Univar Inc. (Form: 10-K, Received: 02/21/2019 09:08:31)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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Form 10-K

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ý	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018



¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-37443

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Univar Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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Delaware	26-1251958
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)



3075 Highland Parkway, Suite 200 Downers Grove, Illinois	60515
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (331) 777-6000

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($0.01 par value)	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	ý	Accelerated filer	¨	Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	¨	Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No ý

Aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of registrant on June 29, 2018 : $3.4 billion (see Item 12, under Part III hereof), based on a closing price of registrant’s Common Stock of $26.24 per share.

At February 12, 2019 , 141,732,317 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value, were outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Certain portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 8, 2019 and to be filed within 120 days after the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 (hereinafter referred to as “Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference into Part III.

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Univar Inc.

Form 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS



Part I		Page
Item 1.	Business	5
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	21
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	40
Item 2.	Properties	40
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	41
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	41

Part II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	42
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	43
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	45
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	69
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	72
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	126
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	126
Item 9B.	Other information	127

Part III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	127
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	127
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	127
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	127
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	127

Part IV
Item 15.	Exhibits	128
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	134
Signatures		134

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SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

Unless the context otherwise indicates or requires, as used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, (i) the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” “Univar” and the “Company,” refer to Univar Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, and (ii) the term “issuer” refers to Univar Inc. exclusive of its subsidiaries.

Our fiscal year ends on December 31, and references to “fiscal” when used in reference to any twelve month period ended December 31, refer to our fiscal years ended December 31.

The term “GAAP” refers to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

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Forward-looking statements and information

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities litigation Reform Act of 1995. Some of the forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terms such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “seeks,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates” or other comparable terms. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts. They appear in a number of places throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K and include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs or current expectations concerning, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, capital commitments, macro-economic conditions, liquidity, prospects, business trends, currency trends, competition, markets, growth strategies and the industries in which we operate and including, without limitation, statements relating to our estimated or anticipated financial performance or results. Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties, many of which may be beyond our control. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industries in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industries in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, those results or developments may not be indicative of results, conditions or developments in subsequent periods. A number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in or implied by the forward-looking statements, including those reflected in forward-looking statements relating to our operations and business and the risks and uncertainties discussed in “Risk Factors.” Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those reflected in forward-looking statements relating to our operations and business include:


•	general economic conditions, particularly fluctuations in industrial production and the demands of our customers;


•	disruptions in the supply of chemicals we distribute or our customers’ or producers’ operations;


•	termination or change of contracts or relationships with customers or producers on short notice;


•	the price and availability of chemicals, or a decline in the demand for chemicals;


•	our ability to pass through cost increases to our customers;


•	our ability to meet customer demand for a product;


•	trends in oil and gas prices;


•	competitive pressures in the chemical distribution industry;


•	consolidation of our competitors;


•	our ability to execute strategic investments, including pursuing acquisitions and/or dispositions, and successfully integrating and operating acquired companies;


•	liabilities associated with acquisitions, dispositions and ventures;


•	potential impairment of goodwill;


•	inability to generate sufficient working capital;


•	our ability to sustain profitability;


•	our ability to implement and efficiently operate the systems needed to manage our operations;


•	the risks associated with security threats, including cybersecurity threats;


•	increases in transportation costs and changes in our relationship with third party carriers;


•	the risks associated with hazardous materials and related activities;

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•	accidents, safety failures, environmental damage, product quality issues, major or systemic delivery failures involving our distribution network or the products we carry or adverse health effects or other harm related to the materials we blend, manage, handle, store, sell or transport;


•	challenges associated with international operations, including securing producers and personnel, import/export requirements, compliance with foreign laws and international business laws and changes in economic or political conditions;


•	our ability to effectively implement our strategies or achieve our business goals;


•	exposure to interest rate and currency fluctuations;


•	evolving laws and regulations relating to hydraulic fracturing and risks associated with chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing;


•	losses due to potential product liability claims and recalls and asbestos claims;


•	compliance with extensive environmental, health and safety laws, including laws relating to our environmental services businesses and the investigation and remediation of contamination, that could require material expenditures or changes in our operations;


•	general regulatory and tax requirements;


•	operational risks for which we may not be adequately insured;


•	ongoing litigation and other legal and regulatory actions and risks, including asbestos claims;


•	loss of key personnel;


•	labor disruptions and other costs associated with the unionized portion of our workforce;


•	negative developments affecting our pension plans and multi-employer pensions;


•	changes in legislation, regulation and government policy; and


•	our substantial indebtedness and the restrictions imposed by our debt instruments and indenture.

All forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are qualified by these cautionary statements. These forward-looking statements are made only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and we do not undertake any obligation, other than as may be required by law, to update or revise any forward-looking or cautionary statements to reflect changes in assumptions, the occurrence of events, unanticipated or otherwise and changes in future operating results over time or otherwise.

Comparisons of results between current and prior periods are not intended to express any future trends, or indications of future performance, unless expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data.

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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Our Company

We are a leading global chemical and ingredients distributor and provider of specialty services. We purchase chemicals from thousands of chemical producers worldwide and warehouse, repackage, blend, dilute, transport and sell those chemicals to more than 100,000 customer locations across approximately 130 countries. Our specialized services include e-commerce and digital marketing of chemicals for our producers, chemical waste removal and ancillary services, on-site storage of chemicals for our customers, and support services for the agricultural and pest control industries. We derive competitive advantage from our scale, broad product offering, leading digital solutions, technical expertise, specialized services, long-standing relationships with leading chemical producers and our industry leading safety record.

The global chemical distribution industry is large and fragmented with thousands of distributors but represents a relatively small portion of the total chemical industry. While the total chemical industry is projected to grow at rates about equal to the growth of the gross national product of countries we operate in around the world, the distributed chemicals portion of the market is projected to grow faster as producers and customers increasingly realize the benefits of outsourcing. Chemical producers rely on us to warehouse, repackage, transport and sell their products as a way to expand their market access, enhance their geographic reach, lower their costs and grow their business. Customers who purchase products and services from us benefit from a lower total cost of ownership, as they are able to simplify their chemical sourcing process and outsource functions to us such as just-in-time availability of the right product, packaging, mixing, blending and technical expertise. They also rely on us for safe delivery and off-loading of chemicals that is fully compliant with increasing local and federal regulations.

In the year ended December 31, 2018 , we generated $8.6 billion in net sales, net income of $172.3 million and $640.4 million in Adjusted EBITDA. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), see “Selected Financial Data” in Item 6 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following charts illustrate the geographical and end market diversity of our 2018 net sales:

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We maintain strong, long-term relationships with our producers and our customers, many of which span decades. We source materials from thousands of producers worldwide, including premier global leaders. For the year ended December 31, 2018 , our 10 largest producers accounted for approximately 27 percent of our total chemical purchases. Similarly, we sell products to thousands of customers globally, ranging from small and medium-sized businesses to large industrial customers. For the year ended December 31, 2018 , our top 10 customers accounted for approximately 10 percent of our consolidated net sales. Globally, we service our customers with highly responsive on-time delivery.

Our Segments

Our business is organized and managed in four geographical segments: Univar USA (“USA”), Univar Canada (“Canada”), Univar Europe and the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”), and Rest of World (“Rest of World”), which is predominantly in Latin America. For additional information on our geographical segments, see “ Note 22: Segments ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

USA

We supply a broad offering of commodity and specialty chemicals and ingredients, as well as specialized services to a wide range of end markets, touching a majority of the manufacturing and industrial production sectors in the United States. Our close proximity to customers, combined with our deep product knowledge and end market expertise, serves as a competitive advantage.

We repackage and blend bulk chemicals for shipment by our transportation fleet as well as common carriers. Our highly skilled salesforce is deployed by a geographic sales district as well as by end-use market and industry, e.g., coatings and adhesives, food ingredients and products, pharmaceutical ingredients and products, personal care, and energy.

Canada

Our Canadian operations are regionally focused, with a highly skilled salesforce supplying a broad offering of commodity and specialty chemicals and specialized services to the local customer base. In Eastern Canada, we primarily focus on industrial markets such as food ingredients, pharmaceutical ingredients, coatings and adhesives, and chemical manufacturing. We also service the cleaning and sanitation, personal care, mining, and energy markets. In Western Canada, we focus on forestry, chemical manufacturing, mining, and energy markets (e.g., midstream gas pipeline, oil sands processing and oil refining). Lastly, due to its

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size, we have dedicated resources and expertise serving the agriculture end market. In agriculture, we formulate and distribute crop protection and fertilizer products to independent retailers and specialty applicators servicing the agricultural end markets in both Western Canada and Eastern Canada and we provide support services to agricultural chemical producers throughout the country.

EMEA

We maintain a strong presence in the United Kingdom and Continental Europe with sales offices in 20 countries. We also have four sales offices in the Middle East and Africa.

We execute primarily on a pan-European basis, leveraging centralized or shared information technology systems, raw materials procurement, logistics, route operations and the management of producer relationships where possible to benefit from economies of scale and improve cost efficiency. We have strong end market expertise and key account management capability across Europe to better support sales representatives in each country and for serving our key customer end markets, namely pharmaceutical ingredients and finished products, food ingredients, coating and adhesives, and personal care.

Rest of World

We operate sales offices and distribution sites in Mexico, Brazil and to a lesser extent the Asia-Pacific region. We continue to look for expansion opportunities throughout Latin America and opened a new sales center in Colombia, in 2018.

Our Competitive Strengths

We derive strength and competitive advantage from our scale, broad product offering, leading digital solutions, high levels of service and expertise, long-standing relationships with producers, and our industry leading safety record.

Scale

We operate one of the most extensive chemical distribution networks in the world, comprising more than 600 distribution facilities, approximately 90 million gallons of chemical storage tank capacity and hundreds of tractors, railcars, tankers and trailers operating daily through our facilities. We purchase thousands of different chemicals, some in large quantities, from over thousands of producers. Our purchasing power and global procurement relationships provide us with advantages over local and regional competitors due to economies of scale and our ability to manage our working capital.

Product breadth and market reach

We offer a wide range of chemical products and services across nearly all end-use markets. This enables us to present to customers a “one-stop-shop” approach that simplifies their procurement process and lowers their total cost of ownership, and provides suppliers with the opportunity to achieve growth by accessing new end markets through us.

Leading digital solutions

We offer today’s customers a flexible, omni-channel experience empowered partially by an industry-leading digital commerce platform, MyUnivar.com. Here, customers can - at any time from any device - browse our full catalog, request a quote, and access a wide array of documents necessary to managing their business. This provides unparalleled access to valuable information, allows customers to do business on their own terms, and enhances the customer experience.

In addition, through both Univar and ChemPoint capabilities, we offer suppliers cutting edge digital marketing and sales solutions to extend market reach and improve penetration. Leveraging digital solutions such as CRM, digital marketing, and advanced analytics enables us to effectively create and capture demand on behalf of our supplier partners.

Service and expertise

Globally, we provide our customers with highly responsive on-time delivery from our nearby facilities. This highly responsive service level enables our customers to lower their inventory levels and avoid production interruptions from lack of chemical ingredients.

To complement our extensive product portfolio, we offer to our customers specialized services, such as our chemical waste removal and environmental response services, chemical storage, and specialty product blending and formulation services. These services provide efficiency gains to our customers and deepen our relationships with them.

We also provide, through our highly skilled sales force, in-depth product technical knowledge and end market expertise to our customers, as well as valuable market and customer insights to our producers about how their products are performing in the market.

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Long-standing producer and customer relationships

We have developed strong, long-term relationships, many spanning several decades, with the world's premier global chemical producers and distribute products to more than 100,000 customer locations around the globe, from small and medium sized businesses to global industrial customers. The strength of our relationships has provided opportunities for us to integrate our service and logistics capabilities into our customers’ and producers’ business processes and to promote collaboration on supply chain optimization, marketing and other revenue enhancement strategies.

Safety and regulatory compliance

At Univar we are Serious about Safety. Our safety culture is embedded into our global operations. Safety is foundational in planning for operations, products, processes and facilities. Specific initiatives include:


•	data driven and causality-based accident prevention work;


•	improved process and facility controls;


•	mandatory general education and role specific safety training;


•	joint management-worker Health and Safety Committees; and


•	safety audits, incident investigation and improvement measures.

Our efforts have resulted in significant improvements in global safety metrics during the last 7 years. We track worker injuries using the US Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) standardized methodology of Total Case Incident Rate (TCIR), which is the rate of recordable injuries per 200,000 hours worked. We have reduced our TCIR from 1.69 in 2011 to 0.58 in 2018, an improvement of 66.0%.

We believe that being Serious about Safety results in a competitive advantage by:


•	maintaining and improving relationships with our customers, who view safety performance as a key criterion for vendor selection;


•	improving employee recruitment and retention; and


•	reducing the likelihood of incidents and enabling our employees to focus on their contributions.

While we believe being Serious about Safety improves our service, productivity and financial performance, that is not why safety is important to us. At Univar, we believe it is our responsibility to provide safe working conditions and challenge ourselves to continually improve.

Our Growth Strategy

We believe that we are well positioned to drive profitable growth, increase our market share, and capitalize on industry outsourcing trends by focusing on our key initiatives of Commercial Greatness, Operational Excellence and One Univar.

Drive profitable growth

Commercial Greatness. We seek to increase the value we provide our customers and our producers by improving our customers’ experience and driving additional growth for our producers. We seek to:


•	further develop a highly skilled and well-equipped sales force utilizing a value-based consultative sales approach that is aligned to customer and end market needs by geography, product and service, and industry specialization;


•	continue to increase our technical and industry-specific product and market expertise;


•	develop a world-class marketing capability to dynamically identify and align resources with high-growth, high value opportunities;


•	cultivate and maintain long-term producer relationships through deep market and product knowledge, value-based selling, reduced complexity in distribution channels, and offering complementary products and services as a total solution for our customers; and


•	offer industry-leading digital solutions that drive customer and supplier preference, enhance supply chain efficiency, empower employees with valuable insights and provide new sources of profitable growth through innovation.

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Operational Excellence. We are committed to continuously improving our operating performance and lowering our costs per transaction. We seek to:


•	align our business teams with identified growth opportunities in customer end markets, product markets, services, and industries in a way that narrows focus and increases accountability;


•	increase our use of digital tools to simplify tasks, lower costs and improve customer experience;


•	continue to use Lean methodologies to deliver project-by-project productivity gains;


•	increase the cost efficiency of our warehouses, terminals, tank farms and logistics, and improve our net working capital efficiency;


•	deliver a compelling customer value proposition by providing simplified sourcing, cost effective just-in-time delivery and managed inventory along with value-added services; and


•	continue to build on our industry leading safety performance as a differentiator with both customers and producers.

One Univar. We are committed to developing a healthy, high-performance culture through the selection, recognition and development of engaged employees. We aspire to build an environment where the best people want to work and add value for our customers, producers and shareholders. We will strengthen the overall governance and efficiency of our global business operations with integrated, disciplined operating processes and by leveraging best practices.

Expand our market share

We believe our Commercial Greatness, Operational Excellence and One Univar initiatives will allow us to outperform competitors, leading to market share gains. We will continue to streamline and enhance our customer experience in order to be the easiest distributor to do business with and to increase customer preference for Univar. In addition, we believe our industry-focused go-to-market strategy combined with innovative sales and marketing support and strong customer preference will lead to winning additional product authorizations from producers. Finally, we are also pursuing selective acquisitions to increase our presence and develop competitive advantage in attractive end markets and whose products and service capabilities can benefit from our scale advantages. As a result, Univar is positioned well to gain market share.

Capitalize on industry outsourcing trends

We are well positioned to benefit from the growing trend of chemical producers and customers to outsource key tasks to chemical distributors. As a full-line distributor with a strong supply-chain-network across a broad geographic region, we are well suited to help customers and producers consolidate their distributor relationships and lower their total costs of ownership or service. Finally, as a leader in chemical distribution, we believe we can accelerate this trend by increasing the attractiveness of our total value proposition to both customers and our producers.

Through our Commercial Greatness, Operational Excellence and One Univar initiatives and by reinforcing our “one-stop-shop” provider capability, we will build on and increase the economic value we create in the global supply chain.

Accelerate digital transformation

We are positioned well to drive profitable growth and increased operational efficiency by orchestrating a multi-year digital transformation. We will continue to introduce new, innovative digital solutions that enhance our customer experience and drive stronger customer preference and customer loyalty, thereby increasing the lifetime value of customers to Univar. Through MyUnivar.com, we already offer an industry leading digital portal that allows customers to conduct business 24 hours a day, seven days a week, from virtually any device; and customers are increasingly adopting this platform to transact with us. We are committed to expanding our offering of digital solutions and bolstering our leadership position in the industry.

In addition, we will leverage new digital solutions to deliver a truly superior experience to our supplier partners, improving their market reach and penetration and providing valuable market insights through data analytics. Also, we will continue our progress to digitize our distribution network, creating a more agile, transparent supply chain, resulting in improved capabilities and efficiency. Finally, we will leverage digital to empower our employees with valuable, timely insights resulting in better decisions, and we will continue to automate administrative functions in order to enhance employee productivity.

Company History

Our history dates back to 1924 when we were founded as a brokerage business. In 1986, we acquired McKesson Chemical Corporation, then the third largest US chemical distributor, solidifying our presence throughout the United States and making us the largest chemical distributor in North America. In 2001, we continued our expansion into Europe through the acquisition of Ellis & Everard, which specialized in the distribution of chemicals in the United Kingdom and Ireland and had additional facilities

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in Europe and the Eastern United States. In 2007, we acquired ChemCentral, which enabled us to improve our market share and operational efficiencies in North America.

In 2007, we were acquired by investment funds advised by CVC Capital Partners Advisory (US), Inc. (“CVC”) as well as investment funds associated with Goldman, Sachs & Co. and Parcom. In November 2010, investment funds associated with Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, LLC (“CD&R”) acquired a 42.5 percent ownership interest in us. In December 2010, we acquired Basic Chemicals Solutions, a global distributor and trader of commodity chemicals, which strengthened our ability to provide value in the supply chain between chemical producers and end-users and reinforced our global sourcing capabilities. In January 2011, we completed the acquisition of Quaron, a chemical distributor operating in Belgium and the Netherlands, which complemented our strong European foothold in specialty chemicals with expanded product portfolio and increased logistical capability. We continued our expansion into the emerging markets in 2011 through our acquisition of Eral-Protek, a leading chemical distributor in Turkey, and the acquisition of Arinos, a leading chemical distributor of specialty and commodity chemicals and high-value services in Brazil. In December 2012, we acquired Magnablend, whose specialty chemical and manufactured products broadened our energy offerings. In May 2013, we expanded our Mexican presence with the acquisition of Quimicompuestos, making us a leading chemical distributor in the Mexican market. In November 2014, we acquired D’Altomare Quimica Ltda., a Brazilian distributor of specialty chemicals and ingredients, which expanded our geographic footprint and market presence in Brazil. In April 2015, we acquired Key Chemical, Inc., one of the largest distributors of fluoride to municipalities in the United States, which expanded our offerings into the municipal and other industrial markets.

On June 23, 2015, we closed our initial public offering (“IPO”) in which we issued and sold 20.0 million shares of common stock at a public offering price of $22.00 per share. In addition, we completed a concurrent private placement of $350.0 million for shares of common stock (17.6 million shares) to Dahlia Investments Pte. Ltd., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited (“Temasek”). We received total net proceeds of approximately $760.0 million from the IPO and the private placement after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of approximately $30.0 million. These expenses were recorded against the proceeds received from the IPO. Certain selling stockholders sold an additional 25.3 million shares of common stock in the IPO and concurrent private placement. We did not receive any proceeds from the sale of these shares.

In July 2015, we acquired the assets of Chemical Associates, Inc., a marketer, manufacturer, and distributor of oleochemicals, many of which are based on renewable and sustainable resources, thereby enhancing the value Univar brings to a number of our key markets such as personal care, food, cleaning and sanitization, lubricants, and coatings and adhesives. In October 2015, we entered into the agrochemical formulation market and expanded our capabilities in the third-party agriculture logistics market in Canada with the acquisition of the Future Group. In November 2015, we acquired Arrow Chemical, Inc., adding a complementary portfolio of active pharmaceutical ingredients (“APIs”) and other specialty ingredients essential to the formulation of generic and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals. In December 2015, we acquired Weaver Town Oil Services, Inc., and Weavertown Transport Leasing, Inc., operating as the Weavertown Environmental Group, which strengthened our ChemCare waste management service offering with a broad range of complementary services, including industrial cleaning, waste management and transportation, site remediation, and 24/7 emergency response services. In December 2015, we also acquired Polymer Technologies Ltd., a U.K.-based developer and distributor of unique ultraviolet/electron beam curable chemistries used to formulate environmentally responsible paints, inks, and adhesives.

In March 2016, we acquired Bodine Services of the Midwest, further strengthening our ChemCare waste management, environmental maintenance and response service offering in key geographic markets. That same month, we acquired the assets of Nexus Ag Business, Inc., enhancing our existing macronutrient and crop protection inputs through a proprietary line of micronutrients, macronutrients and specialty fertilizers. Together with our leading distribution and services network in the region, this acquisition further strengthens our agriculture group’s ability to provide customers in Canada with a complete product service offering that covers the entire growing cycle from start to finish.

In September 2017, we acquired Tagma Brasil Ltda. (“Tagma”), expanding our agriculture business in one of the world’s fastest-growing agricultural markets. That same month, we acquired the assets of PVS Minibulk, Inc. (“PVS”), strengthening our MiniBulk business in the West Coast market.

In January 2018, we acquired Kemetyl Norge Industri AS (“Kemetyl”) as well as the assets of Kemetyl Aktiebolag, expanding our leading position in the pharmaceutical industry in Norway and Sweden. In May 2018, we acquired Earthoil Plantations Limited (“Earthoil”), expanding and strengthening our existing global natural beauty and personal care product line in EMEA.

In September 2018, we announced the signing of a definitive agreement to acquire Nexeo Solutions, Inc. (“Nexeo”). The transaction (“Nexeo Acquisition”) was unanimously approved by the Boards of Directors of both companies, and is anticipated to close in the first quarter of 2019, subject to the approval of Univar’s shareholders, as well as satisfaction of other customary conditions. On January 29, 2019, Nexeo’s key stockholders, TPG Global and First Pacific, provided consent for the proposed transaction.

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During 2016 and 2017, we engaged in a series of secondary registrations of our stock. As a result, CVC divested its ownership interest in our company and both CD&R and Temasek continued to reduce their ownership stakes in our company. As of January 31, 2018, CD&R and Temasek owned 8.2% and 9.9%, respectively, of our issued and outstanding shares. As a result of Temasek's reduction in ownership below 10% , it is no longer considered a significant stockholder in 2018.

The below chart illustrates the change in our Significant Stockholders since the IPO date.

Products and End Markets

The focus of our marketing approach is to identify attractive end-user markets and provide customers in those markets all of their commodity and specialty chemical or ingredient needs. We also offer value-added services as well as procurement solutions that leverage our chemical, supply chain and logistics expertise, networked inventory sourcing and producer relationships. We provide our customers with a “one-stop shop” for their commodity and specialty chemical needs and offer a reliable and stable source of quality products and services.

We buy and inventory chemicals and ingredients in large quantities such as barge loads, railcars or full truck loads from chemical producers and sell and distribute smaller quantities to our customers. Approximately 40 percent of the chemicals and ingredients we purchase are in bulk form, and we repackage them into various size containers for sale and distribution.

Commodity chemicals and ingredients represent the largest portion of our business by sales and volume. Our commodity portfolio includes acids and bases, surfactants, glycols, inorganic compounds, alcohols and general chemicals used extensively throughout most end markets. Our specialty chemicals and ingredient sales represent an important, high-value, higher-growth portion of the chemical distribution market. We typically sell specialty products in lower volumes but at a higher profit than commodity products and our intent is to increase our presence in the specialty market. While many producers supply specialty products directly to customers, there is an increasing trend toward outsourcing the distribution of these specialized, lower volume products and ingredients. We believe that customers and producers value Univar’s ability to supply both commodity and specialty products, particularly as the markets continue to consolidate.

We focus on sourcing high-volume products that we distribute to our customers. Generally, we sell chemicals and ingredients via our industry-focused salesforce. However, a small proportion of the chemicals that we source are sold directly to certain high-volume customers through a dedicated sales team who handles these unique products and transactions. Our global sourcing capabilities enhance our global market presence, ensure safety of supply and competitive pricing, and provide product expertise across all market segments.

We serve a diverse set of end markets and regions, with no end market accounting for more than 14 percent of our net sales over the past year.

Our key global end markets include:


•	Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Within the Agriculture industry we are a leading wholesale distributor of crop protection products to independent retailers and specialty applicators in Canada. To support this end market, we distribute herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, seed, micronutrients, macronutrients, horticultural products and

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fertilizers among other products. In addition, we provide storage, packaging and logistics services for major crop protection companies. The Environmental Sciences group supplies pest control products and equipment to the structural pest control, public health, vegetation management, turf and ornamental, food processing and post-harvest storage, animal health and hay production markets. We operate a network of approximately 70 Univar ProCenter distribution centers in North America to serve this end market.

•

Chemical Manufacturing. We distribute a full suite of chemical products in support of the chemical manufacturing industry (organic, inorganic and polymer chemistries). Our broad warehousing and delivery resources permit us to assure our chemical manufacturing customers efficient inventory management, just-in-time delivery, and custom blends and packages. Our industry expertise also assists our customers in both selecting products that best suit their objectives and addressing chemical waste and wastewater issues.

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Cleaning and Sanitization . The cleaning and sanitization industry is made up of thousands of large and small formulators that require a multitude of chemical ingredients to make cleaning products and detergents for home and industrial use. We distribute chemicals manufactured by many of the industry’s leading producers of enzymes, surfactants, solvents, dispersants, thickeners, bleaching aides, builders, sealants, acids, alkalis and other chemicals that are used as ingredients and processing aids in the manufacturing of cleaning products.

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Coatings and Adhesives . The coatings and adhesives industry is one of our largest customer end markets. We sell resins, pigments, solvents, thickeners, dispersants and other additives used to make paints, inks, and coatings. We have a large, dedicated team of industry and product specialists with market expertise that enables us to work closely with formulators and producers to offer new technologies, new and improved formulations and to scale-up support. Our product line includes epoxy resins, polyurethanes, titanium dioxide, fumed silica, esters, plasticizers, silicones and specialty amines.

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Food Ingredients and Products . For the food and beverage industry, we distribute a diverse portfolio of commodity and specialty products that are sold as food additives or processing aids. We sell food ingredients such as thickeners, emulsifiers, sweeteners, preservatives, leavening agents and humectants, as well as texturizer and fat replacement products that include xanthan gum, locust bean gum, cellulosics and guar gum. We also distribute acidulants such as citric acid, lactic acid and malic acid, as well as alkalis. Additional offerings include supplements and products such as proteins, vitamins and minerals. The major food and beverage markets we serve are meat processing, baked goods, dairy, grain mill products, processed foods, carbonated soft drinks, fruit drinks and alcoholic beverages. We carefully manage our product portfolio to ensure quality standards, security of supply and cost competitiveness. We continuously refresh our product offering with products that meet key trends impacting the food industry. Our industry experts have developed marketing tools that simplify the ingredient selection process for our customers and provide valuable product performance information and technical solutions.

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Energy. We provide chemicals and service to midstream pipeline and downstream refinery operators primarily in the US and Canada. We offer an expansive product line with a team of highly skilled and uniquely dedicated specialists to stay on top of the latest trends, technologies and regulations. We also service the upstream oil and gas production market, including the US shale hydraulic-fracturing sector, by providing a variety of bulk chemicals to drill sites, as well as specialty blended products used to fracture rock and stimulate oil and gas production from the well. Other markets served to a lesser extent include Mexico, Europe’s North Sea and parts of Africa.

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Personal Care . We are a full-line distributor in the personal care industry providing a wide variety of specialty and basic chemicals and ingredients used in skin care products, shampoos, conditioners, styling products, hair color, body washes, sun care, color cosmetics, and pet care products. The products that we distribute include surfactants, emollients, emulsifiers, rheology modifiers, active ingredients, color, preservatives and processing aids. Our dedicated team of industry experts and technical marketers work with our customers to formulate traditional and cutting-edge products that address key trends in the personal care end markets.

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Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Finished Products . We are uniquely positioned in the highly-regulated pharmaceutical ingredients industry due to the combination of our product portfolio, logistics footprint and customized solutions. We represent some of the world’s leading excipient, process, solvent and active pharmaceutical ingredient producers, as well as producers of chemicals used to support water treatment, filtering and purification systems, thus offering our customers a very broad product selection in the pharmaceutical industry. We sell active ingredients such as aspirin, ascorbic acid, caffeine and ibuprofen, and excipients that include phosphates, polyethylene glycols, polysorbates, methylcellulose, stearyl alcohol and stearates. We also make and sell certain finished pharmaceutical products.

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Services

In addition to selling and distributing chemicals, we use our transportation and warehousing infrastructure, along with our broad knowledge of chemicals and hazardous materials handling to provide important distribution and specialized services for our producers and our customers. This intermediary role Univar plays is increasingly important, in particular due to the recent trend of increased outsourcing of distribution by chemical producers to satisfy their need for supply chain efficiency. These services include:

Distribution and specialized services

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Inventory Management. We manage our inventory in order to meet customer demands on short notice whenever possible. Our value as channel partners of chemical producers also enables us to obtain access to chemicals in times of short supply, when smaller chemical distributors may not be able to obtain or maintain stock. Further, our global distribution network permits us to stock products locally to enhance “just-in-time” delivery, providing outsourced inventory management to our customers in a variety of end markets.


•	Product Knowledge and Technical Expertise. We partner with our customers in their production processes. For example, we employ teams of food technologists, chemical engineers and petroleum engineers who have the technical expertise to assist in the formulation of products to meet specific customer performance requirements as well as provide customers with after-market support and consultation.


•	Mixing, Blending and Repackaging. We provide a full suite of blending and repackaging services for our customers across diverse industries. Additionally, we can fulfill small orders through our repackaging services, enabling customers to maintain smaller inventories.

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E-commerce and Digital Marketing. MyUnivar.com is an e-commerce solution offering Univar’s full catalog of products, complete with invoicing, order status and tracking, as well as documentation of prior purchases. Customers of MyUnivar.com are provided with easy, two-click re-ordering and document access 24 hours a day, seven days a week, from any device. ChemPoint is our unique distribution business that provides digital promotion or e-marketing channels for specialty and fine chemicals. ChemPoint operates principally in North America and EMEA and is primarily focused on expanding market share of high-value and highly specialized chemicals for partnered producers.

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Chemical Waste Removal and Environmental Response Services. Our ChemCare waste management service collects both hazardous and non-hazardous waste products at customer locations in the United States and Canada, and then works with select vendors in the waste disposal business to safely transport these materials to licensed third party treatment, storage and disposal facilities. ChemCare reviews each waste profile, recommends disposal alternatives to the customer and offers transportation of the waste to the appropriate waste disposal company. Hazardous and non-hazardous waste management technologies provided from our approved treatment storage and disposal facility vendors include recycling, incineration, fuels blending, lab packing, landfill, deep well injection and waste-to-energy. Through our acquisitions of Bodine and Weavertown Environmental Group, we are also able to provide our customers with industrial cleaning, site remediation and emergency environmental response services.


•	Specialized Formulation and Blending. Leveraging our technical expertise, we are able to utilize our blending and mixing capabilities to create specialty chemical formulations to meet specific customer performance demands for agriculture and energy products through our Future Group, Tagma, and Magnablend blending services.

Producers

Maintaining strong relationships with producers is important to our overall success, and we source chemicals and ingredients from many of the premier global chemical and ingredient manufacturers. Our relationships with some of the world’s largest commodity and specialty chemical and ingredient producers have been in place for decades. We typically maintain relationships with multiple producers in order to protect against disruption in supply and distribution logistics, as well as to ensure competitive pricing of our supply. Our scale, geographic reach, diversified distribution channels and industry expertise enable us to develop strong, long-term relationships with producers, and integrate our service and logistics capabilities into their business processes. This promotes collaboration on supply chain optimization, marketing and other revenue enhancement strategies. The producers we work with also benefit from the insight we provide into customer buying patterns and trends. More and more, chemical and ingredient producers are depending on the sales forces and infrastructure of large distributors to efficiently market, warehouse and deliver their chemicals and ingredients to end users.

Our supplier community is well diversified, with our largest producer representing approximately 13% of our 2018 chemicals expenditures, and no other chemical producer accounting for more than 5% of the total. Our 10 largest producers accounted for approximately 27% of our total chemical purchases in 2018 .

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We typically purchase our chemicals and ingredients through purchase orders rather than long-term contracts, although we have exclusive supply arrangements for certain chemicals and ingredients. We normally enter into framework supply contracts with key producers. These framework agreements generally operate on an annual basis either with pricing items fixed to an index or without fixed pricing terms, although they often include financial incentives if we meet or exceed specified purchase volumes. We also have a limited number of longer term agreements with certain producers of commodity chemicals. For all of these chemicals, once we purchase the products, we ship them either directly to a customer or, more commonly, to one of our distribution centers.

Sales and Marketing

We organize our business to align with our customers and end markets needs by geography, product and service, and industry specialization, including high-focus industries such as coatings and adhesives, food ingredients, pharmaceutical ingredients and products, personal care, agricultural and environmental sciences, and energy. We train our sales personnel so that they develop expertise in the industries that they serve. Our sales force leverages our strong producer relationships to provide superior product insight and expertise supporting the delivery of critical-use specialty, organic and inorganic chemicals and ingredients to customers. Aligning our business to customers and end markets enables our sales force and supply chain to deliver valuable market insights to both our customers and producers.

Distribution Channels

We continue to refine our distribution business model to provide producers and our customers with the highest level of service, reliability and timeliness of deliveries while offering cost competitive products. We have multiple channels to market, including both warehouse delivery, and direct-to-consumer delivery. The principal determinants of the way a customer is serviced include the size, scale and level of customization of a particular order, the nature of the product and the customer, and the location of the product inventories. For the year ended December 31, 2018 , warehouse distribution accounted for approximately 80% of our net sales while direct distribution accounted for approximately 18% of our net sales, with the remaining approximate 2% of net sales derived primarily from our waste management services.

Warehouse distribution

Our warehouse distribution channel is the core of our operations. We purchase chemicals and ingredients in truck load or larger quantities from producers based on contracted demands of our customers and our estimates of anticipated customer purchases. Once received, products are stored in one or more of our distribution facilities, for sale and distribution in smaller, less-than-truckload quantities to our customers. Our warehouses have various facilities for services such as repackaging, blending and mixing to create specialized solutions needed by our customers in ready-to-use formulations.

Our warehouse network connects large producers with smaller volume customers whose consumption patterns tend to make them uneconomical to be served directly by producers. Thus, the core customer serviced via our warehouses is a small or medium-volume consumer of chemicals and ingredients. Since chemicals and ingredients comprise only a fraction of the input costs for many of our customers’ products, our warehouse customers typically value quality, reliability of supply and ease of service. Our breadth of product offerings also allows us to provide customers with complete management solutions for their chemical needs as they are able to obtain small volumes of many different products from us more efficiently and economically than if they dealt directly with multiple chemical producers. Our network of warehouses allows us to service most customers from multiple locations and also enables us to move products efficiently and economically throughout our own warehouse system to service customers on a real-time basis. Further, by leveraging our geographic footprint and logistics platform, we are able to combine multiple customer orders along the same distribution routes to reduce delivery costs and facilitate customer inventory management. For example, we combine multiple less-than-truckload deliveries for different customers along the same route to better utilize our delivery assets while at the same time minimizing our customers’ inventories.

Our network of warehouses allows us to offer a delivery system that increases inventory visibility and improves plant safety and productivity. MiniBulk is a safe and efficient handling and use system for customers receiving less than full truckload quantities of chemicals. Our trained specialists deliver products to on-site storage containment systems that minimize employee exposure to hazardous chemicals. In addition, the need for drum storage and disposal are eliminated, thereby saving costs and improving access to product inventory. Our remote telemetry systems used in conjunction with MiniBulk storage solutions permit around-the-clock access to inventory information. The result is better inventory management, elimination of manual measurement and better assurance of timely replenishment.

With the leading market position in North America, our operations are capable of serving customers throughout the United States, including Hawaii and Alaska, and all major provinces and major manufacturing centers within Canada including remote areas such as the oil sands regions of Northern Canada. Our close proximity to major transportation arteries allows us to service customers in the most remote locations throughout the United States, particularly those markets that chemical producers are not

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able to serve profitably. In the USA, we rely on a combination of our own fleet of distribution vehicles and third-party carriers, while we primarily use third parties for the transportation of chemicals and ingredients in Canada, EMEA and Rest of World.

Direct distribution

Our direct distribution channel provides point-to-point logistics for full truckloads or larger quantities of chemicals between producers and customers. In direct distribution, we sell and service large quantity purchases that are shipped directly from producers through our logistics infrastructure, which provides our customers with sourcing and logistics support services for inventory management and delivery, in many cases far more economically than the producer might provide. We believe that producers view us not as competitors, but as providers of a valuable service, supporting these large orders through the utilization of our broad distribution network. We typically do not maintain inventory for direct distribution, but rather use our existing producer relationships and marketing expertise, ordering and logistics infrastructure to serve this demand, resulting in limited working capital investment for these sales. Our direct distribution service is valuable to major chemical producers as it allows them to deliver larger orders to customers utilizing our existing ordering, delivery and payment systems.

Insurance

The nature of our business exposes us to operational risk, including damages to the environment and property, and injury to employees or the general public. Although we focus on operating safely and prudently, we occasionally receive claims, alleging damages, negligence or other wrongdoing in the planning or performance of our services. Our liabilities resulting from these claims can be significant. Accruals for deductibles are based on claims and actuarial estimates of claims development and claims incurred but not recorded.

We maintain policies of insurance that provide coverage for these types of claims (subject to limitations, exclusions, or deductibles) for our worldwide facilities and activities. To mitigate aggregate loss potential above these retentions and deductibles, the company purchases insurance coverage from highly rated insurance companies. The company does not currently operate or participate in any captive insurance companies or other non-traditional risk transfer alternatives.

In the normal course of business, as a financial guarantee of our performance, we also purchase surety bonds or issue letters of credit in connection with municipal contracts, import and export activities, environmental remediation, and environmental permits.

Competition

The chemical and ingredient production, distribution and sales markets are highly competitive. Most of the products that we distribute are made to standard specifications and are either produced by or available from multiple sources.

Chemical and ingredient distribution itself is a fragmented market in which only a small number of competitors have substantial international operations. Our principal large international competitor is Brenntag, which has a particularly strong position in Europe.

Many other chemical distributors operate on a regional, national or local basis and may have a strong relationship with local producers and customers that may give them a competitive advantage in their local market. Some of our competitors are either local or regional distributors with a broad product portfolio, while others are niche players which focus on a specific end market, either industry or product-based.

Chemical and ingredient producers may also sell their products through a direct sales force or through multiple chemical distributors, limit their use of third party distributors, particularly with respect to higher margin products, or to partner with other chemical and ingredient producers for distribution. Each of which could increase our competition.

We compete on the basis of service, on-time delivery, product breadth and availability, product and market knowledge and insights, safety and environmental compliance, global reach, product price, as well as our ability to provide certain additional value-added services.

North America

The independent chemical distribution market in North America is fragmented. Our principal competitors in North America include Brenntag, Helm America, Hydrite Chemical, Prinova and Nexeo Solutions. In September 2018, we announced the signing of a definitive agreement to acquire Nexeo Solutions. The transaction was unanimously approved by the Boards of Directors of both companies, and is anticipated to close in the first quarter of 2019, subject to the approval of Univar's shareholders, as well as satisfaction of other customary conditions. On January 29, 2019, Nexeo’s key stockholders, TPG Global and First Pacific, provided consent for the proposed transaction.

We also compete with a number of smaller companies in certain niche markets.

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EMEA

The independent chemical distribution market in Europe historically has been highly fragmented. Consolidation among chemical distributors has increased, mirroring developments within the chemical sector as a whole.

Brenntag is our leading competitor in Europe due to its strong market position in Germany, which is the largest European chemical distribution market. Other regional competitors in Europe include Azelis, Helm and IMCD. We believe that we are the leading chemical distributor in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Rest of World

In Rest of World, the markets for chemical distribution are much more fragmented and credible competitive information for smaller companies is not available. Our relative competitive position in the Rest of World markets is smaller than in North America or EMEA.

Regulatory Matters

Our business is subject to a wide range of regulatory requirements in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Among other things, these laws and regulations relate to environmental protection, economic sanctions, product regulation, anti-terrorism concerns, management, storage, transport and disposal of hazardous chemicals and other dangerous goods, and occupational health and safety issues. Changes in and introductions of regulations have in the past caused us to devote significant management and capital resources to compliance programs and measures. New laws, regulations, or changing interpretations of existing laws or regulations, or a failure to comply with current laws, regulations or interpretations, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The following summary illustrates some of the significant regulatory and legal requirements applicable to our business.

Environmental, health and safety matters

We operate in a number of jurisdictions and are subject to numerous foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations related to the protection of the environment, human health and safety, including laws regulating discharges of hazardous substances into the soil, air and water, blending, managing, handling, storing, selling, transporting and disposing of hazardous substances, investigation and remediation of contaminated properties and protecting the safety of our employees and others. Some of our operations are required to hold environmental permits and licenses and certain of our services businesses are also impacted by these laws. The cost of complying with these environmental, health and safety laws, permits and licenses has, in some instances, been substantial.

Some of our historic operations, including those of companies we acquired, have resulted in contamination at a number of currently and formerly owned or operated sites. We are required to investigate and remediate at many of such sites. Contamination at these sites generally resulted from releases of chemicals and other hazardous substances. We have spent substantial sums on such investigation and remediation and expect to continue to incur such expenditures, or discover additional sites in need of investigation and remediation, until such investigation and remediation is deemed complete. Information on our environmental reserves is included in “ Note 20: Commitments and contingencies ” to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 which are included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

CERCLA . The US Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, or CERCLA, also known as Superfund, as well as similar laws in other jurisdictions, governs the remediation of contaminated sites and establishes liability for the release of hazardous substances at such sites. A party that transported waste, or arranged for the shipment of waste, to a waste disposal facility or other third party site that requires remediation can be liable for the cost of cleanup regardless of fault, the lawfulness of the disposal or the actions of other parties. Under CERCLA, the EPA or a delegated state agency can oversee or require remediation of such sites and seek cost recovery from any party whose wastes were disposed at, or who otherwise contributed to the contamination of, such sites. We are party to consent agreements with the EPA and state regulatory authorities with respect to environmental remediation at a number of such sites. We may be identified as a Potentially Responsible Party at additional third party sites or waste disposal facilities.

RCRA . The EPA regulates the generation, transport, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste under the US Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, or RCRA. RCRA also sets forth a framework for managing non-hazardous waste. Most owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities must obtain a RCRA permit. RCRA also mandates certain operating, recordkeeping and reporting obligations for owners and operators of hazardous waste facilities. Our facilities generate various hazardous and non-hazardous wastes and we are a hazardous waste transporter and temporary storage facility. As a result of such activities, we are required to comply with RCRA requirements, including the maintenance of financial resources and security to address forced closures or accidental releases.

Clean Air Act . The US Clean Air Act and similar laws in other jurisdictions establish a variety of air pollution control measures, including limits for a number of airborne pollutants. These laws also establish controls for emissions from automobiles

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and trucks, regulate hazardous air pollutants emitted from industrial sources and address the production of substances that deplete stratospheric ozone. Under the Clean Air Act, we are required to obtain permits for, and report on emissions of, certain air pollutants, or qualify for and maintain records substantiating that we qualify for an exemption. Owners and operators of facilities that handle certain quantities of flammable and toxic substances must implement and regularly update detailed risk management plans filed with and approved by the EPA. Failure to comply with the Clean Air Act may subject us to fines, penalties and other governmental and private actions.

Clean Water Act . Many of the jurisdictions in which we operate regulate water quality and contamination of water. In the United States, the EPA regulates discharges of pollutants into US waters, sets wastewater standards for industry and establishes water quality standards for surface waters, such as streams, rivers and lakes, under the US Clean Water Act. The discharge of any regulated pollutant from point sources (such as pipes and manmade ditches) into navigable waters requires a permit from the EPA or a delegated state agency. Several of our facilities have obtained permits for discharges of treated process wastewater directly to surface waters. In addition, several of our facilities discharge to municipal wastewater treatment facilities and therefore are required to obtain pretreatment discharge permits from local agencies. A number of our facilities also have storm water discharge permits.

Oil Pollution Prevention Regulations . The Oil Pollution Prevention regulations promulgated by the EPA under the authority of the Clean Water Act require that facilities storing oil in excess of threshold quantities or which have the ability to reach navigable water have a spill prevention, control and countermeasure, or SPCC, plan. Many of our facilities have SPCC plans or similar oil storage plans required in non-US jurisdictions.

Storage Requirements . Our warehouse facilities are required to comply with applicable permits and zoning requirements from local regulatory authorities and pursuant to leases. These requirements, which differ based on type of facility and location, define structural specifications and establish limits on building usage. Regulators typically have the authority to address non-compliance with storage requirements through fines, penalties and other administrative sanctions.

EPCRA . The US Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act, or EPCRA, establishes reporting rules for facilities that store or manage chemicals and requires such facilities to maintain certain safety data. EPCRA is intended to facilitate state and local planning for chemical emergencies. EPCRA requires state and local emergency planning and emergency response authorities to be informed of the presence of specified quantities of “extremely hazardous substances” at a facility and the release of listed hazardous substances above threshold quantities. Facilities that store or use significant amounts of toxic chemicals must also submit annual toxic chemical release reports containing information about the types and amounts of toxic chemicals that are released into the air, water and soil, as well as information on the quantities of toxic chemicals sent to other facilities. We store and handle a number of chemicals subject to EPCRA reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

TSCA and the Lautenberg Act . The US Toxic Substances Control Act, the recently enacted Lautenberg Act (collectively TSCA) and similar laws in other jurisdictions, are intended to ensure that chemicals do not pose unreasonable risks to human health or the environment. TSCA requires the EPA to maintain the TSCA registry listing chemicals manufactured or processed in the United States. Chemicals not listed on the TSCA registry cannot be imported into or sold in the United States until registered with the EPA. TSCA also sets forth specific reporting, recordkeeping and testing rules for chemicals, including requirements for the import and export of certain chemicals, as well as other restrictions relevant to our business. Pursuant to these laws, the EPA from time to time issues Significant New Use Rules, or SNURs, when it identifies new uses of chemicals that could pose risks to human health or the environment and also requires pre-manufacture notification of new chemical substances that do not appear on the TSCA registry. When we import chemicals into the United States, we must ensure that chemicals appear on the TSCA registry prior to import, participate in the SNUR process when a chemical we import requires testing data and report to the EPA information relating to quantities, identities and uses of imported chemicals.

FIFRA and Other Pesticide and Biocide Regulations . We have a significant operation in the distribution and sale of pesticides and biocides. These products are regulated in many jurisdictions. In the United States, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, or FIFRA, authorizes the EPA to oversee and regulate the manufacture, distribution, sale and use of pesticides and biocides. We are required to register with the EPA and certain state regulatory authorities as a seller and repackager of pesticides and biocides. The EPA may cancel registration of any pesticide or biocide that does not comply with FIFRA, effectively prohibiting the manufacture, sale, distribution or use of such product in the United States.

The EPA has established procedures and standards for the design of pesticide and biocide containers, as well as the removal of pesticides and biocides from such containers prior to disposal. Applicable regulations also prescribe specific labeling requirements and establish standards to prevent leaks and spills of pesticides and biocides from containment structures at bulk storage sites and dispensing operations. These standards apply to dealers who repackage pesticides, commercial applicators and custom blenders.

REACH . In Europe, our business is affected by legislation dealing with the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, or REACH. REACH requires manufacturers and importers of chemical substances to register such substances with the European Chemicals Agency, or the ECHA, and enables European and national authorities to track such

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substances. Depending on the amount of chemical substances to be manufactured or imported, and the specific risks of each substance, REACH requires different sets of data to be included in the registration submitted to the ECHA. Registration of substances with the ECHA imposes significant recordkeeping requirements that can result in significant financial obligations for chemical distributors, such as us, to import products into Europe. REACH is accompanied by legislation regulating the classification, labeling and packaging of chemical substances and mixtures.

GHG Emissions . In the US, various legislative and regulatory measures to address greenhouse gas, or GHG, emissions are in various phases of discussion or implementation. At the federal legislative level, Congress has previously considered legislation requiring a mandatory reduction of GHG emissions. Although Congressional passage of such legislation does not appear likely at this time, it could be adopted at a future date. It is also possible that Congress may pass alternative climate change bills that do not mandate a nationwide cap-and-trade program and instead focus on promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency. In the absence of congressional legislation curbing GHG emissions, the EPA is moving ahead administratively under its Clean Air Act authority.

The implementation of additional EPA regulations and/or the passage of federal or state climate change legislation will likely result in increased costs to operate and maintain our facilities. Increased costs associated with compliance with any future legislation or regulation of GHG emissions, if it occurs, may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and ability to make cash distributions.

Internationally, many of the countries in which we do business (but not the US) have ratified the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, or the Kyoto Protocol, and we have been subject to its requirements, particularly in the European Union. Many nations entered into the Copenhagen Accord, which may result in a new international climate change treaty in the future. If so, we may become subject to different and more restrictive regulation on climate change to the extent the countries in which we do business implement such a new treaty.

OSHA . We are subject to workplace safety laws in many jurisdictions, including the United States. The US Occupational Safety and Health Act, or OSHA, which addresses safety and health in workplace environments and establishes maximum workplace chemical exposure levels for indoor air quality. Chemical manufacturers and importers must employ a hazard communication program utilizing labels and other forms of warnings, as well as Material Safety Data Sheets, setting forth safety and hazardous materials information to employees and customers. Employers must provide training to ensure that relevant employees are equipped to properly handle chemicals.

We train employees and visitors who have access to chemical handling areas. OSHA requires the use of personal protective equipment when other controls are not feasible or effective in reducing the risk of exposure to serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from contact with hazardous substances or other workplace hazards. Employers must conduct workplace assessments to determine what hazards require personal protective equipment, and must provide appropriate equipment to workers.

OSHA operates a process safety management rule, or PSM Rule, that requires employers to compile written process safety information, operating procedures and facility management plans, conduct hazard analyses, develop written action plans for employee participation in safety management and certify every three years that they have evaluated their compliance with process safety requirements. Employees must have access to safety analyses and related information, and employers must maintain and provide process-specific training to relevant employees. We handle several chemicals that are hazardous and listed under the PSM Rule, which imposes extensive obligations on our handling of these chemicals and results in significant costs on our operations.

OSHA’s Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response rules require employers and employees to comply with certain safety standards when conducting operations involving the exposure or potential exposure to hazardous substances and wastes. These standards require hazardous substances preparedness training for employees and generally apply to individuals engaged in cleanup operations, facility operations entailing the treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes, and emergency responses to uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances.

OSHA regulations require employers to develop and maintain an emergency action plan to direct employer and employee actions in the event of a workplace emergency. Under most circumstances, the plan must be maintained in writing, remain accessible at the workplace and be made available to employees for review.

Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards . The US Department of Homeland Security, or DHS, regulates certain high-risk chemical facilities through its Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards. These standards establish a Chemical Security Assessment Tool comprised of four elements, including facility user registration, top-screen evaluation, security vulnerability assessment and site security planning. The site security plan must address any vulnerabilities identified in the security vulnerability assessment, including access control, personnel credentialing, recordkeeping, employee training, emergency response, testing of security equipment, reporting of security incidents and suspicious activity, and deterring, detecting and delaying potential attacks. DHS must approve all security vulnerability assessments and site security plans. We handle a number of chemicals regulated by DHS.

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FDA. The US Food & Drug Administration’s, or FDA’s, Food Safety Modernization Act, or FSMA, directs FDA to build an integrated national food safety system in partnership with state and local authorities. Univar facilities that handle FDA regulated products are required to implement a written preventive controls plan. This involves evaluating the hazards that could affect food safety and specifying what preventive steps, or controls, will be put in place to significantly minimize or prevent the hazards. Also, when we import FDA regulated products into the United States, we have an explicit responsibility to verify that our foreign suppliers have adequate preventive controls in place. Finally, the rule establishes requirements for companies involved in transporting FDA regulated products to use sanitary practices to ensure the safety of those products.

Other regulations

We are subject to other foreign, federal, state and local regulations. For example, many of the products we repackage, blend and distribute are subject to Food and Drug Administration regulations governing the handling of chemicals used in food, food processing or pharmaceutical applications. Compliance with these regulations requires testing, additional policies, procedures and documentation and segregation of products. In addition, we are subject to a variety of state and local regulations, including those relating to the fire protection standards, and local licensing and permitting of various aspects of our operations and facilities.

Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to periodic lawsuits, investigations and claims. Although we cannot predict with certainty the ultimate resolution of pending or future lawsuits, investigations and claims asserted against us, we do not believe that any currently pending legal proceeding to which we are a party is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. See “ Note 20: Commitments and contingencies ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Asbestos claims

In its 1986 purchase of McKesson Chemical Company from McKesson Corporation, or McKesson, our wholly owned subsidiary, Univar USA Inc., entered into an indemnification agreement with McKesson. Univar USA has an obligation to defend and indemnify McKesson for claims alleging injury from exposure to asbestos-containing products sold by McKesson Chemical Company, or the asbestos claims. Univar USA’s obligation to indemnify McKesson for settlements and judgments arising from asbestos claims is the amount which is in excess of applicable insurance coverage, if any, which may be available under McKesson’s historical insurance coverage. In addition, we are currently defending a small number of claims which name Univar USA as a defendant.

As of December 31, 2018 , Univar USA has accepted the tender of, and is defending McKesson in, eight pending separate-plaintiff claims in multi-plaintiff lawsuits filed in the State of Mississippi. These lawsuits have multiple plaintiffs, include a large number of defendants, and provide no specific information on the plaintiffs’ injuries and do not connect the plaintiffs’ injuries to any specific sources of asbestos. Additionally, the majority of the plaintiffs in these lawsuits have not put forth evidence that they have been seriously injured from exposure to asbestos. No new claims in Mississippi have been received since 2010. At the peak there were approximately 16,000 such claims pending against McKesson. To date, the costs for defending these cases have not been material, and the cases that have been finalized have either been dismissed or resolved with either minimal or no payments. Although we cannot predict the outcome of pending or future claims or lawsuits with certainty, we believe the future defense and liability costs for the Mississippi cases will not be material. Univar USA has not recorded a reserve related to these lawsuits, as it has determined that losses are neither probable nor estimable.

As of December 31, 2018 , Univar USA was defending fewer than 200 single-plaintiff asbestos claims against McKesson (or Univar USA as a successor in interest to McKesson Chemical Company) pending in 12 states. These cases differ from the Mississippi multi-plaintiff cases in that they are single-plaintiff cases with the plaintiff alleging substantial specific injuries from exposure to asbestos-containing products. These cases are similar to the Mississippi cases in that numerous defendants are named and that they provide little specific information connecting the plaintiffs’ injuries to any specific source of asbestos. Although we cannot predict the outcome of pending or future claims or lawsuits with certainty, we believe the liabilities for these cases will not be material. In 2018 , there were 56 single-plaintiff lawsuits filed against McKesson and 100 cases against McKesson which were resolved.

Environmental remediation

The Company is subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations that require environmental assessment or remediation efforts (collectively “environmental remediation work”) at approximately 130 locations, some that are now or were previously Company-owned/occupied and some that were never Company-owned/occupied (“non-owned sites”).

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process of active review of the need for potential remediation efforts at approximately 107 current or formerly Company-owned/occupied sites. In addition, the Company may be liable for a share of the cleanup of approximately 23 non-owned sites. These non-owned sites are typically (a) locations of independent waste disposal or recycling operations with alleged or confirmed contaminated soil and/or groundwater to which the Company may have shipped waste products or drums for re-conditioning, or (b) contaminated non-owned sites near historical sites owned or operated by the Company or its predecessors from which contamination is alleged to have arisen.

In determining the appropriate level of environmental reserves, the Company considers several factors such as information obtained from investigatory studies; changes in the scope of remediation; the interpretation, application and enforcement of laws and regulations; changes in the costs of remediation programs; the development of alternative cleanup technologies and methods; and the relative level of the Company’s involvement at various sites for which the Company is allegedly associated. The level of annual expenditures for remedial, monitoring and investigatory activities will change in the future as major components of planned remediation activities are completed and the scope, timing and costs of existing activities are changed. Project lives, and therefore cash flows, range from 2 to 30 years, depending on the specific site and type of remediation project.

Although the Company believes that its reserves are adequate for environmental contingencies, it is possible, due to the uncertainties noted above, that additional reserves could be required in the future that could have a material effect on the overall financial position, results of operations, or cash flows in a particular period. This additional loss or range of losses cannot be recorded at this time, as it is not reasonably estimable.

Customs and international trade laws

In 2015, the US Department of Justice (“DOJ”), on behalf of US Customs and Border Patrol (“CBP”), filed a complaint against Univar USA Inc., (“Univar”) in the Court of the International Trade seeking approximately $84.0 million , plus additional interest and fees, in allegedly unpaid duties that applied to imports of saccharin from China. Univar denies that any such duties were due because Univar contends the saccharin it imported during the time in question was Taiwanese in origin. The case has progressed through the discovery phase and earlier this year Univar filed a motion for summary judgement, which the Court denied. The case is scheduled for trial in April 2019. Univar has not recorded a liability related to this matter. Although the Company believes its position is defensible, it cannot guarantee the outcome of this or other litigation.

Proprietary Rights

We rely primarily on trademarks, copyrights and trade secret laws to establish and maintain our proprietary rights in our intellectual property including technology, creative works and products.

We currently own trademark registrations or pending applications in approximately 86 countries for the Univar name and in approximately 68 countries for the Univar hexagon logo. Each of the issued registrations is current and valid for the maximum available statutory duration and can be renewed prior to expiration of the relevant statutory period. We renew the registrations as they become due for both of these marks. We claim common law rights in the mark “Univar” and other Univar-owned trademarks in those jurisdictions that recognize trademark rights based on use without registration. Additionally, we currently own registrations and pending applications in the United States and various jurisdictions for numerous other trademarks that identify Univar as the source of products and services, including “ChemPoint.com,” “ChemCare,” and “PESTWEB.”

Employees

As of December 31, 2018 , we employed more than 8,500 persons on a full-time equivalent basis worldwide.

Available Information

We file our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports, as well as proxy statements and registration statements, with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically. We make our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act available free of charge on or through our website at www.univar.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish them to the SEC. The contents of our website are not, however, a part of this Form 10-K or our other SEC filings.

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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to Our Business

Business and Economic Risks

We are affected by general economic conditions, particularly fluctuations in industrial production and consumption, and an economic downturn could adversely affect our operations and financial results.

We sell chemicals that are used in manufacturing processes and as components of or ingredients in other products. Our sales are correlated with and affected by fluctuations in the levels of industrial production, manufacturing output, and general economic activity. Producers of commodity and specialty chemicals are likely to reduce their output in periods of significant contraction in industrial and consumer demand, while demand for the products we distribute depends largely on trends in demand in the end markets our customers serve. A majority of our sales are in North America and Europe and our business is therefore susceptible to downturns in those economies as well as, to a lesser extent, the economies in the rest of the world. Our profit margins, as well as overall demand for our products and services, could decline as a result of a large number of factors outside our control, including economic recessions, reduced customer demand (whether due to changes in production processes, consumer preferences, laws and regulations affecting the chemicals industry and the manner in which they are enforced, or other factors), inflation, fluctuations in interest and currency exchange rates, and changes in the fiscal or monetary policies of governments in the regions in which we operate.

General economic conditions and macroeconomic trends, as well as the creditworthiness of our customers, could affect overall demand for chemicals. Any overall decline in the demand for chemicals could significantly reduce our sales and profitability. If the creditworthiness of our customers declines, we would face increased credit risk. In addition, volatility and disruption in financial markets could adversely affect our sales and results of operations by limiting our customers’ ability to obtain financing necessary to maintain or expand their own operations.

A historical feature of past economic weakness has been significant destocking of inventories, including inventories of chemicals used in industrial and manufacturing processes. It is possible that an improvement in our net sales in a particular period may be attributable in part to restocking of inventories by our customers and represent a level of sales or sales growth that will not be sustainable over the longer term. Further economic weakness could lead to insolvencies among our customers or producers, as well as among financial institutions that are counterparties on financial instruments or accounts that we hold. Any of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Disruptions in the supply of chemicals we distribute or in the operations of our customers could adversely affect our business.

Our business depends on access to adequate supplies of the chemicals our customers purchase from us. From time to time, we may be unable to purchase adequate quantities of certain chemicals at prices that would enable us to earn a profit, if at all due to supply disruptions. Causes of supply disruptions may include natural disasters (including hurricanes and other extreme weather), industrial accidents, scheduled production outages, producer breaches of contract, producer disruptions, high demand leading to difficulties allocating appropriate quantities, port closures and other transportation disruptions and other circumstances beyond our control. In addition, unpredictable events may have a significant impact on the industries in which many of our customers operate, reducing demand for products that we normally distribute in significant volumes. Significant disruptions of supply and disruptions in customer industries could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Significant changes in the business strategies of producers could also disrupt our supply. Large chemical manufacturers may elect to sell certain products (or products in certain regions) directly to customers, instead of relying on distributors such as us. While we do not believe that our results depend materially on access to any individual producer’s products, a reversal of the trend toward more active use of distributors would likely result in increasing margin pressure or products becoming unavailable to us. Any of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

To the extent we have contracts with producers and our customers, they are generally short term or terminable upon short notice or at will, and termination or renegotiation of our relationships with producers and customers could negatively affect our business.

Our purchases and sales of chemicals are typically made pursuant to purchase orders rather than long-term contracts. Many of our contracts with both producers and our customers are terminable without cause upon 30 days' or less notice to us from the producer or customer. While some of our relationships for the distribution and sale of chemicals have exclusivity or preference provisions, we may not enforce these provisions effectively due to legal or business considerations. Our business relationships and reputation may suffer if we are unable to meet our delivery obligations to our customers which may occur because many producers are not subject to contracts or can terminate contracts on short notice. In addition, renegotiation of purchase or sales

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terms to our disadvantage could reduce our sales margins. Any of these developments could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The prices and costs of the products we purchase may be subject to large and significant price increases. We might not be able to pass such cost increases through to our customers. We could experience financial losses if our inventories of one or more chemicals exceed our sales and the price of those chemicals decreases significantly while in our inventories or if our inventories fall short of our sales and the purchase price of those chemicals increases significantly.

We purchase and sell a wide variety of chemicals, the price and availability of which may fluctuate, and may be subject to large and significant price increases. Many of our contracts with producers include chemical prices that are not fixed or are tied to an index, which allows our producers to change the prices of the chemicals we purchase as the price of the chemicals fluctuates in the market. Our business is exposed to these fluctuations, as well as to fluctuations in our costs for transportation and distribution due to rising fuel prices or increases in charges from common carriers, rail companies and other third party transportation providers, as well as other factors. Changes in chemical prices affect our net sales and cost of goods sold, as well as our working capital requirements, levels of debt and financing costs. We might not always be able to reflect increases in our chemical costs, transportation costs and other costs in our own pricing. Any inability to pass cost increases onto customers may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In order to meet customer demand, we typically maintain significant inventories, and we are therefore subject to a number of risks associated with our inventory levels, including the following:


•	declines in the prices of chemicals that are held by us;


•	the need to maintain a significant inventory of chemicals that may be in limited supply and therefore difficult to procure;


•	buying chemicals in bulk for the best pricing and thereby holding excess inventory;


•	responding to the fluctuating demand for chemicals;


•	cancellation of customer orders; and


•	responding to customer requests for rapid delivery.

In order to manage our inventories successfully, we must estimate demand from our customers and purchase chemicals that substantially correspond to that demand. If we overestimate demand and purchase too much of a particular chemical, we face a risk that the price of that chemical will fall, leaving us with inventory that we cannot sell profitably or have to write down such inventory from its recorded value. If we underestimate demand and purchase insufficient quantities of a particular chemical and prices of that chemical rise, we could be forced to purchase that chemical at a higher price and forego profitability in order to meet customer demand. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could suffer a material adverse effect if either or both of these situations occur frequently or in large volumes.

We could lose our customers and suffer damage to our reputation if we are unable to meet customer demand for a particular product.

It can be difficult to anticipate our customers’ requirements for particular chemicals, particularly in the cases on pronounced cyclicality in our end markets. We could be, and often are, asked to deliver larger-than-expected quantities of a particular chemical on short notice. If for any reason we experience difficulties in filling customer orders, our reputation and customer relationships could be harmed. Customers may discontinue their relationship with us or we may be required to pay a higher price in order to obtain the needed chemical on short notice, thereby adversely affecting our margins.

Trends in oil, gas and mineral prices could adversely affect the level of exploration, development and production activity of certain of our customers and in turn the demand for our products and services.

Demand for our oil, gas and mining products and services is sensitive to the level of exploration, drilling, development and production activity of, and the corresponding capital spending by, oil, gas and mining companies and oilfield service providers. The level of exploration, drilling, development and production activity is directly affected by trends in oil, gas and mineral prices, which historically have been volatile and are likely to continue to be volatile. Many factors may affect these prices, including global market conditions, political conditions and weather. The unpredictability of these factors prevents any reasonable forecast on the movements of such prices.

Any reduction in oil and gas prices, could depress the immediate levels of exploration, drilling, development and production activity by certain of our customers. Even the perception of longer-term lower oil and gas prices by certain of our customers could similarly reduce or delay major expenditures by these customers given the long-term nature of many large-scale development

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projects. If any of these events were to occur, it could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive.

The chemical distribution market is highly competitive. Chemicals can be purchased from a variety of sources, including traders, brokers, wholesalers and other distributors, as well as directly from producers. Many of the products we distribute or finish are essentially fungible with products offered by our competition, including emerging competitors. The competitive pressure we face is particularly strong in sectors and markets where local competitors have strong positions or where new competitors can easily enter. Increased competition from distributors of products similar to or competitive with ours could result in price reductions, reduced margins and a loss of market share.

We expect to continue to experience significant and increasing levels of competition in the future. We must also compete with smaller companies that have been able to develop strong local or regional customer bases. In certain countries, some of our competitors are more established, benefit from greater name recognition and have greater resources within those countries than we do.

Consolidation of our competitors in the markets in which we operate could place us at a competitive disadvantage and reduce our profitability.

We operate in an industry, which is highly fragmented on a global scale, but in which there has been a trend toward consolidation in recent years. Consolidations of our competitors may jeopardize the strength of our positions in one or more of the markets in which we operate and any advantages we currently enjoy due to the comparative scale of our operations. Losing some of those advantages could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our growth potential.

We have in the past and may in the future make acquisitions, ventures and strategic investments, some of which may be significant in size and scope, which have involved in the past and will likely involve in the future numerous risks. We may not be able to address these risks without substantial expense, delay or other operational or financial problems.

We have made and may in the future make acquisitions of, or investments in, businesses or companies (including strategic partnerships with other companies). Acquisitions or investments have involved in the past and will likely involve in the future various risks, such as:


•	integrating the operations and personnel of any acquired business;


•	the potential disruption of our ongoing business, including the diversion of management attention;


•	the possible inability to obtain the desired financial and strategic benefits from the acquisition or investment;


•	customer attrition arising from preferences to maintain redundant sources of supply;


•	producer attrition arising from overlapping or competitive products;


•	assumption of contingent or unanticipated liabilities or regulatory liabilities;


•	dependence on the retention and performance of existing management and work force of acquired businesses for the future performance of these businesses;


•	regulatory risks associated with acquired businesses (including the risk that we may be required for regulatory reasons to dispose of a portion of our existing or acquired businesses); and


•	the risks inherent in entering geographic or product markets in which we have limited prior experience.

Future acquisitions and investments may need to be financed in part through additional financing from banks, through public offerings or private placements of debt or equity securities or through other arrangements, and could result in substantial cash expenditures. The necessary acquisition financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms if and when required, particularly because our current high leverage may make it difficult or impossible for us to secure additional financing for acquisitions.

To the extent that we make acquisitions that result in our recording significant goodwill or other intangible assets, the requirement to review goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment periodically may result in impairments that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

In connection with acquisitions, ventures or divestitures, we may become subject to liabilities.

In connection with any acquisitions or ventures, we may acquire liabilities or defects such as legal claims, including but not limited to third party liability and other tort claims; claims for breach of contract; employment-related claims; environmental

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liabilities, conditions or damage; permitting, regulatory or other compliance with law issues; hazardous materials or liability for hazardous materials; or tax liabilities. If we acquire any of these liabilities, and they are not adequately covered by insurance or an enforceable indemnity or similar agreement from a creditworthy counterparty, we may be responsible for significant out-of-pocket expenditures. In connection with any divestitures, we may incur liabilities for breaches of representations and warranties or failure to comply with operating covenants under any agreement for a divestiture. In addition, we may indemnify a counterparty in a divestiture for certain liabilities of the subsidiary or operations subject to the divestiture transaction. These liabilities, if they materialize, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our balance sheet includes significant goodwill and intangible assets, the impairment of which could affect our future operating results.

We carry significant goodwill and intangible assets on our balance sheet. As of December 31, 2018 , our goodwill and intangible assets totaled approximately $1.8 billion and $0.2 billion , respectively, including approximately $1.2 billion in goodwill resulting from our 2007 acquisition by investment funds advised by CVC. We may also recognize additional goodwill and intangible assets in connection with future business acquisitions. Goodwill is not amortized for book purposes. We test for impairment annually using a fair value based approach. We also test goodwill for impairment if an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit has more likely than not declined below its carrying value. The identification and measurement of impairment involves the estimation of the fair value of reporting units, which requires judgment and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions by management. The estimates of fair value of reporting units are based on the best information available as of the date of the assessment and incorporate management assumptions about expected future cash flows and contemplate other valuation techniques. Our estimates of future cash flows may differ from actual cash flows that are subsequently realized due to many factors, including future worldwide economic conditions and the expected benefits of our initiatives, among other things. Intangible assets are amortized for book purposes over their respective useful lives and are tested for impairment if any event occurs or circumstances change that indicates that carrying value may not be recoverable. Although we currently do not expect that our goodwill and intangible assets will be further impaired, we cannot guarantee that a material impairment will not occur, particularly in the event of a substantial deterioration in our future prospects either in total or in a particular reporting unit. See “ Note 13: Goodwill and intangible assets ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of our 2018 impairment review. If our goodwill and intangible assets become impaired, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We require significant working capital, and we expect our working capital needs to increase in the future, which could result in having lower cash available for, among other things, capital expenditures and acquisition financing.

We require significant working capital to purchase chemicals from chemical producers and distributors and sell those chemicals efficiently and profitably to our customers. Our working capital needs may increase if the price of products we purchase and inventory increase. Our working capital needs also increase at certain times of the year, as our customers’ requirements for chemicals increase. For example, our customers in the agricultural sector require significant deliveries of chemicals within a growing season that can be very short and depend on weather patterns in a given year. We need inventory on hand to have product available to ensure timely delivery to our customers. If our working capital requirements increase and we are unable to finance our working capital on terms and conditions acceptable to us, we may not be able to obtain chemicals to respond to customer demand, which could result in a loss of sales.

In addition, the amount of working capital we require to run our business is expected to increase in the future due to expansions in our business activities. If our working capital needs increase, the amount of free cash we have at our disposal to devote to other uses will decrease. A decrease in free cash could, among other things, limit our flexibility, including our ability to make capital expenditures and to acquire suitable acquisition targets that we have identified. If increases in our working capital occur and have the effect of decreasing our free cash, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have a history of net losses and may not sustain profitability in the future.

Although we achieved profitability in 2018 and 2017, we had a net loss of $68.4 million in 2016 and there can be no assurance that we will sustain profitability. We have incurred net losses in three of the last six fiscal years. Growth of our revenues may slow or revenues may decline for a number of possible reasons, including slowing demand for our products and services, increasing competition or decreasing growth of our overall market. Our cost of goods sold could increase for a number of possible reasons, including increases in chemical prices and increases in chemical handling expenses due to regulatory action or litigation. In addition, our ability to generate profits could be impacted by our substantial indebtedness and the related interest expense. The interest payments on our indebtedness have exceeded operating income in two of our last six fiscal years. All of these factors could contribute to further net losses and, if we are unable to meet these risks and challenges as we encounter them, our business may suffer.

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We rely on our computer and data processing systems, and a large-scale malfunction could disrupt our business or create potential liabilities.

Our ability to keep our business operating effectively depends on the functional and efficient operation of our enterprise resource planning, telecommunications systems, inventory tracking, billing and other information systems and related records and information management policies. We rely on these systems to track transactions, billings, payments and inventory, as well as to make a variety of day-to-day business decisions. Our systems are aging and susceptible to malfunctions, lack of support, interruptions (including due to equipment damage, power outages, computer viruses and a range of other hardware, software and network problems) and we may experience such malfunctions, interruptions or security breaches in the future. Our systems may also be older generations of software which are unable to perform as efficiently as, and fail to communicate well with, newer systems. As the development and implementation of our information technology systems continue, we may elect to modify, replace or discontinue certain technology initiatives, which would result in write-downs.

Although our systems are diversified, including multiple server locations and a range of software applications for different regions and functions, a significant or large-scale malfunction, interruption or security breach of our computer or data processing systems could adversely affect our ability to manage and keep our operations running efficiently and damage our reputation if we are unable to track transactions and receive products from producers or deliver products to our customers. A malfunction that results in a wider or sustained disruption to our business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as on the ability of management to align and optimize technology to implement business strategies. A security breach might also lead to potential claims from third parties or employees.

Data privacy is subject to frequently changing rules and regulations regarding the handling of personal data, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) which was recently adopted by the European Union. These rules and regulations are frequently changing and are becoming increasingly complex and sometimes conflict among the various jurisdictions and countries in which we operate, which makes compliance challenging and expensive. Any breach in our information technology security systems could result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, including sensitive customer, supplier, employee or investor information maintained in the ordinary course of our business. Any such event, or any failure to comply with the requirements of GDPR or other laws in this area, could cause damage to our reputation, loss of valuable information or loss of revenue and could result in legal liability, or regulatory or other penalties. In addition, we may incur large expenditures to investigate or remediate, to recover data, to repair or replace networks or information systems, or to protect against similar future events.

Further, a failure to comply with our records and information management and retention policies could lead to potential claims, liabilities or exposures.

Our business could be negatively affected by security threats, including cybersecurity threats to us, and other disruptions.

We face various security threats, including cybersecurity threats to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or to render data or systems unusable, threats to the security of our facilities, and threats from terrorist acts. The potential for such security threats subjects our operations to increased risks that could have a material adverse effect on our business. Under the oversight of our board of directors and the leadership and active participation of our senior management team, we are continuously working to improve our ability to respond to and recover from potential security threats through technological improvements and employee awareness training around cyber risks. In responding to these risks, we continue to implement various procedures and controls to monitor and mitigate security threats and to increase security for our information, facilities and infrastructure which may result in increased capital and operating costs. We may be the recipients of intelligence or other threat information that we are unable to share with investors and other stakeholders. There can be no assurance that such procedures, controls, and intelligence will be sufficient to prevent security breaches from occurring. If any security breaches were to occur, they could lead to losses of sensitive information, critical infrastructure or capabilities essential to our operations and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial position, results of operations or cash flows, and could result in claims being brought against us. Cybersecurity attacks in particular are becoming more sophisticated and include, but are not limited to, malicious software, attempts to gain unauthorized access to data (either directly or through our business partners), and other electronic security breaches that could lead to disruptions in critical systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information, and corruption of data. In addition, if any information about our customers and producers retained by us were the subject of a successful cybersecurity attack against us, we could be subject to litigation or other claims by the affected customers and producers. We could also encounter violations of applicable law or reputational damage from the disclosure of confidential information belonging to us or our employees, customers or suppliers. In addition, the disclosure of non-public information could lead to the loss of our intellectual property and/or diminished competitive advantages. Should any of the foregoing events occur, we may be required to incur significant costs to protect against damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future. In addition, evolving and expanding compliance and operational requirements under the privacy laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate, such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which took effect in May 2018, impose significant costs that are likely to

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increase over time. These events could damage our reputation and lead to financial losses from expenses related to remediation actions, loss of business or potential liability.

We depend on transportation assets, some of which we do not own, in order to deliver products to our customers.

Although we maintain a significant portfolio of owned and leased transportation assets, including trucks, trailers and railcars, we also rely on transportation and warehousing provided by third parties (including common carriers and rail companies) to deliver products to our customers. Our access to third party transportation is not guaranteed, and we may be unable to transport chemicals at economically attractive rates in certain circumstances, particularly in cases of adverse market conditions or disruptions to transportation infrastructure. We are also subject to increased costs that we may not always be able to recover from our customers, including fuel prices, as well as charges imposed by common carriers, leasing companies and other third parties involved in transportation. In particular, our US operations rely to a significant extent on rail shipments, and we are therefore required to pay rail companies’ network access fees. We can also experience the availability of trucks and drivers tighten. We are also subject to the risks normally associated with product delivery, including inclement weather, disruptions in the transportation infrastructure, disruptions in our lease arrangements and the availability of fuel, as well as liabilities arising from accidents to the extent we are not adequately covered by insurance or misdelivery of products. Our failure to deliver products in a timely and accurate manner could harm our reputation and brand, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business exposes us to significant risks associated with hazardous materials and related activities, not all of which are covered by insurance.

Because we are engaged in the blending, managing, handling, storing, selling, transporting and disposing of chemicals, chemical waste products and other hazardous materials, product liability, health impacts, fire damage, safety and environmental risks are significant concerns for us. We maintain substantial reserves relating to remediation activities at our owned sites and third party sites, which are subject to federal and state clean-up requirements, as described below in “—We are subject to extensive general and product-specific environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Compliance with and changes to these environmental, health and safety laws, including laws relating to the investigation and remediation of contamination, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.” We are exposed to present and future chemical exposure claims by employees, contractors on our premises, other persons located nearby, as well as related workers' compensation claims. In the United States, we are subject to federal legislation enforced by OSHA as well as to state safety and health laws. We carry insurance to protect us against many accident-related risks involved in the conduct of our business and we maintain environmental damage and pollution insurance coverage in accordance with our assessment of the risks involved, the ability to bear those risks and the cost and availability of insurance. Each of these insurance policies is subject to exclusions, deductibles and coverage limits we believe are generally in accordance with industry standards and practices. See “Business—Insurance” in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We do not insure against all risks and may not be able to insure adequately against certain risks (whether relating to our or a third party’s activities or other matters) and may not have insurance coverage that will pay any particular claim. We also may be unable to obtain at commercially reasonable rates in the future adequate insurance coverage for the risks we currently insure against, and certain risks are or could become completely uninsurable or eligible for coverage only to a reduced extent. In particular, more stringent environmental, health or safety regulations may increase our costs for, or impact the availability of, insurance against accident-related risks and the risks of environmental damage or pollution. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially impaired by accidents and other environmental risks that substantially reduce our revenues, increase our costs or subject us to other liabilities in excess of available insurance.

Accidents, safety failures, environmental damage, product quality issues, major or systemic delivery failures involving our distribution network or the products we carry, or adverse health effects or other harm related to hazardous materials we blend, manage, handle, store, sell, transport or dispose of could damage our reputation and result in substantial damages or remedial obligations.

Our business depends to a significant extent on our customers’ and producers’ trust in our reputation for reliability, quality, safety and environmental responsibility. Actual or alleged instances of safety deficiencies, mistaken or incorrect deliveries, inferior product quality, exposure to hazardous materials resulting in illness, injury or other harm to persons, property or natural resources, or of damage caused by us or our products, could damage our reputation and lead to customers and producers curtailing the volume of business they do with us. Also, there may be safety, personal injury or other environmental risks related to our products which are not known today. Any of these events, outcomes or allegations could also subject us to substantial legal claims, and we could incur substantial expenses, including legal fees and other costs, in defending such legal claims, which could materially impact our financial position and results of operations.

Actual or alleged accidents or other incidents at our facilities or that otherwise involve our personnel or operations could also subject us to claims for damages by third parties. Because many of the chemicals that we handle are dangerous, we are subject to the ongoing risk of hazards, including leaks, spills, releases, explosions and fires, which may cause property damage, illness, physical injury or death. We sell products used in hydraulic fracturing, a process that involves injecting water, sand and chemicals

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into subsurface rock formations to release and capture oil and natural gas. The use of such hydraulic fracturing fluids by our customers may result in releases that could impact the environment and third parties. Several of our distribution facilities, including our Los Angeles facility, one of our largest, are located near high-density population centers. If any such events occur, whether through our own fault, through preexisting conditions at our facilities, through the fault of a third party or through a natural disaster, terrorist incident or other event outside our control, our reputation could be damaged significantly. We could also become responsible, as a result of environmental or other laws or by court order, for substantial monetary damages or expensive investigative or remedial obligations related to such events, including but not limited to those resulting from third party lawsuits or environmental investigation and cleanup obligations on and off-site. The amount of any costs, including fines, damages and/or investigative and remedial obligations, that we may become obligated to pay under such circumstances could substantially exceed any insurance we have to cover such losses.

Any of these risks, if they materialize, could significantly harm our reputation, expose us to substantial liabilities and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

International Market Risk

We generate a significant portion of our net sales internationally and intend to continue to expand our international operations. We face particular challenges in emerging markets. Our results of operations could suffer if we are unable to manage our international operations effectively or as a result of various risks related to our international activities.

During the year ended December 31, 2018 , approximately 40% of our net sales were generated outside of the United States. We intend to continue to expand our penetration in certain foreign markets and to enter new and emerging foreign markets. Expansion of our international business will require significant management attention and resources. The profitability of our international operations will largely depend on our continued success in the following areas:


•	securing key producer relationships to help establish our presence in international markets;


•	hiring and training personnel capable of supporting producers and our customers and managing operations in foreign countries;


•	localizing our business processes to meet the specific needs and preferences of foreign producers and customers, which may differ in certain respects from our experience in North America and Europe;


•	building our reputation and awareness of our services among foreign producers and customers; and


•	implementing new financial, management information and operational systems, procedures and controls to monitor our operations in new markets effectively, without causing undue disruptions to our operations and customer and producer relationships.

In addition, we are subject to risks associated with operating in foreign countries, including:

•

varying and often unclear legal and regulatory requirements that may be subject to inconsistent or disparate enforcement, particularly regarding environmental, health and safety issues and security or other certification requirements, as well as other laws and business practices that favor local competitors, such as exposure to possible expropriation, nationalization, restrictions on investments by foreign companies or other governmental actions;


•	less stable supply sources;


•	competition from existing market participants that may have a longer history in and greater familiarity with the foreign markets where we operate;


•	tariffs, export duties, quotas and other barriers to trade; as well as possible limitations on the conversion of foreign currencies into US dollars or remittance of dividends and other payments by our foreign subsidiaries;


•	possible future changes to tariffs associated with imports and exports from the US;


•	divergent labor regulations and cultural expectations regarding employment and agency;


•	different cultural expectations regarding industrialization, international business and business relationships;


•	foreign taxes and related regulations, including foreign taxes that we may not be able to offset against taxes imposed upon us in the United States, and foreign tax and other laws limiting our ability to repatriate earnings to the United States;


•	possible changes in foreign and domestic taxes and related regulations;


•	extended payment terms and challenges in our ability to collect accounts receivable;


•	changes in a specific country’s or region’s political or economic conditions;

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•	compliance with anti-bribery laws such as the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the UK Bribery Act and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions, the violation of which could expose us to severe criminal or civil sanctions; and


•	compliance with anti-boycott, privacy, economic sanctions, anti-dumping, antitrust, import and export laws and regulations by our employees or intermediaries acting on our behalf, the violation of which could expose us to significant fines, penalties or other sanctions.

If we fail to address the challenges and risks associated with international expansion, we may encounter difficulties implementing our strategy, thereby impeding our growth and harming our operating results.

Our operations in the Asia-Pacific region, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Middle East and Africa are still developing. It may prove difficult to achieve our goals and take advantage of growth and acquisition opportunities in these or in other emerging markets due to a lack of comprehensive market knowledge and network and legal restrictions. Our growth in emerging markets may also be limited by other factors such as significant government influence over local economies, foreign investment restrictions, substantial fluctuations in economic growth, high levels of inflation and volatility in currency values, exchange controls or restrictions on expatriation of earnings, high domestic interest rates, wage and price controls, changes in governmental economic or tax policies, imposition of trade barriers, unexpected changes in regulation and overall political social and economic instability. In addition, the heightened exposure to terrorist attacks or acts of war or civil unrest in certain geographies, if they occur, could result in damage to our facilities, substantial financial losses or injuries to our personnel.

Although we exercise what we believe to be an appropriate level of central control and active supervision of our operations around the world, our local subsidiaries retain significant operational flexibility. There is a risk that our operations around the world will experience problems that could damage our reputation, or that could otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to effectively implement our strategies or achieve our business goals.

The breadth and scope of our business poses several challenges, such as:


•	initiating or maintaining effective communication among and across all of our geographic business segments and industry groups;


•	identifying new products and product lines and integrating them into our distribution network;


•	allocating financial and other resources efficiently across all of our business segments and industry groups;


•	aligning organizational structure with management’s vision and direction;


•	communicating ownership and accounting over business activities and ensuring responsibilities are properly understood throughout the organization;


•	ensuring cultural and organizational changes are executed smoothly and efficiently and ensuring personnel resources are properly allocated to effect these changes; and


•	establishing standardized processes across geographic business segments and industry groups.

As a result of these and other factors such as these, we may be unable to effectively implement our strategies or achieve our business goals. Any failure to effectively implement our strategies may adversely impact our future prospects and our results of operations and financial condition.

Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may adversely affect our results of operations.

We sell products in over 130 countries and we generated approximately 40% of our 2018 net sales outside the United States. The revenues we receive from such foreign sales are often denominated in currencies other than the US dollar. We do not hedge our foreign currency exposure with respect to our investment in and earnings from our foreign businesses. Accordingly, we might suffer considerable losses if there is a significant adverse movement in exchange rates.

In addition, we report our consolidated results in US dollars. The results of operations and the financial position of our local operations are generally reported in the relevant local currencies and then translated into US dollars at the applicable exchange rates for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements, exposing us to currency translation risk. Consequently, any change in exchange rates between our foreign subsidiaries’ functional currencies and the US dollar will affect our consolidated income statement and balance sheet when the results of those operating companies are translated into US dollars for reporting purposes. Decreases in the value of our foreign subsidiaries’ functional currencies against the US dollar will tend to reduce those operating companies’ contributions in dollar terms to our financial condition and results of operations. In 2018 , our most significant currency exposures were to the euro, the Canadian dollar and the British pound sterling versus the US dollar. The exchange rates between

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these and other foreign currencies and the US dollar may fluctuate substantially and such fluctuations have had a significant effect on our results in recent periods. For additional details on our currency exposure and risk management practices, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

There is uncertainty surrounding the implementation and effect of Brexit, which may cause increased economic volatility and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On June 23, 2016, voters in the United Kingdom (“UK”) approved an advisory referendum to withdraw membership from the European Union (“EU”). The UK began the formal process for leaving the EU (referred to as “Brexit”) in March 2017 by serving notice to the European Council. Absent action by the UK to the contrary, Brexit is scheduled to take place on March 29, 2019. The long-term nature of the UK’s relationship with the EU is unclear and there is considerable uncertainty when any relationship will be agreed and implemented.

Approximately 2% and 21% of our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2018 were attributable to our operations in the UK and Continental Europe, respectively. Given our significant operations and presence in the UK and Continental Europe, there can be no assurance that Brexit will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The political and economic instability created by Brexit has been widely reported in the press and financial media. Brexit may continue to cause volatility in global financial markets and uncertainty regarding the regulation of data protection in the UK. Brexit may also disrupt the free movement of goods, services and people between the UK, the EU and elsewhere. The effects of Brexit will depend on any agreements the UK makes to retain access to EU markets either during a transitional period or more permanently. Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the UK determines which EU laws to replace or replicate. Further, uncertainty around these and related issues could lead to adverse effects on the economy of the UK, the EU and the other economies in which we operate. All of these effects could cause disruptions and delays in importing products into the UK, uncertainty and potential increases in costs of importation (including duties) and increased credit risk due to adverse impacts on our customers. As a result, Brexit could have an adverse effect upon, and create uncertainty surrounding, our business in the UK and EU, our relationships with our existing and future customers, suppliers and employees and, ultimately, on our future business, financial results and operations.

While we are working with our customers and suppliers to anticipate and mitigate potential impacts of Brexit, we cannot predict whether our anticipation or efforts will prove adequate or that we will effectively execute any mitigation actions.

Litigation, Environmental and Tax Regulation Risk

Evolving environmental laws and regulations on hydraulic fracturing and other oil and gas production activities could have an impact on our financial performance.

Hydraulic fracturing is a common practice that is used to stimulate production of crude oil and/or natural gas from dense subsurface rock formations, and is primarily presently regulated by state agencies. Many states have adopted laws and/or regulations that require disclosure of the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing, and are considering legal requirements that could impose more stringent permitting, disclosure and well construction requirements on oil and/or natural gas drilling activities as well as regulations relating to waste streams from such activities. The EPA is also moving forward with various related regulatory actions, including regulations requiring, among other matters, “green completions” of hydraulically-fractured wells. Similarly, existing and new regulations in the United States and elsewhere relating to oil and gas production could impact the sale of some of our products into these markets.

Our business exposes us to potential product liability claims and recalls, which could adversely affect our financial condition and performance.

The repackaging, blending, mixing, manufacture, sale and distribution of chemical products by us, including products used in hydraulic fracturing operations and products produced with food ingredients or with pharmaceutical and nutritional supplement applications, involve an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims, product recalls, product seizures and related adverse publicity, including, without limitation, claims for exposure to our products, spills or escape of our products, personal injuries, food related claims and property damage or environmental claims. A product liability claim, judgment or recall against our customers could also result in substantial and unexpected expenditures for us, affect consumer confidence in our products and divert management’s attention from other responsibilities. Although we maintain product liability insurance, there can be no assurance that the type or level of coverage is adequate or that we will be able to continue to maintain our existing insurance or obtain comparable insurance at a reasonable cost, if at all. A product recall or a partially or completely uninsured judgment against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

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We are subject to extensive general and product-specific environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Compliance with and changes to these environmental, health and safety laws, including laws relating to the investigation and remediation of contamination, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations .

We are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in multiple jurisdictions because we blend, manage, handle, store, sell, transport and arrange for the disposal of chemicals, hazardous materials and hazardous waste. These include laws and regulations governing our management, storage, transportation and disposal of chemicals; product regulation; air, water and soil contamination; and the investigation and cleanup of contaminated sites, including any spills or releases that may result from our management, handling, storage, sale, transportation of chemicals and other products. We hold a number of environmental permits and licenses. Compliance with these laws, regulations, permits and licenses requires that we expend significant amounts for ongoing compliance, investigation and remediation. If we fail to comply with such laws, regulations, permits or licenses we may be subject to fines and other civil, administrative or criminal sanctions, including the revocation of permits and licenses necessary to continue our business activities.

Previous operations, including those of acquired companies, have resulted in contamination at a number of current and former sites, which must be investigated and remediated. We are currently investigating and/or remediating contamination, or contributing to cleanup costs, at approximately 130 currently or formerly owned, operated or used sites or other sites impacted by our operations. We have spent substantial sums on such investigation and remediation and we expect to continue to incur such expenditures in the future. Based on current estimates, we believe that these ongoing investigation and remediation costs will not materially affect our business. There is no guarantee, however, that our estimates will be accurate, that new contamination will not be discovered or that new environmental laws or regulations will not require us to incur additional costs. Any such inaccuracies, discoveries or new laws or regulations, or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As of December 31, 2018 , we reserved approximately $83.5 million for probable and reasonably estimable losses associated with remediation at currently or formerly owned, operated or used sites or other sites impacted by our operations. We may incur losses in connection with investigation and remediation obligations that exceed our environmental reserve. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Environmental Liabilities” in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. We also may incur substantial costs, including fines, damages, criminal or civil sanctions and investigation and remediation costs, or experience interruptions in our operations, for violations under environmental, health and safety laws or permit requirements.

