarily in the course of conducting clinical trials. The Company’s Australian research and development activities qualify for the Australian government’s tax credit program, which provides a 48.5% credit for qualifying research and development expenses. The tax credit does not depend on the Company’s generation of future taxable income or ongoing tax status or position. Accordingly, the credit is not considered an element of income tax accounting under ASC 740 “Income Taxes” and is recorded against qualifying research and development expenses.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-06, Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40)-Accounting For Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. The ASU simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models required under current GAAP. Consequently, more convertible debt instruments will be reported as a single liability instrument with no separate accounting for embedded conversion features. The ASU removes certain settlement conditions that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception, which will permit more equity contracts to qualify for it. The ASU also simplifies the diluted net income per share calculation in certain areas. The new guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2021, and early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 on August 1, 2022, and the adoption of ASU 2020-06 did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

No other recent accounting pronouncements are anticipated to have an impact on or related to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or related disclosures.

Note 3—Going Concern and Management’s Plans

The Company has sustained losses in all reporting periods since inception, with an accumulated deficit of approximately $301 million as of January 31, 2023. These losses are expected to continue for an extended period of time. Further, the Company has never generated any cash from its operations and does not expect to generate such cash in the near term. The aforementioned factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the issuance date of the condensed consolidated financial statements. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of asset amounts or the classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.

As of March 6, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $2.0 million. Since inception, cash flows from financing activities have been the primary source of the Company’s liquidity. Based on the Company’s current cash levels, the Company believes its cash resources are insufficient to meet the Company’s anticipated needs for the 12 months following the date the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.

The Company recognizes it will need to raise additional capital to continue operating its business and fund its planned operations, including research and development, clinical trials and, if regulatory approval is obtained, commercialization of its product candidates. In addition, the Company will require additional financing if it desires to in-license or acquire new assets, research and develop new compounds or new technologies and pursue related patent protection, or obtain any other intellectual property rights or other assets. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available to the Company when needed, that Management will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to the Company, or whether the Company will become profitable and generate positive operating cash flow. The source, timing and availability of any future financing will depend principally upon market conditions, and, more specifically, on the progress of our clinical development programs. Similarly, if our common stock is delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market, it may limit our ability to raise additional funds (see Note 12). Recent events, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the outbreak of war in eastern Europe, and the persistent inflationary environment have also caused volatility in the global financial markets and threatened a slowdown in the global economy, which may negatively affect our ability to raise additional capital on attractive terms or at all. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient additional funds when needed, on favorable terms or at all, the Company will not be able to continue the development of its product candidates as currently planned or at all, will need to reevaluate its planned operations and may need to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of its development programs, reduce expenses or cease operations, any of which would have a significant negative impact on the Company’s prospects and financial condition.

Depreciation and amortization expense recorded for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 was approximately $45,000 and $90,000, respectively.

Depreciation and amortization expense recorded for the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 was approximately $48,000 and $95,000, respectively.

In November 2020, the Company licensed generator technology for use in its clinical trials and other research and development efforts. Unless earlier terminated, the term of the license agreement will remain in effect for 85 months. The Company has determined that the license has alternative future uses in research and development projects. The value of the acquired license is recorded as an intangible asset with amortization over the estimated useful life of 85 months.

Intangible asset amortization expense recorded for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 was approximately $17,000 and $35,000, respectively.

Intangible asset amortization expense recorded for the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 was approximately $17,000 and $35,000, respectively.

At January 31, 2023, the estimated amortization expense by fiscal year based on the current carrying value of intangible assets is as follows:

Accrued Compensation Related

Accrued compensation and related payroll liabilities are comprised of the following:

Note 5—Note Payable

On July 11, 2022, the Company entered into a finance agreement with AFCO Premium Credit LLC (“AFCO”). Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, AFCO loaned the Company the principal amount of $1,027,986, which would accrue interest at 5.248% per annum, to partially fund the payment of the premium of the Company’s Director & Officer insurance. The agreement requires the Company to make eleven monthly payments of $95,923, including interest starting on July 18, 2022. At January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, the outstanding balance related to this finance agreement was $379,535 and $936,558, respectively.

Note 6—Stockholders’ Equity

Reverse Stock Split

The Board of Directors of the Company approved a reverse stock split of the Company’s authorized, issued and outstanding shares of common stock at a ratio of 1-for-22. The Reverse Stock Split became effective on November 9, 2022. All share and per share amounts for all periods presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted, on a retrospective basis, to reflect the Reverse Stock Split, unless otherwise stated. The number of authorized shares were also proportionately adjusted and the par value remained unaffected. The Company issued one whole share of the post-Reverse Stock Split Common Stock to any stockholder who otherwise would have received a fractional share as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. As a result, no fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split and no cash or other consideration was paid in connection with any fractional shares that would otherwise have resulted from the Reverse Stock Split.

Amendment of Articles of Incorporation

On January 3, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment (the “Certificate”) to its Articles of Incorporation, as amended, with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada to increase the number of shares of the Company’s common stock authorized for issuance thereunder from 4,545,455 to 100,000,000 shares (the “Charter Amendment”). The Charter Amendment became effective upon filing the Certificate with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada.

December 2022 Offering

On November 30, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors (the “Investors”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell, issue, and deliver, in a public offering (the “Offering”) (i) 1,166,667 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (each a “Share” and collectively the “Shares”); (ii) Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu of shares of common stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock and (iii) 1,166,667 Common Warrants (the “Common Warrants” and collectively with the Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock, to the Investors. Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to sell one Share or a Pre-Funded Warrant and one Common Warrant for each Share or Pre-Funded Warrant sold at a price of $3.00. For each Pre-Funded Warrant sold in the Offering, the number of Shares offered was decreased on a one-for-one basis.