We could be held liable for the costs to investigate, remediate or otherwise address contamination at any real property we have ever owned, leased, operated or used or other sites impacted by our operations. Some environmental laws could impose on us the entire cost of cleanup of contamination present at a site even though we did not cause all of the contamination. These laws often identify parties who can be strictly and jointly and severally liable for remediation. The discovery of previously unknown contamination at current or former sites or the imposition of other environmental liabilities or obligations in the future, including additional investigation or remediation obligations with respect to contamination that has impacted other properties, could lead to additional costs or the need for additional reserves that have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may be required to pay damages or civil judgments related to third party claims, including those relating to personal injury (including exposure to hazardous materials or chemicals we blend, handle, store, sell, transport or dispose of), product quality issues, property damage or contribution to remedial obligations.

We have been identified as potentially responsible parties at various third party sites at which we have arranged for the disposal of our hazardous wastes. We may be identified as a potentially responsibility party at additional sites beyond those for which we currently have financial obligations. Such developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Business—Regulatory Matters—Environmental, Health and Safety Matters” in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Certain agreements to which we are a party contain contractual provisions pursuant to which we agreed to indemnify other parties for contamination at certain real property. We have been, and may in the future be, subject to environmental indemnity claims asserted by other parties with respect to contamination at sites we have ever owned, leased, operated or used. We could incur significant costs in addressing existing and future environmental indemnification claims.

Societal concerns regarding the safety of chemicals in commerce and their potential impact on the environment have resulted in a growing trend towards increasing levels of product safety and environmental protection regulations. These concerns have led to, and could continue to result in, stringent regulatory intervention by governmental authorities. In addition, these concerns could influence public perceptions, impact the commercial viability of the products we sell and increase the costs to comply with increasingly complex regulations, which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additional findings by government agencies that chemicals pose significant environmental, health or safety risks may lead to their prohibition in some or all of the jurisdictions in which we operate.

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Environmental, health and safety laws and regulations vary significantly from country to country and change frequently. Future changes in laws and regulations, or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations, could have an adverse effect on us by adding restrictions, reducing our ability to do business, increasing our costs of doing business or reducing our profitability or reducing the demand for our products. See “Business—Regulatory Matters—Environmental, Health and Safety Matters” in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Current and future laws and regulations addressing greenhouse gas emissions enacted in the United States, Europe and other jurisdictions around the world could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation. Increased energy costs due to such laws and regulations, emissions associated with our customers’ products or development of alternative products having lower emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants could materially affect demand for our customers’ products and indirectly affect our business. Changes in and introductions of regulations have in the past caused us to devote significant management and capital resources to compliance programs and measures, and future regulations applicable to us would likely further increase these compliance costs and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is subject to additional general regulatory requirements and tax requirements, which increase our cost of doing business, could result in regulatory, unclaimed property or tax claims, and could restrict our business in the future.

Our general business operations are subject to a broad spectrum of general regulatory requirements, including antitrust regulations, food and drug regulations, human resources regulations, tax regulations, unclaimed property, banking and treasury regulations, among others. These regulations add cost to our conduct of business and could, in some instances, result in claims or enforcement actions or could reduce our ability to pursue business opportunities. Future changes could result in additional costs and restrictions to our business activities. We are currently undergoing a multi-state unclaimed property audit, the timing and outcome of which cannot be predicted; we will incur significant professional fees in connection with the audit and if we are found not to be in compliance the auditing states may seek significant remittances and other penalties and interest.

We are subject to asbestos claims.

In connection with our purchase of McKesson Chemical Company in 1986, our wholly-owned subsidiary Univar USA Inc. is obligated to indemnify McKesson for claims alleging injury from exposure to asbestos-containing products by McKesson Chemical Company. As of December 31, 2018 , we are defending lawsuits by more than one hundred plaintiffs claiming asbestos related injuries, including a small number of which name us as a defendant. See “Business—Legal Proceedings—Asbestos Claims” in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As of December 31, 2018 , Univar USA has not recorded a liability related to the pending litigation as any potential loss is neither probable nor estimable. Although our costs of defense to date have not been material, we cannot predict the ultimate outcome of these lawsuits, which, if determined adversely to us, may result in liability that would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if the number of asbestos claims for which we are obligated to indemnify McKesson, or the number of asbestos claims naming us, were to increase substantially, particularly if the increase were associated with a significant increase in the average cost per lawsuit, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our business is subject to many operational risks for which we might not be adequately insured or prevail in any claim dispute.

We are exposed to risks including, but not limited to, accidents, contamination and environmental damage, safety claims, natural disasters, terrorism, acts of war and civil unrest and other events that could potentially interrupt our business operations and/or result in significant costs. Although we attempt to cover these risks with insurance to the extent that we consider appropriate, we may incur losses that are not covered by insurance or exceed the maximum amounts covered by our insurance policies. Even if our insurance coverage is appropriate, our insurers may contest, and prevail in litigation regarding, and claims. We have incurred environmental risks and losses, often from our historic activities, for which we have no available or remaining insurance.

Damage to a major facility, whether or not insured, could impair our ability to operate our business in a geographic region and cause loss of business and related expenses. From time to time, insurance for chemical risks have not been available on commercially acceptable terms or, in some cases, not available at all. In the future we may not be able to maintain our current coverages. Due to the variable condition of the insurance market, we have experienced and may experience in the future, increased deductible retention levels and increased premiums. As we assume more risk through higher retention levels, we may experience more variability in our insurance reserves and expense. Increased insurance premiums or our incurrence of significant uncovered losses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We are exposed to ongoing litigation and other legal and regulatory actions and risks in the ordinary course of our business, and we could incur significant liabilities and substantial legal fees.

We are subject to the risk of litigation, other legal claims and proceedings, and regulatory enforcement actions in the ordinary course of our business. Also, there may be safety or personal injury risks related to our products which are not known today. The results of legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty. We cannot guarantee that the results of current or future legal proceedings against McKesson and a few claims asserted directly against Univar USA Inc. will not materially harm our business, reputation or brand, nor can we guarantee that we will not incur losses in connection with current or future legal proceedings that exceed any provisions we may have set aside in respect of such proceedings or that exceed any applicable insurance coverage. We also cannot guarantee that any tax assessment previously made against us by the Canada Revenue Agency will not result in a material tax liability or that the issues raised by Customs and Border Patrol will not result in a material liability. The occurrence of any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. See “Business—Legal Proceedings” in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Many of the products we sell have “long-tail” exposures, giving rise to liabilities many years after their sale and use. Insurance purchased at the time of sale may not be available when costs arise in the future and producers may no longer be available to provide indemnification.

Employee and Benefit Plan Risk

We depend on a limited number of key personnel who would be difficult to replace. If we lose the services of these individuals, or are unable to attract new talent, our business will be adversely affected.

We depend upon the ability and experience of a number of our executive management and other key personnel who have substantial experience with our operations, the chemicals and chemical distribution industries and the selected markets in which we operate. The loss of the services of one or a combination of our senior executives or key employees could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We also might suffer an additional impact on our business if one of our senior executives or key employees is hired by a competitor. Our success also depends on our ability to continue to attract, manage and retain other qualified management and technical and clerical personnel as we grow. We may not be able to continue to attract or retain such personnel in the future.

Negative developments affecting our pension plans and multi-employer pension plans in which we participate may occur.

We operate a number of pension plans for our employees and have obligations with respect to several multi-employer pension plans sponsored by labor unions in the United States. The terms of these plans vary from country to country. Generally, our defined benefit pension plans are funded with trust assets invested in a diversified portfolio of debt and equity securities and other investments. Among other factors, changes in interest rates, investment returns, the market value of plan assets and actuarial assumptions can (1) affect the level of plan funding; (2) cause volatility in the net periodic benefit cost; and (3) increase our future contribution requirements. In or following an economic environment characterized by declining investment returns and interest rates, we may be required to make additional cash contributions to our pension plans to satisfy our funding requirements and recognize further increases in our net periodic benefit cost. A significant decrease in investment returns or the market value of plan assets or a significant decrease in interest rates could increase our net periodic benefit costs and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our pension plans in the United States and certain other countries are not fully funded. The funded status of our pension plans is equal to the difference between the value of plan assets and projected benefit obligations. At December 31, 2018 , our pension plans had an underfunded status of $212.4 million . This amount could increase or decrease depending on factors such as those mentioned above. Changes to the funded status of our pension plans as a result of updates to actuarial assumptions and actual experience that differs from our estimates will be recognized as gains or losses in the period incurred under our “mark to market” accounting policy, and could result in a requirement for additional funding which would have a direct effect on our cash position. Based on current projections of minimum funding requirements, we expect to make cash contributions of $28.3 million to our defined benefit pension plans in 2019 . The timing for any such requirement in future years is uncertain given the implicit uncertainty regarding the future developments of factors mentioned above. The union sponsored multi-employer pension plans in which we participate are also underfunded, including the substantially underfunded New England Teamsters and Trucking Industry Pension Fund and Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas Pension Plan, which have liabilities at a level twice that of its assets. This requires us to make often substantial withdrawal liability payments when we close a facility covered by one of these plans, which could hinder our ability to make otherwise appropriate management decisions to operate as efficiently as possible. As of December 31, 2018 , we had approximately 250 employees in multi-employer pension plans.

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A portion of our workforce is unionized and labor disruptions could decrease our profitability.

As of December 31, 2018 , we had approximately 590 employees in the United States subject to various collective bargaining agreements, most of which have a three-year term. In addition, in several of our international facilities, particularly those in Europe, employees are represented by works councils appointed pursuant to local law consisting of employee representatives who have certain rights to negotiate working terms and to receive notice of significant actions. As of December 31, 2018 , approximately 26% of our labor force is covered by a collective bargaining agreement, including approximately 14% of our labor force in the United States, approximately 20% of our labor force in Canada and approximately 45% of our labor force in Europe, and approximately 2% of our labor force is covered by a collective bargaining agreement that will expire within one year. These arrangements grant certain protections to employees and subject us to employment terms that are similar to collective bargaining agreements. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to negotiate these or other collective bargaining agreements or arrangements with works councils on the same or more favorable terms as the current agreements or arrangements, or at all, and without interruptions, including labor stoppages at the facility or facilities subject to any particular agreement or arrangement. A prolonged labor dispute, which could include a work stoppage, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in legislation, regulation and government policy may have a material adverse effect on our business in the future.

Elections in the United States and other democracies in which we conduct business could result in significant changes in, and uncertainty with respect to, legislation, regulation and government policy directly affecting our business or indirectly affecting us because of impacts on our customers and producers. Legislative and regulatory proposals that could have a material direct or indirect impact on us include, but are not limited to, disallowances of income tax deductions, taxes or other restrictions repatriating foreign earnings, restrictions on imports and exports, modifications to international trade policy, including withdrawal from trade agreements, environmental regulation, changes to immigration policy, changes to health insurance legislation and the imposition of tariffs and other taxes on imports. We are currently unable to predict whether such changes will occur and, if so, the ultimate impact on our business. To the extent that such changes have a negative impact on us, our producers or our customers, including as a result of related uncertainty, these changes may materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

We and our subsidiaries may incur additional debt in the future, which could substantially reduce our profitability, limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities and reduce the value of your investment.

As of December 31, 2018 , we had $1,747.8 million of debt outstanding under our $2,283.5 million US dollar term loan facility (the “New Senior Term Loan Facility”), $134.7 million of debt outstanding under our $1,300.0 million Senior ABL credit facility, $58.5 million of debt outstanding under our €200.0 million senior European ABL facility (the “Euro ABL Facility”) with approximately $620.3 million available for additional borrowing under these facilities and $399.5 million outstanding under Univar USA Inc.’s 6.75% senior notes due 2023 (the “Unsecured Notes”). Subject to certain limitations set forth in the agreements that govern these facilities and notes, we or our subsidiaries may incur additional debt in the future, or other obligations that do not constitute indebtedness, which could increase the risks described below and lead to other risks. The amount of our debt or such other obligations could have important consequences for holders of our common stock, including, but not limited to:


•	our ability to satisfy obligations to lenders or noteholders may be impaired, resulting in possible defaults on and acceleration of our indebtedness;


•	our ability to obtain additional financing for refinancing of existing indebtedness, working capital, capital expenditures, including costs associated with our international expansion, product and service development, acquisitions, general corporate purposes and other purposes may be impaired;


•	our assets that currently serve as collateral for our debt may be insufficient, or may not be available, to support future financings;


•	a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations could be used to repay the principal and interest on our debt;


•	we may be increasingly vulnerable to economic downturns and increases in interest rates;


•	our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in our business and the markets in which we operate may be limited; and


•	we may be placed at a competitive disadvantage relative to other companies in our industry with less debt or comparable debt at more favorable interest rates.

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The agreements governing our indebtedness contain operating covenants and restrictions that limit our operations and could lead to adverse consequences if we fail to comply with them.

The agreements governing our indebtedness contain certain operating covenants and other restrictions relating to, among other things, limitations on indebtedness (including guarantees of additional indebtedness) and liens, mergers, consolidations and dissolutions, sales of assets, investments and acquisitions, dividends and other restricted payments, repurchase of shares of capital stock and options to purchase shares of capital stock and certain transactions with affiliates. In addition, our Senior ABL Facility and European ABL Facility include certain financial covenants.

The restrictions in the agreements governing our indebtedness may prevent us from taking actions that we believe would be in the best interest of our business, and may make it difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy or effectively compete with companies that are not similarly restricted. We may also incur future debt obligations that might subject us to additional restrictive covenants that could affect our financial and operational flexibility.

Failure to comply with these financial and operating covenants could result from, among other things, changes in our results of operations, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, the pricing of our products, our success at implementing cost reduction initiatives, our ability to successfully implement our overall business strategy or changes in general economic conditions, which may be beyond our control. The breach of any of these covenants or restrictions could result in a default under the agreements that govern these facilities that would permit the lenders to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest. If we are unable to repay such amounts, lenders having secured obligations could proceed against the collateral securing these obligations. The collateral includes the capital stock of our domestic subsidiaries, 65% of the capital stock of our foreign subsidiaries and substantially all of our and our subsidiaries’ other tangible and intangible assets, subject in each case to certain exceptions. This could have serious consequences on our financial condition and results of operations and could cause us to become bankrupt or otherwise insolvent. In addition, these covenants may restrict our ability to engage in transactions that we believe would otherwise be in the best interests of our business and stockholders.

Increases in interest rates would increase the cost of servicing our debt and could reduce our profitability.

Our debt outstanding under the Senior Term Loan Facility, Senior ABL Facility and European ABL Facility bears interest at variable rates. As a result, increases in interest rates would increase the cost of servicing our debt and could materially reduce our profitability and cash flows. Some or all of the combined company’s variable-rate indebtedness may use the LIBOR as a benchmark for establishing the rate. LIBOR is the subject of recent national, international and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. These reforms and other pressures may cause LIBOR to disappear entirely or to perform differently than in the past. The consequence of these developments cannot be entirely predicted, but could include an increase in the cost of our variable rate indebtedness. For additional information on our indebtedness, debt service obligations and sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations, see “Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We may have future capital needs and may not be able to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, or at all.

We have historically relied on debt financing to fund our operations, capital expenditures and expansion. The market conditions and the macroeconomic conditions that affect the markets in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our ability to secure financing on acceptable terms, if at all. We may be unable to secure additional financing on favorable terms or at all and our operating cash flow may be insufficient to satisfy our financial obligations under the indebtedness outstanding from time to time. The terms of additional financing may limit our financial and operating flexibility. Our ability to satisfy our financial obligations will depend upon our future operating performance, the availability of credit generally, economic conditions and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Furthermore, if financing is not available when needed, or is not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity, convertible debt securities or other securities convertible into equity, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution in their percentage ownership of our company, and any new securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock, including shares of common stock sold in this offering. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, if and when we require it, our ability to grow or support our business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.

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Risks Related to Our Common Stock

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish misleading or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock may depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of these analysts downgrades our stock or publishes misleading or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock may decrease, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Future sales of shares by existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. All of the 40,250,000 shares sold pursuant to our IPO in June 2015, the 4,500,000 shares we registered on July 29, 2016, the 20,943,741 shares we registered on August 15, 2016, the 12,500,000 shares we registered on December 12, 2016, the 15,000,000 shares we registered on January 31, 2017 and the 10,000,000 shares we registered on December 14, 2017 are immediately tradable without restriction under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), unless held by “affiliates”, as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. The remaining shares of outstanding common stock are restricted securities within the meaning of Rule 144 under the Securities Act, but will be eligible for resale subject, in certain cases, to applicable volume, means of sale, holding period and other limitations of Rule 144 or pursuant to an exception from registration under Rule 701 under the Securities Act, subject to the terms of the lock-up agreements entered into by the Significant Stockholders, our directors and certain of our key executive officers. The underwriter may, at any time, release all or any portion of the shares subject to lock-up agreements entered into in connection with this offering.

We have also filed a registration statement under the Securities Act to register the shares of common stock to be issued under our equity compensation plans and, as a result, all shares of common stock acquired upon exercise of stock options granted under our plans are also freely tradable under the Securities Act, unless purchased by our affiliates. In addition, certain of our significant stockholders may distribute the shares that they hold to their investors who themselves may then sell into the public market. Such sales may not be subject to the volume, manner of sale, holding period and other limitations of Rule 144. As resale restrictions end, the market price of our common stock could decline if the holders of those shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. In the future, we may also issue additional shares of common stock or other equity or debt securities convertible into common stock in connection with a financing, acquisition, litigation settlement or employee arrangement or otherwise. Any of these issuances could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.

Significant stockholders have the right to nominate members of our Board of Directors and may exercise significant control over the direction of our business. To the extent ownership of our common stock continues to be held by stockholders with these rights, it could prevent you and other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions.

Investment funds associated with Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, LLC (“CD&R”) beneficially own approximately 8.2% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. CD&R continues to exercise significant influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval for the foreseeable future, including approval of significant corporate transactions, which may reduce the market price of our common stock.

Under the Fourth Amended and Restated Stockholders' Agreement of Univar Inc. (the “Amended and Restated Stockholders’ Agreement”), CD&R is entitled to nominate up to three sponsor directors and three independent directors under certain circumstances related to continued ownership of the shares they hold. CD&R continues to hold 11,561,039 shares, which allows them to continue to nominate members to our board of directors.

These provisions allow CD&R to continue to exercise significant control over our corporate decisions, including over matters which our other stockholders have a right to vote. Our Certificate of Incorporation and our Bylaws also include a number of provisions that may discourage, delay or prevent a change in our management or control for so long as CD&R owns specified percentages of our common stock. See “— Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company and may affect the trading price of our common stock.” These provisions not only could have a negative impact on the trading price of our common stock, but could also allow the Significant Stockholders to delay or prevent a corporate transaction that the public stockholders might approve.

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Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that we will waive any interest or expectancy in corporate opportunities presented to CD&R.

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that we, on our behalf and on behalf of our subsidiaries, renounce and waive any interest or expectancy in, or in being offered an opportunity to participate in, corporate opportunities that are from time to time presented to CD&R, or their respective officers, directors, agents, stockholders, members, partners, affiliates or subsidiaries, even if the opportunity is one that we or our subsidiaries might reasonably be deemed to have pursued or had the ability or desire to pursue if granted the opportunity to do so. None of CD&R or its respective agents, stockholders, members, partners, affiliates or subsidiaries will generally be liable to us or any of our subsidiaries for breach of any fiduciary or other duty, as a director or otherwise, by reason of the fact that such person pursues, acquires or participates in such corporate opportunity, directs such corporate opportunity to another person or fails to present such corporate opportunity, or information regarding such corporate opportunity, to us or our subsidiaries unless, in the case of any such person who is a director or officer, such corporate opportunity is expressly offered to such director or officer in writing solely in his or her capacity as a director or officer. Stockholders will be deemed to have notice of and consented to this provision of our Certificate of Incorporation. This will allow CD&R to compete with us. Strong competition for investment opportunities could result in fewer such opportunities for us. We likely will not always be able to compete successfully with our competitors and competitive pressures or other factors may also result in significant price competition, particularly during industry downturns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Fulfilling our obligations incident to being a public company, including with respect to the requirements of and related rules under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, is expensive and time-consuming, and any delays or difficulties in satisfying these obligations could have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations and our stock price.

We are subject to the reporting and corporate governance requirements, the listing standards of the NYSE and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), which apply to issuers of listed equity, which impose certain compliance costs and obligations upon us. Meeting these standards requires a significant commitment of additional resources and management oversight, which increases our operating costs. These requirements also place additional demands on our finance and accounting staff and on our financial accounting and information systems. Other expenses associated with being a public company include increases in auditing, accounting and legal fees and expenses, investor relations expenses, increased directors’ fees and director and officer liability insurance costs, registrar and transfer agent fees and listing fees, as well as other expenses. As a public company, we are required, among other things, to:


•	prepare and file periodic reports, and distribute other stockholder communications, in compliance with the federal securities laws and the NYSE rules;


•	define and expand the roles and the duties of our Board of Directors and its committees; and


•	institute more comprehensive compliance, investor relations and internal audit functions.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires us to document and test the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with an established internal control framework, and to report on our conclusions as to the effectiveness of our internal controls. Likewise, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, we are required under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”), to maintain disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If we or our independent auditors are unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. This could result in a decrease in the value of our common stock. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, the NYSE or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and comply with Section 404 requires us to be able to prepare timely and accurate financial statements. Any delay in the implementation of, or disruption in the transition to, new or enhanced systems, procedures or controls, may cause our operations to suffer and we may be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective and to obtain an unqualified report on internal controls from our auditors. Moreover, we cannot be certain that these measures would ensure that we implement and maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future. Even if we were to conclude, and our auditors were to concur, that our internal control over financial reporting provided reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP, because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect fraud or misstatements. This, in turn, could have an adverse impact on trading prices for our shares of common stock, and could adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets.

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Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company and may affect the trading price of our common stock.

Our Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws include a number of provisions that may discourage, delay or prevent a change in our management or control over us that stockholders may consider favorable. For example, our Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws currently:


•	authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that could be issued by our Board of Directors to thwart a takeover attempt;


•	limit the ability of stockholders to remove directors; and


•	establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings.

These provisions may prevent our stockholders from receiving the benefit from any premium to the market price of our common stock offered by a bidder in a takeover context. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt or before our Board becomes fully declassified, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock if the provisions are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future. See “Description of Capital Stock—Anti-Takeover Effects of our Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws.” Our Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws may also make it difficult for stockholders to replace or remove our management. These provisions may facilitate management entrenchment that may delay, deter, render more difficult or prevent a change in our control, which may not be in the best interests of our stockholders.

Our Certificate of Incorporation includes provisions limiting the personal liability of our directors for breaches of fiduciary duty under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and we have entered into Indemnification Agreements, which provide further protections to our directors.

Our Certificate of Incorporation contains provisions permitted under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”) relating to the liability of directors. These provisions eliminate a director’s personal liability to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL for monetary damages resulting from a breach of fiduciary duty, except in circumstances involving:


•	any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty;


•	acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of the law;


•	under Section 174 of the DGCL (unlawful dividends); or


•	any transaction from which the director derives an improper personal benefit.

The principal effect of the limitation on liability provision is that a stockholder will be unable to prosecute an action for monetary damages against a director unless the stockholder can demonstrate a basis for liability for which indemnification is not available under the DGCL. These provisions, however, should not limit or eliminate our rights or any stockholder’s rights to seek non-monetary relief, such as an injunction or rescission, in the event of a breach of a director’s fiduciary duty. These provisions will not alter a director’s liability under federal securities laws. The inclusion of this provision in our Certificate of Incorporation may discourage or deter stockholders or management from bringing a lawsuit against directors for a breach of their fiduciary duties, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise have benefited us and our stockholders.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and certain of our executive officers. The indemnification agreements provide our directors and certain of our executive officers with contractual rights to the indemnification and expense advancement rights provided under our By-laws, as well as contractual rights to additional indemnification as provided in the indemnification agreements.

Our Certificate of Incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed to us or our stockholders by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us arising under the DGCL, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. By becoming a stockholder in our company, you will be deemed to have notice of and have consented to the provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation related to choice of forum. The choice of forum provision in our Certificate of Incorporation may limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

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We do not currently intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We do not currently intend to declare and pay cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth and repay outstanding indebtedness. Therefore, you are unlikely to receive any dividends on your common stock in 2019 and we have no current plans to pay dividends in future periods. The success of an investment in shares of our common stock will therefore depend entirely upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our stockholders have purchased their shares. See “Dividend Policy.”

Risks Related to the Nexeo Acquisition

The Nexeo Acquisition is subject to the approval of our shareholders as to our share issuance. Failure to obtain this approval would prevent completion of the Nexeo Acquisition.

Before the Nexeo Acquisition can be completed, our shareholders must approve our share issuance. There can be no assurance that this approval will be obtained. Failure to obtain the required approval may result in a material delay in, or the abandonment of, the acquisition. Any delay in completing the acquisition may materially adversely affect the timing and amount of cost savings and other benefits that are expected to be achieved from the acquisition.

Uncertainties associated with the Nexeo Acquisition may cause a loss of management personnel and other key employees which could adversely affect our future business and operations following the Nexeo Acquisition.

We are dependent on the experience and industry knowledge of our officers and other key employees to execute our business plans. Our success after the acquisition will depend in part upon our ability to retain key management personnel and other key employees. Current and prospective employees may experience uncertainty about their roles following the acquisition or other concerns regarding the timing and completion of the acquisition or our operations following the acquisition, any of which may have an adverse effect on our ability to attract or retain key management and other key personnel. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that following the Nexeo Acquisition we will be able to attract or retain key management personnel and other key employees to the same extent that we have previously been able to attract or retain our employees.

The business relationships of Univar and Nexeo may be subject to disruption due to uncertainty associated with the Nexeo Acquisition, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial position following the acquisition.

Parties with which Univar or Nexeo do business may experience uncertainty associated with the Nexeo Acquisition, including with respect to current or future business relationships with Univar or Nexeo following the acquisition. Univar’s and Nexeo’s business relationships may be subject to disruption as customers, distributors, suppliers, vendors and others may attempt to negotiate changes in existing business relationships or consider entering into business relationships with parties other than Univar or Nexeo following the acquisition. These disruptions could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial position, including an adverse effect on our ability to realize the expected cost savings and other benefits of the acquisition. The risk, and adverse effect, of any disruption could be exacerbated by a delay in completion of the acquisition or termination of the Business Combination Agreement.

Failure to complete the Nexeo Acquisition could negatively impact our stock price and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

If the Nexeo Acquisition is not completed for any reason, including as a result of Univar or Nexeo stockholders failing to approve the applicable proposals, our ongoing business may be materially adversely affected and, without realizing any of the benefits of having completed the acquisition, we would be subject to a number of risks, including the following:


•	we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative impacts on our stock price;


•	we may experience negative reactions from customers, distributors, regulators and employees;


•	we will still be required to pay certain significant costs relating to the Nexeo Acquisition, such as legal, accounting, financial advisor and printing fees;


•	we may be required to pay one or more cash termination fees as required by the Business Combination Agreement;


•	matters relating to the Nexeo Acquisition (including integration planning) require substantial commitments of our time and resources, which could have resulted in the distraction of our management from ongoing business operations and pursuing other opportunities that could have been beneficial to us; and

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•	litigation related to any failure to complete the Nexeo Acquisition or related to any enforcement proceeding commenced against us to perform our obligations under the Business Combination Agreement.

If the Nexeo Acquisition is not completed, the risks described above may materialize and they may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, financial position and stock prices.

Our current stockholders will generally have a reduced ownership and voting interest after the Nexeo Acquisition.

We expect to issue to Nexeo stockholders (or reserve for issuance) approximately 37 million shares of our common stock in the acquisition (including shares of our common stock issuable in connection with outstanding Nexeo stock options, restricted stock awards, performance share unit awards and restricted share unit awards and assuming the conversion of all the outstanding Nexeo warrants into shares of Nexeo common stock entitled to receive the consideration). As a result of these issuances, our stockholders will generally have less voting power after the acquisition than they now have.

The exchange ratio is fixed and will not be adjusted in the event of any change in our stock price. Because the market price of our common stock may fluctuate, the value of the consideration we will pay is uncertain.

As consideration for the Nexeo Acquisition, each share of Nexeo common stock (other than dissenters’ shares or treasury shares held by Nexeo and any shares of Nexeo common stock owned by any Nexeo subsidiary, Univar or Univar subsidiary) will be converted into the right to receive and exchanged for (1) 0.305 of a fully paid and non-assessable share of Univar common stock plus (2) $3.29 in cash. The cash consideration is subject to reduction by up to $0.41 per share based on the closing price of Univar common stock on the day prior to the completion of the acquisition. The cash consideration will be reduced on a linear basis from $3.29 to $2.88 per share of Nexeo common stock to the extent that the closing price of Univar common stock is between $25.34 and $22.18. If the closing price of Univar common stock is $22.18 per share or lower, the cash consideration will be $2.88 per share of Nexeo common stock. If the closing price of Univar common stock is $25.34 per share or higher, the cash consideration will be $3.29 per share of Nexeo common stock. Nexeo stockholders will receive cash in lieu of any fractional shares.

The exchange ratio will not be adjusted for changes in the market price of our common stock. Because the exchange ratio is fixed, the value of the stock portion of the consideration will depend on the market price of our common stock at the completion of the acquisition. The value of the stock portion of the consideration has fluctuated since the date of the announcement of the Business Combination Agreement and will continue to fluctuate from the date of this 10-K to the completion of the acquisition and thereafter.

We may be unable to integrate the business of Nexeo successfully or realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition.

The Nexeo Acquisition involves the combination of two companies that currently operate as independent public companies. We will be required to devote significant management attention and resources to integrating the business practices and operations of Nexeo and Univar. Potential difficulties that we may encounter as part of the integration process include the following:


•	the inability to successfully combine the business of Nexeo in a manner that permits us to achieve, on a timely basis, or at all, the enhanced revenue opportunities and cost savings and other benefits anticipated to result from the Nexeo Acquisition;


•	complexities associated with managing the combined businesses, including difficulty addressing possible differences in corporate cultures and management philosophies and the challenge of integrating complex systems, technology, networks and other assets of each of the companies in a seamless manner that minimizes any adverse impact on customers, suppliers, employees and other constituencies; and


•	potential unknown liabilities, including shareholder lawsuits and other potential legal actions, and unforeseen increased expenses or delays associated with the Nexeo Acquisition.

Any of these issues could adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with customers, suppliers, employees and other constituencies or achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, or could reduce our earnings or otherwise adversely affect our business and financial results following the acquisition.

Our future results following the Nexeo Acquisition will suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations.

Following the acquisition, the size of our business will increase significantly beyond its current size. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to manage this expanded business, which will pose substantial challenges for us, including challenges related to the management and monitoring of new operations and associated increased costs and complexity. There can be no assurances that we will be successful or that we will realize the expected operating efficiencies, cost savings, revenue enhancements or other benefits currently anticipated from the acquisition.

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In connection with the Nexeo Acquisition, we will incur additional indebtedness and may also assume certain of Nexeo’s outstanding indebtedness. Additional indebtedness would amplify the risks associated with our current indebtedness by increasing our interest expense and potentially reducing our flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

The increased indebtedness would increase our interest expense which could have the effect, among other things, of reducing our flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions. We will also incur various costs and expenses associated with the financing of the Nexeo Acquisition. The amount of cash required to pay interest on our increased indebtedness levels following completion of the Nexeo Acquisition and thus the demands on our cash resources will be greater than the amount of cash flows required to service our indebtedness prior to the Nexeo Acquisition. The increased levels of indebtedness following completion of the Nexeo Acquisition could also reduce funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes and may create competitive disadvantages for us relative to other companies with lower debt levels. If we do not achieve the expected benefits and cost savings from the Nexeo Acquisition, or if the financial performance of the combined company does not meet current expectations, then our ability to service our indebtedness may be adversely impacted. See “Risks Related to Our Indebtedness” above.

We may not successfully divest Nexeo’s plastics distribution business.

On February 8, 2019, Univar and Nexeo announced an agreement for Nexeo to divest its plastics distribution business to an affiliate of One Rock Capital Partners, LLC for an enterprise value of $640.0 million, subject to customary closing adjustments. The Company can provide no assurance this divestiture will occur timely or at all. If the divestiture of the plastics distribution business is delayed or unsuccessful, the Company could experience:


•	a loss of management personnel and other key employees of the plastics business;


•	disruption in the business relationships of the plastics business;


•	additional challenges and delays in successfully integrating the business of Nexeo, managing our newly-expanded operations or realizing the anticipated benefits of the Nexeo Acquisition; and


•	incurring larger amounts of indebtedness than anticipated.

Any of these risks, alone or in combination, could have a material adverse effect on our stock price and otherwise adversely affect our business and financial results following the acquisition.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our principal executive office is located in Downers Grove, Illinois under a lease expiring in June 2024. As of December 31, 2018 , we had 278 locations in the United States in 47 states. Of these locations, approximately 265 are warehouse facilities responsible for storing and shipping of products and 13 are dedicated office space. Our warehouse facilities are nearly equally comprised of owned, leased and third party warehouses and our office space is generally leased. Our facilities focus on the storing, repackaging and blending of chemicals and ingredients for distribution. Such facilities do not require substantial investments in equipment, can be opened fairly quickly and replaced with little disruption. As such, we believe that none of our facilities on an individual basis is principal to the operation of our business. We select locations for our warehouses based on proximity to producers and our customers to maintain efficient distribution networks. We believe that our facilities are adequate and suitable for our current operations. We hold a relatively small number of surplus sites for potential disposition. In some instances, our larger owned sites have been mortgaged under our secured credit facilities.

We have 354 locations outside of the United States in 30 countries. These facilities are focused on storing and shipping of products. Approximately half are owned or leased and half are third party warehouses. The majority of the facilities outside of the United States are found in the following countries:


•	Canada (126 facilities)


•	China (13 facilities)


•	France (22 facilities)


•	Germany (7 facilities)


•	Italy (8 facilities)

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•	Mexico (26 facilities)


•	Netherlands (19 facilities)


•	Spain (7 facilities)


•	Sweden (17 facilities)


•	Turkey ( 9 facilities)


•	United Kingdom (40 facilities)

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

“Legal Proceedings” in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 20 , entitled “ Commitments and contingencies ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II


ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information for Common Stock

Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “UNVR”.

Holders of Record

As of December 31, 2018 , there were 2 stockholders of record of our common stock, and the closing price of our common stock was $17.74 per share as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.

Stock Performance

The following graph shows a comparison of cumulative total shareholder return, calculated on a dividend reinvested basis, for the Company, the S&P 500 and the S&P 500 Chemical Index for the period beginning on June 17, 2015 through year ended December 31, 2018 . The graph assumes $100 was invested in each of the Company's common stock, the S&P 500 and S&P 500 Chemical Index as of the market close on June 17, 2015. Note that historic stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and we have no current plans to pay dividends in future periods. In addition, our credit facilities contain restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following table presents our summary consolidated financial data as of and for the periods indicated. The selected consolidated financial data as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data as of December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements which are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical consolidated financial data may not be indicative of our future performance.

This “Selected Financial Data” should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.



	Fiscal year ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
(in millions, except per share data)
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Net sales	$	8,632.5		$	8,253.7		$	8,073.7		$	8,981.8		$	10,373.9
Operating income	387.4			338.0			138.4			259.3			315.7
Net income (loss)	172.3			119.8			(68.4		)	16.5			(20.1		)
Income (loss) per common share – diluted	1.21			0.85			(0.50		)	0.14			(0.20		)
Consolidated Balance Sheet
Cash and cash equivalents	$	121.6		$	467.0		$	336.4		$	188.1		$	206.0
Total assets	5,272.4			5,732.7			5,389.9			5,612.4			6,067.7
Long-term liabilities	2,746.1			3,223.2			3,240.5			3,502.2			4,300.7
Stockholders’ equity	1,191.7			1,090.1			809.9			816.7			248.1
Other Financial Data
Cash provided by operating activities	$	289.9		$	282.6		$	450.0		$	356.0		$	126.3
Cash used by investing activities	(99.0		)	(79.1		)	(136.0		)	(294.4		)	(148.2		)
Cash (used) provided by financing activities	(518.3		)	(112.4		)	(166.5		)	(19.8		)	84.1
Capital expenditures	94.6			82.7			90.1			145.0			113.9
Adjusted EBITDA ⁽¹⁾	640.4			593.8			547.4			573.3			624.8
Adjusted EBITDA margin ⁽¹⁾	7.4		%	7.2		%	6.8		%	6.4		%	6.0		%


(1)	For a complete discussion of the method of calculating Adjusted EBITDA and its usefulness, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We define Adjusted EBITDA margin as Adjusted EBITDA divided by net sales.

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The following is a quantitative reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP financial performance measure, which is net income (loss):



	Fiscal year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
Net income (loss)	$	172.3		$	119.8		$	(68.4	)	$	16.5		$	(20.1	)
Impairment charges ⁽¹⁾	—			—			133.9			—			0.3
Pension mark to market loss	34.2			3.8			68.6			21.1			117.8
Pension curtailment and settlement gains	—			(9.7		)	(1.3		)	(4.0		)	—
Non-operating retirement benefits	(11.0		)	(9.9		)	(15.3		)	(26.8		)	(16.9		)
Stock-based compensation expense	20.7			19.7			10.4			7.5			12.1
Business transformation costs	—			23.4			5.4			—			—
Restructuring charges	4.8			5.5			6.5			33.8			46.2
Other employee termination costs	16.4			8.1			1.5			—			—
Loss (gain) on sale of property, plant and equipment and other assets	2.0			(11.3		)	(0.7		)	(2.8		)	3.4
Acquisition and integration related expenses	22.0			3.1			5.5			7.1			3.7
Other operating expenses	7.6			6.9			8.6			14.4			8.0
Other non-operating items	3.1			3.5			0.1			4.1			2.9
Foreign currency transactions	6.7			4.6			0.6			0.8			0.6
Foreign currency denominated loans revaluation	0.8			17.9			13.7			(8.9		)	(8.3		)
Undesignated foreign currency derivative instruments	(1.1		)	(0.3		)	1.8			4.8			3.9
Undesignated interest rate swap contracts	—			2.2			(10.1		)	(2.0		)	—
Ineffective portion of cash flow hedges	—			—			—			0.4			(0.2		)
Loss due to discontinuance of cash flow hedges	—			—			—			7.5			—
Debt refinancing costs	—			5.3			—			16.5			—
Loss on extinguishment of debt	0.1			3.8			—			12.1			1.2
Advisory fees to CVC and CD&R	—			—			—			2.8			5.9
Contract termination fee to CVC and CD&R	—			—			—			26.2			—
Depreciation and amortization	179.5			200.4			237.9			225.0			229.5
Interest expense, net	132.4			148.0			159.9			207.0			250.6
Tax expense (benefit)	49.9			49.0			(11.2		)	10.2			(15.8		)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	640.4		$	593.8		$	547.4		$	573.3		$	624.8

(1)

The 2016 impairment charges primarily related to impairment of intangible assets and property, plant and equipment. See “ Note 14: Impairment charges ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 . The 2014 impairment charges primarily related to impairments of idle properties and equipment. The 2013 impairment charges primarily related to the write-off of goodwill related to the Rest of World segment as well as the write-off of capitalized software costs related to a global ERP system.

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The defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plan’s mark to market loss (gain) is measured and recognized in its entirety within the statement of operations annually on December 31. The adjustment primarily includes the difference between the expected return on plan assets and the actual return on plan assets as well as differences resulting from assumption changes and changes in plan experience between the prior pension measurement date and the current pension measurement date. For details of pension expense both within and excluded from Adjusted EBITDA, see the table below:



	Fiscal year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
Service cost included in Adjusted EBITDA	$	2.7		$	2.5		$	2.5		$	5.5		$	7.1
Pension expense included in Adjusted EBITDA	$	2.7		$	2.5		$	2.5		$	5.5		$	7.1

Interest cost	$	42.7		$	47.2		$	50.4		$	51.1		$	55.2
Expected return on plan assets	(56.4		)	(56.9		)	(61.2		)	(66		)	(60.2		)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost (credits)	2.7			(0.2		)	(4.5		)	(11.9		)	(11.9		)
Net pension benefit	$	(11.0	)	$	(9.9	)	$	(15.3	)	$	(26.8	)	$	(16.9	)

Mark to market loss (gain) due to difference in asset returns	$	116.0		$	(60.5	)	$	(45.2	)	$	67.3		$	(76.3	)
Mark to market (gain) loss due to assumption changes	(81.2		)	60.8			103.9			(39.3		)	196.5
Mark to market (gain) loss due to plan experience	(0.6		)	3.5			9.9			(6.9		)	(2.4		)
Mark to market loss	$	34.2		$	3.8		$	68.6		$	21.1		$	117.8

Settlement	$	—		$	(9.7	)	$	—		$	(1.4	)	$	—
Curtailment	—			—			(1.3		)	(2.6		)	—
Pension curtailment and settlement gains	$	—		$	(9.7	)	$	(1.3	)	$	(4.0	)	$	—

Pension expense (income) excluded from Adjusted EBITDA	$	23.2		$	(15.8	)	$	52.0		$	(9.7	)	$	100.9
Total pension expense (income)	$	25.9		$	(13.3	)	$	54.5		$	(4.2	)	$	108.0


ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

We are a leading global chemical and ingredients distributor and provider of specialty services. We purchase chemicals from thousands of chemical producers worldwide and warehouse, repackage, blend, dilute, transport and sell those chemicals to more than 100,000 customer locations across approximately 130 countries. Our specialized services include digital promotion or e-marketing of chemicals for our producers, chemical waste removal and ancillary services, on-site storage of chemicals for our customers, and support services for the agricultural end market. We derive competitive advantage from our scale, broad product offering, technical expertise, specialized services, long-standing relationships with leading chemical producers and our industry leading safety record.

Our operations are structured into four operating segments that represent the geographic areas under which we operate and manage our business. These segments are Univar USA, Univar Canada, Univar Europe and the Middle East and Africa, and Rest of World, which includes developing businesses in Latin America (including Brazil and Mexico) and the Asia-Pacific region.

We monitor the results of our operating segments separately for the purposes of making decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment. We evaluate performance on the basis of gross profit, which we define as net sales less cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation), delivered gross profit, which we define as gross profit less outbound freight and handling expense, gross margin, which we define as gross profit divided by external net sales, delivered gross margin, which we define as delivered gross profit divided by external net sales as well as Adjusted EBITDA, which we define as our consolidated net income (loss), plus the sum of interest expense, net of interest income, income tax expense (benefit), depreciation, amortization, loss on

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extinguishment of debt, other operating expenses, net (which primarily consists of acquisition and integration related expenses, employee stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, other employee termination costs, business optimization, and other unusual or non-recurring expenses), impairment charges, and other expense, net (which primarily consists of pension mark to market adjustments, gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and undesignated derivative instruments, ineffective portion of cash flow hedges, debt refinancing costs, non-operating retirement benefits, and other non-operating activity). We believe that Adjusted EBITDA is an important indicator of operating performance because:


•	we report Adjusted EBITDA to our lenders as required under the covenants of our credit agreements;


•	we consider gains (losses) on the acquisition, disposal and impairment of assets as resulting from investing decisions rather than ongoing operations;


•	Adjusted EBITDA excludes the effects of income taxes, as well as the effects of financing and investing activities by eliminating the effects of interest, depreciation and amortization expenses and therefore more closely measures our operational performance;


•	we use Adjusted EBITDA in setting performance incentive targets in order to align performance measurement with operational performance; and


•	other significant items, while periodically affecting our results, may vary significantly from period to period and have a disproportionate effect in a given period, which affects comparability of our results.

We set transfer prices between operating segments on an arms-length basis in a similar manner to transactions with third parties. We allocate corporate operating expenses that directly benefit our operating segments on a basis that reasonably approximates our estimates of the use of these services.

Other/Eliminations represents the elimination of inter-segment transactions as well as unallocated corporate costs consisting of costs specifically related to parent company operations that do not directly benefit segments, either individually or collectively. In the analysis of our results of operations, we discuss operating segment results for the current reporting period following our consolidated results of operations period-to-period comparison.

The following is management’s discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . Information included in this section for reported sales volumes and pricing utilize an average price at the consolidated level and respective reporting segment levels. In certain reporting segments we utilized country and revenue stream information to provide a more accurate representation of changes to the business. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, see Item 8 “Financial Statements” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

For reconciliations of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), see “Selected Financial Data Selected” in Item 6 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Key Factors Affecting Operating Results and Financial Condition

Key factors impacting our operating results and financial condition include the following:


•	Economic conditions, industry trends and relationships with customers and suppliers


•	Chemical availability and prices, including volume-based pricing


•	Acquisitions, dispositions and strategic investments


•	Operating efficiencies


•	Working capital requirements, interest rates and credit risk


•	Foreign currencies

For a description of our business and how the above factors impact us, refer to Item 1 “Business” and Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In addition to the factors listed above, seasonal changes may affect our business and results of operations. Our net sales are affected by the level of industrial production, which tends to decline in the fourth quarter of each year. Certain of our end markets experience seasonal fluctuations, which also affect our net sales and results of operations. For example, our sales to the agricultural end market, particularly in Canada, tend to peak in the second quarter in each year, depending in part on weather-related variations in demand for agricultural chemicals. Sales to other end markets such as paints and coatings may also be affected by changing seasonal weather conditions.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We believe that certain financial measures that do not comply with US GAAP provide relevant and meaningful information concerning the ongoing operating results of the Company. These financial measures include gross profit, gross margin, delivered gross profit and delivered gross margin (all exclusive of depreciation) and Adjusted EBITDA. Such non-GAAP financial measures are used from time to time herein but should not be viewed as a substitute for GAAP measures of performance.

We evaluate our results of operations on both an as reported and a constant currency basis. The constant currency presentation is a non-GAAP financial measure, which excludes the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We believe providing constant currency information provides valuable supplemental information regarding our results of operations, consistent with how we evaluate our performance. We calculate constant currency percentages by converting our financial results in local currency for a period using the average exchange rate for the prior period to which we are comparing. This calculation may differ from similarly-titled measures used by other companies.

Results of Operations

Executive Summary

During 2018 , we strengthened our financial condition through the generation of strong operating cash flow which reduced our leverage. We continued to make progress in the implementation of our key strategic initiatives of Commercial Greatness, Operational Excellence, and One Univar, strengthened our management team and furthered the development of a performance-driven culture. From an operations standpoint, we advanced on each of our priorities which form the framework for our strategy to grow the long-term value of Univar for our equity and debt holders. As a result, in 2018 we:


•	expanded our consolidated Adjusted EBITDA margins;


•	grew Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin in all operating segments, with the exception of Canada, which was impacted by persistent weather challenges in agriculture;


•	improved USA sales force execution resulted in USA volume growth for the first time since 2014;


•	acquired Kemetyl and Earthoil, expanding our leading position in the pharmaceutical industry and strengthening our existing global natural beauty and personal care product line;


•	strengthened our balance sheet and lowered our leverage ratio; and


•	announced the acquisition of Nexeo Solutions, Inc. , accelerating transformation and growth.

Advances in our business were partially offset by:


•	lower volumes and revenue in the Canada segment as a result of the weather-impacted agriculture market and lower demand from the Canadian energy sector.

The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, certain statements of operations data first on the basis of reported data and then as a percentage of total net sales for the relevant period. The financial data set forth below is not necessarily indicative of the results of future operations and should be read in conjunction with our historical consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere herein.

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Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017



	Year Ended										Favorable (unfavorable)			% Change		Impact of currency*
(in millions)	December 31, 2018					December 31, 2017					Favorable (unfavorable)			% Change		Impact of currency*
Net sales	$	8,632.5		100.0	%	$	8,253.7		100.0	%	$	378.8		4.6	%	0.5	%
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	6,732.4			78.0	%	6,448.2			78.1	%	(284.2		)	4.4	%	(0.4	)%
Operating expenses:
Outbound freight and handling	328.3			3.8	%	292.0			3.5	%	(36.3		)	12.4	%	(0.7	)%
Warehousing, selling and administrative	931.4			10.8	%	919.7			11.1	%	(11.7		)	1.3	%	(0.5	)%
Other operating expenses, net	73.5			0.9	%	55.4			0.7	%	(18.1		)	32.7	%	(0.2	)%
Depreciation	125.2			1.5	%	135.0			1.6	%	9.8			(7.3	)%	(0.4	)%
Amortization	54.3			0.6	%	65.4			0.8	%	11.1			(17.0	)%	0.2	%
Total operating expenses	$	1,512.7		17.5	%	$	1,467.5		17.8	%	$	(45.2	)	3.1	%	(0.5	)%
Operating income	$	387.4		4.5	%	$	338.0		4.1	%	$	49.4		14.6	%	0.3	%
Other (expense) income:
Interest income	3.2			—	%	4.0			—	%	(0.8		)	(20.0	)%	(5.0	)%
Interest expense	(135.6		)	(1.6	)%	(152.0		)	(1.8	)%	16.4			(10.8	)%	0.1	%
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(0.1		)	—	%	(3.8		)	—	%	3.7			(97.4	)%	—	%
Other expense, net	(32.7		)	(0.4	)%	(17.4		)	(0.2	)%	(15.3		)	87.9	%	2.9	%
Total other expense	$	(165.2	)	(1.9	)%	$	(169.2	)	(2.0	)%	$	4.0		(2.4	)%	0.3	%
Income before income taxes	222.2			2.6	%	168.8			2.0	%	53.4			31.6	%	0.9	%
Income tax expense	49.9			0.6	%	49.0			0.6	%	(0.9		)	1.8	%	0.9	%
Net income	$	172.3		2.0	%	$	119.8		1.5	%	$	52.5		43.8	%	1.6	%


*	Foreign currency translation is included in the percentage change. Unfavorable impacts from foreign currency translation are designated with parentheses.

Net sales



Net sales percentage change due to:
Acquisitions	0.6	%
Reported sales volumes	(2.3	)%
Sales pricing and product mix	5.8	%
Foreign currency translation	0.5	%
Total	4.6	%

Net sales were $8,632.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 , an increase of $378.8 million , or 4.6% , from the year ended December 31, 2017 . On a constant currency basis, net sales increased due to sales pricing and product mix improvements in all segments, partially offset by lower reported sales volumes in all segments except the USA for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . Net sales also increased from the January 2018 Kemetyl and May 2018 Earthoil acquisitions in EMEA and the September 2017 Tagma acquisition in the Rest of World segment. Refer to the “Segment results” for the year ended December 31, 2018 discussion for additional information.

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Gross profit (exclusive of depreciation)



Gross profit percentage change due to:
Acquisitions	0.7	%
Reported sales volumes	(2.3	)%
Sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments	6.4	%
Foreign currency translation	0.4	%
Total	5.2	%

Gross profit increased $94.6 million , or 5.2% , to $1,900.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . The increase in gross profit is attributable to higher average selling prices resulting from changes in market and product mix and sales force execution. The increase in gross profit from acquisitions was driven by the January 2018 Kemetyl and May 2018 Earthoil acquisitions in EMEA and the September 2017 Tagma acquisition in the Rest of World segment. Gross margin, which we define as gross profit divided by external net sales, increased to 22.0% in the year ended December 31, 2018 from 21.9% in the year ended December 31, 2017 , primarily due to favorable product mix and focused margin management efforts. Refer to the “Segment results” for the year ended December 31, 2018 discussion for additional information.

Outbound freight and handling

Outbound freight and handling expenses increased $36.3 million , or 12.4% , to $328.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, outbound freight and handling expenses increased $34.2 million , or 11.7% , primarily due to higher delivery costs resulting from market capacity constraints and higher fuel costs, partially offset by lower reported sales volumes. Refer to the “Segment results” for the year ended December 31, 2018 discussion for additional information.

Warehousing, selling and administrative

Warehousing, selling and administrative expenses increased $11.7 million , or 1.3% , to $931.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, the $7.2 million increase is primarily due to focused investments in resources and capabilities to meet our sales force and digital initiative objectives and higher salary expense. These costs were partially offset by cost containment efforts across all of our segments, lower variable compensation expense and lower employee health care costs in the current year. Refer to the “Segment results” for the year ended December 31, 2018 discussion for additional information.

Other operating expenses, net

Other operating expenses, net increased $18.1 million , or 32.7% , to $73.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . The increase was primarily attributable to higher acquisition and integration related expenses, the absence of gain on sale of property, plant and equipment and higher other employee termination costs. The increase was partially offset by the reduction in costs incurred to support the transformation of the US business and lower restructuring charges. Refer to “ Note 4: Other operating expenses, net ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation expense decreased $9.8 million , or 7.3% , to $125.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, the decrease of $10.4 million , or 7.7% , was primarily due to assets reaching the end of their useful lives.

Amortization expense decreased $11.1 million , or 17.0% , to $54.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, the decrease of $11.0 million , or 16.8% , was primarily attributable to intangibles reaching the end of their useful lives.

Interest expense

Interest expense decreased $16.4 million , or 10.8% , to $135.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to lower average outstanding borrowings. Refer to “ Note 16: Debt ” in Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Loss on extinguishment of debt

Loss on extinguishment of debt decreased $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . The $0.1 million loss on extinguishment of debt for the year ended December 31, 2018 related to the amended Euro ABL Credit facility agreement. The $3.8 million loss on extinguishment of debt in the year ended December 31, 2017 related to the write off of unamortized debt

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discount and debt issuance costs related to the January 2017 and November 2017 debt amendments of the Senior Term B loan agreement. Refer to “ Note 16: Debt ” in Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Other expense, net

Other expense, net increased $15.3 million , or 87.9% , to $32.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . The increase was primarily related to the increase in pension mark to market loss and the absence of pension curtailment and settlement gains. The increase was partially offset by the reduced exposure to exchange movements on foreign currency denominated loans due to the Euro Term B loan repayment in November 2017. Also contributing to the decrease was the absence of debt amendment fees for the January 2017 and November 2017 amendments of the Senior Term B loan agreement. Refer to “ Note 6: Other expense, net ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Income tax expense

Income tax expense increased $0.9 million , or 1.8% , to $49.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 . The Company’s effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 of 22.5% was higher than the recently reduced US federal statutory rate of 21.0%, primarily due to the addition of state taxes and the higher tax rates incurred on the company’s earnings outside the US, including the expected net impact of the 2017 US Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) on foreign net earnings. These increases in the effective tax rate were partially offset by the release of valuation allowances on certain tax attributes. Included in the $49.9 million of tax expense for year ended December 31, 2018 was a $15.3 million benefit related to the release of valuation allowance on foreign tax attributes, a $2.7 million benefit in recognition of previously unrecognized tax benefits due to the statute of limitation expiration, $6.8 million of adjustments to provisional amounts for certain enactment-date effects of the Tax Act, and a $1.6 million net benefit related to prior year estimates of the impact from the 2017 US Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

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Segment results

Our Adjusted EBITDA and gross profit (exclusive of depreciation) by operating segment and in aggregate is summarized in the following tables:



(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Other/ Elimin- ations ⁽¹⁾			Consolidated
	Year ended December 31, 2018
Net sales:
External customers	$	4,961.0	$	1,302.3	$	1,975.7	$	393.5	$	—		$	8,632.5
Inter-segment	126.6		9.3		4.0		0.2		(140.1		)	—
Total net sales	$	5,087.6	$	1,311.6	$	1,979.7	$	393.7	$	(140.1	)	$	8,632.5
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	3,959.3		1,080.1		1,525.6		307.5		(140.1		)	6,732.4
Outbound freight and handling	215.6		42.5		62.4		7.8		—			328.3
Warehousing, selling and administrative	536.3		84.3		240.5		45.1		25.2			931.4
Adjusted EBITDA	$	376.4	$	104.7	$	151.2	$	33.3	$	(25.2	)	$	640.4
Other operating expenses, net												73.5
Depreciation												125.2
Amortization												54.3
Interest expense, net												132.4
Loss on extinguishment of debt												0.1
Other expense, net												32.7
Income tax expense												49.9
Net income												$	172.3



(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Other/ Elimin-ations ⁽¹⁾			Consolidated
	Year ended December 31, 2018
Gross profit:
Net sales	$	5,087.6	$	1,311.6	$	1,979.7	$	393.7	$	(140.1	)	$	8,632.5
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	3,959.3		1,080.1		1,525.6		307.5		(140.1		)	6,732.4
Gross profit (exclusive of depreciation)	$	1,128.3	$	231.5	$	454.1	$	86.2	$	—		$	1,900.1

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(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Other/ Elimin- ations ⁽¹⁾			Consolidated
	Year ended December 31, 2017
Net sales:
External customers	$	4,657.1	$	1,371.5	$	1,821.2	$	403.9	$	—		$	8,253.7
Inter-segment	121.9		9.1		4.5		0.5		(136.0		)	—
Total net sales	$	4,779.0	$	1,380.6	$	1,825.7	$	404.4	$	(136.0	)	$	8,253.7
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	3,706.8		1,143.0		1,411.7		322.7		(136.0		)	6,448.2
Outbound freight and handling	192.8		37.3		55.7		6.2		—			292.0
Warehousing, selling and administrative	529.4		86.2		229.1		46.8		28.2			919.7
Adjusted EBITDA	$	350.0	$	114.1	$	129.2	$	28.7	$	(28.2	)	$	593.8
Other operating expenses, net												55.4
Depreciation												135.0
Amortization												65.4
Interest expense, net												148.0
Loss on extinguishment of debt												3.8
Other expense, net												17.4
Income tax expense												49.0
Net income												$	119.8



(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Other/ Elimin-ations ⁽¹⁾			Consolidated
	Year ended December 31, 2017
Gross profit:
Net sales	$	4,779.0	$	1,380.6	$	1,825.7	$	404.4	$	(136.0	)	$	8,253.7
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	3,706.8		1,143.0		1,411.7		322.7		(136.0		)	6,448.2
Gross profit (exclusive of depreciation)	$	1,072.2	$	237.6	$	414.0	$	81.7	$	—		$	1,805.5


(1)	Other/Eliminations represents the elimination of intersegment transactions as well as unallocated corporate costs consisting of costs specifically related to parent company operations that do not directly benefit segments, either individually or collectively.

USA .



Net sales percentage change due to:			Gross profit percentage change due to:
Reported sales volumes	0.9	%	Reported sales volumes	0.9	%
Sales pricing and product mix	5.6	%	Sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments	4.3	%
Total	6.5	%	Total	5.2	%

External sales in the USA segment were $4,961.0 million , an increase of $303.9 million , or 6.5% , in the year ended December 31, 2018 , primarily due to higher average selling prices resulting from chemical price inflation on certain products and the Company’s efforts to improve its sales force effectiveness as well as higher reported sales volumes, primarily in bulk commodity chemicals.

Gross profit increased $56.1 million , or 5.2% , to $1,128.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 . Gross profit increased due to changes in product mix, higher sales volumes and a net benefit from miscellaneous operating items. Gross margin decreased from 23.0% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 22.7% during the year ended December 31, 2018 due to product mix.

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Outbound freight and handling expenses increased $22.8 million , or 11.8% , to $215.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to higher delivery costs resulting from market capacity constraints and higher fuel costs.

Operating expenses increased $6.9 million , or 1.3% , to $536.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to focused investments in resources and capabilities to meet our sales force and digital initiative objectives, higher environmental remediation expense and higher bad debt charges. These costs were partially offset by lower employee health care costs, lower variable compensation expense and strong cost containment. Operating expenses as a percentage of external sales decreased from 11.4% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 10.8% in the year ended December 31, 2018 .

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $26.4 million , or 7.5% , to $376.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 . Adjusted EBITDA margin increased from 7.5% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 7.6% in the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily as a result of lower operating expenses as a percentage of sales, partially offset by lower gross margin and higher outbound freight and handling expenses as a percentage of sales.

Canada .



Net sales percentage change due to:			Gross profit percentage change due to:
Reported sales volumes	(8.9	)%	Reported sales volumes	(6.4	)%
Sales pricing and product mix	3.7	%	Sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments	3.7	%
Foreign currency translation	0.2	%	Foreign currency translation	0.1	%
Total	(5.0	)%	Total	(2.6	)%

External sales in the Canada segment were $1,302.3 million , a decrease of $69.2 million , or 5.0% , in the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, external net sales decreased due to lower sales volumes attributable to the weather-impacted agriculture market as well as volume reductions in the industrial chemical business due to lower demand from Canada’s energy sector in the second half of the year. Average selling prices increased as a result of chemical price inflation in certain products, changes in market and product mix and sales force execution for the year ended December 31, 2018 to the year ended December 31, 2017 .

Gross profit decreased $6.1 million , or 2.6% , to $231.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, gross profit decreased due to lower sales volumes in agriculture and the industrial chemical business. Gross margin increased from 17.3% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 17.8% in the year ended December 31, 2018 due to the lower contribution from agriculture sales in 2018 and margin management efforts.

Outbound freight and handling expenses increased $5.2 million , or 13.9% , to $42.5 million primarily due to higher delivery costs per ton resulting from tight market conditions.

Operating expenses decreased by $1.9 million , or 2.2% , to $84.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 and increased as a percentage of external sales from 6.3% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 6.5% in the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, operating expenses decreased $2.0 million , or 2.3% , primarily due to lower variable compensation expense and cost containment efforts.

Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $9.4 million , or 8.2% , to $104.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA decreased $9.6 million , or 8.4% , attributable to reduced demand resulting from a weather-impacted agriculture market, partially offset by growth in the industrial chemical business. Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased from 8.3% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 8.0% in the year ended December 31, 2018 , reflecting the lower contribution from agriculture sales in 2018.

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EMEA .



Net sales percentage change due to:			Gross profit percentage change due to:
Acquisitions	2.3	%	Acquisitions	2.0	%
Reported sales volumes	(7.1	)%	Reported sales volumes	(7.1	)%
Sales pricing and product mix	10.2	%	Sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments	11.4	%
Foreign currency translation	3.1	%	Foreign currency translation	3.4	%
Total	8.5	%	Total	9.7	%

External sales in the EMEA segment were $1,975.7 million , an increase of $154.5 million , or 8.5% , in the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, external net sales increased primarily due to higher average selling prices from chemical price inflation, mix improvement and sales force execution. Lower volumes are largely attributable to certain product shortages and a reduction of direct commodity sales. The increase in external net sales from acquisitions was due to the January 2018 Kemetyl and May 2018 Earthoil acquisitions .

Gross profit increased $40.1 million , or 9.7% , to $454.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, gross profit increased from higher average selling prices attributable to favorable product mix and margin management initiatives. The increase in gross profit from acquisitions was due to the January 2018 Kemetyl and May 2018 Earthoil acquisitions . Gross margin increased from 22.7% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 23.0% in the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to the change in product mix and price inflation.

Outbound freight and handling expenses increased $6.7 million , or 12.0% , to $62.4 million primarily due to incremental expenses related to our Kemetyl acquisition and overall higher costs to deliver.

Operating expenses increased $11.4 million , or 5.0% , to $240.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 , and decreased as a percentage of external sales from 12.6% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 12.2% in the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, operating expenses increased $3.9 million , or 1.7% , which was primarily due to incremental expenses related to our Kemetyl acquisition and higher salary expense, partially offset by lower environmental remediation expenses and lower bad debt charges.

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $22.0 million , or 17.0% , to $151.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA increased $17.9 million , or 13.9% , primarily due to increased gross margin and lower operating expenses as a percentage of sales, partially offset by higher outbound freight and handling expenses as a percentage of sales. The pharmaceutical finished goods product line represented approximately 30% of Adjusted EBITDA in the EMEA segment for the year ended December 31, 2018 . Adjusted EBITDA margin increased from 7.1% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 7.7% in the year ended December 31, 2018 .

Rest of World .



Net sales percentage change due to:			Gross profit percentage change due to:
Acquisitions	2.6	%	Acquisitions	6.0	%
Reported sales volumes	(18.5	)%	Reported sales volumes	(17.0	)%
Sales pricing and product mix	18.6	%	Sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments	24.0	%
Foreign currency translation	(5.3	)%	Foreign currency translation	(7.5	)%
Total	(2.6	)%	Total	5.5	%

External sales in the Rest of World segment were $393.5 million , a decrease of $10.4 million , or 2.6% , in the year ended December 31, 2018 . External sales increased from higher average selling prices attributable to market price inflation, shortages on certain products, changes in product mix and improved sales force effectiveness. Reported sales volumes were lower due to certain product shortages as well as the Company’s continued focus on margin management efforts. The increase in external net sales from acquisitions was due to the September 2017 Tagma acquisition.

Gross profit increased $4.5 million , or 5.5% , to $86.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 due to higher average selling prices resulting from higher chemical prices discussed above. The increase in gross profit from acquisitions was due to the September 2017 Tagma acquisition. Gross margin increased from 20.2% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 21.9% in the

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year ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to the factors discussed above and a shift towards higher margin products and services.

Outbound freight and handling expenses increased $1.6 million , or 25.8% , to $7.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 .

Operating expenses decreased $1.7 million , or 3.6% to $45.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 and decreased as a percentage of external sales from 11.6% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 11.5% in the year ended December 31, 2018 . On constant currency basis, operating expenses increased $1.4 million , or 3.0% , primarily due to higher variable compensation expense.

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $4.6 million , or 16.0% , to $33.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 . On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA increased $7.2 million , or 25.1% , primarily due to a shift towards higher margin products and services and market price inflation, partially offset by higher outbound freight and handling expenses as a percentage of sales. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased from 7.1% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 8.5% in the year ended December 31, 2018 .

Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016



	Year ended										Favorable (unfavorable)			% Change		Impact of currency*
(in millions)	December 31, 2017					December 31, 2016					Favorable (unfavorable)			% Change		Impact of currency*
Net sales	$	8,253.7		100.0	%	$	8,073.7		100.0	%	$	180.0		2.2	%	0.5	%
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	6,448.2			78.1	%	6,346.6			78.6	%	(101.6		)	1.6	%	(0.5	)%
Operating expenses:
Outbound freight and handling	292.0			3.5	%	286.6			3.5	%	(5.4		)	1.9	%	(0.6	)%
Warehousing, selling and administrative	919.7			11.1	%	893.1			11.1	%	(26.6		)	3.0	%	(0.6	)%
Other operating expenses, net	55.4			0.7	%	37.2			0.5	%	(18.2		)	48.9	%	0.8	%
Depreciation	135.0			1.6	%	152.3			1.9	%	17.3			(11.4	)%	(0.4	)%
Amortization	65.4			0.8	%	85.6			1.1	%	20.2			(23.6	)%	(0.3	)%
Impairment charges	—			—	%	133.9			1.7	%	133.9			(100.0	)%	—	%
Total operating expenses	$	1,467.5		17.8	%	$	1,588.7		19.7	%	$	121.2		(7.6	)%	(0.5	)%
Operating income	$	338.0		4.1	%	$	138.4		1.7	%	$	199.6		144.2	%	1.7	%
Other (expense) income:
Interest income	4.0			—	%	3.9			—	%	0.1			2.6	%	2.6	%
Interest expense	(152.0		)	(1.8	)%	(163.8		)	(2.0	)%	11.8			(7.2	)%	0.1	%
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(3.8		)	—	%	—			—	%	(3.8		)	100.0	%	—	%
Other expense, net	(17.4		)	(0.2	)%	(58.1		)	(0.7	)%	40.7			(70.1	)%	0.9	%
Total other expense	$	(169.2	)	(2.0	)%	$	(218.0	)	(2.7	)%	$	48.8		(22.4	)%	0.4	%
Income (loss) before income taxes	168.8			2.0	%	(79.6		)	(1.0	)%	248.4			NM		3.9	%
Income tax expense (benefit)	49.0			0.6	%	(11.2		)	(0.1	)%	(60.2		)	NM		0.9	%
Net income (loss)	$	119.8		1.5	%	$	(68.4	)	(0.8	)%	$	188.2		NM		4.7	%


*	Foreign currency translation is included in the percentage change. Unfavorable impacts from foreign currency translation are designated with parentheses.

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Net sales



Net sales percentage change due to:
Acquisitions	0.1	%
Reported sales volumes	(5.8	)%
Sales pricing and product mix	7.4	%
Foreign currency translation	0.5	%
Total	2.2	%

Net sales were $8,253.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2017, an increase of $180.0 million, or 2.2%, from the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in net sales from acquisitions was driven by the September 2017 Tagma acquisition in the Rest of World segment, the March 2016 Nexus Ag acquisition in Canada, and the March 2016 Bodine acquisition in the USA. The decrease in net sales from reported sales volumes was driven by the USA, EMEA, and Rest of World segments, partially offset by higher sales volumes in the Canada segment. The increase in net sales from changes in sales pricing and product mix was driven by all of our segments. Foreign currency translation increased net sales due to the US dollar weakening against the Canadian dollar, euro, and Brazilian real, partially offset by the strengthening of the US dollar against the British pound and the Mexican peso. Refer to the “Segment results” for the year ended December 31, 2017 discussion for additional information.

Gross profit (exclusive of depreciation)



Gross profit percentage change due to:
Acquisitions	0.2	%
Reported sales volumes	(5.8	)%
Sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments	9.5	%
Foreign currency translation	0.6	%
Total	4.5	%

Gross profit increased $78.4 million, or 4.5%, to $1,805.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in gross profit from acquisitions was driven by the September 2017 Tagma acquisition in the Rest of World segment, the March 2016 Bodine acquisition in the USA, and the March 2016 Nexus Ag acquisition in Canada. The decrease in gross profit from reported sales volumes was driven by the USA, EMEA, and Rest of World segments, partially offset by higher sales volumes in the Canada segment. The increase in gross profit from changes in sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments was driven by the USA, EMEA, and Rest of World segments, partially offset by a decrease in the Canada segment. Foreign currency translation increased gross profit due to the weakening of the US dollar against the Canadian dollar, euro, and Brazilian real, partially offset by the strengthening of the US dollar against the British pound and the Mexican peso. Gross margin, which we define as gross profit divided by external net sales, increased to 21.9% in the year ended December 31, 2017 from 21.4% in the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to favorable product mix and focused margin management efforts. Refer to the “Segment results” for the year ended December 31, 2017 discussion for additional information.

Outbound freight and handling

Outbound freight and handling expenses increased $5.4 million, or 1.9%, to $292.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Foreign currency translation increased outbound freight and handling expense by 0.6% or $1.7 million. On a constant currency basis, outbound freight and handling expenses increased 1.3% or $3.7 million, primarily due to higher delivery costs resulting from changes in product mix, market capacity constraints, and increasing fuel prices, partially offset by lower reported sales volumes. Refer to the “Segment results” for the year ended December 31, 2017 discussion for additional information.

Warehousing, selling and administrative

Warehousing, selling and administrative expenses increased $26.6 million, or 3.0%, to $919.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Foreign currency translation decreased warehousing, selling and administrative expenses by 0.6% or $5.2 million. On a constant currency basis, the $21.4 million increase is primarily due to higher personnel costs of $28.8 million primarily driven by higher variable compensation expense and higher environmental remediation expense of $4.6 million, partially offset by $3.8 million in lower lease expense, $2.4 million in lower bad debt charges, $1.0 million in lower legal expenses and $0.6 million in lower insurance expense. The remaining $4.2 million decrease related to several insignificant components. Refer to the “Segment results” for the year ended December 31, 2017 discussion for additional information.

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Other operating expenses, net

Other operating expenses, net increased $18.2 million, or 48.9%, to $55.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in other operating expenses, net was related to $18.0 million of costs incurred to support the transformation of the US business, $9.3 million of higher stock-based compensation, and $6.6 million of higher other employee termination costs. The increase was partially offset by a higher gain on sale of property, plant and equipment of $10.6 million driven by the sale and subsequent leaseback of an operating facility in the Canada segment, $2.4 million in lower acquisition and integration related expenses and $1.0 million in lower restructuring charges. The remaining $1.7 million decrease related to several insignificant components. Foreign currency translation decreased other operating expenses, net by $0.3 million, or 0.8%. Refer to “Note 4: Other operating expenses, net” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation expense decreased $17.3 million, or 11.4%, to $135.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Foreign currency translation increased depreciation expense by $0.6 million, or 0.4%. On a constant currency basis, the decrease of $17.9 million, or 11.8%, was primarily due to assets reaching the end of their useful lives and due to the second quarter 2016 reassessment of useful lives of certain internally developed software which were fully depreciated by May 2017.

Amortization expense decreased $20.2 million, or 23.6%, to $65.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Amortization expense increased $0.3 million, or 0.3%, due to foreign currency translation. On a constant currency basis, the decrease of $20.5 million, or 23.9%, was primarily driven by the third quarter 2016 impairment charge which reduced the intangible asset base along with lower expense related to intangibles reaching the end of their useful life.

Impairment charges

There were no impairment charges in the year ended December 31, 2017. Impairment charges of $133.9 million were recorded in the year ended December 31, 2016 of which $133.6 million was due to the impairment of certain intangible assets and fixed assets related to the upstream oil and gas customers in the USA segment. The Company also recorded a non-cash, long-lived asset impairment charge of $0.3 million related to assets held-for-sale. Refer to “Note 14: Impairment charges” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Interest expense

Interest expense decreased $11.8 million, or 7.2%, to $152.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to lower average outstanding borrowings, as well as lower interest rates related to the January 2017 and November 2017 amendments of the Senior Term B loan agreement. Foreign currency translation decreased interest expense by 0.1% or $0.2 million. Refer to “Note 16: Debt” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Loss on extinguishment of debt

Loss on extinguishment of debt increased $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The $3.8 million loss on extinguishment of debt in the year ended December 31, 2017 related to the write off of unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs related to the January 2017 and November 2017 debt amendments of the Senior Term B loan agreement. Refer to “Note 16: Debt” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Other expense, net

Other expense, net decreased $40.7 million, or 70.1%, to $17.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily related to the $64.8 million decrease in pension mark to market loss, the $8.4 million increase in pension curtailment and settlement gains driven by a $9.7 million settlement gain in the year ended December 31, 2017 related to a lump sum offering in a US defined benefit plan, and offset by a $5.4 million decrease in other non-operating retirement benefits. The decrease was partially offset by an increase of $12.3 million change in mark to market for interest rate swaps resulting from a gain of $10.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to a $2.2 million loss in the year ended December 31, 2017. Also offsetting the decrease was $5.3 million in fees related to the January 2017 and November 2017 amendments of the Senior Term B loan agreement, $4.2 million in higher foreign currency denominated loan revaluation losses and $4.0 million in higher foreign currency transactions. The remaining $1.3 million change is related to several insignificant components. Refer to “Note 16: Debt” and “Note 18: Derivatives” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. Refer to “Note 6: Other expense, net” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Income tax expense (benefit)

Income tax expense increased $60.2 million from an income tax benefit of $11.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2016 to an income tax expense of $49.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in income tax expense was

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primarily the result of an increase in overall earnings before income taxes from a loss of $79.6 million incurred for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to an income of $168.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The direct and indirect impacts from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) also contributed to the total expense by $36.6 million. The increase in income tax expense was partially offset by a release of valuation allowances based on current estimated earnings and future profitability of $25.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Segment results

Our Adjusted EBITDA and gross profit (exclusive of depreciation) by operating segment and in aggregate is summarized in the following tables:



(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Other/ Elimin- ations ⁽¹⁾			Consolidated
	Year ended December 31, 2017
Net sales:
External customers	$	4,657.1	$	1,371.5	$	1,821.2	$	403.9	$	—		$	8,253.7
Inter-segment	121.9		9.1		4.5		0.5		(136.0		)	—
Total net sales	$	4,779.0	$	1,380.6	$	1,825.7	$	404.4	$	(136.0	)	$	8,253.7
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	3,706.8		1,143.0		1,411.7		322.7		(136.0		)	6,448.2
Outbound freight and handling	192.8		37.3		55.7		6.2		—			292.0
Warehousing, selling and administrative	529.4		86.2		229.1		46.8		28.2			919.7
Adjusted EBITDA	$	350.0	$	114.1	$	129.2	$	28.7	$	(28.2	)	$	593.8
Other operating expenses, net												55.4
Depreciation												135.0
Amortization												65.4
Interest expense, net												148.0
Loss on extinguishment of debt												3.8
Other expense, net												17.4
Income tax expense												49.0
Net income												$	119.8



(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Other/ Elimin-ations ⁽¹⁾			Consolidated
	Year ended December 31, 2017
Gross profit:
Net sales	$	4,779.0	$	1,380.6	$	1,825.7	$	404.4	$	(136.0	)	$	8,253.7
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	3,706.8		1,143.0		1,411.7		322.7		(136.0		)	6,448.2
Gross profit (exclusive of depreciation)	$	1,072.2	$	237.6	$	414.0	$	81.7	$	—		$	1,805.5

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(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Other/ Elimin- ations ⁽¹⁾			Consolidated
	Year ended December 31, 2016
Net sales:
External customers	$	4,706.7	$	1,261.0	$	1,704.2	$	401.8	$	—		$	8,073.7
Inter-segment	104.4		8.3		4.5		—		(117.2		)	—
Total net sales	$	4,811.1	$	1,269.3	$	1,708.7	$	401.8	$	(117.2	)	$	8,073.7
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	3,769.7		1,047.4		1,324.6		322.1		(117.2		)	6,346.6
Outbound freight and handling	191.5		34.1		54.9		6.1		—			286.6
Warehousing, selling and administrative	523.5		85.4		219.3		46.8		18.1			893.1
Adjusted EBITDA	$	326.4	$	102.4	$	109.9	$	26.8	$	(18.1	)	$	547.4
Other operating expenses, net												37.2
Depreciation												152.3
Amortization												85.6
Impairment charges												133.9
Interest expense, net												159.9
Other expense, net												58.1
Income tax benefit												(11.2		)
Net loss												$	(68.4	)



(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Other/ Elimin-ations ⁽¹⁾			Consolidated
	Year ended December 31, 2016
Gross profit:
Net sales	$	4,811.1	$	1,269.3	$	1,708.7	$	401.8	$	(117.2	)	$	8,073.7
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	3,769.7		1,047.4		1,324.6		322.1		(117.2		)	6,346.6
Gross profit (exclusive of depreciation)	$	1,041.4	$	221.9	$	384.1	$	79.7	$	—		$	1,727.1


(1)	Other/Eliminations represents the elimination of intersegment transactions as well as unallocated corporate costs consisting of costs specifically related to parent company operations that do not directly benefit segments, either individually or collectively.

USA .



Net sales percentage change due to:			Gross profit percentage change due to:
Acquisitions	0.1	%	Acquisitions	0.1	%
Reported sales volumes	(7.1	)%	Reported sales volumes	(7.1	)%
Sales pricing and product mix	5.9	%	Sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments	10.0	%
Total	(1.1	)%	Total	3.0	%

External sales in the USA segment were $4,657.1 million, a decrease of $49.6 million, or 1.1%, in the year ended December 31, 2017 due to lower sales volumes, partially offset by higher average selling prices resulting from the Company's efforts to improve its sales force effectiveness, favorable changes in product mix and increases in certain chemical prices. The increase in external net sales from acquisitions was due to the March 2016 Bodine acquisition. Gross profit increased $30.8 million, or 3.0%, to $1,072.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. Gross profit increased from sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments primarily due to higher average selling prices and changes in product mix to higher margin products. The increase in gross profit from acquisitions was due to the March 2016 Bodine acquisition. Gross margin increased from 22.1% in the year

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ended December 31, 2016 to 23.0% during the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to the factors impacting gross profit discussed above.

Outbound freight and handling expenses increased $1.3 million, or 0.7%, to $192.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to higher delivery costs resulting from market capacity constraints and increasing fuel prices. Operating expenses increased $5.9 million, or 1.1%, to $529.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 of which $19.5 million is attributable to higher personnel costs primarily driven by higher variable compensation expense partially offset by lower salaries expense. Additionally, the increase in operating expenses is also due to higher environmental remediation expense of $3.0 million. These increases were partially offset by $3.8 million of lower lease expenses, $3.8 million in lower bad debt charges and $2.3 million in lower maintenance and repair expenses. The remaining $6.7 million decrease related to several insignificant components. Operating expenses as a percentage of external sales increased from 11.1% in the year ended December 31, 2016 to 11.4% in the year ended December 31, 2017.

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $23.6 million, or 7.2%, to $350.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased from 6.9% in the year ended December 31, 2016 to 7.5% in the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily as a result of higher gross margin, partially offset by increased operating expenses as a percentage of sales.

Canada .



Net sales percentage change due to:			Gross profit percentage change due to:
Acquisitions	0.3	%	Acquisitions	0.3	%
Reported sales volumes	4.8	%	Reported sales volumes	4.8	%
Sales pricing and product mix	1.5	%	Sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments	(0.2	)%
Foreign currency translation	2.2	%	Foreign currency translation	2.2	%
Total	8.8	%	Total	7.1	%

External sales in the Canada segment were $1,371.5 million, an increase of $110.5 million, or 8.8%, in the year ended December 31, 2017. Foreign currency translation increased external sales dollars as the US dollar weakened against the Canadian dollar comparing the year ended December 31, 2017 to the year ended December 31, 2016. On a constant currency basis, external sales dollars increased $82.9 million or 6.6%. The increase in external net sales from acquisitions was due to the March 2016 Nexus Ag acquisition. The increase in external net sales was driven by higher reported sales volumes across all regions. The increase in external net sales from changes in sales pricing and product mix was primarily driven by higher average selling prices in key industrial chemical products. Gross profit increased $15.7 million, or 7.1%, to $237.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in gross profit from acquisitions was due to the March 2016 Nexus Ag acquisition. Gross profit decreased from sales pricing, product costs, and other adjustments due to change in market and product mix, partially offset by margin management efforts during the year ended December 31, 2017. Gross margin decreased from 17.6% in the year ended December 31, 2016 to 17.3% in the year ended December 31, 2017.

Outbound freight and handling expenses increased $3.2 million, or 9.4%, to $37.3 million primarily due to higher reported sales volumes and higher delivery costs resulting from changes in product mix. Operating expenses increased by $0.8 million, or 0.9%, to $86.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 and decreased as a percentage of external sales from 6.8% in the year ended December 31, 2016 to 6.3% in the year ended December 31, 2017. Foreign currency translation increased operating expenses by $1.8 million, or 2.1%. On a constant currency basis, operating expenses decreased $1.0 million, or 1.2%, primarily related to several insignificant components.

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $11.7 million, or 11.4%, to $114.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. Foreign currency translation increased Adjusted EBITDA by $2.2 million, or 2.1%. On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA increased $9.5 million, or 9.3%, primarily due to increased gross profit. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased from 8.1% in the year ended December 31, 2016 to 8.3% in the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily as a result of lower operating expenses as a percentage of sales, partially offset by lower gross margin.

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EMEA .



Net sales percentage change due to:			Gross profit percentage change due to:
Reported sales volumes	(5.4	)%	Reported sales volumes	(5.4	)%
Sales pricing and product mix	12.0	%	Sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments	12.5	%
Foreign currency translation	0.3	%	Foreign currency translation	0.7	%
Total	6.9	%	Total	7.8	%

External sales in the EMEA segment were $1,821.2 million, an increase of $117.0 million, or 6.9%, in the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to higher average selling prices driven by mix improvement, margin management initiatives and chemical price inflation for certain products, partially offset by lower volumes. Foreign currency translation increased external sales dollars as the US dollar weakened against the euro, partially offset by the US dollar strengthening against the British pound, when comparing the year ended December 31, 2017 to the year ended December 31, 2016. Gross profit increased $29.9 million, or 7.8%, to $414.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. Gross profit increased due to changes in sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments primarily due to increased sales of higher margin pharmaceutical finished goods as well as the continued impact of favorable product and end market mix. Gross margin increased from 22.5% in the year ended December 31, 2016 to 22.7% in the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to the factors impacting gross profit discussed above.

Outbound freight and handling expenses increased $0.8 million, or 1.5%, to $55.7 million primarily due to higher delivery costs per ton due to lower bulk volume sales. Operating expenses increased $9.8 million, or 4.5%, to $229.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2017, and decreased as a percentage of external sales from 12.9% in the year ended December 31, 2016 to 12.6% in the year ended December 31, 2017. Foreign currency translation increased operating expenses by 1.0% or $2.1 million. On a constant currency basis, operating expenses increased $7.7 million, or 3.5%, which was driven by higher personnel costs of $5.4 million primarily due to higher variable compensation expense, higher environmental remediation expense of $1.8 million, and $1.4 million in higher bad debt charges. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $1.0 million in lease expenses. The remaining offsetting $0.1 million increase related to several other insignificant components.

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $19.3 million, or 17.6%, to $129.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. Foreign currency translation decreased Adjusted EBITDA by 0.1% or $0.2 million. On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA increased $19.5 million, or 17.7%, which can be attributed to increased gross profit due to improved sales force execution and margin management initiatives together with increased sales of pharmaceutical finished goods compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The pharmaceutical finished goods product line represented approximately 30% of Adjusted EBITDA in the EMEA segment for the year ended December 31, 2017. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased from 6.4% in the year ended December 31, 2016 to 7.1% in the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to higher gross margin and lower outbound freight and handling expenses and operating expenses as a percentage of sales.

Rest of World .



Net sales percentage change due to:			Gross profit percentage change due to:
Acquisitions	1.0	%	Acquisitions	2.6	%
Reported sales volumes	(16.3	)%	Reported sales volumes	(16.3	)%
Sales pricing and product mix	13.9	%	Sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments	13.2	%
Foreign currency translation	1.9	%	Foreign currency translation	3.0	%
Total	0.5	%	Total	2.5	%

External sales in the Rest of World segment were $403.9 million, an increase of $2.1 million, or 0.5%, in the year ended December 31, 2017. Foreign currency translation increased external sales dollars primarily due to the US dollar weakening against the Brazilian real , partially offset by the US dollar strengthening against the Mexican peso in the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in external net sales from acquisitions was due to the September 2017 Tagma acquisition. The decrease in external net sales from reported sales volumes was due to weak industrial demand and in particular lower demand in upstream oil and gas products and solvents in Mexico. The increase in external net sales from changes in sales pricing and product mix was primarily due to favorable product mix and higher average selling prices resulting from the Company's efforts to improve its sales force effectiveness and higher chemical prices due to product shortages . Gross profit increased $2.0 million, or 2.5%, to $81.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 . The increase in gross profit from acquisitions

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was due to the September 2017 Tagma acquisition. Gross profit increased from sales pricing, product costs and other adjustments primarily due to favorable product mix and higher average selling prices, offset by lower volumes across the region for the year ended December 31, 2017. Gross margin increased from 19.8% in the year ended December 31, 2016 to 20.2% in the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to the factors discussed above.

Outbound freight and handling expenses increased $0.1 million, or 1.6%, to $6.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. Foreign currency translation increased outbound freight and handling expenses by 1.6% or $0.1 million. On a constant currency basis, outbound freight and handling expenses remained flat compared to prior year primarily due to lower reported sales volumes. Operating expenses remained flat at $46.8 million and 11.6% as a percentage of external sales when comparing the year ended December 31, 2017 to the year ended December 31, 2016. Foreign currency translation increased operating expenses by 2.8% or $1.3 million. On constant currency basis, operating expenses decreased $1.3 million, or 2.8% due to several insignificant components.

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $1.9 million, or 7.1%, to $28.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. Foreign currency translation increased Adjusted EBITDA by 3.7% or $1.0 million. On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA increased $0.9 million, or 3.4%, primarily due to increased gross profit. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased from 6.7% in the year ended December 31, 2016 to 7.1% in the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to higher gross margin.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary source of liquidity is cash generated from our operations as well as borrowings under our credit facilities. As of December 31, 2018 , our total liquidity was approximately $734.7 million , comprised of $613.1 million available under our credit facilities and $121.6 million of cash and cash equivalents. Our primary liquidity and capital resource needs are to service our debt and to finance working capital, capital expenditures, other liabilities, cost of acquisitions and general corporate purposes. We believe that funds provided by these sources will be adequate to meet our liquidity and capital resource needs for at least the next 12 months under current operating conditions. We have significant working capital needs, although we have implemented several initiatives to improve our working capital and reduce the related financing requirements. The nature of our business, however, requires that we maintain inventories that enable us to deliver products to fill customer orders. As of December 31, 2018 , we maintained inventories of $803.3 million , equivalent to approximately 47.2 days of sales (which we calculate on the basis of cost of goods sold for the trailing 90-day period).

The funded status of our defined benefit pension plans is the difference between our plan assets and projected benefit obligations. Our pension plans in the US and certain other countries had an underfunded status of $212.4 million , $226.7 million and $271.8 million at December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. During 2018 , we made contributions of $38.7 million . Based on current projections of minimum funding requirements, we expect to make cash contributions of $28.3 million to our defined benefit pension plans in 2019 . The timing for any such requirement in future years is uncertain given the implicit uncertainty regarding the future developments of factors described in “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and “ Note 9: Employee benefit plans ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As a result of the US Tax Act, the Company recorded provisional amounts in 2017 including a one-time repatriation tax of $76.5 million. The Company elected to pay this repatriation tax in cash over eight years in accordance with the laws prescribed under US Tax Reform. See also “ Note 7: Income taxes ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.

We may from time to time repurchase our debt or take other steps to reduce our debt. These actions may include open market repurchases, negotiated repurchases or opportunistic refinancing of debt. The amount of debt, if any, that may be repurchased or refinanced will depend on market conditions, trading levels of our debt, our cash position, compliance with debt covenants and other considerations. Our affiliates may also purchase our debt from time to time, through open market purchases or other transactions. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2017 , we restructured a significant portion of our long-term debt obligations. These debt amendments extended our debt maturity profile and reduced our future interest payments. Refer to “ Note 16: Debt ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

In connection with the Nexeo Acquisition, the Company intends to finance the cash portion of the transaction and refinance Nexeo’s existing debt with a combination of available cash and debt financing, for which the Company has received commitments. The Company entered into a commitment letter, dated September 17, 2018, with Goldman Sachs Bank USA, pursuant to which Goldman committed to provide $1.3 billion of incremental term loans.

Univar and Nexeo have announced an agreement for Nexeo to divest its plastics distribution business to an affiliate of One Rock Capital Partners, LLC for an enterprise value of $640.0 million, subject to customary closing adjustments. If this divestiture is successful, the Company anticipates using the net proceeds to reduce our indebtedness.

While additional indebtedness would increase our interest expense and cash outflow and, at least in the short term, increase our leverage ratio, the Company believes our increased revenues from the Nexeo Acquisition and any proceeds received from the

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divestiture of Nexeo’s plastics business, will be at least sufficient to adequately service our debt and reduce our leverage ratio nearly to 2018 levels.

In February 2019, S&P Global Ratings raised their corporate credit rating on Univar to BB from BB- with a “stable” outlook and Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. raised their corporate credit rating on Univar to Ba3 from B1 with a “stable” outlook. In addition, Fitch initiated a corporate credit rating on Univar of BB with a “positive” outlook.

Cash Flows

The following table presents a summary of our cash flow activity for the periods set forth below:



	Fiscal Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017			2016
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	289.9		$	282.6		$	450.0
Net cash used by investing activities	(99.0		)	(79.1		)	(136.0		)
Net cash used by financing activities	(518.3		)	(112.4		)	(166.5		)

Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

Cash provided by operating activities increased $7.3 million from $282.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $289.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . The increase is primarily due to a net increase in the change in net working capital, net income, exclusive of non-cash items, and pensions and other postretirement benefit liabilities, partially offset by increased cash outflows related to other operating activities.

The Company adopted ASC 606 as of January 1, 2018, and although there was no impact to total operating cash flows, there were a certain number of presentation changes to specific line items in the consolidated balance sheet and within operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows. See “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ,” for the impact to the consolidated balance sheet and statement of operations as of December 31, 2018 .

Excluding the presentation changes from the adoption of ASC 606, the change in trade working capital, which includes trade accounts receivable, net, inventories, and trade accounts payable, was a cash inflow of $43.8 million (or a cash inflow of $14.2 million including the impacts of ASC 606) for the period ended December 31, 2018 compared to the period ended December 31, 2017 . Inventory cash inflows are primarily related to prior year cash outflows that produced higher inventories as a result of drought conditions in Canada that led to a soft agriculture season. Cash inflows related to trade accounts receivable, net are primarily due to prior year cash outflows as result of higher sales and the timing of customer payments. The trade accounts payable cash outflows primarily related to prior year cash inflows due to higher purchases and timing of payments.

The change in pensions and other postretirement benefit liabilities provided cash of $36.4 million primarily due to reductions in the return on plan assets and increases in actuarial losses when comparing the year ended December 31, 2018 to the year ended December 31, 2017 . Refer to “ Note 9: Employee benefit plans ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

The remaining cash outflow associated with operating activities of $109.1 million (or a cash outflow of $80.6 million including the impacts of ASC 606) is primarily related to reductions in current year customer prepayments in the Company’s agriculture business, higher compensation payments during the prior year, and prior year changes in the fair value of interest rate swaps.

Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

Cash provided by operating activities decreased $167.4 million from $450.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $282.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Cash provided by operating activities increased by $66.4 million due to an increase in net income exclusive of non-cash items in the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Refer to “Results of Operations” above for additional information.

The change in trade working capital; which includes trade accounts receivable, net, inventories and trade accounts payable; resulted in an increased use of cash of $176.8 million. Trade accounts receivable, net used cash of $58.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 and provided cash of $70.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in current year cash outflows is due to higher sales and the timing of customer payments compared to the prior year ended December 31, 2016.

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Inventories used cash of $47.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 and provided cash of $42.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2016. The current year use of cash is primarily due to higher inventories as a result of drought conditions in Canada that led to a soft agriculture season. Trade accounts payable provided cash inflows of $53.6 million and $12.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The cash inflows related to trade accounts payable are primarily due to higher purchases and timing of payments.

Cash provided by operating activities related to pensions and other postretirement benefit liabilities decreased $78.7 million, which consisted of cash outflows of $51.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and cash inflows of $26.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The difference in the cash flows between the two respective periods is primarily due to reductions in the actuarial losses and increases in the return on plan assets when comparing the year ended December 31, 2017 to the year ended December 31, 2016. Refer to “ Note 9: Employee benefit plans ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was also due to a $48.8 million decrease from changes in prepaid expenses and other current assets. In the year ended December 31, 2017, prepaid expenses and other current assets used cash of $8.7 million primarily due to increases in supplier prepayments and sales tax receivables. In the year ended December 31, 2016, prepaid expenses and other current assets provided cash of $40.1 million primarily due to reductions in prepaid expenses related to rebates, deposits and several other insignificant components and the realization of an income tax refund in the amount of $14.1 million.

The remaining cash inflow associated with operating activities of $70.5 million is related to other, net, which consists of cash inflows of $44.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and cash outflows of $25.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The cash inflows for the year ended December 31, 2017 were primarily related to increases in accrued compensation, debt refinancing costs and several other insignificant components. The cash outflows for the year ended December 31, 2016 were primarily related to reductions in restructuring reserves, reductions in environmental reserves, increases in derivative assets and reductions in miscellaneous other liabilities, which were partially offset by increases in customer prepayments, sales taxes payable and several other insignificant components.

Cash Used by Investing Activities

Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

Cash used by investing activities increased $19.9 million from $79.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $99.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . The increase primarily relates to lower proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment of $14.7 million , primarily attributable to the prior year sale and subsequent leaseback of an operating facility within the Canadian business segment. Capital expenditures increased by $11.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . The increase in capital expenditures is primarily due to a land purchase within the Canadian business segment.

Partially offsetting the increase in cash used by investing activities were lower acquisition costs of $5.8 million . In 2017, cash outflows of $24.4 million were related to the acquisitions of Tagma Brazil, certain assets of PVS, and Nexus Ag purchase accounting adjustments. The 2018 net cash outflows of $18.6 million were related to cash outflows from the Earthoil and Kemetyl acquisitions, partially offset by cash inflows due to Tagma purchase accounting adjustments.

Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

Cash used by investing activities decreased $56.9 million from $136.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $79.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease primarily relates to lower acquisition costs of $29.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. We completed two acquisitions in each of the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Refer to “ Note 19: Business combinations ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment increased by $19.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, which was primarily due to the sale and subsequent leaseback of an operating facility within the Canadian business segment. In addition, capital expenditures decreased by $7.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in capital expenditures is primarily due to timing of capital projects. The remaining decrease in cash used by investing activities of $0.5 million did not contain any significant activity.

Cash Used by Financing Activities

Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

Cash used by financing activities increased $405.9 million from $112.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $518.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . The increase in cash used by financing activities is primarily due to an early repayment of $530.0 million on the Company’s Senior Term B Loan during the period ended December 31, 2018 . The

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early repayment of the Company’s Senior Term B Loan was partially offset by increased borrowings on the ABL facilities to fund the early payments and address seasonal working capital needs.

Cash used by financing activities also increased by $30.6 million due to fewer stock option exercises for the period ended December 31, 2018 compared to the period ended December 31, 2017 . Partially offsetting the increased use of cash due to the exercise of stock options was cash provided of $4.4 million related to taxes paid for the net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards.

The change in short-term financing, net resulted in cash inflows of $22.7 million primarily due to repayments during the period ended December 31, 2017 .

Additionally, there were cash inflows of $3.3 million pertaining to acquisition related contingent consideration payments, which primarily related to cash outflow of $3.7 million for the period ended December 31, 2017 . The Company reclassified the 2017 contingent consideration payments due to the adoption of ASU 2016-15 “Statement of Cash Flows” (Topic 230) - “Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” Refer to “Note 2: Significant accounting policies” in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

Cash used by financing activities decreased $54.1 million from $166.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $112.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. A decrease in cash used by financing activities of $79.0 million was due to a net change in the cash used by the ABL facilities of $63.6 million and $142.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The change in the outstanding ABL facilities is due to changes in borrowings related to working capital funding requirements. Partially offsetting the decrease in cash used by financing activities are $13.3 million of cash outflows due to repayments of term debt; primarily inclusive of the Term B Loan and Euro Tranche Term Loan. The January 19, 2017 and November 28, 2017 agreements to amend the Senior Term B loan resulted in a net cash outflow of $4.4 million and $3.3 million of financing fees, respectively. Refer to “ Note 16: Debt ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. Increased payments related to capital leases resulted in increased cash usage due to financing activities of $3.1 million.

Cash used by financing activities also decreased by $19.6 million due to a net increase in stock option exercises of $36.5 million and $16.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Partially offsetting the increase in cash due to the exercise of stock options was cash used for taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards of $8.5 million, which was related to the year ended December 31, 2017. The change in short-term financing, net resulted in an increased usage of cash related to financing activities of $17.6 million due to increased repayments. Short-term financing, net used cash of $22.2 million and $4.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The remaining increase in cash used by financing activities of $2.0 million did not contain any significant activity.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations that require us to make future cash payments as of December 31, 2018 . The future contractual requirements include payments required for our operating and capital leases, indebtedness and other long-term liabilities reflected on our balance sheet.



	Payment Due by Period
(in millions)	Total		2019		2020 - 2021		2022 - 2023		Thereafter
Short-term financing ⁽¹⁾	$	8.1	$	8.1	$	—	$	—	$	—
Capital leases ⁽¹⁾	54.8		21.7		21.6		10.4		1.1
Long-term debt, including current maturities ⁽¹⁾	2,340.5		—		134.7		458.0		1,747.8
Interest ⁽²⁾	581.3		110.3		220.8		209.0		41.2
Minimum operating lease payments	196.2		54.9		70.4		40.9		30.0
Estimated environmental liability payments ⁽³⁾	88.6		32.1		19.1		13.5		23.9
Total ⁽⁴⁾⁽⁵⁾	$	3,269.5	$	227.1	$	466.6	$	731.8	$	1,844.0


(1)	See “ Note 16: Debt ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

(2)

Interest payments on debt are calculated for future periods using interest rates in effect as of December 31, 2018 . Projected interest payments include the related effects of interest rate swap agreements. Certain of these projected interest payments may differ in the future based on changes in floating interest rates, foreign currency fluctuations or other factors or events. The projected interest payments only pertain to obligations and agreements outstanding at December 31, 2018 . See “ Note 16: Debt ” and “ Note 18: Derivatives ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion regarding our debt instruments and related interest rate agreements, respectively.

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(3)	Included in the less than one year category is $11.4 million related to environmental liabilities for which the timing is uncertain. The timing of payments is unknown and could differ based on future events. For more information see “ Note 20: Commitments and contingencies ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(4)

Due to the high degree of uncertainty related to the timing of future cash outflows associated with unrecognized income tax benefits, we are unable to reasonably estimate beyond one year when settlement will occur with the respective taxing authorities and have excluded such liabilities from this table. At December 31, 2018 , we reported a liability for unrecognized tax benefits of $0.4 million . For more information see “ Note 7: Income taxes ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(5)

This table excludes our pension and postretirement medical benefit obligations. Based on current projections of minimum funding requirements, we expect to make cash contributions of $28.3 million to our defined benefit pension plans in the year ended December 31, 2019 . The timing for any such requirement in future years is uncertain given the implicit uncertainty regarding the future developments of factors described in “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and “ Note 9: Employee benefit plans ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We expect that we will be able to fund our remaining obligations and commitments with cash flow from operations. To the extent we are unable to fund these obligations and commitments with cash flow from operations; we intend to fund these obligations and commitments with proceeds from available borrowing capacity under our Senior ABL Facility or under future financings.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have few off-balance sheet arrangements. In recent years, our principal off-balance sheet arrangements have consisted primarily of operating leases for facility space, rail cars and some equipment leasing. As of January 1, 2019, operating leases will be recognized on the balance sheet due to the adoption of ASU 2016-02, refer to “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For additional information regarding operating leases, see “ Note 20: Commitments and contingencies ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We do not use special purpose entities that would create off-balance sheet financing.

Critical Accounting Estimates

General

Preparation of our financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make a number of significant estimates and assumptions that form the basis for our determinations as to the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if that estimate requires that we make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time we make that estimate and if different estimates that we could reasonably have used or changes in accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur could materially affect our consolidated financial statements. We believe that the following critical accounting estimates reflect our more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Our significant accounting policies are described in “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue when performance obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied, which generally occurs when goods are transferred to a customer or as services are provided to a customer. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services to customers. Net sales includes product sales, billings for freight and handling charges and fees earned for services provided, net of discounts, expected returns, customer rebates, variable consideration and sales or other revenue-based taxes. We recognize product sales and billings for freight and handling charges when products are considered delivered to the customer under the terms of the sale.

We are required to estimate variable consideration and customer returns related to revenue transactions, which limits reported revenues to the amount of consideration that is ultimately expected to be collected from customers. Specific to the crop sciences revenue stream, transaction prices may move during an agricultural growing season and changes may affect the amount of consideration the Company will receive. We estimates the revenue deferral related to variable consideration, transaction price, and customer returns based on the combination of historical experience, current market conditions and the impact of weather on the current agriculture season.

Goodwill

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually, or between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Goodwill is tested for impairment at a reporting unit level using either a qualitative assessment, commonly referred to as a “step zero” test, or a quantitative assessment,

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commonly referred to as a “step one” test. For each of the reporting units, the Company has the option to perform either the step zero or the step one test.

The step zero goodwill impairment test utilizes qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units is less than its carrying value. Qualitative factors include: macroeconomic conditions; legal and regulatory environment; industry and market considerations; overall financial performance and cost factors to determine whether a reporting unit is at risk for goodwill impairment. In the event a reporting unit fails the step zero goodwill impairment test, it is necessary to perform the step one goodwill impairment test.

The step one goodwill impairment test compares the estimated fair value of each reporting unit with the reporting unit’s carrying value (including goodwill). If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the reporting unit will recognize an impairment for the lesser of either the amount by which the reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit or the reporting unit’s goodwill carrying value. See “ Note 13: Goodwill and intangible assets ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to goodwill.

At October 1, 2018 , we performed our annual impairment review via step one and concluded the fair value exceeded the carrying value for all reporting units with goodwill balances. There were no events or circumstances from the date of assessment through December 31, 2018 that would affect this conclusion.

Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires judgment and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions by management. The inputs that create the most sensitivity in our goodwill valuation model are the discount rate, terminal growth rate, estimated cash flow projections and market multiples. We can provide no assurance that a material impairment charge will not occur in a future period. Our estimates of future cash flows may differ from actual cash flows that are subsequently realized due to many factors, including future worldwide economic conditions and the expected benefits of our initiatives. Any of these potential factors, or other unexpected factors, may cause us to re-evaluate the carrying value of goodwill.

Environmental Liabilities

As more fully described in “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ” and “ Note 20: Commitments and contingencies ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we recognize environmental contingency liabilities for probable and reasonably estimable losses associated with environmental remediation. The estimated environmental contingency liability includes incremental direct costs of investigations, remediation efforts and post-remediation monitoring. The total environmental reserve at December 31, 2018 , and 2017 was $83.5 million and $89.2 million , respectively.

Our environmental reserves are subject to numerous uncertainties that affect our ability to accurately estimate our costs, or our share of costs if multiple parties are responsible. These uncertainties involve the legal, regulatory and enforcement parameters governing environmental assessment and remediation, the nature and extent of contamination at these sites, the extent and cost of assessment and remediation efforts required, the choice of remediation and, in the case of sites with multiple responsible parties, the number and financial strength of other potentially responsible parties. In addition, our determination as to whether a loss is probable may change, particularly as new facts emerge as to the nature or extent of any non-compliance with environmental laws and the costs of assessment and remediation. Our revisions to the environmental reserve estimates have ranged between $12.3 million to $12.6 million between 2017 and 2018 .

Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Obligations

As described more fully in “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ” and “ Note 9: Employee benefit plans ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we sponsor defined benefit pension plans in the US and various other countries. We determine these pension costs and obligations using actuarial methodologies that use several statistical and judgmental factors. These assumptions include discount rates, rates for expected return on assets, mortality rates, retirement rates and for some plans rates for compensation increases, as determined by us within certain guidelines. Actual experience different from those estimated and changes in assumptions can result in the recognition of gains and losses in earnings as our accounting policy is to recognize changes in the fair value of plan assets or each plan’s projected benefit obligation in the fourth quarter of each year (the “mark to market” adjustment), unless an earlier remeasurement is required.

For the year ended December 31, 2018 , we increased our average pension discount rate by 46 basis points, resulting in a decrease in our pension plan benefit obligation of $81.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017 , our average pension discount rate decreased by 42 basis points, resulting in an increase in our pension plan benefit obligation of $63.2 million. Our expected long-term rate of return on pension plan assets is 5.54% and 6.02% for 2018 and 2017 , respectively. Actual returns can vary from the expected long-term rate each year. Actual (losses) returns for 2018 and 2017 were ($59.6) million, or (5.4)%, and $117.4 million or 11.7%, respectively. Our expected return on plan assets is calculated using the actual fair value of plan assets. Due to the phasing out of benefits under our postretirement benefit plan, changes in assumptions have an immaterial effect on that obligation.

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The following table demonstrates the impact of a 25 basis point reduction in the average pension discount rate on our pension plan benefit obligation as of the year ended December 31, 2018 .



(in millions)	2018 Pension Benefit Obligation
25 basis point decrease in discount rate	$	40.8

The following table demonstrates the impact of a 25 basis point decrease in our assumed discount rate and separately a 100 basis point decrease in our expected return on plan assets on our 2019 defined benefit pension cost (credit).



(in millions)	2019 Net Benefit Cost (Credit)
25 basis point decrease in assumed discount rate	$	(1.3	)
100 basis point decrease in expected return on plan assets	9.0

Income Taxes

The Company is subject to income taxes in the jurisdictions in which it sells products and earn revenues, including the United States, Canada and various Latin American, Asian-Pacific and European jurisdictions. By their nature, a number of the Company's tax positions require significant judgment in order to properly evaluate and quantify tax positions and to determine the provision for income taxes. GAAP sets forth a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. GAAP specifically prohibits the use of a valuation allowance as a substitute for derecognition of tax positions and also requires expanded disclosures. See “ Note 7: Income taxes ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Although the Company believes it has adequately reserved for uncertain tax positions, the final outcome of these tax matters may be different than the provision. The Company adjusts its reserves for tax positions in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, the refinement of an estimate or changes in tax laws. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, the differences are recorded as adjustments to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate. The interest and penalties related to these reserves are recorded as a component of interest expense and warehousing, selling and administrative expenses, respectively.

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The legislation significantly changes US tax law by, among other things, lowering corporate income tax rates, implementing a territorial tax system and imposing a repatriation tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The Tax Act permanently reduced the US corporate income tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21% rate, effective January 1, 2018. The SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) to address the application of US GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. The SAB 118 measurement period ends when a company has obtained, prepared, and analyzed the information needed to complete the accounting requirements under ASC 740, “Income Taxes”, but no later than one year from the enactment date of December 22, 2017. In 2017 and the first nine months of 2018, the Company recorded provisional amounts for certain enactment-date effects of the Act by applying the guidance in SAB 118 because the Company had not yet completed its enactment-date accounting for these effects. At December 31, 2018, the Company has now completed its accounting for all the enactment-date income tax effects of the Act. During 2018, the Company recognized adjustments of $6.8 million related to the provisional amounts recorded at December 31, 2017 and included these adjustments as a component of income tax expense from continuing operations.

Effective in 2018, the Company is subject to global intangible low tax income (“GILTI”) which is a tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. Due to the complexity of the GILTI tax rules, companies are allowed to make an accounting policy choice of either (1) treating taxes due on future US inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred or (2) factoring such amounts into a company’s measurement of its deferred taxes. The Company is electing to treat taxes due on future US inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred and, therefore, there is no impact to the deferred tax rate in 2018.

The Company's future effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets or liabilities, or changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles or interpretations thereof. In addition, the Company is subject to examination of income tax returns by various tax authorities. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of its provisions for income taxes.

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The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts using enacted tax rates in effect for the year the differences are expected to reverse. Significant judgment in the forecasting of taxable income using historical and projected future operating results is required in determining our provision for income tax and the related asset and liabilities.

In the event that the actual outcome of future tax consequences differs from our estimates and assumptions due to changes or future events such as tax legislation, geographic mix of the earnings, completion of tax audits or earnings repatriation plans, the resulting change to the provision for income taxes could have a material effect on the consolidated statements of operations and consolidated balance sheets.

The Company recorded a valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets, including certain of its foreign net operating loss carry forwards, foreign tax credits and deferred interest expense.

In evaluating the Company’s ability to realize its deferred tax assets, in full or in part, the Company considered all available positive and negative evidence, including its past operating results, forecast of future market growth, forecasted earnings, future taxable income and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.

The assumptions utilized in determining future taxable income require significant judgment and are consistent with the plans and estimates the Company is using to manage the underlying businesses. The Company believes it is more likely than not that the remaining deferred tax assets recorded on the balance sheet will ultimately be realized. In the event the Company determined that it would not be able to realize all or part of its net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would be charged to earnings in the period in which the Company makes such determination.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

See “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Accounting Pronouncements Issued But Not Yet Adopted

See “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies

Our principal financial instruments, other than derivatives, comprise credit facilities and other long-term debt as well as cash and cash equivalents. We have various other financial instruments, such as accounts receivable and accounts payable, which arise directly from our operations. We make use of various financial instruments under a financial policy. We use derivative financial instruments to reduce exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and interest rates in certain limited circumstances described below. While these derivative financial instruments are subject to market risk, principally based on changes in currency exchange and interest rates, the impact of these changes on our financial position and results of operations is generally offset by a corresponding change in the financial or operating items we are seeking to hedge. We follow a strict policy that prohibits trading in financial instruments other than to acquire and manage these hedging positions. We do not hold or issue derivative or other financial instruments for speculative purposes, or to hedge translation risk.

The principal risks arising from our financial instruments are interest rate risk, product price risk, foreign currency risk and credit risk. Our board of directors reviews and approves policies designed to manage each of these risks, which are summarized below. We also monitor the market-price risk arising from all financial instruments. The interest rate risk to which we are subject at year end is discussed below. Our accounting policies for derivative financial instruments are set out in our summary of significant accounting policies at “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our long-term debt obligations. Under our hedging policy, we seek to maintain an appropriate amount of fixed-rate debt obligations, either directly or effectively through interest rate derivative contracts that fix the interest rate payable on all or a portion of our floating rate debt obligations. We assess the anticipated mix of the fixed versus floating amount of debt once a year, in connection with our annual budgeting process, with the purpose of hedging variability of interest expense and interest payments on our variable rate bank debt and maintaining a mix of both fixed and floating rate debt. As of December 31, 2018 , approximately 81% of our debt was fixed rate after consideration of interest rate swap contracts.

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The interest rates related to our long-term debt decreased since December 31, 2016 due to the January 2017 and November 2017 debt amendments. Refer to “ Note 16: Debt ” in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. As a result, the impact on our earnings before taxes has materially changed when considering a change in variable interest rates.

Below is a chart showing the sensitivity of both a 100 basis point and 200 basis point increase in interest rates (including the impact of derivatives), with other variables held constant on our earnings before tax.



(in millions)	Year Ended December 31, 2018
100 basis point increase in variable interest rates	$	4.4
200 basis point increase in variable interest rates	9.0

Foreign Currency Risk

Because we conduct our business on an international basis in multiple currencies, we may be adversely affected by foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Although we report financial results in US dollars, a substantial portion of our net sales and expenses are denominated in currencies other than the US dollar, particularly the euro, the Canadian dollar and European currencies other than the euro, including the British pound sterling. Fluctuations in exchange rates could therefore significantly affect our reported results from period to period as we translate results in local currencies into US dollars. We have not used derivative instruments to hedge the translation risk related to earnings of foreign subsidiaries.

Additionally, our investments in EMEA, Canada and Rest of World are subject to foreign currency risk. Currency fluctuations result in non-cash gains and losses that do not impact income before income taxes, but instead are recorded as accumulated other comprehensive loss in equity in our consolidated balance sheet. We do not hedge our investment in non-US entities because those investments are viewed as long-term in nature.

The majority of our currency risk arising on cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and loan balances denominated in currencies other than those which we record the financial results for a business operation stem from exposures to the US dollar, euro or British pound sterling. The following table illustrates the sensitivity of our 2018 consolidated earnings before income taxes (including the impact of foreign currency derivative instruments), to a 10% increase in the value of the US dollar, euro, and, British pound sterling with all other variables held constant.



(in millions)	Year ended December 31, 2018
10% strengthening of US dollar	$	(1.8	)
10% strengthening of Euro	0.6
10% strengthening of British pound	(0.3		)

Product Price Risk

Our business model is to buy and sell at “spot” prices in quantities approximately equal to estimated customer demand. We do not take significant “long” or “short” positions in the products we sell in an attempt to speculate on changes in product prices. As a result, we are not significantly exposed to changes in product selling prices or costs and our exposure to product price risk is not material. Because we maintain inventories in order to serve the needs of our customers, we are subject to the risk of reductions in market prices for chemicals we hold in inventory, but we actively manage this risk and have reduced our exposure by improving sales forecasting and reducing the period of projected sales for which inventories are held, as well as incorporating low working capital targets within employee incentive plans.

Credit Risk

We have a credit policy in place and monitor exposure to credit risk on an ongoing basis. We perform credit evaluations on all customers requesting credit above a specified exposure level. In the normal course of business, we provide credit to our customers, perform ongoing credit evaluations of these customers and maintain reserves for potential credit losses. In certain situations, we will require upfront cash payment, collateral and/or personal guarantees based on the credit worthiness of the customers. We typically have limited risk from a concentration of credit risk as no individual customer represents greater than 10% of the outstanding accounts receivable balance.

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Investments, if any, are only in liquid securities and only with counterparties with appropriate credit ratings. Transactions involving derivative financial instruments are with counterparties with which we have a signed netting agreement and which have appropriate credit ratings. We do not expect any counterparty to fail to meet its obligations.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA



	Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	73
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	75
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	76
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017	77
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	78
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	79
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	80

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Univar Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Univar Inc. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission 2013 framework and our report dated February 21, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.

Chicago, Illinois

February 21, 2019

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Univar Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Univar Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Univar Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2018 consolidated financial statements of Univar Inc. and our report dated February 21, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Assessment of Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and applicable rules and regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitation of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Chicago, Illinois

February 21, 2019

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UNIVAR INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS



		Year ended December 31,
(in millions, except per share data)	Note	2018			2017			2016
Net sales		$	8,632.5		$	8,253.7		$	8,073.7
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)		6,732.4			6,448.2			6,346.6
Operating expenses:
Outbound freight and handling		328.3			292.0			286.6
Warehousing, selling and administrative		931.4			919.7			893.1
Other operating expenses, net	4	73.5			55.4			37.2
Depreciation		125.2			135.0			152.3
Amortization		54.3			65.4			85.6
Impairment charges	14	—			—			133.9
Total operating expenses		$	1,512.7		$	1,467.5		$	1,588.7
Operating income		$	387.4		$	338.0		$	138.4
Other (expense) income:
Interest income		3.2			4.0			3.9
Interest expense		(135.6		)	(152.0		)	(163.8		)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	16	(0.1		)	(3.8		)	—
Other expense, net	6	(32.7		)	(17.4		)	(58.1		)
Total other expense		$	(165.2	)	$	(169.2	)	$	(218.0	)
Income (loss) before income taxes		222.2			168.8			(79.6		)
Income tax expense (benefit)	7	49.9			49.0			(11.2		)
Net income (loss)		$	172.3		$	119.8		$	(68.4	)
Income (loss) per common share:
Basic	8	$	1.22		$	0.85		$	(0.50	)
Diluted	8	1.21			0.85			(0.50		)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	8	141.2			140.2			137.8
Diluted	8	142.2			141.4			137.8

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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UNIVAR INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)



		Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	Note	2018			2017			2016
Net income (loss)		$	172.3		$	119.8		$	(68.4	)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Impact due to adoption of ASU 2017-12 ⁽¹⁾		0.5			—			—
Foreign currency translation	11	(97.0		)	107.1			36.3
Pension and other postretirement benefits adjustment	11	0.1			(2.4		)	(1.8		)
Derivative financial instruments	11	1.7			6.7			—
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax		$	(94.7	)	$	111.4		$	34.5
Comprehensive income (loss)		$	77.6		$	231.2		$	(33.9	)


(1)	Adjusted due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-12 “Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities” on January 1, 2018. Refer to “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ” for more information.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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UNIVAR INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS



		December 31,
(in millions, except per share data)	Note	2018			2017
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	121.6		$	467.0
Trade accounts receivable, net		1,094.7			1,062.4
Inventories		803.3			839.5
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		169.1			149.6
Total current assets		$	2,188.7		$	2,518.5
Property, plant and equipment, net	12	955.8			1,003.0
Goodwill	13	1,780.7			1,818.4
Intangible assets, net	13	238.1			287.7
Deferred tax assets	7	24.8			22.8
Other assets		84.3			82.3
Total assets		$	5,272.4		$	5,732.7
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Short-term financing	16	$	8.1		$	13.4
Trade accounts payable		925.4			941.7
Current portion of long-term debt	16	21.7			62.0
Accrued compensation		93.6			100.7
Other accrued expenses	15	285.8			301.6
Total current liabilities		$	1,334.6		$	1,419.4
Long-term debt	16	2,350.4			2,820.0
Pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities	9	254.4			257.1
Deferred tax liabilities	7	42.9			35.4
Other long-term liabilities		98.4			110.7
Total liabilities		$	4,080.7		$	4,642.6
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, 200.0 million shares authorized at $0.01 par value with no shares issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017		—			—
Common stock, 2.0 billion shares authorized at $0.01 par value with 141.7 million and 141.1 million shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		1.4			1.4
Additional paid-in capital		2,325.0			2,301.3
Accumulated deficit		(761.5		)	(934.1		)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	11	(373.2		)	(278.5		)
Total stockholders’ equity		$	1,191.7		$	1,090.1
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		$	5,272.4		$	5,732.7

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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UNIVAR INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS



		Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	Note	2018			2017			2016
Operating activities:
Net income (loss)		$	172.3		$	119.8		$	(68.4	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		179.5			200.4			237.9
Impairment charges	14	—			—			133.9
Amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discount		7.6			7.9			7.9
Amortization of pension cost (credits) from accumulated other comprehensive loss	9	2.7			(0.2		)	(4.5		)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	16	0.1			3.8			—
Loss (gain) on sale of property, plant and equipment and other assets	4	2.0			(11.3		)	(0.7		)
Deferred income taxes	7	2.8			11.7			(31.6		)
Stock-based compensation expense	10	20.7			19.7			10.4
Other		0.7			(0.7		)	(0.2		)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable, net		(62.1		)	(58.5		)	70.2
Inventories		14.4			(47.7		)	42.0
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(19.3		)	(8.7		)	40.1
Trade accounts payable		9.3			53.6			12.0
Pensions and other postretirement benefit liabilities		(15.4		)	(51.8		)	26.9
Other, net		(25.4		)	44.6			(25.9		)
Net cash provided by operating activities		$	289.9		$	282.6		$	450.0
Investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment		$	(94.6	)	$	(82.7	)	$	(90.1	)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment and other assets		14.5			29.2			9.4
Purchases of businesses, net of cash acquired	19	(18.6		)	(24.4		)	(53.6		)
Other		(0.3		)	(1.2		)	(1.7		)
Net cash used by investing activities		$	(99.0	)	$	(79.1	)	$	(136.0	)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt	16	$	41.7		$	4,477.8		$	—
Payments on long-term debt and capital lease obligations	16	(561.9		)	(4,585.7		)	(178.2		)
Short-term financing, net	16	0.5			(22.2		)	(4.6		)
Financing fees paid	16	(1.1		)	(7.7		)	—
Taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards		(4.1		)	(8.5		)	—
Stock option exercises	10	5.9			36.5			16.9
Contingent consideration payments		(0.4		)	(3.7		)	(0.4		)
Other		1.1			1.1			(0.2		)
Net cash used by financing activities		$	(518.3	)	$	(112.4	)	$	(166.5	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		$	(18.0	)	$	39.5		$	0.8
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(345.4		)	130.6			148.3
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		467.0			336.4			188.1
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period		$	121.6		$	467.0		$	336.4
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Income taxes		$	65.0		$	29.9		$	14.9
Interest, net of capitalized interest		128.2			140.2			148.9
Non-cash activities:
Additions of property, plant and equipment included in trade accounts payable and other accrued expenses		$	14.6		$	7.4		$	11.5
Additions of property, plant and equipment under a capital lease obligation		23.6			19.9			29.6

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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UNIVAR INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY



(in millions, except per share data)	Common stock (shares)		Common stock		Additional paid-in capital			Accumulated deficit			Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			Total
Balance, January 1, 2016	138.0		$	1.4	$	2,224.7		$	(985.0	)	$	(424.4	)	$	816.7
Net loss	—		—		—			(68.4		)	—			(68.4		)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax $23.9	—		—		—			—			36.3			36.3
Pension and other postretirement benefits adjustment, net of tax $1.5	—		—		—			—			(1.8		)	(1.8		)
Stock option exercises	0.8		—		16.9			—			—			16.9
Stock-based compensation	—		—		10.4			—			—			10.4
Other	—		—		(0.2		)	—			—			(0.2		)
Balance, December 31, 2016	138.8		$	1.4	$	2,251.8		$	(1,053.4	)	$	(389.9	)	$	809.9
Impact due to adoption of ASU, net of tax $0.2 (1)	—		—		0.7			(0.5		)	—			0.2
Net inco me	—		—		—			119.8			—			119.8
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax ($2.1)	—		—		—			—			107.1			107.1
Pension and other postretirement benefits adjustment, net of tax $0.6	—		—		—			—			(2.4		)	(2.4		)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax ($4.3)	—		—		—			—			6.7			6.7
Restricted stock units vested	0.8		—		—			—			—			—
Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards	(0.3	)	—		(8.5		)	—			—			(8.5		)
Stock option exercises	1.8		—		36.5			—			—			36.5
Employee stock purchase plan ⁽²⁾	—		—		1.1			—			—			1.1
Stock-based compensation	—		—		19.7			—			—			19.7
Balance, December 31, 2017	141.1		$	1.4	$	2,301.3		$	(934.1	)	$	(278.5	)	$	1,090.1
Impact due to adoption of ASU, net of tax ($0.3) ⁽³⁾	—		—		—			0.3			0.5			0.8
Net income	—		—		—			172.3			—			172.3
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax $2.4	—		—		—			—			(97.0		)	(97.0		)
Pension and other postretirement benefits adjustment, net of tax ($0.1)	—		—		—			—			0.1			0.1
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax ($0.4)	—		—		—			—			1.7			1.7
Restricted stock units vested	0.4		—		—			—			—			—
Tax withholdings related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards	(0.1	)	—		(4.1		)	—			—			(4.1		)
Stock option exercises	0.3		—		5.9			—			—			5.9
Employee stock purchase plan	—		—		1.1			—			—			1.1
Stock-based compensation	—		—		20.7			—			—			20.7
Other	—		—		0.1			—			—			0.1
Balance, December 31, 2018	141.7		$	1.4	$	2,325.0		$	(761.5	)	$	(373.2	)	$	1,191.7


(1)	Adjusted due to the adoption of ASU 2016-09 “Improvement to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” on January 1, 2017.


(2)	During November 2016, our Board of Directors approved the Univar Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP, authorizing the issuances of up to 2.0 million shares of the Company's common stock effective January 1, 2017. The total number of shares issued under the plan for the first two offering periods from January through December 2017 was 39,418 shares.


(3)	Adjusted due to the adoption of ASU 2014-09 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” and ASU 2017-12 “Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities” on January 1, 2018. Refer to “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ” for more information.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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UNIVAR INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 AND

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 , 2017 AND 2016

1. Nature of operations

Headquartered in Downers Grove, Illinois, Univar Inc. (“Company” or “Univar”) is a leading global chemical and ingredients distributor and provider of specialty services. The Company’s operations are structured into four operating segments that represent the geographic areas under which the Company manages its business:


•	Univar USA (“USA”)


•	Univar Canada (“Canada”)


•	Univar Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”)


•	Rest of the World (“Rest of World”)

Rest of World includes certain developing businesses in Latin America (including Brazil and Mexico) and the Asia-Pacific region.

2. Significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”). Unless otherwise indicated, all financial data presented in these consolidated financial statements are expressed in US dollars.

Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. Subsidiaries are consolidated if the Company has a controlling financial interest, which may exist based on ownership of a majority of the voting interest, or based on the Company’s determination that it is the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”). The Company did not have any material interests in VIEs during the years presented in these consolidated financial statements. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the amounts reported and disclosed in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606). On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the new Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and all the related amendments (“new revenue standard”) to all contracts using the modified retrospective method. The Company recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12 “Derivatives and Hedging” (Topic 815) - “Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.” The ASU better aligns hedge accounting with the Company’s risk management activities, simplifies the application of hedge accounting, and improves transparency as to the scope and results of hedging programs. The Company early adopted the new pronouncement effective January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective approach by recognizing the cumulative effect of initially applying the new pronouncement as an adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.

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The cumulative effect of the changes made to the January 1, 2018 consolidated balance sheet for the adoption of ASU 2014-09 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606) and ASU 2017-12 “Derivatives and Hedging” (Topic 815) - “Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities” is as follows:



(in millions)	Balance at December 31, 2017			Adjustments due to ASU 2014-09			Adjustments due to ASU 2017-12			Balance at January 1, 2018
Assets
Trade accounts receivable, net	$	1,062.4		$	41.3		$	—		$	1,103.7
Inventories	839.5			(2.1		)	—			837.4
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	149.6			1.8			—			151.4
Liabilities
Trade accounts payable	$	941.7		$	7.0		$	—		$	948.7
Other accrued expenses	301.6			33.2			—			334.8
Equity
Accumulated deficit	$	(934.1	)	$	0.8		$	(0.5	)	$	(933.8	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(278.5		)	—			0.5			(278.0		)

The following tables summarize the impact of adopting the new revenue standard upon the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and statement of operations as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 :



	Year ended December 31, 2018
(in millions)	As reported		Balances without adoption of ASC 606		Effect of change higher/(lower)
Net sales	$	8,632.5	$	8,626.4	$	6.1
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	6,732.4		6,726.7		5.7

Income tax expense	$	49.9	$	49.8	$	0.1
Net income	172.3		172.0		0.3



	December 31, 2018
(in millions)	As reported			Balances without adoption of ASC 606			Effect of change higher/(lower)
Assets
Trade accounts receivable, net	$	1,094.7		$	1,047.8		$	46.9
Inventories	803.3			814.4			(11.1		)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	169.1			163.9			5.2
Liabilities
Trade accounts payable	$	925.4		$	919.2		$	6.2
Other accrued expenses	285.8			252.1			33.7
Equity
Accumulated deficit	$	(761.5	)	$	(762.6	)	$	1.1

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07 “Compensation - Retirement Benefits” (Topic 715) - “Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.” On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the amendments to ASC Topic 715 that improves the presentation of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs, by separating the presentation of service costs from other components of net periodic costs. The interest cost, expected return on assets, and amortization of prior service costs have been reclassified from warehousing, selling, and administrative expenses to other expense, net. The mark to market, curtailment, and settlement expenses have been reclassified from other operating expenses, net to other expense, net.

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Adoption of ASU 2017-07 resulted in a retrospective presentation change to the net periodic cost for the defined benefit pension and other postretirement employee benefits (“OPEB”) plans within the consolidated income statement as follows:



	Year ended December 31, 2017
(in millions)	As revised			Previously reported			Effect of change higher/(lower)
Warehousing, selling and administrative	$	919.7		$	909.8		$	9.9
Other operating expenses, net	55.4			49.5			5.9
Other expense, net	(17.4		)	(33.2		)	(15.8		)

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15 “Statement of Cash Flows” (Topic 230) - “Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” The ASU clarifies and provides specific guidance on eight cash flow classification issues that were not addressed within the previous guidance. The Company adopted the ASU as of January 1, 2018 and accordingly restated the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017 to conform with the current period presentation under this new guidance. As a result of the adoption, the Company reclassified $3.7 million of cash outflows previously reported as operating activities to financing activities within the consolidated statement of cash flows related to contingent consideration payments for the year ended December 31, 2017 .

The Company also adopted the following standards during 2018, none of which had a material impact to the financial statements or financial statement disclosures:



Standard		Effective date
2018-07	Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting	July 1, 2018
2017-09	Compensation - Stock Compensation - Scope of Modification Accounting	January 1, 2018
2017-04	Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment	January 1, 2018
2017-01	Business Combinations - Clarifying the Definition of a Business	January 1, 2018
2016-18	Statement of Cash Flows - Restricted Cash	January 1, 2018
2016-16	Income Taxes - Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory	January 1, 2018
2016-01	Financial Instrument - Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities	January 1, 2018

Accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 “Leases” (Topic 842), which supersedes the lease recognition requirements in ASC Topic 840, “Leases.” The core principal of the guidance is that an entity should recognize assets and liabilities arising from a lease for both financing and operating leases, along with additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures. The standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within such fiscal years. The guidance is to be applied using a modified retrospective transition method with the option to elect a package of practical expedients. The Company has established a project team to evaluate and implement the standard. The project team is in the final stages of implementing the standard to meet the ASU’s reporting and disclosure requirements.

Upon the January 1, 2019 adoption of this standard, the consolidated balance sheet will include a right of use asset and liability related to certain operating lease arrangements. The Company has elected to apply the transition requirements at the January 1, 2019, effective date rather than at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. This approach allows for a cumulative effect adjustment in the period of adoption, and prior periods will not be restated. The Company will elect the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which among other things, allows us to carryforward the historical lease classification. The Company will make an accounting policy election to keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off of the balance sheet. The Company will recognize those lease payments in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company estimates the impact of the additional lease assets and liabilities to range from $140 million to $190 million .

In January 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02 “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income” (Topic 220) “Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (“AOCI”), which gives entities the option to reclassify certain tax effects, that the FASB refers to as having been stranded, resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act from AOCI to retained earnings. The new guidance may be applied retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act is recognized, or in the period of adoption. The Company must adopt this guidance for fiscal years beginning

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after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company expects to record an adjustment to the accumulated deficit and accumulated other comprehensive loss financial statement line items in the range of $3.0 million to $4.0 million on the January 1, 2019 adoption of the ASU.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13 “Fair Value Measurement” (Topic 820) - “Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” The ASU amends the requirements related to fair value disclosures to include new disclosure requirements and eliminates or modifies certain historic disclosures. The ASU amendment was part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project that is designed to increase the effectiveness of companies’ disclosures to the users of the financial statements and footnotes. This guidance will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within such fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently determining the impact to the Company’s disclosure requirements, which will be reflected in the footnote disclosures subsequent to the ASU adoption on January 1, 2020.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14 “Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General” (Subtopic 715-20) - “Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans.” The ASU amends the requirements related to defined benefit pension and other postretirement plan disclosures to include new disclosure requirements and eliminates or clarifies certain historic disclosures. The ASU amendment was part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project that is designed to increase the effectiveness of companies’ disclosures to the users of the financial statements and footnotes. This guidance will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently determining the impact to the Company’s disclosure requirements, which will be reflected in the footnote disclosures subsequent to the ASU adoption on January 1, 2021.

The Company has not yet adopted the following standards, none of which is expected to have a material impact to the financial statements or financial statement disclosures:



Standard		Expected adoption date
2018-18	Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808) - Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606	January 1, 2020
2018-17	Consolidation (Topic 810) - Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities	January 1, 2020
2018-16	Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap (OIS) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes	January 1, 2019
2018-15	Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force)	January 1, 2020
2016-13	Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments	January 1, 2020

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include highly-liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash. Cash at banks earn interest at floating rates based on daily bank deposit rates.

Trade accounts receivable, net

Trade accounts receivable are stated at the invoiced amount, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts.

In the normal course of business, the Company provides credit to its customers, performs ongoing credit evaluations of these customers and maintains reserves for potential credit losses. In certain situations, the Company will require up-front cash payment, collateral and/or personal guarantees based on the credit worthiness of the customer.

The allowance for doubtful accounts was $11.2 million and $13.0 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated based on an individual assessment of collectability based on factors that include current ability to pay, bankruptcy and payment history, as well as a general reserve related to prior experience.

Inventories

Inventories consist primarily of products purchased for resale and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventory cost is determined based on the weighted average cost method. Inventory cost includes purchase price from producers net of rebates received, inbound freight and handling, and direct labor and other costs incurred to blend and repackage product and excludes depreciation expense. The Company recognized $1.9 million , $3.3 million and $6.6 million of lower of cost or net

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realizable value adjustments to certain of its inventories in the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. The expense related to these adjustments is included in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of operations.

Producer incentives

The Company has arrangements with certain producers that provide discounts when certain measures are achieved, generally related to purchasing volume. Volume rebates are generally earned and realized when the related products are purchased during the year. The reduction in cost of goods sold is recorded when the related products, on which the rebate was earned, are sold. As the right to receive discount incentives is contingent on purchases during the entire year, the Company's accounting estimates for producer incentives is dependent on the ability to accurately forecast annual purchases. Discretionary rebates are recorded when received. The unpaid portion of rebates from producers is recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Property, plant and equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment are carried at historical cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Expenditures for improvements that add functionality and/or extend useful life are capitalized. The Company capitalizes interest costs on significant capital projects, as an increase to property, plant and equipment. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of each asset from the time the asset is ready for its intended purpose, with consideration of expected residual values. Depreciation expense is recorded to depreciation within the consolidated statement of operations.

The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment are as follows:



Buildings	10-50 years
Main components of tank farms	5-40 years
Containers	2-15 years
Machinery and equipment	5-20 years
Furniture, fixtures and others	5-20 years
Information technology	3-10 years

The Company evaluates the useful life and carrying value of property, plant and equipment for impairment if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. If an asset is tested for possible impairment, the Company compares the carrying amount of the related asset group to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by that asset group. If the carrying amount of the asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its estimated fair value.

Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the lesser of the term of the applicable lease, including renewable periods if reasonably assured, or the useful life of the improvement.

Assets under capital leases where ownership transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the lease agreement contains a bargain purchase option are depreciated over the useful life of the asset. For remaining assets under capital leases, the assets are depreciated over the lesser of the term of the applicable lease, including renewable periods if reasonably assured, or the useful life of the asset with consideration of any expected residual value.

Refer to “ Note 12: Property, plant and equipment, net ” for further information.

Goodwill and intangible assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in business combinations.

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually on October 1, or between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Goodwill is tested for impairment at a reporting unit level using either a qualitative assessment, commonly referred to as a “step zero” test, or a quantitative assessment, commonly referred to as a “step one” test. For each of the reporting units, the Company has the option to perform either the step zero or the step one test. The Company’s reporting units are identical to the identified four operating segments: USA, Canada, EMEA, and Rest of World.

The Company elected the step one test to evaluate goodwill for impairment for each of the reporting units during 2018 and the step zero test in 2017 . The step one goodwill impairment test compares the estimated fair value of each reporting unit with the reporting unit’s carrying value (including goodwill). If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the reporting

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unit will recognize an impairment for the lesser of either the amount by which the reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit or the reporting unit’s goodwill carrying value.

Intangible assets consist of customer and producer relationships and contracts, intellectual property trademarks, trade names, non-compete agreements and exclusive distribution rights. Intangible assets have finite lives and are amortized over their respective useful lives of 2 to 20 years. Amortization of intangible assets is based on the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up; which is based on the undiscounted cash flows, or when not reliably determined, on a straight-line basis. Intangible assets are tested for impairment if an event occurs or circumstances change that indicates the carrying value may not be recoverable. Refer to “ Note 14: Impairment charges ” for further information.

Customer relationship intangible assets represent the fair value allocated in purchase price accounting for the ongoing relationships with an existing customer base acquired in a business combination. The fair value of customer relationships is determined using the excess earnings methodology, an income based approach. The excess earnings methodology provides an estimate of the fair value of customer relationship assets by deducting economic costs, including operating expenses and contributory asset charges, from revenue expected to be generated by the assets. These estimated cash flows are then discounted to the present value equivalent.

Refer to “ Note 13: Goodwill and intangible assets ” for further information.

Short-term financing

Short-term financing includes bank overdrafts and short-term lines of credit. Refer to “ Note 16: Debt ” for further information.

Long-term debt

Long-term debt consists of loans with original maturities greater than one year. Fees paid in connection with the execution of line-of-credit arrangements are included in other assets and fees paid in connection with the execution of a recognized debt liability as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability. These fees are amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the related debt or expiration of the line-of-credit arrangement. Refer to “Note 16: Debt” for further information.

Income taxes

The Company is subject to income taxes in the US and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment in the forecasting of taxable income using historical and projected future operating results is required in determining the Company’s provision for income taxes and the related assets and liabilities. The provision for income taxes includes income taxes paid, currently payable or receivable and those deferred.

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The legislation significantly changes US tax law by, among other things, lowering corporate income tax rates, implementing a territorial tax system and imposing a repatriation tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The Tax Act permanently reduces the US corporate income tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21% rate, effective January 1, 2018. The SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) to address the application of US GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. The SAB 118 measurement period ends when a company has obtained, prepared, and analyzed the information needed to complete the accounting requirements under ASC 740, "Income Taxes", but no later than one year from the enactment date of December 22, 2017. In 2017 and the first nine months of 2018, the Company recorded provisional amounts for certain enactment-date effects of the Act by applying the guidance in SAB 118 because the Company had not yet completed its enactment-date accounting for these effects. At December 31, 2018, the Company has now completed its accounting for all the enactment-date income tax effects of the Act. As further discussed in “ Note 7: Income taxes ”, during 2018 the Company recognized adjustments of $6.8 million to the provisional amounts recorded at December 31, 2017 and included these adjustments as a component of income tax expense from continuing operations.

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taxes. The Company is electing to treat taxes due on future US inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred and, therefore, there is no impact to the deferred tax rate in 2018.

In the event that the actual outcome of future tax consequences differs from the Company’s estimates and assumptions due to changes or future events such as tax legislation, geographic mix of the earnings, completion of tax audits or earnings repatriation plans, the resulting change to the provision for income taxes could have a material effect on the consolidated statement of operations and consolidated balance sheets.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for the estimated future effects of tax loss carryforwards. The effect on deferred taxes of changes in tax rates is recognized in the period in which the revised tax rate is enacted.

The Company records valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to the extent it believes it is more likely than not that a portion of such assets will not be realized. In making such determinations, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and the ability to carry back losses to prior years. Realization is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income prior to expiration of tax attribute carryforwards. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets will be realized, or if not, a valuation allowance has been recorded. The Company continues to monitor the value of its deferred tax assets, as the amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward periods are reduced, or current tax planning strategies are not implemented.

US GAAP prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the accounting and financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The evaluation of a tax position is a two-step process. The first step requires the Company to determine whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The second step requires the Company to recognize in the financial statements each tax position that meets the more likely than not criteria, measured at the amount of benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within interest expense and warehousing, selling and administrative, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within either other accrued expenses or other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Refer to “ Note 7: Income taxes ” for further information.

Pension and other postretirement benefit plans

The Company sponsors several defined benefit and defined contribution plans. The Company’s contributions to defined contribution plans are charged to income during the period of the employee’s service.

The benefit obligation and cost of defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefits are calculated based on actuarial valuations, which involves making assumptions about discount rates, expected rates of return on assets, future salary increases, future health care costs, mortality rates and future pension increases. Due to the long-term nature of these plans, such estimates are subject to significant uncertainty.

The projected benefit obligation is calculated separately for each plan based on the estimated future benefit employees have earned in return for their service based on the employee’s expected date of retirement. Those benefits are discounted to determine the present value of the benefit obligations using the projected unit-credit method. A liability is recognized on the balance sheet for each plan to the extent the projected benefit obligation is in excess of the fair value of plan assets. An asset is recorded for each plan to the extent the fair value of plan assets is in excess of the projected benefit obligation.

The Company recognizes actuarial gains or losses, known as “mark to market” adjustments, at each December 31. The mark to market adjustments primarily include gains and losses resulting from changes in discount rates and the difference between the expected rate of return on plan assets and actual plan asset returns. Curtailment losses must be recognized in the statement of operations when it is probable that a curtailment will occur and its effects are reasonably estimable. However, a curtailment gain is recognized in the statement of operations when the related employees terminate or the plan suspension or amendment is adopted, whichever is applicable. Settlement gains and losses are recognized in the period in which the settlement occurs, regardless of how probable it is at an earlier date that the settlement will occur and despite the fact that the probable gain or loss may be reasonably estimable before the settlement actually takes place. The Company recognizes prior service costs or credits in other comprehensive loss during the period of occurrence, and subsequently amortizes these items over the remaining service period as components of net periodic benefit cost within other expense, net in the consolidated statement of operations.

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Service costs are recognized within warehousing, selling, and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. All other components of net periodic benefit cost are classified as other expense, net .

The fair value of plan assets is used to calculate the expected return on assets component of the net periodic benefit cost.

Refer to “ Note 9: Employee benefit plans ” for further information.

Leases

All leases that are determined not to meet any of the capital lease criteria are classified as operating leases. Operating lease costs are recognized as an expense in the statement of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company leases certain vehicles and equipment that qualify for capital lease classification. Assets under capital leases are carried at historical cost, net of accumulated depreciation and are included in property, plant and equipment, net in the consolidated balance sheets. Depreciation expense related to the capital lease assets is included in depreciation expense in the consolidated statement of operations. Refer to “ Note 12: Property, plant and equipment, net ” for further information.

The present value of minimum lease payments under a capital lease is included in current portion of long-term debt and long-term debt in the consolidated balance sheets. The capital lease obligation is accreted utilizing the effective interest method and interest expense related to the capital lease obligation is included in interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations. Refer to “ Note 20: Commitments and contingencies ” for further information.

Contingencies

A loss contingency is recorded if it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company evaluates, among other factors, the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of the ultimate loss. Changes in these factors and related estimates could materially affect the Company’s financial position and results of operations. Legal expenses are recorded as legal services are provided. Refer to “ Note 20: Commitments and contingencies ” for further information.

Environmental liabilities

Environmental contingencies are recognized for probable and reasonably estimable losses associated with environmental remediation. Incremental direct costs of the investigation, remediation effort and post-remediation monitoring are included in the estimated environmental contingencies. Expected cash outflows related to environmental remediation for the next 12 months and amounts for which the timing is uncertain are reported as current within other accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets. The long-term portion of environmental liabilities is reported within other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets on an undiscounted basis, except for sites for which the amount and timing of future cash payments are fixed or reliably determinable. Environmental remediation expenses are included within warehousing, selling and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations, unless associated with disposed operations, in which case such expenses are included in other operating expenses, net.

Environmental costs are capitalized if the costs extend the life of the property, increase its capacity and/or mitigate or prevent contamination from future operations.

Refer to “ Note 20: Commitments and contingencies ” for further information.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied, which generally occurs when goods are transferred to a customer or as services are provided to a customer. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services to customers. Net sales includes product sales, billings for freight and handling charges and fees earned for services provided, net of discounts, expected returns, customer rebates, variable consideration and sales or other revenue-based taxes. The Company recognizes product sales and billings for freight and handling charges when products are considered delivered to the customer under the terms of the sale.

Refer to “ Note 3: Revenue ” for further information.

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Foreign currency translation

The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries is the local currency, unless the primary economic environment requires the use of another currency. Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are recorded in the functional currency of each subsidiary at the rate of exchange on the date of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into the functional currency of each subsidiary at period-end exchange rates. These foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recognized in other (expense) income, net in the consolidated statements of operations.

Foreign currency gains and losses relating to intercompany borrowings that are considered a part of the Company’s investment in a foreign subsidiary are reflected as a component of currency translation within accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity. The following table provides information pertaining to total foreign currency gains or losses related to such intercompany borrowings:



(in millions)	Foreign Currency Gains / (Losses)
Year ended December 31, 2018	$	—
Year ended December 31, 2017	4.8
Year ended December 31, 2016	(34.8		)

Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated into US dollars at period-end exchange rates. Income and expense accounts of foreign subsidiaries are translated into US dollars at the average exchange rates for the period. The net exchange gains and losses arising on this translation are reflected as a component of currency translation within accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity. Refer to “ Note 11: Accumulated other comprehensive loss ” for further information.

Stock-based compensation plans

The Company measures the total amount of employee stock-based compensation expense for a grant based on the grant date fair value of each award and recognizes the stock-based compensation expense for each separately vesting tranche of an award on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation is based on unvested outstanding awards. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures when realized. Stock-based compensation expense is classified within other operating expenses, net in the consolidated statements of operations. Refer to “ Note 10: Stock-based compensation ” for further information.

Share repurchases

The Company does not hold any treasury shares, as all shares of common stock are retired upon repurchase. Furthermore, when share repurchases occur and the common stock is retired, the excess of the repurchase price over par is allocated between additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit such that the portion allocated to additional paid-in-capital is limited to the additional paid-in-capital created from that particular share issuance (i.e. the book value of those shares) plus any resulting leftover additional paid-in-capital from previous share repurchases in instances where the repurchase price was lower than the original issuance price.

Fair value

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. US GAAP specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair-value hierarchy:



	Level 1	Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

	Level 2	Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuation in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

	Level 3	Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable .

When available, the Company uses quoted market prices to determine fair value and classifies such items as Level 1. In cases where a market price is not available, the Company will make use of observable market-based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the items are classified as Level 2. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based on internally developed valuation techniques that use, where possible, current market-based or independently sourced market

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information. Items valued using internally generated valuation techniques are classified according to the lowest level input that is significant to the valuation, and may be classified as Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable. Refer to “ Note 17: Fair value measurements ” for further information.

Certain financial instruments, such as derivative financial instruments, are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Other financial instruments, such as the Company’s own debt, are not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company elected to not make an irrevocable election to measure financial instruments and certain other items at fair value.

Derivatives

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as foreign currency contracts, interest rate swaps and interest rate caps, to manage its risks associated with foreign currency and interest rate fluctuations. Derivative financial instruments are recorded in either prepaid expenses and other current assets, other assets, other accrued expenses or other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The fair value of forward currency contracts is calculated by reference to current forward exchange rates for contracts with similar maturity profiles. The fair value of interest rate swaps is determined by estimating the net present value of amounts to be paid under the agreement offset by the net present value of the expected cash inflows based on market rates and associated yield curves. For derivative contracts with the same counterparty where the Company has a master netting arrangement with the counterparty, the fair value of the asset/liability is presented on a net basis within the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to “ Note 17: Fair value measurements ” for additional information relating to the gross and net balances of derivative contracts. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations, unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. Cash flows associated with derivative financial instruments are recognized in the operating section of the consolidated statements of cash flows.

For the purpose of hedge accounting, derivatives are classified as either fair value hedges, where the instrument hedges the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability; or cash flow hedges, where the instrument hedges the exposure to variability in cash flows that are either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecasted transaction. Gains and losses on derivatives that meet the conditions for fair value hedge accounting are recognized immediately in the consolidated statements of operations, along with the offsetting gain or loss on the related hedged item. For derivatives that meet the conditions for cash flow hedge accounting, the effective and ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheets. Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss are reclassified to the consolidated statement of operations in the same period in which the hedged transactions affect earnings. For both fair value hedges and cash flow hedges, the gains and losses related to the derivative instruments are recognized within the same financial statement line item within the consolidated statement of operations as the gains and losses associated with the hedged items.

For derivative instruments designated as hedges, the Company formally documents the hedging relationship to the hedged item and its risk management strategy. The Company assesses the effectiveness of its hedging instruments at inception and on an ongoing basis. Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument is sold, expired, terminated or exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting.

Refer to “ Note 18: Derivatives ” for further information.

Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period, which excludes non-vested restricted stock units, non-vested restricted stock and stock options. Diluted earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents outstanding during each period. The Company reflects common share equivalents relating to stock options, non-vested restricted stock and non-vested restricted stock units in its computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding, unless the effect of inclusion is anti-dilutive. The effect of dilutive securities is calculated using the treasury stock method.

The Company has issued certain restricted stock awards, which are unvested stock-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents. These restricted shares are considered participating securities. Accordingly, the Company calculates net income applicable to common stock using the two-class method, whereby net income is allocated between common stock and participating securities.

Refer to “ Note 8: Earnings per share ” for further information.

3. Revenue

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the new revenue standard using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018

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are presented under the new revenue standard, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with historic accounting under ASC Topic 605. The Company recorded a net decrease to the opening accumulated deficit of $0.8 million as of January 1, 2018 due to the cumulative impact of adopting the new revenue standard.

The Company disaggregates revenues from contracts with customers by both geographic segments and revenue contract types. Geographic reportable segmentation is pertinent to understanding Univar’s revenues, as it aligns to how the Company reviews the financial performance of its operations. Revenue contract types are differentiated by the type of good or service Univar offers customers, since the contractual terms necessary for revenue recognition are unique to each of the identified revenue contract types.

The following table disaggregates external customer net sales by major stream:



(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Consolidated
	Year Ended December 31, 2018
Chemical Distribution	$	4,775.2	$	877.6	$	1,974.4	$	383.8	$	8,011.0
Crop Sciences	—		381.6		—		—		381.6
Services	185.8		43.1		1.3		9.7		239.9
Total external customer net sales	$	4,961.0	$	1,302.3	$	1,975.7	$	393.5	$	8,632.5

Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied, which generally occurs when goods or services are transferred to a customer. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Payment terms and conditions vary by regions where the Company performs business and contract types. The term between invoicing and when payment is due is generally one year or less. As of December 31, 2018 , none of the Company’s contracts contained a significant financing component.

Revenue for bill-and-hold arrangements is recognized if the Company has a substantive customer request, the materials are properly segregated and designated as belonging to the customer, materials are ready to be transferred to the customer and Univar is unable to direct the materials to service another customer. The Company has certain contractual relationships designated as an agency relationship, which requires the Company to recognize revenues on a net basis.

Chemical Distribution

The Company generates revenue when control for products is transferred to customers. Certain customers may receive discounts off the transaction price, primarily due to price and volume incentives, or return product for non-conformance, which are accounted for as variable consideration. The Company estimates the change in the transaction price that is expected to be provided to customers based on historical experience, which impacts revenues recognized.

Crop Sciences

The Company generates revenue when control for products is transferred to customers. The amount of consideration recorded varies due to price movements and rights granted to customers to return product. Customer payment terms often extend through a growing season, which may be up to six months .

Transaction prices may move during an agricultural growing season and changes may affect the amount of consideration the Company will receive. Transaction prices are also affected by special offers or volume discounts. The Company estimates the expected changes in the transaction price based on the combination of historical experience and the impact of weather on the current agriculture season. The adjustments to the transaction price are recognized as variable consideration and impacts revenues recognized.

When customers are provided rights to return eligible products, the Company estimates the expected returns based on the combination of historical experience and the impact of weather on the current agriculture season, which affects the revenues recognized.

Services

The Company generates revenue from services as they are performed and economic value is transferred to customers. Univar's services provided to customers are primarily related to waste management services and warehousing services. Waste management services is primarily related to plant maintenance, environmental contracting, environmental consulting and the collection and disposal of both hazardous and non-hazardous waste products. Warehousing services is primarily inclusive of blending, warehousing, logistics and distribution services for customers. Waste management and warehousing services are recognized over time as the performance obligations are satisfied.

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Costs to obtain or fulfill contracts with customers

Univar expenses costs to obtain contracts when the contract term and benefit period is expected to be one year or less. Contract costs where the contract term and benefit period is expected to be more than a year are capitalized and amortized over the performance obligation period. Capitalized contract costs of $1.2 million and $5.9 million are included in other current assets and other assets as of December 31, 2018 .

Deferred revenue

Deferred revenues are recognized as a contract liability when customers provide Univar with consideration prior to the Company satisfying a performance obligation. The following table provides information pertaining to the deferred revenue balance and account activity:



(in millions)
Deferred revenue as of January 1, 2018	$	100.9
Deferred revenue as of December 31, 2018	45.6
Revenue recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period	100.3

The deferred revenue balances are all expected to have a duration of one year or less and are recorded within the other accrued expenses line item of the consolidated balance sheet.

4. Other operating expenses, net

Other operating expenses, net consisted of the following items:



	Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018		2017			2016
Stock-based compensation expense	$	20.7	$	19.7		$	10.4
Business transformation costs	—		23.4			5.4
Restructuring charges	4.8		5.5			6.5
Other employee termination costs	16.4		8.1			1.5
Loss (gain) on sale of property, plant and equipment and other assets	2.0		(11.3		)	(0.7		)
Acquisition and integration related expenses	22.0		3.1			5.5
Other	7.6		6.9			8.6
Total other operating expenses, net	$	73.5	$	55.4		$	37.2

5. Restructuring charges

Restructuring charges relate to the implementation of several regional strategic initiatives aimed at streamlining the Company’s cost structure and improving its operations. These actions primarily resulted in workforce reductions, lease termination costs and other facility rationalization costs. Restructuring charges are recorded in other operating expenses, net in the consolidated statement of operations.

2018 Restructuring

During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company recorded restructuring charges of $3.2 million in USA, consisting of $3.1 million in employee termination costs and $0.1 million in other exit costs for employees impacted by a decision to consolidate departments. Additionally, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $0.9 million in Other, relating to employee termination costs. The Company expects to incur approximately $4.7 million of additional employee termination and other exit costs over the next two years and expects this program to be substantially completed by 2020.

Also during the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company recorded restructuring charges of $0.9 million in EMEA relating to employee termination costs. The Company does not expect to incur material costs in the future related to this restructuring program. The actions associated with this program are expected to be completed by the end of 2019.

During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company recorded restructuring charges of $0.7 million for the Rest of World segment, consisting of $0.4 million in employee termination costs, $0.2 million in facility exit costs and $0.1 million in other exit costs. The actions associated with this program were completed as of December 31, 2018.

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The cost information above does not contain any estimates for programs that may be developed and implemented in future periods.

2014 to 2017 Restructuring

Between 2014 through 2017, management implemented several regional strategic initiatives aimed at streamlining the Company’s cost structure and improving its operations. Total cumulative charges recorded through December 31, 2018 for USA related to these restructuring programs were $39.5 million , which included $16.5 million in employee termination costs, $21.3 million in facility exit costs, and $1.7 million in other exit costs. The Company did not record restructuring charges for the programs during 2018. The actions associated with the restructuring programs were completed as of June 30, 2018, although administratively cash payments will be made into the future. During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company reduced its estimate in the amount of $0.9 million within facility exit costs relating to a favorable lease buyout for USA.

Total cumulative charges recorded through December 31, 2018 for Canada were $5.7 million related to employee termination costs. There were no restructuring charges recorded for the programs during 2018. As of June 30, 2018, the actions associated with the restructuring programs were completed.

Total cumulative charges recorded through December 31, 2018 for EMEA were $32.8 million , which included $22.5 million in employee termination costs, $3.7 million in facility exit costs, and $6.6 million in other exit costs. During 2018, the Company did not record restructuring charges for the programs. The actions associated with the restructuring programs were completed as of June 30, 2018.

Total cumulative charges recorded through December 31, 2018 for ROW were $6.4 million , which included $6.2 million in employee termination costs and $0.2 million in facility exit costs. The Company did not record restructuring charges for these programs during 2018. As of June 30, 2018, the Company completed this program.

Total cumulative charges recorded through December 31, 2018 for Other were $6.6 million , which included $5.8 million in employee termination costs and $0.8 million in other exit costs. There were no restructuring charges recorded for these programs during 2018. As of June 30, 2018, the Company completed this program.

The following tables summarize activity related to accrued liabilities associated with redundancy and restructuring:



(in millions)	January 1, 2018			Charge to earnings			Cash paid			Non-cash and other			December 31, 2018
Employee termination costs	$	3.0		$	5.3		$	(3.4	)	$	(0.7	)	$	4.2
Facility exit costs	10.2			(0.7		)	(4.4		)	(0.1		)	5.0
Other exit costs	(0.5		)	0.2			(0.1		)	0.6			0.2
Total	$	12.7		$	4.8		$	(7.9	)	$	(0.2	)	$	9.4



(in millions)	January 1, 2017		Charge to earnings			Cash paid			Non-cash and other			December 31, 2017
Employee termination costs	$	6.9	$	2.9		$	(7.2	)	$	0.4		$	3.0
Facility exit costs	13.2		2.8			(5.5		)	(0.3		)	10.2
Other exit costs	—		(0.2		)	(0.3		)	—			(0.5		)
Total	$	20.1	$	5.5		$	(13.0	)	$	0.1		$	12.7

Restructuring liabilities of $5.9 million and $5.8 million were classified as current in other accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The long-term portion of restructuring liabilities of $3.5 million and $6.9 million were recorded in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively and primarily consists of facility exit costs that are expected to be paid within the next five years.

While the Company believes the recorded restructuring liabilities are adequate, revisions to current estimates may be recorded in future periods based on new information as it becomes available.

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6. Other expense, net

Other expense, net consisted of the following (losses) gains:



	Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017			2016
Pension mark to market loss ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	$	(34.2	)	$	(3.8	)	$	(68.6	)
Pension curtailment and settlement gains ⁽¹⁾	—			9.7			1.3
Non-operating retirement benefits ⁽¹⁾	11.0			9.9			15.3
Foreign currency transactions	(6.7		)	(4.6		)	(0.6		)
Foreign currency denominated loans revaluation	(0.8		)	(17.9		)	(13.7		)
Undesignated foreign currency derivative instruments ⁽³⁾	1.1			0.3			(1.8		)
Undesignated interest rate swap contracts ⁽³⁾	—			(2.2		)	10.1
Debt refinancing costs ⁽⁴⁾	—			(5.3		)	—
Other	(3.1		)	(3.5		)	(0.1		)
Total other expense, net	$	(32.7	)	$	(17.4	)	$	(58.1	)


(1)	Refer to “ Note 9: Employee benefit plans ” for more information.


(2)	Includes mark to market loss related to defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plan.


(3)	Refer to “ Note 18: Derivatives ” for more information.


(4)	Refer to “ Note 16: Debt ” for more information.

7. Income taxes

Current income tax expense represents the amounts expected to be reported on the Company’s income tax returns, and deferred tax expense or benefit represents the change in net deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities as measured by the enacted tax rates that will be in effect when these differences reverse. Valuation allowances are recorded as appropriate to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount considered likely to be realized.

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The legislation significantly changes US tax law by, among other things, lowering corporate income tax rates, implementing a territorial tax system and imposing a repatriation tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The Tax Act permanently reduces the US corporate income tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21% rate, effective January 1, 2018. The SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) to address the application of US GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. The SAB 118 measurement period ends when a company has obtained, prepared, and analyzed the information needed to complete the accounting requirements under ASC 740, "Income Taxes", but no later than one year from the enactment date of December 22, 2017. In 2017 and the first nine months of 2018, the Company recorded provisional amounts for certain enactment-date effects of the Act by applying the guidance in SAB 118 because the Company had not yet completed its enactment-date accounting for these effects. At December 31, 2018 , the Company has now completed its accounting for all the enactment-date income tax effects of the Act. As further discussed below, during 2018 the Company recognized adjustments of $6.8 million related to the provisional amounts recorded at December 31, 2017 and included these adjustments as a component of income tax expense from continuing operations. The main components of the SAB 118 adjustment of $6.8 million are increases due to additional transition tax of $13.0 million and deemed dividends of $9.2 million (tax) offset by a benefit for additional foreign tax credits utilized of $1.3 million (increase in foreign tax credit generated of $26.3 million offset by an increase in valuation allowance of $25.0 million ), and a decrease in the valuation allowance on deferred interest expense of $13.8 million due to an increase in interest expense deduction.

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For financial reporting purposes, income (loss) before income taxes includes the following components:



	Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018		2017		2016
Income (loss) before income taxes
United States	$	36.6	$	1.5	$	(131.3	)
Foreign	185.6		167.3		51.7
Total income (loss) before income taxes	$	222.2	$	168.8	$	(79.6	)

The expense (benefit) for income taxes is summarized as follows:



	Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017			2016
Current:
Federal	$	13.8		$	6.8		$	(0.1	)
State	2.1			2.0			0.1
Foreign	31.2			28.5			20.4
Total current	$	47.1		$	37.3		$	20.4
Deferred:
Federal	$	6.5		$	26.5		$	(15.1	)
State	(0.5		)	—			(3.0		)
Foreign	(3.2		)	(14.8		)	(13.5		)
Total deferred	$	2.8		$	11.7		$	(31.6	)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	49.9		$	49.0		$	(11.2	)

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The reconciliation between the US statutory tax rate and the Company’s effective tax rate is presented as follows:



	Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017			2016
US federal statutory income tax expense (benefit) applied to income (loss) before income taxes	$	46.7		$	59.1		$	(27.8	)
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	1.1			1.4			(2.9		)
Foreign tax rate differential	8.1			(18.0		)	(5.8		)
Non-taxable interest income	(0.7		)	(11.4		)	(10.8		)
Valuation allowance, net	(11.6		)	(18.1		)	(24.7		)
Expiration of tax attributes	—			0.1			4.4
Foreign losses not benefited	—			0.7			8.0
Effect of flow-through entities	(0.6		)	8.9			(9.0		)
Net stock-based compensation	—			(3.7		)	1.7
Non-deductible expense	4.8			3.5			3.4
Unrecognized tax benefits	(2.7		)	(1.7		)	(1.4		)
Change in statutory income tax rates	—			(17.5		)	2.7
Deemed dividends from foreign subsidiaries	9.0			17.6			1.4
Global intangible low-taxed income	19.9			—			—
Non-deductible interest expense	—			0.1			2.6
Revaluation due to Section 987 tax law change	—			—			45.0
Section 965 repatriation tax	13.0			76.5			—
Foreign tax credit	(38.3		)	(47.6		)	—
Other	1.2			(0.9		)	2.0
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	49.9		$	49.0		$	(11.2	)

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The consolidated deferred tax assets and liabilities are detailed as follows:



	December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	49.4		$	68.6
Environmental reserves	22.9			25.3
Interest	25.9			35.7
Tax credit and capital loss carryforwards	57.8			37.2
Pension	66.3			68.2
Flow-through entities	2.7			2.5
Compensation	12.2			13.7
Inventory	4.5			4.2
Property, plant and equipment, net	4.8			3.3
Other temporary differences	17.0			15.1
Gross deferred tax assets	$	263.5		$	273.8
Valuation allowance	(106.3		)	(117.2		)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance	$	157.2		$	156.6
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	(102.3	)	$	(98.7	)
Intangible assets	(63.6		)	(64.6		)
Other temporary differences	(9.4		)	(5.9		)
Deferred tax liabilities	$	(175.3	)	$	(169.2	)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(18.1	)	$	(12.6	)

The changes in the valuation allowance were as follows:



	December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017
Beginning balance	$	117.2		$	167.9
Change related to current net operating losses generated	—			0.7
Change related to current utilization of net operating loss carryforwards	(3.7		)	(12.3		)
Change related to future utilization of net operating loss carryforwards	(17.4		)	(17.8		)
Change related to generation/expiration of tax attributes	21.3			29.9
Change related to foreign currency	(1.3		)	7.1
Change related to utilization of deferred interest expense	(9.7		)	(26.3		)
Change related to tax rate change	0.1			(31.6		)
Change related to other items	(0.2		)	(0.4		)
Ending balance	$	106.3		$	117.2

As of December 31, 2018 , the total remaining tax benefit of available federal, state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards recognized on the balance sheet amounted to $33.4 million (tax benefit of operating losses of $49.4 million reduced by a valuation allowance of $16.0 million ). Total net operating losses at December 31, 2018 and 2017 amounted to $186.4 million and $261.9 million , respectively. If not utilized, $19.0 million of the available loss carryforwards will expire between 2019 and 2023 ; subsequent to 2023 , $0.1 million will expire. The remaining losses of $167.3 million have an unlimited life. As of December 31, 2018, the Company also has foreign tax credit carryforwards of $55.3 million that if not utilized will expire in 2027.

The Tax Act provided for a one-time deemed mandatory repatriation of post-1986 undistributed foreign subsidiary earnings and profits (“E&P”) through the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company reported $577.2 million of undistributed foreign E&P subject to the deemed mandatory repatriation and recognized $89.5 million of income tax expense in the 2017 US Company tax return. As a result of the one-time deemed mandatory repatriation, the Company generated foreign income tax credit (“FTC”) previously paid and allocable to the deemed repatriated foreign source income of $166.4 million . These income taxes were required to be reduced in the same proportion as the foreign source income generating the deemed income taxes paid as required under the

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Tax Act, resulting in a net deemed income tax paid of $73.7 million . In addition, $0.3 million of withholding taxes incurred during the period were creditable. As such, the Company is eligible to claim a foreign tax credit relating to the foreign source income that generated the deemed income taxes paid and, accordingly, reported $74.0 million as a deferred tax asset generated at filing of the 2017 US tax return.

The FTC of $74.0 million generated in 2017 was not fully utilized due to adjustments required to be made against the foreign source income and an overall domestic loss, which limited the amount of the overall FTC utilization to $14.9 million in 2017. After the utilization of a net operating loss carry forward, general business credits and $14.9 million of foreign tax credits, the Company will pay additional US federal cash tax of approximately $14.9 million on the deemed mandatory repatriation, payable over eight years. At year ended December 31, 2018, the provisional FTC carryforward and related valuation allowance is estimated to be $55.3 million down from $59.1 million ( $74.0 million generated in 2017 less $14.9 million utilization in 2017) reported with the filing of 2017 US tax return. The net change of $3.8 million in FTC balance is a combination of 2018 FTC utilization of $5.4 million (overall domestic loss recapture) less $1.6 million increase in FTC due to additional cash tax payments support collected from foreign tax authorities. The Company does not expect future earnings of the appropriate character of taxable income which would allow it to utilize its excess FTC balance in future tax years, in addition to other required adjustments which reduce the amount of future foreign source income available to be offset by an FTC. Therefore, the Company will maintain a valuation allowance on the remaining provisional $55.3 million FTC.

Difference Attributable to Foreign Investments

As a result of the deemed mandatory repatriation provisions in the Tax Act, the Company has $493.2 million of undistributed earnings that has either been previously taxed or would qualify for the 100 percent dividends received deduction provided for in the Tax Act, and earnings that would not result in any significant foreign taxes. As a result, the Company does not intend to distribute earnings in a taxable manner. Therefore, the Company has not recognized a deferred tax liability on its investment in foreign subsidiaries.

Tax Contingencies

The changes in unrecognized tax benefits included in other long-term liabilities, excluding interest and penalties, are as follows:



	Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017
Beginning balance	$	3.1		$	4.3
Increase for tax positions of prior years	—			—
Reductions due to the statute of limitations expiration	(2.7		)	(1.5		)
Foreign exchange	—			0.3
Ending balance	$	0.4		$	3.1

The Company has net $0.4 million and $3.1 million of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. As of December 31, 2018 , the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate for continuing operations was $0.4 million . No remaining unrecognized tax benefits relate to tax positions for which ultimate deductibility is highly certain, but for which there is uncertainty as to the timing of such deductibility. Recognition of these tax benefits, if any, would not have an impact on the effective tax rate.

The total liability included in other long-term liabilities associated with the interest and penalties was $0.5 million and $ 0.4 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The Company recorded $0.1 million , $0.4 million and $0.3 million in interest expense related to unrecognized tax benefits in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively.

The Company files income tax returns in the US and various state and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company is subject to various local or foreign examinations by the tax authorities.

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8. Earnings per share

The following table presents the basic and diluted earnings per share computations:



	Year ended December 31,
(in millions, except per share data)	2018		2017		2016
Basic:
Net income (loss)	$	172.3	$	119.8	$	(68.4	)
Less: earnings allocated to participating securities	0.3		0.2		—
Earnings allocated to common shares outstanding	$	172.0	$	119.6	$	(68.4	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding	141.2		140.2		137.8
Basic income (loss) per common share	$	1.22	$	0.85	$	(0.50	)
Diluted:
Net income (loss)	$	172.3	$	119.8	$	(68.4	)
Less: earnings allocated to participating securities	—		—		—
Earnings allocated to common shares outstanding	$	172.3	$	119.8	$	(68.4	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding	141.2		140.2		137.8
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock compensation plans ⁽¹⁾	1.0		1.2		—
Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted	142.2		141.4		137.8
Diluted income (loss) per common share ⁽²⁾	$	1.21	$	0.85	$	(0.50	)


(1)	Stock options to purchase approximately 1.6 million , 0.8 million , and 3.3 million shares of common stock were outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively, but were not included in the calculation of diluted income (loss) per share as the impact of these stock options would have been anti-dilutive.


(2)	As a result of changes in the number of shares outstanding during the year and rounding, the sum of the quarters’ earnings per share may not equal the earnings per share for any year-to-date period.

9. Employee benefit plans

Defined benefit pension plans

The Company sponsors defined benefit plans that provide pension benefits for employees upon retirement in certain jurisdictions including the US, Canada, United Kingdom and several other European countries.

The US, Canada and United Kingdom defined benefit pension plans are closed to new entrants. On July 1, 2015, the accrual of future service credits ceased in Canada although future salary increases continue for remaining participants. Benefits accrued by participants in the United Kingdom plan were frozen as of December 1, 2010 and benefits accrued by participants in the US plans were frozen as of December 31, 2009. These amendments to freeze benefits were made in conjunction with a benefit plan review which provides for enhanced benefits under defined contribution plans available to all employees in the US, Canada and United Kingdom.

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The following summarizes the Company’s defined benefit pension plans’ projected benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status:



	Domestic						Foreign						Total
	Year ended December 31,						Year ended December 31,						Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017			2018			2017			2018			2017
Change in projected benefit obligations:
Actuarial present value of benefit obligations at beginning of year	$	721.9		$	719.7		$	612.0		$	555.5		$	1,333.9		$	1,275.2
Service cost	—			—			2.7			2.5			2.7			2.5
Interest cost	27.3			30.8			15.4			16.2			42.7			47.0
Benefits paid	(37.5		)	(34.2		)	(26.7		)	(27.9		)	(64.2		)	(62.1		)
Plan amendments	—			—			2.5			2.7			2.5			2.7
Settlement	(38.5		)	(44.3		)	—			—			(38.5		)	(44.3		)
Actuarial (gain) loss	(47.5		)	49.9			(33.6		)	13.3			(81.1		)	63.2
Foreign exchange and other	—			—			(34.8		)	49.7			(34.8		)	49.7
Actuarial present value of benefit obligations at end of year	$	625.7		$	721.9		$	537.5		$	612.0		$	1,163.2		$	1,333.9

Change in the fair value of plan assets:
Plan assets at beginning of year	$	532.3		$	509.1		$	574.9		$	494.3		$	1,107.2		$	1,003.4
Actual (loss) return on plan assets	(39.9		)	80.0			(19.7		)	37.4			(59.6		)	117.4
Contributions by employer	12.2			12.1			26.5			26.1			38.7			38.2
Benefits paid	(37.5		)	(34.2		)	(26.7		)	(27.9		)	(64.2		)	(62.1		)
Settlement	(38.5		)	(34.7		)	—			(1.3		)	(38.5		)	(36.0		)
Foreign exchange and other	—			—			(32.8		)	46.3			(32.8		)	46.3
Plan assets at end of year	$	428.6		$	532.3		$	522.2		$	574.9		$	950.8		$	1,107.2
Funded status at end of year	$	(197.1	)	$	(189.6	)	$	(15.3	)	$	(37.1	)	$	(212.4	)	$	(226.7	)

Net amounts related to the Company’s defined benefit pension plans recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of:



	Domestic						Foreign						Total
	December 31,						December 31,						December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017			2018			2017			2018			2017
Overfunded net benefit obligation in other assets	$	—		$	—		$	46.1		$	33.9		$	46.1		$	33.9
Current portion of net benefit obligation in other accrued expenses	(3.5		)	(3.5		)	(2.0		)	(2.1		)	(5.5		)	(5.6		)
Long-term portion of net benefit obligation in pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities	(193.6		)	(186.1		)	(59.4		)	(68.9		)	(253.0		)	(255.0		)
Net liability recognized at end of year	$	(197.1	)	$	(189.6	)	$	(15.3	)	$	(37.1	)	$	(212.4	)	$	(226.7	)

The following table summarizes defined benefit pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:



	Domestic				Foreign				Total
	December 31,				December 31,				December 31,
(in millions)	2018		2017		2018		2017		2018		2017
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	625.7	$	721.9	$	187.7	$	211.4	$	813.4	$	933.3
Fair value of plan assets	428.6		532.3		147.7		169.3		576.3		701.6

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The following table summarizes defined benefit pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:



	Domestic				Foreign				Total
	December 31,				December 31,				December 31,
(in millions)	2018		2017		2018		2017		2018		2017
Projected benefit obligation	$	625.7	$	721.9	$	209.1	$	240.3	$	834.8	$	962.2
Fair value of plan assets	428.6		532.3		147.7		169.3		576.3		701.6

The total accumulated benefit obligation for domestic defined benefit pension plans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $625.7 million and $721.9 million , respectively, and for foreign defined benefit pension benefit plans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $187.7 million and $211.4 million , respectively.

The following table summarizes the components of net periodic benefit cost (income) recognized in the consolidated statements of operations related to defined benefit pension plans:



	Domestic									Foreign									Total
	Year ended December 31,									Year ended December 31,									Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017			2016			2018			2017			2016			2018			2017			2016
Service cost ⁽¹⁾	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	2.7		$	2.5		$	2.5		$	2.7		$	2.5		$	2.5
Interest cost ⁽²⁾	27.3			30.8			32.0			15.4			16.2			18.3			42.7			47.0			50.3
Expected return on plan assets ⁽²⁾	(31.3		)	(30.9		)	(32.5		)	(25.1		)	(26.0		)	(28.7		)	(56.4		)	(56.9		)	(61.2		)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost (credits) ⁽²⁾	—			—			—			2.7			(0.2		)	—			2.7			(0.2		)	—
Settlement ⁽³⁾	—			(9.7		)	—			—			—			—			—			(9.7		)	—
Curtailment ⁽³⁾	—			—			—			—			—			(1.3		)	—			—			(1.3		)
Actuarial loss ⁽²⁾	23.7			0.8			20.3			11.2			3.2			48.5			34.9			4.0			68.8
Net periodic benefit cost (income)	$	19.7		$	(9.0	)	$	19.8		$	6.9		$	(4.3	)	$	39.3		$	26.6		$	(13.3	)	$	59.1


(1)	Service cost is included in warehouse, selling and administrative expenses.


(2)	These amounts are included in other expense, net .


(3)	In 2017, the settlement gain is related to a lump sum offering accepted by participants in the USA segment. In 2016, the curtailment gain is a result of the restructuring activities in the EMEA segment. Settlement and curtailment gains are included in other expense, net .

The following summarizes pre-tax amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive loss at December 31, 2018 related to pension plan amendments:



(in millions)	Defined benefit pension plans
Net prior service cost	$	(1.2	)

The following table summarizes the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss at December 31, 2018 that are expected to be amortized as components of net periodic benefit cost (income) during the next fiscal year related to pension amendments:



(in millions)	Defined benefit pension plans
Prior service cost	$	(0.1	)

Other postretirement benefit plan

For the other postretirement benefit plan, the discount rate used to determine the benefit obligation at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was 4.63% and 3.98% , respectively. The discount rate used to determine net periodic benefit credit for the year ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 was 3.98% , 4.37% and 4.54% , respectively. Health care cost increases did not have a significant impact on the Company’s postretirement benefit obligations in the years presented as a result of the 2009 plan to phase out the health care benefits provided under the US plan.

Plan assets

Plan assets for defined benefit plans are invested in global equity and debt securities through professional investment managers with the objective to achieve targeted risk adjusted returns and to maintain liquidity sufficient to fund current benefit payments. Each funded defined benefit plan has an investment policy that is administered by plan trustees with the objective of meeting targeted asset allocations based on the circumstances of that particular plan. The investment strategy followed by the Company varies by country

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depending on the circumstances of the underlying plan. Less mature plan benefit obligations are funded by using more equity securities as they are expected to achieve long-term growth while exceeding inflation. More mature plan benefit obligations are funded using a higher allocation of fixed income securities as they are expected to produce current income with limited volatility. The Company has adopted a dynamic investment strategy whereby as the plan funded status improves, the investment strategy is migrated to more liability matching assets, and return seeking assets are reduced. Risk management practices include the use of multiple asset classes for diversification purposes. Specific guidelines for each asset class and investment manager are implemented and monitored.

The weighted average target asset allocation for defined benefit pension plans in the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:



	Domestic		Foreign
Asset category:
Equity securities	50.0	%	28.2	%
Debt securities	45.0	%	66.1	%
Other	5.0	%	5.7	%
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%

Plan asset valuation methodologies are described below:



Fair value methodology	Description
Cash	This represents cash at banks. The amount of cash in the bank account represents the fair value.

Investment funds	Values are based on the net asset value of the units held at year end. The net asset values are based on the fair value of the underlying assets of the funds, minus their liabilities, and then divided by the number of units outstanding at the valuation date. The funds are traded on private markets that are not active; however, the unit price is based primarily on observable market data of the fund’s underlying assets.

Insurance contracts	The fair value is based on the present value of the accrued benefit.

Domestic defined benefit plan assets

The Company classified its domestic plan assets according to the fair value hierarchy described in “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies .” The following summarizes the fair value of domestic plan assets by asset category and level within the fair value hierarchy.



	December 31, 2018
(in millions)	Total		Level 1		Level 2
Cash	$	2.4	$	2.4	$	—
Investments funds ⁽¹⁾	426.2		—		426.2
Total	$	428.6	$	2.4	$	426.2


(1)	This category includes investments in 29.6% in US equities, 19.4% in non-US equities, 46.3% in US corporate bonds and 4.7% in other investments.



	December 31, 2017
(in millions)	Total		Level 1		Level 2
Cash	$	2.6	$	2.6	$	—
Investments funds ⁽¹⁾	529.7		—		529.7
Total	$	532.3	$	2.6	$	529.7


(1)	This category includes investments in 30.8% in US equities, 19.7% in non-US equities, 44.5% in US corporate bonds and 5.0% in other investments.

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Foreign defined benefit plan assets

The Company classified its foreign plan assets according to the fair value hierarchy described in “Note 2: Significant accounting policies.” The following summarizes the fair value of foreign plan assets by asset category and level within the fair value hierarchy:



	December 31, 2018
(in millions)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash	$	9.7	$	9.7	$	—	$	—
Investments:
Investment funds ⁽¹⁾	494.0		—		494.0		—
Insurance contracts	18.5		—		—		18.5
Total investments	$	512.5	$	—	$	494.0	$	18.5
Total	$	522.2	$	9.7	$	494.0	$	18.5


(1)	This category includes investments in 8.0% in US equities, 17.5% in non-US equities, 34.2% in non-US corporate bonds, 36.3% in non-US government bonds and 4.0% in other investments.

The following table presents changes in the foreign plan assets valued using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):



(in millions)	Insurance contracts
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	18.2
Actual return to plan assets:
Related to assets still held at year end	0.7
Purchases, sales and settlements, net	0.4
Foreign exchange	(0.8		)
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	18.5

The following summarizes the fair value of foreign plan assets by asset category and level within the fair value hierarchy:



	December 31, 2017
(in millions)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash	$	4.0	$	4.0	$	—	$	—
Investments:
Investment funds ⁽¹⁾	552.7		—		552.7		—
Insurance contracts	18.2		—		—		18.2
Total investments	$	570.9	$	—	$	552.7	$	18.2
Total	$	574.9	$	4.0	$	552.7	$	18.2


(1)	This category includes investments in 11.0% in US equities, 22.0% in non-US equities, 29.2% in non-US corporate bonds, 32.0% in non-US government bonds and 5.8% in other investments.

The following table presents changes in the foreign plan assets valued using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):



(in millions)	Insurance contracts
Balance at January 1, 2017	$	15.6
Actual return on plan assets:
Related to assets still held at year end	0.1
Purchases, sales and settlements, net	0.3
Foreign exchange	2.2
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	18.2

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Contributions

The Company expects to contribute approximately $13.4 million and $14.9 million to its domestic and foreign defined benefit pension plan funds in 2019 , respectively, including direct payments to plan participants in unfunded plans. The Company does not plan on making any discretionary contributions in 2019 . In many countries, local pension protection laws have been put in place, which have introduced minimum funding requirements for qualified pension plans. As a result, the Company’s required funding of contributions to its pension plans may vary in the future.

Benefit payments

The following table shows benefit payments that are projected to be paid from plan assets in each of the next five years and in aggregate for five years thereafter:



	Defined benefit pension plans						Other postretirement benefits
(in millions)	Domestic		Foreign		Total		Other postretirement benefits
2019	$	33.9	$	16.2	$	50.1	$	0.5
2020	35.0		16.4		51.4		0.1
2021	35.9		17.3		53.2		0.1
2022	36.8		19.4		56.2		0.1
2023	37.8		19.7		57.5		0.1
2024 through 2028	198.9		112.3		311.2		0.3

Defined contribution plans

The Company provides defined contribution plans to assist eligible employees in providing for retirement or other future needs. Under such plans, company contribution expense amounted to $32.0 million , $30.0 million and $33.4 million in the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively.

Multi-employer plans

The Company has 17 union bargaining agreements in the US that stipulate contributions to one of three union pension trusts. These bargaining agreements are generally negotiated on three -year cycles and cover employees in driver and material handler positions at 16 represented locations.

The risks of participating in these multi-employer plans are different from single-employer plans in the following aspects:


•	Assets contributed to the multi-employer plan by the Company may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers.


•	If the Company stops contributing to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers.


•	If the Company chooses to stop participating in some of its multi-employer plans, it may be required to pay those plans an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan, referred to as a withdrawal liability.

The Company’s participation in these plans for the annual period ended December 31, 2018 is outlined in the table below. The “EIN/Pension Plan Number” column provides the Employee Identification Number (EIN) and the three-digit plan number. Unless otherwise noted, the most recent Pension Protection Act (PPA) zone status available in 2018 and 2017 is for the plan’s year end at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The zone status is based on information that the Company received from the plan and is certified by the plan’s actuary. Among other factors, plans in the “red zone” are less than 65 percent funded, plans in the “yellow zone” are less than 80 percent funded and plans in the “green zone” are at least 80 percent funded. The “FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented” column indicates plans for which a financial improvement plan (FIP) or a rehabilitation plan (RP) is either pending or has been implemented. The last column lists the expiration dates of the collective-bargaining agreement(s) to which the plans are subject. There are no minimum contributions required for future periods by the collective-bargaining agreements, statutory obligations or other contractual obligations.

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Pension fund	EIN/Pension plan number	PPA zone status		FIP/RP status pending/ implemented	Contributions ⁽¹⁾						Surcharge imposed	Expiration dates of collective bargaining agreement(s)
		PPA zone status			Year ended December 31,
		2018	2017		2018		2017		2016
Western Conference of Teamsters Pension Plan	91-6145047/001	Green	Green	No	$	1.5	$	1.5	$	1.7	No	January 31, 2019 to September 30, 2021
Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas Pension Plan	36-6044243/001	Red as of January 1, 2017	Red as of January 1, 2016	Implemented	1.0		1.1		1.1		No	March 31, 2019 to November 30, 2022
New England Teamsters and Trucking Industry Pension Fund	04-6372430/001	Red as of October 1, 2016	Red as of October 1, 2016	Implemented	0.2		0.1		0.1		No	June 30, 2020
				Total contributions:	$	2.7	$	2.7	$	2.9


(1)	The plan contributions by the Company did not represent more than five percent of total contributions to the plans as indicated in the plans’ most recently available annual report.

10. Stock-based compensation

In May 2017, the Company replaced and succeeded the Univar Inc. 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) with the Univar Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The 2015 Plan had no further awards granted and any available reserves under the 2015 Plan were transferred and available for issuance under the 2017 Plan. There were no changes to the outstanding awards related to the 2015 and the Univar Inc. 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan;” and, together with the 2015 Plan and the 2017 Plan (the “Plans”).

The 2017 Plan allows the Company to issue awards to employees, consultants, and directors of the Company and its subsidiaries. Awards may be made in the form of stock options, stock purchase rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units, stock appreciation rights, dividend equivalents, deferred share units or other stock-based awards.

As of December 31, 2018 , there were 9.9 million shares authorized under the Plans.

For the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively, the Company recognized total stock-based compensation expense within other operating expenses, net of $20.7 million , $19.7 million and $10.4 million , and a net tax expense (benefit) relating to stock-based compensation expense of $(2.6) million , $(3.7) million and $0.1 million .

The 2018 grants included provisions for stock option grants, restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units such that once an employee meets the retirement eligibility requirements, any remaining unvested share-based awards will continue to vest regardless of termination of service. Consequently, the requisite service period for the award is satisfied upon retirement eligibility. The Company expenses the grant date fair value of each award on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche of an award; however, expense recognition is accelerated for retirement eligible individuals who meet the requirements for vesting upon retirement.

Stock options

Stock options granted under the Plans expire ten years after the grant date and generally become exercisable over a four -year period or less, based on continued employment, with annual vesting. The exercise price of a stock option is determined at the time of each grant and in no case will the exercise price be less than the fair value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. Participants have no stockholder rights until the time of exercise. The Company will issue new shares upon exercise of stock options granted under the Plans.

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The following reflects stock option activity under the Plans:



	Number of stock options		Weighted- average exercise price		Weighted- average remaining contractual term (in years)	Aggregate intrinsic value (in millions)
Outstanding at January 1, 2018	2,608,609		$	22.92
Granted	899,361		26.92
Exercised	(282,170	)	20.89
Forfeited	(181,646	)	26.77
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	3,044,154		$	24.06
Exercisable at December 31, 2018	1,796,819		$	21.90	5.1	$	0.4
Expected to vest after December 31, 2018	1,247,335		$	27.17	8.7	$	(11.8	)

As of December 31, 2018 , the Company has unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested stock options of approximately $3.1 million , which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.9 years.

Restricted stock

Non-vested restricted stock primarily relates to awards for members of the Company’s Board of Directors which vest over 12 months. The grant date fair value of restricted stock is based on the market price of Univar stock on that date. Non-vested shares of restricted stock may not be sold or transferred and are subject to forfeiture until vesting. Both vested and non-vested shares of restricted stock are included in the Company’s shares outstanding. Dividend equivalents are available for non-vested shares of restricted stock if dividends are declared by the Company during the vesting period.

The following table reflects restricted stock activity under the Plans:



	Restricted stock		Weighted average grant-date fair value
Non-vested at January 1, 2018	52,835		$	28.56
Granted	28,863		28.50
Vested	(48,966	)	28.42
Forfeited	(3,952	)	30.37
Non-vested at December 31, 2018	28,780		$	28.50

As of December 31, 2018 , the Company has unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock awards of approximately $0.3 million , which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.3 years.

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of restricted stock was $29.92 and $18.15 in 2017 and 2016 , respectively.

Restricted stock units (RSUs)

RSUs awarded to employees generally vest in three or four equal annual installments, subject to continued employment. Each RSU converts into one share of Univar common stock on the applicable vesting date. RSUs may not be sold, pledged or otherwise transferred until they vest and are subject to forfeiture. The grant date fair value is based on the market price of Univar stock on that date.

The following table reflects RSUs activity under the Plans:



	Number of Restricted Stock Unit		Weighted- average grant-date fair value
Non-vested at January 1, 2018	778,419		$	21.65
Granted	480,269		26.16
Vested	(365,346	)	22.67
Forfeited	(92,142	)	20.81
Non-vested at December 31, 2018	801,200		$	23.98

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As of December 31, 2018 , the Company has unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested RSUs awards of approximately $7.6 million , which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.0 years.

Performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs)

The Company awarded performance based shares to certain employees. These awards vest upon the passage of time and the achievement of performance criteria. For grants with Company based performance criteria, the vesting period is over three years with some shares vesting over each annual period. We review progress toward the attainment of the performance criteria each quarter during the vesting period. When it is probable the minimum performance criteria for the award will be achieved, we begin recognizing the expense equal to the proportionate share of the total fair value. The total expense recognized over the duration of performance awards will equal the date of grant multiplied by the number of shares ultimately awarded based on the level of attainment of the performance criteria. For grants with market performance criteria, the fair value is determined on the grant date and is calculated using the same inputs for expected volatility, and risk-free rate as stock options, with a duration of two years. The total expense recognized over the duration of the award will equal the fair value, regardless if the market performance criteria is met.

The following table reflects PRSUs activity under the Plans:



	Number of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit		Weighted- average grant-date fair value
Non-vested at January 1, 2018	10,500		$	30.98
Granted	257,638		27.01
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	(11,570	)	26.82
Non-vested at December 31, 2018	256,568		$	27.18

As of December 31, 2018 , the Company has unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested PRSUs awards of approximately $3.8 million , which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

Employee stock purchase plan

During November 2016, our Board of Directors approved the Univar Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP, authorizing the issuances of up to 2.0 million shares of the Company’s common stock effective January 1, 2017. The ESPP allows qualified participants to purchase the Company’s common stock at 95% of its market price during the last day of two offering periods in each calendar year. The first offering period is January through June, and the second from July through December. Our stock purchase plan is designed to attract and retain employees while also aligning employees’ interests with the interests of our stockholders.

As of December 31, 2018 , the total number of shares issued under the plan for the two offering periods in 2018 was 56,749 shares.

Stock-based compensation fair value assumptions

The fair value of the Company’s common stock was used to establish the exercise price of stock options granted, grant date fair value of restricted stock and RSUs awards and as an input in the valuation of stock option awards and performance-based RSUs at each grant date. Prior to the Company’s June 2015 IPO, as discussed in “ Note 1: Nature of operations ”, the Company obtained contemporaneous quarterly valuations performed by an unrelated valuation specialist in support of each award. The fair value of the Company’s common stock was determined utilizing both income and market approaches, discounted for the lack of marketability. A discounted cash flow analysis was used to estimate fair value under the income approach. The market approach consisted of an analysis of multiples of comparable companies whose securities are traded publicly as well as other indicated market values of the Company by third parties. After the IPO, the fair value of the Company’s stock that is factored into the fair value of stock options and utilized for restricted stock, RSUs and performance-based RSUs with internally developed performance conditions is based on the grant date closing price on the New York Stock Exchange.

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In 2016, the Monte Carlo simulation was used to calculate the fair value of performance-based RSUs with market conditions. The length of each performance period was used as the expected term in the simulation for each respective tranche. The weighted average grant-date fair value of performance-based RSUs with market conditions was $10.49 for the year ended December 31, 2016 . The weighted-average assumptions under the Monte Carlo simulation model were as follows:



	Year ended December 31, 2016
Risk-free interest rate ⁽¹⁾	1.0	%
Expected dividend yield ⁽²⁾	—
Expected volatility ⁽³⁾	45.0	%


(1)	The risk-free interest rate is based on the US Treasury yield for a period in years over which performance condition is satisfied.


(2)	The Company currently has no expectation of paying cash dividends on its common stock.


(3)	As the Company does not have sufficient historical volatility data, the expected volatility is based on the average historical data of a peer group of public companies over a period equal to the expected term of the performance-based RSUs.

The Black-Scholes-Merton option valuation model was used to calculate the fair value of stock options. The weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options was $8.69 and $8.40 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The weighted average grant-date fair value is not provided for the year ended December 31, 2016 , as there were no stock options granted during the period. The weighted-average assumptions used under the Black-Scholes-Merton option valuation model were as follows:



	Year ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Risk-free interest rate ⁽¹⁾	2.7	%	2.1	%	—	%
Expected dividend yield ⁽²⁾	—		—		—
Expected volatility ⁽³⁾	23.2	%	25.5	%	—	%
Expected term (years) ⁽⁴⁾	6.0		5.9		0.0


(1)	The risk-free interest rate is based on the US Treasury yield for a term consistent with the expected term of the stock options at the time of grant.


(2)	The Company currently has no expectation of paying cash dividends on its common stock.


(3)	As the Company does not have sufficient historical volatility data, the expected volatility is based on the average historical data of a peer group of public companies over a period equal to the expected term of the stock options.


(4)	As the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data under the Plans, the expected term is based on the average of the vesting period of each tranche and the original contract term of 10 years.

Additional stock-based compensation information

The following table provides additional stock-based compensation information:



	Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018		2017		2016
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$	2.4	$	16.7	$	4.0
Fair value of restricted stock, RSUs and PRSUs vested	11.8		22.8		2.7

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11. Accumulated other comprehensive loss

The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component, net of tax.



(in millions)	Cash flow hedges			Defined benefit pension items			Currency translation items			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	—		$	1.2		$	(391.1	)	$	(389.9	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	4.4			(2.2		)	107.1			109.3
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	2.3			(0.2		)	—			2.1
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	$	6.7		$	(2.4	)	$	107.1		$	111.4
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	6.7		$	(1.2	)	$	(284.0	)	$	(278.5	)
Impact due to adoption of ASU 2017-12 ⁽¹⁾	$	0.5		$	—		$	—		$	0.5
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	8.3			(2.0		)	(97.0		)	(90.7		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	(6.6		)	2.1			—			(4.5		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	$	2.2		$	0.1		$	(97.0	)	$	(94.7	)
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	8.9		$	(1.1	)	$	(381.0	)	$	(373.2	)


(1)	Adjusted due to the adoption of ASU 2017-12 “Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities” on January 1, 2018. Refer to “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ” for more information.

The following is a summary of the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income (loss).



(in millions)	Year ended December 31, 2018 ⁽¹⁾			Year ended December 31, 2017 ⁽¹⁾			Location of impact on statement of operations
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Prior service cost (credits)	$	2.7		$	(0.2	)	Other expense, net
Tax benefit	(0.6		)	—			Income tax expense (benefit)
Net of tax	$	2.1		$	(0.2	)
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts	$	(8.1	)	$	3.8		Interest expense
Tax expense (benefit)	1.5			(1.5		)	Income tax expense (benefit)
Net of tax	$	(6.6	)	$	2.3
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(4.5	)	$	2.1


(1)	Amounts in parentheses indicate credits to net income in the consolidated statement of operations.

Refer to “ Note 9: Employee benefit plans ” for additional information regarding the amortization of defined benefit pension items, “ Note 18: Derivatives ” for cash flow hedging activity and “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies ” for foreign currency gains and losses relating to intercompany borrowings of a long-term nature that are reflected in currency translation items.

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12. Property, plant and equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following:



	December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017
Land and buildings	$	790.9		$	809.6
Tank farms	276.0			277.4
Machinery, equipment and other	836.7			820.2
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(970.1		)	(927.2		)
Subtotal	$	933.5		$	980.0
Work in progress	22.3			23.0
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	955.8		$	1,003.0

Included within property, plant and equipment, net are assets related to capital leases where the Company is the lessee. The below table summarizes the cost and accumulated depreciation related to these assets:



	December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017
Capital lease assets, at cost	$	89.4		$	86.0
Less: accumulated depreciation	(37.4		)	(27.0		)
Capital lease assets, net	$	52.0		$	59.0

Capitalized interest on capital projects was nil and $0.1 million in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively.

13. Goodwill and intangible assets

Goodwill

The following is a summary of the activity in goodwill by segment.



(in millions)	USA		Canada			EMEA			Rest of World			Total
Balance, January 1, 2017	$	1,325.2	$	438.4		$	1.1		$	19.7		$	1,784.4
Additions	—		—			—			4.1			4.1
Purchase price adjustments	—		0.5			—			—			0.5
Foreign exchange	—		29.8			0.1			(0.5		)	29.4
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	1,325.2	$	468.7		$	1.2		$	23.3		$	1,818.4
Additions	—		—			7.6			—			7.6
Purchase price adjustments	—		—			—			(3.2		)	(3.2		)
Other adjustments	—		(2.4		)	—			—			(2.4		)
Foreign exchange	—		(36.4		)	(0.5		)	(2.8		)	(39.7		)
Balance, December 31, 2018	$	1,325.2	$	429.9		$	8.3		$	17.3		$	1,780.7

The Company’s reporting units are identical to the identified four operating segments: USA, Canada, EMEA, and Rest of World. Additions to goodwill in 2018 related to the acquisition of Kemetyl and Earthoil. Additions to goodwill in 2017 related to the acquisition of Tagma. The purchase price adjustments in 2018 relate to the Tagma acquisition. Refer to “ Note 19: Business combinations ” for further information. Other adjustments to goodwill in 2018 relate to immaterial dispositions. Accumulated impairment losses on goodwill were $246.3 million at January 1, 2017 . Accumulated impairment losses on goodwill were $255.6 million and $271.3 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively.

As of October 1, 2018 , the Company performed its annual impairment review and concluded the fair value exceeded the carrying value for all reporting units with goodwill balances. There were no events or circumstances from the date of the assessment through December 31, 2018 that would affect this conclusion.

Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires judgment and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions by management. The Company can provide no assurance that a material impairment charge will not occur in a future period. The

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Company’s estimates of future cash flows may differ from actual cash flows that are subsequently realized due to many factors, including future worldwide economic conditions and the expected benefits of the Company’s initiatives. Any of these potential factors, or other unexpected factors, may cause the Company to re-evaluate the carrying value of goodwill.

Intangible assets, net

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of the Company’s intangible assets were as follows:



	December 31, 2018							December 31, 2017
(in millions)	Gross		Accumulated amortization			Net		Gross		Accumulated amortization			Net
Intangible assets (subject to amortization):
Customer relationships	$	846.1	$	(620.3	)	$	225.8	$	853.5	$	(582.1	)	$	271.4
Other	175.1		(162.8		)	12.3		177.8		(161.5		)	16.3
Total intangible assets	$	1,021.2	$	(783.1	)	$	238.1	$	1,031.3	$	(743.6	)	$	287.7

Other intangible assets consist of intellectual property trademarks, trade names, producer relationships and contracts, non-compete agreements and exclusive distribution rights.

The estimated annual amortization expense in each of the next five years is as follows:



(in millions)
2019	$	47.7
2020	43.3
2021	39.1
2022	31.6
2023	26.4

14. Impairment charges

During the year ended December 31, 2016 , the Company revised its business operating plan for servicing upstream oil and gas customers in its USA operating segment. In light of the 2016 prolonged drop in oil prices, and consequential decrease in demand for certain products including high-value specialized blended products used in hydraulic fracking operations, the Company narrowed its product line and service offering by curtailing certain highly specialized products and services that were being produced and sold to oil and gas customers. As a result, the Company ceased operations at three production facilities. The Company determined that these decisions resulted in a triggering event with respect to long lived assets in an asset group, resulting in the assessment of recoverability of these long lived assets. The Company performed step one of the impairment test and determined the carrying amount of the asset group exceeded the sum of the expected undiscounted future cash flows. Thus, the Company proceeded to step two of the impairment test where it was required to determine the fair value of the asset group and recognize an impairment loss if the carrying value exceeded the fair value. As a result of the impairment test, the Company recorded a non-cash, long-lived asset impairment charge of $113.7 million related to intangible assets and $16.5 million related to property, plant and equipment within its consolidated statements of operations. The Company also recorded a non-cash, long-lived asset impairment charge of $0.3 million related to assets held-for-sale.

The fair value of the asset group was determined using an income approach, which was comprised of multiple significant unobservable inputs including: (1) the estimate of future cash flows; (2) the amount of capital expenditures required to maintain the existing cash flows; and (3) a terminal period growth rate equal to the expected rate of inflation. Accordingly, estimated fair value of the asset group is considered to be a Level 3 measurement in the fair value hierarchy.

In addition to the charges discussed above, the Company also impaired $3.4 million of inventory deemed to be unsaleable in connection with the facility closures.

15. Other accrued expenses

As of December 31, 2018 , there were no components within other accrued expenses that were greater than five percent of total current liabilities. As of December 31, 2017 , other accrued expenses that were greater than five percent of total current liabilities consisted of customer prepayments and deposits, which were $97.7 million .

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16. Debt

Short-term financing

Short-term financing consisted of the following:



	December 31,
(in millions)	2018		2017
Amounts drawn under credit facilities	$	4.7	$	9.1
Bank overdrafts	3.4		4.3
Total	$	8.1	$	13.4

The weighted average interest rate on short-term financing was 3.0% and 4.1% as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company had $139.4 million and $147.0 million , respectively, in outstanding letters of credit and guarantees.

Long-term debt

Long-term debt consisted of the following:



	December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017
Senior Term Loan Facilities:
Term B Loan due 2024, variable interest rate of 4.77% and 4.07% at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	$	1,747.8		$	2,277.8
Asset Backed Loan (ABL) Facilities:
North American ABL Facility due 2020, variable interest rate of 4.19% and 5.00% at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	134.7			155.0
North American ABL Term Loan due 2018, fully paid off at December 31, 2018 and variable interest rate of 4.44% at December 31, 2017	—			16.7
Euro ABL Facility due 2023, variable interest rate of 1.75% at December 31, 2018	58.5			—
Senior Unsecured Notes:
Senior Unsecured Notes due 2023, fixed interest rate of 6.75% at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017	399.5			399.5
Capital lease obligations	54.8			60.9
Total long-term debt before discount	$	2,395.3		$	2,909.9
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs and discount on debt	(23.2		)	(27.9		)
Total long-term debt	$	2,372.1		$	2,882.0
Less: current maturities	(21.7		)	(62.0		)
Total long-term debt, excluding current maturities	$	2,350.4		$	2,820.0

The weighted average interest rate on long-term debt was 4.29% and 4.50% as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 , future contractual maturities of long-term debt including capital lease obligations are as follows:



(in millions)
2019	$	21.7
2020	147.0
2021	9.3
2022	7.6
2023	460.8
Thereafter	1,748.9
Total	$	2,395.3

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Long-term debt restructurings

In December 2018, the Company entered into an amended Euro ABL Credit facility agreement which replaced the existing €200 million Euro ABL Credit facility agreement, dated March 24, 2014. The amended agreement extends the maturity date from March 22, 2019 to December 19, 2023 . The Euro ABL is a revolving credit facility pursuant to which certain of the Company's European subsidiaries (the “Borrowers”) may request loan advances and make loan repayments until the maturity date. Loan advances may be made in multiple currencies. Each loan advance under this facility has a variable interest rate based on the current benchmark rate (IBOR) for that currency plus a credit spread. The credit spread is determined by a pricing grid that is based on average availability of the facility. The unused line fee ranges from 0.25% to 0.375% per annum depending on the average unused commitment as a percentage of the total commitment.

During 2018, Univar made three early repayments totaling $530.0 million against the balance of its Term B Loan due 2024. The repayments utilized a combination of existing cash balances and ABL Facilities and resulted in cash balances being remitted to the US from non-US subsidiaries. These early repayments have no impact on the Company’s leverage ratio but are expected to reduce net interest expense.

On November 28, 2017, the Company entered into a Second Amendment of the Senior Term B loan facility which amended the Company's First Amendment, dated January 19, 2017. The new Senior Term B loan agreement has a $2,283.5 million US dollar loan tranche. The proceeds from the new Senior Term B loan agreement were used to repay in full the $2,183.5 million US dollar denominated Term B Loan and €80.9 million ( $95.8 million ) euro denominated Term B Loan.

The amendment also lowered the interest rate credit spread on the loan by 25 basis points from 2.75% to 2.50% and extended the loan by two years . An additional reduction of 25 basis points is available if the Company's total net leverage (Total Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA) reaches or falls below 4.00 . The New Senior Term Facilities is payable in installments of $5.7 million commencing December 31, 2017 with the remaining balances due on the maturity date of July 1, 2024 . The Company can repay the loan in whole or part without penalty.

On January 19, 2017, the Company, entered into an amended Senior Term B loan agreement which replaced the existing US dollar denominated loans, dated July 1, 2015, with new US dollar denominated loans in aggregate of $2,200.0 million . The Amendment also reduced the interest rate credit spread on the US dollar denominated loans by 50 basis points from 3.25% to 2.75% and removed the 1.00% LIBOR floor. The additional proceeds of $175.6 million received from the US dollar denominated loans were used to prepay a portion of the Euro denominated Term B Loans.

As a result of the January and November 2017 debt refinancing activity, the Company recognized debt refinancing costs of $5.3 million in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017. Refer to “ Note 6: Other expense, net ” for further information. In addition, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $3.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2017.

On July 28, 2015 , the Company entered into a new five year $1.4 billion North American Asset Backed Loan Facility (“NA ABL Facility”) and terminated its existing $1.4 billion North American ABL Facility including the repayment of the existing North American ABL Term Loan. The NA ABL Facility has a $1.0 billion revolving loan tranche available to certain US subsidiaries, a $300.0 million revolving loan tranche for certain Canadian subsidiaries and a $100.0 million ABL Term Loan (“ABL Term Loan”). The ABL Term Loan was paid off as of December 31, 2018. The Company may elect to allocate the total $1.3 billion in revolving tranches between the US and Canadian borrowers. Under the two revolving tranches, the borrowers may request loan advances and make loan repayments until the maturity date of July 28, 2020 . The ABL Term Loan and each revolving loan advance under the facility have a variable interest rate based on the current benchmark rate elected by the borrower plus a credit spread. The credit spread is determined by the elected benchmark rate and the average availability of the facility. The unused line fee for the revolver tranches under the NA ABL Facility ranges from 0.25% to 0.375% per annum for the US and Canadian borrowers depending on the average daily outstanding amount. The NA ABL Term Loan is payable in installments of $16.7 million per quarter commencing December 31, 2016 with a final amortization payment on March 31, 2018, with the loan commitment expiring on July 28, 2018 .

In addition, on July 1, 2015, the Company issued $400.0 million in Senior Unsecured Notes (“Unsecured Notes”). The Unsecured Notes have a fixed interest rate of 6.75% payable semi-annually . Principal is due upon the maturity date of July 15, 2023 . The Company can prepay the Senior Unsecured Notes in whole or part at a premium above par on or after July 15, 2018 and without a premium on or after July 15, 2020.

Borrowing availability and assets pledged as collateral

As of December 31, 2018 , availability of the entire $1.3 billion in North American ABL Facility credit commitments is determined based on the periodic reporting of available qualifying collateral, as defined in the North American ABL Facility credit agreement. At December 31, 2018 and 2017 , $562.6 million and $548.3 million were available under the North American ABL Facility, respectively. An unused line fee of 0.375% was in effect at December 31, 2018 and 2017 .

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As of December 31, 2018 , availability of the entire €200 million Euro ABL due 2023 is determined based on the periodic reporting of available qualifying collateral, as defined in the Euro ABL credit agreement. At December 31, 2018 and 2017 , $57.7 million and $133.1 million were available under the Euro ABL, respectively. An unused line fee of 0.375% and 0.50% was in effect at December 31, 2018 and 2017 .

The North American ABL Facility is secured by substantially all of the assets of the US and Canadian operating subsidiaries of the Company. The Senior Term Loan Facilities are also secured by substantially all of the assets of the US operating and management subsidiaries. With respect to shared collateral, the North American ABL Facility and the Senior Term Loan Facilities are secured by accounts receivable and inventories of the US operating subsidiaries of the Company. The obligations under the North American ABL Facility is secured by a first priority lien on such accounts receivable and inventory, and the obligations under the Senior Term Loan Facilities are secured by a second priority lien on such accounts receivable and inventory. Under the North American ABL Facility, Canadian entities secure the obligations of the Canadian borrower. In addition, 65% of the shares of all first-tier foreign subsidiaries owned by the US subsidiaries have been pledged as security to the lenders in respect of all obligations. The Euro ABL is primarily secured by accounts receivable and inventories of the Company’s subsidiaries in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and United Kingdom.

Assets pledged under the North American ABL Facility, Senior Term Loan Facilities and the Euro ABL are as follows:



	December 31,
(in millions)	2018		2017
Cash	$	45.5	$	313.6
Trade accounts receivable, net	906.1		881.0
Inventories	674.0		702.0
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	96.9		93.3
Property, plant and equipment, net	743.0		780.0
Total	$	2,465.5	$	2,769.9

Debt covenants

Under certain limited circumstances, the Company’s subsidiaries noted as borrowers and guarantors under the NA ABL Facility and NA ABL Term Loan are subject to comply with a fixed charge coverage ratio maintenance covenant. Such covenant is calculated based on the consolidated financial results of the Company. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , such covenant was not in effect but the Company would have been in compliance if it was then in effect. The Company and its subsidiaries are also subject to a significant number of non-financial covenants in each of the credit facilities and the Senior Unsecured Notes that restrict the operations of the Company and its subsidiaries, including, without limitation, requiring that the net proceeds from certain dispositions and capital market debt issuances must be used as mandatory prepayments and restrictions on the incurrence of financial indebtedness outside of these facilities (including restrictions on secured indebtedness), prepaying subordinated debt, making dividend payments, making certain investments, making certain asset dispositions, certain transactions with affiliates and certain mergers and acquisitions.

17. Fair value measurements

The Company classifies its financial instruments according to the fair value hierarchy described in “ Note 2: Significant accounting policies .”

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Items measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis on a gross basis:



	Level 2				Level 3
	December 31,				December 31,
(in millions)	2018		2017		2018		2017
Financial current assets:
Forward currency contracts	$	0.3	$	0.3	$	—	$	—
Interest rate swap contracts	12.4		1.2		—		—
Financial non-current assets:
Interest rate swap contracts	1.5		10.6		—		—
Financial current liabilities:
Forward currency contracts	0.2		0.4		—		—
Financial non-current liabilities:
Contingent consideration	—		—		—		0.4

The net amounts related to foreign currency contracts included in prepaid and other current assets were $0.3 million and $0.2 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The net amounts related to foreign currency contracts included in other accrued expenses were $0.2 million and $0.3 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively.

The following table is a reconciliation of the fair value measurements that use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), which are contingent consideration liabilities (i.e. earn-outs) related to prior acquisitions. Refer to “ Note 19: Business combinations ” for further information discussing the business acquisitions resulting in contingent consideration liabilities, the terms of the earn-outs, the unobservable inputs factored into the fair value determination and the estimated impact on the consolidated financial statements related to changes in the unobservable inputs.



(in millions)	2018			2017
Fair value as of January 1	$	0.4		$	7.5
Additions	—			0.4
Fair value adjustments	1.0			(3.0		)
Foreign currency	—			0.1
Payments	(1.4		)	(3.7		)
Gain on settlement	—			(0.9		)
Fair value as of December 31	$	—		$	0.4

The fair value adjustment in 2018 related to Tagma’s improved financial performance and subsequent payout. The 2017 fair value reduction was primarily due to declined financial performance and payouts. Fair value adjustments are recorded within other operating expenses, net in the consolidated statement of operations. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration are recorded in the other, net line item of the operating activities within the consolidated statement of cash flows. Cash payments up to the amount of the original acquisition value are recorded within financing activities of the consolidated statement of cash flows. The portion of contingent consideration cash payments in excess of the original acquisition value are recorded within operating activities of the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Financial instruments not carried at fair value

The estimated fair value of financial instruments not carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows:



	December 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
(in millions)	Carrying amount		Fair value		Carrying amount		Fair value
Financial liabilities:
Long-term debt including current portion (Level 2)	$	2,372.1	$	2,314.3	$	2,882.0	$	2,939.7

The fair values of the long-term debt, including the current portions, were based on current market quotes for similar borrowings and credit risk adjusted for liquidity, margins, and amortization, as necessary.

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Fair value of other financial instruments

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable, trade accounts payable and short-term financing included in the consolidated balance sheets approximates fair value due to their short-term nature.

18. Derivatives

Interest rate swaps

The objective of the interest rate swap contracts is to offset the variability of cash flows in LIBOR indexed debt interest payments attributable to changes in the aforementioned benchmark interest rate related to the Term B Loan due 2024.

At December 31, 2018 , the Company had interest rate swap contracts in place with a total notional amount of $2.0 billion . In 2017, we entered into interest rate swap contracts with a remaining notional amount of $1.5 billion whereby a fixed rate of interest (weighted average of 1.70% ) is paid and a variable rate of interest ( three -month LIBOR) is received as calculated on the notional amount. In December 2018, the Company entered into interest rate swap contracts with a total notional amount of $500.0 million effective June 2019 whereby a fixed rate of interest (weighted average of 2.73% ) is paid and a variable rate of interest ( three -month LIBOR) is received as calculated on the notional amount. The initial interest rate swap contracts that were replaced with the 2017 contracts currently outstanding initially included a LIBOR floor of 1.00% . The LIBOR floor was removed on February 1, 2017, as part of the amendment to the interest rate swap contracts. The contracts were amended as a result of the amendment to the Term B Loan agreement with US dollar denominated tranche on January 19, 2017. Refer to “ Note 16: Debt ” for additional information. As a result of the interest rate swap contracts amendment, in 2017 the Company realized a gain of $1.4 million in other expense, net in the consolidated statement of operations.

As of July 6, 2017, the Company designated the interest rate swaps as a cash flow hedge in an effort to reduce the mark-to-market volatility recognized within the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2018 , the interest rate swaps held by the Company continue to qualify for hedge accounting. Prior to the hedge accounting designation, changes in fair value of the interest rate swap contracts were recognized directly in other expense, net in the consolidated statement of operations. Refer to “ Note 6: Other expense, net ” for additional information. With the adoption of ASU 2017-12, the Company recognizes the changes in fair value of the interest rate swap contracts, whether it is due to effectiveness or ineffectiveness, in other comprehensive income and subsequently is reclassified to the income statement when the hedged item impacts earnings.

During the year ended December 31, 2018 , there were $8.1 million in gains on our interest rate swap contracts that were reclassified to interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2018 , we estimate that $12.4 million of derivative gains included in accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified into the consolidated statement of operations within the next 12 months. The activity related to our cash flow hedges is included in “ Note 11: Accumulated other comprehensive loss .”

The fair value of interest rate swaps is recorded either in prepaid expenses and other current assets, other assets, other accrued expenses or other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , a current asset of $12.4 million and $1.2 million was included in other current assets. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , a non-current asset of $1.5 million and $10.6 million was included in other assets, respectively.

The Company had interest rate swap contracts with a total notional amount of $1.0 billion which expired during June 2017.

Interest rate caps

The Company had interest rate caps with a notional amount of $800 million which expired during June 2017. As of June 30, 2017, the interest rate cap premiums had been fully amortized through interest expense within the consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , the Company had no interest rate caps outstanding.

Foreign currency derivatives

The Company uses forward currency contracts to hedge earnings from the effects of foreign exchange relating to certain of the Company’s intercompany and third-party receivables and payables denominated in a foreign currency. These derivative instruments are not formally designated as hedges by the Company and the terms of these instruments range from one to three months. Forward currency contracts are recorded at fair value in either prepaid expenses and other current assets or other accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets, reflecting their short-term nature. Refer to “ Note 17: Fair value measurements ” for additional information. The fair value adjustments and gains and losses are included in other expense, net within the consolidated statements of operations. Refer to “ Note 6: Other expense, net ” for more information. The total notional amount of undesignated forward currency contracts were $108.1 million and $134.0 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively.

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19. Business combinations

Year ended December 31, 2018

2018 Acquisitions

Acquisition of Earthoil

On May 31, 2018, the Company completed an acquisition of 100% of the equity interest in Earthoil Plantations Limited, a supplier of pure, organic, fair trade essential and cold-pressed vegetable seed oils used in the naturals, organic beauty, and personal care markets. The acquisition expands and strengthens Univar’s existing global natural beauty and personal care product line.

The total purchase price of the acquisition was $13.3 million . The purchase price allocation includes goodwill of $3.7 million and intangibles of $6.1 million . During the second quarter of 2018, the Company recorded an initial purchase price of $13.7 million and included goodwill of $2.5 million and intangibles of $6.1 million . During the third quarter of 2018, the Company recorded a purchase price adjustment of $0.4 million on this acquisition which resulted in an increase of $1.2 million to goodwill. The adjustments were primarily attributable to a $1.7 million increase in other accrued expenses associated with final working capital adjustments.

The operating results subsequent to the acquisition date did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statement of the Company. The accounting for this acquisition has only been preliminarily determined.

Acquisition of Kemetyl Industrial Chemicals

On January 4, 2018, the Company completed an acquisition of 100% of the equity interest in Kemetyl Norge Industri AS as well as a definitive asset purchase agreement with Kemetyl Aktiebolag. Kemetyl is among the leading distributors of chemical products in the Nordic region and provides bulk and specialty chemicals, such as isopropanol, glycols, metal salts, minerals and polyacrylamides, to customers in Sweden and Norway. The addition of Kemetyl will allow Univar to expand its leading position in the pharmaceutical industry.

The purchase price of these acquisitions was $7.5 million (net of cash acquired of $0.7 million ). The purchase price allocation includes goodwill of $3.9 million and intangibles of $3.6 million . During the third quarter of 2018, the Company recorded an initial purchase price of $8.9 million and included goodwill of $5.3 million and intangibles of $3.7 million . During the third and fourth quarter of 2018, the Company recorded purchase price adjustments of $1.4 million on these acquisitions which resulted in a decrease of $1.4 million to goodwill recorded during the first quarter of 2018. The adjustments were primarily attributable to final working capital adjustments.

The operating results subsequent to the acquisition date did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statement of the Company. The accounting for these acquisitions has only been preliminarily determined.

Year ended December 31, 2017

In the year ended December 31, 2017 , the Company completed two acquisitions.

On September 21, 2017, the Company completed an acquisition of 100% of the equity interest in Tagma Brasil Ltda., a leading Brazilian provider of customized formulation and packaging services for crop protection chemicals that include herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and surfactants. This acquisition expands Univar's agriculture business in one of the world's fastest-growing agricultural markets.

On September 29, 2017, the Company completed a definitive asset purchase agreement with PVS Minibulk, Inc., a provider of Minibulk services for inorganic chemicals in California, Oregon, and Washington. This acquisition expands and strengthens Univar's MiniBulk business in the West Coast market as the Company has the opportunity to service PVS customers and integrate them into the Univar business.

The purchase price of these acquisitions was $21.7 million (net of cash acquired of $0.2 million ). The purchase price allocation includes goodwill of $1.0 million and intangibles of $5.3 million . Purchase price adjustments on the 2017 acquisitions resulted in a decrease of $3.2 million to goodwill recorded in 2018. The adjustments were primarily attributable to net cash proceeds of $2.2 million and $1.1 million increase in the value allocated to intangible assets.

The operating results subsequent to the acquisition dates did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statement of the Company. The initial purchase price of the 2017 acquisitions was $23.9 million (net of cash acquired of $0.2 million ). The accounting for these acquisitions was complete as of September 30, 2018.

As of March 31, 2017, the purchase price allocation for the Bodine and Nexus Ag 2016 acquisitions were finalized. Purchase price adjustments on prior acquisitions resulted in additional cash payments of $0.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2017.

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20. Commitments and contingencies

Lease commitments

Rental and lease commitments primarily relate to land, buildings and fleet. Operating lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 were $64.1 million , $76.7 million and $83.3 million , respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 , minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable operating leases with lease terms in excess of one year are as follows:



(in millions)	Minimum rental commitments
2019	$	54.9
2020	40.4
2021	30.0
2022	24.6
2023	16.3
Thereafter	30.0
Total	$	196.2

Litigation

In the ordinary course of business the Company is subject to pending or threatened claims, lawsuits, regulatory matters and administrative proceedings from time to time. Where appropriate the Company has recorded provisions in the consolidated financial statements for these matters. The liabilities for injuries to persons or property are in some instances covered by liability insurance, subject to various deductibles and self-insured retentions.

The Company is not aware of any claims, lawsuits, regulatory matters or administrative proceedings, pending or threatened, that are likely to have a material effect on its overall financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, the Company cannot predict the outcome of any claims or litigation or the potential for future claims or litigation.

The Company is subject to liabilities from claims alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos. The claims result primarily from an indemnification obligation related to Univar USA Inc.’s (“Univar”) 1986 purchase of McKesson Chemical Company from McKesson Corporation (“McKesson”). Univar’s obligation to indemnify McKesson for settlements and judgments arising from asbestos claims is the amount which is in excess of applicable insurance coverage, if any, which may be available under McKesson’s historical insurance coverage. Univar is also a defendant in a small number of asbestos claims. As of December 31, 2018 , there were fewer than 200 asbestos-related claims for which the Company has liability for defense and indemnity pursuant to the indemnification obligation. Historically, the vast majority of the claims against both McKesson and Univar have been dismissed without payment. While the Company is unable to predict the outcome of these matters, it does not believe, based upon current available facts, that the ultimate resolution of any of these matters will have a material effect on its overall financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, the Company cannot predict the outcome of any present or future claims or litigation and adverse developments could negatively impact earnings or cash flows in a particular future period.

Environmental

The Company’s environmental remediation work at some sites is being conducted pursuant to governmental proceedings or investigations, while the Company, with appropriate state or federal agency oversight and approval, is conducting the environmental remediation work at other sites voluntarily. The Company is currently undergoing remediation efforts or is in the process of active review of the need for potential remediation efforts at approximately 107 current or formerly Company-owned/occupied sites. In addition, the Company may be liable for a share of the clean-up of approximately 23 non-owned sites. These non-owned sites are typically (a) locations of independent waste disposal or recycling operations with alleged or confirmed contaminated soil and/or groundwater to which the Company may have shipped waste products or drums for re-conditioning, or (b) contaminated non-owned sites near historical sites owned or operated by the Company or its predecessors from which contamination is alleged to have arisen.

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Although the Company believes that its reserves are adequate for environmental contingencies, it is possible, due to the uncertainties noted above; that additional reserves could be required in the future that could have a material effect on the overall financial position, results of operations, or cash flows in a particular period. This additional loss or range of losses cannot be recorded at this time, as it is not reasonably estimable.

Changes in total environmental liabilities are as follows:



(in millions)	2018			2017
Environmental liabilities at January 1	$	89.2		$	95.8
Revised obligation estimates	12.6			12.3
Environmental payments	(18.1		)	(19.3		)
Foreign exchange	(0.2		)	0.4
Environmental liabilities at December 31	$	83.5		$	89.2

Environmental liabilities of $32.1 million and $29.1 million were classified as current in other accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The long-term portion of environmental liabilities is recorded in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The total discount on environmental liabilities was $5.0 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The discount rate used in the present value calculation was 2.7% and 2.4% as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, which represent risk-free rates.

The Company manages estimated cash flows by project. These estimates are subject to change if there are modifications to the scope of the remediation plan or if other factors, both external and internal, change the timing of the remediation activities. The Company periodically reviews the status of all existing or potential environmental liabilities and adjusts its accruals based on all available, relevant information. Based on current estimates, the expected payments for environmental remediation for the next five years and thereafter at December 31, 2018 are as follows, with projects for which timing is uncertain included in the 2019 estimated amount of $11.4 million :



(in millions)
2019	$	32.1
2020	10.3
2021	8.8
2022	7.0
2023	6.5
Thereafter	23.9
Total	$	88.6

Customs and International Trade Laws

In 2015, the US Department of Justice (“DOJ”), on behalf of US Customs and Border Patrol (“CBP”), filed a complaint against Univar USA Inc., in the Court of the International Trade seeking approximately $84.0 million , plus additional interest and fees, in allegedly unpaid duties that applied to imports of saccharin from China. Univar denies that any such duties were due because Univar contends the saccharin it imported during the time in question was Taiwanese in origin. The case has progressed through the discovery phase and earlier this year Univar filed a motion for summary judgement, which the Court denied. The case is scheduled for trial in April 2019. Univar has not recorded a liability related to this matter. Although the Company believes its position is defensible, it cannot guarantee the outcome of this or other litigation.

21. Related party transactions

As of January 31, 2018, Temasek reduced its ownership stakes in the Company below 10%. As such, transactions between the Company and Temasek are not considered related party in 2018.

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During the year ended December 31, 2016, CVC divested its entire investment in the Company in conjunction with secondary public offering.

The following table summarizes the Company’s sales and purchases with related parties within the ordinary course of business:



	Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018		2017		2016
CD&R:
Sales to affiliate companies	$	4.5	$	5.3	$	7.7
Purchases from affiliate companies	0.1		6.0		16.5
Temasek:
Sales to affiliate companies	—		10.1		14.4
Purchases from affiliate companies	—		0.7		10.1
CVC ⁽¹⁾ :
Sales to affiliate companies	—		—		0.5
Purchases from affiliate companies	—		—		—


(1)	Sales and purchases related information for CVC is disclosed until August 31, 2016.

The following table summarizes the Company’s receivables due from and payables due to related parties:



	December 31,
(in millions)	2018		2017
Due from affiliates	$	0.7	$	1.0
Due to affiliates	0.2		0.2

22. Segments

Management monitors the operating results of its operating segments separately for the purpose of making decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment. Management evaluates performance on the basis of Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as consolidated net income (loss), plus the sum of: interest expense, net of interest income; income tax expense (benefit); depreciation; amortization; other operating expenses, net; impairment charges; loss on extinguishment of debt; and other expense, net .

Transfer prices between operating segments are set on an arms-length basis in a similar manner to transactions with third parties. Corporate operating expenses that directly benefit segments have been allocated to the operating segments. Allocable operating expenses are identified through a review process by management. These costs are allocated to the operating segments on a basis that reasonably approximates the use of services. This is typically measured on a weighted distribution of margin, asset, headcount or time spent.

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Financial information for the Company’s segments is as follows:



(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Other/ Eliminations			Consolidated
	Year ended December 31, 2018
Net sales:
External customers	$	4,961.0	$	1,302.3	$	1,975.7	$	393.5	$	—		$	8,632.5
Inter-segment	126.6		9.3		4.0		0.2		(140.1		)	—
Total net sales	$	5,087.6	$	1,311.6	$	1,979.7	$	393.7	$	(140.1	)	$	8,632.5
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	3,959.3		1,080.1		1,525.6		307.5		(140.1		)	6,732.4
Outbound freight and handling	215.6		42.5		62.4		7.8		—			328.3
Warehousing, selling and administrative	536.3		84.3		240.5		45.1		25.2			931.4
Adjusted EBITDA	$	376.4	$	104.7	$	151.2	$	33.3	$	(25.2	)	$	640.4
Other operating expenses, net												73.5
Depreciation												125.2
Amortization												54.3
Interest expense, net												132.4
Loss on extinguishment of debt												0.1
Other expense, net												32.7
Income tax expense												49.9
Net income												$	172.3
Total assets	$	3,114.8	$	1,519.9	$	973.0	$	212.5	$	(547.8	)	$	5,272.4
Property, plant and equipment, net	597.6		141.3		156.7		30.2		30.0			955.8
Capital expenditures	42.9		22.3		15.4		3.5		10.5			94.6

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(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Other/ Eliminations			Consolidated
	Year ended December 31, 2017
Net sales:
External customers	$	4,657.1	$	1,371.5	$	1,821.2	$	403.9	$	—		$	8,253.7
Inter-segment	121.9		9.1		4.5		0.5		(136.0		)	—
Total net sales	$	4,779.0	$	1,380.6	$	1,825.7	$	404.4	$	(136.0	)	$	8,253.7
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	3,706.8		1,143.0		1,411.7		322.7		(136.0		)	6,448.2
Outbound freight and handling	192.8		37.3		55.7		6.2		—			292.0
Warehousing, selling and administrative	529.4		86.2		229.1		46.8		28.2			919.7
Adjusted EBITDA	$	350.0	$	114.1	$	129.2	$	28.7	$	(28.2	)	$	593.8
Other operating expenses, net												55.4
Depreciation												135.0
Amortization												65.4
Interest expense, net												148.0
Loss on extinguishment of debt												3.8
Other expense, net												17.4
Income tax expense												49.0
Net income												$	119.8
Total assets	$	3,526.8	$	2,091.3	$	935.1	$	237.5	$	(1,058.0	)	$	5,732.7
Property, plant and equipment, net	636.1		147.7		158.0		33.5		27.7			1,003.0
Capital expenditures	47.5		17.1		14.6		2.4		1.1			82.7

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(in millions)	USA		Canada		EMEA		Rest of World		Other/ Eliminations			Consolidated
	Year ended December 31, 2016
Net sales:
External customers	$	4,706.7	$	1,261.0	$	1,704.2	$	401.8	$	—		$	8,073.7
Inter-segment	104.4		8.3		4.5		—		(117.2		)	—
Total net sales	$	4,811.1	$	1,269.3	$	1,708.7	$	401.8	$	(117.2	)	$	8,073.7
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)	3,769.7		1,047.4		1,324.6		322.1		(117.2		)	6,346.6
Outbound freight and handling	191.5		34.1		54.9		6.1		—			286.6
Warehousing, selling and administrative	523.5		85.4		219.3		46.8		18.1			893.1
Adjusted EBITDA	$	326.4	$	102.4	$	109.9	$	26.8	$	(18.1	)	$	547.4
Other operating expenses, net												37.2
Depreciation												152.3
Amortization												85.6
Impairment charges												133.9
Interest expense, net												159.9
Other expense, net												58.1
Income tax benefit												(11.2		)
Net loss												$	(68.4	)
Total assets	$	3,676.8	$	1,856.2	$	857.4	$	211.3	$	(1,211.8	)	$	5,389.9
Property, plant and equipment, net	671.1		148.3		144.8		18.2		37.1			1,019.5
Capital expenditures	56.5		17.4		12.2		2.8		1.2			90.1

Business line information

The Company’s net sales from external customers relate to its chemical distribution business. Commodity chemicals and ingredients represent the largest portion of our business by sales and volume. Other sales to external customers primarily relate to services for collecting and arranging for the transportation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste.

Risks and concentrations

No single customer accounted for more than 10% of net sales in any of the years presented.

The Company is exposed to credit loss and loss of liquidity availability if the financial institutions or counterparties issuing us debt securities fail to perform. We minimize exposure to these credit risks by dealing with a diversified group of investment grade financial institutions. We manage credit risk by monitoring the credit ratings and market indicators of credit risk of our lending counterparties. We do not anticipate any non-performance by any of the counterparties.

23. Quarterly financial information (unaudited)

The following tables contain selected unaudited statement of operations information for each quarter of the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 . The tables include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, that is necessary for fair presentation of the consolidated financial position and operating results for the quarters presented. Our business is affected by seasonality, which historically has resulted in higher sales volume during our second and third quarter.

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Unaudited quarterly results for the year ended December 31, 2018 are as follows:



(in millions, except per share data)	March 31		June 30		September 30		December 31 ⁽¹⁾
Net sales	$	2,158.0	$	2,372.6	$	2,130.7	$	1,971.2
Operating income	107.9		117.4		99.6		62.5
Net income	65.4		56.1		49.6		1.2
Income per share:
Basic and diluted ⁽²⁾	$	0.46	$	0.40	$	0.35	$	0.01
Shares used in computation of income (loss) per share:
Basic	140.9		141.1		141.2		141.4
Diluted	142.0		142.0		142.3		142.2


(1)	Included in the fourth quarter of 2018 was a loss of $34.2 million relating to the annual mark to market adjustment on the defined benefit pension and postretirement plans. Refer to “ Note 9: Employee benefit plans ” for further information.


(2)	As a result of changes in the number of shares outstanding during the year and rounding, the sum of the quarters’ earnings per share may not equal the earnings per share for any year-to-date period.

Unaudited quarterly results for the year ended December 31, 2017 are as follows:



(in millions, except per share data)	March 31		June 30		September 30		December 31 ⁽¹⁾
Net sales	$	1,998.8	$	2,247.0	$	2,048.7	$	1,959.2
Operating income	67.5		83.7		88.2		98.6
Net income	22.6		31.3		38.9		27.0
Income per share:
Basic and diluted	$	0.16	$	0.22	$	0.28	$	0.19
Shares used in computation of income (loss) per share:
Basic	139.4		140.1		140.4		140.7
Diluted	140.8		141.3		141.4		141.8


(1)	Included in the fourth quarter of 2017 was a loss of $3.8 million relating to the annual mark to market adjustment on the defined benefit pension and postretirement plans. Refer to “ Note 9: Employee benefit plans ” for further information.

24. Subsequent events

Nexeo Solutions

On September 17, 2018, the Company entered into a Business Combination Agreement to merge with Nexeo Solutions, Inc. in a cash and stock transaction valued at approximately $2.0 billion , including assumption of Nexeo’s debt and other obligations, or $11.65 per share. The merger agreement provides for each share of Nexeo stock issued and outstanding to be converted into 0.305 shares of Univar common stock and $3.29 in cash, subject to adjustment at closing. The combined Company is expected to accelerate transformation and growth with the largest North American sales force in chemical and ingredients distribution, the broadest product offering, and the most efficient supply chain network in the industry.

On October 16, 2018, the Company filed its notification form under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act with the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”).

On November 5, 2018, the Company filed the initial Registration Statement on Form S-4 with the SEC, related to the Nexeo Acquisition. On January 9, 2019, the Company filed Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement which referenced an updated valuation of the stock portion of the merger consideration based on the $19.15 closing price of Univar common stock on January 7, 2019, valued at approximately $1.7 billion in the aggregate. The per share value of Nexeo common stock implied by the merger consideration is $8.72 , representing cash consideration of $ 2.88 and stock consideration with an implied value of $5.84 . This Registration Statement became effective on January 29, 2019.

The Nexeo Acquisition was unanimously approved by the Boards of Directors of both companies, and is anticipated to close in the first quarter of 2019, subject to the approval of Univar's shareholders, as well as satisfaction of other customary conditions. On January 29, 2019, Nexeo’s key stockholders, TPG Global and First Pacific, provided consent for the proposed transaction, and as of February 19, 2019, all requisite regulatory approvals and clearances of the proposed transaction had been obtained.

Univar intends to finance the cash portion of the transaction and refinance Nexeo’s existing debt with a combination of available cash and debt financing, for which it has received commitments. Univar entered into a commitment letter, dated as of

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September 17, 2018, with Goldman Sachs Bank USA, pursuant to which Goldman committed to provide $1.3 billion of incremental term loans.

The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights for both Nexeo and Univar. If Nexeo or Univar terminates the Merger Agreement, Nexeo may be obligated to pay Univar, or Univar may be obligated to pay Nexeo, a termination fee of $35.0 million . Furthermore, if the Univar board changes its recommendation in certain circumstances specified in the Merger Agreement in response to an unsolicited proposal for an alternative transaction or following an intervening event, Univar may be obligated to pay Nexeo a termination fee of $128.0 million .

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of December 31, 2018 , we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the company. Internal control over financial reporting is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Internal control over financial reporting includes maintaining records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation of our financial statements; providing reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures of company assets are made in accordance with management authorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of company assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected.

Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on the Company’s assessment, management has concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018 to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an audit report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which appears in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

On February 14, 2019, George J. Fuller, SVP Local Chemical Distribution USA, announced his intention to retire from the Company, effective March 5, 2019.

On February 20, 2019, the Company replaced its Code of Conduct with the Code Handbook. The Code Handbook reflects the values of the Company, both before and after the Nexeo Acquisition. The Code Handbook is easier to understand and to implement as it contains practical examples. The Code Handbook does not meaningfully change any standard of conduct expected from our employees, executives or directors.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Information about our directors is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “Proposal 1: Election of Directors” to be included in the Proxy Statement. Information about compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” to be included in the Proxy Statement. Information about our Audit Committee, including the members of the Committee, and our Audit Committee financial experts, is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “Governance of the Company,” and headings “What is the composition of the Board of Directors and how often are members elected?, “Who are this year’s nominees?,” “What are the committees of the Board?,” “Directors Continuing in Office,” to be included in the Proxy Statement. Information about our Code of Conduct is incorporated by reference from the discussion under the heading “What are the Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines and Ethics Policies?” to be included in the Proxy Statement. The most up-to-date version of the Code of Conduct is on the Company’s website at all times along with any notices of changes. Information regarding our executive officers is presented under the heading “Executive Officers of the Registrant pursuant to Instruction 3 to Regulation S-K, Item 401(b)” to be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Information appearing under the headings entitled “Executive Compensation” and “Compensation, Discussion and Analysis” to be included in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. However, pursuant to Instructions to Item 407(e)(5) of Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-K, the material appearing under the heading “Compensation Committee Report” shall not be deemed to be “filed” with the Commission.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Information appearing under the heading entitled “Stock Ownership Information” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” to be included in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

A total of approximately 12.8 million shares of Common Stock held by persons who are deemed to be “affiliates” of the Company, have been excluded from the computation of market value of our common stock on the cover page of this Form 10-K. This total represents that portion of the shares reported as beneficially owned by our directors and executive officers as of June 30, 2018 which are actually issued and outstanding.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Refer to the information under the captions entitled “How does the Board determine which directors are considered independent?” and “What relationships and policies does the Company have with respect to transactions with related persons?,” to be included in the Proxy Statement, all of which information is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Refer to the information under the caption entitled “What fees did the Company pay to Ernst & Young LLP for audit and other services for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and to Ernst & Young LLP for audit and other services for the fiscal year 2017 ?” to be included in the Proxy Statement, all of which information is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)(1) Financial Statements

Reference is made to the information set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules

These schedules are omitted because they are not required or because the information is set forth in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

(a)(3) Exhibits



Exhibit Number		Exhibit Description

2.1		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated September 17, 2018, by and among Nexeo, Univar, Pilates Merger Sub I Corp and Pilates Merger Sub II LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on September 18, 2018.

3.1		Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Univar Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed August 23, 2018.

3.2		Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Univar Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of Univar Inc., filed June 23, 2015.

3.3		Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Univar Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed August 23, 2018.

4.1		Form of Common Stock Certificate, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on June 8, 2015.

4.2		Fourth Amended and Restated Stockholders’ Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

4.3		Indenture, dated as of July 1, 2015, between Univar USA Inc., the guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on July 7, 2015.

4.4		First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 1, 2015, between Univar USA Inc., the guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on July 7, 2015.

4.5		Form of 6.75% Senior Note due 2023 (included in Exhibit 4.4 hereto), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on July 7, 2015.

10.1		European ABL Facility Agreement, dated as of March 24, 2014, as amended and restated on December 19, 2018, by and among Univar B.V., the other borrowers from time to time party thereto, Univar Inc., as guarantor, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as sole lead arranger and joint bookrunner, Bank of America, N.A., as joint bookrunner and syndication agent, and J.P. Morgan Europe Limited, as administrative agent and collateral agent.

10.2		ABL Credit Agreement, dated as of July 28, 2015 between Univar Inc. and certain of its subsidiaries, the several banks and financial institutions from time to time party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on July 30, 2015.

10.3		ABL Collateral Agreement, dated as of July 28, 2015, made by Univar Inc., Univar USA Inc. and the guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto in favor of Bank of America, N.A, as collateral agent for the banks and other financial institutions that are parties to the Credit Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on July 30, 2015.

10.4		Notice and Confirmation of Grant of Security Interest in Copyrights, dated July 28, 2015, made by Univar USA Inc. in favor of Bank of America, N.A., as collateral agent for the banks and other financial institutions that are parties to the Credit Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on July 30, 2015.

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10.5		Notice and Confirmation of Grant of Security Interest in Trademarks, dated July 28, 2015, made by Univar USA Inc., Magnablend, Inc. and ChemPoint.com Inc. in favor of Bank of America, N.A., as collateral agent for the banks and other financial institutions that are parties to the Credit Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on July 30, 2015.

10.6		Notice and Confirmation of Grant of Security Interest in Patents, dated July 28, 2015, made by Magnablend, Inc. in favor of Bank of America, N.A., as collateral agent for the banks and other financial institutions that are parties to the Credit Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on July 30, 2015.

10.7		Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of November 28, 2017 between Univar USA Inc., Univar Inc., the several banks and financial institutions from time to time party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed November 29, 2017.

10.8		First Amendment to Credit Agreement and Amended Credit Agreement, dated as of January 19, 2017 between Univar USA Inc., Univar Inc., the several banks and financial institutions from time to time party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on January 20, 2017.

10.9		Credit Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2015 between Univar USA Inc., Univar Inc., the several banks and financial institutions from time to time party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on July 7, 2015.

10.10		Term Loan Guarantee and Collateral Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2015, made by Univar Inc., Univar USA Inc. and the guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto in favor of Bank of America, N.A, as collateral agent for the banks and other financial institutions that are parties to the Credit Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on July 7, 2015.

10.11		Notice and Confirmation of Grant of Security Interest in Copyrights, dated July 1, 2015, made by Univar USA Inc. in favor of Bank of America, N.A., as collateral agent for the banks and other financial institutions that are parties to the Credit Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on July 7, 2015.

10.12†		2016 Univar Inc. Management Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc. filed on February 28, 2017.

10.13†		Univar Inc. 2011 Stock Incentive Plan, effective as of March 28, 2011, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on August 14, 2014.

10.14†		Amendment No. 1 to the Univar Inc. 2011 Stock Incentive Plan, dated as of November 30, 2012, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on August 14, 2014.

10.15†		Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on August 14, 2014.

10.16†		Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Valued Investment Plan, dated as of May 29, 2014, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016

10.17†		First Amendment to the Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Valued Investment Plan, dated as of May 31, 2016, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc. filed on February 28, 2017.

10.18†		Second Amendment to the Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Valued Investment Plan, dated as of June 27, 2016, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc. filed on February 28, 2017.

10.19†		Univar Canada Ltd. Supplemental Benefits Plan, dated as of June 1, 2007, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

10.20†		Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Benefits Retirement Plan, dated as of July 1, 2004, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on August 14, 2014.

10.21†		First Amendment to the Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Retirement Plan, dated as of May 17, 2005, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

10.22†		Second Amendment to the Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Retirement Plan, dated as of August 24, 2006, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

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10.23†		Third Amendment to the Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Retirement Plan, dated as of June 11, 2007, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

10.24†		Fourth Amendment to the Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Retirement Plan, dated as of December 6, 2007, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.46 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on August 14, 2014.

10.25†		Fifth Amendment to the Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Retirement Plan, dated as of December 6, 2007, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

10.26†		Sixth Amendment to the Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Retirement Plan, dated as of December 19, 2007, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

10.27†		Seventh Amendment to the Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Retirement Plan, dated as of June 19, 2008, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

10.28†		Eighth Amendment to the Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Retirement Plan, dated as of December 23, 2008, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

10.29†		Ninth Amendment to the Univar USA Inc. Supplemental Retirement Plan, dated as of December 21, 2009, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

10.30†		Univar Inc. 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of Univar Inc., filed June 23, 2015.

10.31†		Employment Agreement, dated as of December 8, 2014, by and between Univar Inc. and Carl J. Lukach, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on May 26, 2015.

10.32		Indemnification Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2010, by and among CVC European Equity Partners IV (A) L.P., CVC European Equity Partners IV (B) L.P., CVC European Equity Partners IV (C) L.P., CVC European Equity Partners IV (D) L.P., CVC European Equity Partners IV (E) L.P., CVC European Equity Partners Tandem Fund (A) L.P., CVC European Equity Partners Tandem Fund (B) L.P., CVC European Equity Partners Tandem Fund (C) L.P., CVC European Equity IV (AB) Limited, CVC European Equity IV (CDE) Limited, CVC European Equity Tandem GP Limited, CVC Capital Partners Advisory Company (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l, Univar Inc. and Univar USA Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.54 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on May 26, 2015.

10.33		Indemnification Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2010, by and among CD&R Univar Holdings, L.P., Clayton, Dubilier & Rice Fund VIII, L.P., CD&R Friends & Family Fund VIII, L.P., CD&R Advisor Univar Co-Investor, L.P., CD&R Univar Co-Investor, L.P., CD&R Univar Co-Investor II, L.P., CD&R Univar NEP VIII Co-Investor, LLC, CD&R Univar NEP IX Co-Investor, LLC, Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, LLC, Univar Inc. and Univar USA Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.55 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on May 26, 2015.

10.34		Form of Director Indemnification Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.56 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on June 8, 2015.

10.35		Termination Agreement by and among Univar Inc., Univar USA Inc. and Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

10.36		Termination Agreement by and among Univar, Inc., Univar USA, Inc., CVC European Equity IV (AB) Limited, CVC European Equity IV (CDE) Limited and CVC Europe Equity Tandem GP Limited, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

10.37		Termination Agreement by and among Univar, Inc., Univar USA, Inc., and CVC Capital Partners Advisory Company (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on March 3, 2016.

10.38		Sponsor Support Agreement, dated September 17, 2018, by and among Univar and certain affiliates of TPG Capital, LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on September 18, 2018.

10.39		Sponsor Agreement, dated September 17, 2018, by and among Univar and First Pacific Advisors, LLC and certain of its affiliates, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on September 18, 2018.

10.40†		2014 Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.62 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on May 26, 2015.

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10.41†		2014 Form of Employee Restricted Stock Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.63 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on May 26, 2015.

10.42		Stock Purchase Agreement dated June 1, 2015, among Univar Inc., Dahlia Investments Pte. Ltd., and Univar N.V., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.65 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on June 8, 2015.

10.43†		Univar Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of Univar Inc., filed June 23, 2015.

10.44†		Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement for awards granted between June 23, 2015 and February 1, 2017, 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of Univar Inc., filed June 23, 2015.

10.45†		Form of Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for awards granted between June 23, 2015 and February 1, 2017, 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of Univar Inc., filed June 23, 2015.

10.46†		Form of Director Restricted Stock Agreement, 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of Univar Inc., filed June 23, 2015.

10.47†		Employment Agreement, dated May 3, 2016, by and between Univar Inc. and Mr. Newlin incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on May 3, 2016.

10.48†		Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, dated as of May 3, 2016, by and between Univar Inc. and Mr. Newlin, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc. filed on May 3, 2016.

10.49†		Amendment to Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, dated December 23, 2016, by and between Univar Inc. and Mr. Newlin, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc. filed on December 23, 2016.

10.50†		Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, dated as of January 30, 2017, by and between Univar Inc. and Mr. Newlin, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc. filed on January 30, 2017.

10.51†		Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement for awards granted after February 1, 2017, 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.67 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc. filed on February 28, 2017.

10.52†		Form of Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for awards granted after February 1, 2017, 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.68 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc. filed on February 28, 2017.

10.53†		Amendment to Employee Restricted Stock Agreement, dated as of February 3, 2014, by and between Univar Inc. and David Jukes, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.51 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on February 28, 2018.

10.54†		Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement for awards granted after April 13, 2017, 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc. filed on May 5, 2017.

10.55†		Form of Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for awards granted after April 13, 2017, 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc. filed on May 5, 2017.

10.56†		Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement, 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc. filed on May 5, 2017.

10.57†		Form of Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc. filed on May 5, 2017.

10.58†		Form of Director Restricted Stock Agreement, 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc. filed on May 5, 2017.

10.59†		Univar Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc. filed on May 5, 2017.

10.60†		Univar Inc. Executive Annual Bonus Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc. filed on May 5, 2017.

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10.61†		Univar Inc. Omnibus Waiver regarding Whistleblower Protections, dated as of May 3, 2017, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc. filed on May 5, 2017.

10.62†		Form of Employee Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc. filed on August 4, 2017.

10.63†		Form of Employee Stock Option Agreement for awards granted on or after February 7, 2018, 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc., filed on May 10, 2018.

10.64†		Stock Option Agreement, dated as of February 7, 2018, by and between Univar Inc. and Stephen D. Newlin. 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc., filed on May 10, 2018.

10.65†		Form of Employee Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for awards granted on or after February 7, 2018, 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc., filed on May 10, 2018.

10.66†		Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, dated as of February 7, 2018, by and between Univar Inc. and Stephen D. Newlin, 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc., filed on May 10, 2018

10.67†		Form of Employee Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for awards granted on or after February 7, 2018, 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc., filed on May 10, 2018.
10.68†		Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement dated as of February 7, 2018, by and between Univar Inc. and Stephen D. Newlin, 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc., filed on May 10, 2018.

10.69†		Form of Director Deferred Share Unit Agreement for awards granted on or after February 7, 2018, 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc., filed on May 10, 2018.

10.70†		Form of Director Restricted Stock Agreement for awards granted on or after February 7, 2018, 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc., filed on May 10, 2018.
10.71†		Employment Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2017, by and between Univar Inc., and David Jukes, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc. filed on November 3, 2017.

10.72†		Offer Letter, dated April 19, 2016, by and between Univar Europe Limited and David Jukes, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed April 19, 2016.

10.73†		Amended Agreement, dated as of April 18, 2016, by and between Univar Europe Limited and David Jukes, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Univar Inc., filed on April 19, 2016.

10.74†		Employment Agreement, dated as of January 10, 2011, by and between Univar Europe Limited and David Jukes, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.53 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Univar Inc., filed on May 26, 2015.

10.75†		Offer Letter, dated February 1, 2018, by and between Univar Inc. and David Jukes, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc., filed on May 10, 2018.

10.76†		Employment Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2017 by and between Univar Europe Limited and Nick Powell, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.65 to the Form 10-K of Univar Inc., filed on February 28, 2018.

10.77†		Form of Severance and Change in Control Agreement by and Between Univar Inc. and Certain Executives, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Form 10-Q of Univar Inc., filed on November 6, 2018.

14.1*		Code Handbook

21.1*		List of Subsidiaries

23.1*		Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

31.1*		Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2*		Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1**		Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

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32.2**		Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document



†	Identifies each management compensation plan or arrangement.



*	Filed herewith.



**	Furnished herewith.

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ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Univar Inc.

By: /s/ CARL J. LUKACH

Carl J. Lukach, Executive Vice President and

Chief Financial Officer

Dated February 21, 2019

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.



By: /s/ DAVID C. JUKES		By: /s/ CARL J. LUKACH
David C. Jukes, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)		Carl J. Lukach, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
By: /s/ STEPHEN D. NEWLIN		By: /s/ WILLIAM S. STAVROPOULOS
Stephen D. Newlin, Executive Chairman of the Board		William S. Stavropoulos, Lead Director
By: /s/ RHONDA GERMANY BALLINTYN		By: /s/ DANIEL P. DOHENY
Rhonda Germany Ballintyn, Director		Daniel P. Doheny, Director
By: /s/ MARK J. BYRNE		By: /s/ EDWARD J. MOONEY
Mark J. Byrne, Director		Edward J. Mooney, Director
By: /s/ RICHARD P. FOX		By: /s/ KERRY PREETE
Richard P. Fox, Director		Kerry Preete, Director
By: /s/ CHRISTOPHER D. PAPPAS		By: /s/ JOAN BRACA
Christopher D. Pappas, Director		Joan Braca, Director
By: /s/ DAVID H. WASSERMAN		By: /s/ ROBERT L. WOOD
David H. Wasserman, Director		Robert L. Wood, Director

134

€200,000,000
ABL CREDIT AGREEMENT

Dated as of 24 March 2014 and as amended and restated on the Amendment and Restatement Date,
among

UNIVAR B.V.,
as a Borrower

The other Borrowers
from Time to Time Party Hereto

UNIVAR, INC.,
as a Guarantor

The Several Lenders
from Time to Time Parties Hereto

JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A.,

as Sole Lead Arranger and Joint Bookrunner

BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.,

as Joint Bookrunner and Syndication Agent

J.P. MORGAN EUROPE LIMITED,
as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent

_____________________

942882452.15

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Page



SECTION 1.		DEFINITIONS	1
	1.1.	Defined Terms	1
	1.2.	Other Interpretive Provisions	65
	1.3.	Accounting Terms	67
	1.4.	Rounding	67
	1.5.	References to Agreements, Laws, Etc.	68
	1.6.	Exchange Rates	68
	1.7.	Additional Alternative Currencies	68
	1.8.	Change of Currency	69
	1.9.	Currency Translations; Change of Currency	69
	1.10.	Belgian terms	70
	1.11.	Third Party Rights	73
	1.12.	Classification of Loans and Borrowings	73
	1.13.	Interest Rates; LIBOR Notification	73

SECTION 2.		THE CREDITS	74
	2.1.	Commitments	74
	2.2.	Loans and Borrowings	75
	2.3.	Requests for Revolving Borrowings.	76
	2.4.	Protective Advances	76
	2.5.	Swingline Loans	78
	2.6.	Letters of Credit	79
	2.7.	Funding of Borrowings	84
	2.8.	Interest.	85
	2.9.	Interest Elections	86
	2.10.	Alternate Rate of Interest	87
	2.11.	Payments Generally, Allocation of Proceeds; Sharing of Set-offs	88
	2.12.	Increase of Maximum Amount	90
	2.13.	Extensions of Revolving Commitments	92
	2.14.	Increased Costs	93
	2.15.	Break Funding Payments	94
	2.16.	Mitigation Obligations; Replacement of Lenders	95
	2.17.	Defaulting Lenders	96
	2.18.	Banking Services and Hedge Agreements	98
	2.19.	Lender Affiliates and Facility Office	98

SECTION 3.		FEES; COMMITMENTS	99
	3.1.	Fees	99
	3.2.	Unused Line Fee	99
	3.3.	Letter of Credit Fee	100
	3.4.	Miscellaneous payment provisions	100

SECTION 4.		PAYMENTS AND COMMITMENTS	100
	4.1.	Termination of Commitments	100
	4.2.	Repayment of Loans	101
	4.3.	Voluntary Prepayment, Mandatory Prepayment, Reduction or Termination	102

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	4.4.	Method and Place of Payment	103
	4.5.	Withholding of Taxes; Gross-Up	103
	4.6.	Limit on Rate of Interest	108
	4.7.	Returned Payments.	109

SECTION 5.		CONDITIONS	109
	5.1.	Closing Date.	109
	5.2.	Post Closing Borrowers	109

SECTION 6.		CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO ALL CREDIT EVENTS	112
	6.1.	No Default; Representations and Warranties	112
	6.2.	Borrowing limits	112
	6.3.	Notice of Borrowing	113
	6.4.	Letter of Credit Request	113

SECTION 7.		REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES AND AGREEMENTS	113
	7.1.	Corporate Status	113
	7.2.	Corporate Power and Authority; Enforceability	113
	7.3.	No Violation	113
	7.4.	Litigation	114
	7.5.	Margin Regulations	114
	7.6.	Governmental Approvals; Other Consents	114
	7.7.	Investment Company Act	114
	7.8.	Disclosure	114
	7.9.	Financial Condition; Financial Statements	115
	7.10.	Tax Matters	115
	7.11.	Compliance with ERISA	115
	7.12.	Subsidiaries	116
	7.13.	Intellectual Property	116
	7.14.	Environmental Laws	116
	7.15.	Properties	116
	7.16.	Solvency	116
	7.17.	Collateral	117
	7.18.	Insurance	117
	7.19.	Pension Plans	117
	7.20.	Anti-Corruption Laws and Obligor Sanctions	117
	7.21.	Centre of main interests and establishment	118
	7.22.	Compliance with the Swiss Twenty Non-Bank Rule	118

SECTION 8.		AFFIRMATIVE COVENANTS	118
	8.1.	Information Covenants	118
	8.2.	Books, Records and Inspections	123
	8.3.	Maintenance of Insurance	124
	8.4.	Payment of Taxes	124
	8.5.	Maintenance of Existence	124
	8.6.	Compliance with Statutes, Regulations, Etc	124
	8.7.	Maintenance of Properties	125
	8.8.	Use of Proceeds	125
	8.9.	Further Assurances	126

942882452.15



	8.10.	End of Fiscal Years; Fiscal Quarters	126
	8.11.	Payment of Obligations.	126
	8.12.	Compliance with Laws and Material Contractual Obligations	126
	8.13.	Pension Plans	127
	8.14.	Transfer of Accounts.	127
	8.15.	Cash Management	127
	8.16.	French Accounts	128
	8.17.	Compliance with the Swiss Twenty Non-Bank Rule.	129
	8.18.	Post Closing Borrowers	129
	8.19.	Post-Closing Requirements	129

SECTION 9.		NEGATIVE COVENANTS	129
	9.1.	Limitation on Indebtedness	129
	9.2.	Limitation on Liens	133
	9.3.	Limitation on Fundamental Changes	135
	9.4.	Limitation on Sale of Assets	136
	9.5.	Limitation on Investments	137
	9.6.	Limitation on Restricted Payments	138
	9.7.	Limitations on Debt Payments and Amendments	140
	9.8.	Transactions with Affiliates	140
	9.9.	Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio	141
	9.10.	Changes in Business	142
	9.11.	Limitation on Restrictions on Distributions from Borrower Subsidiaries	142
	9.12.	FATCA Status	143

SECTION 10.		EVENTS OF DEFAULT	143
	10.1.	Payments	143
	10.2.	Representations, Etc.	143
	10.3.	Covenants	144
	10.4.	Default Under Other Agreements	144
	10.5.	Insolvency action	144
	10.6.	Insolvency	144
	10.7.	ERISA	145
	10.8.	Guarantee	145
	10.9.	Documents	145
	10.10.	Judgments	146
	10.11.	Material Adverse Effect ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
	10.12.	Audit qualification .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
	10.13.	Pensions Regulator	146
	10.14.	Change of Control	146

SECTION 11.		THE ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT AND THE COLLATERAL AGENT	147
	Part 1 - Role of the Administrative Agent, the Letter of Credit Issuers and Others		147
	11.1.	Appointment of the Administrative Agent.	147
	11.2.	Instructions	147
	11.3.	Duties of the Administrative Agent.	148
	11.4.	No Fiduciary Duties.	148
	11.5.	Business with the Group	149
	11.6.	Rights and Discretions.	149

iii

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	11.7.	Responsibility for Documentation	150
	11.8.	No Duty To Monitor	150
	11.9.	Exclusion of Liability.	150
	11.10.	Lenders’ Indemnity to the Administrative Agent.	151
	11.11.	Resignation of the Administrative Agent.	152
	11.12.	Replacement of the Administrative Agent.	153
	11.13.	Confidentiality.	153
	11.14.	Relationship with the Lenders.	153
	11.15.	Credit Appraisal By The Lenders and Letter of Credit Issuers	154
	11.16.	Administrative Agent’s Management Time	154
	11.17.	Deduction From Amounts Payable By The Administrative Agent	155
	11.18.	Reliance And Engagement Letters	155
	Part 2 – Collateral Agent Provisions		155
	11.19.	Appointment of the Collateral Agent.	155
	11.20.	Role of the Collateral Agent.	156
	11.21.	German Collateral matters	156
	11.22.	German Agent provisions.	157
	11.23.	No Fiduciary Duties	157
	11.24.	Business with the Credit Parties	157
	11.25.	Discretions of the Collateral Agent.	158
	11.26.	Required Lenders’ Instructions.	158
	11.27.	Responsibility for Documentation	159
	11.28.	Exclusion of Liability.	159
	11.29.	Lenders’ Indemnity to the Collateral Agent.	160
	11.30.	Resignation.	160
	11.31.	Additional Collateral Agent	161
	11.32.	Confidentiality.	161
	11.33.	Relationship with the Lenders	161
	11.34.	Credit Appraisal by the Lenders	161
	11.35.	Management Time	162
	11.36.	Security Documents.	162
	11.37.	Distribution of Proceeds of Enforcement.	162
	11.38.	No Obligation to Remain in Possession	162
	11.39.	Collateral Agent’s Obligation to Account	163
	11.40.	Receiver’s and Delegate’s Obligation to Account	163

SECTION 12.		MISCELLANEOUS	163
	12.1.	Amendments and Waivers	163
	12.2.	Notices	165
	12.3.	No Waiver; Cumulative Remedies	165
	12.4.	Survival of Representations and Warranties	166
	12.5.	Payment of Expenses; Indemnity	166
	12.6.	Successors and Assigns; Participations, Assignments and Transfers	167
	12.7.	Replacements of Lenders Under Certain Circumstances	172
	12.8.	Adjustments; Set-off	173
	12.9.	Counterparts	173
	12.10.	Severability	173

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	12.11.	Integration	173
	12.12.	Governing Law; Jurisdiction; Service of Process; Waiver of jury trial	174
	12.13.	Acknowledgments	174
	12.14.	Confidentiality	175
	12.15.	Direct Website Communications	176
	12.16.	USA Patriot Act	177
	12.17.	Judgment Currency	178
	12.18.	Parallel Debt – Dutch and Belgian Law.	178
	12.19.	Parallel Debt – German Law	179
	12.20.	Conduct of Business by the Secured Parties	180
	12.21.	Contractual recognition of bail-in.	181

SECTION 13.		LOAN GUARANTY.	181
	13.1.	Guarantee	181
	13.2.	Continuing guarantee	181
	13.3.	Reinstatement	181
	13.4.	Waiver of defences	181
	13.5.	Guarantor Intent	182
	13.6.	Immediate Recourse	182
	13.7.	Appropriations	182
	13.8.	dots	182
	13.9.	Deferral of Guarantor’s Rights	182
	13.10.	Keepwell	183
	13.11.	Additional security	183
	13.12.	German Guarantee Limitations.	183
	13.13.	French Guarantee Limitations.	185
	13.14.	Swiss Guarantee Limitations.	186

SECTION 14.		THE ADMINISTRATIVE BORROWER.	187
	14.1.	Appointment; Nature of Relationship	187
	14.2.	Powers	187
	14.3.	Employment of Agents	188
	14.4.	Notices	188
	14.5.	Successor Administrative Borrower	188
	14.6.	Execution of Credit Documents; Borrowing Base Certificate	188
	14.7.	Reporting	188

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SCHEDULES

Schedule Commitment Schedule

Schedule 7.4 Litigation

Schedule 7.12 Subsidiaries

Schedule 7.14 Environmental

Schedule 9.1 Existing Indebtedness

Schedule 9.2 Existing Liens

Schedule 9.5 Existing Investments

Schedule 12.2 Notice Addresses

EXHIBITS

Exhibit A-1 Form of Assignment Agreement

Exhibit A-2 Form of Transfer Certificate

Exhibit B-1 Aggregate Borrowing Base Certificate

Exhibit B-2 Borrowing Base Certificate

Exhibit C Form of Joinder Agreement

Exhibit D Compliance Certificate

Exhibit E Form of Borrowing Request

Exhibit F [Reserved]

Exhibit G Form of Accession Deed

Exhibit H Form of Substitute Affiliate Lender Designation Notice

942882452.15

ABL CREDIT AGREEMENT, dated as of 24 March 2014, as amended and restated on the Amendment and Restatement Date, among UNIVAR B.V., a private company with limited liability incorporated and existing under the laws of the Netherlands with company number 24134696 (the “ Company ”), UNIVAR INC., a Delaware corporation (“ Parent ”), the Subsidiaries (each capitalized term used but not defined in this preamble having the meaning provided in Section 1 ) of Parent from time to time party hereto which shall as at the Amendment and Restatement Date be UNIVAR S.A.S., a company incorporated in France with the companies registry of Creteil under number 562 071 423 17 avenue Louison Bobet, 94120, Fontenay-sous-Bois, France (the “ Initial French Borrower ”), UNIVAR BELGIUM NV, a public limited liability company incorporated in Belgium having its registered office at B-1070 Anderlecht, Internationalelaan 55, Riverside Business Park, Building G, registered with the Crossroads Bank for Enterprises ( Kruispuntbank voor Ondernemingen / Bankque-carrefour des entreprises ) with company number 0478.329.962 RLE Brussels (Dutch-speaking division) (the “ Initial Belgian Borrower ”), DISTRUPOL LIMITED, a company incorporated in England and Wales with company number 00754472 (the “ Initial English Borrower ”), the registered lending institutions from time to time parties hereto (each a “ Lender ” and, collectively, the “ Lenders ”) and J.P. MORGAN EUROPE LIMITED, as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent.

In consideration of the premises and the covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereto hereby agree as follows:

SECTION 1. Definitions

1.1. Defined Terms .

(a) As used herein, the following terms shall have the meanings specified in this Section 1.1 unless the context otherwise requires (it being understood that defined terms in this Agreement shall include in the singular number the plural and in the plural the singular):

“ Accession Deed ” shall mean a document substantially in the form of Exhibit G or another form which is acceptable to the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion.

“ Accession Effective Date ” has the meaning ascribed to that term in Section 5.2.

“ Account Debtor ” shall mean each Person obligated in any way on or in connection with an Account or Chattel Paper.

“ Accounts ” shall mean, with respect to a Borrower, all of such Borrower’s now owned or hereafter acquired or arising accounts, as defined in Article 9 of the UCC, including any rights to payment for the sale or lease of goods or rendition of services, whether or not they have been earned by performance.

“ Acquired EBITDA ” shall mean, with respect to any Acquired Entity or Business (any of the foregoing, a “ Pro Forma Entity ”) for any period, the amount for such period of Consolidated EBITDA of such Pro Forma Entity (determined using such definitions as if references to Parent and its Subsidiaries therein were to such Pro Forma Entity and its Subsidiaries), all as determined on a consolidated basis for such Pro Forma Entity in a manner consistent with GAAP.

“ Acquired Entity or Business ” shall have the meaning provided in the definition of the term “Consolidated EBITDA”.

“ Acquisition ” means any transaction, or any series of related transactions, consummated on or after the Closing Date, by which any Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary (a) acquires any going business or all or substantially all of the assets of any Person, whether through purchase of assets, merger or otherwise or (b) directly or indirectly acquires (in one transaction or as the most recent transaction in a series of transactions)

942882452.15

at least a majority (in number of votes) of the Stock or Stock Equivalents of a Person which has ordinary voting power for the election of directors or other similar management personnel of a Person (other than Stock or Stock Equivalents having such power only by reason of the happening of a contingency) or a majority of the outstanding Stock or Stock Equivalents of a Person.

“ Additional Assets ” shall mean (i) any property or assets that replace the property or assets that are the subject of a Disposition; (ii) any property or assets (other than Indebtedness and Stock) used or to be used by the Obligors or a Borrower Subsidiary or otherwise useful in a Related Business, and any capital expenditures in respect of any property or assets already so used; (iii) the Stock of a Person that is engaged in a Related Business and becomes a Borrower Subsidiary as a result of the acquisition of such Stock by the Obligors or another Borrower Subsidiary; or (iv) Stock of any Person that at such time is a Borrower Subsidiary acquired from a third party.

“ Administrative Agent ” shall have the meaning provided in the preamble to this Agreement. References to the “Administrative Agent” shall include any other branch or affiliate of J.P. Morgan Europe Limited designated by J.P. Morgan Europe Limited in accordance with this Agreement for the purpose of performing its obligations in such capacity.

“ Administrative Agent’s Office ” shall mean the Administrative Agent’s address and, as appropriate, account as set forth on Schedule 12.2, or such other address or account as the Administrative Agent may from time to time notify to the Credit Parties and the Lenders.

“ Administrative Borrower ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 14.1.

“ Administrative Questionnaire ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.6(b)(ii)(D).

“ Affiliate ” shall mean, with respect to any Person, any other Person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under direct or indirect common control with such Person. A Person shall be deemed to control a corporation if such Person possesses, directly or indirectly, the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such corporation, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise.

“ Agent Parties ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.15(d).

“ Agents ” shall mean the Administrative Agent and the Collateral Agent.

“ Agreement ” shall mean this ABL Credit Agreement, as the same may be amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.

“ Agreement Currency ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.17.

“ Aggregate Availability ” means, at any time, the aggregate Availability of all the Borrowers.

“ Aggregate Borrowing Base ” means the aggregate of the Borrowing Bases of all the Borrowers.

“ Aggregate Borrowing Base Certificate ” means a certificate, signed and certified as accurate and complete by a Financial Officer of the Administrative Borrower, in substantially the form of Exhibit B-1 or another form which is acceptable to the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion.

“ Aggregate Credit Exposure ” means at any time the aggregate of the European Credit Exposure and the French Credit Exposure of all the Lenders at such time.

942882452.15

“ Aggregate European Borrowing Base ” means the aggregate of the Borrowing Bases of all the European Borrowers.

“ Aggregate European Credit Exposure ” means, at any time, the aggregate European Credit Exposure of all the European Lenders.

“ Aggregate European Revolving Exposure ” means, at any time, the aggregate European Revolving Exposure of all the European Lenders.

“ Aggregate French Credit Exposure ” means, at any time, the aggregate French Credit Exposure of all the French Lenders.

“ Aggregate French Revolving Exposure ” means, at any time, the aggregate French Revolving Exposure of all the French Lenders.

“ Aggregate Revolving Commitment ” means, at any time, the aggregate of the Revolving Commitments of all the Lenders.

“ Aggregate Revolving Exposure ” means, at any time, the aggregate Revolving Exposure of all the Lenders at such time.

“ Alternate Rate ” means, for any day and for any currency, the sum of (i) a rate per annum selected by the Administrative Agent, in its reasonable discretion based on market conditions, reflecting the cost to the Lenders of obtaining funds, plus (ii) the Applicable Margin. When used in reference to any Loan or Borrowing, “Alternate Rate” refers to whether such Loan, or the Loans comprising such Borrowing are bearing interest at a rate determined by reference to the Alternate Rate.

“ Amendment and Restatement Agreement ” means the amendment and restatement agreement dated ___________________ 2018 and entered into between, amongst others, the Administrative Agent, the Company and the other Borrowers.

“ Amendment and Restatement Date ” has the meaning given to the term 'Effective Date' in the Amendment and Restatement Agreement.

“ Anti-Corruption Laws ” means all laws, rules, and regulations of any jurisdiction applicable to any Credit Party and its Affiliates concerning or relating to bribery or corruption.

“ Applicable Entities ” means (i) prior to the Trigger Date, the entities comprising the EMEA Segment and (ii) on and after the Trigger Date, the Initial Borrowers and the Post Closing Borrowers.

“ Applicable Margin ” shall mean, for purposes of calculating the applicable interest rate for any day, the applicable rate per annum set forth in the table below, based upon the quarterly average Aggregate Availability as a percentage of Total Revolving Commitments as of the most recent determination date, provided that until the date falling 6 months from the Amendment and Restatement Date, the “Applicable Margin” shall be the applicable rate per annum set forth below in Category 2:

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Quarterly average Aggregate Availability (as a percentage of Total Commitments)	Applicable Margin
Category 1 < 33%	2.00%
Category 2 ≥ 33% to <66%	1.75%
Category 3 ≥ 66%	1.50%

For purposes of the foregoing, (a) the Applicable Margin shall be determined as of the end of each fiscal quarter of Parent based upon the most recent Borrowing Base Certificates, and (b) each change in the Applicable Margin resulting from a change in the quarterly average Aggregate Availability as of the most recent determination date shall be made on a quarterly basis and shall be effective on the first day of the month falling after the month in which the Administrative Agent received such Borrowing Base Certificate to be delivered at the end of the relevant quarter period, provided that the quarterly average Aggregate Availability as of the most recent determination date shall be deemed to be in Category 1 at the option of the Administrative Agent or at the request of the Required Lenders, if the Borrowers fail to deliver a Borrowing Base Certificate required to be delivered pursuant to Section 8.1, during the period from the expiration of the time for delivery thereof until such Borrowing Base Certificate is delivered.

“ Applicable Percentage ” means, with respect to any Lender, (a) with respect to Revolving Loans, LC Exposure or Swingline Loans with respect to a Facility, a percentage equal to a fraction the numerator of which is such Lender’s European Revolving Commitment or French Revolving Commitment (as applicable) and the denominator of which is the aggregate European Revolving Commitments or French Revolving Commitments (as applicable) provided that, if the Revolving Commitments have terminated or expired, the Applicable Percentages shall be determined based upon such Lender’s share of the Aggregate Revolving Exposure with respect to the relevant Facility immediately prior to such termination or expiration, and (b) with respect to Protective Advances under a Facility or with respect to the Aggregate Credit Exposure with respect to a Facility, a percentage based upon its share of the Aggregate Credit Exposure and the unused Commitments (in each case with respect to that Facility); provided that so long as any Lender shall be a Defaulting Lender, such Defaulting Lender’s Commitment shall be disregarded in the calculations above.

“ Applicable Unused Line Fee Margin ” shall mean, with respect to any period for which Unused Line Fees are paid, the percentage corresponding to the average daily unused Aggregate Revolving Commitment for the European Lenders and the average daily unused Aggregate Revolving Commitment for the French Lenders (as applicable), in each case, for such period set forth in the table below; provided that until the date falling 6 months from the Amendment and Restatement Date, the “Applicable Unused Line Fee Margin” shall be the applicable rate set forth below in Category 2:



Average daily unused Aggregate Revolving Commitment	Applicable Unused Line Fee Margin
Category 1 <50%	0.25%
Category 2 ≥50%	0.375%

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“ Approved Currency ” means Euros, Sterling, Dollars, Danish Krone, Norwegian Krone, Swedish Krona and Swiss Francs.

“ Approved Fund ” shall mean any Fund that is administered or managed by (a) a Lender, (b) an Affiliate of a Lender or (c) an entity or an Affiliate of an entity that administers or manages a Lender.

“ Assignment Agreement ” means an agreement substantially in the form set out in Exhibit A-1 or any other form agreed between the relevant assignor and assignee.

“ Auditor's Determination ” has the meaning ascribed to that term in Section 13.12(c).

“ Authorized Officer ” shall mean the President, the Chief Financial Officer, the Treasurer, the Vice President-Finance or any other senior officer of Parent or any Obligor or any other general officers authorized by the board of directors, or any other officer designated as such in writing to the Administrative Agent by such Person or any director performing similar functions.

“ Availability ” means (a) with respect to each European Borrower, at any time, an amount equal to (i) the lesser of (A) the aggregate European Revolving Commitments and (B) the Borrowing Base of such Borrower minus (ii) the Aggregate European Revolving Exposure relating to such Borrower, and (b) with respect to the French Borrower, at any time, an amount equal to (i) the lesser of (A) the French Revolving Commitments and (B) the French Borrowing Base minus (ii) the Aggregate French Revolving Exposure.

“ Available Commitment ” means, at any time, the lesser of the Aggregate Revolving Commitments and the Aggregate Borrowing Base.

“ Availability Period ” means the period from and including the Closing Date to but excluding the earlier of (a) the Maturity Date and (b) the date of termination of the relevant Commitments.

“ Average Availability ” shall mean, for any period of determination, average daily Availability for such period, as calculated by the Administrative Agent.

“ Bail-In Action ” means the exercise of any Write-Down and Conversion Powers.

“ Bail-In Legislation ” means (a) in relation to an EEA Member Country which has implemented, or which at any time implements, Article 55 of Directive 2014/59/EU establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms, the relevant implementing law or regulation14 as described in the EU Bail-In Legislation Schedule from time to time and (b) in relation to any other state, any analogous law or regulation from time to time which requires contractual recognition of any Write-down and Conversion Powers contained in that law or regulation. with respect to any EEA Member Country implementing Article 55 of Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union, the implementing law for such EEA Member Country from time to time which is described in the EU Bail-In Legislation Schedule.

“ Bank Levy ” means:

(a) the UK bank levy as set out in the Finance Act 2011;

(b) the French taxe bancaire de risque systémique as set out in Article 235 ter ZE of the French Code Général des impôts ;

(c) the German bank levy as set out in the German Restructuring Fund Act 2010 ( Restrukturierungsfondsgesetz ) (as amended);

942882452.15

(d) the Dutch bankenbelasting as set out in the bank levy act ( Wet bankenbelasting ); and

(e) any substantively similar bank levy in any other jurisdiction currently enacted as at the date of this Agreement.

“ Bank Product Reserves ” shall mean all reserves which the Administrative Agent from time to time establishes in its Permitted Discretion for the Bank Products then provided or outstanding.

“ Bank Products ” shall mean Secured Cash Management Agreements and Secured Hedge Agreements.

“ Bankruptcy Event ” means, with respect to any Person, when such Person becomes the subject of a bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding (including any bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding set out under Livre sixième of the French commercial code), or has had a liquidator, receiver, administrative receiver, conservator, trustee, administrator, compulsory manager, custodian, assignee for the benefit of creditors or similar Person charged with the reorganisation or liquidation of its business, appointed for it, or, in the good faith determination of the Administrative Agent, has taken any action in furtherance of, or indicating its consent to, approval of, or acquiescence in, any such proceeding or appointment, provided that a Bankruptcy Event shall not result solely by virtue of any ownership interest, or the acquisition of any ownership interest, in such Person by a Governmental Authority or instrumentality thereof, unless such ownership interest results in or provides such Person with immunity from the jurisdiction of courts within England and Wales or other relevant jurisdiction or from the enforcement of judgments or writs of attachment on its assets or permits such Person (or such Governmental Authority or instrumentality), to reject, repudiate, disavow or disaffirm any contracts or agreements made by such Person.

“ Belgian Borrower ” means the Initial Belgian Borrower.

“ Belgian Borrowing Base ” means, at any time, in relation to the Belgian Borrower, 85% of the Belgian Borrower’s Eligible Accounts at such time minus Reserves.

“ Belgian Collateral Documents ” means (a) each Belgian law receivables pledge agreement between the Belgian Borrower and the Collateral Agent, (b) each Belgian law bank account pledge agreement between the Belgian Borrower and the Collateral Agent, (c) any other document containing Liens of any Credit Party securing the Obligations governed by the laws of Belgium, in each case in form and substance satisfactory to the Collateral Agent and entered into pursuant to the terms of this Agreement or any other Credit Document.

“ Beneficial Ownership Certification ” means a certification regarding beneficial ownership required by the Beneficial Ownership Regulation, which certification shall be substantially similar in form and substance to the form of Certification Regarding Beneficial Owners of Legal Entity Customers published jointly, in May 2018, by the Loan Syndications and Trading Association and Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association.

“ Beneficial Ownership Regulation ” means 31 C.F.R. § 1010.230.

“ Benefited Lender ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.8(a).

“ Board ” shall mean the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System of the United States (or any successor).

“ Borrower Materials ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.15(c).

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“ Borrower ” or “ Borrowers ” means, individually or collectively, the Initial Borrowers and the Post Closing Borrowers.

“ Borrower DTTP Filing ” means a HM Revenue & Customs’ Form DTTP2, duly completed and filed by the relevant Obligor, which contains the scheme reference number and jurisdiction of tax residence provided by the Lender in the Commitment Schedule or as otherwise notified to the Administrative Borrower and the Administrative Agent.

“ Borrower Subsidiary ” means any direct or indirect subsidiary of an Obligor other than an Unrestricted Subsidiary.

“ Borrowing ” shall mean the incurrence of one Loan of a single Class on a single date having, in the case of LIBOR Loans, the same Interest Period. For the avoidance of doubt, the continuation or selection of any Interest Period shall not constitute a Borrowing or a Loan.

“ Borrowing Base ” means, at any time (a) with respect to each Dutch Borrower, the Dutch Borrowing Base attributable to the relevant Dutch Borrower, (b) with respect to the English Borrower, the English Borrowing Base, (c) with respect to the French Borrower, the French Borrowing Base, (d) with respect to the Belgian Borrower, the Belgian Borrowing Base attributable to the Belgian Borrower, (e) with respect to each German Borrower, the German Borrowing Base attributable to the relevant German Borrower, and (f) with respect to each Swiss Borrower, the Swiss Borrowing Base attributable to the relevant Swiss Borrower. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent any Post Closing Borrower has not satisfied the conditions set forth in Section 5.2, its assets shall not be included in any Borrowing Base (including the Aggregate Borrowing Base and the Aggregate European Borrowing Base) and the Borrowing Base of such Post Closing Borrower (and in the case of a Post Closing Borrower from England and Wales or the Netherlands, its contribution towards the Pooled Borrowing Base) shall be zero.

“ Borrowing Base Certificate ” shall mean a certificate of the Administrative Borrower, substantially in the form of Exhibit B-2 (or another form acceptable to the Administrative Agent) setting forth the calculation of the Borrowing Base, including a calculation of each component thereof, all in such detail as shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent. All calculations of the Borrowing Base in connection with the preparation of any Borrowing Base Certificate shall originally be made by the Administrative Borrower and certified to the Administrative Agent; provided that the Administrative Agent shall have the right to review and adjust any such calculation to the extent that such calculation is not in accordance with this Agreement.

“ Borrowing Limits ” means the European Borrowing Limits and the French Borrowing Limits.

“ Borrowing Request ” means a request by the Administrative Borrower for a Revolving Borrowing in accordance with Section 2.3, substantially in the form of Exhibit E.

“ Business Day ” shall mean any day excluding Saturday, Sunday and any day that in the jurisdiction where the Administrative Agent’s office is located shall be a legal holiday or a day on which banking institutions are authorized by law or other governmental actions to close; provided , however ,

(a) if such day relates to any interest rate settings as to a LIBOR Loan denominated in Dollars, any fundings, disbursements, settlements and payments in Dollars in respect of any such LIBOR Loan, or any other dealings in Dollars to be carried out pursuant to this Agreement in respect of any such LIBOR Loan, such day shall be a day on which dealings in deposits in Dollars are conducted by and between banks in the London interbank market;

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(b) if such day relates to any interest rate settings as to a LIBOR Loan denominated in Sterling, any fundings, disbursements, settlements and payments in Sterling in respect of any such

LIBOR Loan, or any other dealings in Sterling to be carried out pursuant to this Agreement in respect of any such LIBOR Loan, such day shall be a day on which dealings in deposits in Sterling are conducted by and between banks in the London interbank market;

(c) if such day relates to any interest rate settings as to a LIBOR Loan denominated in Euro, any fundings, disbursements, settlements and payments in Euro in respect of any such LIBOR Loan, or any other dealings in Euro to be carried out pursuant to this Agreement in respect of any such LIBOR Loan, such day shall be a TARGET2 Day;

(d) if such day relates to any interest rate settings as to a LIBOR Loan denominated in a currency other than Sterling, Dollars or Euro, such day shall be a day on which dealings in deposits in the relevant currency are conducted by and between banks in the London or other applicable offshore interbank market for such currency; and

(e) if such day relates to any fundings, disbursements, settlements and payments in a currency other than Sterling, Dollars or Euro in respect of a LIBOR Loan denominated in a currency other than Sterling, Dollars or Euro, or any other dealings in any currency other than Sterling, Dollars or Euro to be carried out pursuant to this Agreement in respect of any such LIBOR Loan (other than any interest rate settings), such day shall be a day on which banks are open for foreign exchange business in the principal financial centre of the country of such currency.

“ Capital Expenditures ” shall mean, for any period, the aggregate of all expenditures (whether paid in cash or accrued as liabilities and including in all events all amounts expended or capitalized under Capital Leases) by the Credit Parties and the Borrower Subsidiaries during such period that, in conformity with GAAP, are or are required to be included as capital expenditures on a consolidated statement of cash flows of the Credit Parties and the Borrower Subsidiaries.

“ Capital Impairment ” has the meaning ascribed to that term in Section 13.12(a).

“ Capital Lease ” shall mean, as applied to any Person, any lease of any property (whether real, personal or mixed) by that Person as lessee that, in conformity with GAAP, is, or is required to be, accounted for as a capital lease on the balance sheet of that Person.

“ Capitalized Lease Obligations ” shall mean, as applied to any Person, all obligations under Capital Leases of such Person or any of its Subsidiaries, in each case taken at the amount thereof accounted for as liabilities in accordance with GAAP.

“ Cash Dominion Event ” shall mean (a) Aggregate Availability is less than the greater of (i) 10.0% of the Available Commitments and (ii) €15,000,000 or (b) the declaration of such by the Required Lenders or the Administrative Agent that an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing.

“ Cash Dominion Period ” shall mean the period commencing on the date on which prior written notice by the Administrative Agent of the occurrence of a Cash Dominion Event is delivered to the Administrative Borrower and ending (a) no less than 45 consecutive days thereafter and (b) only after such Cash Dominion Event (i) is no longer in existence for a period of at least 45 consecutive days, provided that no other Cash Dominion Event has been in existence during such 45 consecutive day period; or (ii) has been waived by Required Lenders.

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“ Cash Flow Maturity Date ” shall mean July 1, 2024.

“ Cash Flow Term Administrative Agent ” shall mean Bank of America, N.A. in its capacity as administrative agent under the Cash Flow Term Credit Agreement, and its successors and assigns.

“ Cash Flow Term Credit Agreement ” shall mean the Fourth Amended and Restated Term Credit Agreement, dated July 1, 2015 as amended on January 19, 2017 and November 28, 2017, by and among the Parent, Univar UK, the lenders party thereto, the Cash Flow Term Administrative Agent and the other parties named therein, as such agreement may be amended, supplemented, waived or otherwise modified from time to time or refunded, refinanced, restructured, replaced, renewed, repaid, increased or extended from time to time (whether in whole or in part, whether with the original administrative agent and lenders or other agents and lenders or otherwise, and whether provided under the original Cash Flow Term Credit Agreement or other credit agreements or otherwise, unless such agreement or instrument expressly provides that it is not intended to be and is not a Cash Flow Term Credit Agreement hereunder). Any reference to the Cash Flow Term Credit Agreement hereunder shall be deemed a reference to any Cash Flow Term Credit Agreement then in existence.

“ Cash Flow Term Credit Documents ” shall mean the Loan Documents (or comparable term) as defined in the Cash Flow Term Credit Agreement, as the same may be amended, supplemented, waived, otherwise modified, extended, renewed, refinanced or replaced from time to time.

“ Cash Flow Term Facility ” shall mean the collective reference to the Cash Flow Term Credit Documents, any notes and letters of credit issued pursuant thereto and any guarantee and collateral agreement, patent and trademark security agreement, mortgages, letter of credit applications and other guarantees, pledge agreements, security agreements and collateral documents, and other instruments and documents, executed and delivered pursuant to or in connection with any of the foregoing, in each case as the same may be amended, supplemented, waived or otherwise modified from time to time, or refunded, refinanced, restructured, replaced, renewed, repaid, increased or extended from time to time (whether in whole or in part, whether with the original agent and lenders or other agents and lenders or otherwise, and whether provided under the original Cash Flow Term Credit Agreement or one or more other credit agreements, indentures or financing agreements or otherwise, unless such agreement or instrument expressly provides that it is not intended to be and is not a Cash Flow Term Facility hereunder).

“ Cash Management Agreement ” shall mean (i) any agreement or arrangement to provide cash management services, including treasury, depository, overdraft, credit or debit card (including non-card electronic payable services), purchase card, electronic funds transfer and other cash management arrangements and (ii) any other agreement (including, without limitation, any agreement which states that it is a “Cash Management Agreement” for purposes of this Agreement) other than an agreement relating to Indebtedness incurred in reliance on Section 9.1(l).

“ Cash Management Bank ” shall mean any Person that, either (x) at the time it enters into a Cash Management Agreement or (y) on the Amendment and Restatement Date, is a Lender or an Affiliate of a Lender, in its capacity as a party to such Cash Management Agreement.

“ CD&R ” shall mean Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, LLC and any successor in interest thereto, and any successor to its investment management business.

“ CD&R Fund VIII ” shall mean Clayton, Dubilier & Rice Fund VIII, L.P., a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership, and any successor in interest thereto.

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“ CD&R Investors ” shall mean, collectively, (i) CD&R Fund VIII, (ii) CD&R Friends & Family Fund VIII, L.P., a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership, and any successor in interest thereto, and (iii) any Affiliate of any CD&R Investor identified in clauses (i) and (ii) of this definition.

“ Change in Law ” shall mean (a) the adoption of any law, treaty, order, policy, rule or regulation after the Closing Date, (b) any change in any law, treaty, order, policy, rule or regulation or in the interpretation or application thereof by any Governmental Authority after the Closing Date or (c) any guideline, request or directive issued or made after the Closing Date by any central bank or other governmental or quasi‑governmental authority (whether or not having the force of law) that requires compliance by a Lender; provided that notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, (x) the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act or any European equivalent regulations (such as the European Market and Infrastructure Regulation and other regulations related thereto), and all requests, rules, guidelines, requirements or directives thereunder or issued in connection therewith or in the implementation thereof, and all requests, rules, guidelines, requirements or directives thereunder or issued in connection therewith or in the implementation thereof and (y) all requests, rules, guidelines or directives promulgated by the Bank for International Settlements, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (or any successor or similar authority) or the United States or foreign regulatory authorities, in each case pursuant to Basel III, shall in each case be deemed to be a “Change in Law”, regardless of the date enacted, adopted or issued.

“ Change of Control ” shall mean (i) any “person” (as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act), other than one or more Permitted Holders or a Parent Entity, becomes the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rules 13d-3 and 13d-5 under the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly, of more than 50.0% of the total voting power of the Voting Stock of the Parent; provided that (x) so long as the Parent is a Subsidiary of any Parent Entity, no “person” shall be deemed to be or become a “beneficial owner” of more than 50.0% of the total voting power of the Voting Stock of the Parent unless such “person” shall be or become a “beneficial owner” of more than 50.0% of the total voting power of the Voting Stock of such Parent Entity and (y) any Voting Stock of which any Permitted Holder is the “beneficial owner” shall not in any case be included in any Voting Stock of which any such “person” is the “beneficial owner”; (ii) subject to paragraph (iii), the Parent sells or transfers, in one or a series of related transactions, all or substantially all of the assets of the Parent and its Subsidiaries (other than Unrestricted Subsidiaries) to, another Person (other than one or more Permitted Holders) and any “person” (as defined in clause (i) above), other than one or more Permitted Holders or any Parent Entity, is or becomes the “beneficial owner” (as so defined), directly or indirectly, of more than 50.0% of the total voting power of the Voting Stock of the transferee Person in such sale or transfer of assets, as the case may be; provided that (x) so long as such transferee Person is a Subsidiary of a parent Person, no “person” shall be deemed to be or become a “beneficial owner” of more than 50.0% of the total voting power of the Voting Stock of such transferee Person unless such “person” shall be or become a “beneficial owner” of more than 50.0% of the total voting power of the Voting Stock of such parent Person and (y) any Voting Stock of which any Permitted Holder is the “beneficial owner” shall not in any case be included in any Voting Stock of which any such “person” is the beneficial owner; or (iii) the Parent shall cease to own, directly or indirectly, 100.0% of the Stock of the Company unless such transaction is otherwise permitted hereby.

“ Chase ” means JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., a national banking association, in its individual capacity, and its successors.

“ Chattel Paper ” shall have the meaning provided in Article 9 of the UCC.

“ Claims ” shall have the meaning provided in the definition of “Environmental Claims”.

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“ Class ” when used in reference to any Loan or Borrowing, shall refer to whether such Loan, or the Loans comprising such Borrowing, are Revolving Loans, Swingline Loans or Protective Advances and, when used in reference to any Commitment, refers to whether such Commitment is a Revolving Commitment.

“ Closing Date ” means 24 March 2014.

“ Code ” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as of the date of this Agreement (or any amended or successor version that is substantively comparable and not materially more onerous to comply with).

“ Collateral ” shall mean all property pledged or purported to be pledged pursuant to the Security Documents. “Collateral”, for the avoidance of doubt, shall not include at any time any Excluded Assets other than in connection with the floating charge under any English Collateral Document.

“ Collateral Access Agreement ” means any access or waiver agreement between the Collateral Agent and the landlord or other owner of a location at which Inventory of one of the Borrowers is located.

“ Collateral Agent ” shall mean J.P. Morgan Europe Limited, as collateral agent under the Security Documents, or any successor collateral agent pursuant to Section 11. References to the “Collateral Agent” shall include any other branch or affiliate of J.P. Morgan Europe Limited designated by J.P. Morgan Europe Limited in accordance with this Agreement for the purpose of performing its obligations in such capacity.

“ Collection Account ” has the meaning assigned to such term in any Security Document and means any bank account into which the proceeds of Accounts of the Borrowers are paid.

“ Commitment ” means, with respect to each Lender, such Lender’s Revolving Commitment, together with the commitment of such Lender to acquire participations in Protective Advances hereunder. The initial amount of each Lender’s Commitment is set forth in the Commitment Schedule, or in the Assignment Agreement or Transfer Certificate (as applicable) pursuant to which such Lender shall have assumed its Commitment, as applicable.

“ Commitment Increase ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 2.12.

“ Commitment Increase Closing Date ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 2.15(c).

“ Commitment Schedule ” means the Schedule attached hereto identified as such or any replacement thereof agreed in accordance with this Agreement.

“ Commodity Exchange Act ” shall mean the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.), as amended from time to time, and any successor statute.

“ Communications ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.15(a).

“ Company ” shall have the meaning provided in the preamble.

“ Concentration Account ” shall mean any concentration/header account established on behalf of any Obligor with (at the date of this agreement) Bank of America, N.A. as part of the European Cash Management Arrangements (or such other concentration accounts established with any successor to Bank of

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America N.A. in such role) into which the proceeds of Accounts are paid pursuant to zero balancing (or equivalent) arrangements.

“ Confidential Information ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.14.

“ Consolidated EBITDA ” shall mean, for any period, Consolidated Net Income for such period, plus:

(a) without duplication and to the extent deducted (and not added back) in arriving at such Consolidated Net Income, the sum of the following amounts for the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated for such period:

(i) total interest expense;

(ii) provision for taxes based on income, profits or capital (or any alternative in lieu of), including federal, foreign state, franchise, excise and similar taxes and foreign withholding taxes paid or accrued during such period, including any penalties and interest relating to any tax examinations, including payments made pursuant to any tax sharing agreements or arrangements among the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated and any direct or indirect parent company of the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated (so long as such tax sharing payments are attributable to the operations of the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated);

(iii) depreciation and amortization;

(iv) extraordinary losses and unusual or non-recurring charges, including, without limitation, severance costs, relocation costs and integration and facilities opening costs including in connection with any Investment or Disposition;

(v) the amount of any interest expense of any minority interest;

(vi) management, monitoring, consulting and advisory fees and related expenses paid to the Sponsor in an amount not to exceed the maximum amount permitted under Section 9.8;

(vii) any costs or expenses pursuant to any management equity plan or stock option plan or any other management or employee benefit plan or agreement or any stock subscription or shareholder agreement, to the extent that such costs or expenses are funded with cash proceeds contributed to the capital of the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated or net cash proceeds of an issuance of Stock or Stock Equivalents (other than Disqualified Equity Interests) of the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated;

(viii) [Reserved];

(ix) to the extent covered by insurance and actually reimbursed, or, so long as the Administrative Borrower has made a determination that there exists reasonable evidence that such amount will in fact be reimbursed by the insurer and only to the extent that such amount is (A) not denied by the applicable carrier in writing within 180 days and (B) in fact reimbursed within 365 days of the date of such evidence (with a deduction for any amount so added back to the extent not so reimbursed within such 365 days), expenses with respect to liability or casualty events or business interruption;

(x) any fees, costs, commissions, expenses or other charges incurred during such period in connection with the Transactions, any other acquisition, investment, recapitalization, asset disposition, issuance or repayment of debt or issuance of equity securities amendment, or modification to any Indebtedness and any non-recurring costs relating to corporate reorganizations (in

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each case, including any such transaction undertaken but not completed) and any charges during such period as a result of any such transaction;

(xi) expenses to the extent covered by contractual indemnification or refunding provisions in favour of the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated and actually paid or refunded, or, so long as the Administrative Borrower has made a determination that there exists reasonable evidence that such amount will in fact be paid or refunded by the indemnifying party or other obligor and only to the extent that such amount is (A) not denied by the applicable indemnifying party or obligor in writing within 90 days and (B) in fact reimbursed within 180 days of the date of such evidence (with a deduction for any amount so added back to the extent not so reimbursed within such 180 days);

(xii) any non-cash increase in expenses (A) resulting from the revaluation of inventory (including any impact of changes to inventory valuation policy methods including changes in capitalization of variances) or (B) due to purchase accounting and other charges associated with the Transactions;

(xiii) the amount of loss from the early extinguishment of Indebtedness or Hedge Agreements or other derivative instruments;

(xiv) [Reserved];

(xv) any other non-cash charges or expenses reducing Consolidated Net Income except to the extent representing accruals or reserves for future cash expenditures;

(xvi) [Reserved]; and

(xviii) the amount of net cost savings projected by any Borrower in good faith to be realized as the result of actions taken or to be taken 18 months after the consummation of any operational change (calculated on a pro forma basis as though such cost savings had been realized on the first day of such period), net of the amount of actual benefits realized during such period from such actions (which adjustments may be incremental to pro forma adjustments made pursuant to the proviso to the definition of “Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio” or “Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio”); provided that, solely for purposes of the Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio, the amount of any increase to Consolidated EBITDA for any period pursuant to this clause (xviii) for any period shall not exceed 25% of Consolidated EBITDA for such period prior to giving effect to such increase pursuant to this clause (xviii);

less

(b) without duplication and to the extent included in arriving at such Consolidated Net Income, the sum of the following amounts for the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated for such period:

(i) extraordinary gains and unusual or non-recurring gains;

(ii) non-cash gains (excluding any non-cash gain to the extent it represents the reversal of an accrual or reserve for a potential cash item that reduced Consolidated EBITDA in any prior period);

(iii) gains on asset sales (other than asset sales in the ordinary course of business); and

(iv) any net after-tax income from the early extinguishment of Indebtedness or Hedge Agreements or other derivative instruments,

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in each case, as determined on a consolidated basis for the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated in accordance with GAAP; provided that:

(i) to the extent included in Consolidated Net Income, there shall be excluded in determining Consolidated EBITDA currency translation gains and losses related to currency re-measurements of Indebtedness or intercompany balances (including the net loss or gain resulting from Hedge Agreements for currency exchange risk);

(ii) there shall be included in determining Consolidated EBITDA for any period, without duplication, (A) the Acquired EBITDA of any Person, property, business or asset acquired by the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated following the first day of such period (but not the Acquired EBITDA of any related Person, property, business or assets to the extent not so acquired) to the extent not subsequently sold, transferred, abandoned or otherwise disposed by the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated (each such Person, property, business or asset acquired and not subsequently so disposed of, an “ Acquired Entity or Business ”), based on the actual Acquired EBITDA of such Acquired Entity or Business for such period (including the portion thereof occurring prior to such acquisition or conversion) and (B) an adjustment in respect of each Acquired Entity or Business equal to the amount of the Pro Forma Adjustment with respect to such Acquired Entity or Business for such period (including the portion thereof occurring prior to such acquisition) as specified in a Pro Forma Adjustment Certificate and delivered to the Lenders and the Administrative Agent; and

(iii) to the extent included in Consolidated Net Income, there shall be excluded in determining Consolidated EBITDA for any period the Disposed EBITDA of any Person, property, business or asset sold, transferred, abandoned or otherwise disposed of, closed or classified as discontinued operations by the entities for which Consolidated EBITDA is being calculated following the first day of such period (each such Person, property, business or asset so sold or disposed of, a “ Sold Entity or Business ”), based on the actual Disposed EBITDA of such Sold Entity or Business for such period (including the portion thereof occurring prior to such sale, transfer or disposition or conversion).

“ Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio ” shall mean, for any Test Period, the ratio of (i) Consolidated EBITDA for such Test Period minus Capital Expenditures of the Applicable Entities (and those of the Distribution Principals after the Trigger Date) paid in cash during such Test Period except to the extent such Capital Expenditures were made with the proceeds of Indebtedness (other than any Loans) or through equity investments in the Applicable Entities (and those of the Distribution Principals after the Trigger Date) minus the aggregate amount of income taxes of the Applicable Entities (and those of the Distribution Principals after the Trigger Date) paid in cash during such Test Period to (ii) Consolidated Fixed Charges for such Test Period.

“ Consolidated Fixed Charges ” shall mean, for any period, without duplication, the sum of (A) all scheduled payments of principal on Indebtedness (other than (i) refinancings or repayments made with additional Indebtedness (other than proceeds of Loans), (ii) payments of Obligations under this Agreement, (iii) payments and prepayments under other revolving credit facilities that do not constitute permanent payments under any such facility, whether upon termination of such facility or otherwise, and do not result in a permanent reduction in any revolving credit commitment under any such facility and (iv) payments of intercompany Indebtedness), (B) the Consolidated Interest Expense for such period, (C) cash dividends paid by the Applicable Entities (including, after the Trigger Date, the Distribution Principals) with respect to their Stock and Stock Equivalents for such period and (D) management, monitoring, consulting and advisory fees and related expenses paid to the Sponsor to the extent added to Consolidated Net Income pursuant to paragraph (vi) of the definition of Consolidated EBITDA (but not including management, monitoring,

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consulting and advisory fees and related expenses paid to the Sponsor or cash dividends, in each case to the extent paid out of the proceeds of third party Indebtedness incurred by the relevant Obligor).

“ Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio ” shall mean, as of any date of determination, the ratio of (i) the aggregate amount of Consolidated EBITDA for the period of the most recent four consecutive fiscal quarters ending prior to the date of determination for which consolidated financial statements of the Parent are available to (ii) Consolidated Interest Expense for such four fiscal quarters; provided that:

(a) if, since the beginning of such period, an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary has Incurred any Indebtedness or an Obligor has issued any Designated Preferred Stock that remains outstanding on such date of determination or if the transaction giving rise to the need to calculate the Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio is an Incurrence of Indebtedness or an issuance of Designated Preferred Stock of such Obligor, Consolidated EBITDA and Consolidated Interest Expense for such period shall be calculated after giving effect on a pro forma basis to such Indebtedness or Designated Preferred Stock or as if such Indebtedness or Designated Preferred Stock had been Incurred or issued, as applicable, on the first day of such period (except that in making such computation, the amount of Indebtedness under any revolving credit facility outstanding on the date of such calculation shall be computed based on (A) the average daily balance of such Indebtedness during such four fiscal quarters or such shorter period for which such facility was outstanding or (B) if such facility was created after the end of such four fiscal quarters, the average daily balance of such Indebtedness during the period from the date of creation of such facility to the date of such calculation),

(2) if, since the beginning of such period, an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary has repaid, repurchased, redeemed, defeased or otherwise acquired, retired or discharged any Indebtedness, or any Designated Preferred Stock of an Obligor, that is no longer outstanding on such date of determination (each, a “Discharge” ) or if the transaction giving rise to the need to calculate the Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio involves a Discharge of Indebtedness (in each case other than Indebtedness Incurred under any revolving credit facility unless such Indebtedness has been repaid with an equivalent permanent reduction in commitments thereunder) or a Discharge of Designated Preferred Stock of an Obligor, Consolidated EBITDA and Consolidated Fixed Charges for such period shall be calculated after giving effect on a pro forma basis to such Discharge of such Indebtedness or Designated Preferred Stock, including with the proceeds of such new Indebtedness or such new Designated Preferred Stock of such Obligor, as if such Discharge had occurred on the first day of such period,

(3) if, since the beginning of such period, an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary shall have disposed of any company, any business or any group of assets constituting an operating unit of a business or designated any Subsidiary as an Unrestricted Subsidiary (any such disposition or designation, a “Sale” ), the Consolidated EBITDA for such period shall be reduced by an amount equal to the Consolidated EBITDA (if positive) attributable to the assets that are the subject of such Sale for such period or increased by an amount equal to the Consolidated EBITDA (if negative) attributable thereto for such period and Consolidated Interest Expense for such period shall be reduced by an amount equal to (A) the Consolidated Interest Expense attributable to any Indebtedness of an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary repaid, repurchased, redeemed, defeased or otherwise acquired, retired or discharged with respect to an Obligor and its continuing Borrower Subsidiaries in connection with such Sale for such period (including, but not limited to, through the assumption of such Indebtedness by another Person) plus (B) if the Capital Stock of any Borrower Subsidiary is sold or any Borrower Subsidiary is designated as an Unrestricted Subsidiary, the Consolidated Interest Expense for such period attributable to the Indebtedness of such Borrower Subsidiary to the extent such Obligor and its continuing Borrower Subsidiaries are no longer liable for such Indebtedness after such Sale,

(4) if, since the beginning of such period, an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary (by merger, consolidation or otherwise) shall have made an Investment in any Person that thereby becomes a Borrower Subsidiary, or otherwise acquired any company, any business or any group of assets constituting an

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operating unit of a business, including any such Investment or acquisition occurring in connection with a transaction causing a calculation to be made hereunder, or designated any Unrestricted Subsidiary as a Borrower Subsidiary (any such Investment, acquisition or designation, a “Purchase” ), Consolidated EBITDA and Consolidated Interest Expense for such period shall be calculated after giving pro forma effect thereto (including the Incurrence of any related Indebtedness) as if such Purchase occurred on the first day of such period, and

(5) if, since the beginning of such period, any Person became a Borrower Subsidiary or was merged or consolidated with or into an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary, and since the beginning of such period such Person shall have Discharged any Indebtedness or made any Sale or Purchase that would have required an adjustment pursuant to clause (2), (3) or (4) above if made by an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary since the beginning of such period, Consolidated EBITDA and Consolidated Interest Expense for such period shall be calculated after giving pro forma effect thereto as if such Discharge, Sale or Purchase occurred on the first day of such period;

provided that (in the event that the U.S. Parent Borrower shall classify Indebtedness Incurred on the date of determination as Incurred in part under Section 9.1(l) and in part under any other provision of Section 9.1) any such pro forma calculation of Consolidated Interest Expense shall not give effect to any such Incurrence of Indebtedness on the date of determination pursuant to Section 9.1 (excluding Section 9.1(l)) (other than, if an Obligor at its option has elected to disregard Indebtedness being Incurred on the date of determination in part under Section 9.1(l) for purposes of calculating the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio for Incurring Indebtedness on the date of determination in part under Section 9.1(i)) or to any Discharge of Indebtedness from the proceeds of any such Incurrence pursuant to such Section 9.1 (excluding Section 9.1(l)) (other than Section 9.1(i), if the Incurrence of Indebtedness under Section 9.1(i) is being given effect to in the calculation of the Consolidated Interest Coverage Rat io).

For purposes of this definition, whenever pro forma effect is to be given to any Sale, Purchase or other transaction, or the amount of income or earnings relating thereto and the amount of Consolidated Interest Expense associated with any Indebtedness Incurred or repaid, repurchased, redeemed, defeased or otherwise acquired, retired or discharged in connection therewith, the pro forma calculations in respect thereof (including in respect of anticipated cost savings or synergies relating to any such Sale, Purchase or other transaction) shall be as determined in good faith by the Chief Financial Officer or an Authorized Officer of the Company or relevant Obligor; provided that with respect to cost savings or synergies relating to any Sale, Purchase or other transaction, the related actions are expected by an Obligor to be taken no later than 18 months after the date of determination. If any Indebtedness bears a floating rate of interest and is being given pro forma effect, the interest expense on such Indebtedness shall be calculated as if the rate in effect on the date of determination had been the applicable rate for the entire period (taking into account any interest rate agreement applicable to such Indebtedness). If any Indebtedness bears, at the option of an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary, a rate of interest based on a prime or similar rate, a eurocurrency interbank offered rate or other fixed or floating rate, and such Indebtedness is being given pro forma effect, the interest expense on such Indebtedness shall be calculated by applying such optional rate as an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary may designate. If any Indebtedness that is being given pro forma effect was incurred under a revolving credit facility, the interest expense on such Indebtedness shall be computed based upon the average daily balance of such Indebtedness during the applicable period. Interest on a Capitalized Lease Obligation shall be deemed to accrue at an interest rate determined in good faith by a responsible financial or accounting officer of the Company to be the rate of interest implicit in such Capitalized Lease Obligation in accordance with GAAP.

“ Consolidated Interest Expense ” shall mean, for any period, the total interest expense (including, without limitation, interest expense attributable to Capital Leases and all net payment obligations actually made in cash pursuant to Hedge Agreements) of the Applicable Entities net of all interest income of the Applicable Entities, all determined for such period on a consolidated basis, without duplication, in accordance with GAAP to the extent payable in cash, but excluding (i) commitment fees, letter of credit fees

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and non-cash amortization of loan costs, (ii) any non-cash or deferred interest financing costs, including on account of bridge, commitment and other financing fees and any non-cash accretion or accrual of discounted liabilities not constituting Indebtedness, all as determined on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP, (iii) amortization of deferred financing fees, debt issuance costs, commissions, fees and expenses, including expenses resulting from the discounting of any outstanding Indebtedness in connection with the application of purchase accounting in connection with any acquisition (iv) interest with respect to Indebtedness of any Parent Entity appearing on the balance sheet of such Person, solely by reason of push-down accounting under GAAP and (v) any repayment premiums for repayments, other than scheduled repayments and other prepayment premiums on Indebtedness.

“ Consolidated Net Income ” shall mean, for any period, the net income (loss) of the Applicable Entities for such period determined on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP, excluding, without duplication:

(a) extraordinary items for such period;

(b) the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principles during such period to the extent included in Consolidated Net Income;

(c) fees and expenses in connection to execution and delivery by the Credit Parties of this Agreement and the other Credit Documents;

(d) any income (loss) for such period attributable to the early extinguishment of Indebtedness or Hedge Agreements or other derivative instruments; and

(e) the income (loss) for such period of any Person that is not a Subsidiary, except to the extent distributed to the Applicable Entities.

There shall be excluded from Consolidated Net Income for any period the purchase accounting effects of adjustments to inventory, property, equipment and intangible assets and deferred revenue in component amounts required or permitted by GAAP and related authoritative pronouncements (including the effects of such adjustments pushed down Applicable Entities), as a result of the Transactions, any consummated acquisition whether consummated before or after the Closing Date, or the amortization or write-off of any amounts thereof.

“ Consolidated Total Assets ” shall mean, as of any date of determination, the amount that would, in conformity with GAAP, be set forth opposite the caption “total assets” (or any like caption) on a consolidated balance sheet of the Applicable Entities at such date.

“ Consolidated Total Indebtedness ” shall mean, as of any date of determination, an amount equal to (i) the aggregate principal amount of outstanding Indebtedness of the Obligors and its Borrower Subsidiaries as of such date consisting of (without duplication) Indebtedness for borrowed money (including Purchase Money Obligations and unreimbursed outstanding drawn amounts in respect of funded letters of credit); Capitalized Lease Obligations; debt obligations evidenced by bonds, debentures, notes or similar instruments; Disqualified Equity Interests; and (in the case of any Borrower Subsidiary that is not a Credit Party) Preferred Stock, determined on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP (excluding items eliminated in Consolidation, and for the avoidance of doubt, excluding any obligations under Hedge Agreements) minus (ii) the sum of (A) the amount of such Indebtedness consisting of Indebtedness of a type referred to in, or Incurred pursuant to, Section 9.1(i) and (B) Unrestricted Cash of the Obligors and the Borrower Subsidiaries.

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“ Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio ” shall mean, as of any date of determination, the ratio of (i) Consolidated Total Indebtedness as at such date (after giving effect to any Incurrence or Discharge of Indebtedness on such date) to (ii) the aggregate amount of Consolidated EBITDA for the period of the most recent four consecutive fiscal quarters ending prior to the date of such determination for which consolidated financial statements of the Parent are available, provided that:

(1) if, since the beginning of such period, an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary shall have made a Sale, the Consolidated EBITDA for such period shall be reduced by an amount equal to the Consolidated EBITDA (if positive) attributable to the assets that are the subject of such Sale for such period or increased by an amount equal to the Consolidated EBITDA (if negative) attributable thereto for such period;

(2) if, since the beginning of such period, an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary (by merger, consolidation or otherwise) shall have made a Purchase (including any Purchase occurring in connection with a transaction causing a calculation to be made hereunder), Consolidated EBITDA for such period shall be calculated after giving pro forma effect thereto as if such Purchase occurred on the first day of such period; and

(3) if, since the beginning of such period, any Person became a Borrower Subsidiary or was merged or consolidated with or into an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary, and since the beginning of such period such Person shall have made any Sale or Purchase that would have required an adjustment pursuant to clause (1) or (2) above if made by an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary since the beginning of such period, Consolidated EBITDA for such period shall be calculated after giving pro forma effect thereto as if such Sale or Purchase occurred on the first day of such period;

provided that, for purposes of the foregoing calculation, in the event that an Obligor shall classify Indebtedness incurred on the date of determination as Incurred in part pursuant to Section 9.1(h) (other than by reason of subclause (2) of the proviso to such Section 9.1(h) ) and in part pursuant to one or more other clauses of Section 9.1, Consolidated Total Indebtedness shall not include any such Indebtedness Incurred pursuant to one or more such other clauses of Section 9.1 .

For purposes of this definition, whenever pro forma effect is to be given to any Sale, Purchase or other transaction, or the amount of income or earnings relating thereto, the pro forma calculations in respect thereof (including in respect of anticipated cost savings or synergies relating to any such Sale, Purchase or other transaction) shall be as determined in good faith by the Chief Financial Officer or another Authorized Officer of the Parent; provided that with respect to cost savings or synergies relating to any Sale, Purchase or other transaction, the related actions are expected by the Parent to be taken no later than 18 months after the date of determination.

“ Consolidation ” shall mean the consolidation of the accounts of each of the Obligors and the Borrower Subsidiaries with those of the Parent in accordance with GAAP; provided that “Consolidation” will not include consolidation of the accounts of any Unrestricted Subsidiary, but the interest of Parent, the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary in any Unrestricted Subsidiary will be accounted for as an investment. The term “ Consolidated ” has a correlative meaning.

“ Continuing Letters of Credit ” means the following Letters of Credit issued by Bank of America Merrill Lynch International Designated Activity Company (as successor in title to Bank of America Merrill Lynch International Limited): (i) Letter of Credit reference 7115 GT004894/15 for EUR 50,000.00, (ii) Letter of Credit reference 7115 GT004855/13 for CHF 215,000.00, and (iii) Letter of Credit reference 7115 GT004856/15 for CHF 170,000.00.

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“ Contribution Indebtedness ” shall mean Indebtedness of any Borrower or any Borrower Subsidiary in an aggregate principal amount not greater than twice the aggregate amount of cash contributions (other than Specified Equity Contributions, the proceeds from the issuance of Disqualified Equity Interests or contributions by any Borrower or any Borrower Subsidiary) made to the capital of a Borrower or any Borrower Subsidiary after the Amendment and Restatement Date (whether through the issuance or sale of Stock or otherwise); provided that such Contribution Indebtedness (a) is Incurred within 180 days after the receipt of the related cash contribution and (b) is so designated as Contribution Indebtedness pursuant to a certificate of an Authorized Officer of such Borrower on the date of Incurrence thereof.

“ Contribution Notice ” means a contribution notice issued by the Pensions Regulator under section 38 or section 47 of the U.K.’s Pensions Act 2004.

“ Contractual Requirement ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 7.3.

“ Code ” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time.

“ Covenant Compliance Event ” has the meaning given to that term in Section 9.9.

“ Credit Documents ” shall mean this Agreement, the Amendment and Restatement Agreement, the Supplemental Credit Documents, the Security Documents, any Accession Deed, each TEG Letter and any promissory notes issued by a Borrower hereunder, as the same may be amended, supplemented, waived, otherwise modified, extended, renewed, refinanced or replaced in any manner from time to time however fundamentally and which may include, without limitation, an increase in facilities provided under a Credit Document, an increase in the Obligations, Secured Obligations, Guaranteed Obligations and/or any rescheduling of Indebtedness and all other pledges, powers of attorney, consents, assignments, documents, contracts, notices, letter of credit agreements and all other written matter whether heretofore, now or hereafter executed by or on behalf of any Credit Party, or any employee of any Credit Party, and delivered to the Administrative Agent or any Lender in connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby. Any reference in this Agreement or any other Credit Document to a Credit Document shall include all appendices, exhibits or schedules thereto, and all amendments, restatements, supplements or other modifications thereto, and shall refer to this Agreement or such Credit Document as the same may be in effect at any and all times such reference becomes operative.

“ Credit Event ” shall mean and include the making (but not the conversion or continuation) of a Revolving Loan, Protective Advance or a Swingline Loan or the issuance of a Letter of Credit.

“ Credit Party ” shall mean each of the Parent, the Borrowers and any other Person who becomes a party to any Credit Document as any of the foregoing.

“ Credit Party Taxing Jurisdiction ” means the jurisdiction in which the relevant Credit Party is incorporated or, if different, the jurisdiction (or jurisdictions) in which that Credit Party is treated as resident for tax purposes.

“CRR” shall mean Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012.

“ CVC ” shall mean CVC Capital Partners Group Limited.

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“ CVC Investors ” shall mean any funds or limited partnerships managed or advised by CVC Capital Partners Limited or any of its Affiliates or direct or indirect Subsidiaries or any investors in such funds or limited partnerships (but excluding, in each case, any portfolio companies in which such funds or limited partnerships hold an investment and excluding, in each case, any funds or entities managed or advised by CVC Credit Partners Holdings Limited or any of its direct or indirect Subsidiaries engaged in the same or a similar business to CVC Credit Partners Holdings Limited) who are investors in such funds or limited partnerships as at the Amendment and Restatement Date, investing directly or indirectly in the Parent.

“ Default ” shall mean any event, act or condition that with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute an Event of Default.

“ Defaulting Lender ” shall mean any Lender with respect to which a Lender Default is in effect.

“ Deposit Account Control Agreement ” has the meaning ascribed to it in any Security Document.

“ Designated Account Debtor ” shall mean each Account Debtor designated in writing by the Administrative Borrower to the Administrative Agent as a “Designated Account Debtor” provided that, if such Account Debtor had any Eligible Accounts that were included in the calculation of any Borrowing Base in the most recent Borrowing Base Certificate delivered to the Administrative Agent, such designation shall only be allowed to the extent the Borrowers have provided an updated Borrowing Base Certificate to the Administrative Agent prepared as of the date of such most recently delivered Borrowing Base Certificate but giving effect to the exclusion of all Accounts of such Designated Account Debtor from Eligible Accounts and demonstrating that after giving effect to such designation no prepayment of Loans or cash collateralization of Letters of Credit would be required pursuant to Section 4.3(b); provided that upon written notice to the Administrative Agent, the Administrative Borrower may designate an Account Debtor that was previously designated as a Designated Account Debtor as no longer being a Designated Account Debtor so long as no Accounts of such Account Debtor have been transferred pursuant to Section 9.4(c) within the previous 120 days prior to such date of designation.

“ Designated Non-Cash Consideration ” shall mean the fair market value of non-cash consideration received by any Credit Party or a Borrower Subsidiary in connection with a Disposition pursuant to Section 9.4 that is designated as Designated Non-Cash Consideration pursuant to a certificate of an Authorized Officer of the Administrative Borrower, setting forth the basis of such valuation (which amount will be reduced by the fair market value of the portion of the non-cash consideration converted to cash following the consummation of the applicable Disposition).

“ Designated Obligations ” shall mean all obligations of the Credit Parties with respect to (a) principal of and interest on the Loans, (b) all unreimbursed drawings under Letters of Credit and (c) accrued and unpaid fees under the Credit Documents.

“ Disposed EBITDA ” shall mean, with respect to any Sold Entity or Business for any period, the amount for such period of Consolidated EBITDA of such Sold Entity or Business (determined as if references to Applicable Entities in the definition of Consolidated EBITDA were references to such Sold Entity or Business and its respective Subsidiaries), all as determined on a consolidated basis for such Sold Entity or Business, as the case may be.

“ Disposition ” shall mean any sale, lease, transfer or other disposition of shares of Stock of a Borrower Subsidiary (other than directors’ qualifying shares, or to the extent required by applicable law), property or other assets (each referred to for the purposes of this definition as a “ disposition ”) by any Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary (including any disposition by means of a merger, consolidation or similar transaction) other than (i) a disposition to another Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary, (ii) a disposition in the ordinary course of business, (iii) a disposition of Permitted Investments, Investment Grade Securities or Temporary Cash

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Investments, (iv) the discount (on customary or commercially reasonable terms) of Accounts or note receivable in the ordinary course of business, (v) any Restricted Payment permitted by Section 9.6 , (vi) a disposition that is governed by Section 9.3 , (vii) [Reserved], (viii) any “fee in lieu” or other disposition of assets to any Governmental Authority that continue in use by any Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary, so long as such Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary may obtain title to such assets upon reasonable notice by paying a nominal fee, (ix) any exchange of property pursuant to or intended to qualify under Section 1031 (or any successor section) of the Code, or any exchange of equipment to be leased, rented or otherwise used in a Related Business, (x) any financing transaction with respect to property built or acquired by any Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary after the Amendment and Restatement Date, including any sale/leaseback transaction or asset securitization (other than in connection with any asset which is reported as an eligible asset in any Borrowing Base, (xi) any disposition arising from foreclosure, condemnation, eminent domain, or similar action with respect to any property or other assets, or exercise of termination rights under any lease, license, concession or other agreement, or necessary or advisable (as determined by the Company in good faith) in order to consummate any acquisition of any Person, business or assets, or pursuant to buy/sell arrangements under any joint venture or similar agreement or arrangement, (xii) any disposition of Stock, Indebtedness or other securities of an Unrestricted Subsidiary, (xiii) a disposition of Stock of a Borrower Subsidiary pursuant to an agreement or other obligation with or to a Person (other than a member of the Group) from whom such Borrower Subsidiary was acquired, or from whom such Borrower Subsidiary acquired its business and assets (having been newly formed in connection with such acquisition), entered into in connection with such acquisition, (xiv) a disposition of not more than 5.0% of the outstanding Stock of a Borrower Subsidiary other than any Obligor or any Guarantor that has been approved by the Board of Directors, (xv) any disposition or series of related dispositions for aggregate consideration not to exceed €25,000,000, (xvi) the abandonment or other disposition of patents, trademarks or other intellectual property that are, in the reasonable judgment of the Company, no longer economically practicable to maintain or useful in the conduct of the business of the Group taken as a whole, (xvii) any license, sublicense or other grant of rights in or to any trademark, copyright, patent or other intellectual property, (xviii) any Exempt Sale and Leaseback Transaction or (xix) dispositions of Accounts of any Designated Account Debtor pursuant to Section 9.4(c).

“ Disqualified Equity Interests ” shall mean any Stock or Stock Equivalent which, by its terms (or by the terms of any security or other Stock or Stock Equivalent into which it is convertible or for which it is exchangeable), or upon the happening of any event or condition (a) matures or is mandatorily redeemable (other than solely for Qualified Equity Interests), pursuant to a sinking fund obligation or otherwise, (b) is redeemable at the option of the holder thereof (other than solely for Qualified Equity Interests), in whole or in part, (c) provides for scheduled mandatory payments of dividends (other than dividends payable solely in the form of Qualified Equity Interests), or (d) is or becomes convertible into or exchangeable for Indebtedness or any other Stock or Stock Equivalent that would constitute Disqualified Equity Interests, in each case, unless any provisions set forth in clause (a) through (d) above do not apply prior to the earlier of (x) the date that is 180 days after the Maturity Date, (y) the date such payment would be permitted to be made pursuant to this Agreement or (z) in the case of clause (a) above, following the repayment of all Loans and all other Obligations that are accrued and payable and the termination of all Commitments.

“ Distribution Principals ” means each of Univar AB, Univar Oy, Univar AS, Univar A/S, Univar GmbH, Univar AG, Univar Zwijndecht N.V., Univar Limited, Univar Ireland Limited, Univar Iberia SA (Spain) and Univar Iberia SA (Portugal), for so long as each of those entities is and remains party to any shared services agreement (or equivalent agreement relating to the provision of services for that entity) with the Company and, subject to the agreement in writing of the Administrative Agent (such agreement not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed), any other member of the Group which is party to such an agreement with the Company from time to time.

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“ Dollars ” and “ $ ” shall mean the lawful currency of the United States of America.

“ Dutch and Belgian Parallel Debt ” has the meaning given to such term in Section 12.18.

“ Dutch Borrowers ” means (i) the Company and (ii) subject to the prior written approval of the Administrative Agent and provided that the conditions in Section 5.2 have been satisfied, Univar Zwijndrecht N.V., a public company with limited liability incorporated and existing under the laws of the Netherlands with company number 23007175.

“ Dutch Borrowing Base ” means any time, the sum of (a) 85% of the Dutch Borrowers’ Eligible Accounts at such time, plus, (b) the lesser of (i) 75% of the aggregate of the Company’s Eligible Inventory, at such time, valued at the lower of cost or market value, determined on a first-in-first-out basis and (ii) the product

of 85% multiplied by the Net Orderly Liquidation Value percentage identified in the most recent inventory appraisal ordered by the Administrative Agent multiplied by the aggregate of the Company’s Eligible Inventory, valued at the lower of cost or market value, determined on a first-in-first-out basis, minus (c) Reserves in respect of each Dutch Borrower (including, with respect to the Company, the Treasury Bank Overdraft Facility Reserve).

“ Dutch Collateral Documents ” means (a) a Dutch law security agreement over receivables between the Company and the Collateral Agent, (b) a Dutch law security agreement over inventory between the Company and the Collateral Agent and (c) any other document containing Liens of any Credit Party securing the Obligations governed by the laws of the Netherlands, in each case in form and substance satisfactory to the Collateral Agent and entered into pursuant to the terms of this Agreement or any other Credit Document.

“ EEA Member Country ” means any of the member states of the European Union, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.

“ Eligible Accounts ” shall mean, with respect to any Borrower, the Accounts created and owned by such Borrower and arising in the ordinary course of such Borrower’s business from the sale of goods by such Borrower, and which the Administrative Agent in the exercise of its Permitted Discretion determines to be Eligible Accounts; provided that the Administrative Agent shall not establish any criteria for excluding Accounts from Eligible Accounts other than those set forth below unless (i) the Administrative Agent shall have given the Administrative Borrower at least five Business Days’ prior notice of the Administrative Agent’s intention to establish such criteria including an explanation as to the reasons that the Administrative Agent has determined in its Permitted Discretion that such criteria are appropriate and (ii) to the extent the Administrative Borrower shall have objected to the addition of such criteria within five Business Days of receiving such notice, the Administrative Agent shall have taken into consideration the Administrative Borrower’s basis of objection and shall have negotiated in good faith with the Administrative Borrower for a period of five Business Days in order to reach a mutually satisfactory resolution with respect to such additional criteria (it being understood that nothing in the foregoing shall prohibit the Administrative Agent from establishing additional criteria for excluding Accounts from Eligible Accounts without the consent of the Administrative Borrower if, following the Administrative Agent’s compliance with the procedures set forth above, the Administrative Agent shall have determined in its Permitted Discretion that such criteria are appropriate). Without limiting the discretion of the Administrative Agent to establish other criteria of ineligibility in its Permitted Discretion in accordance with the foregoing, unless otherwise approved by the Administrative Agent in its Permitted Discretion, Eligible Accounts shall not include any Account:

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(a) with respect to which more than 120 days have elapsed since the date of the original invoice thereof or which is more than 60 days past due from the due date of the original invoice;

(b) with respect to which any of the representations, warranties, covenants, and agreements contained in the Agreement, any Security Agreement or any other Credit Document are incorrect in any material respect or have been breached and remain uncured;

(c) with respect to which Account (or any other Account due from such Account Debtor), in whole or in part, a check, promissory note, draft, trade acceptance or other instrument for the payment of money has been received, presented for payment and returned uncollected for any reason, unless and until such uncollected payment has been made and the Administrative Agent has consented to the inclusion of such Account as eligible;

(d) which represents a Progress Billing;

(e) with respect to which any one or more of the following events has occurred to the Account Debtor on such Account: death or judicial declaration of incompetency of an Account Debtor who is an individual; the filing by or against the Account Debtor of a request, proposal, notice of intent to file a proposal, or petition for liquidation, reorganization, arrangement, adjustment of debts, adjudication as a bankrupt, winding-up, administration, receivership, voluntary or involuntary case or other relief under the bankruptcy, insolvency, or similar laws of any applicable jurisdiction, now or hereafter in effect; the making of any general assignment by the Account Debtor for the benefit of creditors; the appointment of a receiver, administrative receiver, liquidator, interim receiver, monitor, custodian, sequestrator, administrator or trustee or equivalent official in the relevant jurisdiction for the Account Debtor or for any of the assets of the Account Debtor; the institution by or against the Account Debtor of any other type of insolvency proceeding or of any formal or informal proceeding for the dissolution or liquidation of, settlement of claims against, or winding up of affairs of, the Account Debtor; the sale, assignment, or transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Account Debtor; the non-payment generally by the Account Debtor of its debts as they become due, the admission of the Account Debtor of its inability to pay its debts, or the cessation of the business of the Account Debtor as a going concern;

(f) if fifty percent (50%) or more of the aggregate amount of outstanding Accounts owed at such time by the Account Debtor thereon is classified as ineligible, pursuant to the terms of this definition;

(g) owed by an Account Debtor which is not formed or incorporated under applicable law of an Eligible European Jurisdiction unless such Account is backed by a standby letter of credit acceptable to the Administrative Agent which is in the possession of, and is directly drawable by, the Administrative Agent;

(h) owed by an Account Debtor which is an Affiliate or officer, director or employee of a Borrower or owed by an Account Debtor which is a Designated Account Debtor;

(i) owed by an Account Debtor to which a Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries is indebted in any way, or which is subject to any right of setoff or recoupment by the Account Debtor, unless the Account Debtor has entered into an agreement acceptable to the Administrative Agent to waive setoff rights; or if the Account Debtor thereon has disputed liability or made any claim with respect to any other Account due from such Account Debtor; or if such Account is subject to a chargeback or a rebate that has been earned but not taken; but in each such case only to the extent of such indebtedness, setoff, recoupment, dispute, claim, chargeback or rebate or is such Account is subject to any counterclaim, deduction, defence, netting arrangement, setoff or dispute but only to the extent of any such counterclaim, deduction, defence, setoff or dispute;

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(j) owed by any Governmental Authority;

(k) which is subject to cash-on-delivery or cash-in-advance payment terms;

(l) which represents a sale on bill and hold, guaranteed sale, sale on approval or consignment basis;

(m) which is owed in any currency other than Dollars, Sterling, Euros, Danish Krone, Norwegian Krone, Swedish Krona and Swiss Francs;

(n) which is evidenced by a promissory note, bill of exchange or other instrument (including a lettre de change or billet à ordre ) or by chattel paper unless the Collateral Agent has a perfected first priority security interest in such promissory note, instrument, other instrument or chattel paper and/or such promissory note, instrument, other instrument or chattel paper has been endorsed in favour of the Collateral Agent;

(o) if the Administrative Agent believes, in the exercise of its Permitted Discretion, that the prospect of collection of such Account is materially impaired or that there is a material likelihood that such Account may not be paid by reason of the Account Debtor’s financial inability to pay;

(p) which is not evidenced by an invoice;

(q) with respect to an Account arising from a sale, if the Account does not represent a final sale;

(r) owed by an Account Debtor to the extent the aggregate amount of Accounts owing from such Account Debtor and its Affiliates to (i) such Borrower exceeds 10% of the aggregate amount of Eligible Accounts of such Borrower or (ii) all Borrowers exceeds 10% of the aggregate amount of Eligible Accounts of all Borrowers;

(s) with respect to which the Account Debtor has made any security deposit (including container drum deposits) or other advance payment that, in the Administrative Agent’s Permitted Discretion, adversely affects the collectability of the Account but only up to the amount of such security deposit;

(t) with respect to which the goods giving rise to such Account have not been shipped and delivered to and accepted by the Account Debtor or the services giving rise to such Account have not been performed by such Borrower, and, if applicable, accepted by the Account Debtor, or the Account Debtor revokes its acceptance of such goods or services;

(u) that was acquired by a Borrower following the Closing Date outside the ordinary course of business unless the Administrative Agent has had an opportunity to conduct a field examination with respect to the Accounts so acquired (provided that the Administrative Agent may waive the requirement for a field examination in its Permitted Discretion where the acquired Accounts are valued at less than €10,000,000);

(v) which is not subject to a first priority perfected security interest in favour of the Administrative Agent (which, in the case of Accounts of the English Borrower or Accounts which are otherwise subject to an English Collateral Document, shall mean a first priority assignment by way of security or a first priority fixed charge (and shall not mean a floating charge)) and which is subject to any Lien other than (i) a Lien in favour of the Administrative Agent or (ii) a Permitted Encumbrance which does not have priority over the Lien in favour of the Administrative Agent;

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(w) with respect to which such Borrower has made any agreement with the Account Debtor for any reduction thereof, other than discounts and adjustments given in the ordinary course of business, but only to the extent of any such reduction, or any Account which was partially paid and such Borrower created a new receivable for the unpaid portion of such Account;

(x) which does not comply in all material respects with the requirements of all applicable laws and regulations, whether national, state, European or local, including without limitation the U.K.’s Consumer Credit Act 1974, the U.S. Federal Consumer Credit Protection Act, the Federal Truth in Lending Act and Regulation Z of the Board;

(y) other than in respect of goods sold to the French Borrower subject to retention of title ( réserve de propriété ) provisions, which is for goods that have been sold under a purchase order or pursuant to the terms of a contract or other agreement or understanding (written or oral) that indicates or purports that any Person other than such Borrower has or has had an ownership interest in such goods, or which indicates any party other than such Borrower as payee or remittance party;

(z) which is subject to any limitation on assignment or other restriction (whether arising by operation of law, by agreement or otherwise) which would under the local governing law of the contract have the effect of restricting the assignment for or by way of security or the creation of security, in each case unless the Administrative Agent has determined that such limitation is not enforceable;

(aa) with respect to any Account governed by French law, the Account Debtor is a consumer ( consommateur ) within the meaning of the French Consumer Code;

(bb) with respect to any Account governed by French law, the Eligible Account is not a professional receivable ( créance professionnelle ) within the meaning of article L. 313-23 of the French Monetary and Financial Code; or

(cc) which is owed by an Account Debtor which is a Sanctioned Person.

If any Account at any time ceases to be an Eligible Account, the Administrative Agent may exclude such Account from the calculation of Eligible Accounts.

“ Eligible European Jurisdiction ” means each of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom

“ Eligible Inventory ” shall mean, with respect to the Initial Borrowers (other than the French Borrower), the Inventory of such Borrower, valued at the lower of cost (on a first‑in, first‑out basis) or market, which the Administrative Agent, in its Permitted Discretion, determines to be Eligible Inventory; provided that the Administrative Agent shall not establish any criteria for excluding Inventory from Eligible Inventory other than those set forth below unless (i) the Administrative Agent shall have given the Administrative Borrower at least five Business Days’ prior notice of the Administrative Agent’s intention to establish such criteria including an explanation as to the reasons that the Administrative Agent has determined in its reasonable, good faith credit judgment that such criteria are appropriate and (ii) to the extent the Administrative Borrower shall have objected to the addition of such criteria within five Business Days of receiving such notice, the Administrative Agent shall have taken into consideration the Administrative Borrower’s basis of objection and shall have negotiated in good faith with the Administrative Borrower for a period of five Business Days in order to reach a mutually satisfactory resolution with respect to such additional criteria (it being understood that nothing in the foregoing shall prohibit the Administrative Agent from establishing additional criteria for excluding Inventory from Eligible Inventory without the consent of the Administrative Borrower if, following the Administrative Agent’s compliance with the procedures set

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forth above, the Administrative Agent shall have determined in its Permitted Discretion that such criteria are appropriate). Without limiting the ability of the Administrative Agent to establish in its Permitted Discretion other criteria of ineligibility unless otherwise approved by the Administrative Agent in its Permitted Discretion, Eligible Inventory of a Borrower shall not include any Inventory of such Borrower:

(a) that is not owned by such Borrower;

(b) which is not subject to a first priority perfected security interest in favour of the Administrative Agent governed by the laws of the jurisdiction in which the inventory in question is located and which is subject to any Lien other than (i) a Lien in favour of the Administrative Agent or (ii) a Permitted Encumbrance which does not have priority over the Lien in favour of the Administrative Agent;

(c) that consists of work-in-progress, customized products, display items, samples or packing or shipping materials, packaging, manufacturing supplies or replacement or spare parts not considered for sale in the ordinary course of business;

(d) that consists of goods which have been returned by the buyer, other than goods that are undamaged or that are resalable in the normal course of business;

(e) that does not comply in all material respects with each of the representations and warranties respecting Eligible Inventory made in the Credit Documents;

(f) in which any Person other than such Borrower shall (i) have any direct or indirect ownership, interest or title or (ii) be indicated on any purchase order or invoice with respect to such Inventory as having or purporting to have an interest therein, including Inventory for which (A) any contract or related documentation (such as invoices or purchase orders) relating to such Inventory includes retention of title rights in favour of the vendor or supplier thereof, (B) under applicable governing laws, retention of title may be imposed unilaterally by the vendor or supplier thereof, provided that Inventory of a Borrower which may be subject to any rights of retention of title shall not be excluded from Eligible Inventory solely pursuant to this sub-paragraph (e) in the event that (x) the Administrative Agent shall have received evidence satisfactory to it that the full purchase price of such Inventory has, or will have, been paid prior, or upon the delivery of, such Inventory to the relevant Borrower or (y) a Letter of Credit has been issued under and in accordance with the terms of this Agreement for the purchase of such Inventory;

(g) the cost of which is subject to a deferred rebate, to the extent of such rebate;

(h) that is not in good condition, is unmerchantable or does not meet all standards imposed by any Governmental Authority, having regulatory authority over such goods, their use or sale;

(i) which is slow moving, defective, stale or not saleable at prices approximating at least the cost of such Inventory in the ordinary course of business;

(j) that is more than one year old, or that is obsolete or returned or repossessed or used goods taken in trade;

(k) that is located outside England and Wales;

(l) that is in-transit, other than Inventory in-transit between facilities within England and Wales;

(m) that is located in a public warehouse or in possession of a bailee or in a facility leased by a Borrower, unless (A) the warehouseman or the bailee or the lessor has delivered to the Administrative Agent, if requested by the Administrative Agent, a Collateral Access Agreement in form and substance

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satisfactory to the Administrative Agent or (B) a Reserve for rents or storage charges has been established for Inventory at that location;

(n) that contains or bears any intellectual property rights licensed to a Borrower by any Person if the Administrative Agent is not satisfied that the Collateral Agent may sell or otherwise dispose of such Inventory in accordance with the terms of the Security Documents, as applicable, without infringing the rights of the licensor of such intellectual property rights or violating any contract with such licensor (and without payment of any royalties other than any royalties due with respect to the sale or disposition of such Inventory pursuant to the existing license agreement) and as to which such Borrower has not delivered to the Administrative Agent a consent or sublicense agreement from such licensor in form and substance acceptable to the Administrative Agent if requested, in each case to the extent necessary in order to enable the Collateral Agent to foreclose on or otherwise exercise remedies with respect to the Collateral pursuant to the terms of the Security Documents, as applicable;

(o) that is not included in the calculation of a current perpetual inventory report;

(p) that represents intercompany profit;

(q) that is Inventory placed on consignment or with a processor;

(r) that is reserved for as slow or dead inventory by the Borrowers;

(s) that was acquired by a Borrower following the Closing Date outside the ordinary course of business unless the Administrative Agent has had an opportunity to conduct an appraisal with respect to the Inventory so acquired (provided that the Administrative Agent may waive the requirement for an appraisal in its Permitted Discretion where the acquired Inventory is valued at less than €10,000,000);

(t) for which reclamation rights have been asserted by the seller; or

(u) which has been acquired from a Sanctioned Person.

If any Inventory of a Borrower at any time ceases to be Eligible Inventory, the Administrative Agent may exclude such Inventory from the calculation of Eligible Inventory of such Borrower. In the event that Inventory of an Initial Borrower (other than the French Borrower and the Belgian Borrower) which was previously Eligible Inventory ceases to be Eligible Inventory hereunder, such Initial Borrower or the Administrative Borrower shall notify the Administrative Agent thereof on and at the time of submission to the Administrative Agent of the next Aggregate Borrowing Base Certificate and the Borrowing Base Certificate of such Initial Borrower.

“ EMEA Segment ” means the subsidiaries of the Parent consisting of the entities falling within the heading “EMEA” in the consolidated financial statements of the Parent.

“ EMU Legislation ” shall mean the legislative measures of the European Council for the introduction of, changeover to or operation of a single or unified European currency.

“ English Borrower ” means the Initial English Borrower .

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“ English Borrowing Base ” means any time, the sum of (a) 85% of the English Borrower’s Eligible Accounts at such time, plus, (b) the lesser of (i) 75% of the aggregate of the English Borrower’s Eligible Inventory, at such time, valued at the lower of cost or market value, determined on a first-in-first-out basis and (ii) the product of 85% multiplied by the Net Orderly Liquidation Value percentage identified in the most recent inventory appraisal ordered by the Administrative Agent multiplied by the aggregate of the English Borrower’s Eligible Inventory, valued at the lower of cost or market value, determined on a first-in-first-out basis, minus (c) Reserves.

“ English Collateral Document ” means the security deed dated on or around the date of this Agreement between the English Borrower, the Company and the Collateral Agent, and any other document containing Liens of any Credit Party securing the Obligations governed by the laws of England, in each case in form and substance satisfactory to the Collateral Agent and entered into pursuant to the terms of this Agreement or any other Credit Document.

“ Environmental Claims ” shall mean any and all actions, suits, orders, decrees, demands, demand letters, claims, liens, notices of noncompliance, violation or potential responsibility or investigation (other than internal reports prepared by Parent or any of the Subsidiaries (a) in the ordinary course of such Person’s business or (b) as required in connection with a financing transaction or an acquisition or disposition of real estate) or proceedings relating in any way to any Environmental Law or any permit issued, or any approval given, under any such Environmental Law (hereinafter, “ Claims ”), including, without limitation, (i) any and all Claims by governmental or regulatory authorities for enforcement, cleanup, removal, response, remedial or other actions or damages pursuant to any applicable Environmental Law and (ii) any and all Claims by any third party seeking damages, contribution, indemnification, cost recovery, compensation or injunctive relief relating to the presence, Release or threatened Release of Hazardous Materials or arising from alleged injury or threat of injury to health or safety (to the extent relating to human exposure to Hazardous Materials), or the environment including, without limitation, ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface and subsurface strata and natural resources such as wetlands.

“ Environmental Law ” shall mean any applicable federal, state, provincial, foreign or local statute, law, rule, regulation, ordinance, code and rule of common law now or hereafter in effect and in each case as amended, and any binding judicial or administrative interpretation thereof, including any binding judicial or administrative order, consent decree or judgment, relating to pollution or the protection of the environment, including, without limitation, ambient air, indoor air, surface water, groundwater, land surface and subsurface strata and natural resources such as wetlands, or human health or safety (to the extent relating to human exposure to Hazardous Materials), or Hazardous Materials.

“ ERISA ” shall mean the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended from time to time. Section references to ERISA are to ERISA as in effect at the date of this Agreement and any subsequent provisions of ERISA amendatory thereof, supplemental thereto or substituted therefor.

“ ERISA Affiliate ” shall mean each person (as defined in Section 3(9) of ERISA) that together with Parent or any Subsidiary would be deemed to be a “single employer” within the meaning of Section 414(b) or (c) of the Code or, solely for purposes of Section 302 of ERISA and Section 412 of the Code, is treated as a single employer under Section 414 of the Code.

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“ EU Bail-In Legislation Schedule ” means the EU Bail-In Legislation Schedule published by the Loan Market Association (or any successor Person), as in effect from time to time.

“ Euro ” and “ EUR ” shall mean the lawful currency of the Participating Member States introduced in accordance with the EMU Legislation.

“ Euro Equivalent ” shall mean, at any time, (a) with respect to any amount denominated in Euros, such amount, and (b) with respect to any amount denominated in any currency other than Euro, the equivalent amount thereof in Euros as determined by the Administrative Agent or Letter of Credit Issuers, as applicable, on the basis of the Spot Rate for the purchase of Euros with such other currency.

“ European Borrowers ” means individually and collectively the Obligors other than the French Borrower.

“ European Borrowing Limits ” has the meaning ascribed to it in Section 2.1(a).

“ European Cash Management Arrangements ” means the zero balancing and other cash management arrangements of the European members of the Group with Bank of America, N.A. (or equivalent replacement arrangements established with any successor to Bank of America, N.A. in that role).

“ European Credit Exposure ” means, as to any European Lender at any time, the sum of (a) such European Lender’s European Revolving Exposure, plus (b) an amount equal to its Applicable Percentage, if any, of the aggregate principal amount of Protective Advances outstanding to European Borrowers.

“ European Facility ” has the meaning ascribed to it in Section 2.1(a).

“ European Lender ” means the Persons listed as having a “European Revolving Commitment” on the Commitment Schedule and any other person that shall become a European Lender hereunder pursuant to Section 2.12, an Assignment Agreement or a Transfer Certificate, other than any such person that ceases to be a European Lender hereunder pursuant to an Assignment Agreement or a Transfer Certificate.

“ European Required Lenders ” means, at any time, European Lenders (other than Defaulting Lenders) having European Credit Exposures and unused European Revolving Commitments representing at least 50.1% of the sum of the Aggregate European Credit Exposure and unused European Revolving Commitments at such time; provided that, as long as there are only two European Lenders, European Required Lenders shall mean both European Lenders.

“ European Revolving Commitments ” means the Revolving Commitments of the European Lenders only. The initial amount of each European Lender’s European Revolving Commitment is set out on the Commitment Schedule, or in the Assignment Agreement or Transfer Certificate (as applicable) pursuant to which such European Lender shall have assumed its European Revolving Commitment. The aggregate amount of the European Lenders’ European Revolving Commitment at the Amendment and Restatement Date is €145,000,000.

“ European Revolving Exposure ” means the Revolving Exposure of the European Lenders only.

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“ European Revolving Loan ” means a Loan made under the European Facility.

“ Event of Default ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 10.

“Exchange Act” shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended from time to time.

“ Excluded Assets ” shall mean (i) any lease, license, contract, property right or agreement to which any Obligor is a party or any of such Obligor’s rights or interests thereunder if and only for so long as the grant of a security interest therein under any Credit Document shall constitute or result in a breach, termination or default or invalidity under such lease, license, contract, property right or agreement (other than to the extent that any such term would be rendered ineffective pursuant to Sections 9-406, 9-407, 9-408 or 9-409 of the UCC of any relevant jurisdiction or any other applicable law); provided that such lease, license, contract, property right or agreement shall be an Excluded Asset only to the extent and for so long as the consequences specified above shall exist and shall cease to be an Excluded Asset and shall become subject to the security interest granted under the Security Documents, immediately and automatically, at such time as such consequences shall no longer exist; (ii) any interests in real property that constitutes a leasehold of any Obligor; (iii) any Excluded Stock and Stock Equivalents; (iv) all properties and assets of the Obligors secured by Indebtedness permitted by Section 9.1(f), so long as the granting of a Lien in favour of the Secured Parties would constitute or result in a breach, termination or default under any agreement or instrument governing the applicable Indebtedness permitted by Section 9.1(f)) and such properties or assets shall cease to be Excluded Assets once such prohibition ceases to exist and shall immediately and automatically become subject to the security interest granted under the Security Documents; (v) any intellectual property if and to the extent a grant of a security interest therein will result in the loss, voiding, abandonment, cancellation or termination of any right, title or interest in or to such intellectual property; provided , however , that such intellectual property shall be an Excluded Asset only to the extent and for so long as the circumstances specified above shall exist and shall cease to be an Excluded Asset and shall become subject to the security interest granted under the Security Documents, immediately and automatically, at such time as such circumstances shall no longer exist; (vi) any vehicles (whether powered or unpowered) subject to certificate of title statutes and (vii) any segregated and identifiable cash proceeds from the issuance of Qualified Equity Interests and borrowings under the Cash Flow Term Facility, in each case, in connection with the Transactions; provided that no amounts in the Concentration Account, any Collection Account or any Floating Charge Account shall be excluded by this clause (vii), provided further that Excluded Assets shall not include any assets included in any Borrowing Base.

“ Excluded Perfection Assets ” shall mean any property or assets (i) constituting deposit accounts (other than Collection Accounts, Concentration Accounts or Floating Charge Accounts), securities accounts or commodities accounts; (ii) leasehold interests in real property; (iii) monies (other than the proceeds of Accounts); (iv) any interest in real property with a book value of less than €5,000,000; (v) any property or assets that the Collateral Agent and the Administrative Borrower agree in good faith that the cost of perfecting a security interest is excessive in relation to the value of the security to be afforded thereby or is not commercially practical; (vi) letter of credit rights not constituting supporting obligations and (vii) any other property or assets in which, pursuant to the terms and conditions of any Credit Document, the security interest of the Security Documents need not be perfected, provided always that Excluded Perfection Assets shall not include any asset included in any Borrowing Base.

“ Excluded Stock and Stock Equivalents ” shall mean (i) any Stock or Stock Equivalents with respect to which, in the reasonable judgment of the Collateral Agent (confirmed in writing by notice to the Administrative Borrower), the cost or other consequences (including any adverse tax consequences) of providing a pledge of which shall be excessive in view of the benefits to be obtained by the Lenders therefrom, (ii) any Stock or Stock Equivalents to the extent the pledge thereof would violate any applicable Requirement of Law, and (iii) in the case of Stock or Stock Equivalents of any Subsidiary that is not wholly-owned by Parent and its Subsidiaries at the time such Subsidiary becomes a Subsidiary, any Stock or Stock

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Equivalents of such Subsidiary to the extent (A) that a pledge thereof to secure the Obligations is prohibited by any applicable Contractual Requirement (other than customary non-assignment provisions which are ineffective under the UCC or other applicable law), (B) any Contractual Requirement or other contract, agreement or instrument or indenture, prohibits such a pledge without the consent of any other party; provided that this clause (B) shall not apply if (I) such other party is Parent or a wholly-owned Subsidiary or (II) such consent has been obtained and is in effect (it being understood that the foregoing shall not be deemed to obligate Parent or any Subsidiary to obtain any such consent)) and for so long as such Contractual Requirement or other contract, agreement or instrument or indenture, or replacement or renewal thereof is in effect, or (C) a pledge thereof to secure the Obligations would give any other party (other than Parent or a wholly-owned Subsidiary) to any contract, agreement, instrument or indenture governing such Stock or Stock Equivalents the right to terminate its obligations thereunder (other than customary non-assignment provisions which are ineffective under the UCC or other applicable law).

“ Excluded Swap Obligations ” shall mean, with respect to any Swap Guarantor, any Swap Obligation if, and to the extent that, all or a portion of any guaranty of such Swap Guarantor of, or the grant by such Swap Guarantor of a security interest to secure, such Swap Obligations (or any guaranty thereof) is or becomes illegal or unlawful under the Commodity Exchange Act (or the application or official interpretation thereof) by virtue of such Swap Guarantor’s failure for any reason to constitute an “eligible contract participant” as defined in the Commodity Exchange Act (determined after giving effect to Section 13.10, any other keepwell, support, or other agreement for the benefit of such Swap Guarantor and any and all guarantees of such Swap Guarantor’s Swap Obligations by other Credit Parties) at the time the guaranty or grant of security interest of such Swap Guarantor would otherwise have become effective with respect to such Swap Obligation but for such Swap Guarantor’s failure to constitute an “eligible contract participant” at such time.

“ Excluded Taxes ” shall mean the following taxes imposed on or with respect to a Recipient or required to be withheld or deducted from a payment to a Recipient: (a) tax imposed on or measured by net income (however denominated), franchise taxes, branch profits or similar taxes (imposed or measured by overall gross receipts) imposed on such Recipient by the jurisdiction under the laws of which such Recipient is organized or is resident for tax purposes or in which its principal office is located or, in the case of any Lender, in which its applicable lending office is located; (b) any FATCA Deduction; (c) any Bank Levy; (d) any Tax Deduction on account of Tax imposed by a Credit Party Taxing Jurisdiction, if on the date on which the payment falls due, the payment could have been made to the relevant Lender without a Tax Deduction if the Lender had been a Qualifying Lender, but on that date the Lender is not or has ceased to be a Qualifying Lender other than as a result of any change after the date it became a Lender under this Agreement in (or in the interpretation, administration or application of) any law or Treaty or any published practice or published concession of any Tax Authority; (e) Taxes attributable to the relevant Lender’s failure to comply with Section 4.5(f); and (f) with respect to the French Borrower, any Tax Deduction on account of Tax imposed by France solely because a payment is made to a bank account opened in the name of, or for the benefit of, that Recipient in a financial institution located in a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction.

“ Existing Indebtedness ” means the Indebtedness of the Obligors and Borrower Subsidiaries set out in Schedule 9.1.

“ Extension ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 2.13(a).

“ Extension Offer ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 2.13(a).

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“ Extended Revolving Commitment ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 2.13(a).

“ Extending Revolving Lender ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 2.13(a).

“ Facility ” means individually and collectively the French Facility and the European Facility.

“ Facility Office ” means in respect of a Lender, the office or offices notified by that Lender to the Administrative Agent in writing on or before the date it becomes a Lender (or, following that date, by not less than five Business Days' written notice) as the office or offices through which it will perform its obligations under this Agreement.

“ Fair Market Value ” shall mean, with respect to any asset or property, the fair market value of such asset or property as determined in good faith by senior management of any Borrower or the board of directors, whose determination shall be conclusive.

“ FATCA ” means:

(a) sections 1471 to 1474 of the Code or any amended or successor provision which is substantively comparable thereto (and not materially more onerous to comply with) or any associated regulations or other official guidance;

(b) any treaty, law, agreement (including any intergovernmental agreement), regulation or other official guidance enacted in any other jurisdiction, or relating to an intergovernmental agreement between the US and any other jurisdiction, which (in either case) facilitates the implementation of paragraph (a) above; or

(c) any agreement pursuant to the implementation of paragraphs (a) or (b) above with the US Internal Revenue Service, the US government or any governmental or taxation authority in any other jurisdiction.

“ FATCA Deduction ” means a deduction or withholding from a payment under a Credit Document required by FATCA.

“ FATCA Exempt Party ” means a Party that is entitled to receive payments free from any FATCA Deduction.

“ FATCA FFI ” means a foreign financial institution as defined in section 1471(d)(4) of the Code which, if any Secured Party is not a FATCA Exempt Party, could be required to make a FATCA Deduction.

“ Financial Support Direction ” means a financial support direction issued by the Pensions Regulator under section 43 of the U.K.’s Pensions Act 2004.

“ Financial Officer ” means the chief financial officer, principal accounting officer, treasurer or controller of a Credit Party or Administrative Borrower (as the case may be) or any other person performing similar duties as the foregoing (including any director acting in such capacity).

“ Floating Charge Account ” has the meaning given to that term in the English Collateral Document.

“ French Bank Account Pledge Agreement ” means the bank account pledge agreement to be entered into between the French Borrower and the Collateral Agent in relation to the Collection Accounts of the French Borrower.

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“ French Borrower ” means the Initial French Borrower.

“ French Borrowing Base ” means 85% of the French Borrower’s Eligible Accounts at such time minus Reserves.

“ French Borrowing Limits ” has the meaning ascribed to it in Section 2.1(b).

“ French Collateral Amendment Agreement ” means the amendment agreement relating to the French Collateral Documents dated on or about the Amendment and Restatement Date between, amongst others, the Collateral Agent, the Lenders and the French Borrower.

“ French Collateral Documents ” means the French Bank Account Pledge, the French Master Receivables Assignment Agreement, the French Pledge on Inventory, the French Collateral Amendment Agreement and any other document governed by the laws of France containing Liens of any Credit Party securing the Obligations, in each case in form and substance satisfactory to the Collateral Agent and entered into pursuant to the terms of this Agreement or any other Credit Document.

“ French Credit Exposure ” means, as to any French Lender at any time, the sum of (a) such French Lender’s French Revolving Exposure, plus (b) an amount equal to its Applicable Percentage, if any, of the aggregate principal amount of Protective Advances outstanding to the French Borrower.

“ French Facility ” has the meaning ascribed to it in Section 2.1(b).

“ French Lender ” means the Persons listed as having a “French Revolving Commitment” on the Commitment Schedule and any other Person that shall have become a French Lender hereunder pursuant to Section 2.12, an Assignment Agreement or a Transfer Certificate, other than any such Person that ceases to be a French Lender hereunder pursuant to an Assignment Agreement or a Transfer Certificate, provided that any French Lender shall qualify as a French Qualifying Lender.

“ French Master Receivables Assignment Agreement ” means the master assignment agreement to be entered into between the French Borrower, the Collateral Agent and the French Lenders in relation to the Accounts of the French Borrower (including any assignment deeds relating thereto executed by the French Borrower).

“ French Obligations ” means all unpaid principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on the French Loans, all LC Exposure of the French Lenders, all accrued and unpaid fees and all expenses, reimbursements, indemnities and other obligations and indebtedness of the French Borrower (including interest and fees accruing during the pendency of any bankruptcy, insolvency, receivership or other similar proceeding, regardless of whether allowed or allowable in such proceeding), obligations and liabilities of the French Borrower to any of the French Lenders, the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent, any Letter of Credit Issuer or any indemnified party, individually or collectively, existing on the Closing Date or arising thereafter, direct or indirect, joint or several, absolute or contingent, matured or unmatured, liquidated or unliquidated, secured or unsecured, arising by contract, operation of law or otherwise, arising or incurred under this Agreement or any of the other Credit Documents or in respect of any of the French Loans made or reimbursement or other obligations incurred or any of the Letters of Credit issued for the benefit of the French Borrower or other instruments at any time evidencing any thereof.

“ French Pledge on Inventory ” means the inventory pledge agreement to be entered into between the French Borrower, the Collateral Agent and the French Lenders in relation to the Inventory of the French Borrower.

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“ French Qualifying Lender ” means (i) a credit institution ( établissement de crédit ) licensed for the purpose of carrying out credit transactions ( operations de crédit ) by the relevant Governmental Authorities of France; (ii) a credit institution ( établissement de crédit ) having its registered office in a member state of the European Union or in a state which is a party to the Treaty on the European Economic Area, so long as the relevant Governmental Authorities of France have been notified in advance by the relevant Governmental Authority of such state; provided, that such credit institution carries out in France only those credit transactions which it is authorized to carry out in the state in which its registered office is located; or (iii) a financial institution ( établissement financier ) having its registered office in a member state of the European Union or in a state which is a party to the Treaty on the European Economic Area, which has obtained a certificate from the relevant Governmental Authority of such state certifying that it meets the conditions required for that purpose by such Governmental Authority, so long as the relevant French authorities have been notified in advance by the relevant Governmental Authorities of such state; provided, that such financial institution carries out in France only those credit transactions which it is authorized to carry out in the state in which its registered office is located. For purposes of this definition, “notified in advance” refers to the satisfaction of the formalities required to benefit from applicable European passporting provisions (including the transmission by a local regulator to the French banking authority of a notice received from a financial institution to the effect that such institution intends to trade in France on a remote basis pursuant to the European passporting regulations).

“ French Qualifying Letter of Credit Issuer ” means (i) a credit institution ( établissement de crédit ) licensed by the relevant Governmental Authorities of France for the purpose of providing to customers or administering means of payment ( mise à la disposition ou gestion de moyens de paiement ) and for the purpose of carrying out credit transactions ( operations de crédit ) by the relevant Governmental Authorities of France; (ii) a credit institution ( établissement de crédit ) having its registered office in a member state of the European Union or in a state which is a party to the Treaty on the European Economic Area, so long as the relevant Governmental Authorities of France have been notified in advance by the relevant Governmental Authority of such state; provided, that such credit institution provides to customers in France or administers only those means of payment or carries out only those credit transactions which it is authorized to provide or administer in the state in which its registered office is located; or (iii) a financial institution ( établissement financier ) having its registered office in a member state of the European Union or in a state which is a party to the Treaty on the European Economic Area, which has obtained a certificate from the relevant Governmental Authorities of such state certifying that it meets the conditions required for that purpose by such Governmental Authority, so long as the relevant Governmental Authorities of France have been notified in advance by the relevant Governmental Authority of such state; provided, that such financial institution provides to customers in France or administers only those means of payment or carries out only those credit transactions which it is authorized to provide or administer in the state in which its registered office is located. For purposes of this definition, “notified in advance” refers to the satisfaction of the formalities required to benefit from applicable European passporting provisions (including the transmission by a local regulator to the French banking authority of a notice received from a financial institution to the effect that such institution intends to trade in France on a remote basis pursuant to the European passporting regulations).

“ French Required Lenders ” means, at any time, French Lenders (other than Defaulting Lenders) having French Credit Exposures and unused French Revolving Commitments representing at least 50.1% of the sum of the Aggregate French Credit Exposure and unused French Revolving Commitments at such time; provided that, as long as there are only two French Lenders, French Required Lenders shall mean both French Lenders.

“ French Revolving Commitments ” means the Revolving Commitments of the French Lenders only. The initial amount of each French Lender’s French Revolving Commitment is set out on the Commitment Schedule or in the Assignment Agreement or Transfer Certificate (as applicable) pursuant to which such French Lender shall have assumed its French Revolving Commitment. The aggregate amount of the French Lenders’ French Revolving Commitment as at the Amendment and Restatement Date is €55,000,000.

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“ French Revolving Exposure ” means the Revolving Exposure of the French Lenders only.

“ French Revolving Loan ” means a Loan made under the French Facility.

“ Fund ” shall mean any Person (other than a natural person) that is (or will be) engaged in making, purchasing, holding or otherwise investing in commercial loans and similar extensions of credit in the ordinary course.

“ Funding Account ” means the deposit account(s) to which the Administrative Agent is authorised by the Borrowers to transfer the proceeds of any Borrowings requested or authorised pursuant to this Agreement.

“ GAAP ” shall mean generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America as in effect from time to time; provided , however , that if there occurs after the date hereof any change in GAAP that affects in any respect the calculation of any covenant contained in Section 9, the Lenders and the Administrative Borrower shall negotiate in good faith amendments to the provisions of this Agreement that relate to the calculation of such covenant with the intent of having the respective positions of the Lenders and the Credit Parties after such change in GAAP conform as nearly as possible to their respective positions as of the date of this Agreement and, until any such amendments have been agreed upon, the covenants in Section 9 shall be calculated as if no such change in GAAP has occurred; provided further , that for purposes of determining compliance with any financial test or basket under this Agreement, any change in GAAP following the Closing Date with respect to whether a lease is required to be capitalized or operating shall be disregarded for all purposes.

“ German Borrower ” means (i) subject to the prior written approval of the Administrative Agent, Univar GmbH, a limited liability company (GmbH) incorporated in Germany and registered with the commercial register ( Handelsregister ) of the local court ( Amtsgericht ) of Essen under registration number HRB 4095; and (ii) any Subsidiary of the Parent incorporated in Germany and approved in writing by each of the Lenders and the Administrative Agent, in each case in respect of which the conditions in Section 5.2 have been satisfied.

“ German Borrowing Base ” means, at any time, in relation to each German Borrower, 85% of that German Borrower’s Eligible Accounts at such time minus Reserves.

“ German Collateral” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 11.21.

“ German Collateral Documents” means each pledge agreement, security assignment agreement, security transfer agreement, security purpose agreement or other agreement that is entered into by any German Credit Party in favour of the Collateral Agent, and any other pledge agreement, security assignment agreement, security transfer agreement, security purpose agreement or other agreement entered into by a Credit Party granting a security interest in favour of the Collateral Agent that is governed by the laws of Germany, in each case, in form and substance satisfactory to the Collateral Agent and entered into pursuant to the terms of this Agreement or any other Credit Document.

“ German Credit Parties ” means, collectively the German Borrowers and any Credit Party that (i) is organized under the laws of Germany, and/or (ii) becomes a party to a German Collateral Document (other than the Collateral Agent) or any other collateral agreement.

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“ German Guarantor ” has the meaning ascribed to it in Section 13.12(a).

“ German Insolvency Event ” means:

(a) a German Relevant Entity is unable or admits inability to pay its debts as they fall due or is deemed to or declared to be unable to pay its debts under applicable law, generally suspends or threatens to suspend making payments on any of its debts or, by reason of actual or anticipated financial difficulties, generally commences negotiations with one or more of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its indebtedness, including a stoppage of payment situation ( Zahlungsunfähigkeit ), a status of over-indebtedness ( Überschuldung ), the impending inability to pay its debts as they fall due ( drohende Zahlungsunfähigkeit ), or actual insolvency proceedings;

(b) a moratorium is declared in respect of any Indebtedness of a German Relevant Entity, or

(c) (i) such German Relevant Entity is otherwise in a situation to file for insolvency because of any of the reasons set out in sections 17 to 19 of the German Insolvency Code ( Insolvenzordnung ) and (ii) a petition for insolvency proceedings in respect of its assets ( Antrag auf Eröffnung eines Insolvenzverfahrens ) has been filed based on sections 17 to 19 of the German Insolvency Code ( Insolvenzordnung ).

“ German Parallel Debt ” has the meaning given to that term in Section 12.19.

“ German Relevant Entity ” means any German Credit Party or any Credit Party capable of becoming subject to insolvency proceedings under the German Insolvency Code ( Insolvenzordnung ).

“ Goldman ” shall mean Goldman, Sachs & Co., GSMP V Onshore US. Ltd., GSMP V Offshore US. Ltd., GSMP V Institutional US, Ltd. and any of their respective Affiliates.

“ Governmental Authority ” shall mean any nation, sovereign or government, any state, province, territory or other political subdivision thereof (whether state, provincial or local), the European Central Bank, the Council of Ministers of the European Union, and any entity or authority (including any European supranational body) exercising executive, legislative, judicial, regulatory or administrative functions of or pertaining to government, including a central bank or stock exchange.

“ Group ” means the Parent and its subsidiaries from time to time.

“ Guarantee Obligations ” shall mean, as to any Person, any obligation of such Person guaranteeing or intended to guarantee any Indebtedness of any other Person (the “ Primary Obligor ”) in any manner, whether directly or indirectly, including any obligation of such Person, whether or not contingent, (a) to purchase any such Indebtedness or any property constituting direct or indirect security therefor, (b) to advance or supply funds (i) for the purchase or payment of any such Indebtedness or (ii) to maintain working capital or equity capital of the Primary Obligor or otherwise to maintain the net worth or solvency of the Primary Obligor, (c) to purchase property, securities or services primarily for the purpose of assuring the owner of any such Indebtedness of the ability of the Primary Obligor to make payment of such Indebtedness or (d) otherwise to assure or hold harmless the owner of such Indebtedness against loss in respect thereof; provided , however , that the term “Guarantee Obligations” shall not include any endorsements of instruments for deposit or collection in the ordinary course of business or customary and reasonable indemnity obligations in effect on the Closing Date or entered into in connection with any acquisition or disposition of assets permitted under this Agreement (other than such obligations with respect to Indebtedness). The amount of any Guarantee Obligation shall be deemed to be an amount equal to the stated or determinable amount of the Indebtedness in respect of which such Guarantee Obligation is made or, if not stated or determinable, the maximum reasonably anticipated liability in respect thereof (assuming such Person is required to perform thereunder) as determined by such Person in good faith.

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“ Guaranteed Obligations ” means the Obligations guaranteed pursuant to the Loan Guaranty.

“ Guarantor ” shall mean (i) each Initial Borrower (other than the Initial Belgian Borrower), (ii) each Post Closing Borrower and (iii) the Parent.

“ Hazardous Materials ” shall mean (a) any petroleum or petroleum products, radioactive materials, friable asbestos, urea formaldehyde foam insulation, transformers or other equipment that contain dielectric fluid containing regulated levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, and radon gas; (b) any chemicals, materials or substances defined as or included in the definition of “hazardous substances”, “hazardous waste”, “hazardous materials”, “extremely hazardous waste”, “restricted hazardous waste”, “toxic substances”, “toxic pollutants”, “contaminants” or “pollutants” or words of similar import, under any applicable Environmental Law; and (c) any other chemical, material or substance, which is prohibited, limited or regulated by any Environmental Law.

“ Hedge Agreements ” shall mean interest rate swap, cap or collar agreements, interest rate future or option contracts, currency swap agreements, cross-currency rate swap agreements, currency future or option contracts, commodity price protection agreements or other commodity price hedging agreements, and other similar agreements.

“ Hedge Bank ” shall mean any Person that either (x) at the time it enters into a Hedge Agreement or (y) on the Amendment and Restatement Date, is a Lender or an Affiliate of a Lender, in its capacity as a party to such Hedge Agreement.

“ Historical Financial Statements ” shall mean the audited consolidated balance sheets of Parent as of December 31, 2017 and the audited consolidated statements of income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows of Parent for each of the fiscal years in the three year period ending on December 31, 2017, in the form provided to the Lenders.

“ HMRC DT Treaty Passport Scheme ” means HM Revenue & Customs’ Double Taxation Treaty Passport scheme.

“ IBA ” shall have the meaning given to the term in Section 1.16.

“ Impacted Interest Period ” shall have the meaning provided in the definition of “LIBO Rate”.

“ Increasing Lender ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 2.12(c).

“ Incur ” shall mean issue, assume, enter into any Guarantee Obligations of, incur or otherwise become liable for; and the terms “ Incurs ,” “ Incurred ” and “ Incurrence ” shall have a correlative meaning; provided that any Indebtedness or Stock of a Person existing at the time such Person becomes a Subsidiary (whether by merger, consolidation, acquisition or otherwise) shall be deemed to be Incurred by such Subsidiary at the time it becomes a Subsidiary. Accrual of interest, the accretion of accreted value, the payment of interest in the form of additional Indebtedness, and the payment of dividends on Stock constituting Indebtedness in the form of additional shares of the same class of Stock, will be deemed not to be an Incurrence of Indebtedness. Any Indebtedness issued at a discount (including Indebtedness on which interest is payable through the issuance of additional Indebtedness) shall be deemed Incurred at the time of original issuance of the Indebtedness at the initial accreted amount thereof.

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“ Indebtedness ” of any Person shall mean (a) the principal indebtedness of such Person for borrowed money, (b) the principal of obligations of such Person evidenced by bonds, debentures, notes or other similar instruments, (c) all obligations of such Person to pay the deferred and unpaid purchase price of property (except any accounts payable or any indebtedness or monetary obligation to trade creditors created, assumed or guaranteed by such Person arising in the ordinary course of business in connection with the acquisition of goods or services), which purchase price is due more than one year after the date of placing such property in final service or taking final delivery and title thereto, (d) all reimbursement obligations of such Person in respect of letters of credit, bankers’ acceptances or other similar instruments (the amount of such obligations being equal at any time to the aggregate then undrawn and unexpired amount of such letters of credit, bankers’ acceptances or other instruments plus the aggregate amount of drawings thereunder that have not then been reimbursed), (e) all Indebtedness of any other Person secured by any Lien on any property owned by such Person, whether or not such Indebtedness has been assumed by such Person; provided that the amount of Indebtedness of such Person shall be the lesser of (A) the fair market value of such asset at such date of determination (as determined in good faith by the Company) and (B) the amount of such Indebtedness of such other Persons, (f) all Capitalized Lease Obligations of such Person, (g) all net obligations of such Person under Hedge Agreements (the amount of any such obligation to be equal at any time to the termination value of such Hedge Agreement that would be payable by such Person at such time), (h) the redemption, repayment or other repurchase amount of such Person with respect to any Disqualified Equity Interests of such Person or (if such Person is a Subsidiary of the Borrower that is not a Credit Party) any Preferred Stock of such Subsidiary, but excluding, in each case, any accrued dividends (the amount of such obligation to be equal at any time to the maximum fixed involuntary redemption, repayment or repurchase price for such Stock, or if less (or if such Stock has no such fixed price), to the involuntary redemption, repayment or repurchase price therefor calculated in accordance with the terms thereof as if then redeemed, repaid or repurchased, and if such price is based upon or measured by the fair market value of such Stock, such fair market value shall be as determined in good faith by senior management of the Company, the Board of Directors of the Company or the Board of Directors of the issuer of such Stock) and (i) without duplication, all Guarantee Obligations of such Person. The amount of Indebtedness of any Person at any date shall be determined as set forth above or as otherwise provided for in this Agreement, or otherwise shall equal the amount thereof that would appear as a liability on a balance sheet of such Person (excluding any notes thereto) prepared in accordance with GAAP.

“ Indemnified Liabilities ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.5.

“ Indemnified Taxes ” shall mean all Taxes (including Other Taxes) other than Excluded Taxes.

“ Indemnitees ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.5.

“ Initial Borrowers ” means individually and collectively the Company, the Belgian Borrower, the French Borrower and the English Borrower.

“ Interest Election Request ” means a request by the Administrative Borrower to convert or continue a Revolving Borrowing in accordance with Section 2.9.

“ Interest Payment Date ” means (i) with respect to any LIBOR Loan, the last day of the Interest Period applicable to the Borrowing of which such Loan is a part (and, in the case of a LIBOR Loan with an Interest Period of more than three months’ duration, each day prior to the last day of such Interest Period that occurs at intervals of three months’ duration after the first day of such Interest Period) and the Maturity Date and (ii) with respect to any Swingline Loan, the end of each calendar month.

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“ Interest Period ” shall mean, with respect to the Borrowing of any LIBOR Loan, the period commencing on the date of such Borrowing and ending on the numerically corresponding day in the calendar month that is one, two, three or six months thereafter, as the Administrative Borrower may elect; provided , that (i) if any Interest Period would end on a day other than a Business Day, such Interest Period shall be extended to the next succeeding Business Day unless, such next succeeding Business Day would fall in the next calendar month, in which case such Interest Period shall end on the next preceding Business Day and (ii) any Interest Period that commences on the last Business Day of a calendar month (or on a day for which there is no numerically corresponding day in the last calendar month of such Interest Period) shall end on the last Business Day of the last calendar month of such Interest Period. For purposes hereof, the date of a Borrowing initially shall be the date on which such Borrowing is made and thereafter shall be the effective date of the most recent conversion or continuation of such Borrowing.

“ Interpolated Rate ” means, at any time, for any Approved Currency and for any Interest Period, the rate per annum (rounded upward to four decimal places) determined by the Administrative Agent (which determination shall be conclusive and binding absent manifest error) to be equal to the rate that results from interpolating on a linear basis between: (a) the relevant Screen Rate for the longest period (for which the relevant Screen Rate is available) that is shorter than the Impacted Interest Period and (b) the relevant Screen Rate for the shortest period (for which the relevant Screen Rate is available) that exceeds the Impacted Interest Period, in each case, at such time. When determining the rate for a period which is less than the shortest period for which the relevant Screen Rate is available, the relevant Screen Rate for purposes of paragraph (a) above shall be deemed to be the overnight screen rate where “overnight screen rate” means the overnight rate determined by the Administrative Agent from such service as the Administrative Agent may select.

“ Inventory ” means all inventory, goods and merchandise, wherever located, to be furnished under any contract of service or held for sale or lease, all finished goods, returned goods and materials and supplies of any kind, nature or description which are or might be used or consumed in its business or used in connection with the manufacture, packing, shipping, advertising, selling or finishing of such goods, merchandise and other personal property.

“ Investment ” shall mean, for any Person: (a) the acquisition (whether for cash, property, services or securities or otherwise) of Stock, Stock Equivalents (or any other capital contribution), bonds, notes, debentures, partnership or other ownership interests or other securities of any other Person (including any “short sale” or any sale of any securities at a time when such securities are not owned by the Person entering into such sale); (b) the making of any deposit with, or advance, loan or other extension of credit or capital contribution to, any other Person (including the purchase of property from another Person subject to an understanding or agreement, contingent or otherwise, to resell such property to such Person); (c) the entering into of any guarantee of, or other contingent obligation with respect to, any obligations of another Person; or (d) the purchase or other acquisition (in one transaction or a series of transactions) of all or substantially all of the property and assets or business of another Person or assets constituting a business unit, line of business or division of such Person; provided that, in the event that any Investment is made by a Credit Party or any Borrower Subsidiary in any Person through substantially concurrent interim transfers of any amount through one or more other Borrower Subsidiaries, then such other substantially concurrent interim transfers shall be disregarded for purposes of Section 9.5. For purposes of the definition of “Unrestricted Subsidiary” and Section 9.2 only, (i) “Investment” shall include the portion (proportionate to a Borrower’s equity interest in such Subsidiary) of the Fair Market Value of the net assets of any Subsidiary of a Borrower at the time that such Subsidiary is designated an Unrestricted Subsidiary, provided that upon a redesignation of such Subsidiary as a Borrower Subsidiary, the relevant Borrower shall be deemed to continue to have a permanent “Investment” in an Unrestricted Subsidiary in an amount (if positive) equal to (x) such Borrower’s “Investment” in such Subsidiary at the time of such redesignation less (y) the portion (proportionate to such Borrower’s equity interest in such Subsidiary) of the Fair Market Value of the net assets of such Subsidiary at

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the time of such redesignation, and (ii) any property transferred to or from an Unrestricted Subsidiary shall be valued at its fair market value (as determined in good faith by such Borrower) at the time of such transfer. Guarantees shall not be deemed to be Investments. The amount of any Investment outstanding at any time shall be the original cost of such Investment, reduced (at the Company’s option) by any dividend, distribution, interest payment, return of capital, repayment or other amount or value received in respect of such Investment.

“ Investors ” shall mean (i) the CD&R Investors, (ii) the CVC Investors, (iii) the Temasek Investors, (iv) Goldman and (v) Parcom.

“ ISP ” shall mean, with respect to any Letter of Credit, the “International Standby Practices 1998” published by the Institute of International Banking Law & Practice (or such later version thereof as may be in effect at the time of issuance).

“ Joinder Agreement ” shall mean an agreement substantially in the form of Exhibit C.

“ Judgment Currency ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.17.

“ Junior Capital ” shall mean, collectively, any Indebtedness of any Parent Entity or the Parent that (i) is not secured by any asset of any member of the Group, (ii) is expressly subordinated to the prior payment in full of the Obligations hereunder on terms consistent with those for senior subordinated high yield debt securities issued by U.S. companies sponsored by the Sponsors (as determined in good faith by the Parent, which determination shall be conclusive), (iii) has a final maturity date that is not earlier than, and provides for no scheduled payments of principal prior to, the date that is 91 days after the Cash Flow Maturity Date (other than through conversion or exchange of any such Indebtedness for Stock (other than Disqualified Stock) of the Parent, Stock of any Parent Entity or any other Junior Capital), (iv) has no mandatory redemption or prepayment obligations other than obligations that are subject to the prior payment in full in cash of the Obligations under this Agreement and (v) does not require the payment of cash interest until the date that is 91 days after the Cash Flow Maturity Date.

“ Junior Indebtedness ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 9.7(a).

“ LC Collateral Account ” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.6(j).

“ LC Disbursement ” means any payment made by a Letter of Credit Issuer pursuant to a Letter of Credit.

“ LC Exposure ” means, at any time, the sum of (a) the aggregate undrawn amount of all outstanding Letters of Credit plus (b) the aggregate amount of all LC Disbursements relating to Letters of Credit that have not yet been reimbursed by or on behalf of the Borrowers. The LC Exposure of any Lender at any time shall be its Applicable Percentage of the aggregate LC Exposure.

“ Lender Default ” shall mean (a) the failure (which has not been cured) of a Lender to make available its portion of any Borrowing or (b) a lender having notified the Administrative Agent and/or any Borrower that it does not intend to comply with the obligations under Section 2.1 or (c) a Lender becoming the subject of a Bankruptcy Event or a Bail-In Action.

“ Lender Presentation ” means the information presented to prospective Lenders on 21 January 2014.

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“ Lenders ” means the Persons listed on the Commitment Schedule as French Lenders and/or European Lenders and any other Person that shall have become a Lender hereunder pursuant to Section 2.12, an Assignment Agreement or a Transfer Certificate, other than any such Person that ceases to be a Lender hereunder pursuant to an Assignment Agreement or a Transfer Certificate. Unless the context otherwise requires, the term “Lenders” includes the Swingline Lenders and the Letter of Credit Issuers.

“ Letter of Credit ” means any letter of credit or bank guarantee issued pursuant to this Agreement, and the term “ Letter of Credit ” means any one of them or each of them singularly, as the context may require.

“ Letter of Credit Borrowing ” shall mean an extension of credit resulting from a drawing under any Letter of Credit which has not been reimbursed on the date when made or refinanced as a Borrowing.

“ Letter of Credit Fee ” shall have the meaning specified in Section 3.3.

“ Letter of Credit Issuer ” means each of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., London Branch (with respect to Letters of Credit issued to European Borrowers), JP Morgan Europe Limited (with respect to Letters of Credit issued to the French Borrower) and Bank of America Merrill Lynch International Designated Activity Company (as successor in title to Bank of America Merrill Lynch International Limited) in each case in its capacity as the issuer of Letters of Credit hereunder and their respective successor in such capacity as provided in Section 2.6(i). Each Letter of Credit Issuer providing Letters of Credit to the French Borrower shall at all times be a French Qualifying Letter of Credit Issuer. Each Letter of Credit Issuer may, in its discretion, arrange for one or more Letters of Credit to be issued by its Affiliates ( provided that such Affiliate, if issuing a Letter of Credit for the French Borrower, shall qualify as a French Qualifying Letter of Credit Issuer) in which case the term “Letter of Credit Issuer” shall include any such Affiliate with respect to Letters of Credit issued by such Affiliate (it being agreed that such Letter of Credit Issuer shall, or shall cause such Affiliate to company with the requirements of Section 2.6 with respect to such Letter of Credit).

“ Letter of Credit Obligations ” shall mean, as at any date of determination, the aggregate amount available to be drawn under all outstanding Letters of Credit plus the aggregate of all amounts drawn under the Letters of Credit, including all Letter of Credit Borrowings. For all purposes of this Agreement, if on any date of determination a Letter of Credit has expired by its terms but any amount may still be drawn thereunder by reason of the operation of Rule 3.14 of the ISP, such Letter of Credit shall be deemed to be “outstanding” in the amount so remaining available to be drawn.

“ LIBOR Loan ” shall mean any Revolving Loan bearing interest at a rate determined by reference to the LIBO Rate.

“ LIBO Rate ” shall mean an interest rate per annum equal to (i) with respect to any LIBOR Loan in Sterling, Euros or Dollars for any applicable Interest Period, the London interbank offered rate administered by ICE Benchmark Administration Limited (or any other Person that takes over the administration of such rate for Sterling, Euros or Dollars), (ii) with respect to any LIBOR Loan in Danish Krone for any applicable Interest Period, Copenhagen interbank offered rate administered by the Danish Bankers’ Association (or any other Person that takes over the administration of that rate for Danish Krone), (iii) with respect to any LIBOR Loan in Norwegian Krone for any applicable Interest Period, Norwegian interbank offered rate administered by the Finance Norway (or any other Person that takes over the administration of that rate for Norwegian Krone), (iv) with respect to any LIBOR Loan in Swedish Krona for any applicable Interest

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Period, Stockholm interbank offered rate administered by the Swedish Bankers’ Association (or any other Person that takes over the administration of that rate for Swedish Krone) and, (v) with respect to any LIBOR Loan in Swiss Francs for any applicable Interest Period, the London interbank offered rate administered by ICE Benchmark Administration Limited (or any other Person that takes over the administration of such rate for Swiss Francs), in each case for a period equal in length to such Interest Period as displayed on the relevant Reuters screen or, in the event such rate does not appear on a Reuters page or screen, on any successor or substitute page on such screen that displays such rate, or on the appropriate page of such other information service that publishes such rate as shall be selected by the Administrative Agent from time to time (the “ Screen Rate ”) at approximately 11:00 a.m., London time, two (2) Business Days (or the same Business Day for Sterling) prior to the commencement of such Interest Period; provided that, if the Screen Rate for an Approved Currency shall not be available at such time for a period equal in length to such Interest Period (an “ Impacted Interest Period ”), then the LIBO Rate for that Approved Currency shall be the Interpolated Rate at such time, subject to Section 2.10 in the event that the Administrative Agent shall conclude that it shall not be possible to determine such Interpolated Rate (which conclusion shall be conclusive and binding absent manifest error) provided that, if any LIBO Rate or Interpolated Rate shall be less than zero, such rate shall be deemed to be zero for purposes of this Agreement.

“ Lien ” means, with respect to any asset, (a) any mortgage, deed of trust, lien, pledge, hypothecation, encumbrance, charge, assignment by way of security or security interest in, on or of such asset, or any other arrangement having a similar effect (b) the interest of a vendor, supplier or a lessor under any conditional sale agreement, extended retention of title), capital lease or title retention agreement (or any financing lease having substantially the same economic effect as any of the foregoing) relating to such asset and (c) in the case of securities, any purchase option, call or similar right of a third party with respect to such securities.

“ Limited Condition Acquisition ” shall mean any acquisition by one or more of the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary of any assets, business or Person permitted by this Agreement whose consummation is not conditioned on the availability of, or on obtaining, third party financing.

“ Loan Guaranty ” means Section 13 of this Agreement.

“ Loans ” means the loans and advances made by the Lenders pursuant to this Agreement, including Swingline Loans and Protective Advances.

“ Losses ” means losses (including loss of profit), claims, demands, actions, proceedings, damages and other payments, costs, expenses and other liabilities of any kind.

“ Management Agreements ” shall mean, collectively, any agreement entered into by any Sponsor from time to time, primarily providing for or relating to any management, consulting, financial advisory, financing, underwriting or placement services or other investment banking activities with respect to the Parent and its Subsidiaries or any direct or indirect parent company of the Parent, in each case as the same may be amended, supplemented, waived or otherwise modified from time to time in accordance with the terms thereof.

“ Management Guarantees ” shall mean guarantees (x) of up to an aggregate principal amount outstanding at any time of €25.0 million of borrowings by Management Investors in connection with their purchase of Management Stock or (y) made on behalf of, or in respect of loans or advances made to, directors, officers, employees or consultants of any Parent Entity, the Parent, the Borrower or any Borrower Subsidiary (1) in respect of travel, entertainment and moving-related expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business, or (2) in the ordinary course of business and (in the case of this clause (2)) not exceeding €15.0 million in the aggregate outstanding at any time.

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“ Management Indebtedness ” shall mean Indebtedness Incurred to (a) any Person other than a Management Investor of up to an aggregate principal amount outstanding at any time of €15.0 million, and (b) any Management Investor, in each case, to finance the repurchase or other acquisition of Stock of any Borrower or any Borrower Subsidiary, the Parent or any Parent Entity (including any options, warrants or other rights in respect thereof) from any Management Investor, which repurchase or other acquisition of Stock is permitted by Section 9.2 .

“ Management Investors ” shall mean the management members, officers, directors, employees and other members of the management of any Parent Entity, the Parent, any Borrower or any Borrower Subsidiaries, or family members or relatives of any of the foregoing, or trusts, partnerships or limited liability companies for the benefit of any of the foregoing, or any of their heirs, executors, successors and legal representatives, who at any date beneficially own or have the right to acquire, directly or indirectly, Stock of the Parent, any Borrower, any Borrower Subsidiary or any Parent Entity.

“ Management Notification ” has the meaning ascribed to it in Section 13.12(c).

“ Management Stock ” shall mean Stock of the Parent, any Borrower, any Borrower Subsidiary or any Parent Entity (including any options, warrants or other rights in respect thereof) held by any of the Management Investors.

“ Material Adverse Effect ” means any circumstance or condition affecting the business, assets, operations, properties or financial condition of the Company and the other Credit Parties (taken as a whole) that would materially adversely affect (a) the ability of the Credit Parties, taken as a whole, to perform any of their obligations under the Credit Documents or (b) the rights of or benefits available to the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent and/or the Lenders under any Credit Document.

“ Material Subsidiary ” shall mean, at any date of determination, one or more Borrower Subsidiaries as to which a specified condition exists, that have, in the aggregate, (a) total assets at the last day of the Test Period ending on the last day of the most recent fiscal period for which Section 8.1 Financials have been delivered accounting for 5% or more of the Consolidated Total Assets of Parent and its Subsidiaries at such date or (b) revenues during such Test Period accounting for 5% or more of the consolidated revenues of Parent and its Subsidiaries for such period, in each case determined in accordance with GAAP.

“ Maturity Date ” shall mean the date that is five years after the Amendment and Restatement Date (or if such date is not a Business Day, the preceding Business Day).

“ Minimum Extension Condition ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 2.13(b).

“ Moody’s ” shall mean Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or any successor by merger or consolidation to its business.

“ Multiemployer Plan ” shall mean any multiemployer plan, as defined in Section 4001 of ERISA that is subject to Title IV of ERISA (i) to which Parent, any Subsidiary or ERISA Affiliate is then making or has an obligation to make contributions or (ii) to which Parent or any Subsidiary has or would reasonably expect to incur liability (including on account of its ERISA Affiliates). For the avoidance of doubt, “Multiemployer Plan” does not include any Foreign Plan.

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“ Net Orderly Liquidation Value ” shall mean, with respect to the Eligible Inventory of an Initial Borrower (other than the French Borrower and the Initial Belgian Borrower) at any time, the orderly liquidation value (net of costs and expenses estimated to be incurred in connection with such liquidation) of such Initial Borrower’s Eligible Inventory that is estimated to be recoverable in an orderly liquidation of such Eligible Inventory, expressed as a percentage of the net book value thereof, such percentage to be as determined from time to time by reference to the most recent Inventory appraisal completed by a qualified third-party appraisal company (approved by the Administrative Agent in its Permitted Discretion) delivered to the Administrative Agent.

“ New Lender ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 2.12(c).

“ Non-Consenting Lender ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.7(b).

“ Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction ” shall mean a "non-cooperative state or territory" ( Etat ou territoire non coopératif ) as set out in the list referred to in Article 238-0 A of the French Code Général des Impôts , as such list may be amended from time to time.

“Non-Public Lender” shall mean (i) until a delegated act or an interpretation clarifying the term “public” as referred to in article 4(1) of the CRR is published by a competent authority, a Lender which provides or a Transferee which following a Transfer shall provide repayable funds to a Dutch Borrower for a minimum initial amount of EUR 100,000 (or its equivalent in another currency) (or such other amount as may be required from time to time under the Dutch Financial Markets Supervision Act ( Wet op het financieel toezicht )) or (ii) as soon as the delegated act or interpretation clarifying the term “public” has been published by a competent authority, a Lender or Transferee which is not considered to be part of the public on the basis of such interpretation.

“ Obligations ” shall mean all advances to, and debts, liabilities, obligations, covenants and duties of, the Credit Parties arising under any Credit Document and all debts, liabilities, obligations, covenants and duties of any Credit Party under any Secured Cash Management Agreement or Secured Hedge Agreement, in each case, whether direct or indirect (including those acquired by assumption), absolute or contingent, due or to become due, now existing or hereafter arising (excluding any Parallel Debt obligation) and including interest and fees that accrue after the commencement by or against any Credit Party of any proceeding under any bankruptcy or insolvency law naming such Person as the debtor in such proceeding, regardless of whether such interest and fees are allowed claims in such proceeding.

“ Obligors ” means the Initial Borrowers and the Post Closing Borrowers and “ Obligor ” means any of them.

“ Other Taxes ” means all present or future stamp, registration, documentary, filing or similar Taxes that arise from any payment made under or in respect of, or required to be made under or in respect of, this Agreement or any other Credit Document or from the execution, delivery, enforcement or registration of, this Agreement or any Credit Document.

“ Outstanding Amount ” shall mean (i) with respect to Loans on any date, the Euro Equivalent amount of the aggregate outstanding principal amount thereof after giving effect to any borrowings and prepayments or repayments of such Loans occurring on such date; and (ii) with respect to any Letter of Credit Obligations on any date, the Euro Equivalent amount of the aggregate outstanding amount of such Letter of Credit Obligations on such date after giving effect to any issuance of any Letter of Credit occurring on such date and any other changes in the aggregate amount of the Letter of Credit Obligations as of such date, including as a result of any reimbursements by the Borrowers of any drawings under Letters of Credit on such date.

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“ Overnight LIBO Rate ” shall mean, with respect to any Swingline Loan on any day, a rate per annum equal to the London interbank offered rate as administered by the ICE Benchmark Administration Limited (or any other person that takes over the administration of such rate) for overnight deposits in in Euro, Sterling, Dollars, Danish Krone, Norwegian Krona and Swiss Francs (as the case may be) as displayed on the relevant Reuters screen or, in the event such rate does not appear on a Reuters page or screen, on any successor or substitute page on such screen that displays such rate, or on the appropriate page of such other information service that publishes such rate as shall be selected by the Administrative Agent from time to time in its reasonable discretion at approximately 11:00 a.m., London time, on such day; provided that if the Overnight LIBO Rate shall be less than zero, such rate shall be deemed to be zero for the purposes of this Agreement.

“ Parallel Debt ” means the Dutch and Belgian Parallel Debt and the German Parallel Debt.

“ Parcom ” shall mean Parcom Buy Out Fund II B.V. and any of its Affiliates.

“ Parent ” shall mean Univar Inc., a Delaware corporation.

“ Parent Entity ” shall mean any company (at the time it is designated a Parent Entity by Parent) whose only assets are the Stock and Stock Equivalents of Parent (or one or more other Parent Entities) and assets incidental to such ownership and its existence; provided that such Parent Entity shall cease to be a “Parent Entity” at such time as such Parent Entity ceases to beneficially own, directly or indirectly, 100% of the Voting Stock of Parent. It being understood that as of the Amendment and Restatement Date, Parent has not designated any Parent Entity.

“ Parent Subsidiaries ” has the meaning provided in Section 9.1(b).

“ Participant ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.6(c).

“ Participant Register ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.6(c).

“ Participating Member States ” means any member state of the European Union that has the euro as its lawful currency in accordance with legislation of the European Union relating to Economic and Monetary Union.

“ Party ” means a party to this Agreement.

“ Patriot Act ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.16.

“ Payment Conditions ” will be satisfied in the event that, after giving Pro Forma Effect to any specified action occurring on such date (without double counting), either:

(i) Aggregate Availability will be greater than the greater of (A) 20% of the Aggregate Borrowing Base and (B) €35,000,000; or

(ii) in the event that limb (i) of this definition is not satisfied, both (A) Aggregate Availability will be greater than the greater of (x) 12.5% of the Aggregate Borrowing Base and (y) €20,000,000 and (B) the Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio will be at least 1.00 to 1.00.

“ PBGC ” shall mean the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation established pursuant to Section 4002 of ERISA, or any successor thereto.

“ Pension Plan ” means any pension plan, pension undertaking, supplemental pension, retirement savings or other retirement income plan, obligation or arrangement of any kind that is established,

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maintained or contributed to by any Credit Party or any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates in respect of which any Credit Party or any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates has any liability, obligation or contingent liability.

“ Pensions Regulator ” means the body corporate called the Pensions Regulator established under Part I of the Pensions Act 2004.

“ Permitted Acquisition ” means any Acquisition in a transaction that satisfies each of the following requirements:

(a) if such Acquisition involves a merger or a consolidation involving an Obligor or any other Credit Party, such Obligor or Credit Party shall be the surviving entity; and

(b) both immediately prior to and after the Acquisition, no Default exists; and

(c) if the aggregate consideration of the Acquisition, when aggregated with the aggregate consideration of all other Acquisitions made during the previous 12 months, exceeds €20,000,000, on a Pro Forma Basis the Payment Conditions are satisfied.

“ Permitted Discretion ” shall mean a determination made in good faith and in the exercise of reasonable (from the perspective of a secured asset-based lender) business judgment.

“ Permitted Holders ” shall mean any of the following: (i) any of the Investors; (ii) any of the Management Investors, CD&R, CVC and their respective Affiliates; (iii) any investment fund or vehicle managed, sponsored or advised by CD&R, CVC, or any Affiliate thereof, and any Affiliate of or successor to any such investment fund or vehicle; (iv) any limited or general partners of, or other investors in, any CD&R Investor, CVC Investor or any Affiliate thereof, or any such investment fund or vehicle; and (v) any Person acting in the capacity of an underwriter (solely to the extent that and for so long as such Person is acting in such capacity) in connection with a public or private offering of Stock of any Parent Entity or the Parent.

“ Permitted Investments ” shall mean:

(a) securities issued or unconditionally guaranteed by the United States government or any agency or instrumentality thereof, in each case having maturities of not more than 24 months from the date of acquisition thereof;

(b) securities issued by any state of the United States of America or any political subdivision of any such state or province or any public instrumentality thereof or any political subdivision of any such state or any public instrumentality thereof having maturities of not more than 24 months from the date of acquisition thereof and, at the time of acquisition, having one of the two highest ratings generally obtainable from either S&P or Moody’s;

(c) commercial paper maturing no more than 24 months after the date of creation thereof and, at the time of acquisition, having a rating of at least A-2 or P-2 from either S&P or Moody’s;

(d) domestic and LIBOR certificates of deposit or bankers’ acceptances maturing no more than one year after the date of acquisition thereof issued by any bank having combined capital and surplus of not less than €500,000,000;

(e) certificates of deposit, time deposits and eurodollar time deposits with maturities of one year or less from the date of acquisition, bankers’ acceptances with maturities not exceeding one year and overnight bank deposits, in each case with (i) any Lender or an Affiliate thereof or (ii) any commercial bank having capital and surplus of not less than €250,000,000 (or the Dollar equivalent as of the date of determination) in the case of U.S. banks and €100,000,000 (or the equivalent in any applicable currency) in the case of non-U.S. banks;

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(f) repurchase agreements with a term of not more than 30 days for underlying securities of the type described in clauses (a) , (b) and (d) above entered into with any bank meeting the qualifications specified in clause (d) above or securities dealers of recognized national standing;

(g) marketable short-term money market and similar securities having a rating of at least P-2 or A-2 from either Moody’s or S&P, respectively (or, if at any time neither Moody’s nor S&P shall be rating such obligations, an equivalent rating from another Rating Agency) and in each case maturing within 24 months after the date of creation thereof;

(h) investment funds investing 95% of their assets in securities of the types described in clauses (a) through (g) above;

(i) Indebtedness issued by Persons with a rating of “A” or higher from S&P or “A2” or higher from Moody’s with maturities of 24 months or less from the date of acquisition;

(j) shares of investment companies that are registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and substantially all the investments of which are one or more of the types of securities described in clauses (a) through (i) above; and

(k) in the case of Investments by any Borrower Subsidiary, other customarily utilized high-quality Investments in the country where such Borrower Subsidiary is located or operates.

“ Permitted Investors ” shall mean (a) the Sponsor, (b) any Person having an Investment in Parent (directly or indirectly) as at the Closing Date, and (c) any Person who is an officer or director or otherwise a member of management of Parent (or any of its direct or indirect parent companies) or any of its subsidiaries; provided that in no event shall the Sponsor own a lesser percentage of voting stock of (x) so long as Parent is a Subsidiary of any Parent Entity, such Parent Entity (other than a Parent Entity that is a Subsidiary of a Parent Entity) and (y) if Parent is not a Subsidiary of any Parent Entity, Parent than any other person or group referred to in clauses (b) or (c) .

“ Permitted Liens ” shall mean:

(a) Liens for taxes, assessments or governmental charges or claims not yet delinquent or that are being contested in good faith and by appropriate proceedings;

(b) Liens in respect of property or assets of Parent or any of the Subsidiaries imposed by law, such as carriers’, materialmen’s, repairmen’s, construction, warehousemen’s and mechanics’ Liens and other similar Liens arising in the ordinary course of business, in each case so long as such Liens do not individually or in the aggregate have a Material Adverse Effect;

(c) zoning, building codes and other land use laws regulating the use or occupancy of the real property owned by Parent and its Subsidiaries, or the activities conducted thereon, which are imposed by any Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over such real property which are not violated by the current use or occupancy of such real property or the operation of the business of Parent and its Subsidiaries, or any violation of which would not have a Material Adverse Effect;

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(d) Liens arising from judgments or decrees in circumstances not constituting an Event of Default under Section 10.10;

(e) Liens incurred or deposits made in connection with workers’ compensation, unemployment insurance and other types of social security, or to secure the performance of tenders, statutory obligations, surety and appeal bonds, bids, leases, government contracts, performance and return-of-money bonds and other similar obligations incurred in the ordinary course of business;

(f) ground leases in respect of Real Estate on which facilities owned or leased by Parent or any of its Subsidiaries are located;

(g) minor survey exceptions, minor encumbrances, servitudes, easements, rights-of-way, covenants, conditions and restrictions, minor defects or irregularities in title and other similar charges or encumbrances not interfering in any material respect with the business of Parent and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole;

(h) any interest or title of a lessor or secured by a lessor’s interest under any lease permitted by this Agreement;

(i) Liens in favour of customs and revenue authorities arising as a matter of law to secure payment of customs duties in connection with the importation of goods;

(j) Liens on goods the purchase price of which is financed by a documentary letter of credit or in respect of bankers’ acceptances in each case issued or created for the account of Parent or any of its Subsidiaries, provided that such Lien secures only the obligations of Parent or such Subsidiaries in respect of such letter of credit to the extent permitted under Section 9.1;

(k) leases or subleases granted to others not interfering in any material respect with the business of Parent and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole;

(l) Liens arising from precautionary UCC financing statements or similar filings made in respect of operating leases entered into by Parent or any of its Subsidiaries; Liens on Capital Stock, Indebtedness or other securities of an Unrestricted Subsidiary that secure Indebtedness or other obligations of such Unrestricted Subsidiary;

(m) Liens created in the ordinary course of business in favour of banks and other financial institutions over credit balances of any bank accounts of the Credit Parties and the Borrower Subsidiaries held at such banks or financial institutions, as the case may be, to facilitate the operation of cash pooling and/or interest set-off arrangements in respect of such bank accounts in the ordinary course of business and, for the avoidance of doubt, including Liens arising under clause 24 or clause 25 of the general terms and conditions ( algemene bankvoorwaarden ) of any member of the Dutch Bankers’ Association ( Nederlandse Vereniging van Banken ) or any similar term applied by a financial institution in the Netherlands pursuant to its general terms and conditions;

(n) Liens in favour of the issuer of stay, customs, appeal, performance and surety bonds or bid bonds or with respect to other regulatory requirements or letters of credit issued pursuant to the request of and for the account of such Person in the ordinary course of its business;

(o) undetermined or inchoate Liens and charges arising or potentially arising under statutory provisions which have not at the time been filed or registered in accordance with applicable law or which written notice has not been duly given in accordance with applicable law or which, although filed or registered, relate to obligations not due or delinquent;

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(p) the rights reserved to or vested in Governmental Authorities by statutory provisions or by the terms of leases, licenses, franchises, grants or permits, which affect any land, to terminate the leases, licenses, franchises grants or permits or to require annual or other periodic payments as a condition of the continuance thereof;

(q) security deposits to public utilities or to any municipalities or Governmental Authorities or other public authority when required by the utility, municipality or Governmental Authorities or other public authority in connection with the supply of services or utilities to the Obligors;

(r) Liens or covenants restricting or prohibiting access to or from lands abutting on controlled access highways or covenants affecting the use to which lands may be put; provided that such Liens or covenants do not materially and adversely affect the use of the lands by any Obligor;

(s) statutory Liens incurred or pledges or deposits made in favour of a Governmental Authority to secure the performance of obligations of any Obligor under Environmental Laws to which any assets of such Obligor is subject;

(t) Liens deemed to exist in connection with Investments in repurchase agreements permitted under Section 9.1; provided that such Liens do not extend to any assets other than those that are the subject of such repurchase agreement;

(u) restrictions permitted by Section 9.11; and

(v) Liens on Stock, Indebtedness or other securities of an Unrestricted Subsidiary that secure Indebtedness or other obligations of such Unrestricted Subsidiary.

“ Person ” shall mean any individual, partnership, joint venture, firm, corporation, unlimited liability company, limited liability company, association, trust or other enterprise or any Governmental Authority.

“ Plan ” shall mean any single-employer plan, as defined in Section 4001 of ERISA that is subject to Title IV of ERISA, maintained or contributed to by Parent, its Subsidiaries or any ERISA Affiliate or with respect to which Parent, or any of its Subsidiaries have or would reasonably expect to incur liability (including on account of its ERISA Affiliates). For the avoidance of doubt, “Plan” does not include any Foreign Plans.

“ Platform ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.15(c).

“ Pooled Borrowing Base ” means the sum of the Dutch Borrowing Base and the English Borrowing Base.

“ Pooled Borrowing Base Availability ” means the positive amount, if any, by which (a) the Pooled Borrowing Base exceeds (b) the sum of (i) the European Revolving Exposure of all the European Lenders to the Dutch Borrowers and English Borrower, (ii) the amount by which the European Revolving Exposure of the European Lenders to the Belgian Borrower exceeds the Belgian Borrowing Base attributable to the Belgian Borrower, (iii) the amount by which the European Revolving Exposure of the European Lenders to each German Borrower exceeds the German Borrowing Base attributable to each such German Borrower, and (iv) the amount by which the European Revolving Exposure of the European Lenders to each Swiss Borrower exceeds the Swiss Borrowing Base attributable to each such Swiss Borrower.

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“ Post-Acquisition Period ” shall mean, with respect to any acquisition, the period beginning on the date such acquisition is consummated and ending on the last day of the fourth full consecutive fiscal quarter immediately following the date on which such acquisition is consummated.

“ Post Closing Borrower ” means individually and collectively any Dutch Borrower, any German Borrower and any Swiss Borrower which has acceded to this Agreement pursuant to Section 5.2.

“ Preferred Stock ” shall mean as applied to the Stock of any corporation or company, Stock of any class or classes (however designated) that by its terms is preferred as to the payment of dividends, or as to the distribution of assets upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation or dissolution of such corporation or company, over Stock of any other class of such corporation or company.

“ Priority Payables Reserve ” means reserves for amounts which rank or are capable of ranking in priority to or pari passu with the Liens granted to the Administrative Agent to secure the Obligations, including without limitation, in the Permitted Discretion of the Administrative Agent, any such amounts due and not paid for wages, or vacation pay, severance pay, employee deductions, income tax, amounts due and not paid under any legislation relating to workers’ compensation or to employment insurance, amounts currently or past due and not paid for realty, municipal or similar taxes (to the extent impacting personal or movable property), sales tax and pension obligations.

“ Primary Obligor ” shall have the meaning provided in the definition of “Guarantee Obligations”.

“ Pro Forma Adjustment ” shall mean, for any Test Period that includes all or any part of a fiscal quarter included in any Post-Acquisition Period, with respect to (i) the Acquired EBITDA of the applicable Acquired Entity or Business or the Consolidated EBITDA of the relevant Applicable Entities, the pro forma increase or decrease in such Acquired EBITDA or such Consolidated EBITDA, as the case may be, as a result of adjustments that are factually supportable as determined by the Administrative Borrower in its reasonable discretion and set forth on the Pro Forma Adjustment Certificate and (ii) the calculation of Availability, the inclusion of any Eligible Accounts or Eligible Inventory acquired by an Obligor in connection with any Acquired Entity or Business.

“ Pro Forma Adjustment Certificate ” shall mean any certificate of an Authorized Officer of Parent delivered pursuant to Section 8.1(n).

“ Pro Forma Basis ”, “ Pro Forma Compliance ” and “ Pro Forma Effect ” shall mean, with respect to compliance with any test or covenant hereunder for any Test Period, that (A) to the extent applicable, the Pro Forma Adjustment shall have been made and (B) all Specified Transactions and the following transactions in connection therewith shall be deemed to have occurred as of the first day of such Test Period: (a) income statement items (whether positive or negative) attributable to the property or Person subject to such Specified Transaction, (i) in the case of a sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all Stock in any Subsidiary of Parent or any division, product line, or facility used for operations of Parent or any of its Subsidiaries, shall be excluded, and (ii) in the case of an Investment described in the definition of “Specified Transaction” shall be included, (b) any retirement of Indebtedness, and (c) any incurrence or assumption of Indebtedness by a Credit Party or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries in connection therewith (it being agreed that if such Indebtedness has a floating or formula rate, such Indebtedness shall have an implied rate of interest for the applicable period for purposes of this definition determined by utilizing the rate that is or would be in effect with respect to such Indebtedness as at the relevant date of determination); provided that, without limiting the application of the Pro Forma Adjustment pursuant to (A) above (but without duplication thereof), the foregoing pro forma adjustments may be applied to any such test or covenant solely to the extent that such adjustments are consistent with the definition of Consolidated EBITDA and give effect to events (including operating expense reductions) that are factually supportable.

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“ Pro Forma Entity ” shall have the meaning provided in the definition of “Acquired EBITDA”.

“ Progress Billing ” shall mean any invoice for goods sold or leased or services rendered under a contract or agreement pursuant to which the Account Debtor’s obligation to pay such invoice is conditioned upon the Borrower’s completion of any further performance under the contract or agreement.

“ Pro Rata Share ” shall mean, with respect to a Revolving Lender, a fraction (expressed as a percentage), the numerator of which is the amount of such Revolving Lender’s Revolving Commitment (or its Commitment in the relevant Facility) and the denominator of which is the sum of the amounts of all of the Revolving Lenders’ Revolving Commitments (or if the Revolving Commitments have been terminated, such percentage as most recently in effect prior to such termination and after giving effect to subsequent assignments) (or their Commitment in the relevant Facility).

“ Public Lender ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.15(c).

“ Protective Advances ” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.4.

“ Purchase ” means, in respect of the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary, an Investment (by merger, consolidation or otherwise) in any Person that thereby becomes a Borrower Subsidiary, or otherwise an acquisition of any company, any business or any group of assets constituting an operating unit of a business, including any such Investment or acquisition occurring in connection with a transaction causing a calculation to be made hereunder, or the designation of any Unrestricted Subsidiary as a Borrower Subsidiary.

“ Purchase Money Obligations ” shall mean any Indebtedness Incurred to finance or refinance the acquisition, leasing, construction or improvement of property (real or personal) or assets, and whether acquired through the direct acquisition of such property or assets or the acquisition of the Stock of any Person owning such property or assets, or otherwise.

“ Qualified ECP Guarantor ” means, in respect of any Swap Obligation, each Credit Party that has total assets exceeding $10,000,000 (or its equivalent in another currency or other currencies) at the time the relevant Loan Guaranty or grant of the relevant security interest becomes or would become effective with respect to such Swap Obligation or such other person as constitutes an “eligible contract participant” under the Commodity Exchange Act or any regulations promulgated thereunder and can cause another person to qualify as an “eligible contract participant” at such time by entering into a keepwell under Section 1a(18)(A)(v)(II) of the Commodity Exchange Act.

“ Qualified Equity Interest ” shall mean any Stock or Stock Equivalent of an Applicable Entity that does not constitute a Disqualified Equity Interest.

“ Qualified IPO ” shall mean the issuance by the Company or any holding company of the Company of its common Stock or Stock Equivalents or the sale of such common Stock or Stock Equivalents by the holders thereof, in either case, in an underwritten primary public offering, floatation or other offering on any recognized investment exchange (as that term is used in the U.K.’s Financial Services and Markets Act 2000) or in or on any exchange or market replacing the same or any other exchange or market in any country.

“ Qualifying Lender ” means, in relation to a payment made by a Credit Party under a Credit Document, a Lender which is beneficially entitled to interest payable to that Lender under that Credit Document and which:

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(a) fulfils the conditions applicable to that Lender imposed by the domestic law of the relevant Credit Party Taxing Jurisdiction in order for a payment of interest not to be subject to (or, as the case may be, to be exempt from) any Tax Deduction; or

(b) is a Treaty Lender.

“ Real Estate ” shall mean, collectively, all right, title and interest (including any leasehold, mineral or other estate) in and to any and all parcels of or interests in real property owned, leased or operated by any person, whether by lease, license or other means, together with, in each case, all easements, hereditaments and appurtenances relating thereto, all improvements and appurtenant fixtures and equipment, all general intangibles and contract rights and other property and rights incidental to the ownership, lease or operation thereof.

“ Recipient ” means, as applicable, (a) the Administrative Agent, (b) the Collateral Agent, (c) any Lender and (d) the Letter of Credit Issuers, or any combination thereof (as the context requires).

“ Refinancing Indebtedness ” shall mean Indebtedness that is Incurred to refinance Indebtedness Incurred pursuant to this Agreement and the Credit Documents and any Indebtedness (or unutilized commitment in respect of Indebtedness) existing on the Amendment and Restatement Date and set forth on Schedule 9.1 or Incurred (or established) in compliance with this Agreement (including Indebtedness of the Borrowers that refinances Indebtedness of any Borrower Subsidiary (to the extent permitted in this Agreement) and Indebtedness of any Borrower Subsidiary that refinances Indebtedness of another Borrower Subsidiary) including Indebtedness that refinances Refinancing Indebtedness, and Indebtedness Incurred pursuant to a commitment that refinances any Indebtedness or unutilized commitment; provided that (1) if such Indebtedness is Subordinated Obligations, the Refinancing Indebtedness (x) has a final Stated Maturity at the time such Refinancing Indebtedness is Incurred that is equal to or greater than the final Stated Maturity of the Indebtedness being refinanced (or, if shorter, the Maturity Date), (y) has a weighted average life to maturity at the time such Refinancing Indebtedness is Incurred that is equal to or longer than the remaining weighted average life to maturity of the Indebtedness being refinanced (or, if shorter, the remaining weighted average life to maturity of the loans outstanding under the Cash Flow Term Facility) and (z) if an Event of Default under Section 10.1 or 10.5 is continuing, is subordinated in right of payment to the Obligations to the same extent as the Indebtedness being refinanced, (2) such Refinancing Indebtedness is Incurred in an aggregate principal amount (or if issued with original issue discount, an aggregate issue price) that is equal to or less than the sum of (x) the aggregate principal amount then outstanding of the Indebtedness being refinanced, plus (y) an amount equal to any unutilized commitment relating to the Indebtedness being refinanced or otherwise then outstanding under the financing arrangement being refinanced to the extent the unutilized commitment being refinanced could be drawn in compliance with Section 9.1 immediately prior to such refinancing, plus (z) fees, underwriting discounts, premiums and other costs and expenses (including accrued and unpaid interest) Incurred or payable in connection with such Refinancing Indebtedness, (3) Refinancing Indebtedness shall not include (x) Indebtedness of a Borrower Subsidiary that is not a Credit Party that refinances Indebtedness of a Credit Party that could not have been initially Incurred by such Borrower Subsidiary pursuant to Section 9.1 or (y) Indebtedness of the Obligors or a Borrower Subsidiary that refinances Indebtedness of an Unrestricted Subsidiary.

“ Register ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.6(b)(iv).

“ Regulation T ” shall mean Regulation T of the Board as from time to time in effect and any successor to all or a portion thereof establishing margin requirements.

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“ Regulation U ” shall mean Regulation U of the Board as from time to time in effect and any successor to all or a portion thereof establishing margin requirements.

“ Regulation X ” shall mean Regulation X of the Board as from time to time in effect and any successor to all or a portion thereof establishing margin requirements.

“ Related Business ” shall mean those businesses in which the Obligors or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries is engaged on the Amendment and Restatement Date, or that are similar, related, complementary, incidental or ancillary thereto or extensions, developments or expansions thereof.

“ Related Parties ” shall mean, with respect to any specified Person, such Person’s Affiliates and the directors, officers, employees, agents, trustees, advisors of such Person and any Person that possesses, directly or indirectly, the power to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of such Person, whether through the ability to exercise voting power, by contract or otherwise.

“ Release” shall mean any spilling, leaking, seepage, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, disposing, depositing, dispersing or migrating of any Hazardous Materials in, into, onto or through the environment.

“ Repeating Representations ” means each of the representations set out in Sections 7.1, 7.5 to 7.7, 7.9 to 7.17 and 7.19 to 7.22.

“ Reportable Event ” shall mean an event described in Section 4043 of ERISA and the regulations thereunder, other than any event as to which the thirty day notice period has been waived.

“ Required Lenders ” means, at any time, Lenders (other than Defaulting Lenders) having Aggregate Credit Exposures and unused Commitments representing at least 50.1% of the sum of the Aggregate Credit Exposure and unused Commitments at such time; provided that, as long as there are only two Lenders, Required Lenders shall mean both Lenders.

“ Requirement of Law ” shall mean, as to any Person, the certificate of incorporation and by-laws or other organizational or governing documents of such Person, and any law, treaty, rule or regulation or determination of an arbitrator or a court or other Governmental Authority, in each case applicable to or binding upon such Person or any of its property or assets or to which such Person or any of its property or assets is subject.

“ Reserves ” shall mean reserves that limit the availability of credit hereunder, consisting of reserves against the Borrowing Base, established by the Administrative Agent from time to time in the Administrative Agent’s Permitted Discretion, reasonably consistent with the Administrative Agent’s practices with similarly situated borrowers and proportionate, in the Administrative Agent’s Permitted Discretion to the credit risk associated with the relevant risk or event; without duplication, and in each case to the extent not already taken into account in the calculation of the Borrowing Base. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the following reserves shall be deemed to be a reasonable exercise of the Administrative Agent’s Permitted Discretion (but the Administrative Agent shall not be required to utilize such reserve): (a) Bank Product Reserves, (b) a reserve for accrued, unpaid interest then due on the Obligations, (c) reserves for rent at a leased, warehouse or bailment location for which the Administrative Agent has not received a collateral access or similar agreement, which reserve shall be in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 3 months’ rent or (ii) Availability provided by the Eligible Inventory at such location, and reserves for other statutory liens (including, without limitation, for liens arising from the non-payment of claims or

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demands when due permitted in clause (b) of the defined term Permitted Liens), (d) Inventory shrinkage reserves and Inventory cost test reserves, (e) reserves for taxes, assessments, charges and other governmental levies which are delinquent, where the Person holding such claim has a perfected security interest in the Collateral and (f) customs and frequent charges relating to transportation of Inventory, (g) an amount equal to the product of (i) the excess, if any, of (x) the percentage amount, determined by the Administrative Agent in its Permitted Discretion as of the Closing Date and adjusted for each field audit examination hereunder, equal to (A) the aggregate amount of discounts, credits, rebates, adjustments, returns, write-downs, write-offs and other reductions in the aggregate amount collected by the Borrowers in respect of Accounts during the period of four fiscal quarters most recently ended, divided by (B) the aggregate amount of Eligible Accounts during the period of four fiscal quarters most recently ended (y) 5.0%, multiplied by (ii) the aggregate amount of Eligible Accounts as of such date, (h) reserves for VAT, (i) Priority Payable Reserves, (j) reserves for the prescribed part of an English Borrower’s net property that would be made available for the satisfaction of its unsecured liabilities pursuant to section 176A of the U.K.’s Insolvency Act 1986 and the Insolvency Act 1986 (Prescribed Part) Order 2003, as amended, reserves with respect to liabilities of an English Borrower which constitute preferential debts pursuant to sections 175, 176ZA and 386 and schedule 6 of the U.K.’s Insolvency Act 1986, as amended, (k) reserves for extended or extendible retention of title over Accounts, (l) reserves for fees payable to an insolvency administrator pursuant to section 171 of the German Insolvency Code ( Insolvenzordnung ) (or relevant successor provisions), (m) reserves for mandatory pension contributions (whether mandatory by law, by agreement or otherwise) and (n) Treasury Bank Overdraft Facility Reserves.

“ Resolution Authority ” means any body which has authority to exercise any Write-down and Conversion Powers.

“ Restricted Lender List ” means the Persons to be agreed between the Parent and the Administrative Agent from time to time.

“ Restricted Payments ” shall mean any dividend or other distribution (whether in cash, securities or other property) with respect to any Stock or Stock Equivalents of an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary, or any payment (whether in cash, securities or other property), including any sinking fund or similar deposit, on account of the purchase, redemption, retirement, acquisition, cancellation or termination of any such Stock or Stock Equivalents, except (x) dividends or distributions payable solely in its Stock (other than Disqualified Equity Interests) and (y) dividends or distributions payable to any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary (and to other holders of its Stock on no more than a pro rata basis, measured by value).

“ Revolving Commitment ” means, with respect to each Lender, the commitment, if any, of such Lender to make Revolving Loans and to acquire participations in Letters of Credit and Swingline Loans hereunder, expressed as an amount representing the maximum aggregate permitted amount of such Lender’s Revolving Exposure hereunder, as such commitment may be reduced or increased from time to time pursuant to (a) Section 2.12 and (b) assignments or transfers by or to such Lender pursuant to Section 12.6. The initial amount of each Lender’s Revolving Commitment is set forth on the Commitment Schedule, or in the Assignment Agreement or Transfer Certificate (as applicable) pursuant to which such Lender shall have assumed its Revolving Commitment, as applicable. The initial aggregate amount of the Lenders’ Revolving Commitments is €200,000,000.

“ Revolving Exposure ” means, with respect to any Lender at any time, the outstanding principal amount of such Lender’s Revolving Loans, LC Exposure and Swingline Exposure at such time.

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“ Revolving Facilities ” means the European Facility and the French Facility.

“ Revolving Loan ” means, as the context may require, a European Revolving Loan and a French Revolving Loan.

“ Revolving Lender ” shall mean a Lender with a Revolving Commitment or an outstanding Revolving Loan, Swingline Loan or Protective Advance.

“ RoT Supplier ” means any supplier of goods to the French Borrower, the terms in relation to whom contain retention of title ( réserve de propriété ) or extended retention of title provisions.

“ S&P ” shall mean Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services or any successor by merger or consolidation to its business.

“ Sale ” means the disposition of any company, business or any group of assets constituting an operating unit of a business or designation of any Borrower Subsidiary as a Unrestricted Subsidiary.

“ Sale and Lease-Back Transaction ” shall mean any arrangement providing for the leasing by a Credit Party or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries of any real or tangible personal property, which property has been or is to be sold or transferred by a Credit Party or such Borrower Subsidiary to a third Person in contemplation of such leasing.

“ Sanctioned Country ” means a country or territory which is at any time subject to Sanctions.

“ Sanctioned Person ” means, at any time (a) any Person listed in any Sanctions-related list of designated Persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the U.S. Department of State, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union or any European Union member state, Her Majesty’s Treasury of the United Kingdom or other relevant sanctions authority, (b) any Person operating organized or resident in a Sanctioned Country, (c) any Person controlled by any such Person or Persons described in the foregoing clauses (a) and (b), or (d) any Person otherwise the subject of any Sanctions. “ Sanctions ” means all economic or financial sanctions or trade embargoes imposed, administered or enforced from time to time by (a) the U.S. government, including those administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury or the U.S. Department of State, or (b) the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, any European Union member state, Her Majesty’s Treasury of the United Kingdom or the respective governmental or supranational institutions which have jurisdiction over any of the Credit Parties or their Subsidiaries in relation to economic or financial sanctions.

“ Screen Rate ” shall have the meaning provided in the definition of “LIBO Rate”.

“ Section 8.1 Financials ” shall mean the financial statements delivered, or required to be delivered, pursuant to Section 8.1(a) or (b) together with the accompanying officer’s certificate delivered, or required to be delivered, pursuant to Section 8.1(k).

“ Secured Cash Management Agreement ” shall mean any Cash Management Agreement that is entered into by and between Parent (or any direct or indirect parent company of Parent) or any of its Subsidiaries and any Cash Management Bank.

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“ Secured Hedge Agreement ” shall mean any Hedge Agreement that is entered into by and between Parent or any of its Subsidiaries and any Hedge Bank.

“ Secured Obligations ” means the Obligations, provided however that the definition of “Secured Obligations” shall not create any guarantee by any Guarantor of (or grant of security interest by any Guarantor to support, as applicable) any Excluded Swap Obligations of such Guarantor for the purposes of determining any obligations of any Guarantor.

“ Secured Parties ” shall mean the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent, each Lender, each Letter of Credit Issuer, each Hedge Bank (to the extent the party to any Secured Hedge Agreement) , each Cash Management Bank (to the extent the party to any Secured Cash Management Agreement), each sub-agent pursuant to Section 11 appointed by the Administrative Agent, the beneficiaries of each indemnification obligation undertaken by any Credit Party under any Credit Document, and the successors and assigns of each of the foregoing.

“ Securitization ” shall mean a public or private offering by a Lender or any of its Affiliates or their respective successors and assigns of securities or notes which represent an interest in, or which are collateralized, in whole or in part, by the Loans and the Lender’s rights under the Credit Documents.

“ Security Documents ” means, collectively, the Belgian Collateral Documents, the Dutch Collateral Documents, the English Collateral Documents, the French Collateral Documents, the German Collateral Documents, the Spanish Collateral Documents and the Swiss Collateral Documents and any other agreement, instrument or document which creates or evidences Liens to secure the Secured Obligations.

“ Sold Entity or Business ” shall have the meaning provided in the definition of the term “Consolidated EBITDA”.

“ Solvent ” shall mean, with respect to any Person, that (a) (i) the sum of such Person’s debt (including contingent liabilities) does not exceed the present fair saleable value of such Person’s present assets; (ii) such Person’s capital is not unreasonably small in relation to its business as contemplated; and (iii) such Person has not incurred and does not intend to incur, or believe that it will incur, debts including current obligations beyond its ability to pay such debts as they become due (whether at maturity or otherwise); and (b) in the case of any Person organized other than under the laws of the United States, the District of Columbia or any State of the United States, such Person is “solvent” within the meaning given that term and similar terms under applicable laws relating to fraudulent transfers and conveyances. For purposes of this definition, the amount of any contingent liability at any time shall be computed by the Obligors as the amount that, in light of all of the facts and circumstances existing at such time, represents the amount that can reasonably be expected to become an actual or matured liability (irrespective of whether such contingent liabilities meet the criteria for accrual under GAAP).

“ Spanish Collateral Documents ” means the pledge over bank accounts to be entered into between the Company and the Collateral Agent (including its schedules and annexes) and any other document containing liens of any Credit Party securing the Obligations governed by the laws of Spain, in each case in form and substance satisfactory to the Collateral Agent and entered into pursuant to the terms of this Agreement or any other Credit Document.

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“ Specified Credit Party ” shall mean any Credit Party that is not an “eligible contract participant” under the Commodity Exchange Act (determined prior to giving effect to Section 13.10).

“ Specified Equity Contribution ” means cash equity contributions made directly or indirectly to any Borrower as cash equity after the Closing Date and on or prior to the day on which any Borrowing hereunder is requested when a Covenant Compliance Event has occurred, which equity contribution is to be used to prepay the Facility in order to ensure that the Covenant Compliance Event ceases to occur.

“ Specified Transaction ” shall mean, with respect to any period, any Investment, sale, transfer or other disposition of assets, incurrence or repayment of Indebtedness (including the Loans and other than incurrences and repayments of Indebtedness under working capital facilities in the ordinary course of business or intercompany Indebtedness or Investment), Restricted Payment, Subsidiary designation or other event that involves aggregate consideration in excess of €10,000,000 or that by the terms of this Agreement requires “Pro Forma Compliance” with a test or covenant hereunder or requires such test or covenant to be calculated on a “Pro Forma Basis”.

“ Sponsor ” shall mean collectively CD&R and CVC.

“ Spot Rate ” for a currency shall mean the rate determined by the Administrative Agent to be the rate quoted by the Administrative Agent as the spot rate for the purchase by the Administrative Agent of such currency with another currency through its principal foreign exchange trading office at approximately 11:00 a.m. on the date two Business Days prior to the date as of which the foreign exchange computation is made; provided that the Administrative Agent may obtain such spot rate from another financial institution designated by the Administrative Agent if it does not have as of the date of determination a spot buying rate for any such currency.

“ Sterling ” or “ £ ” shall mean lawful currency of the United Kingdom.

“ Stock ” shall mean shares of capital stock or shares in the capital, as the case may be (whether denominated as common stock or preferred stock or ordinary shares or preferred shares, as the case may be), beneficial, partnership or membership interests, participations or other equivalents (regardless of how designated) of or in a corporation, partnership, limited liability company, unlimited liability company or equivalent entity, whether voting or non-voting.

“ Stock Equivalents ” shall mean all securities convertible into or exchangeable for Stock and all warrants, options or other rights to purchase or subscribe for any Stock, whether or not presently convertible, exchangeable or exercisable.

“ Subordinated Indebtedness ” shall mean any Indebtedness of any Credit Party or Borrower Subsidiary that is by its terms subordinated in right of payment to the Obligations of such Credit Party or Borrower Subsidiary, as applicable, under this Agreement.

“ Subsidiary ” of any Person shall mean and include (a) any corporation more than 50% of whose Stock of any class or classes having by the terms thereof ordinary voting power to elect a majority of the directors of such corporation (irrespective of whether or not at the time Stock of any class or classes of such corporation shall have or might have voting power by reason of the happening of any contingency) is at the time owned by such Person directly or indirectly through Subsidiaries, (b) any limited liability company, partnership, association, joint venture or other entity of which such Person (i) directly or indirectly through

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Subsidiaries owns or controls more than 50% of the capital accounts, distribution rights, total equity and voting interests or general or limited partner interests and (ii) is a controlling general partner or otherwise controls such entity at such time. Unless otherwise expressly provided, all references herein to a “Subsidiary” shall include a subsidiary within the meaning of section 1159 of the U.K.’s Companies Act 2006.

“ Successor Borrower ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 9.3(a).

“ Supplemental Credit Documents ” shall have the meaning given to it in the Amendment and Restatement Agreement.

“ Swap Guarantor ” shall mean (i) any Obligor and (ii) with respect to the payment and performance by each Obligor of its grant of security interest with respect to all Obligations with respect to Swap Obligations, the Parent.

“ Swap Obligations ” shall mean, with respect to any Swap Guarantor, any obligation to pay or perform under any agreement, contract or transaction that constitutes a “swap” within the meaning of Section 1a(47) of the Commodity Exchange Act.

“ Swingline Exposure ” means, at any time, the aggregate principal amount of all Swingline Loans outstanding at such time. The Swingline Exposure of any Lender at any time shall be its Applicable Percentage of the aggregate Swingline Exposure at such time.

“ Swingline Lender ” means each of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as lender of Swingline Loans to the European Borrowers and J.P. Morgan Securities PLC in its capacity as lender of Swingline Loans to the French Borrower, or, in each case, any Affiliate thereof, provided that any Swingline Lender making a Swingline Loan to the French Borrower shall be a French Qualifying Lender. Any consent required of the Administrative Agent or the Letter of Credit Issuers shall be deemed to be required of the Swingline Lenders and any consent given by J.P. Morgan Europe Limited in its capacity as Administrative Agent or Letter of Credit Issuer shall be deemed given by each of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and J.P. Morgan Securities PLC in their capacities as Swingline Lender.

“ Swingline Loan ” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.5(a).

“ Swiss Borrower ” means (i) subject to the prior written approval of the Administrative Agent, Univar AG, a company incorporated in Zurich, Switzerland with company number CH-020.3.923.168-6; and (ii) any Subsidiary of the Parent incorporated in Switzerland and approved in writing by the Lenders and the Administrative Agent, in each case in respect of which the conditions in Section 5.2 have been satisfied.

“ Swiss Borrowing Base ” means, at any time, in relation to each Swiss Borrower, 85% of that Swiss Borrower’s Eligible Accounts at such time minus Reserves.

“ Swiss Collateral Documents ” means each assignment agreement for security purposes to be entered into between a Swiss Borrower and the Collateral Agent including its schedules and annexes, and any other document containing Liens of any Credit Party securing the Obligations governed by the laws of Switzerland, in each case in form and substance satisfactory to the Collateral Agent and entered into pursuant to the terms of this Agreement or any other Credit Document.

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“ Swiss Federal Tax Administration ” means the tax authorities referred to in article 34 of the Swiss Withholding Tax Act.

“ Swiss Guarantor ” shall mean any Guarantor incorporated in Switzerland.

“ Swiss Guidelines ” means, together, the guideline “Interbank Loans” of 22 September 1986 (S- 02.123) ( Merkblatt “Verrechnungssteuer auf Zinsen von Bankguthaben, deren Gläubiger Banken sind (Interbankguthaben )” vom 22. September 1986), the guideline “Syndicated Loans” of January 2000 (S-02.128) ( Merkblatt “Steuerliche Behandlung von Konsortialdarlehen, Schuldscheindarlehen, Wechseln und Unterbeteiligungen” vom Januar 2000 ), the guideline S-02.130.1 in relation to money market instruments and book claims of April 1999 ( Merkblatt vom April 1999 betreffend Geldmarktpapiere und Buchforderungen inländischer Schuldner ), the guideline “Bonds” of April 1999 (S-02.122.1) (Merkblatt “Obligationen” vom April 1999), the circular letter No. 34 “Customer Credit Balances” of 26 July 2011 (1-034-V-2011) ( Kreisschreiben Nr. 34 “Kundenguthaben” vom 26. Juli 2011 ), all as issued, and as amended from time to time, by the Swiss Federal Tax Administration.

“ Swiss Insolvency Event ” means any one or more of the following with respect to any Swiss Borrower: it is deemed unable or admits inability to pay its debts as they fall due or is deemed to or declared to be unable to pay its debts or insolvent ( zahlungsunfähig ) under applicable law, (ii) does cease or suspend making payments on any of its debts or announces any intention to do so (or is so deemed for the purposes of any law applicable to it), (iii) is deemed to be over indebted ( überschuldet ) within the meanings of article 817 and/or article 725(2) of the Swiss Code of Obligations, unless creditors (other than the Lenders or any of them) of such Swiss Borrower have to the extent of any over-indebtedness or insufficient coverage subordinated their claims to those of any other creditors, (iv) by reason of actual or anticipated financial difficulties, it commences negotiations with one or more of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its indebtedness, (v) is subject to a petition for the opening of bankruptcy proceedings because of insolvency ( Zahlungsunfähigkeit ) or because of other reasons or subject to a provisionary or definitive moratorium or debt restructuring proceedings all as according to the Swiss Federal Law Concerning Debt Enforcement and Bankruptcy ( Bundesgesetz über Schuldbetreibung und Konkurs ). In relation to any Swiss Borrower a corporate action, legal proceeding or other procedure or step; or any creditors’ process has been taken or, to the knowledge of any Credit Party, threatened to be taken in relation to such Swiss Borrower.

“ Swiss Loan ” means a Loan made to a Swiss Borrower.

“ Swiss Non-Bank Rules ” means, together, the Swiss Ten Non-Bank Rule and the Swiss Twenty Non-Bank Rule.

“ Swiss Non-Qualifying Bank ” means any Person which does not qualify as a Swiss Qualifying Bank.

“ Swiss Qualifying Bank ” means a financial institution acting on its own account which:

(a) qualifies as a bank pursuant to the banking laws in force in its country of incorporation, or with respect to a branch, pursuant to the banking laws in force in the jurisdiction where such branch is situated;

(b) carries on a true banking activity in such jurisdiction as its main purpose, and

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in each case, in accordance with the meaning of the Swiss Guidelines or legislation or explanatory notes addressing the same issues which are in force at such time.

“ Swiss Ten Non-Bank Rule ” means the rule that the aggregate number of creditors of a Swiss Borrower under a Swiss Loan which are Swiss Non-Qualifying Banks must not exceed ten (10), all in accordance with the meaning of the Swiss Guidelines.

“ Swiss Twenty Non-Bank Rule ” means the rule that (without duplication) the aggregate number of creditors (including the Lenders), other than Swiss Qualifying Banks, of a Swiss Borrower under all outstanding debts relevant for classification as debenture ( Kassenobligation ) (including debt arising under this Agreement and intra-group loans (if and to the extent intra-group loans are not exempt in accordance with the ordinance of the Swiss Federal Council of 18 June 2010 amending the Swiss Federal Ordinance on withholding tax and the Swiss Federal Ordinance on stamp duties with effect as of 1 August 2010), loans, facilities and/or private placements) must not at any time exceed twenty (20), all in accordance with the meaning of the Swiss Guidelines, and being understood that each Swiss Borrower shall assume that the aggregate number of Lenders which are Swiss Non-Qualifying Banks is five (5).

“ Swiss Withholding Tax ” means taxes imposed under the Swiss Withholding Tax Act.

“ Swiss Withholding Tax Act ” means the Swiss Federal Act on the Withholding Tax of 13 October 1965 ( Bundesgesetz über die Verrechnungssteuer ), together with the related ordinances, regulations and guidelines, all as amended and applicable from time to time.

“ TARGET2 Day ” shall mean any day on which the Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer ( TARGET2 ) payment system (or, if such payment system ceases to be operative, such other payment system reasonably determined by the Administrative Agent to be a suitable replacement) is open for the settlement of payments in euro.

“ Tax Authority ” shall mean any nation, sovereign or government, any state, province, territory or other political subdivision thereof (whether state, provincial or local) and any entity or authority (including any European supranational body) anywhere in the world exercising a fiscal, revenue, customs or excise function (including without limitation, HM Revenue and Customs).

“ Tax Deduction ” means a deduction or withholding for or on account of Tax from a payment under a Credit Document.

“ Taxes ” shall mean any and all present or future taxes, duties, levies, imposts, assessments, deductions, withholdings (including backup withholding), or other similar charges imposed by any Tax Authority whether computed on a separate, consolidated, unitary, combined or other basis and any interest, fines, penalties or additions to tax with respect to the foregoing, and references to “ Tax ” shall be construed accordingly.

“ TEG Letter ” has the meaning ascribed to that term in Section 2.8(h).

“ Temasek Investors ” shall mean, collectively, (i) Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited, and any successor in interest thereto, (ii) Dahlia Investments Pte. Ltd., and any successor in interest thereto, and (iii) any Affiliate of any Temasek Investor identified in clauses (i) and (ii) of this definition.

“ Termination Date ” shall mean the date on which all Commitments shall have terminated, no Loans shall be outstanding and the Letter of Credit Obligations outstanding shall have been reduced to zero, returned or cash collateralized on terms satisfactory to the applicable Letter of Credit Issuer(s).

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“ Test Period ” means, for any determination under this Agreement, the most recent four consecutive fiscal quarters of the Parent then last ended for which quarterly financial statements have been provided pursuant to Section 8.1.

“ Total Revolving Commitment ” shall mean the sum of the Revolving Commitments of all Lenders.

“ Transactions ” shall mean the execution, delivery and performance by the Credit Parties of this Agreement and the other Credit Documents, the borrowing of the Revolving Loans and other use of the proceeds thereof and the issuance of Letters of Credit hereunder.

“ Transfer Certificate ” means a certificate substantially in the form set out in Exhibit A-2 or any other form agreed between the Administrative Agent and the Administrative Borrower.

“ Transferee ” shall have the meaning provided in Section 12.6(f).

“ Treasury Bank Overdraft Facility ” means an overdraft facility, in a maximum available amount not exceeding €10,000,000, and held with the Obligors’ main treasury bank from time to time, being Bank of America, N.A. at the Amendment and Restatement Date.

“ Treasury Bank Overdraft Facility Reserve ” means a reserve which the Administrative Agent from time to time establishes equal to the maximum available amount of the Treasury Bank Overdraft Facility.

“ Treaty Lender ” means, in relation to a payment made by a Credit Party under a Credit Document, a Lender which:

(i) is treated as resident of a Treaty State for the purposes of the relevant Treaty;

(ii) does not carry on business in the relevant Credit Party’s Credit Party Taxing Jurisdiction through a permanent establishment with which that Lender’s participation in the relevant Loan is effectively connected, or in the case of the double taxation convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of America signed 24 July 2001 (as amended), through a permanent establishment to which interest arising from that Lender’s participation in the relevant Loan is attributable; and

(iii) fulfils any other conditions applicable to that Lender which must be fulfilled under the Treaty in order to obtain exemption from Tax imposed on interest payments due by that Credit Party under a Credit Document, subject to completing the applicable procedural formalities.

“ Treaty State ” means a jurisdiction having a double taxation agreement with the relevant Credit Party Taxing Jurisdiction (the “ Treaty ”) which makes provision for full exemption from Tax imposed by that Credit Party Taxing Jurisdiction on payments of interest.

“ Trigger Date” means any date upon which the Consolidated EBITDA of the Initial Borrowers, the Post Closing Borrowers and the Distribution Principals collectively comprise less than 75% of the Consolidated EBITDA of the EMEA Segment.

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“ UCC ” shall mean the Uniform Commercial Code in effect from time to time in New York; provided that if, with respect to any UCC financing statement or by reason of any provisions of law, the perfection or the effect of perfection or non-perfection of the security interests granted to the Administrative Agent pursuant to the applicable Credit Document is governed by the Uniform Commercial Code as in effect in a jurisdiction of the United States other than New York, “UCC” means the Uniform Commercial Code as in effect from time to time in such other jurisdiction for purposes of the provisions of each Credit Document and any financing statement relating to such perfection or effect of perfection or non-perfection.

“ U.K. ” or “ United Kingdom ” means the United Kingdom of Great Britain or its individual states or constituent parts from time to time.

“ Unfunded Current Liability ” of any Plan shall mean the amount, if any, by which the Accumulated Benefit Obligation (as defined under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87 (“ SFAS 87 ”)) under the Plan as of the close of its most recent plan year, determined in accordance with SFAS 87 as in effect on the date hereof, using the actuarial assumptions and methods specified in the most recent actuarial report for such Plan, exceeds the fair market value of the assets allocable thereto.

“ Unrestricted Cash ” shall mean, at any date of determination, the aggregate amount of cash and Permitted Investments included in the cash accounts of the Obligors and the Borrower Subsidiaries prepared in accordance with GAAP as of the end of the most recent four consecutive quarters ending prior to the date of such determination for which consolidated financial statements of the Parent are available to the extent such cash is not classified as “restricted” for financial statement purposes (unless so classified solely because of any provision under the Credit Documents).

“ Unrestricted Subsidiary ” shall mean (i) any Subsidiary of a Borrower that at the time of determination is an Unrestricted Subsidiary, as designated by the board of directors in the manner provided below, and (ii) any Subsidiary of an Unrestricted Subsidiary. The board of directors of any Borrower (the “ Relevant Borrower ”) may designate any Subsidiary of the Relevant Borrower (including any newly acquired or newly formed Subsidiary of the Relevant Borrower), other than an Obligor and any direct or indirect parent entity of an Obligor to be an Unrestricted Subsidiary unless such Subsidiary or any of its Subsidiaries owns any Stock or Indebtedness of, or owns or holds any Lien on any property of, any other Borrower Subsidiary that is not a Subsidiary of the Subsidiary to be so designated; provided , that (A) such designation was made at or prior to the Closing Date, or (B) the Subsidiary to be so designated has total consolidated assets of $1,000 or less, (C) if such Subsidiary has consolidated assets greater than $1,000, then such designation would be permitted under Section 9.6 and (D) immediately after such designation, no Event of Default under Section 10.1 or 10.5 shall have occurred and be continuing. The board of directors may designate any Unrestricted Subsidiary to be a Borrower Subsidiary; provided , that immediately after giving effect to such designation (1) (x) the Relevant Borrower could Incur at least $1.00 of additional Indebtedness under Section 9.1(a) or (y) the Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio would be greater than it was immediately prior to giving effect to such designation and (2) immediately after such designation, no Event of Default under Section 10.1 or 10.5 shall have occurred and be continuing. Any such designation by the board of directors shall be evidenced to the Administrative Agent by promptly filing with the Administrative Agent a copy of the resolution of the Relevant Borrower’s board of directors giving effect to such designation and a certificate of an officer of the Relevant Borrower certifying that such designation complied with the foregoing provisions.

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“ Unused Line Fee ” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 3.2.

“ US ABL Agreement ” shall mean the US ABL Facility Agreement, dated as of July 28, 2015, among Univar INC, the other Subsidiaries of the Parent from time to time party thereto, Bank of America N.A. as collateral agent, and certain other parties thereto from time to time; as such agreement may be amended, supplemented, waived or otherwise modified from time to time or refunded, refinanced, restructured, replaced, renewed, repaid, increased or extended from time to time (whether in whole or in part, whether with the original administrative agent and lenders or other agents and lenders or otherwise, and whether provided under the original US ABL Agreement or other credit agreements or otherwise, except to the extent that such agreement, instrument or document expressly provides that it is not intended to be and is not a US ABL Agreement). Any reference to the US ABL Agreement hereunder shall be deemed a reference to each US ABL Agreement then in existence.

“ US ABL Facility ” shall mean the collective reference to the US ABL Agreement, any Loan Documents (as defined therein), any notes and letters of credit issued pursuant thereto and any guarantee and collateral agreement, patent and trademark security agreement, mortgages, letter of credit applications and other guarantees, pledge agreements, security agreements and collateral documents, and other instruments and documents, executed and delivered pursuant to or in connection with any of the foregoing, in each case as the same may be amended, supplemented, waived or otherwise modified from time to time, or refunded, refinanced, restructured, replaced, renewed, repaid, increased or extended from time to time (whether in whole or in part, whether with the original agent and lenders or other agents and lenders or otherwise, and whether provided under the original US ABL Agreement or one or more other credit agreements, indentures (including the Indenture) or financing agreements or otherwise), except to the extent that such agreement, instrument or document expressly provides that it is not intended to be and is not a US ABL Facility.

“ U.S. Tax Obligor ” means:

(a) a Borrower which is resident for tax purposes in the United States of America; or

(b) an Obligor some or all of whose payments under the Credit Documents are from sources within the United State for US federal income tax purposes.

“ VAT ” means:

(a) any tax imposed in compliance with the Council Directive of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax (EC Directive 2006/112); and

(b) any other tax of a similar nature, whether imposed in a member state of the European Union in substitution for, or levied in addition to, such tax referred to in paragraph (a) above, or imposed elsewhere.

“ Voting Stock ” shall mean, with respect to any Person, such Person’s Stock or Stock Equivalents having the right to vote for the election of directors of such Person under ordinary circumstances.

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“ Write-Down and Conversion Powers ” (a) in relation to any Bail-In Legislation described in the EU Bail-In Legislation Schedule from time to time, the powers described as such in relation to that Bail-In Legislation in the EU Bail-In Legislation Schedule and (b) in relation to any other applicable Bail-In Legislation (i) any powers under that Bail-In Legislation to cancel, transfer or dilute shares issued by a person that is a bank or investment firm or other financial institution or affiliate of a bank, investment firm or other financial institution, to cancel, reduce, modify or change the form of a liability of such a person or any contract or instrument under which that liability arises, to convert all or part of that liability into shares, securities or obligations of that person or any other person, to provide that any such contract or instrument is to have effect as if a right had been exercised under it or to suspend any obligation in respect of that liability or any of the powers under that Bail-In Legislation that are related to or ancillary to any of those powers and (ii) any similar or analogous powers under that Bail-In Legislation.

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1.2. Other Interpretive Provisions . With reference to this Agreement and each other Credit Document, unless otherwise specified herein or in such other Credit Document:

(a) The “ Administrative Agent ”, a “ Borrower ”, an “ Obligor ”, the “ Collateral Agent ”, a “ Credit Party ”, a “ Guarantor ”, a “ Joint Bookrunner ”, any “ Lender ”, the “ Parent ”, the “ Sole Lead Arranger ”, any “ Secured Party ” , the “ Syndication Agent ” or any other person shall be construed so as to include its successors in the title, permitted assigns and permitted transferees to, or of, its rights and/or obligations under the Credit Documents and, in the case of the Collateral Agent, any person for the time being appointed as an Additional Collateral Agent or Additional Collateral Agents in accordance with the Credit Documents.

(b) A “ Credit Document ” or any other agreement or instrument is a reference to that Credit Document or other agreement or instrument as amended, novated, supplemented, extended or restated.

(d) The meanings of defined terms are equally applicable to the singular and plural forms of the defined terms.

(e) The words “herein”, “hereto”, “hereof” and “hereunder” and words of similar import when used in any Credit Document shall refer to such Credit Document as a whole and not to any particular provision thereof.

(f) Article, Section, Exhibit and Schedule references are to the Credit Document in which such reference appears.

(g) The term “including” is by way of example and not limitation.

(h) The term “documents” includes any and all instruments, documents, agreements, certificates, notices, reports, financial statements and other writings, however evidenced, whether in physical or electronic form.

(i) In connection with any action being taken in connection with a Limited Condition Acquisition, for the purposes of determining compliance with any provision of this Agreement which requires that no Default or Event of Default, as applicable, has occurred, is continuing or would result from any such action, as applicable, such condition shall, at the option of any Obligor, be deemed satisfied, so long as no Default or Event of Default, as applicable, exists on the date the definitive agreements for such Limited Condition Acquisition are entered into. For the avoidance of doubt, if an Obligor has exercised its option under the first sentence of this paragraph (i), and any Default or Event of Default occurs following the date the definitive agreements for the applicable Limited Condition Acquisition were entered into and prior to the consummation of such Limited Condition Acquisition, any such Default or Event of Default shall be deemed to not have occurred or be continuing for purposes of determining whether any action being taken in connection with such Limited Condition Acquisition is permitted hereunder.

In connection with any action being taken in connection with a Limited Condition Acquisition, for purposes of:

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(1) determining compliance with any provision of this Agreement which requires the calculation of the Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio, the Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio or the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio; or

(2) testing baskets set forth in this Agreement (including baskets measured as a percentage of Consolidated Total Assets but excluding any Availability or Aggregate Availability requirement);

in each case, at the option of any Obligor (an Obligor’s election to exercise such option in connection with any Limited Condition Acquisition, an “ LCA Election ”), the date of determination of whether any such action is permitted hereunder, shall be deemed to be the date the definitive agreements for such Limited Condition Acquisition are entered into (the “ LCA Test Date ”), and if, after giving pro forma effect to the Limited Condition Acquisition and the other transactions to be entered into in connection therewith (including any Incurrence of Indebtedness and the use of proceeds thereof and acquisition of Consolidated EBITDA) as if they had occurred at the beginning of the most recent four consecutive fiscal quarters ending prior to the LCA Test Date for which consolidated financial statements of the Parent are available, such Obligor could have taken such action on the relevant LCA Test Date in compliance with such ratio or basket, such ratio or basket shall be deemed to have been complied with. For the avoidance of doubt, if an Obligor has made an LCA Election and any of the ratios or baskets for which compliance was determined or tested as of the LCA Test Date are exceeded as a result of fluctuations in any such ratio or basket, including due to fluctuations in Consolidated EBITDA or Consolidated Total Assets of such Obligor or the Person subject to such Limited Condition Acquisition, at or prior to the consummation of the relevant transaction or action, such baskets or ratios will not be deemed to have been exceeded as a result of such fluctuations. If an Obligor has made an LCA Election for any Limited Condition Acquisition, then in connection with any subsequent calculation of any ratio or basket availability (other than any Availability or Aggregate Availability requirement) with respect to the incurrence of Indebtedness or Liens, or the making of Restricted Payments or Permitted Investments, mergers, the conveyance, lease or other transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of an Obligor or the designation of an Unrestricted Subsidiary on or following the relevant LCA Test Date and prior to the earlier of the date on which such Limited Condition Acquisition is consummated or the definitive agreement for such Limited Condition Acquisition is terminated or expires without consummation of such Limited Condition Acquisition, any such ratio or basket shall be calculated on a pro forma basis assuming such Limited Condition Acquisition and other transactions in connection therewith (including any Incurrence of Indebtedness and the use of proceeds thereof) have been consummated.

(j) Following a request of the Parent to amend this Agreement to reflect any amendment made to the terms of the US ABL Agreement following the Amendment and Restatement Date ( “Alignment” ), each Lender party to this Agreement shall acting reasonably and in good faith consider approving such amendment to effect the Alignment provided that it is expressly acknowledged by each Party that the obligations of the Lenders to approve any such Alignment shall be subject to (i) any European specific deal requirements (including any changes required to reflect European market practice); (ii) appropriately sized baskets to reflect the size of the Transactions and the Borrowers’ anticipated operational requirement and required flexibility; and (iii) any other changes considered necessary in the context of the financing arrangements under this Agreement by the Administrative Agent and/or the Lenders (each acting reasonably and in good faith). Subject to the payment of the costs and expenses of the Administrative Agent pursuant to Section 12.5, each of the Parties acknowledge that no consent fees shall be payable by any Credit Party to the Administrative Agent or any Lender in connection with any request made pursuant to this Section 1.2(j).

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(k) In the computation of periods of time from a specified date to a later specified date, the word “from” means “from and including”; the words “to” and “until” each mean “to but excluding”; and the word “through” means “to and including”.

(l) Section headings herein and in the other Credit Documents are included for convenience of reference only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement or any other Credit Document.

(m) Any deduction of Reserves in any definition herein shall be without duplication.

(n) A Default (other than an Event of Default) is “continuing” if it has not been remedied or waived and an Event of Default is “continuing” if it has not been waived.

1.3. Accounting Terms .

(a) All accounting terms not specifically or completely defined herein shall be construed in conformity with, and all financial data (including financial ratios and other financial calculations) required to be submitted pursuant to this Agreement shall be prepared in conformity with, GAAP.

(b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, for purposes of determining compliance with any test or covenant contained in this Agreement with respect to any period during which any Specified Transaction occurs (or has occurred following such Test Period and prior to the date of determination), the Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio and each Borrowing Base shall be calculated with respect to such period and such Specified Transaction on a Pro Forma Basis.

1.4. Rounding . Any financial ratios required to be maintained by Parent pursuant to this Agreement (or required to be satisfied in order for a specific action to be permitted under this Agreement) shall be calculated by dividing the appropriate component by the other component, carrying the result to one place more than the number of places by which such ratio is expressed herein and rounding the result up or down to the nearest number (with a rounding-up if there is no nearest number).

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1.5. References to Agreements, Laws, Etc . Unless otherwise expressly provided herein, (a) references to organizational documents, agreements (including the Credit Documents) and other Contractual Requirements shall be deemed to include all subsequent amendments, restatements, amendment and restatements, extensions, supplements and other modifications thereto, but only to the extent that such amendments, restatements, amendment and restatements, extensions, supplements and other modifications are permitted by any Credit Document; and (b) references to any Requirement of Law shall include all statutory and regulatory provisions consolidating, amending, replacing, supplementing or interpreting such Requirement of Law. References in this Agreement, in respect of any Credit Party incorporated in France, to (a) “control” includes such term as defined in articles L.233-3 I and II of the French Commercial Code, as amended, and (b) a “Subsidiary” includes any entity of which a relevant Person has direct or indirect control (as defined in article L.233-3 I and II of the French Commercial Code), as amended.

1.6. Exchange Rates .

(a) When applying any monetary limits, thresholds and other exceptions to the representations and warranties, undertakings and Events of Defaults under the Credit Documents, the equivalent to an amount in Euro shall be calculated at the Spot Rate as at the date of the incurring or making the relevant disposal, acquisition, investment, lease, loan, debt or guarantee or taking any other relevant action.

(b) No Event of Default or breach of any representation and warranty or undertaking under the Credit Documents shall arise merely as a result of a subsequent change in the Euro equivalent of any relevant amount due to fluctuations in exchange rates.

1.7. Additional Alternative Currencies .

(a) The Borrowers may from time to time request that LIBOR Loans be made and/or Letters of Credit be issued under the Revolving Facility in a currency other than those specifically listed in the definition of “Approved Currency”; provided that such requested currency is a lawful currency (other than Euros) that is readily available and freely transferable and convertible into Euros. In the case of any such request with respect to the making of LIBOR Loans, such request shall be subject to the approval of the Administrative Agent and the Revolving Lenders; and in the case of any such request with respect to the issuance of Letters of Credit under the Revolving Facility, such request shall be subject to the approval of the Administrative Agent and Letter of Credit Issuers.

(b) Any such request shall be made to the Administrative Agent not later than 11:00 a.m., twenty Business Days prior to the date of the desired borrowing (or such other time or date as may be agreed by the Administrative Agent and, in the case of any such request pertaining to Letters of Credit, the applicable Letter of Credit Issuer, in its or their sole discretion). In the case of any such request pertaining to LIBOR Loans, the Administrative Agent shall promptly notify each applicable Lender thereof; and in the case of any such request pertaining to Letters of Credit, the Administrative Agent shall promptly notify the applicable Letter of Credit Issuer thereof. Each applicable Lender (in the case of any such request pertaining to LIBOR Loans) or the applicable Letter of Credit Issuer (in the case of a request pertaining to Letters of Credit) shall notify the Administrative Agent, not later than 11:00 a.m., ten Business Days (or such other period of time as may be agreed by the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion) after receipt of such request whether it consents, in its sole discretion, to the making of LIBOR Loans or the issuance of Letters of Credit, as the case may be, in such requested currency.

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(c) Any failure by any applicable Lender or Letter of Credit Issuer, as the case may be, to respond to such request within the time period specified in the preceding paragraph shall be deemed to be a refusal by such Lender or such Letter of Credit Issuer, as the case may be, to permit LIBOR Loans to be made or Letters of Credit to be issued in such requested currency. If the Administrative Agent and all applicable Lenders consent to making LIBOR Loans in such requested currency, the Administrative Agent shall so notify the Administrative Borrower and such currency shall thereupon be deemed for all purposes to be an Approved Currency under the applicable facility hereunder for purposes of any borrowing of LIBOR Loans; and if the Administrative Agent and relevant Letter of Credit Issuer consent to the issuance of Letters of Credit in such requested currency, the Administrative Agent shall so notify the Administrative Borrower and such currency shall thereupon be deemed for all purposes to be an Approved Currency hereunder for purposes of any Letter of Credit issuances. If the Administrative Agent shall fail to obtain consent of all applicable Lenders to any request for an additional currency under this Section 1.7, the Administrative Agent shall promptly so notify the Administrative Borrower.

1.8. Change of Currency .

(a) Each obligation of the Borrowers to make a payment denominated in the national currency unit of any member state of the European Union that adopts the Euro as its lawful currency after the date hereof shall be redenominated into Euro at the time of such adoption (in accordance with the EMU Legislation). If, in relation to the currency of any such member state, the basis of accrual of interest expressed in this Agreement in respect of that currency shall be inconsistent with any convention or practice in the London interbank market for the basis of accrual of interest in respect of the Euro, such expressed basis shall be replaced by such convention or practice with effect from the date on which such member state adopts the Euro as its lawful currency; provided that if any LIBOR Loan in the currency of such member state is outstanding immediately prior to such date, such replacement shall take effect, with respect to such LIBOR Loan, at the end of the then current Interest Period.

(b) Each provision of this Agreement shall be subject to such reasonable changes of construction as the Administrative Agent may from time to time specify to be appropriate to reflect the adoption of the Euro by any member state of the European Union and any relevant market conventions or practices relating to the Euro.

(c) Each provision of this Agreement also shall be subject to such reasonable changes of construction as the Administrative Agent may from time to time specify to be appropriate to reflect a change in currency of any other country and any relevant market conventions or practices relating to the change in currency.

1.9. Currency Translations; Change of Currency .

(a) Without limiting the other terms of this Agreement, the calculations and determinations under this Agreement of any amount in any currency other than Euros shall be deemed to refer to the Euro Amount thereof, as the case may be, and all certificates delivered under this Agreement shall express such calculations or determinations in Euros or the Euro Amount thereof, as the case may be. Each requisite currency translation shall be based on the Spot Rate and the permissibility of actions taken under Section 9 shall not be affected by subsequent fluctuations in exchange rates.

(b) Unless otherwise prohibited by law, if more than one currency or currency unit are at the same time recognized by the central bank of any country as the lawful currency of that country, then:

(i) any reference in the Credit Documents to, and any obligations arising under the Credit Documents in, the currency of that country shall be translated into, or paid in, the currency or currency unit of that country designated by the Administrative Agent (acting reasonably and in consultation with the Administrative Borrower); and

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(ii) any translation from one currency or currency unit to another shall be at the official rate of exchange recognized by the central bank for the conversion of that currency or currency unit into the other, rounded up or down by the Administrative Agent.

(c) If a change in any currency of a country occurs, this Agreement will, to the extent the Administrative Agent reasonably determines necessary, be amended to comply with any generally accepted conventions and market practice in the relevant interbank market and otherwise to reflect the change in currency.

1.10. Belgian terms . In this Agreement, where it relates to a Credit Party incorporated or established in Belgium, a reference to

(a) a “liquidator”, “compulsory manager”, “receiver”, “administrative receiver”, “administrator” or similar officer includes any insolventiefunctionaris/praticien de l’insolvabilité curator/curateur, vereffenaar/liquidateur, gedelegeerd rechter/juge délégué, gerechtsmandataris/ mandataire de justice, voorlopig bewindvoerder/administrateur judiciaire, gerechtelijk bewindvoerder/administrateur judiciaire, mandataris ad hoc/mandataire ad hoc and sekwester/séquestre;

(b) a “suspension of payments”, “moratorium of any indebtedness” or “reorganisation” includes any gerechtelijke reorganisatie/réorganisation judiciaire .

(c) a “Security Interest” or “Lien” includes a mortgage ( hypotheek/hypothèque ), a pledge ( pand/gage ), a transfer by way of security ( overdracht ten titel van zekerheid/transfert à titre de garantie ), any other proprietary security interest ( zakelijke zekerheid/sûreté réelle ), a mandate to grant a mortgage, a pledge or any other real surety, a privilege ( voorrecht/privilège ) and a retention of title ( eigendomsvoorbehoud/réserve de propriété );

(d) a person being “unable to pay its debts” is that person being in a state of cessation of payments ( staking van betaling/cessation de paiements );

(e) “commences negotiations with one or more of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its indebtedness” includes any negotiations conducted with a view to reaching a settlement agreement ( minnelijk akkoord/accord amiable ) with two or more of its creditors pursuant to Book XX of the Belgian Code of Economic Law;

(f) a “composition” includes any minnelijk akkoord met schuldeisers/accord amiable avec des créanciers or any gerechtelijke reorganisatie/réorganisation judiciaire ;

(g) “winding-up”, “administration” or “dissolution” includes any vereffening/liquidation, ontbinding/dissolution and sluiting van een onderneming/fermeture d’entreprise and faillissement/faillite ;

(h) “attachment”, “sequestration”, “distress”, “execution” or analogous procedures includes any uitvoerend beslag/saisie exécutoire and bewarend beslag/saisie conservatoire ;

(i) an “amalgamation”, “demerger”, “merger” or “corporate reconstruction” includes an overdracht van algemeenheid/transfert d’universalité, an overdracht van bedrijfstak/transfert de branche d’activité, a splitsing/scission and a fusie/fusion as well as assimilated transactions ( gelijkgestelde verrichtingen/operations assimilées ) in accordance with Articles 676 and 677 of the Belgian Companies Code;

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(j) “gross negligence” is a reference to zware fout/faute lourde and “willful misconduct” is a reference to opzet/dol ; and

(k) an Obligor “being incorporated” in Belgium or of which its “jurisdiction of incorporation” is Belgium, means that that Obligor has its principal place of business ( voornaamste vestiging/établissement principal ) within the meaning of the Belgian Act of 16 July 2004 on the conflicts of law code in Belgium.

1.11. Dutch terms . In this Agreement, where it relates to a Credit Party incorporated or established in the Netherlands, a reference to

(a) “The Netherlands” means the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and “Dutch” means in or of the Netherlands;

(b) “works council” means each works council ( ondernemingsraad ) or central group works council ( centrale ondernemingsraad of groepsondernemingsraad ) having jurisdiction as to that person;

(c) “constitutional documents” means the articles of association ( statuten ) and deed of incorporation ( akte van oprichting ) and an up-to-date extract of registration of the Dutch trade register;

(d) a “certificate of incorporation” means a deed of incorporation ( akte van oprichting );

(e) a “security interest”, “security” or “lien” includes any mortgage ( hypotheekrecht ), pledge ( pandrecht ), retention of title arrangement ( eigendomsvoorbehoud ), right of retention ( recht van rententie ), right to reclaim goods ( recht van reclame ) and any right in rem ( beperkt recht ) created for the purpose of granting security ( goederenrechtelijke zekerheid );

(f) a “winding-up”, “administration” or “dissolution” includes declared bankrupt ( failliet verklaard ) or dissolved ( ontbonden );

(g) a “moratorium” includes surseance van betaling and a “moratorium is declared” includes surseance verleend ;

(h) a “liquidator”, “receiver”, “administrative receiver”, “conservator”, “trustee”, “administrator”, “compulsory manager”, “custodian”, “assignee for the benefit of creditors” or similar Person includes a curator, a beoogd curator or a bewindvoerder ;

(i) an “attachment” includes a executoriaal beslag ;

(j) “gross negligence” means bewuste roekeloosheid ; and

(k) “wilful misconduct” means opzet .

1.12. French terms. In this Agreement, where it relates to a Credit Party incorporated or established in France, a reference to

(a) a "composition", "compromise", "assignment" or "arrangement with any creditor" includes a procédure de conciliation and mandat ad hoc under Livre Sixième of the French Commercial Code;

(b) a "compulsory manager", "receiver", "liquidator" or "administrator" includes any administrateur judiciaire , mandataire ad hoc , conciliateur , mandataire judiciaire , liquidateur or other similar officer;

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(d) a "guarantee" includes any cautionnement , aval and any garantie (including any type of sûreté personnelle ) which is independent from the debt to which it relates or, as the case may be, any lettre d’intention within the meaning of article 2322 of the French Civil Code;

(e) a "lease" includes any bail or opération de crédit‑bail ;

(f) a "merger" includes any fusion implemented in accordance with
articles L. 236-1 to L. 236-32 of the French Commercial Code;

(g) a " moratorium " includes a postponement of indebtedness granted pursuant to article 1343-5 of the French Civil Code;

(h) " negligence " means faute grave ;

(i) a "security interest" includes any type of security ( sûreté réelle ), transfer by way of security, trust ( fiducie ) or any other agreement or arrangement having a similar effect;

(j) "suspension of payments" means suspension des poursuites individuelles within the meaning of the French Commercial Code as interpreted by French courts;

(k) a person being "unable to pay its debts" or "unable or admits inability to pay its debts as they fall due" includes that person being in a state of cessation des paiements ;

(l) a "wilful misconduct" means dol ; and

(m) a "winding‑up", "administration" or "dissolution" includes a redressement judiciaire , cession totale ou partielle de l'entreprise , liquidation judiciaire , procédure de sauvegarde , procédure de sauvegarde accélérée or procédure de sauvegarde financière accélérée under Livre Sixième of the French Commercial Code.

1.13. German terms In this Agreement, where it relates to a Credit Party incorporated or established in Germany, a reference to:

(a) "Germany" means the Federal Republic of Germany;

(b) a necessary action to authorize, where applicable, includes without limitation, obtaining an unconditional positive advice from the competent works council(s);

(d) "gross negligence" includes grobe Fahrlässigkeit ;

(e) "negligence" includes Fahrlässigkeit ;

(f) a security interest includes any mortgage ( Grundschuld, Hypothek ), pledge ( Pfandrecht ), retention of title arrangement ( Eigentumsvorbehalt ), right of retention ( Zurückbehaltungsrecht ), right to reclaim goods ( Herausgabeansprüche ), and, in general, any right in rem created for the purpose of granting security;

(g) a winding-up, administration or dissolution (and any of those terms) includes a German entity being declared bankrupt (insolvent) or dissolved ( aufgelöst );

(h) any step or procedure taken in connection with insolvency proceedings includes a German entity having applied for bankruptcy ( Insolvenzantrag ) or the opening of bankruptcy proceedings ( Insolvenzeröffnung ); and

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(i) an administrator includes an insolvency administrator ( Insolvenzverwalter) and insolvency trustee ( Sachwalter ).

1.14. Third Party Rights .

(a) A person who is not a party to this Agreement has no right under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 to enforce or enjoy the benefit of any term of this Agreement. There is an exception to this in Sections 11.9 and 11.33.

(b) Notwithstanding Sections 11.9 and 11.33, no consent of any person who is not a party to this Agreement is required to rescind or vary this Agreement at any time.

1.15. Classification of Loans and Borrowings . For purposes of this Agreement, Loans may be classified and referred to by Class (e.g., a “Revolving Loan”). Borrowings also may be classified and referred to by Class (e.g., a “Revolving Borrowing”).

1.16. Interest Rates; LIBOR Notification . The interest rate on LIBOR Loans and Overnight LIBO Loans is determined by reference to the LIBO Rate or the Overnight LIBO Rate, as applicable, which is derived from the applicable interbank offered rate. The applicable interbank offered rate is intended to represent the rate at which contributing banks may obtain short-term borrowings from each other in the applicable interbank market. In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announced that, after the end of 2021, it would no longer persuade or compel contributing banks to make rate submissions to the ICE Benchmark Administration (together with any successor to the ICE Benchmark Administrator, the “ IBA ”) for purposes of the IBA setting the London interbank offered rate. As a result, it is possible that commencing in 2022, the London interbank offered rate may no longer be available or may no longer be deemed an appropriate reference rate upon which to determine the interest rate on Eurocurrency Loans. In light of this eventuality, public and private sector industry initiatives are currently underway to identify new or alternative reference rates to be used in place of the London interbank offered rate and, as and if applicable, other interbank offered rates. In the event that the applicable interbank offered rate is no longer available or in certain other circumstances as set forth in Section 2.10(c) of this Agreement, such Section 2.10(c) provides a mechanism for determining an alternative rate of interest. The Administrative Agent will notify the Administrative Borrower, pursuant to Section 2.10, in advance of any change to the reference rate upon which the interest rate on the applicable Loans is based. However, the Administrative Agent does not warrant or accept any responsibility for, and shall not have any liability with respect to, the administration, submission or any other matter related to the applicable interbank offered rate or other rates in the definition of “LIBO Rate”, “Screen Rate” or “Overnight LIBO Rate” or with respect to any alternative or successor rate thereto, or replacement rate thereof, including without limitation, whether the composition or characteristics of any such alternative, successor or replacement reference rate, as it may or may not be adjusted pursuant to Section 2.10(c), will be similar to, or produce the same value or economic equivalence of, the LIBO Rate or Overnight LIBO Rate or have the same volume or liquidity as did the applicable interbank offered rate prior to its discontinuance or unavailability.

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SECTION 2. The Credits

2.1. Commitments .

Subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein:

(a) each European Lender severally agrees to make European Revolving Loans to the European Borrowers from time to time during the Availability Period in any Approved Currency (the “ European Facility ”) in an aggregate principal amount that will not result in:

(i) such European Lender’s European Revolving Exposure exceeding such European Lender’s European Revolving Commitment;

(ii) the Aggregate Revolving Exposure exceeding the lesser of (x) the Aggregate Revolving Commitments and (y) the Aggregate Borrowing Base;

(iii) the Aggregate European Revolving Exposure exceeding the lesser of (x) the aggregate European Revolving Commitments and (y) the Aggregate European Borrowing Base;

(iv) with respect to the Belgian Borrower, the European Revolving Exposure to the Belgian Borrower exceeding the aggregate of (A) the Borrowing Base of the Belgian Borrower, and (B) the Pooled Borrowing Base Availability (but after adding back amounts attributable to limb (b)(ii) of that definition);

(v) with respect to a German Borrower, the European Revolving Exposure to that German Borrower exceeding the aggregate of (A) the Borrowing Base of such German Borrower, and (B) the Pooled Borrowing Base Availability (but after adding back amounts attributable to limb (b)(iii) of that definition);

(vi) with respect to a Swiss Borrower, the European Revolving Exposure to that Swiss Borrower exceeding the aggregate of (A) the Borrowing Base of such Swiss Borrower, and (B) the Pooled Borrowing Base Availability (but after adding back amounts attributable to limb (b)(iv) of that definition); or

(vii) with respect to the Dutch Borrowers and the English Borrower, the European Revolving Exposure to the Dutch Borrowers and the English Borrower in aggregate exceeding the Pooled Borrowing Base Availability (but after adding back amounts attributable to limb (b)(i) of that definition),

((i) to (vii) being the “ European Borrowing Limits ”); and

(b) each French Lender severally agrees to make French Revolving Loans to the French Borrower from time to time during the Availability Period in any Approved Currency (the “ French Facility ”) in an aggregate principal amount that will not result in:

(i) such French Lender’s French Revolving Exposure exceeding such Lender’s French Revolving Commitment,

(ii) the Aggregate Revolving Exposure exceeding the lesser of (x) the Aggregate Revolving Commitments and (y) the Aggregate Borrowing Base; or

(iii) the Aggregate French Revolving Exposure exceeding the French Borrowing Base,

((i) to (iii) above being the “ French Borrowing Limits ”),

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subject to, in each case of (a) and (b) above, the Administrative Agent’s authority, in its sole discretion, to make Protective Advances pursuant to the terms of Section 2.4. Within the foregoing limits and subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, the Borrowers may borrow, prepay and reborrow Revolving Loans.

(c) Up to one time in any fiscal quarter of the Parent, so long as after giving effect thereto the Borrowing Limits would be satisfied, the Borrowers may allocate all or a portion of any Revolving Lender’s Commitments with respect to the European Facility to the French Facility or all or a portion of any Revolving Lender’s Commitments with respect to the French Facility to the European Facility, by 30 days’ written notice to the Administrative Agent, in form reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent and with the written consent of any Revolving Lender whose commitment is being reallocated. Upon such reallocation, (i) the specified amount of such Revolving Lender’s French Revolving Commitments or European Revolving Commitments, as applicable, shall be deemed to be converted to an increase in such French Revolving Commitments or European Revolving Commitments, as applicable, for all purposes hereof, provided always that at no time shall any allocation under this paragraph result in the French Revolving Commitments exceeding the greater of €80,000,000 and 40% of the Total Revolving Commitments and (ii) each Revolving Lender shall purchase or sell European Revolving Loans and/or French Revolving Loans, as applicable, at par to the other Lenders as specified by the Administrative Agent in an amount necessary such that, after giving effect to all such purchases and sales, each Revolving Lender shall have funded its Pro Rata Share of the entire amount of the then outstanding European Revolving Loans and French Revolving Loans (as applicable).

2.2. Loans and Borrowings

(a) Each Loan (other than a Swingline Loan) shall be made as part of a Borrowing consisting of Loans of the same Class made by the Lenders rateably in accordance with their respective Commitments with respect to the applicable Class. The failure of any Lender to make any Loan required to be made by it shall not relieve any other Lender of its obligations hereunder; provided that the Commitments of the Lenders are several and no Lender shall be responsible for any other Lender’s failure to make Loans as required. Any Protective Advance and any Swingline Loan shall be made in accordance with the procedures set forth in Sections 2.4 and 2.5.

(b) Each Lender at its option may make any LIBOR Loan by causing any domestic or foreign branch or Affiliate of such Lender to make such Loan (and in the case of an Affiliate, the provisions of Sections 2.10, 2.14, 2.15 and 4.5 shall apply to such Affiliate to the same extent as to such Lender); provided that any exercise of such option shall not affect the obligation of the Borrowers to repay such Loan in accordance with the terms of this Agreement and provided further that any such foreign branch or Affiliate making a Loan to a French Borrower shall be a French Qualifying Lender.

(c) At the commencement of each Interest Period for any Revolving Borrowing which is a LIBOR Loan, such Borrowing shall be in an aggregate amount that is an integral multiple of €1,000,000 (or the equivalent in the relevant currency) and not less than €1,000,000 (or the equivalent in the relevant currency).

(d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Administrative Borrower shall not be entitled to request, or to elect to continue, any Borrowing if the Interest Period requested with respect thereto would end after the Maturity Date.

(e) No more than twelve LIBOR Loans may be outstanding at any one time.

(f) For the avoidance of doubt, no Loan (including any Swingline Loan) may be requested by (or on behalf of) or advanced to any Post Closing Borrower until such time as that Post Closing Borrower has satisfied the conditions set out in Section 5.2.

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2.3. Requests for Revolving Borrowings.

To request a Revolving Borrowing or a Swingline Loan, the Administrative Borrower shall notify the Administrative Agent of such request either in writing (delivered by hand, facsimile or pdf (sent by e-mail)) in a form approved by the Administrative Agent and signed by the Administrative Borrower not later than 11:00 a.m., London time, three (3) Business Days before the date of the proposed Borrowing (or, in the case of a Swingline Loan, not later than 11:00 a.m., London time on the dates set out in Section 2.5(a)). Each such written Borrowing Request shall specify the following information in compliance with Section 2.2:

(i) the name of the applicable Borrower(s) and the applicable Facility;

(ii) the currency of the requested Borrowing, which shall be an Approved Currency;

(iii) the aggregate amount of the requested Borrowing and full details of the Funding Accounts (sufficient to be able to establish wire transfers);

(iv) the date of the requested Borrowing, which must be a Business Day within the Availability Period; and

(v) the initial Interest Period to be applicable thereto, which shall be a period contemplated by the definition of the term Interest Period.

If no Interest Period is specified with respect to any requested Revolving Borrowing at the LIBO Rate, then the applicable Borrower(s) shall be deemed to have selected an Interest Period of one month’s duration. Promptly following receipt of a Borrowing Request in accordance with this Section, the Administrative Agent shall advise each Lender of the details thereof and of the amount of such Lender’s Loan to be made as part of the requested Borrowing.

2.4. Protective Advances .

(a) Subject to the limitations set forth below (a) provided a Default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing (or could reasonably be expected to occur if the relevant Protective Advance is not made) or (b) at any time that any of the conditions precedent set out in Section 6 have not been satisfied, the Administrative Agent is authorised by the Credit Parties and the Lenders, from time to time in the Administrative Agent’s sole discretion (but shall have absolutely no obligation to), to make Loans to the Borrowers on behalf of all Lenders (provided however Loans to the French Borrower shall only be made on behalf of the French Lenders by a French Qualifying Lender), which the Administrative Agent, in its Permitted Discretion, deems necessary or desirable (i) to preserve or protect the Collateral, or any portion thereof, (ii) to enhance the likelihood of, or maximize the amount of, repayment of the Loans and other Obligations, or (iii) to pay any other amount chargeable to or required to be paid by the Borrowers pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, including payments of reimbursable expenses (including costs, fees, and expenses as described in Section 12.5) and other sums payable under the Credit Documents (any of such Loans are herein referred to as “ Protective Advances ”); provided that, the aggregate amount of Protective Advances outstanding at any time shall not at any time exceed (x) 10% of the European Revolving Commitments at such time (in the case of Protective Advances to the European Borrowers) (y) 10% of the French Revolving Commitments at such time (in the case of Protective Advances to the French Borrower) or (z) in any event, 10% of the Revolving Commitments at such time; provided further that (A) the aggregate amount of outstanding Protective Advances to the European Borrowers plus the Aggregate European Revolving Exposure shall not exceed the European Borrowing Limits, and (B) the aggregate amount of outstanding Protective Advances to the French Borrowers plus the Aggregate French Revolving Exposure shall not exceed the French Borrowing Limits. Protective Advances may be made even if the conditions precedent set forth in Section 6 have not been satisfied. The Protective Advances shall be secured by the Liens in favour of the Collateral Agent in and to the Collateral and shall constitute Obligations hereunder. The Administrative Agent’s authorisation to make Protective Advances may be revoked at any time by the

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Required Lenders, the European Required Lenders (for Protective Advances to the European Borrowers) or the French Required Lenders (for Protective Advances to the French Borrower). Any such revocation must be in writing and shall become effective prospectively upon the Administrative Agent’s receipt thereof. At any time that there is sufficient Aggregate Availability, the Borrowing Limits would be satisfied and the conditions precedent set forth in Section 6 have been satisfied, the Administrative Agent may request the Lenders (under the relevant Facility depending on the Borrower to which the Protective Advance has been made) to make a Revolving Loan in the relevant currency to repay a Protective Advance. At any other time the Administrative Agent may require the Lenders to fund their risk participations described in Section 2.4(b). Notwithstanding any other term of this Agreement, the Administrative Agent may (but shall not be obliged to), in its discretion during a Cash Dominion Period or at any time at which it considers that the Collateral of the French Borrower may be at risk require the French Borrower to whom a Protective Advance has been made to pay all outstanding amounts payable to any or all of its RoT Suppliers directly out of the proceeds of any Protective Advance.

(b) Upon the making of a Protective Advance by the Administrative Agent (whether before or after the occurrence of a Default), (i) each European Lender shall be deemed, without further action by any party hereto, to have unconditionally and irrevocably purchased from the Administrative Agent, without recourse or warranty, an undivided interest and participation in any Protective Advance to a European Borrower in proportion to its Applicable Percentage of the European Facility and (ii) each French Lender shall be deemed, without further action by any party hereto, to have unconditionally and irrevocably purchased from the Administrative Agent, without recourse or warranty, an undivided interest and participation in any Protective Advance to a French Borrower in proportion to the Applicable Percentage of the French Facility. From and after the date, if any, on which any Lender is required to fund its participation in any Protective Advance purchased hereunder, the Administrative Agent shall promptly distribute to such Lender, such Lender’s Applicable Percentage of all payments of principal and interest and all proceeds of Collateral received by the Collateral Agent in respect of such Protective Advance.

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2.5. Swingline Loans

(a) The Administrative Agent, the Swingline Lenders and the Lenders agree that promptly (and in any event by the time specified below) after the Administrative Borrower requests a Swingline Loan, the relevant Swingline Lender may in its sole discretion (exercised reasonably and in good faith) advance on behalf of the European Lenders in relation to a Swingline Loan requested by or on behalf of a European Borrower and on behalf of the French Lenders in relation to a Borrowing requested by or on behalf of the French Borrower and in the amount requested, to the relevant Borrower(s), on the date of the applicable Borrowing to the Funding Account(s) (each such Loan made solely by a Swingline Lender pursuant to this Section 2.5(a) is referred to in this Agreement as a “ Swingline Loan ”), with settlement among them as to the Swingline Loans to take place on a periodic basis as set forth in Section 2.5(c). Swingline Loans denominated in Dollars, Sterling , Euro and Swiss Francs will be made on the same Business Day as the request for the Borrowing (if such request is received before 11:00 a.m. (London time)) and on the following Business Day if not. Swingline Loans denominated in Danish Krone, Norwegian Krone, Swedish Krona will be made on the subsequent Business Day as the request for the Borrowing (if such request is received before 11:00 a.m. (London time)) and on the second Business Day following such request if not. Each Swingline Loan shall be subject to all the terms and conditions applicable to other LIBOR Loans funded by the Lenders, except that all payments thereon shall be payable to the relevant Swingline Lender solely for its own account and that interest shall be calculated by reference to the Overnight LIBO Rate. Subject to paragraph (d), the aggregate amount of Swingline Loans outstanding at any time shall not exceed €20,000,000. The Swingline Lenders shall not make any Swingline Loan if the requested Swingline Loan results in:

(i) in the case of the European Borrowers, (A) the aggregate principal amount of outstanding Swingline Loans to European Borrowers exceeding €20,000,000, or (B) the European Borrowing Limits being exceeded; and

(ii) in the case of the French Borrower, (A) the aggregate principal amount of outstanding Swingline Loans to the French Borrower exceeding €10,000,000, or (B) the French Borrowing Limits being exceeded.

(b) Upon the making of a Swingline Loan (whether before or after the occurrence of a Default and regardless of whether a Settlement has been requested with respect to such Swingline Loan), (i) each European Lender shall be deemed, without further action by any party hereto, to have unconditionally and irrevocably purchased from the relevant Swingline Lender, without recourse or warranty, an undivided interest and participation in such Swingline Loan made to any European Borrower in proportion to its Applicable Percentage of the European Revolving Commitment and (ii) and each French Lender shall be deemed without further action by any party hereto, to have unconditionally and irrevocably purchased from the relevant Swingline Lender, without recourse or warranty an undivided interest and participation in such Swingline Loan made to any French Borrower in proportion to its Applicable Percentage of the French Revolving Commitment. The Swingline Lenders may, at any time, require the Lenders to fund their participations. From and after the date, if any, on which any Lender is required to fund its participation in any Swingline Loan purchased hereunder, the Administrative Agent shall promptly distribute to such Lender, such Lender’s Applicable Percentage of all payments of principal and interest and all proceeds of Collateral received by the Administrative Agent under the relevant Facility in respect of such Loan.

(c) The Administrative Agent, on behalf of each Swingline Lender, shall request settlement (a “ Settlement ”) with the European Lenders or French Lenders (as the case may be) on a weekly basis (or such other frequency as the Administrative Agent may select) or on any date that the Administrative Agent elects, by notifying the European Lenders in respect of any Swingline Loan made to the European Borrowers and the French Lenders in respect of any Swingline Loan made to the French Borrower of such requested Settlement by facsimile or e-mail no later than 12:00 noon London time three Business Days prior to the date of such requested Settlement (the “ Settlement Date ”). Each European Lender or French Lender

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(as the case may be) (other than the relevant Swingline Lender, in the case of the Swingline Loans) shall transfer the amount of such European Lender’s or French Lender’s (as the case may be) Applicable Percentage of the relevant Facility of the outstanding principal amount of the applicable Loan with respect to which Settlement is requested to the Administrative Agent, to such account of the Administrative Agent as the Administrative Agent may designate, not later than 2:00 p.m., London time, on such Settlement Date. The resulting Loan shall be a LIBOR Loan with an interest period of one week. Settlements may occur during the existence of a Default and whether or not the applicable conditions precedent set forth in Section 6 have then been satisfied. Such amounts transferred to the Administrative Agent shall be applied against the amounts of the relevant Swingline Lender’s Swingline Loans in relation to which such request was made and, together with relevant Swingline Lender’s Applicable Percentage of such Swingline Loan, shall constitute Revolving Loans of such Lenders under the relevant Facility, respectively. If any such amount is not transferred to the Administrative Agent by any Lender on such Settlement Date, the relevant Swingline Lender shall be entitled to recover from such Lender on demand such amount, together with interest thereon, as specified in Section 2.7.

(d) [Reserved]

2.6. Letters of Credit

(a) General. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, the Administrative Borrower may request the issuance of Letters of Credit for its own account or for the account of another Borrower as the applicant thereof for the support of its or its Subsidiaries’ obligations, to be denominated in any Approved Currency and in a form reasonably acceptable to the Administrative Agent and the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer, at any time and from time to time during the Availability Period for the benefit of:

(i) any European Borrower, in an aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding that will not result in the European Borrowing Limits being exceeded; or

(ii) the French Borrower, in an aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding that will not result in the French Borrowing Limits being exceeded.

In the event of any inconsistency between the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the terms and conditions of any form of letter of credit application or other agreement submitted by the Borrowers to, or entered into by the Borrowers with, the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer relating to any Letter of Credit, the terms and conditions of this Agreement shall control. Each Borrower unconditionally and irrevocably agrees that, in connection with any Letter of Credit issued for the support of any Subsidiary’s obligations as provided in the first sentence of this paragraph, such Borrower will be fully responsible for the reimbursement of LC Disbursements in accordance with the terms hereof, the payment of interest thereon and the payment of fees due under Section 3.3 to the same extent as if it were the sole account party in respect of such Letter of Credit (such Borrower hereby irrevocably waiving any defences that might otherwise be available to it as a guarantor or surety of the obligations of such Subsidiary that is an account party in respect of any such Letter of Credit).

(b) Notice of Issuance, Amendment, Renewal, Extension; Certain Conditions. To request the issuance of a Letter of Credit (or the amendment, renewal or extension of an outstanding Letter of Credit), other than in respect of any Letter of Credit which contains any “evergreen” or automatic renewal provision in which case the provisions of paragraph (c) will apply, the Administrative Borrower shall deliver by hand or facsimile (or transmit by electronic communication, if arrangements for doing so have been approved by the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer) to the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer and the Administrative Agent (prior to 9:00 am, London time, at least three Business Days prior to the requested date of issuance, amendment, renewal or extension) a notice requesting the issuance of a Letter of Credit, or identifying the Letter of Credit to be amended, renewed or extended, and specifying the date of issuance, amendment, renewal or extension (which shall be a Business Day), the date on which such Letter of Credit is to expire (which shall comply with paragraph (c) of this Section), the Borrower for whose benefit the Letter

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of Credit will be issued, the amount of such Letter of Credit, the name and address of the beneficiary thereof and such other information as shall be necessary to prepare, amend, renew or extend such Letter of Credit. No such notice may be delivered to the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer and the Administrative Agent until the relevant Letter of Credit is in a form agreed between the Administrative Borrower and the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer. If requested by the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer, the applicable Borrower also shall submit a letter of credit application on the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer’s standard form in connection with any request for a Letter of Credit. A Letter of Credit shall be issued, amended, renewed or extended only if (and upon issuance, amendment, renewal or extension of each Letter of Credit the Borrowers shall be deemed to represent and warrant that), after giving effect to such issuance, amendment, renewal or extension (i) the LC Exposure shall not exceed €50,000,000 (or its equivalent in another currency or other currencies), (ii) the LC Exposure with respect to the European Borrowers shall not exceed €40,000,000 (or its equivalent in another currency or other currencies), (iii) the LC Exposure with respect to the French Borrower shall not exceed €10,000,000 (or its equivalent in another currency or other currencies) and (iv) the European Borrowing Limits or the French Borrowing Limits (as applicable) will not be exceeded.

(c) Expiration Date. Each Letter of Credit shall expire (or be subject to termination by notice from the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer to the beneficiary thereof) at or prior to the close of business on the earlier of (i) the date one year after the date of the issuance of such Letter of Credit (or, in the case of any renewal or extension thereof, including, without limitation, any automatic renewal provision, one year after such renewal or extension) or such longer period as may be expressly agreed in writing by the relevant letter of Credit Issuer and (ii) the date that is five Business Days prior to the Maturity Date. With respect to any Letter of Credit which contains any “evergreen” or automatic renewal provision, each applicable Lender shall be deemed to have consented to any such extension or renewal, unless any such Lender shall have provided to the applicable Administrative Agent written notice that it declines to consent to any such extension or renewal at least thirty days prior to the date on which the applicable Letter of Credit Issuer is entitled to decline to extend or renew such Letter of Credit. If all of the requirements of this Section 2.6 are met and no Default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, no Lender shall decline to consent to any such extension or renewal. For the avoidance of doubt, the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer shall decline any such extension or renewal if, at the time of such extension or renewal, the requirements of this Section 2.6 (including compliance with the Borrowing Limits at such time) have not been met and/or a Default or Event of Default is continuing. If the “evergreen” or other automatic renewal provisions of any Letter of Credit permit the expiry date or next renewal date of that Letter of Credit to extend beyond the Maturity Date, the Obligors shall fully cash collateralize such letter of Credit on terms satisfactory to the applicable Letter of Credit Issuer(s) by or on the date being 5 Business Days before the Maturity Date.

(d) Participations. By the issuance of a Letter of Credit (or an amendment to a Letter of Credit increasing the amount thereof) for the benefit of (i) a European Borrower and without any further action on the part of the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer or the Lenders, the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer hereby grants to each European Lender, and each European Lender hereby acquires from the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer, a participation in such Letter of Credit equal to such European Lender’s Applicable Percentage of the aggregate amount available to be drawn under such Letter of Credit, and (ii) a French Borrower and without any further action on the part of the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer or the Lenders, the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer hereby grants to each French Lender, and each French Lender hereby acquires from the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer, a participation in such Letter of Credit equal to such French Lender’s Applicable Percentage of the aggregate amount available to be drawn under such Letter of Credit. In consideration and in furtherance of the foregoing, each European Lender or French Lender (as applicable) hereby absolutely and unconditionally agrees to pay to the Administrative Agent, for the account of the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer, such Lender’s Applicable Percentage of each LC Disbursement made by the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer and not reimbursed by the European Borrowers or French Borrower (as applicable) on the date due as provided in paragraph (e) of this Section, or of any reimbursement payment required to be refunded to the relevant Borrowers for any reason. Each European Lender and each French Lender (as applicable) acknowledges and agrees that its obligation to acquire participations pursuant to this paragraph in respect of Letters of Credit is absolute and unconditional and shall not be affected by any

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circumstance whatsoever, including any amendment, renewal or extension of any Letter of Credit or the occurrence and continuance of a Default or reduction or termination of the Commitments, and that each such payment shall be made without any offset, abatement, withholding or reduction whatsoever.

(e) Reimbursement. If any Letter of Credit Issuer shall make any LC Disbursement in respect of a Letter of Credit, the applicable Borrowers shall reimburse such LC Disbursement by paying to the Administrative Agent an amount equal to such LC Disbursement in the same currency as that LC Disbursement (i) not later than 11:00 a.m., London time, on the date that such LC Disbursement is made, if the Administrative Borrower shall have received notice of such LC Disbursement prior to 9:00 a.m., London time, on such date, or, (ii) if such notice has not been received by the Administrative Borrower prior to such time on such date, then not later than 11:00 a.m., London time, on (A) the Business Day that the Administrative Borrower receives such notice, if such notice is received prior to 9:00 a.m., London time, on the day of receipt, or (B) the Business Day immediately following the day that the Administrative Borrower receives such notice, if such notice is not received prior to such time on the day of receipt; provided that, if such LC Disbursement is greater than or equal to €500,000 (or its equivalent in another currency or currencies), the relevant Borrowers may, subject to the conditions to borrowing set forth herein, request in accordance with Sections 2.3 or 2.5 that such payment be financed with a Swingline Loan under the relevant Facility in an equivalent amount and, to the extent so financed, the relevant Borrowers’ obligation to make such payment shall be discharged and replaced by the resulting Swingline Loan. If the relevant Borrower fails to make such payment when due, the Administrative Agent shall notify each Lender under the relevant Facility of the applicable LC Disbursement, the payment then due from the relevant Borrower in respect thereof and such Lender’s Applicable Percentage thereof. Promptly following receipt of such notice, each Lender under the relevant Facility shall pay to the Administrative Agent its Applicable Percentage of the payment then due from the Borrowers, in the same manner as provided in Section 2.7 with respect to Loans made by such Lender under the relevant Facility (and Section 2.7 shall apply, mutatis mutandis , to the payment obligations of the Lenders), and the Administrative Agent shall promptly pay to the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer the amounts so received by it from the relevant Lenders. Promptly following receipt by the Administrative Agent of any payment from the Borrowers pursuant to this paragraph, the Administrative Agent shall distribute such payment to the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer or, to the extent that relevant Lenders have made payments pursuant to this paragraph to reimburse the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer, then to such Lenders and Letter of Credit Issuer as their interests may appear. Any payment made by a Lender pursuant to this paragraph to reimburse a Letter of Credit Issuer for any LC Disbursement (other than the funding of Swingline Loan as contemplated above) shall not constitute a Loan but shall constitute Secured Obligations and shall not relieve the relevant Borrowers of their obligation to reimburse such LC Disbursement.

(f) Obligations Absolute. The applicable Borrowers’ joint and several obligation to reimburse LC Disbursements as provided in paragraph (e) of this Section shall be absolute, unconditional and irrevocable, and shall be performed strictly in accordance with the terms of this Agreement under any and all circumstances whatsoever and irrespective of (i) any lack of validity or enforceability of any Letter of Credit or this Agreement, or any term or provision therein or herein, (ii) any draft or other document presented under a Letter of Credit proving to be forged, fraudulent or invalid in any respect or any statement therein being untrue or inaccurate in any respect, (iii) any payment by a Letter of Credit Issuer under a Letter of Credit against presentation of a draft or other document that does not comply with the terms of such Letter of Credit, or (iv) any other event or circumstance whatsoever, whether or not similar to any of the foregoing, that might, but for the provisions of this Section, constitute a legal or equitable discharge of, or provide a right of setoff against, the Borrowers’ obligations hereunder. None of the Administrative Agent, the Lenders, the Letter of Credit Issuers or any of their Related Parties, shall have any liability or responsibility by reason of or in connection with the issuance or transfer of any Letter of Credit or any payment or failure to make any payment thereunder (irrespective of any of the circumstances referred to in the preceding sentence), or any error, omission, interruption, loss or delay in transmission or delivery of any draft, notice or other communication under or relating to any Letter of Credit (including any document required to make a drawing thereunder), any error in interpretation of technical terms or any consequence arising from causes

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beyond the control of any Letter of Credit Issuer; provided that the foregoing shall not be construed to excuse any Letter of Credit Issuer from liability to the Borrowers to the extent of any direct damages (as opposed to special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages, claims in respect of which are hereby waived by the Borrowers to the extent permitted by applicable law) suffered by any Borrower that are caused by any Letter of Credit Issuer’s failure to exercise care when determining whether drafts and other documents presented under a Letter of Credit comply with the terms thereof. The parties hereto expressly agree that, in the absence of gross negligence or wilful misconduct on the part of a Letter of Credit Issuer (as finally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction), such Letter of Credit Issuer shall be deemed to have exercised care in each such determination. In furtherance of the foregoing and without limiting the generality thereof, the parties agree that, with respect to documents presented which appear on their face to be in substantial compliance with the terms of a Letter of Credit, each Letter of Credit Issuer may, in its sole discretion, either accept and make payment upon such documents without responsibility for further investigation, regardless of any notice or information to the contrary, or refuse to accept and make payment upon such documents if such documents are not in strict compliance with the terms of such Letter of Credit.

(g) Disbursement Procedures. Each Letter of Credit Issuer shall, promptly following its receipt thereof, examine all documents purporting to represent a demand for payment under a Letter of Credit. Each Letter of Credit Issuer shall promptly notify the Administrative Agent and the applicable Borrower in writing of such demand for payment and whether a Letter of Credit Issuer has made or will make an LC Disbursement thereunder; provided that any failure to give or delay in giving such notice shall not relieve the Borrowers of their obligation to reimburse the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer and the Lenders with respect to any such LC Disbursement.

(h) Interim Interest. If a Letter of Credit Issuer shall make any LC Disbursement, then, unless the Borrowers shall reimburse such LC Disbursement in full on the date such LC Disbursement is made, the unpaid amount thereof shall bear interest, for each day from and including the date such LC Disbursement is made to but excluding the date that the Borrowers reimburse such LC Disbursement, at the rate per annum then applicable to LIBOR Loans and such interest shall be payable on the date when such reimbursement is due; provided that, if the Borrowers fail to reimburse such LC Disbursement when due pursuant to paragraph (e) of this Section, then Section 2.8(d) shall apply. Interest accrued pursuant to this paragraph shall be for the account of the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer, except that interest accrued on and after the date of payment by any Lender pursuant to paragraph (e) of this Section to reimburse the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer shall be for the account of such Lender to the extent of such payment.

(i) Replacement of a Letter of Credit Issuer. A Letter of Credit Issuer may be replaced at any time by written agreement among the Administrative Borrower, the Administrative Agent, the replaced Letter of Credit Issuer and the successor Letter of Credit Issuer. Any replacement Letter of Credit Issuer must be a French Qualifying Letter of Credit Issuer in relation to Letters of Credit issued to or on behalf of the French Borrower. The Administrative Agent shall notify the Lenders of any such replacement of a Letter of Credit Issuer. At the time any such replacement shall become effective, the Borrowers shall pay all unpaid fees accrued for the account of the replaced Letter of Credit Issuer pursuant to Section 3.3. From and after the effective date of any such replacement, (i) the successor Letter of Credit Issuer shall have all the rights and obligations of the replaced Letter of Credit Issuer under this Agreement with respect to Letters of Credit to be issued thereafter and (ii) references herein to the term “Letter of Credit Issuer” shall be deemed to refer to such successor or to any previous Letter of Credit Issuer, or to such successor and all previous Letter of Credit Issuers, as the context shall require. After the replacement of a Letter of Credit Issuer hereunder, the replaced Letter of Credit Issuer shall remain a party hereto and shall continue to have all the rights and obligations of a Letter of Credit Issuer under this Agreement with respect to Letters of Credit then outstanding and issued by it prior to such replacement, but shall not be required to issue additional Letters of Credit.

(j) Cash Collateralization. If any Default shall occur and be continuing, on the Business Day that the Administrative Borrower receives notice from the Administrative Agent or the Required

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Lenders (or, if the maturity of the Loans has been accelerated, Lenders with LC Exposure representing greater than 50% of the aggregate LC Exposure) demanding the deposit of cash collateral pursuant to this paragraph, the Borrowers shall deposit in an account with the Administrative Agent, in the name of the Administrative Agent and for the benefit of the Lenders (the “ LC Collateral Account ”), an amount in cash equal to 100% of the amount of the LC Exposure as of such date plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon; provided that the obligation to deposit such cash collateral shall become effective immediately, and such deposit shall become immediately due and payable, without demand or other notice of any kind, upon the occurrence of any Event of Default with respect to any Borrower described in Sections 10.5 or 10.6. Such deposit shall be held by the Administrative Agent as collateral for the payment and performance of the Secured Obligations. The Administrative Agent shall have exclusive dominion and control, including the exclusive right of withdrawal, over the LC Collateral Account and the Borrowers shall grant the Collateral Agent a security interest in the LC Collateral Account under the Security Documents. Other than any interest earned on the investment of such deposits, which investments shall be made at the option and sole discretion of the Administrative Agent and at the Borrowers’ risk and expense, such deposits shall not bear interest. Interest or profits, if any, on such investments shall accumulate in the LC Collateral Account. Moneys in the LC Collateral Account shall be applied by the Administrative Agent to reimburse each Letter of Credit Issuer for LC Disbursements for which it has not been reimbursed and, to the extent not so applied, shall be held for the satisfaction of the reimbursement obligations of the Borrowers for the LC Exposure at such time or, if the maturity of the Loans has been accelerated (but subject to the consent of Lenders with LC Exposure representing greater than 50% of the aggregate LC Exposure), be applied to satisfy other Secured Obligations. If the Borrowers are required to provide an amount of cash collateral hereunder as a result of the occurrence of a Default, such amount (to the extent not applied as aforesaid) shall be returned to the Borrowers within three (3) Business Days after all such Defaults have been cured or waived as confirmed in writing by the Administrative Agent.

(k) Letter of Credit Issuer Reports to the Administrative Agent. Unless otherwise agreed by the Administrative Agent, each Letter of Credit Issuer shall, in addition to its notification obligations set forth elsewhere in this Section, report in writing to the Administrative Agent (i) periodic activity (for such period or recurrent periods as shall be requested by the Administrative Agent, but at least on a monthly basis) in respect of Letters of Credit issued by such Letter of Credit Issuer, including all issuances, extensions, amendments and renewals, all expirations and cancelations and all disbursements and reimbursements, (ii) reasonably prior to the time that such Letter of Credit Issuer issues, amends, renews or extends any Letter of Credit, the date of such issuance, amendment, renewal or extension, and the stated amount of the Letters of Credit issued, amended, renewed or extended by it and outstanding after giving effect to such issuance, amendment, renewal or extension (and whether the amounts thereof shall have changed), (iii) on each Business Day on which such Letter of Credit Issuer makes any LC Disbursement, the date and amount of such LC Disbursement, (iv) on any Business Day on which any Borrower fails to reimburse an LC Disbursement required to be reimbursed to such Letter of Credit Issuer on such day, the date of such failure and the amount of such LC Disbursement, and (v) on any other Business Day, such other information as the Administrative Agent shall reasonably request as to the Letters of Credit issued by such Letter of Credit Issuer.

(l) LC Exposure Determination. For all purposes of this Agreement, the amount of a Letter of Credit that, by its terms or the terms of any document related thereto, provides for one or more automatic increases in the stated amount thereof shall be deemed to be the maximum stated amount of such Letter of Credit after giving effect to all such increases, whether or not such maximum stated amount is in effect at the time of determination.

(m) Post Closing Borrowers. For the avoidance of doubt, no Letter of Credit may be requested by (or on behalf of) or issued to or for the benefit of any Post Closing Borrower until such time as that Post Closing Borrower has satisfied the conditions set out in Section 5.2.

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(n) Continuing Letters of Credit. On and from the Amendment and Restatement Date, any obligations and exposure of any Resigning Party (as defined in the Amendment and Restatement Agreement) under the Credit Documents in respect of any Continuing Letter of Credit shall be assumed in their entirety by the Company.

2.7. Funding of Borrowings

(a) Each Lender shall make each Loan to be made by such Lender hereunder on the proposed date thereof by wire transfer of immediately available funds by 1:00 p.m., London time, to the account of the Administrative Agent most recently designated by it for such purpose by notice to the Lenders in an amount equal to such Lender’s Applicable Percentage of the relevant Facility; provided that, Swingline Loans shall be made as provided in Section 2.5. The Administrative Agent will make such Loans available to the Administrative Borrower by promptly crediting the amounts so received, in like funds, to the Funding Account; provided that Swingline Loans made to finance the reimbursement of (i) an LC Disbursement as provided in Section 2.6(e) shall be remitted by the Administrative Agent to the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer and (ii) a Protective Advance shall be retained by the Administrative Agent.

(b) Unless the Administrative Agent shall have received notice from a Lender prior to the proposed date of any Borrowing that such Lender will not make available to the Administrative Agent such Lender’s share of such Borrowing, the Administrative Agent may assume that such Lender has made such share available on such date in accordance with paragraph (a) of this Section and may, in reliance upon such assumption, make available to the applicable Borrower a corresponding amount. In such event, if a Lender has not in fact made its share of the applicable Borrowing available to the Administrative Agent, then the applicable Lender and the Borrowers severally agree to pay to the Administrative Agent forthwith on demand such corresponding amount with interest thereon, for each day from and including the date such amount is made available to the applicable Borrower to but excluding the date of payment to the Administrative Agent, at (i) in the case of such Lender, a rate determined by the Administrative Agent in accordance with banking industry rules on interbank compensation or (ii) in the case of the Borrowers, the interest rate applicable to the relevant LIBOR Loans. If such Lender pays such amount to the Administrative Agent, then such amount shall constitute such Lender’s Loan included in such Borrowing.

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2.8. Interest.

(a) Each Borrowing of a Revolving Loan shall bear interest at the LIBO Rate for the Interest Period in effect for such Borrowing plus the Applicable Margin.

(b) Each Swingline Loan shall bear interest at the Overnight LIBO Rate plus the Applicable Margin.

(d) Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any principal of or interest on any Loan (including, without limitation, any Protective Advance) or any fee or other amount payable by the Borrowers hereunder is not paid when due, whether at stated maturity, upon acceleration or otherwise, such overdue amount shall bear interest, after as well as before judgment, at a rate per annum equal to (i) in the case of overdue principal of any Loan, 2% plus the rate otherwise applicable to such Loan as provided in the preceding paragraphs of this Section or (ii) in the case of any other amount, 2% plus the rate applicable to LIBOR Loans as provided in paragraph (a) of this Section.

(e) Accrued interest on each (A) Revolving Loan shall be payable in arrears on each Interest Payment Date for such Loan, upon termination of the Commitments and upon the Maturity Date, and (B) Swingline Loan shall be payable in arrears on the first Business Day following the end of each month, upon termination of the Commitments and upon the Maturity Date; provided that (i) interest accrued pursuant to paragraph (d) of this Section shall be payable on demand, and (ii) in the event of any repayment or prepayment of any Loan, accrued interest on the principal amount repaid or prepaid shall be payable on the date of such repayment or prepayment.

(f) All interest hereunder shall be computed on the basis of a year of 360 days, except that interest computed in respect of sterling shall be computed on the basis of a year of 365 days, and in each case shall be payable for the actual number of days elapsed (including the first day but excluding the last day). The applicable LIBO Rate or Overnight LIBO Rate shall be determined by the Administrative Agent, and such determination shall be conclusive absent manifest error.

(g) The interest rates provided for in this Agreement, including this Section 2.8, are minimum interest rates. When entering into this Agreement, the parties have assumed that the interest payable at the rates set out in Section 2.8 or in other Sections of this Agreement, if any, is not and will not become subject to the Swiss Withholding Tax. Notwithstanding that the parties do not anticipate that any payment of interest will be subject to the Swiss Withholding Tax, they agree that, in the event that the Swiss Withholding Tax should be imposed on interest payments, the payment of interest due by any Swiss Borrower shall, in line with and subject to Section 4.5, including the limitations therein, be increased to an amount which (after making any deduction of the Non-Refundable Portion (as defined below) of the Swiss Withholding Tax) results in a payment to each Lender entitled to such payment of an amount equal to the payment which would have been due had no deduction of Swiss Withholding Tax been required. For this purpose, the Swiss Withholding Tax shall be calculated on the full grossed-up interest amount. For the purposes of this Section 2.8, “ Non-Refundable Portion ” shall mean Swiss Withholding Tax at the standard rate (being, as at the date hereof, 35 per cent) unless a tax ruling issued by the Swiss Federal Tax Administration (SFTA) confirms that, in relation to a specific Lender based on an applicable double tax treaty, the Non-Refundable Portion is a specified lower rate in which case such lower rate shall be applied in relation to such Lender. Each Swiss Borrower shall provide to the Administrative Agent the documents required by law or applicable double taxation treaties for the Lenders to claim a refund of any Swiss Withholding Tax so deducted.

(h) Effective Global Rate ( Tax Effectif Global ) . Each Credit Party acknowledges that, by virtue of certain characteristics of this Agreement (in particular the floating rates of interest and the

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adjustment of the Applicable Margin applicable to the Loans, the French Borrower’s right to select the duration of each Interest Period and the uncertainty as to the amount to be effectively drawn from time to time under the Loans), for the purpose of articles L.314-1 to L.314-5 of the French Consumer Code, article R.314-1 et seq . of the French Consumer Code and article L.313-4 of the French Monetary and Financial Code, the taux effectif global (the “ TEG ”) shall be required to be calculated based on assumptions as to the period rate ( taux de période ) and the period term ( durée de période ) and on the assumption that the interest rate and all other fees, costs or expenses payable under this Agreement will be maintained at their original level throughout the term of this Agreement. The calculation of the TEG shall be set out in a TEG letter (the “ TEG Letter ”) which will be delivered by the Administrative Agent to the Borrower on the date of the first utilization of any Loan and from time to time as required by applicable law, and each TEG Letter will form an integral part of this Agreement.

2.9. Interest Elections

(a) Each Revolving Loan initially shall have an initial Interest Period as specified in such Borrowing Request. Thereafter, the Administrative Borrower may elect to continue such Borrowing and may elect Interest Periods therefor, as provided in this Section. The Administrative Borrower may elect different options with respect to different portions of the affected Borrowing, in which case each such portion shall be allocated rateably among the Lenders holding the Loans comprising such Borrowing, and the Loans comprising each such portion shall be considered a separate Borrowing. This Section shall not apply to Swingline Borrowings or Protective Advances, which may not be continued.

(b) To make an election pursuant to this Section, the Administrative Borrower shall notify the Administrative Agent of such election in writing by the time that a Borrowing Request would be required under Section 2.3 if the Borrowers were requesting a Revolving Borrowing. Each such written Interest Election Request shall be irrevocable and shall be in a form approved by the Administrative Agent and signed by the Administrative Borrower.

(i) the name of the applicable Borrower and the Borrowing to which such Interest Election Request applies and, if different options are being elected with respect to different portions thereof, the portions thereof to be allocated to each resulting Borrowing (in which case the information to be specified pursuant to clauses (iii) below shall be specified for each resulting Borrowing);

(ii) the effective date of the election made pursuant to such Interest Election Request, which shall be a Business Day;

(iii) the Interest Period to be applicable thereto after giving effect to such election, which shall be a period contemplated by the definition of the term “Interest Period”.

If any such Interest Election Request requests a LIBOR Loan but does not specify an Interest Period, then the Borrowers shall be deemed to have selected an Interest Period of one month’s duration.

(d) Promptly following receipt of an Interest Election Request, the Administrative Agent shall advise each relevant Lender of the details thereof and of such Lender’s portion of each resulting Borrowing.

(e) If the Administrative Borrower fails to deliver a timely Interest Election Request with respect to a LIBOR Loan prior to the end of the Interest Period applicable thereto, then, unless such Borrowing is repaid as provided herein, at the end of such Interest Period such Borrowing shall be continued as a LIBOR Loan with an Interest Period of one month. Notwithstanding any contrary provision hereof, if a

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Default has occurred and is continuing and the Administrative Agent, at the request of the Required Lenders, so notifies the Administrative Borrower, then, so long as a Default is continuing such outstanding Revolving Borrowing may be continued as a LIBOR Loan with an Interest Period of one month.

2.10. Alternate Rate of Interest. If prior to the commencement of any Interest Period for a LIBOR Loan:

(a) the Administrative Agent determines (acting reasonably) (which determination shall be conclusive and binding absent manifest error) that adequate and reasonable means do not exist for ascertaining the LIBO Rate or the Overnight LIBO Rate, as applicable (including, without limitation, because the Screen Rate is not available or published on a current basis) for such Interest Period and the relevant Approved Currency; or

(b) the Administrative Agent is advised by the European Required Lenders with respect to the European Facility or the French Required Lenders with regard to the French Facility that the LIBO Rate or the Overnight LIBO Rate for the applicable Interest Period will not adequately and fairly reflect the cost to such Lenders (or Lender) of making or maintaining their Loans included in such Borrowing for such Interest Period,

then the Administrative Agent shall give notice thereof to the Administrative Borrower and the Lenders by electronic communication as provided in Section 12.2 as promptly as practicable thereafter and, until the Administrative Agent notifies the Administrative Borrower and the Lenders that the circumstances giving rise to such notice no longer exist, then the rate of interest on each Lender’s share of each relevant Loan for the Interest Period commencing after the receipt of such notice shall be the Alternate Rate.

In the event that, in connection with the initial Borrowing of a LIBOR Loan, the Administrative Agent gives notice to the Administrative Borrower of the occurrence of any of the events set out in paragraphs (a) and (b) above, the Administrative Borrower may cancel any pending Borrowing Request in relation to any affected Loan, provided always, that, in the event of such cancellation, the Obligors shall indemnify the Administrative Agent and relevant Lenders for any costs and expenses reasonably incurred by them in preparing to make the Borrowing available (including, without limitation, any break costs referred to in Section 2.15(b)).

(c) If at any time the Administrative Agent determines (which determination shall be conclusive absent manifest error) that (i) the circumstances set forth in Section 2.10(a) have arisen and such circumstances are unlikely to be temporary or (ii) the circumstances set forth in Section 2.10(a) have not arisen but the supervisor for the administrator of the Screen Rate or a Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over the Administrative Agent has made a public statement identifying a specific date after which the Screen Rate shall no longer be used for determining interest rates for loans, then the Administrative Agent and the Administrative Borrower shall endeavour to establish an alternate rate of interest to the LIBO Rate that gives due consideration to the then prevailing market convention for determining a rate of interest for syndicated loans in the United Kingdom at such time, and shall enter into an amendment to this Agreement to reflect such alternate rate of interest and such other related changes to this Agreement as may be applicable (but for the avoidance of doubt, such related changes shall not include a reduction of the Applicable Margin). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 12.1, such amendment shall become effective without any further action or consent of any other party to this Agreement so long as the Administrative Agent shall not have received, within five Business Days of the date notice of such alternate rate of interest is provided to the Lenders, a written notice from the Required Lenders of each Class stating that such Required Lenders object to such amendment. Until an alternate rate of interest shall be determined in accordance with this Section 2.10(c) (but, in the case of the circumstances described in paragraph (ii) of the first sentence of this Section 2.10(c), only to the extent the Screen Rate for the applicable currency and such Interest Period is not available or published at such time on a current basis), then the rate of interest on each Lender’s share of each relevant Loan for the Interest Period commencing

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after the receipt of such notice shall be the Alternate Rate; provided that, if such alternate rate of interest shall be less than zero, such rate shall be deemed to be zero for the purposes of this Agreement.

2.11. Payments Generally, Allocation of Proceeds; Sharing of Set-offs .

(a) The Credit Parties shall make each payment required to be made by them hereunder (whether of principal, interest, fees or reimbursement of LC Disbursements, or of amounts payable under Section 2.14, 2.15 or 4.5, or otherwise) prior to 2:00 p.m., London time, on the date when due, in immediately available funds in the same currency as the underlying obligation, without set-off or counterclaim. Any amounts received after such time on any date may, in the discretion of the Administrative Agent, be deemed to have been received on the next succeeding Business Day for purposes of calculating interest thereon. All such payments shall be made to the Administrative Agent at its offices at 25 Bank Street, Canary Wharf, London E14 5JP except payments to be made directly to a Letter of Credit Issuer or a Swingline Lender as expressly provided herein and except that payments pursuant to Sections 2.14, 2.15, 4.5 and 12.5 shall be made directly to the Persons entitled thereto. The Administrative Agent shall distribute any such payments received by it for the account of any other Person to the appropriate recipient promptly following receipt thereof. If any payment hereunder shall be due on a day that is not a Business Day, the date for payment shall be extended to the next succeeding Business Day, and, in the case of any payment accruing interest, interest thereon shall be payable for the period of such extension.

(b) Any proceeds of Collateral received by the Administrative Agent or the Collateral Agent (i) not constituting either (A) a specific payment of principal, interest, fees or other sum payable under the Credit Documents, (B) a mandatory prepayment (which shall be applied in accordance with Section 4.3(b)) or (C) amounts to be applied from any Collection Account or Concentration Account when a Cash Dominion Period is in effect (which shall be applied in accordance with Section 4.2(b)) or (ii) after an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing and the Administrative Agent so elects or the Required Lenders so direct, shall be applied rateably first , to pay any fees, indemnities, or expense reimbursements including amounts then due to the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent and the Letter of Credit Issuers from the Credit Parties (other than in connection with any Secured Cash Management Agreements or Secured Hedge Agreements), second , to pay any fees or expense reimbursements then due to the Lenders from the Credit Parties (other than in connection with any Secured Cash Management Agreement or Secured Hedge Agreements), third , to pay interest due in respect of the Protective Advances, fourth , to pay the principal of the Protective Advances, fifth , to pay interest then due and payable on the Loans (other than the Protective Advances) rateably, sixth , to prepay principal on the Loans (other than the Protective Advances), unreimbursed LC Disbursements, amounts under the Treasury Bank Overdraft Facility and amounts under Secured Cash Management Agreements or Secured Hedge Agreements (but only to the extent that Reserves have been established against such Secured Cash Management Agreement or Secured Hedge Agreements) rateably, seventh , to pay an amount to the Administrative Agent equal to one hundred (100%) of the aggregate undrawn face amount of all outstanding Letters of Credit and the aggregate amount of any unpaid LC Disbursements, to be held as cash collateral for such Obligations, eighth , to payment of any amounts owing with respect to any Secured Cash Management Agreement or Secured Hedge Agreements up to and including the amount most recently provided to the Administrative Agent pursuant to Section 2.18 (other than amounts in relation to the Treasury Bank Overdraft Facility, Secured Cash Management Agreements or Secured Hedge Agreements that are paid in sixth position above), and ninth , to the payment of any other Secured Obligation due to the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent or any Lender or any other Secured Party by the Credit Parties provided that any amounts received on account of Collateral of any French Borrower shall be applied in the order provided above first to the French Obligations, and second to the extent of any surplus after the full repayment of the French Obligations, to the Obligations (other than French Obligations) subject to any guarantee limitations affecting the French Borrower. Notwithstanding the foregoing, amounts received from any Credit Party shall not be applied to any Excluded Swap Obligation of such Credit Party. The Administrative Agent and the Lenders shall have the continuing and exclusive right

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to apply and reverse and reapply any and all such proceeds and payments to any portion of the Secured Obligations.

(c) At the election of the Administrative Agent, all payments of principal, interest, LC Disbursements and fees payable under the Credit Documents, may be paid from the proceeds of Borrowings made hereunder whether made following a request by the Administrative Borrower pursuant to Section 2.3 or, if such amounts are past due, a deemed request as provided in this Section. The Borrowers hereby irrevocably authorise the Administrative Agent to make a Borrowing (which shall be a Swingline Loan) for the purpose of paying each such payment of principal, interest and fees following the date on which it becomes due hereunder or under the Credit Documents and agrees that all such amounts shall constitute Swingline Loans and that all such Borrowings shall be deemed to have been requested pursuant to Section 2.3 or 2.5, as applicable, provided always that the Administrative Agent shall provide the Administrative Borrower with two days’ prior written notice of its intention to make a Borrowing under this paragraph.

(d) If, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, any Lender shall, by exercising any right of set-off or counterclaim or otherwise, obtain payment in respect of any principal of or interest on any of its Loans or participations in LC Disbursements resulting in such Lender receiving payment of a greater proportion of the aggregate amount of its Loans and participations in LC Disbursements and Swingline Loans and accrued interest thereon under either Facility than the proportion received by any other similarly situated Lender under that Facility, then the Lender receiving such greater proportion shall purchase (for cash at face value) participations in the Loans and participations in LC Disbursements and Swingline Loans of other Lenders to the extent necessary so that the benefit of all such payments shall be shared by all such Lenders rateably in accordance with the aggregate amount of principal of and accrued interest on their respective Loans and participations in LC Disbursements and Swingline Loans of the relevant Facility; provided that (i) if any such participations are purchased and all or any portion of the payment giving rise thereto is recovered, such participations shall be rescinded and the purchase price restored to the extent of such recovery, without interest, and (ii) the provisions of this paragraph shall not be construed to apply to any payment made by the Borrowers pursuant to and in accordance with the express terms of this Agreement or any payment obtained by a Lender as consideration for the assignment of or sale of a participation in any of its Loans or participations in LC Disbursements or Swingline Loans to any assignee or participant, other than to the Borrowers or any Subsidiary or Affiliate thereof (as to which the provisions of this paragraph shall apply). Each Borrower consents to the foregoing and agrees, to the extent it may effectively do so under applicable law, that any Lender acquiring a participation pursuant to the foregoing arrangements may exercise against such Borrower rights of set-off and counterclaim with respect to such participation as fully as if such Lender were a direct creditor of such Borrower in the amount of such participation.

(e) Unless the Administrative Agent shall have received notice from the Administrative Borrower prior to the date on which any payment is due to the Administrative Agent for the account of the Lenders or the Letter of Credit Issuers hereunder that the Borrowers will not make such payment, the Administrative Agent may assume that the Borrowers have made such payment on such date in accordance herewith and may, in reliance upon such assumption, distribute to the Lenders or the Letter of Credit Issuers, as the case may be, the amount due. In such event, if the Borrowers have not in fact made such payment, then each of the Lenders or the Letter of Credit Issuers, as the case may be, severally agrees to repay to the Administrative Agent forthwith on demand the amount so distributed to such Lender or Letter of Credit Issuers with interest thereon, for each day from and including the date such amount is distributed to it to but excluding the date of payment to the Administrative Agent, at a rate determined by the Administrative Agent in accordance with banking industry rules on interbank compensation.

(f) If any Lender shall fail to make any payment required to be made by it hereunder, then the Administrative Agent may, in its discretion (notwithstanding any contrary provision hereof), (i) apply any amounts thereafter received by the Administrative Agent for the account of such Lender to satisfy such Lender’s obligations hereunder until all such unsatisfied obligations are fully paid and/or (ii) hold any such amounts in a segregated account as cash collateral for, and application to, any future funding

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obligations of such Lender hereunder. Application of amounts pursuant to (i) and (ii) above shall be made in any order determined by the Administrative Agent in its discretion.

(g) The Administrative Agent may from time to time provide the Borrowers with billing statements or invoices with respect to any of the Secured Obligations (the “ Billing Statements ”). The Administrative Agent is under no duty or obligation to provide Billing Statements, which, if provided, will be solely for the Borrowers’ convenience. The Billing Statements may contain estimates of the amounts owed during the relevant billing period, whether of principal, interest, fees or other Secured Obligations. If the Borrowers pay the full amount indicated on a Billing Statement on or before the due date indicated on such Billing Statement, the Borrowers shall not be in default; provided, that acceptance by the Administrative Agent, on behalf of the Lenders, of any payment that is less than the payment due at that time shall not constitute a waiver of the Administrative Agent’s or the Lenders’ right to receive payment in full at another time.

2.12. Increase of Maximum Amount .

(a) Subject to the terms and conditions hereof, at any time and from time to time after the Closing Date and up to the Maturity Date, provided that (x) no Default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing and (y) the Commitment Increase (as defined below) would be permitted under the terms of any Indebtedness (other than the Obligations) of the Borrowers or the Borrower Subsidiaries with a principal amount outstanding in excess of €75,000,000, the Borrowers may request one or more increases in the Revolving Commitments (each such commitment increase, a “ Commitment Increase ”) by notifying the Administrative Agent (and the Administrative Agent shall notify each Revolving Lender) of the amount of the proposed Commitment Increase. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement, no Commitment Increase shall require the approval of any Lender other than any Lender (if any) providing all or part of the Commitment Increase, no Lender shall be required to provide all or part of any Commitment Increase unless it agrees to do so in its sole discretion, no Commitment Increase shall be in an amount less than €10,000,000, and the aggregate amount of all Commitment Increases shall not exceed €50,000,000.

(b) Any Commitment Increase shall be offered by the applicable Borrower(s) to the applicable Lenders pro rata in accordance with their respective Pro Rata Shares on the date that the Commitment Increase is requested. Each such Lender shall have 10 Business Days to respond to any request for a Commitment Increase (by notice to the applicable Borrower and Administrative Agent) and may elect but shall not be obligated to accept all, a portion or none of their respective Pro Rata Shares of the proposed Commitment Increase. Any such Lender which fails to respond to a request for a Commitment Increase by the end of such 10 Business Day period will be deemed to have declined the request for its Pro Rata Share of the requested Commitment Increase. If any portion of a requested Commitment Increase is not provided by the Revolving Lenders, then the applicable Borrower(s) may offer any such portion to the Lenders who have accepted such Commitment Increase and/or request that one or more financial institutions (acceptable to the Administrative Agent, acting reasonably after consultation with the Administrative Borrower) provide such Commitment Increase. In any such case, each Person providing a portion of the requested Commitment Increase shall execute and deliver to the Administrative Agent and Borrower(s) all such docum entation as may be reasonably required by the Administrative Agent to evidence such Commitment Increase.

(c) If any requested Commitment Increase is agreed to in accordance with this Section 2.12, the Administrative Agent and the applicable Borrower(s) shall determine the closing date of such Commitment Increase (the “ Commitment Increase Closing Date ”). The Administrative Agent, with the consent and approval of the applicable Borrower(s), shall promptly confirm in writing to the Lenders the final allocation of such Commitment Increase and the Commitment Increase Closing Date. On the Commitment Increase Closing Date: (i) each Person added as a new Lender pursuant to a Commitment Increase (a “ New Lender ”) shall become a Revolving Lender hereunder and under the other Credit Documents pursuant to a Joinder Agreement with a Revolving Commitment as set forth therein; (ii) the Revolving Commitment of each existing Revolving Lender that increases its Revolving Commitment

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pursuant to a Commitment Increase (an “ Increasing Lender ”) shall be increased; (iii) the applicable Borrower shall pay (which may be funded with the Revolving Loans made under the Commitment Increase) the principal amount of, and accrued and unpaid interest on, Revolving Loans of the Revolving Lenders other than the New Lenders in an amount sufficient (as determined by the Administrative Agent) to permit the New Lenders and the Increasing Lenders to fund Revolving Loans in an amount equal to the New Lenders’ and the Increasing Lenders’ respective Pro Rata Shares of the then outstanding Revolving Loans and in connection with such payment shall also pay funding losses, if any, on such repayment in accordance with Section 4.5; (iv) each New Lender shall fund Revolving Loans in an amount equal to its Pro Rata Share of the then outstanding Revolving Loans; and (v) each Increasing Lender shall fund Revolving Loans in an amount necessary such that, after giving effect to such funding, it shall have funded its Pro Rata Share of the entire amount of the then outstanding Revolving Loans. Any New Lender shall be required to have a Revolving Commitment of not less than €5,000,000. The increase of the Total Revolving Commitments in accordance with this Section 2.12 shall not require any further consent under Section 11 hereof, and the Administrative Agent, the applicable Borrower(s) and the Revolving Lenders may execute any amendments to give effect to the terms of this Section 2.12 if deemed necessary by the Administrative Agent.

(d) As a condition precedent to the effectiveness of any such Commitment Increase, the applicable Borrower(s) shall deliver to the Administrative Agent a certificate signed by a director, dated as of the Commitment Increase Effective Date, certifying that as of the Commitment Increase Effective Date no Default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing.

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2.13. Extensions of Revolving Commitments

(a) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, pursuant to one or more offers (each, an “ Extension Offer ”) made from time to time by the Borrowers to all Lenders with Revolving Commitments of the same Class, on a pro rata basis (based on the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the respective Revolving Commitments of the applicable Class) and on the same terms to each such Lender, the Borrowers are hereby permitted to consummate from time to time transactions with individual Lenders that accept the terms contained in such Extension Offers to extend the maturity date of each such Lender’s Revolving Commitments of the applicable Class and otherwise modify the terms of such Revolving Commitments pursuant to the terms of the relevant Extension Offer (including, without limitation, by increasing the interest rate or fees payable in respect of such Revolving Commitments (and related outstandings)) (each, an “ Extension ” and any Extended Revolving Commitments (as defined below) shall constitute a separate Class of Revolving Commitments from the Class of Revolving Commitments from which they were converted), so long as the following terms are satisfied: (i) no Default or Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing at the time the offering document in respect of an Extension Offer is delivered to the Lenders, (ii) except as to interest rates, fees and final maturity (which shall be determined by the Borrowers and set forth in the relevant Extension Offer), the Revolving Commitment of any Revolving Lender that agrees to an extension with respect to such Revolving Commitment (an “ Extending Revolving Lender ”) extended pursuant to an Extension (an “ Extended Revolving Commitment ”), and the related outstandings, shall be a Revolving Commitment (or related outstandings, as the case may be) with the same terms as the original Class of Revolving Commitments (and related outstandings); and (y) at no time shall there be Revolving Commitments hereunder (including Extended Revolving Commitments and any original Revolving Commitments) which have more than three different maturity dates, (iii) if the aggregate principal amount of the Class of Revolving Commitments in respect of which Revolving Lenders shall have accepted the relevant Extension Offer shall exceed the maximum aggregate principal amount of Revolving Commitments of such Class offered to be extended by the Borrowers pursuant to such Extension Offer, then the Revolving Loans of such Revolving Lenders shall be extended rateably up to such maximum amount based on the respective principal amounts (but not to exceed actual holdings of record) with respect to which such Revolving Lenders have accepted such Extension Offer, (vi) all documentation in respect of such Extension shall be consistent with the foregoing and (vii) any applicable Minimum Extension Condition shall be satisfied unless waived by the Borrowers.

(b) With respect to all Extensions consummated by the Borrowers pursuant to this Section 2.13, (i) such Extensions shall not constitute voluntary or mandatory payments or prepayments for purposes of Section 4.3 and (ii) no Extension Offer is required to be in any minimum amount or any minimum increment; provided that the Borrower may at its election specify as a condition (a “ Minimum Extension Condition ”) to consummating any such Extension that a minimum amount (to be determined and specified in the relevant Extension Offer in the Borrower’s sole discretion and may be waived by the Borrower) of Revolving Commitments of any or all applicable Classes be tendered. The Administrative Agent and the Lenders hereby consent to the transactions contemplated by this Section 2.13 (including, for the avoidance of doubt, payment of any interest, fees or premium in respect of any Extended Revolving Commitments on the such terms as may be set forth in the relevant Extension Offer) and hereby waive the requirements of any provision of this Agreement or any other Credit Document that may otherwise prohibit any such Extension or any other transaction contemplated by this Section 2.13.

(c) No consent of any Lender or the Administrative Agent shall be required to effectuate any Extension, other than (A) the consent of each Lender agreeing to such Extension with respect to one or more of its Revolving Commitments (or a portion thereof) and (B) with respect to any Extension of any Class of Revolving Commitments, the consent of any Letter of Credit Issuer and Swingline Lenders shall be required if such Person is acting as a Letter of Credit Issuer or Swingline Lender under the Extended Revolving Commitments. All Extended Revolving Commitments and all obligations in respect thereof shall be Obligations under this Agreement and the other Credit Documents that are secured by the Collateral on a pari passu basis with all other applicable Obligations of the applicable Borrowers under this Agreement and

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the other Credit Documents. The Lenders hereby irrevocably authorize the Administrative Agent to enter into amendments to this Agreement and the other Credit Documents with the Borrowers as may be necessary in order to establish new Classes in respect of Revolving Commitments so extended and such technical amendments as may be necessary or appropriate in the reasonable opinion of the Administrative Agent and the Borrowers in connection with the establishment of such new Classes, in each case on terms consistent with this Section 2.13.

(d) In connection with any Extension, the Borrowers shall provide the Administrative Agent at least ten (10) Business Days’ prior written notice thereof, and shall agree to such procedures (including, without limitation, regarding timing, rounding and other adjustments and to ensure reasonable administrative management of the credit facilities hereunder after such Extension and anything required in relation to the Collateral Documents), if any, as may be established by, or acceptable to, the Administrative Agent, in each case acting reasonably to accomplish the purposes of this Section 2.13.

(e) Notwithstanding the above, if an Extension Offer is made and any Lender agrees to become an Extending Revolving Lender, the Administrative Agent and/or the Collateral Agent may choose not to continue in such roles for the Extending Revolving Lender(s) and resign their roles in accordance with Sections 11.11 and 11.30 respectively. If either of the Administrative Agent and/or the Collateral Agent gives the Administrative Borrower or any of the Lenders notice of its intention to resign its role following the making of an Extension Offer, the Extension shall not complete until such time as a new Administrative Agent and/or Collateral Agent have been appointed in accordance with the applicable terms of this Agreement.

2.14. Increased Costs

(a) If any Change in Law shall:

(i) impose, modify or deem applicable any reserve, special deposit, liquidity or similar requirement (including any compulsory loan requirement, insurance charge or other assessment) against assets of, deposits with or for the account of, or credit extended by, any Lender (except any such reserve requirement reflected in the LIBO Rate) or any Letter of Credit Issuer;

(ii) impose on any Lender or any Letter of Credit Issuer or the relevant interbank market any other condition, cost or expense (other than Taxes) affecting this Agreement or Loans made by such Lender or any Letter of Credit or participation therein; or

(iii) subject any Recipient to any Taxes (other than (A) amounts attributable to a Tax Deduction required by law to be made by an Obligor or (B) Taxes compensated for by Section 4.5 or (C) Taxes that would have been compensated for by Section 4.5 but were not so compensated because an exclusion set out therein applied or (D) Excluded Taxes) on its loans, loan principal, letters of credit, commitments, or other obligations, or its deposits, reserves, other liabilities or capital attributable thereto;

and the result of any of the foregoing shall be to increase the cost to such Lender or such other Recipient of making, continuing or maintaining any Loan (or of maintaining its obligation to make any such Loan) or to increase the cost to such Lender, such Letter of Credit Issuer or such other Recipient of participating in, issuing or maintaining any Letter of Credit or to reduce the amount of any sum received or receivable by such Lender, such Letter of Credit Issuer or such other Recipient hereunder (whether of principal, interest or otherwise), then the Obligors will pay to such Lender, such Letter of Credit Issuer or such other Recipient, as the case may be, such additional amount or amounts as will compensate such Lender, such Letter of Credit Issuer or such other Recipient, as the case may be, for such additional costs incurred or reduction suffered.

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(b) If any Lender or any Letter of Credit Issuer determines that any Change in Law regarding capital or liquidity requirements has or would have the effect of reducing the rate of return on such Lender’s or such Letter of Credit Issuer’s capital or on the capital of such Lender’s or such Letter of Credit Issuer’s holding company, if any, as a consequence of this Agreement, the Commitment of, or the Loans made by, or participations in Letters of Credit or Swingline Loans held by, such Lender, or the Letters of Credit issued by such Letter of Credit Issuer, to a level below that which such Lender or such Letter of Credit Issuer or such Lender’s or such Letter of Credit Issuer’s holding company could have achieved but for such Change in Law (taking into consideration such Lender’s or such Letter of Credit Issuer’s policies and the policies of such Lender’s or such Letter of Credit Issuer’s holding company with respect to capital adequacy and liquidity), then from time to time the Obligors will pay to such Lender or such Letter of Credit Issuer, as the case may be, such additional amount or amounts as will compensate such Lender or such Letter of Credit Issuer or such Lender’s or such Letter of Credit Issuer’s holding company for any such reduction suffered.

(c) A certificate of a Lender or a Letter of Credit Issuer setting forth the amount or amounts necessary to compensate such Lender or such Letter of Credit Issuer or its holding company, as the case may be, as specified in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section shall be delivered to the Administrative Borrower and shall be conclusive absent manifest error. The Obligors shall pay such Lender or such Letter of Credit Issuer, as the case may be, the amount shown as due on any such certificate within 10 days after receipt thereof.

(d) Failure or delay on the part of any Lender or any Letter of Credit Issuer to demand compensation pursuant to this Section shall not constitute a waiver of such Lender’s or such Letter of Credit Issuer’s right to demand such compensation; provided that the Obligors shall not be required to compensate a Lender or a Letter of Credit Issuer pursuant to this Section for any increased costs or reductions incurred more than 270 days prior to the date that such Lender or such Letter of Credit Issuer, as the case may be, notifies the Administrative Borrower of the Change in Law giving rise to such increased costs or reductions and of such Lender’s or such Letter of Credit Issuer’s intention to claim compensation therefor; provided further that, if the Change in Law giving rise to such increased costs or reductions is retroactive, then the 270-day period referred to above shall be extended to include the period of retroactive effect thereof.

2.15. Break Funding Payments

In the event of (a) the payment of any principal of any LIBOR Loan other than on the last day of an Interest Period applicable thereto (including as a result of an Event of Default or as a result of any prepayment pursuant to Section 4.3), (b) the failure to borrow, continue or prepay any LIBOR Loan on the date specified in any notice delivered pursuant hereto (regardless of whether such notice may be revoked under Section 4.1(c) and is revoked in accordance therewith), or (c) the assignment of any LIBOR Loan other than on the last day of the Interest Period applicable thereto as a result of a request by the Administrative Borrower pursuant to Section 2.16, then, in any such event, the Obligors shall compensate each Lender for the loss, cost and expense attributable to such event. In the case of a LIBOR Loan, such loss, cost or expense to any Lender shall be deemed to include an amount determined by such Lender to be the excess, if any, of (i) the amount of interest which would have accrued on the principal amount of such LIBOR Loan had such event not occurred, at the LIBO Rate that would have been applicable to such LIBOR Loan, for the period from the date of such event to the last day of the then current Interest Period therefor (or, in the case of a failure to borrow or continue, for the period that would have been the Interest Period for such LIBOR Loan), over (ii) the amount of interest which would accrue on such principal amount for such period at the interest rate which such Lender would bid were it to bid, at the commencement of such period, for Euro deposits of a comparable amount and period from other banks in the relevant interbank market. A certificate of any Lender setting forth any amount or amounts that such Lender is entitled to receive pursuant to this Section shall be delivered to the Administrative Borrower and shall be conclusive absent manifest error. The Obligors shall pay such Lender the amount shown as due on any such certificate within ten (10) days after receipt thereof.

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2.16. Mitigation Obligations; Replacement of Lenders .

(a) If any Lender requests compensation under Section 2.14, or if the Obligors are required to pay any Taxes or additional amounts to any Lender or any Tax Authority for the account of any Lender pursuant to Section 4.5, then such Lender shall use reasonable efforts to designate a different lending office for funding or booking its Loans hereunder or to assign its rights and obligations hereunder to another of its offices, branches or affiliates, if, in the reasonable judgment of such Lender, such designation or assignment (i) would eliminate or reduce amounts payable pursuant to Section 2.14 or 4.5, as the case may be, in the future and (ii) would not subject such Lender to any unreimbursed cost or expense and would not otherwise be disadvantageous to such Lender. The Obligors hereby agree to pay all reasonable costs and expenses incurred by any Lender in connection with any such designation or assignment.

(b) If any Lender requests compensation under Section 2.14, or if the Obligors are required to pay any Taxes or additional amounts to any Lender or any Tax Authority for the account of any Lender pursuant to Sections 2.14 or 4.5, or if any Lender becomes a Defaulting Lender, then the Obligors may, at their sole expense and effort, upon notice to such Lender and the Administrative Agent, require such Lender to assign and delegate, without recourse (in accordance with and subject to the restrictions contained in Section 12.6), all its interests, rights (other than its existing rights to payments pursuant to Sections 2.14 or 4.5) and obligations under this Agreement and other Credit Documents to an assignee that shall assume such obligations (which assignee may be another Lender, if a Lender accepts such assignment); provided that (i) the Obligors shall have received the prior written consent of the Administrative Agent (and in circumstances where its consent would be required under Section 12.6, the Letter of Credit Issuers and the Swingline Lenders), which consent shall not unreasonably be withheld, (ii) such Lender shall have received payment of an amount equal to the outstanding principal of its Loans and funded participations in LC Disbursements and Swingline Loans, accrued interest thereon, accrued fees and all other amounts payable to it hereunder, from the assignee (to the extent of such outstanding principal and accrued interest and fees) or the Obligors (in the case of all other amounts) and (iii) in the case of any such assignment resulting from a claim for compensation under Section 2.14 or payments required to be made pursuant to Section 4.5, such assignment will result in a reduction in such compensation or payments. A Lender shall not be required to make any such assignment and delegation if, prior thereto, as a result of a waiver by such Lender or otherwise, the circumstances entitling the Obligors to require such assignment and delegation cease to apply.

(i) a Lender novates, assigns or otherwise transfers any of its rights or obligations under the Credit Documents or changes its lending office (each a “ Transfer ”); and

(ii) as a result of circumstances existing at the date the Transfer occurs, a Credit Party would be obliged to make a payment to the Lender receiving such Transfer or Lender acting through a new lending office (in either case the “ New Lender ”), under Section 2.14 or Section 4.5,

then the New Lender is only entitled to receive payment under those Sections to the same extent as the Lender novating, assigning or otherwise transferring any of its rights or obligations or the Lender acting through its previous lending office would have been if the Transfer had not occurred, provided that this Section 2.16(c) shall not apply in respect of any Transfer made in the ordinary course of the primary syndication of any Facility, or where a Credit Party fails, where relevant, to submit a Borrower DTTP Filing in respect of a Lender following receipt of a notification (including under of the Commitment Schedule) of that Lender’s HMRC DT Treaty Passport Scheme reference number and jurisdiction of Tax residence.

Notwithstanding the above, no Transfer may be effected to a New Lender incorporated, or acting through a registered office situated, in a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction without the prior consent of the Borrower, which shall not be unreasonably withheld.

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(d) The Lenders party hereto hereby acknowledge and agree to the terms of the loss sharing agreement dated as of the date hereof among the Administrative Agent and the Lenders parties thereto (the “ Loss Sharing Agreement ”), which Loss Sharing Agreement shall be binding upon each Person that becomes a Lender after the date hereof pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.16(c), Section 12.6 or otherwise and such Lender shall be a party and subject to such Loss Sharing Agreement as if an original signatory thereto.

2.17. Defaulting Lenders . Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary, if any Lender becomes a Defaulting Lender, then the following provisions shall apply for so long as such Lender is a Defaulting Lender:

(a) fees shall cease to accrue on the unfunded portion of the Revolving Commitment of such Defaulting Lender pursuant to Section 3;

(b) such Defaulting Lender shall not have the right to vote on any issue on which voting is required (other than to the extent expressly provided in Section 12.1) and the Commitment and Revolving Exposure of such Defaulting Lender shall not be included in determining whether the Required Lenders, European Required Lenders or French Required Lenders (as applicable) have taken or may take any action hereunder (including any consent to any amendment, waiver or other modification pursuant to Section 12.1) or under any other Credit Document; provided, that, except as otherwise provided in Section 12.1, this clause (b) shall not apply to the vote of a Defaulting Lender in the case of an amendment, waiver or other modification requiring the consent of such Lender or each Lender directly affected thereby;

(i) all or any part of the Swingline Exposure and LC Exposure of such Defaulting Lender shall be reallocated among the non-Defaulting Lenders under the same Facility or Facilities in which the Defaulting Lender was participating in accordance with their respective Applicable Percentages under the relevant Facility but only to the extent that (x) the conditions set forth in Section 6 are satisfied at the time of such reallocation (and, unless the Administrative Borrower shall have otherwise notified the Administrative Agent at such time, the Borrowers shall be deemed to have represented and warranted that such conditions are satisfied at such time) and (y) the sum of all non-Defaulting Lenders’ Revolving Exposures plus such Defaulting Lender’s Swingline Exposure and LC Exposure does not exceed the total of all non-Defaulting Lenders’ Revolving Commitments in respect of the relevant Facility. No reallocation hereunder shall constitute a waiver or release of any claim of any party hereunder against a Defaulting Lender arising from that Lender having become a Defaulting Lender, including any claim of an Non-Defaulting Lender as a result of such non-Defaulting Lender’s increased exposure following such reallocation.

(ii) if the reallocation described in clause (i) above cannot, or can only partially, be effected, the Borrowers shall within one (1) Business Day following notice by the Administrative Agent (x) first, prepay such Swingline Exposure and (y) second, cash collateralize, for the benefit of the Letter of Credit Issuers, the Borrowers’ obligations corresponding to such Defaulting Lender’s LC Exposure (after giving effect to any partial reallocation pursuant to clause (i) above) in accordance with the procedures set forth in Section 2.6(j) for so long as such LC Exposure is outstanding;

(iii) if the Borrowers cash collateralize any portion of such Defaulting Lender’s LC Exposure pursuant to clause (ii) above, the Borrowers shall not be required to pay any fees to such Defaulting Lender pursuant to Section 3 with respect to such Defaulting Lender’s LC Exposure during the period such Defaulting Lender’s LC Exposure is cash collateralized;

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(iv) if the LC Exposure of the non-Defaulting Lenders is reallocated pursuant to clause (i) above, then the fees payable to the Lenders pursuant to Section 3 shall be adjusted in accordance with such non-Defaulting Lenders’ Applicable Percentages; and

(v) if all or any portion of such Defaulting Lender’s LC Exposure is neither reallocated nor cash collateralized pursuant to clause (i) or (ii) above, then, without prejudice to any rights or remedies of the Letter of Credit Issuers or any other Lender hereunder, all letter of credit fees and commitment fees payable under this Agreement with respect to such Defaulting Lender’s LC Exposure shall be payable to the Letter of Credit Issuers until and to the extent that such LC Exposure is reallocated and/or cash collateralized; and

(d) so long as such Lender is a Defaulting Lender, the Letter of Credit Issuers shall not be required to issue, amend, renew, extend or increase any Letter of Credit, unless it is satisfied that the related exposure and such Defaulting Lender’s then outstanding LC Exposure will be 100% covered by the Commitments of the non-Defaulting Lenders in respect of the relevant Facility and/or cash collateral will be provided by the Borrowers in accordance with Section 2.17(c), and participating interests in any such newly made Swingline Loan or newly issued or increased Letter of Credit shall be allocated among non-Defaulting Lenders in a manner consistent with Section 2.17(c)(i) (and such Defaulting Lender shall not participate therein).

If (i) a Bankruptcy Event or Bail-in Action with respect to the Parent of any Lender shall occur following the date hereof and for so long as such event shall continue or (ii) the Swingline Lenders or the Letter of Credit Issuers have a good faith belief that any Lender has defaulted in fulfilling its obligations under one or more other agreements in which such Lender commits to extend credit, the Swingline Lenders shall not be required to fund any Swingline Loan and the Letter of Credit Issuers shall not be required to issue, amend or increase any Letter of Credit, unless the Swingline Lenders or the Letter of Credit Issuers, as the case may be, shall have entered into arrangements with the Borrowers or such Lender, satisfactory to the Swingline Lenders or the Letter of Credit Issuers, as the case may be, to defease any risk to it in respect of such Lender hereunder.

In the event that each of the Administrative Agent, the Borrowers, the Letter of Credit Issuers and the Swingline Lenders agree in writing that a Defaulting Lender has adequately remedied all matters that caused such Lender to be a Defaulting Lender, then the Swingline Exposure and LC Exposure of the Lenders shall be readjusted to reflect the inclusion of such Lender’s Revolving Commitment and on the date of such readjustment such Lender shall purchase at par such of the Loans of the other Lenders (other than Swingline Loans) as the Administrative Agent shall determine may be necessary in order for such Lender to hold such Loans in accordance with its Applicable Percentage, whereupon such Lender will cease to be a Defaulting Lender, provided that no adjustments will be made retroactively with respect to fees accrued or payments made by or on behalf of the Borrowers while that Lender was a Defaulting Lender, and, provided further that, except to the extent expressly agreed by the affected parties, no change hereunder from Defaulting Lender to Lender will constitute a waiver or release of any claim of any party thereunder arising from that Lender’s having been a Defaulting Lender.

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2.18. Banking Services and Hedge Agreements .

Each Lender or Affiliate thereof providing Bank Products for, or having Hedge Agreements with, any Credit Party shall deliver to the Administrative Agent, promptly after entering into such Secured Cash Management Agreements and Secured Hedge Agreements, written notice setting forth the aggregate amount of all Secured Cash Management Agreements and Secured Hedge Agreements of such Credit Party to such Lender or Affiliate (whether matured or unmatured, absolute or contingent). In addition, each such Lender or Affiliate thereof shall deliver to the Administrative Agent, from time to time after a significant change therein or upon a request therefor, a summary of the amounts due or to become due in respect of such Secured Cash Management Agreements and Secured Hedge Agreements. The most recent information provided to the Administrative Agent shall be used in determining the amounts to be applied in respect of such Secured Cash Management Agreements and/or Secured Hedge Agreements pursuant to Section 2.11(b).

2.19. Lender Affiliates and Facility Office

(a) In respect of a Loan or Loans to a particular Borrower (“ Designated Loans ”) a Lender (a “ Designating Lender ”) may at any time and from time to time designate (by written notice to the Administrative Agent and the Company): (i) a substitute Facility Office from which it will make Designated Loans (a “ Substitute Facility Office ”) or (ii) nominate an Affiliate to act as the Lender of Designated Loans (a “ Substitute Affiliate Lender ”).

(b) A notice to nominate a Substitute Affiliate Lender must be in the form set out in Exhibit H (Form of Substitute Affiliate Lender Designation Notice) and be countersigned by the relevant Substitute Affiliate Lender confirming it will be bound as a Lender under this Agreement in respect of the Designated Loans in respect of which it acts as Lender.

(c) The Designating Lender will act as the representative of any Substitute Affiliate Lender it nominates for all administrative purposes under this Agreement. The Obligors, the Administrative Agent and the other Lenders will be entitled to deal only with the Designating Lender, except that payments will be made in respect of Designated Loans to the Facility Office of the Substitute Affiliate Lender. In particular the Revolving Commitments of the Designating Lender will not be treated as reduced by the introduction of the Substitute Affiliate Lender for voting purposes under this Agreement or the other Credit Documents.

(d) Save as mentioned in Section 2.19(c) above, a Substitute Affiliate Lender will be treated as a Lender for all purposes under the Credit Documents as having a Revolving Commitment equal to the principal amount of all Designated Loans in which it is participating if and for so long as it continues to be a Substitute Affiliate Lender under this Agreement.

(e) A Designating Lender may revoke its designation of an Affiliate as a Substitute Affiliate Lender by notice in writing to the Administrative Agent and the Administrative Borrower provided that such notice may only take effect when there are no Designated Loans outstanding to the Substitute Affiliate Lender. Upon such Substitute Affiliate Lender ceasing to be a Substitute Affiliate Lender the Designating Lender will automatically assume (and be deemed to assume without further action by any party to this Agreement) all rights and obligations previously vested in the Substitute Affiliate Lender.

(f) If a Designating Lender designates a Substitute Facility Office or Substitute Affiliate Lender in accordance with this Section 2.19 (i) the provisions of Section 12.6 shall not apply to or in respect of any Substitute Facility Office or Substitute Affiliate Lender, and (iii) any Substitute Affiliate Lender or Substitute Affiliate Facility Office must be a French Qualifying Lender for the purposes of any Designated Loan made or to be made available to a French Borrower.

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(g) If (i) a Designated Lender designates a Substitute Facility Office or Substitute Affiliate Lender in accordance with this Section 2.19; and (ii) as a result of circumstances existing at the date the designation occurs, a Credit Party is obliged to pay any compensation, Taxes or additional amounts pursuant to Section 2.14 and Section 4.5, then the Substitute Affiliate Lender or Lender acting through its Substitute Facility Office shall only be entitled to receive payment under those Section 2.14 and 4.5 to the same extent as the Designating Lender or Lender acting through its Substitute Facility Office would have been if the designation had not occurred.

SECTION 3. Fees; Commitments

3.1. Fees . The Credit Parties agree to pay, or cause to be paid to the Administrative Agent and other Agents any fees in the amounts previously agreed to in writing by any one or more of the Credit Parties in connection with this Agreement.

3.2. Unused Line Fee . On the first Business Day of each of April, July, October and January and on the Termination Date, the Borrowers agree to pay to the Administrative Agent, for the rateable account of the Revolving Lenders under each Facility, in accordance with their respective Revolving Commitments under the relevant Facility, an unused line fee (the “ Unused Line Fee ”) in arrears equal to the Applicable Unused Line Fee Margin per annum for the relevant Facility times the average daily amount by which the aggregate Revolving Commitments relating to that Facility exceeded the aggregate Outstanding Amount of Revolving Loans and Letter of Credit Obligations under that Facility (which shall exclude, for the purposes of this Section 3.2 only, the principal amount of all Swingline Loans and Protective Advances). The Unused Line Fee shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year for the actual number of days elapsed and shall be payable in Euros. All principal payments received by the Administrative Agent shall be deemed to be credited to the Borrowers’ loan account immediately upon receipt for purposes of calculating the Unused Line Fee pursuant to this Section 3.2.

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3.3. Letter of Credit Fee . The Borrowers agree to pay (x) to the Administrative Agent, for the account of each Revolving Lender for each Letter of Credit, a fee in the Approved Currency in which such Letter of Credit is issued (the “ Letter of Credit Fee ”) at a per annum rate equal to the Applicable Margin in effect from time to time with respect to LIBOR Loans that are Revolving Loans on such Lender’s Pro Rata Share of the daily undrawn amount of such Letter of Credit from time to time and (y) to the Letter of Credit Issuers, all out‑of‑pocket costs, fees and expenses incurred or charged by the Letter of Credit Issuers in connection with the application for, processing of, issuance or extension of, drawing under, or amendment to, any Letter of Credit. The Letter of Credit Fee payable by the Borrowers with respect to a Letter of Credit shall be payable quarterly in arrears on the first Business Day of each April, July, October and January following the date on which such Letter of Credit is issued and on the Termination Date. The amounts due under sub-paragraph (y) above shall be payable upon issuance of the relevant Letter of Credit or other relevant event which triggered such cost, fee or expense. The Letter of Credit Fee shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year for the actual number of days elapsed.

3.4. Miscellaneous payment provisions .

(a) All fees payable hereunder or under any separate fees letter shall be paid on the dates due, in immediately available funds, to the Administrative Agent (or to the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer, in the case of fees payable to it) for distribution, in the case of commitment fees and participation fees, to the Lenders. Fees paid shall not be refundable under any circumstances.

(b) The Administrative Borrower may pay the fees set out in this Section 3 for and on behalf of the Borrower and/or the Credit Parties (as applicable).

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth above or elsewhere in this Agreement, no Letter of Credit Fee or Unused Line Fee shall accrue or be payable for the account of a Defaulting Lender during any period it is a Defaulting Lender.

SECTION 4. Payments and Commitments

4.1. Termination of Commitments .

(a) Unless previously terminated (and subject to any extension effected pursuant to Section 2.13), all Commitments shall terminate on the Maturity Date.

(b) The Borrowers may at any time terminate the Commitments upon (i) the payment in full of all outstanding Loans, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon and on any Letters of Credit, (ii) the cancellation and return of all outstanding Letters of Credit (or alternatively, with respect to each such Letter of Credit, the furnishing to the Administrative Agent of a cash deposit (or at the discretion of the Administrative Agent a back up standby letter of credit satisfactory to the Administrative Agent and the relevant Letter of Credit Issuers) in an amount equal to 100% of the LC Exposure as of such date), (iii) the payment in full of the accrued and unpaid fees, and (iv) the payment in full of all reimbursable expenses and other Obligations, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon.

(c) The Administrative Borrower shall notify the Administrative Agent of any election to terminate the Commitments under paragraph (b) of this Section at least three (3) Business Days prior to the effective date of such termination specifying such election and the effective date thereof. Promptly following receipt of any notice, the Administrative Agent shall advise the Lenders of the contents thereof.

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Each notice delivered by the Administrative Borrower pursuant to this Section shall be irrevocable; provided that a notice of termination of the Commitments delivered by the Administrative Borrower may state that such notice is conditioned upon the effectiveness of other credit facilities, in which case such notice may be revoked by the Administrative Borrower (by notice to the Administrative Agent on or prior to the specified effective date) if such condition is not satisfied. Any termination of the Commitments shall be permanent.

4.2. Repayment of Loans

(a) Each Borrower hereby unconditionally promises to pay (i) to the Administrative Agent for the account of each Lender the then unpaid principal amount of each Revolving Loan of such Borrower on the Maturity Date and, (ii) to the Administrative Agent the then unpaid amount of each Protective Advance of such Borrower on the earlier of the Maturity Date and demand by the Administrative Agent.

(b) At all times during a Cash Dominion Period, on each Business Day, the Administrative Agent shall apply all funds credited to any Collection Account, Floating Charge Account or Concentration Account of a Borrower on such Business Day or the immediately preceding Business Day (at the discretion of the Administrative Agent, whether or not immediately available) first to prepay any Protective Advances that may be outstanding in respect of the relevant Borrower and second to prepay the Revolving Loans (including Swingline Loans) and to cash collateralize outstanding LC Exposure in respect of the relevant Borrower. All amounts so applied shall be applied first against Protective Advances, Revolving Loans and Swingline Loans and as cash collateralised letters of credit denominated in the same currencies as the amounts withdrawn from the Collection Accounts and Floating Charge Accounts. In the event and to the extent that any amounts remain unapplied as a result of a mismatch between the currencies of the amounts in the Collections Accounts, Concentration Accounts or Floating Charge Accounts and the currencies in which the outstanding Protective Advances, Revolving Loans and Swingline Loans are denominated, the Borrowers shall be deemed to have requested the Administrative Agent to convert at the Spot Rate any such excess funds to the currency or currencies of the outstanding Protective Advances, Revolving Loans and Swingline Loans and apply such converted amounts to such outstanding Protective Advances, Revolving Loans and Swingline Loans.

(c) Each Lender shall maintain in accordance with its usual practice an account or accounts evidencing the Indebtedness of the Borrowers to such Lender resulting from each Loan made by such Lender, including the amounts of principal and interest payable and paid to such Lender from time to time hereunder.

(d) The Administrative Agent shall maintain accounts in which it shall record (i) the amount of each Loan made hereunder, the Class thereof and the Interest Period applicable thereto, (ii) the amount of any principal or interest due and payable or to become due and payable from the Borrowers to each Lender hereunder and (iii) the amount of any sum received by the Administrative Agent hereunder for the account of the Lenders and each Lender’s share thereof.

(e) The entries made in the accounts maintained pursuant to paragraph (c) or (d) of this Section shall be prima facie evidence of the existence and amounts of the obligations recorded therein; provided that the failure of any Lender or the Administrative Agent to maintain such accounts or any error therein shall not in any manner affect the obligation of the Borrowers to repay the Loans in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.

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4.3. Voluntary Prepayment, Mandatory Prepayment, Reduction or Termination .

(a) The Borrowers shall have the right at any time and from time to time to prepay any Borrowing in whole or in part, subject to prior notice in accordance with paragraph (c) of this Section and, if applicable, payment of any break funding expenses under Section 2.15.

(b) In the event and on such occasion that any European Borrowing Limits are exceeded and/or any of the French Borrowing Limits are exceeded, the Borrowers shall prepay the relevant Revolving Loans, LC Exposure and/or Swingline Loans or cash collateralize LC Exposure in an account with the Administrative Agent pursuant to Section 2.6(j), as applicable, in an aggregate amount equal to such excess.

(c) The Administrative Borrower shall notify the Administrative Agent (and, in the case of prepayment of a Swingline Loan, the relevant Swingline Lender) in writing of any prepayment hereunder not later than 11:00 a.m., London time, three (3) Business Days before the date of prepayment, in the case of a prepayment of all or part of a LIBOR Loan. Each such notice shall be irrevocable and shall specify the prepayment date and the principal amount of each Borrowing or portion thereof to be prepaid; provided that, if a notice of prepayment is given in connection with a conditional notice of termination of the Commitments as contemplated by Section 4.1, then such notice of prepayment may be revoked if such notice of termination is revoked in accordance with Section 4.1. Promptly following receipt of any such notice relating to a Revolving Borrowing, the Administrative Agent shall advise the Lenders of the contents thereof. Each partial prepayment of any Revolving Borrowing shall be in an amount that would be permitted in the case of an advance of a Revolving Borrowing as provided in Section 2.2. Each prepayment of a Revolving Borrowing shall be applied rateably to the Revolving Loans included in the prepaid Borrowing. Prepayments shall be accompanied by (i) accrued interest to the extent required by Section 2.8 and (ii) break funding payments pursuant to Section 2.15.

(d) In lieu of making any payment pursuant to this Section 4.3 in respect of any LIBOR Loan other than on the last day of the Interest Period, so long as no Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, the applicable Borrower(s) at its or their option may deposit with the Administrative Agent an amount in the applicable currency equal to the amount of the LIBOR Loan to be prepaid and such LIBOR Loan shall be repaid on the last day of the Interest Period therefor in the required amount. Such deposit shall be held by the Administrative Agent in a non-interest bearing deposit account established on terms reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent. Such deposit shall constitute cash collateral for the LIBOR Loans to be so prepaid, provided that the applicable Borrower may at any time direct that such deposit be applied to make the applicable payment required pursuant to this Section 4.3.

(e) If any amount payable to a Lender by the French Borrower under a Credit Document is not, or will not be (when the relevant corporate income tax is calculated) treated as a deductible charge or expense for French tax purposes for the French Borrower by reason of that amount being (i) paid or accrued to a Lender incorporated, domiciled, established or acting through a registered office situated in a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction, or (ii) paid to an account opened in the name of or for the benefit of that Lender in a financial institution situated in a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction, the French Borrower may, whilst the circumstance giving rise to the non-deductibility for French tax purposes continues, give the Administrative Agent notice of cancellation of the French Revolving Commitment of that Lender and its intention to procure the repayment of that Lender’s participation in the Loans under the French Facility.

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4.4. Method and Place of Payment .

(a) Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, all payments under this Agreement shall be made by the applicable Credit Party, without set-off, counterclaim or deduction of any kind, to the Administrative Agent for the rateable account of the Lenders entitled thereto in the case of the payments under the Revolving Facility, not later than 2:00 p.m. (London time), on the date when due and shall be made in immediately available funds at the Administrative Agent’s Office for the applicable currency or at such other office as the Administrative Agent shall specify for such purpose by notice to the applicable Credit Party. All repayments or prepayments of any Revolving Loans, Swingline Loans and Protective Advances (whether of principal, interest or otherwise) hereunder shall be made in the currency in which such Revolving Loans, Swingline Loans and Protective Advances are denominated and all other payments under each Credit Document shall, unless otherwise specified in such Credit Document, be made in Euro. The Administrative Agent will thereafter cause to be distributed on the same day (if payment was actually received by the Administrative Agent prior to 2:00 p.m. (London time) or, otherwise, on the next Business Day) like funds relating to the payment of principal or interest or other amounts rateably to the Lenders entitled thereto.

(b) Any payments under this Agreement that are made later than 2:00 p.m. (London time) shall be deemed to have been made on the next succeeding Business Day. Whenever any payment to be made hereunder shall be stated to be due on a day that is not a Business Day, the due date thereof shall be extended to the next succeeding Business Day and, with respect to payments of principal, interest thereon shall be payable during such extension at the applicable rate in effect immediately prior to such extension.

(c) With respect to any payments to be made by the French Borrower under this Agreement, the Administrative Agent shall specify the account to which such payments shall be made, it being noted that such account shall not be opened in a financial institution located in a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction.

4.5. Withholding of Taxes; Gross-Up .

(a) Any and all payments by or on behalf of any Credit Party under any Credit Document shall be made without deduction or withholding for any Taxes, except as required by applicable law. If applicable law requires the deduction or withholding of any Tax from any such payment by a Credit Party, then the applicable Credit Party shall make such deduction or withholding and shall timely pay the full amount deducted or withheld to the relevant Tax Authority in accordance with applicable law and, if such Tax is an Indemnified Tax, then the sum payable by the applicable Credit Party shall be increased as necessary so that after such deduction or withholding has been made (including such deductions and withholdings applicable to additional sums payable under this Section 4.5(a)) the applicable Recipient receives an amount equal to the sum it would have received had no such deduction or withholding been made.

(b) The Credit Parties shall pay and, within three Business Days of demand, jointly and severally indemnify each of the Secured Parties against any cost, liability or loss incurred by the relevant Secured Party in relation to all Other Taxes, save for any Other Taxes imposed with respect to an assignment or transfer of a Secured Party’s rights under a Credit Document (other than an assignment or transfer of rights pursuant to Sections 2.16 or 12.7) or to the extent that such Other Taxes becomes payable upon a voluntary registration made by the Administrative Agent, any Collateral Agent or any Lender if such registration is not necessary to evidence, prove, maintain, enforce, compel or otherwise assert the rights of such party or obligations of any party under the Credit Document

(c) As soon as practicable after any payment of Taxes by any Credit Party to a Tax Authority pursuant to this Section 4.5, such Credit Party shall deliver to the Administrative Agent the original or a certified copy of a receipt issued by such Tax Authority evidencing such payment, a copy of the return reporting such payment or other evidence of such payment reasonably satisfactory to the

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Administrative Agent provided that such evidence shall only be provided by the Credit Party to the Administrative Agent to the extent that such evidence exists and is not prohibited from being provided to the Administrative Agent.

(d) The Credit Parties shall jointly and severally indemnify each Recipient, within ten (10) days after demand therefor, for the full amount of any Indemnified Taxes (other than Other Taxes) (including Indemnified Taxes (other than Other Taxes) imposed on or attributable to an amount payable under this Section 4.5), other than Indemnified Taxes already compensated for under Section 4.5 of this Agreement, where such Indemnified Taxes are payable or paid by such Recipient or required to be withheld or deducted from a payment to such Recipient, together with any reasonable expenses arising therefrom or with respect thereto, whether or not such Indemnified Taxes were correctly or legally imposed or asserted by the relevant Tax Authority. A certificate as to the amount of such payment or liability delivered to any Credit Party by a Lender (with a copy to the Administrative Agent), or by the Administrative Agent on its own behalf or on behalf of a Lender, shall be conclusive absent manifest error.

(e) Each Lender shall severally indemnify the Administrative Agent, within ten (10) days after demand therefor, for (i) any Indemnified Taxes attributable to such Lender (but only to the extent that any Credit Party has not already indemnified the Administrative Agent for such Indemnified Taxes and without limiting the obligation of the Credit Parties to do so), (ii) any Taxes attributable to such Lender’s failure to comply with the provisions of Section 12.6(c) relating to the maintenance of a Participant Register and (iii) any Excluded Taxes attributable to such Lender, in each case, that are payable or paid by the Administrative Agent in connection with any Credit Document, and any reasonable expenses arising therefrom or with respect thereto, whether or not such Indemnified Taxes were correctly or legally imposed or asserted by the relevant Tax Authority. A certificate as to the amount of such payment or liability delivered to any Lender by the Administrative Agent shall be conclusive absent manifest error. Each Lender hereby authorises the Administrative Agent to set off and apply any and all amounts at any time owing to such Lender under any Credit Document or otherwise payable by the Administrative Agent to such Lender from any other source against any amount due to the Administrative Agent under this paragraph (e).

(f) Status of Lenders

(i) A Lender and each Credit Party that is required to make a payment to which that Lender is entitled shall co-operate in completing any procedural formalities necessary for that Credit Party to obtain authorisation to make payment without a Tax Deduction. provided that where a Lender has (where relevant) confirmed its HMRC DT Treaty Passport Scheme reference number and jurisdiction of Tax residence in the Commitment Schedule or otherwise provided notification of the same to the Administrative Agent and the Administrative Borrower, it shall be under no further obligation pursuant to this paragraph (except where a Borrower DTTP Filing has been rejected by HM Revenue & Customs or where HM Revenue & Customs has not given authority to make payments to that Lender without a Tax Deduction within 60 days of the date of the Borrower DTTP Filing and, in each case, the Administrative Borrower has notified the relevant Lender and the Administrative Agent in writing).

(ii) Any Lender that is entitled to an exemption from or reduction of withholding Tax with respect to payments made under any Credit Document shall deliver to the Administrative Borrower and the Administrative Agent, at the time or times reasonably requested by the Administrative Borrower or the Administrative Agent, such properly completed and executed documentation reasonably requested by the Administrative Borrower or the Administrative Agent as will permit such payments to be made without withholding or at a reduced rate of withholding, provided that where a Lender has (where relevant) confirmed its HMRC DT Treaty Passport Scheme reference number and jurisdiction of Tax residence in the Commitment Schedule or otherwise provided notification of the same to the Administrative Agent and the Administrative Borrower, it shall be under no further obligation pursuant to this paragraph (except where a Borrower DTTP Filing

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has been rejected by HM Revenue & Customs or where HM Revenue & Customs has not given authority to make payments to that Lender without a Tax Deduction within 60 days of the date of the Borrower DTTP Filing and, in each case, the Administrative Borrower has notified the relevant Lender and the Administrative Agent in writing). In addition, any Lender, if reasonably requested by the Administrative Borrower or the Administrative Agent, shall deliver such other documentation prescribed by applicable law or reasonably requested by the Administrative Borrower or the Administrative Agent as will enable the Credit Parties or the Administrative Agent to determine whether or not such Lender is subject to backup withholding or information reporting requirements.

(iii) If a Lender has confirmed its HMRC DT Treaty Passport Scheme reference number and jurisdiction of Tax residence, the relevant Credit Parties shall make a Borrower DTTP Filing with respect to such Lender within 30 days of the date of such confirmation.

(iv) Each Lender which becomes a Party to this Agreement after the date of this Agreement shall state in writing to the Administrative Agent at the time it becomes a Party to this Agreement whether it is (A) not a Qualifying Lender, (B) a Qualifying Lender (other than a Treaty Lender) or (C) a Treaty Lender. If a New Lender fails to notify its status in accordance with this Section 4.5(f)(iv) then such New Lender shall be treated for the purposes of this Agreement (including by each Credit Party) as if it is not a Qualifying Lender until such time as it notifies the Administrative Agent in writing which of (A), (B) or (C) applies (and the Administrative Agent, upon receipt of such notification, shall inform the relevant Credit Party). Such New Lender shall also specify in writing to the Administrative Agent at the time it becomes a Party to this Agreement, whether it is incorporated or acting through a registered office situated in a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction. For the avoidance of doubt, failure of a New Lender to comply with this paragraph (iv) will not invalidate the Transfer, within the meaning attached to this term in Section 2.16.

(v) If a Lender becomes aware that it is not or ceases to be a Qualifying Lender it shall as soon as reasonably practicable notify the Administrative Agent. If the Administrative Agent receives such notification from a Lender it shall as soon as it reasonably practicable notify the relevant Credit Party.

(vi) If a Lender has not confirmed its scheme reference number and jurisdiction of tax residence in the Commitment Schedule or otherwise provided notification of the same to the Administrative Agent or the Administrative Borrower, no Credit Party shall make a Borrower DTTP Filing or file any other form relating to the HMRC DT Treaty Passport Scheme in respect of that Lender’s Commitment(s) or its participation in any Loan unless the Lender otherwise agrees. Each relevant Credit Party shall, promptly on making a Borrower DTTP Filing, deliver a copy of such Borrower DTTP Filing to the Administrative Agent for delivery to the relevant Lender.

(vii) Each Lender agrees that if any form or certification it previously delivered expires or becomes obsolete or inaccurate in any respect, it shall update such form or certification or promptly (but in any event within ten days after demand therefor) notify the Administrative Borrower and the Administrative Agent in writing of its legal inability to do so.

(g) If any party determines, in its sole discretion that it has received a refund of or a tax credit (which such party utilised) attributable to any Indemnified Taxes as to which it has been indemnified pursuant to this Agreement (including by the payment of additional amounts pursuant to this Section 4.5), it shall pay to the indemnifying party an amount equal to such refund or tax credit (but only to the extent of indemnity payments made under this Section 4.5 with respect to the Taxes giving rise to such refund), net of all out-of-pocket expenses (including Taxes) of such indemnified party and without interest (other than any interest paid by the relevant Tax Authority with respect to such refund or tax credit). Such indemnifying party, upon the request of such indemnified party, shall repay to such indemnified party the amount paid over pursuant to this paragraph (g) (plus any penalties, interest or other charges imposed by the relevant Tax Authority) in the event that such indemnified party is required to repay such refund or tax credit to such Tax

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Authority. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this paragraph (g), in no event will the indemnified party be required to pay any amount to an indemnifying party pursuant to this paragraph (g) the payment of which would place the indemnified party in a less favourable net after-Tax position than the indemnified party would have been in if the Tax subject to indemnification and giving rise to such refund or tax credit had not been deducted, withheld or otherwise imposed and the indemnification payments or additional amounts giving rise to such refund or tax credit had never been paid. This paragraph (g) shall not be construed to require any indemnified party to make available its Tax returns (or any other information relating to its Taxes that it deems confidential) to the indemnifying party or any other Person.

(h) VAT

(i) All amounts expressed to be payable under a Credit Document by a Credit Party to a Secured Party which (in whole or in part) constitute the consideration for any supply for VAT purposes are deemed to be exclusive of any VAT which is chargeable on that supply, and accordingly, subject to paragraph 4.5(h)(ii) below, if VAT is or becomes chargeable on any supply made by a Secured Party to a Credit Party under a Credit Document and that Secured Party is required to account to the relevant Tax Authority for the VAT, that Credit Party must pay to such Secured Party (in addition to and at the same time as paying any other consideration for such supply) an amount equal to the amount of the VAT (and such Secured Party must promptly provide an appropriate VAT invoice to that Credit Party).

(ii) If VAT is or becomes chargeable on any supply made by a Secured Party (the “ Supplier ”) to any other Secured Party (the “ Recipient ”) under a Credit Document, and any party other than the Recipient (the “ Relevant Party ”) is required by the terms of any Credit Document to pay an amount equal to the consideration for that supply to the Supplier (rather than being required to reimburse or indemnify the Recipient in respect of that consideration):

(A) (where the Supplier is the person required to account to the relevant Tax Authority for the VAT) the Relevant Party must also pay to the Supplier (at the same time as paying that amount) an additional amount equal to the amount of the VAT. The Recipient must (where this paragraph (A) applies) promptly pay to the Relevant Party an amount equal to any credit or repayment the Recipient receives from the relevant Tax Authority which the Recipient reasonably determines relates to the VAT chargeable on that supply; and

(B) (where the Recipient is the person required to account to the relevant Tax Authority for the VAT) the Relevant Party must promptly, following demand from the Recipient, pay to the Recipient an amount equal to the VAT chargeable on that supply but only to the extent that the Recipient reasonably determines that it is not entitled to credit or repayment from the relevant Tax Authority in respect of that VAT.

(iii) Where a Credit Document requires a Credit Party to reimburse or indemnify a Secured Party for any cost or expense, that Credit Party shall reimburse or indemnify (as the case may be) such Secured Party for the full amount of such cost or expense, including such part thereof as represents VAT, save to the extent that such Secured Party reasonably determines that it is entitled to credit or repayment in respect of such VAT from the relevant Tax Authority.

(iv) Any reference in Sections 4.5(h) to any party shall, at any time when such party is treated as a member of a group for VAT purposes, include (where appropriate and unless the context otherwise requires) a reference to the person who is treated as making the supply or (as appropriate) receiving the supply under the grouping rules (as provided for in Article 11 of the Council Directive 2006/112/EC (or as implemented by the relevant member state of the European Union)).

(v) In relation to any supply made by a Secured Party to a Credit Party under a Credit Document, if reasonably requested by such Secured Party, that Credit Party must promptly provide

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such Secured Party with details of that Credit Party’s VAT registration and such other information as is reasonably requested in connection with such Secured Party’s VAT reporting requirements in relation to such supply.

(i) FATCA information .

(i) Subject to paragraph (iii) below, each Party shall, within ten Business Days of a reasonable request by another Party:

(A) confirm to that other Party whether it is:

(1) a FATCA Exempt Party; or

(2) not a FATCA Exempt Party; and

(B) supply to that other Party such forms, documentation and other information relating to its status under FATCA as that other Party reasonably requests for the purposes of that other Party’s compliance with FATCA; and

(C) supply to that other Party such forms, documentation and other information relating to its status as that other Party reasonably requests for the purposes of that other Party's compliance with any other law, regulation or exchange of information regime.

(ii) If a Party confirms to another Party pursuant to Section 4.5(i)(i) above that it is a FATCA Exempt Party and it subsequently becomes aware that it is not, or has ceased to be a FATCA Exempt Party, that Party shall notify that other Party reasonably promptly.

(iii) Paragraph (i) above shall not oblige any Party to do anything which would or might in its reasonable opinion constitute a breach of:

(A) any law or regulation;

(B) any fiduciary duty; or

(iv) If a Party fails to confirm whether or not it is a FATCA Exempt Party or to supply forms, documentation or other information requested in accordance with paragraph (i)(A) or (B) above (including, for the avoidance of doubt, where paragraph (iii) above applies), then such Party shall be treated for the purposes of the Credit Documents as if it is not a FATCA Exempt Party until such time as the Party in question provides the requested confirmation, forms, documentation or other information.

(v) FATCA Deduction.

(i) Each Party may make any FATCA Deduction it is required to make by FATCA, and any payment required in connection with that FATCA Deduction, and no Party shall be required to increase any payment in respect of which it makes such a FATCA Deduction or otherwise compensate the recipient of the payment for that FATCA Deduction.

(ii) Each Party shall promptly, upon becoming aware that it must make a FATCA Deduction (or that there is any change in the rate or the basis of such FATCA Deduction) notify the Party to whom it is making the payment and, in addition, shall notify the Administrative Borrower, the Administrative Agent and each other Lender.

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(j) Defined Terms . For purposes of this Section 4.5, the term “Lender” includes any Letter of Credit Issuer and the term “applicable law” includes FATCA.

(k) Swiss Qualifying Bank. Each Lender under a Swiss Loan confirms that it is a Swiss Qualifying Bank or, if not, a single Person only for the purpose of the Swiss Non-Bank Rules and any other Person that shall become a Lender or a Participant pursuant to Section 12.6 shall be deemed to have confirmed that it is a Swiss Qualifying Bank or, if not, a single Person only for the purpose of Swiss Non-Bank Rules.

(l) Survival . Each party’s obligations under this Section 4.5 shall survive the resignation or replacement of the Administrative Agent or any assignment of rights by, or the replacement of, a Lender, the termination of the Commitments and the repayment, satisfaction or discharge of all obligations under any Credit Document.

4.6. Limit on Rate of Interest .

(a) No Payment Shall Exceed Lawful Rate . Notwithstanding any other term of this Agreement, the Borrowers shall not be obliged to pay any interest or other amounts under or in connection with this Agreement or otherwise in respect of the Obligations in excess of the amount or rate permitted under or consistent with any applicable law, rule or regulation.

(b) Payment at Highest Lawful Rate . If any Borrower is not obliged to make a payment that it would otherwise be required to make, as a result of Section 4.6(a), such Borrower shall make such payment to the maximum extent permitted by or consistent with applicable laws, rules and regulations.

(c) Adjustment if Any Payment Exceeds Lawful Rate . If any provision of this Agreement or any of the other Credit Documents would obligate any Borrower to make any payment of interest or other amount payable to any Lender in an amount or calculated at a rate that would be prohibited by any applicable law, rule or regulation, then notwithstanding such provision, such amount or rate shall be deemed to have been adjusted with retroactive effect to the maximum amount or rate of interest, as the case may be, as would not be so prohibited by law, such adjustment to be effected, to the extent necessary, by reducing the amount or rate of interest required to be paid by such Borrower to the affected Lender under Section 2.14.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, and after giving effect to all adjustments contemplated thereby, if any Lender shall have received from any Borrower an amount in excess of the maximum permitted by any applicable law, rule or regulation, then such Borrower shall be entitled, by notice in writing to the Administrative Agent to obtain reimbursement from that Lender in an amount equal to such excess, and pending such reimbursement, such amount shall be deemed to be an amount payable by that Lender to such Borrower.

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4.7. Returned Payments.

If after receipt of any payment which is applied to the payment of all or any part of the Obligations (including a payment effected through exercise of a right of setoff), the Administrative Agent or any Lender is for any reason compelled to surrender such payment or proceeds to any Person because such payment or application of proceeds is invalidated, declared fraudulent, set aside, determined to be void or voidable as a preference, impermissible setoff, or a diversion of trust funds, or for any other reason (including pursuant to any settlement entered into by the Administrative Agent or such Lender in its discretion), then the Obligations or part thereof intended to be satisfied shall be revived and continued and this Agreement shall continue in full force as if such payment or proceeds had not been received by the Administrative Agent or such Lender. The provisions of this Section 4.7 shall be and remain effective notwithstanding any contrary action which may have been taken by the Administrative Agent or any Lender in reliance upon such payment or application of proceeds. The provisions of this Section 4.7 shall survive the termination of this Agreement.

SECTION 5. Conditions

5.1. Closing Date.

[Reserved]

5.2. Post Closing Borrowers .

The obligations of the Lenders to make Loans and of the Letter of Credit Issuers to issue Letters of Credit to or for the benefit for any Post Closing Borrower hereunder shall not become effective until the date on which each of the following conditions is satisfied (or waived in accordance with Section 12.1) by, or in relation to, such Post Closing Borrower (in relation to such Post Closing Borrower, its “ Accession Effective Date ”):

(a) Credit Agreement and Other Credit Documents . The Administrative Agent (or its counsel) shall have received (i) a counterpart of an Accession Deed required by the Administrative Agent to be executed by such Post Closing Borrower and the Administrative Borrower, signed on behalf of each party thereto and (ii) such other certificates, documents, instruments and agreements as the Administrative Agent shall reasonably request in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the other Credit Documents, and a written opinion of the Credit Parties’ or (depending on the market practice in the relevant jurisdiction) Administrative Agent’s counsel, addressed to the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent, the Letter of Credit Issuers and the Lenders and the other Secured Parties, all in form and substance satisfactory to the Administrative Agent and its counsel.

(b) Closing Certificates; Certified Certificate of Incorporation . The Administrative Agent shall have received a certificate in form and substance satisfactory to the Administrative Agent (acting reasonably) of each relevant Post Closing Borrower executed by a director or equivalent officer of such Post Closing Borrower, which shall (A) certify the resolutions of its Board of Directors, members (if required by the Administrative Agent) or other body (including, without limitation, any works council) authorising the execution, delivery and performance of the Credit Documents to which it is a party, (B) identify by name and title and bear the signatures of the Financial Officers and any other authorised signatories of such Post Closing Borrower authorised to sign the Credit Documents to which it is a party, (C) contain appropriate attachments, including the certificate or articles of association or organisation of each Post Closing Borrower, and a true and correct copy of its by-laws or operating, management, or constitutional documentation or partnership agreement, and with respect to any German Borrower the articles of association, the shareholder list, an excerpt from the commercial register (in each case, certified copies thereof), and any other organizational agreement applicable to it (or confirming that the same have not changed since the last date they were provided to the Administrative Agent as a condition precedent to the Closing Date), and (D) certify the solvency of the relevant Post Closing Borrower.

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(c) No Default Certificate . The Administrative Agent shall have received a certificate, signed by a director or equivalent officer of the relevant Post Closing Borrower dated as of the relevant Accession Effective Date (i) stating that no Default has occurred and is continuing in relation to the relevant Post Closing Borrower, (ii) stating that all representations and warranties made by the relevant Post Closing Borrower contained herein or in the other Credit Documents shall be true and correct in all material respects (except where such representations and warranties expressly relate to an earlier date, in which case such representations and warranties shall have been true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date) and (iii) certifying any other factual matters as may be reasonably requested by the Administrative Agent.

(d) Lien Searches . The Administrative Agent shall have received, to the extent possible, the results of a recent lien search in each jurisdiction where the relevant Post Closing Borrower is organised and where the assets of the relevant Post Closing Borrower are located, and such search shall reveal no Liens on any of the assets of the Post Closing Borrower except for Liens permitted by Section 9.2 or discharged on or prior to the relevant Accession Effective Date, pursuant to a pay-off letter or other documentation satisfactory to the Administrative Agent.

(e) Fees . The Lenders and the Administrative Agent shall have received all fees required to be paid, and all expenses for which invoices have been presented (including the reasonable fees and expenses of legal counsel), on or before the Accession Effective Date. All such amounts may be paid with proceeds of Loans made on the Accession Effective Date and, if so, will be reflected in the funding instructions given by the Administrative Borrower to the Administrative Agent on or before the Accession Effective Date.

(f) Pay-Off Letter . The Administrative Agent shall have received satisfactory pay-off letters for all existing Indebtedness to be repaid from the proceeds of the initial Borrowing of the Post Closing Borrower, confirming that all Liens upon any of the property of the relevant Post Closing Borrower constituting Collateral (except for Liens permitted by Section 9.2) will be terminated concurrently with such payment and all letters of credit issued or guaranteed as part of such Indebtedness shall have been cash collateralized or supported by a Letter of Credit.

(g) Funding Accounts . The Administrative Agent shall have received a notice setting forth the Funding Accounts of the relevant Post Closing Borrower to which the Administrative Agent is authorised by the relevant Post Closing Borrower to transfer the proceeds of any Borrowings requested or authorised pursuant to this Agreement.

(h) Customer List . The Administrative Agent shall have received a true and complete customer list for each relevant Post Closing Borrower, which list shall state the customer’s name, mailing address and phone number and shall be certified as true and correct by a Financial Officer of the Administrative Borrower.

(i) Control Agreements . The Administrative Agent shall have received each Deposit Account Control Agreement required to be provided by each Post Closing Borrower pursuant to any Credit Document.

(j) Borrowing Base Certificate . The Administrative Agent shall have received an Aggregate Borrowing Base Certificate which calculates the Aggregate Borrowing Base as of the end of the month specified by the Administrative Agent related to the relevant Post Closing Borrowers and the other Borrowers which are either Initial Borrowers or Post Closing Borrowers in relation to which the provisions of this Section 5.2 have previously been satisfied. The Administrative Agent shall have also received a Borrowing Base Certificate from the relevant Post Closing Borrower which calculates the Borrowing Base of such Post Closing Borrower as of the end of the month specified by the Administrative Agent

(k) Filings, Registrations and Recordings . Each document required by the Security Documents or under law or reasonably requested by the Collateral Agent to be filed, registered or recorded

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in order to create in favour of the Collateral Agent, for the benefit of itself, the Lenders and the other Secured Parties, a perfected Lien on the Collateral described therein, prior and superior in right to any other Person (other than with respect to Liens expressly permitted by Section 9.2), which under the relevant market practice of any relevant jurisdiction is customarily prepared by the Credit Parties, shall be in proper form for filing, registration or recordation.

(l) Insurance . The Administrative Agent shall have received evidence of insurance coverage of the relevant Post Closing Borrower in form, scope, and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent and otherwise in compliance with the terms of Section 8.3 hereof.

(m) Letter of Credit Application . If a Letter of Credit is requested to be issued on the relevant Accession Effective Date, the Administrative Agent shall have received three Business Days prior to the relevant Accession Effective Date a properly completed letter of credit application (whether standalone or pursuant to a master agreement, as applicable) together with the agreed form Letter of Credit. If applicable, the relevant Post Closing Borrower shall have executed the Letter of Credit Issuers’ master agreement for the issuance of commercial Letters of Credit.

(n) Field Examination . The Administrative Agent or its designee shall have conducted a field examination of the relevant Post Closing Borrower’s Accounts and related working capital matters and of the relevant Post Closing Borrower’s related data processing and other systems, the results of which shall be satisfactory to the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion.

(o) “Know your customer” . The Administrative Agent and the Lenders shall have received such documentation and other evidence as is requested by the Administrative Agent and/or the Lenders in order for the Administrative Agent and the Lenders to carry out and be satisfied they have complied with all necessary “know your customer”, anti-money laundering rules and regulations (including the PATRIOT Act) or other similar checks under all applicable laws and regulations pursuant to the transactions contemplated in the Credit Documents.

(p) Works Council . The Administrative Agent shall have received a true and complete copy of the request for advice to, and the unconditional positive advice of, each works council (if any) which has jurisdiction over a Post Closing Borrower incorporated in the Netherlands with respect to the execution and performance of this Agreement and other Credit Documents to which such Post Closing Borrower incorporated in the Netherlands is a party.

(q) Other Documents . The Administrative Agent shall have received such other documents as the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent, the Letter of Credit Issuers, any Lender or their respective counsel may have reasonably requested.

The Administrative Agent shall notify the relevant Post Closing Borrower and the Lenders of the satisfaction of the foregoing conditions, and such notice shall be conclusive and binding. From the date of such notice and subject to the terms of this Agreement, the Lenders shall make available Loans and the Letter of Credit Issuers shall make available Letters of Credit pursuant to the terms of this Agreement to the relevant Post Closing Borrower. The obligations of the Lenders to make Loans and of the Letter of Credit Issuers to issue Letters of Credit to any other Post Closing Borrower hereunder shall not become effective until the date on which each of the conditions set out in Section 5.2 is satisfied (or waived by the Administrative Agent in its discretion) with regards to such other Post Closing Borrower(s).

5.3. Conditions Subsequent

Within 60 days of the Amendment and Restatement Date (or such longer period as may be agreed by the Administrative Agent in its Permitted Discretion), the Company shall provide evidence to the Administrative Agent, in form and substance satisfactory to it (acting reasonably), that the bank accounts held

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by the Company with Bank of America, Merrill Lynch with account numbers 601919660016 and 600657753018, have been closed.

SECTION 6. Conditions Precedent to All Credit Events

The agreement of each Lender to make any Revolving Loan or Swingline Loan requested to be made by it or to issue or participate in Letters of Credit on any date after the Closing Date is subject to the satisfaction of the following conditions precedent:

6.1. No Default; Representations and Warranties .

At the time of each Credit Event and also after giving effect thereto: (a) no Default or Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, (b) all representations and warranties made by any Credit Party contained herein or in the other Credit Documents shall be true and correct in all material respects with the same effect as though such representations and warranties had been made on and as of the date of such Credit Event (except where such representations and warranties expressly relate to an earlier date, in which case such representations and warranties shall have been true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date) and (c) no event shall have occurred and no condition shall exist which has or could be reasonably expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

6.2. Borrowing limits .

After giving effect to any Borrowing or the issuance, amendment, renewal or extension of any Letter of Credit, Aggregate Availability shall not be less than zero and the Credit Parties shall be in compliance with the Borrowing Limits.

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6.3. Notice of Borrowing .

Prior to the making of each Revolving Loan, the Administrative Agent shall have received a Borrowing Request (in writing) meeting the requirements of Section 2.3.

6.4. Letter of Credit Request .

With respect to the issuance of any Letter of Credit, the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer shall have received a request completed to its satisfaction and conforming to the requirements set forth in Section 2.6(b), and such other certificates, documents and other information as the relevant Letter of Credit Issuer may reasonably request.

The acceptance of the benefits of each Credit Event (other than, if applicable, any Protective Advances) after the Closing Date shall constitute a representation and warranty by each Borrower to each of the Lenders that all the applicable conditions specified in Section 6 above have been satisfied as of that time.

SECTION 7. Representations, Warranties and Agreements

In order to induce the Lenders to enter into this Agreement and to make the Loans or to issue or participate in Letters of Credit as provided for herein, each Obligor makes the following representations and warranties to the Lenders, all of which shall survive the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the making of the Loans or issuance of Letters of Credit (i) on the date of this Agreement, (ii) on the Closing Date, and (iii) with regards to the Repeating Representations, on (x) the Amendment and Restatement Date, and (y) the first day of each Interest Period:

7.1. Corporate Status .

Parent, each Obligor and each Borrower Subsidiary (a) is a duly organized and validly existing corporation or other entity in good standing (in respect of each jurisdiction where the “good standing” concept exists) under the laws of the jurisdiction of its organization and has the corporate or other organizational power and authority to own its property and assets and to transact the business in which it is engaged except (with respect to the Borrower Subsidiaries) to the extent that the failure to so exist, be organized, or be in good standing would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect and (b) has duly qualified and is authorized to do business and is in good standing (in respect of such jurisdiction where the “good standing” concept exists) in all jurisdictions where it is required to be so qualified, except where the failure to be so qualified would not reasonably be expected to (A) result in a Material Adverse Effect or (B) materially adversely affect the rights and remedies of the Administrative Agent and the Lenders under this Agreement or any of the other Credit Documents taken as a whole.

7.2. Corporate Power and Authority; Enforceability .

Each Credit Party has the corporate or other organizational power and authority to execute, deliver and carry out the terms and provisions of the Credit Documents to which it is a party and has taken all necessary corporate or other organizational action to authorize the execution, delivery and performance of the Credit Documents to which it is a party. Each Credit Party has duly executed and delivered each Credit Document to which it is a party and each such Credit Document constitutes the legal, valid and binding obligation of such Credit Party enforceable in accordance with its terms, except as the enforceability thereof may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency or similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally and subject to general principles of equity.

7.3. No Violation .

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Neither the execution, delivery or performance by any Credit Party of the Credit Documents to which it is a party nor compliance with the terms and provisions thereof and the other transactions contemplated hereby will (a) contravene any applicable provision of any material law, statute, rule, regulation, order, writ, injunction or decree of any court or governmental instrumentality, (b) result in any breach of any of the terms, covenants, conditions or provisions of, or constitute a default under, or result in the creation or imposition of any Lien upon any of the property or assets of any Obligors or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries (other than Liens created under the Credit Documents) pursuant to, the terms of any material indenture, loan agreement, lease agreement, mortgage, deed of trust, agreement or other material instrument to which any Obligor or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any of its property or assets is bound (any such term, covenant, condition or provision, a “Contractual Requirement”) or (c) violate any provision of the certificate of incorporation, by-laws or other organizational documents of Parent, any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary except, with respect to clauses (a) and (b), as would not reasonably be expected to (A) result in a Material Adverse Effect or (B) materially adversely affect the rights and remedies of the Administrative Agent and the Lenders under this Agreement or any of the other Credit Documents taken as a whole.

7.4. Litigation .

Except as set forth on Schedule 7.4, there are no actions, suits or proceedings (including Environmental Claims) pending or, to the knowledge of any Obligor, threatened with respect to Parent, any Obligor or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries that would, in each case, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

7.5. Margin Regulations .

Neither the making of any Loan hereunder nor the use of the proceeds thereof will violate the provisions of Regulation T, U or X of the Board.

7.6. Governmental Approvals; Other Consents .

The execution, delivery and performance of any Credit Document do not require any consent or approval of, registration or filing with, payment of any stamp, registration, notarial or similar tax or fee to, or other action by, any Governmental Authority or any other Person, except for (i) such as have been obtained or made and are in full force and effect, (ii) filings and recordings in respect of the Liens created pursuant to the Security Documents, and (iii) such licenses, approvals, authorizations or consents the failure to obtain or make which would not reasonably be expected to (A) result in a Material Adverse Effect or (B) materially adversely affect the rights and remedies of the Administrative Agent and the Lenders under this Agreement or any of the other Credit Documents taken as a whole.

7.7. Investment Company Act .

No Credit Party is an “investment company” within the meaning of, and subject to registration under, the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended and no Credit Party carries on any business in the United Kingdom which requires it to be authorised by the U.K.’s Financial Conduct Authority or the U.K.’s Prudential Regulation Authority.

7.8. Disclosure .

(a) As of the Closing Date, to the knowledge of the Obligors, none of the written factual information and written data (taken as a whole) furnished by or on behalf of Parent, the Obligors, the Borrower Subsidiaries or any of their respective authorized representatives to the Administrative Agent and/or any Lender on or before the Closing Date for purposes of or in connection with this Agreement contained any untrue statement of any material fact or omitted to state any material fact necessary to make such information and data (taken as a whole) not misleading at such time in light of the circumstances under

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which such information or data was furnished, it being understood and agreed that for purposes of this Section 7.8(a), such factual information and data shall not include projections (including financial estimates, forecasts and /or any other forward-looking information) and information of a general economic or general industry nature.

(b) The projections (including financial estimates, forecasts and other forward-looking information) contained in the information and data referred to in clause (a) above were based on good faith estimates and assumptions believed by such Persons to be reasonable at the time made, it being recognized by the Lenders that such projections as to future events are not to be viewed as facts and that actual results during the period or periods covered by any such projections may differ from the projected results.

7.9. Financial Condition; Financial Statements .

(a) The unaudited historical consolidated financial information of Parent as of September 30, 2018 and for the fiscal quarters then ended and (b) the Historical Financial Statements, in each case, present fairly in all material respects the consolidated financial position of Parent at the respective dates of said information, statements and results of operations for the respective periods covered thereby and such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP consistently applied except to the extent provided in the notes to said financial statements and except as contemplated by the definition of GAAP. There has been no Material Adverse Effect since December 31, 2017.

7.10. Tax Matters .

Each Obligor and each of the Borrower Subsidiaries has filed all material Tax returns required to be filed by it and has paid all material Taxes payable by it that have become due (whether or not shown on a Tax return), other than those Taxes contested in good faith as to which adequate reserves have been provided to the extent required by law and in accordance with GAAP or which would not reasonably be expected to, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. Each of the Obligors and each of the Borrower Subsidiaries have provided adequate reserves to the extent required by law and in accordance with GAAP for the payment of all material Taxes not yet due and payable except where the failure to do so would not reasonably be expected to, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. No Obligor nor any of the Borrower Subsidiaries is a FATCA FFI or a U.S. Tax Obligor. Each Obligor is resident for Tax purposes only in its jurisdiction of incorporation.

7.11. Compliance with ERISA .

(a) (i) Each Plan is in compliance with ERISA, the Code and any applicable Requirement of Law; (ii) no Reportable Event has occurred (or is reasonably likely to occur) with respect to any Plan; (iii) to the knowledge of the Obligors, no Multiemployer Plan is insolvent or in reorganization (or is reasonably likely to be insolvent or in reorganization), and no written notice of any such insolvency or reorganization has been given to Parent or any ERISA Affiliate; (iv) with respect to a Plan, no failure to satisfy the minimum funding standard required for any plan year or part thereof has occurred (or is reasonably likely to occur) and no waiver of such standard or extension of any amortization period has been sought or granted under Section 412 of the Code (or is reasonably likely to be sought or granted); (v) none of the Obligors or any ERISA Affiliate has incurred (or is reasonably likely to incur) any liability to or on account of a Plan pursuant to Section 409, 502(i), 502(l), 515, 4062, 4063, 4064, or 4069 of ERISA or Section 4971 or 4975 of the Code or on account of a Multiemployer Plan pursuant to Section 4201 or 4204 of ERISA or has been notified in writing that it will incur any liability under any of the foregoing Sections with respect to any Plan or Multiemployer Plan; (vi) no proceedings have been instituted by PBGC (or are reasonably likely to be instituted) to terminate any Plan or to appoint a trustee to administer any Plan or, to the knowledge of Parent, to reorganize any Multiemployer Plan; and (vii) no written notice of any such proceedings has been given to Parent or any ERISA Affiliate; and no lien imposed under the Code or ERISA on the assets of Parent or any ERISA Affiliate exists (or is reasonably likely to exist) nor has Parent or any ERISA Affiliate been notified in writing that such a lien will be imposed on the assets of Parent or any

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ERISA Affiliate on account of any Plan, except to the extent that a breach of any of the representations, warranties or agreements in this Section 7.11(a)(i) through (vii) would not result, individually or in the aggregate, in an amount of liability that would be reasonably likely to have a Material Adverse Effect. No Plan has an Unfunded Current Liability that would be reasonably likely to have a Material Adverse Effect.

7.12. Subsidiaries . Schedule 7.12 lists each Obligor and each Borrower Subsidiary (and the direct and indirect ownership interest of Parent therein), in each case existing on the Amendment and Restatement Date after giving effect to the Transactions.

7.13. Intellectual Property . Each Obligor and each of the Borrower Subsidiaries have obtained all intellectual property, free from burdensome restrictions, that are necessary for the operation of their respective businesses as currently conducted, except where the failure to obtain any such rights could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

7.14. Environmental Laws .

(a) Except as set forth on Schedule 7.14, or as could not otherwise reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect: (i) each Obligor and each of the Borrower Subsidiaries and all Real Estate are in compliance with all Environmental Laws; (ii) no Obligor nor any Borrower Subsidiary is subject to any Environmental Claim or any other liability under any Environmental Law; (iii) no Obligor nor any Borrower Subsidiary is conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, removal, remedial or other corrective action pursuant to any Environmental Law at any location; and (iv) no underground storage tank or related piping, or any impoundment or other disposal area containing Hazardous Materials is located at, on or under any Real Estate currently owned or leased by any Obligor or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries.

(b) No Obligor nor any of the Borrower Subsidiaries has treated, stored, transported, Released or disposed or arranged for disposal or transport for disposal of Hazardous Materials at, on, under or from any currently or formerly owned or leased Real Estate or facility in a manner that could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(c) This Section 7.14 sets forth the sole representations and warranties of the Obligors and Borrower Subsidiaries with respect to Environmental Laws.

7.15. Properties .

(a) Each Obligor and each of the Borrower Subsidiaries have good and marketable title to or leasehold interests in all properties that are necessary for the operation of their respective businesses as currently conducted and as proposed to be conducted, free and clear of all Liens (other than any Liens permitted by this Agreement), except where the failure to have such good title could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(b) Each Obligor has good and marketable title to its Collateral, free and clear of all Liens, save for Permitted Liens.

7.16. Solvency .

(a) Immediately after the consummation of the Transactions to occur on the Amendment and Restatement Date, (i) the Parent is Solvent, (ii) the value of the assets of each other Credit Party, (including for the avoidance of doubt the value of the Shares it holds in its immediate Subsidiaries and, in the case of the Parent, the assets of its direct and indirect Subsidiaries) at a fair valuation, will exceed its

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liabilities (taking into account contingent and prospective liabilities) and, (iii) each Credit Party will be able to pay its debts, as such debts fall due.

(b) No Credit Party has suspended or threatened to suspend the making of payments on any of its debts and no Credit Party has admitted its inability to pay its debts, as such debts fall due.

(d) No Credit Party incorporated in Switzerland, will be over-indebted.

(e) With respect to each German Relevant Entity, no German Insolvency Event has occurred with respect to it.

7.17. Collateral .

Upon execution and delivery thereof by the parties thereto, the Security Documents will be effective to create (to the extent described therein), in favour of the Collateral Agent for the rateable benefit of the applicable Secured Parties, a legal, valid and enforceable security interest in the Collateral described therein, except as may be limited by applicable domestic or foreign bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent conveyance, reorganization, moratorium and other similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally, general equitable principles (whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law) and an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. When the actions specified in each Security Agreement have been duly taken, the security interests granted pursuant thereto shall constitute (to the extent described therein) a perfected security interest in, all right, title and interest of each pledgor or mortgagor (as applicable) party thereto in the Collateral described therein (other than Excluded Perfection Assets) with respect to such pledgor or mortgagor (as applicable) if and to the extent perfection can be achieved by taking such actions.

7.18. Insurance . Each Obligor and its Borrower Subsidiaries are in compliance with the provisions of Section 8.3. Each Obligor has insurance in such amounts and covering such risks and liabilities as are customary for companies of a similar size engaged in similar businesses in similar locations.

7.19. Pension Plans . Except for a defined benefit pension scheme entitled Univar Company Pension Scheme 1978 provided by Univar UK Ltd with participating employers being Univar Limited, Univar Europe Limited, Distrupol Limited and Univar Speciality Consumables Limited which was closed to future accrual from 12/01/10, no Credit Party nor any of its Subsidiaries is or has at any time been an employer (for the purposes of sections 38 to 51 of the U.K.’s Pensions Act 2004) of an occupational pension scheme which is not a money purchase scheme (both terms as defined in the U.K.’s Pensions Schemes Act 1993), and no Credit Party nor any of its Subsidiaries is or has at any time been “connected” with or an “associate” of (as those terms are used in sections 38 and 43 of the U.K.’s Pensions Act 2004) such an employer.

7.20. Anti-Corruption Laws and Obligor Sanctions . Each Credit Party has implemented and maintains in effect policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance by such Credit Party, its Subsidiaries and their respective directors, officers, employees and agents with Anti-Corruption Laws and applicable Sanctions, and such Credit Party, its Subsidiaries and their respective officers and employees and, to the knowledge of such Credit Party, its directors and agents, are in compliance with Anti-Corruption Laws and applicable Sanctions in all material respects and are not knowingly engaged in any activity that would reasonably be expected to result in any Credit Party being designated as a Sanctioned

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Person. None of (a) any Credit Party, any Subsidiary or any of their respect directors, officers or, to the knowledge of any such Credit Party or Subsidiary, employees, or (b) to the knowledge of any Credit Party or Subsidiary, any agent of such Credit Party or any Subsidiary that will act in any capacity in connection with or benefit from the credit facility established hereby, is a Sanctioned Person. No Borrowing or Letter of Credit, use of proceeds, Transaction or other transaction contemplated by this Agreement or the other Credit Documents will violate Anti-Corruption Laws or applicable Sanctions. Provided that this representation and warranty shall not be made by nor shall it apply to (x) any Credit Party incorporated or established in Germany ( German Inländer ) in so far as the giving of or compliance with such representation and warranty would result in a violation of or conflict with section 7 of the German Foreign Trade Regulation ( Außenwirtschaftsverordnung ), any provision of Council Regulation (EC) 2271/1996 or any similar applicable anti-boycott law or regulation or (y) any Credit Party incorporated or established in the United Kingdom or any member state of the European Union in so far as the giving or compliance with such representation and warranty would result in a violation of or conflict with Council Regulation (EC) No 2271/96, as amended (or any implementing law or regulation in any member state of the European Union or the United Kingdom). Furthermore, (i) each Lender incorporated or established ( German Inländer ) in Germany agrees that it shall not have the benefit of this representation and warranty to the extent such benefit would result in any violation or conflict described in paragraph (x) of this Section 7.20, and (ii) each Lender incorporated or established in the United Kingdom or any member state of the European Union agrees that it shall not have the benefit of this representation and warranty to the extent such benefit would result in any violation or conflict described in paragraph (y) of this Section 7.20.

7.21. Centre of main interests and establishment . For the purposes of Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings (recast) (the “ Regulation ”), each Obligor’s and each Borrower Subsidiary's centre of main interests (as that term is used in Article 3(1) of the Regulation) is situated in its jurisdiction of incorporation and it has no “establishment” (as that term is used in Article 2(10) of the Regulation) in any other jurisdiction (or any equivalent provision(s) of any applicable successor to the Regulation which may apply from time to time to any of the Obligors).

7.22. Compliance with the Swiss Twenty Non-Bank Rule .

(a) Each Swiss Borrower is compliant with the Swiss Twenty Non-Bank Rule; provided however that no Swiss Borrower shall be in breach of this Section 7.22 if the number of creditors (which are not Swiss Qualifying Banks) is exceeded solely by reason of a breach by one or more Lenders of a confirmation contained in Section 4.5(k) or a failure by one or more Lenders to comply with their obligations and transfer restrictions in Section 12.6.

(b) For the purposes of paragraph (a) above, each Swiss Borrower shall assume that the aggregate number of Lenders under this Agreement which are Swiss Non-Qualifying Banks is five (5).

SECTION 8. Affirmative Covenants

Each Obligor hereby covenants and agrees that on the Closing Date and thereafter, until all Loans, together with interest and all other Obligations (other than indemnification and other contingent Obligations in each case not then due and payable) hereunder, are paid in full, all Commitments are terminated and all Letters of Credit are terminated or collateralized in an amount equal to their face amount:

8.1. Information Covenants . The Credit Parties will furnish to the Administrative Agent (which shall promptly make such information available to the Lenders in accordance with its customary practice):

(a) Annual Financial Statements . as soon as they are available, but in any event within 90 days after the end of each fiscal year of the Parent, its audited consolidated financial statements as of the end of and for such year, setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the previous fiscal

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year, all reported on by independent public accountants acceptable to the Required Lenders (without a “going concern” or like qualification or exception and without any qualification, commentary or exception as to the scope of such audit) to the effect that such consolidated financial statements give a true and fair view of the financial condition and results of operations of the Parent and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP consistently applied;

(b) Quarterly Financial Statements . as soon as they are available, but in any event within 45 days after the end of each fiscal quarter of the Parent: (i) consolidated unaudited financial statements of the Parent and (ii) unaudited consolidating and consolidated financial statements for the EMEA Segment, in each case as of the end of and for such fiscal quarter and the then elapsed portion of such fiscal year, setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the corresponding period or periods of (or, in the case of the balance sheet, as of the end of) the previous fiscal year (to be in a form agreed between the Administrative Agent and the Parent prior to the date of this Agreement or in such other form as may be agreed between the Administrative Agent and the Parent (acting reasonably) from time to time) and which shall be certified by a Financial Officer of the Parent as fairly representing the financial condition and results of operations of the Parent and the entities comprising the EMEA Segment in accordance with GAAP consistently applied and, in the case of the quarterly financial statements for the EMEA Segment, denominated in Euros (with the cashflow to be reported on a consolidated basis), subject to normal year-end audit adjustments and the absence of footnotes. Such financial statements shall be accompanied by a management narrative in form reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent describing significant factors resulting in changes during such fiscal quarter and in the year to date period from the corresponding periods in the previous year and budgeted amounts.

(c) following any Trigger Date, as soon as they are available, but in any event within 45 days after the end of each fiscal quarter of the Parent, consolidated unaudited financial statements of the Initial Borrowers and the Post Closing Borrowers as of the end of and for such fiscal quarter and the then elapsed portion of such fiscal year, setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the corresponding period or periods of (or, in the case of the balance sheet, as of the end of) the previous fiscal year (to be in a form agreed between the Administrative Agent and the Parent prior to the date of this Agreement or in such other form as may be agreed between the Administrative Agent and the Parent (acting reasonably) from time to time) and which shall be certified by one of the Financial Officers of the Parent as fairly reporting the financial operation of the Initial Borrowers and the Post Closing Borrowers in accordance with GAAP consistently applied, subject to normal year-end audit adjustments and the absence of footnotes. Such financial statements shall be accompanied by a management narrative in form reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent describing significant factors resulting in changes during such fiscal quarter and in the year to date period from the corresponding periods in the previous year and budgeted amounts;

(d) as soon as it is available, an annual financial statement (which can be in the form of a spreadsheet satisfactory to the Administrative Agent) providing details of the percentage of the Consolidated EBITDA of the EMEA Segment as at the end of the most recent completed fiscal year of the Parent which is contributed by the Initial Borrowers, the Post Closing Borrowers and the Distribution Principals taken as a whole;

(e) a report, in the form of a spreadsheet satisfactory to the Administrative Agent (acting reasonably) and delivered upon the request of the Administrative Agent (in its Permitted Discretion), provided that the Administrative Agent shall not make such a request more than once in each fiscal quarter, which details the net cash pooling position of the Credit Parties , the EMEA Segment and the Parent (being the aggregate balance of all accounts subject to each common cash pool arrangement, net of all negative balances of such accounts);

(f) as soon as they are available (and by no later than the date that they are required to be delivered by law), annual statutory audits for each Initial Borrower and each Post Closing Borrower (in form

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and substance satisfactory to the Administrative Agent) prepared, in each case in such entity’s local currency and in accordance with local GAAP consistently applied;

(g) concurrently with any delivery of financial statements under clause (b) above, a certificate of a Financial Officer of the Administrative Borrower in substantially the form of Exhibit D (i) certifying, in the case of the financial statements delivered under clause (b), as fairly representing the financial condition and results of operations of the entities comprising the EMEA Segment on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP consistently applied, subject to normal year-end audit adjustments and the absence of footnotes, (ii) certifying as to whether a Default has occurred and, if a Default has occurred, specifying the details thereof and any action taken or proposed to be taken with respect thereto, (iii) at all times, setting forth reasonably detailed calculations that would be used to determine the Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio, for information purposes only; (iv) stating whether any change in GAAP or in the application thereof has occurred since the date of the audited financial statements referred to in Section 7.9 and, if any such change has occurred, specifying the effect of such change on the financial statements accompanying such certificate and (v) stating the amount of any Pro Forma Adjustment not previously set forth in a Pro Forma Adjustment Certificate or any change in the amount of a Pro Forma Adjustment set forth in a Pro Forma Adjustment Certificate previously provided and, in either case, in reasonably detail, the calculations and basis therefor;

(h) concurrently with any delivery of financial statements under clause (a) above, a certificate of the accounting firm that reported on such financial statements stating whether they obtained knowledge during the course of their examination of such financial statements of any Default (which certificate may be limited to the extent required by accounting rules or guidelines);

(i) as soon as available but in any event no later than 90 days after the start of each fiscal year of Parent, a copy of the plan and forecast (including a projected consolidated balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement) of (i) the EMEA Segment (prior to any Trigger Date) and (ii) the Initial Borrowers and the Post Closing Borrowers and the Distribution Principals (following any Trigger Date) for each quarter of the then-current fiscal year in form reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent.

(j) as soon as available but in any event within 10 Business Days of the end of each calendar month for each other month thereafter, and at such other times as may be necessary to re-determine Availability or as may be requested by the Administrative Agent, as of the period then ended, Borrowing Base Certificates and Aggregate Borrowing Base Certificates and supporting information in connection therewith, together with any additional reports with respect to any Borrowing Base as the Administrative Agent may reasonably request provided that at any time where (A) Aggregate Availability is less than the greater of (i) 10% of the Available Commitment, or (ii) €15,000,000, or (B) a Default is continuing, Borrowing Base Certificates and Aggregate Borrowing Base Certificates shall be delivered to the Administrative Agent within 3 Business Days of the end of each calendar week.

(k) Officer’s Certificates . At the time of the delivery of the financial statements provided for in Sections 8.1(a) and (b), a certificate of an Authorized Officer of Parent to the effect that to such Authorized Officer’s knowledge, no Default or Event of Default exists or, if any Default or Event of Default does exist, specifying the nature and extent thereof, which certificate shall set forth (i) the calculations required to establish whether Parent was in compliance with the provisions of Section 9.9 as at the end of such fiscal year or period, as the case may be (whether or not such covenant was in effect), and (ii) the amount of any Pro Forma Adjustment not previously set forth in a Pro Forma Adjustment Certificate or any change in the amount of a Pro Forma Adjustment set forth in any Pro Forma Adjustment Certificate previously provided and, in either case, in reasonable detail, the calculations and basis therefor.

(l) Notice of Default of Litigation . Promptly after an Authorized Officer of any Borrower obtains knowledge thereof, notice of (i) the occurrence of any event that constitutes a Default or Event of Default, which notice shall specify the nature thereof, the period of existence thereof to the extent known and what action the Borrowers propose to take with respect thereto and (ii) any litigation or

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governmental proceeding pending against any Borrower or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries that would reasonably be expected to be determined adversely and, if so determined, to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(m) Environmental Matters . Promptly after obtaining knowledge of any one or more of the following environmental matters, unless such environmental matters could not, individually or when aggregated with all other such matters, be reasonably expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, notice of:

(i) any pending or threatened Environmental Claim against any Borrower or any Real Estate;

(ii) any condition or occurrence on any Real Estate that (x) could reasonably be expected to result in noncompliance by any Borrower with any applicable Environmental Law or (y) could reasonably be anticipated to form the basis of an Environmental Claim against any Borrower or any Real Estate;

(iii) any condition or occurrence on any Real Estate that could reasonably be anticipated to cause such Real Estate to be subject to any restrictions on the ownership, occupancy, use or transferability of such Real Estate under any Environmental Law; and

(iv) the conduct of any investigation, or any removal, remedial or other corrective action in response to the actual or alleged presence, release or threatened release of any Hazardous Material on, at, under or from any Real Estate.

All such notices shall describe in reasonable detail the nature of the claim, investigation, condition, occurrence or removal or remedial action and the response thereto.

(n) Pro Forma Adjustment Certificate . Not later than any date on which financial statements are delivered with respect to any Test Period in which a Pro Forma Adjustment is made as a result of the consummation of the acquisition of any Acquired Entity or Business by Parent or any Borrower Subsidiary for which there shall be a Pro Forma Adjustment, a certificate of an Authorized Officer of Parent setting forth the amount of such Pro Forma Adjustment and, in reasonable detail, the calculations and basis therefor.

(o) Other information . As soon as available but in any event within 10 Business Days of the end of each calendar month and at such other times as may be requested by the Administrative Agent, as of the period then ended, all delivered electronically in a text formatted file acceptable to the Administrative Agent:

(i) in the event that Aggregate Availability is less than 15% of the Available Commitments (and until such time that Aggregate Availability is greater than 15% of the Available Commitments for a calendar month), a detailed aging of the Borrowers’ Accounts, including all invoices aged by invoice date and due date (with an explanation of the terms offered), prepared in a manner reasonably acceptable to the Administrative Agent, together with a summary specifying the name, address, and balance due for each Account Debtor;

(ii) in the event that Aggregate Availability is less than 15% of the Available Commitments (and until such time that Aggregate Availability is greater than 15% of the Available Commitments for a calendar month), a schedule detailing the Company’s and the English Borrower’s Inventory, in form satisfactory to the Administrative Agent, (1) by location (showing Inventory in transit, any Inventory located with a third party under any consignment, bailee arrangement, or warehouse agreement), by class (raw material, work-in-process and finished goods), by product type, and by volume on hand, which Inventory shall

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be valued at the lower of cost (determined on a first-in, first-out basis) or market and adjusted for Reserves as the Administrative Agent has previously indicated to the Administrative Borrower are deemed by the Administrative Agent to be appropriate, and (2) including a report of any variances or other results of Inventory counts performed by the Company and the English Borrower since the last Inventory schedule (including information regarding sales or other reductions, additions, returns, credits issued by relevant Borrowers and complaints and claims made against the relevant Borrowers);

(iii) a worksheet of calculations prepared by the Borrowers to determine Eligible Accounts and (as applicable) Eligible Inventory, such worksheets detailing the Accounts and (as applicable) Inventory excluded from Eligible Accounts and Eligible Inventory and the reason for such exclusion. The information in this paragraph (iii) shall be provided as soon as available but in any event within 10 Business Days of the end of each calendar month for each other month thereafter; and

(iv) in relation to the French Borrower: (A) information in relation to outstanding trade payables, (B) a schedule detailing that entity’s Inventory and (C) detailed information (in the form, and containing the details, specified by the Administrative Agent) relating to that entity’s Accounts;

(p) in the event that Aggregate Availability is less than 15% of the Revolving Commitments (and until such time that Aggregate Availability is greater than 15% of the Revolving Commitments for a calendar month), as soon as available but in any event within 10 Business Days of the end of each month, as of the month then ended, a schedule and aging of the Borrowers’ accounts payable, delivered electronically in a text formatted file acceptable to the Administrative Agent;

(q) promptly upon the Administrative Agent’s request:

(i) copies of invoices issued by the Borrowers in connection with any Accounts, credit memos, shipping and delivery documents, and other information related thereto;

(ii) copies of purchase orders, invoices, and shipping and delivery documents in connection with any Inventory purchased by any Credit Party; and

(iii) a schedule detailing the balance of all intercompany accounts of the Credit Parties;

(r) as soon as available but in any event within 10 Business Days of each 31 March and 30 September, an updated customer list for each Borrower, which list shall state the customer’s name, mailing address and phone number, delivered electronically in a text formatted file acceptable to the Administrative Agent and certified as true and correct by a Financial Officer of the Administrative Borrower. The provision of one set of customer lists per year may be satisfied by information provided during the annual field examination pursuant to Section 8.2; and

(s) promptly following any request therefor, such other information regarding the operations, business affairs and financial condition of any Credit Party or any Borrower Subsidiary, or compliance with the terms of this Agreement, as the Administrative Agent or any Lender may reasonably request.

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8.2. Books, Records and Inspections .

(a) The Obligors will, and will cause each Borrower Subsidiary to, (a) keep proper books of record and account in which full, true and correct entries are made of all dealings and transactions in relation to its material business and activities (including, without limitation, its Eligible Accounts and Eligible Inventory) and (b) permit officers and designated representatives of the Administrative Agent or the Lenders to visit and inspect any of the properties or assets of Parent, the Obligors and any such Borrower Subsidiary in whomever’ s possession to the extent that it is within such party’s control to permit such inspection, and to examine the books and records of Parent, the Obligors and any such Borrower Subsidiary and discuss the affairs, finances and accounts of Parent, the Obligors and of any such Borrower Subsidiary with, and be advised as to the same by, its and their officers and independent accountants, all at such reasonable times and intervals and to such reasonable extent as the Administrative Agent or the Lenders may reasonably request (and subject, in the case of any such meetings or advice from such independent accountants, to such accountants’ customary policies and procedures); provided that, excluding any such visits and inspections during the continuation of an Event of Default, only the Administrative Agent on behalf of the Lenders may exercise rights of the Administrative Agent and the Lenders under this Section 8.2 and only two such visits per fiscal year shall be at the Obligors’ expense; provided further that when an Event of Default exists, the Administrative Agent or any Lender (or any of their respective representatives or independent contractors) may do any of the foregoing at the expense of the Obligors at any time during normal business hours and upon reasonable advance notice.

(b) At reasonable times during normal business hours and upon reasonable prior notice that the Administrative Agent requests, but only in connection with the visits and inspections provided for in clause (a) above, Parent, the Obligors and the Borrower Subsidiaries will grant access to the Administrative Agent (including employees of the Administrative Agent or any consultants, accountants, lawyers and appraisers retained by the Administrative Agent) to such Person’s premises, books, records, Accounts and Inventory so that the Administrative Agent or an appraiser retained by the Administrative Agent may conduct an Inventory appraisal and the Administrative Agent may conduct (or engage third parties to conduct) such field examinations, verifications and evaluations (including environmental assessments) as the Administrative Agent may deem necessary or appropriate. All reasonable expenses caused by such appraisals, field examinations and other verifications and evaluations shall be at the sole expense of the Obligors; provided that absent the existence and continuation of an Event of Default (i) the Administrative Agent may conduct at the expense of the Obligors no more than one (1) such appraisal for Inventory in any calendar year and no more than one (1) such field examination in any calendar year and (ii) during any calendar year in which the Aggregate Availability is less than the greater of (A) 12.5% of the Available Commitment and (B) €20,000,000, the Administrative Agent may conduct at the expense of the Obligors no more than two (2) such appraisals for Inventory and no more than two (2) such field examination in such calendar year. All amounts chargeable to the applicable Obligors under this Section 8.2(b) shall constitute Obligations that are secured by all of the applicable Collateral and shall be payable to the Administrative Agent hereunder. There shall be no limitation on the number of appraisals for Inventory or field examinations conducted at the expense of the Obligors at any time that an Event of Default is continuing.

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8.3. Maintenance of Insurance .

(a) The Obligors will, and will cause each of the Borrower Subsidiaries to, at all times maintain in full force and effect, pursuant to self-insurance arrangements or with insurance companies that are financially sound at the time the relevant coverage is placed or renewed, insurance in at least such amounts and against at least such risks (and with such risk retentions) as are usually insured against in the same general area by companies engaged in the same or a similar business; and will furnish to the Lenders, upon reasonable written request from the Administrative Agent, information presented in reasonable detail as to the insurance so carried; and ensure that at all times the Collateral Agent, for the benefit of the Secured Parties, shall be named as additional insureds with respect to liability policies maintained by any Obligor, and the Collateral Agent, for the benefit of the Secured Parties, shall be named as loss payee with respect to the property insurance covering Inventory that constitutes Collateral maintained by any Obligor; provided that, unless an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, the Collateral Agent shall turn over to the Obligors any amounts received by it as loss payee under any property insurance maintained by such Obligors it being understood and agreed that the Collateral Agent is not authorized to receive any such proceeds except during the continuation of any Event of Default, and, unless an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, the Collateral Agent agrees that the applicable Obligor shall have the sole right to adjust or settle any claims under such insurance.

(b) All such insurance shall (i) provide that no cancellation, material reduction in amount or material change in coverage thereof shall be effective until at least 30 days after receipt by the Collateral Agent of written notice thereof, and (ii) name the Collateral Agent as mortgagee (in the case of property insurance) or additional insured on behalf of the Secured Parties (in the case of liability insurance) or loss payee (in the case of property insurance), as applicable.

8.4. Payment of Taxes . The Obligors will timely pay and discharge, and will cause each of the Borrower Subsidiaries to timely pay and discharge all Taxes imposed upon it, or upon any properties belonging to it, and all lawful claims in respect of any Taxes imposed, assessed or levied that, if unpaid, could reasonably be expected to become a Lien upon any properties of the Obligors or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries, provided that neither the Obligors, nor any of the Borrower Subsidiaries shall be required to pay any such Tax that is being contested in good faith by the Obligors by proper proceedings if it has maintained adequate reserves with respect thereto to the extent required by law and in accordance with GAAP and the failure to pay could not reasonably be expected to, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect.

8.5. Maintenance of Existence . The Credit Parties will do, and will cause each of the Borrower Subsidiaries to do, or cause to be done, all things necessary to preserve and keep in full force and effect its existence, corporate rights and authority, except to the extent that the failure to do so would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; provided , however , that the Credit Parties and the Borrower Subsidiaries may consummate any transaction permitted under Sections 9.3, 9.4 or 9.5.

8.6. Compliance with Statutes, Regulations, Etc . The Credit Parties will, and will cause each of the Borrower Subsidiaries to, comply with all applicable laws, rules, regulations and orders applicable to it or its property, including all governmental approvals or authorizations required to conduct its business, and to maintain all such governmental approvals or authorizations in full force and effect, in each case except where the failure to do so could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

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8.7. Maintenance of Properties . The Obligors will, and will cause each of the Borrower Subsidiaries to, keep and maintain all tangible property material to the conduct of its business in good working order and condition, ordinary wear and tear excepted, except to the extent that the failure to do so could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect provided , however , that the Obligors and the Borrower Subsidiaries may consummate any transaction permitted under Sections 9.3, 9.4 or 9.5.

8.8. Use of Proceeds

(a) The proceeds of the Loans and the Letters of Credit will be used only for refinancing certain existing indebtedness, for general corporate purposes and to finance the working capital needs of the Borrowers and their Affiliates, and to fund Permitted Acquisitions and Permitted Investments of the Borrowers and their Affiliates. No part of the proceeds of any Loan and no Letter of Credit will be used, whether directly or indirectly, (i) for any purpose that entails a violation of any of the Regulations of the Board, including Regulation T, Regulation U and Regulation X, or (ii) to make any Acquisition other than a Permitted Acquisition. No Secured Party is bound to monitor or verify the application of any amount borrowed pursuant to this Agreement.

(b) No Borrower will request any Borrowing or Letter of Credit, and no Borrower shall use, and each Credit Party shall procure that its Subsidiaries and its and their respective directors, officers, employees and agents shall not use, the proceeds of any Borrowing or Letter of Credit (a) in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay, or authorization of the payment or giving of money, or anything else of value, to any Person in violation of any Anti-Corruption Laws, (b) for the purpose of funding, financing or facilitating any activities, business or transaction of or with any Sanctioned Person, or in any Sanctioned Country, except to the extent permitted for a Person required to comply with Sanctions, or (c) in any manner that would result in the violation of any Sanctions applicable to any party hereto. Provided that this covenant shall not be made by nor shall it apply to (x) any Credit Party incorporated or established in Germany ( German Inländer ) in so far as the giving of or compliance with this undertaking would result in a violation of or conflict with section 7 of the German Foreign Trade Regulation ( Außenwirtschaftsverordnung ), any provision of Council Regulation (EC) 2271/1996 or any similar applicable anti-boycott law or regulation or (y) any Credit Party incorporated or established in the United Kingdom or any member state of the European Union in so far as the giving or compliance with this undertaking would result in a violation of or conflict with Council Regulation (EC) No 2271/96, as amended (or any implementing law or regulation in any member state of the European Union or the United Kingdom). Furthermore, (i) each Lender incorporated or established ( German Inländer ) in Germany agrees that it shall not have the benefit of this undertaking to the extent such benefit would result in any such violation or conflict described in paragraph (x) of this Section 8.8(b), and (ii) each Lender incorporated or established in the United Kingdom or any member state of the European Union agrees that it shall not have the benefit of this undertaking to the extent such benefit would result in any violation or conflict described in paragraph (y) of this Section 8.8(b).

(c) In its discretion during a Cash Dominion Period or at any time at which it considers (acting reasonably) that the Collateral of the French Borrower may be at risk, the Administrative Agent may request that the proceeds of the French Loans shall be used by the French Borrower to pay all outstanding amounts (if any) payable at the time of such French Loan to all RoT Suppliers. Following such payment, the French Borrower will use the remaining proceeds of French Loans in accordance with (a) above

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8.9. Further Assurances .

(a) The Obligors will execute any and all further documents, financing statements, agreements and instruments, and take all such further actions (including the filing and recording of financing statements, fixture filings, mortgages, deeds of trust and other documents, the execution of dailly assignments in respect of French Accounts which are no longer subject to extendible retention of title) that may be reasonably required under any applicable law, or that the Collateral Agent or the Required Lenders may reasonably request, in order to grant, preserve, protect and perfect the validity and priority of the security interests created or intended to be created by the applicable Security Documents, all at the reasonable expense of such Obligor and the Borrower Subsidiaries; provided , however , that no Obligor shall be under any obligation to enter into any such document, financing statement, agreement or instrument, or take any such action in respect of Excluded Perfection Assets and provided further that notwithstanding any other term of the Credit Documents, no Obligor shall be required to provide any Collateral or enter into any Security Document to that extent that to do so (a) is prohibited by any applicable law or (b) would result in material adverse tax consequences, or (c) that would result in the incurrence of fees, costs or expenses (including taxes and filing charges) that are (in the opinion of the Administrative Agent (acting reasonably)) disproportionate to the benefit obtained by the provision of such Collateral.

(b) Subject to the applicable limitations set forth in the Security Documents, if any assets (including any real estate or improvements thereto or any ownership (but not, for the avoidance of doubt, leasehold) interest therein but excluding Stock and Stock Equivalents of any Subsidiary) with a book value in excess of €5,000,000 are acquired by any Obligor after the Closing Date (other than assets constituting Collateral under a Security Document that become subject to the perfected Lien of the applicable Security Document upon acquisition thereof or assets constituting Excluded Assets or Excluded Perfection Assets) that are of a nature secured by a Security Document and intended to be Collateral, the Obligors will notify the Collateral Agent, and, if reasonably requested by the Collateral Agent, the Obligors will cause such assets to be subjected to a Lien securing the applicable Obligations and will take such actions as shall be necessary or reasonably requested by the Collateral Agent to grant and perfect such Liens consistent with the applicable requirements of the Security Documents, including actions described in clause (a) of this Section 8.9 and subject to the provisos in Section 8.9.

8.10. End of Fiscal Years; Fiscal Quarters . Each Obligor will, for financial reporting purposes, cause (a) the Parent’s, and each of its and its Subsidiaries’, fiscal years to end on December 31 of each year and (b) the Parent’s, and each of its and its Subsidiaries’, fiscal quarters to end on dates consistent with such fiscal year end and past practice.

8.11. Payment of Obligations. Each Obligor will, and will cause each Borrower Subsidiary to, pay or discharge all Taxes, before the same shall become delinquent or in default, except where (a) the validity or amount thereof is being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings, (b) such Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary has set aside on its books adequate reserves with respect thereto in accordance with GAAP and (c) such liabilities would not result in aggregate liabilities in excess of €25,000,000 (or its equivalent in another currency or other currencies) and none of the Collateral would become subject to forfeiture or loss as a result of the contest; provided, however, that each Credit Party will, and will cause each Borrower Subsidiary to, remit withholding taxes and other payroll taxes to appropriate Governmental Authorities as and when claimed to be due, notwithstanding the foregoing exceptions.

8.12. Compliance with Laws and Material Contractual Obligations . Each Credit Party will, and will cause each Borrower Subsidiary to, (i) comply with all Requirements of Law applicable to it or its property (including without limitation Environmental Laws) and (ii) perform in all material respects its obligations under material agreements to which it is a party except where, in each case, failure to do so could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Each Credit Party will maintain in effect and enforce policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance

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by each Credit Party and each Borrower Subsidiary and their respective directors, officers, employees and agents with Anti-Corruption Laws and applicable Sanctions.

8.13. Pension Plans . Except as could not reasonably be expected to result, individually or in the aggregate, in a Material Adverse Effect, each Obligor will, and will cause each of the Borrower Subsidiaries to, ensure that (i) all employer and employee contributions (including insurance premiums) required from any Obligor or any of its Affiliates by applicable law or by the terms of any Pension Plan (including any policy held thereunder) are made, (ii) each Pension Plan that is required to be registered has been registered and has been maintained in good standing with applicable regulatory authorities, and (iii) each Pension Plan is in compliance (A) with all material provisions of applicable law and all material applicable regulations and regulatory requirements (whether discretionary or otherwise) with respect to such Pension Plan and (B) with the terms of such Pension Plan.

8.14. Transfer of Accounts.

(a) At any time during a Cash Dominion Period, at the request of the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion, the Obligors shall, in the discretion of the Administrative Agent either (i) promptly cause all of their Collection Accounts (each an “ Existing Collection Account ”) to be transferred to the name of the Administrative Agent or (ii) promptly open new Collection Accounts in London with (and, at the discretion of the Administrative Agent, in the name of) the Administrative Agent (such new bank accounts being Collection Accounts under and for the purposes of this Agreement), and (b) if new Collection Accounts have been established pursuant to this Section (each a “ New Collection Account ”), ensure that all cash, cheques or other similar payments relating to or constituting payments made in respect of Accounts owing to them will promptly be re-directed to the New Collection Accounts. Until all collections have been redirected to the New Collection Accounts, each Obligor shall cause all amounts on deposit in any Existing Collection Account to be transferred to a New Collection Account at the end of each Business Day, provided that if any such Obligor does not instruct such re-direction or transfer, each of them hereby authorises the Administrative Agent to give such instructions on their behalf to the applicable Account Debtors and/or the account bank holding such Existing Collection Account (as applicable).

(b) At any time during a Cash Dominion Period, at the request of the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion, each Obligor agrees that if any of its Account Debtors have not previously received notice of the security interest of the Administrative Agent over its Accounts, it shall promptly give notice to such Account Debtors and if any such Obligor does not serve such notice, each of them hereby authorises the Administrative Agent to serve such notice on their behalf.

8.15. Cash Management .

(a) Each Initial Borrower and each Post Closing Borrower that has satisfied the conditions set out in Section 5.2 will ensure that all cash, cheques or other similar payments relating to or constituting payments made in respect of Accounts owing to such Borrower are promptly (and in any event within three Business Days) deposited (whether directly or indirectly) into Collection Accounts or Floating Charge Accounts, in a manner that is reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent. Until so deposited, all such payments shall be held on trust by each Borrower for the benefit of the Administrative Agent and shall not be commingled with any other funds or property of any Borrower.

(b) Upon the occurrence and during the continuation of a Cash Dominion Period, the bank at which any Collection Account, Floating Charge Account or Concentration Account are maintained shall, upon receipt of notice by the Collateral Agent of such Cash Dominion Period, commence the process of daily sweeps from such accounts into an account designated for the purposes by the Administrative Agent. The Administrative Agent shall be given sufficient access to the Collection Accounts, Floating Charge Accounts and the Concentration Accounts to ensure that the Administrative Agent shall be able to apply funds credited to any Collection Account, Floating Charge Account or Concentration Account in its sole discretion during a Cash Dominion Period pursuant to Section 4.2(b) hereof.

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(c) Each Initial Borrower and each Post Closing Borrower that has satisfied the conditions set out in Section 5.2 shall ensure that each Collection Account, Floating Charge Account and Concentration Account is, unless otherwise agreed by the Administrative Agent, subject to a Lien and a Deposit Account Control Agreement (or other arrangement (including, but not limited to, a notice and acknowledgment arrangement) with similar effect), which, with respect to any Collection Account, Floating Charge Account and any Concentration Account, shall ensure that such Collection Accounts are blocked and, in the case of any Concentration Account located in England, under the sole control of the Administrative Agent and/or Collateral Agent.

(d) Each Obligor agrees, with respect to the Collection Accounts and Floating Charge Accounts that are part of the European Cash Management Arrangements, (i) not to request the termination of the real time zero balancing arrangements, (ii) not to amend the real time nature of the zero balancing sweep (which, for the avoidance of doubt requires the immediate sweeping of amounts received to the Concentration Account) and (iii) not to request the withdrawal of moneys from the Collection Accounts which are part of the European Cash Management Arrangements.

(e) In the event that zero balancing arrangements which are part of the European Cash Management Arrangements are amended (in any material respect) or terminated by the relevant account bank (or the account bank sends an Obligor a notice that it intends to cancel the zero balancing arrangements), the Obligors shall promptly inform the Administrative Agent and, at the request of the Administrative Agent, shall promptly enter into such Deposit Account Control Agreements with respect to the bank account(s) affected by the termination of the zero balancing arrangements as the Administrative Agent may request.

(f) Notwithstanding paragraphs (d) and (e) above, in the event that the European Cash Management Arrangements are moved to a different account bank, the Administrative Agent agrees that it will work together with the Administrative Borrower to agree to the putting in place of arrangements which have equivalent effect and protections for the Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent and Lenders as the then current European Cash Management Arrangements (in light of any changed circumstances of the new European Cash Management Arrangements (including, without limitation, whether or not such arrangements are subject to automatic zero balancing)).

8.16. French Accounts . The French Borrower shall ensure that (i) a copy of, or reference to, the French Borrower’s standard terms and conditions of purchase is attached to or included on (as applicable) each purchase order or equivalent document with their suppliers, (ii) its standard terms and conditions of purchase at all times contain a condition to the effect that title to the purchased goods transfers to the French Borrower at a time no later than on delivery of the purchased goods to the French Borrower, (iii) its standard terms and conditions of purchase are not amended without the prior consent in writing of the Administrative Agent, and (iv) if the reference on any purchase order or equivalent document is to the standard terms and conditions of purchase as set out on a specified website, the relevant website must be maintained, be up to date and be publicly accessible at all times. During any Cash Dominion Period or at any other time at which the Administrative Agent considers that the Collateral of the French Borrower may be at risk, at the request of the Administrative Agent, the French Borrower must send a copy of its standard terms and conditions of purchase (or other notice satisfactory to the Administrative Agent which rejects retention of title and/or extendible retention of title provisions in relation to the French Borrower’s Inventory) to its suppliers.

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8.17. Compliance with the Swiss Twenty Non-Bank Rule .

(a) Each Swiss Borrower shall be in compliance with the Swiss Twenty Non-Bank Rule; provided, however, that no Swiss Borrower shall be in breach of this Section 8.17 if the number of creditors (which are not Swiss Qualifying Banks) is exceeded solely by reason of a breach by one or more Lenders of a confirmation contained in Section 4.5(k) or a failure by one or more Lenders to comply with their obligations and transfer restrictions in Section 12.6.

(b) For the purposes of paragraph (a) above, each Swiss Borrower shall assume that the aggregate number of Lenders under this Agreement which are Swiss Non-Qualifying Banks is five (5).

8.18. Post Closing Borrowers . [Reserved]

8.19. Post-Closing Requirements .

(a) [Reserved]

(b) [Reserved]

(c) At the request of the Administrative Agent, in its Permitted Discretion, the Company shall grant security over its Inventory located in Spain, pursuant to a security document governed by Spanish law (and shall make any necessary changes to this Agreement to accommodate such security).

(d) [Reserved]

(e) Upon the earlier of an Event of Default and a Cash Dominion Event, at the Administrative Agent’s sole discretion, the Company shall provide a security interest (in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Collateral Agent) over such of the Inventory of the Company that is located in Sweden pursuant to a security document governed by Swedish law (and shall make any necessary changes to this Agreement to accommodate such security). Such security interest shall be entered into within 30 days of any such request (or five days, if an Event of Default is continuing).

SECTION 9. Negative Covenants

Each Obligor hereby covenants and agrees that on the Closing Date and thereafter, until the Loans, together with interest and all other Obligations (other than indemnification and other contingent Obligations in each case not then due and payable) incurred hereunder, are paid in full, all Commitments are terminated and all Letters of Credit are terminated or cash collateralized in an amount equal to their face amount:

9.1. Limitation on Indebtedness . The Obligors will not, and will not permit any of the Borrower Subsidiaries to, create, incur, assume or suffer to exist any Indebtedness, except:

(a) Indebtedness arising under the Credit Documents;

(b) Indebtedness of the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary owed to the Parent and all other direct or indirect Subsidiaries of the Parent (the “ Parent Subsidiaries ”), or any other Borrower Subsidiary; provided that in the case of this Section 9.1(b) , any subsequent issuance or transfer of any Stock of such Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary to which such Indebtedness is owed, or other event, that results in such Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary ceasing to be a Borrower Subsidiary or any other subsequent transfer of such Indebtedness (except to another Obligor) will be deemed, in each case, an Incurrence of such Indebtedness by the issuer thereof not permitted by this Section 9.1(b) ;

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(c) Indebtedness of the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary in respect of (A) any bankers’ acceptance, bank guarantees, letter of credit or other similar instruments or obligations issued, or relating to liabilities or obligations incurred in the ordinary course of business (including those issued to governmental entities in connection with self-insurance under applicable workers’ compensation statutes), (B) completion guarantees, surety, judgment, appeal or performance bonds, or other similar bonds, instruments or obligations, provided, or relating to liabilities or obligations incurred, in the ordinary course of business (including those incurred to secure health, safety and environmental obligations in the ordinary course of business), (C) [reserved], (D) Management Guarantees or Management Indebtedness, (E) the financing of insurance premiums in the ordinary course of business, (F) take-or-pay obligations under supply arrangements incurred in the ordinary course of business, (G) netting, overdraft protection and other arrangements arising under standard business terms of any bank at which any Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary maintains an overdraft, cash pooling or other similar facility or arrangement, (H) Junior Capital in an aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding not to exceed the greater of €250.0 million and 4.50% of Consolidated Total Assets (calculated in respect of the Parent and its Subsidiaries as opposed to the Applicable Entities) or (I) Bank Products;

(d) (A) Guarantee Obligations incurred by Borrower Subsidiaries or Obligors in respect of Indebtedness of Parent, or the Parent Subsidiaries, the Obligors or any other Borrower Subsidiary that is expressly permitted to be incurred under this Section 9.1 and (B) without limiting Sections 9.2 or 9.5 , Indebtedness of the Obligors or Borrower Subsidiaries arising by reason of any Lien granted by or applicable to such Person securing Indebtedness of any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary that is expressly permitted to be incurred under this Section 9.1 ;

(e) Indebtedness (A) supported by a letter of credit issued in compliance with this Section 9.1 , such Indebtedness to be permitted in a principal amount not exceeding the face amount of such letter of credit or (B) consisting of accommodation guarantees for the benefit of trade creditors of the Obligors or Borrower Subsidiaries;

(f) (i) Purchase Money Obligations and Capitalized Lease Obligations, provided that the aggregate amount of Indebtedness incurred pursuant to this subclause (f)(i) at any time outstanding (when aggregated with all Indebtedness outstanding under subclause (f)(ii) below) shall not exceed €75,000,000 and 5.00% of Consolidated Total Assets and (ii) any Refinancing Indebtedness in respect of any Indebtedness specified in subclause (f)(i) above;

(g) Existing Indebtedness and any Refinancing Indebtedness in respect of such Indebtedness;

(h) (i) Indebtedness of (A) any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary incurred to finance or refinance, or otherwise incurred in connection with, any acquisition of assets (including Stock), business or Person, or any merger or consolidation of any Person with or into any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary, which acquisition, merger or consolidation is otherwise permitted pursuant to the terms of this Agreement; or (B) a Person that is acquired by or merged or consolidated with or into an Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary (including Indebtedness thereof incurred in connection with any such acquisition, merger or consolidation); provided that on the date of such acquisition, merger or consolidation, after giving effect thereto, either (1) the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio is equal to or less than 5.00:1.00 or (2) the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio would be less than or equal to the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio immediately prior to giving effect thereto; provided , further , that if, at the Company’s option, on the date of the initial borrowing of such Indebtedness or entry into the definitive agreement providing the commitment to fund such Indebtedness, pro forma effect is given to the Incurrence of the entire committed amount of such Indebtedness, such committed amount may thereafter be borrowed and reborrowed, in whole or in part, from time to time, without further compliance with this Section 9.1(h); and (ii) any Refinancing Indebtedness with respect to any such Indebtedness;

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(i) Indebtedness in respect of Hedge Agreements not entered into for speculative purpose

(j) [Reserved]

(i) [Reserved]

(k) additional unsecured Indebtedness of the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiaries in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed an amount equal to the greater of €75,000,000 and 7.00% of Consolidated Total Assets at any time outstanding;

(l) Indebtedness of the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary so long as after giving Pro Forma Effect to the Incurrence of such Indebtedness and the application of proceeds thereof on the date of Incurrence of such Indebtedness, the Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio shall be equal to or greater than 2.0 to 1.0;

(m) Indebtedness of any Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary consisting of guarantees, indemnities, obligations in respect of earnouts or other purchase price adjustments, or similar obligations, Incurred in connection with the acquisition or disposition of any business, assets or Person;

(n) Indebtedness of any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary consisting of (i) financing of insurance premiums (x) in the ordinary course of business or (y) otherwise in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed the higher of €15,000,000 and 1.50% of Consolidated Total Assets at any time outstanding or (ii) take or pay obligations contained in supply agreements, in each case arising in the ordinary course of business;

(o) Indebtedness representing deferred compensation to employees of the Obligors (or any direct or indirect parent thereof) and the Borrower Subsidiaries incurred in the ordinary course of business;

(p) [Reserved]

(q) additional Indebtedness of Borrower Subsidiaries (and any guarantees thereof by such entities) under local working capital lines in an aggregate principal amount that at the time of incurrence does not cause the aggregate principal amount of Indebtedness incurred in reliance on this clause (r) to exceed the higher of €50,000,000 and 6% of Consolidated Total Assets;

(r) Indebtedness of any Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary arising from the honouring of a check, draft or similar instrument of such Person drawn against insufficient funds in the ordinary course of business ( provided that such Indebtedness is extinguished in the ordinary course of business);

(s) Indebtedness issuable upon the conversion or exchange of shares of Disqualified Equity Interests issued in accordance with Section 9.1(l) and any Refinancing Indebtedness with respect thereto;

(t) Indebtedness of any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary Incurred as consideration in connection with any acquisition of assets (including Stock), business or Person, or any merger or consolidation of any Person with or into any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary and any Refinancing Indebtedness with respect thereto, in an aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding not exceeding an amount equal to the greater of €75.0 million and 7.0% of Consolidated Total Assets;

(u) Contribution Indebtedness and any Refinancing Indebtedness with respect thereto; and

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(v) lease obligations in respect of Sale and Lease-Back Transactions in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed the greater of €25,000,000 and 2% of Consolidated Total Assets.

For purposes of determining compliance with, and the outstanding principal amount of any particular Indebtedness incurred pursuant to and in compliance with, this Section 9.1 , (i) any other obligation of the obligor on such Indebtedness (or of any other Person who could have incurred such Indebtedness under this Section 9.1 ) arising under any Guarantee, Lien or letter of credit, bankers’ acceptance or other similar instrument or obligation supporting such Indebtedness shall be disregarded to the extent that such Guarantee, Lien or letter of credit, bankers’ acceptance or other similar instrument or obligation secures the principal amount of such Indebtedness; (ii) in the event that Indebtedness Incurred pursuant to Section 9.1 meets the criteria of more than one of the types of Indebtedness described in Section 9.1 (excluding Section 9.1(l) ), any Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary, in its sole discretion, shall classify such item of Indebtedness and may include the amount and type of such Indebtedness in one or more of the clauses of Section 9.1 (excluding Section 9.1(l) but otherwise including in part under one such clause and in part under another such clause); provided that (if any Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary shall so determine) any Indebtedness Incurred pursuant to Sections 9.1(f) , 9.1(k) or 9.1(t) shall cease to be deemed Incurred or outstanding for purposes of such clause but