The Common Warrants are exercisable immediately upon the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $3.00 per share, subject to adjustment. The Common Warrants will expire five (5) years from the date of issuance. The Pre-Funded Warrants are also exercisable immediately upon the date of issuance. The aggregate exercise price of the Pre-Funded Warrants, except for a nominal exercise price of $0.0001 per share of common stock, was pre-funded to the Company and, consequently, no additional consideration (other than the nominal exercise price of $0.0001 per share of common stock) is required for the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants.

The Offering closed on December 1, 2022, and the Company received gross proceeds of $3,500,001. As of the close of the Offering, the Company issued 250,000 Shares and Common Warrants to purchase 250,000 shares of common stock for a total consideration of $750,000 and 916,667 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase 916,667 shares of common stock and 916,667 Common Warrants for a total consideration of $2,749,909. Further, all of 916,667 Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised on December 1, 2022. The terms and conditions of the Warrants are as noted and governed by the agreements entered into with the holders on December 1, 2022. Placement agent fees and other offering expenses of approximately $0.7 million incurred directly related to the offering were reflected as a reduction in additional paid in capital. Total proceeds were allocated between the Shares and Warrants on a relative fair value basis given both securities are equity classified. The fair value of the Common Warrants issued to the Investors in the offering was approximately $1.5 million (based on a Monte Carlo simulation assuming no dividend yield, a 5.0 year life, a risk-free interest rate of 3.61% and volatilities of 92.3% or 100% varying based on the trigger of a fundamental transaction).

Outstanding Warrants

During the six months ended January 31, 2023, shares of common stock issued related to the Pre-Funded Warrant exercises totaled 916,667. The Company realized proceeds of $92 from the Pre-Funded Warrant exercises. There were no warrants exercised during the six months ended January 31, 2022.

At January 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding warrants to purchase 1,242,564 shares of its common stock, with exercise prices ranging from $3.00 to $275.00, all of which were classified as equity instruments. These warrants expire at various dates between April 2023 and December 2027.

China Grand Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Holdings Limited and Sirtex Medical US Holdings, Inc.

On October 10, 2019, the Company and Grand Decade Developments Limited (“GDDL”), a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Grand Pharmaceutical Group Limited (formerly China Grand Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Holdings Limited), a company formed under the laws of the British Virgin Islands (“CGP”), and its affiliate, Sirtex Medical US Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Sirtex”) entered into Stock Purchase Agreements (as amended, the “Purchase Agreements”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to CGP and Sirtex 454,545 shares and 90,909 shares, respectively, of the Company’s common stock for a total purchase price of $30.0 million. The net proceeds, after deducting offering fees and expenses paid by the Company, were approximately $28.0 million. This transaction closed on February 7, 2020 (the “Closing”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreements, CGP and Sirtex were given the right under certain circumstances to purchase in the future additional shares of common stock in order to maintain CGP and Sirtex’s respective ownership percentages of the outstanding shares of common stock of the Company as of the Closing.

Note 7—Stock-Based Compensation

The OncoSec Medical Incorporated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended and approved by the Company’s stockholders (the “2011 Plan”)), authorizes the Company’s Board of Directors to grant equity awards, including but not limited to, stock options and restricted stock units, to employees, directors and consultants. The 2011 Plan authorizes a total of 209,091 shares of common stock for issuance. Under the 2011 Plan, incentive stock options are to be granted at a price that is no less than 100% of the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant. Stock options vest over a period specified in the individual option agreements entered into with grantees and are exercisable for a maximum period of 10 years after the date of grant. Incentive stock options granted to stockholders who own more than 10% of the outstanding stock of the Company at the time of grant must be issued at an exercise price of no less than 110% of the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.

Stock Options

During the six months ended January 31, 2023, the Company granted an equity award that consisted of options to purchase 2,273 shares of its common stock to a director under the 2011 Plan. The stock options issued to a director have a 10-year term, vest over one year and have an exercise price of $9.94.

During the six months ended January 31, 2022, the Company granted options to purchase 1,065 and 1,137 shares of its common stock to employees and a consultant under the 2011 Plan, respectively. The stock options issued to employees have a 10-year term, vest over two years and have exercise prices ranging from $44.22 to $49.72. The stock options issued to the consultant have a 10-year term, vest over one year and have an exercise price of $31.24.

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation based on the fair value of the stock-based awards granted and records forfeitures as they occur. As such, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation cost only for those stock-based awards that vest over their requisite service period, based on the vesting provisions of the individual grants. The service period is generally the vesting period, with the exception of stock options granted pursuant to a consulting agreement, in which case the stock option vesting period and the service period are defined pursuant to the terms of the consulting agreement.

The following assumptions were used for the Black-Scholes calculation of the fair value of stock-based compensation related to stock options granted during the periods presented:

The Company’s expected volatility is derived from the historical daily change in the market price of its common stock. The Company uses the simplified method to calculate the expected term of options issued to employees, non-employees and directors, as the Company does not have much stock option exercise history and thus does not have enough information on exercise behavior to calculate a refined expected term based on that information. The risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes calculation is based on the prevailing U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant, commensurate with the expected term. For the expected dividend yield used in the Black-Scholes calculation, the Company has never paid any dividends on its common stock and does not anticipate paying dividends on its common stock in the foreseeable future.

The following is a summary of the Company’s 2011 Plan and non-Plan stock option activity for the six months ended January 31, 2023: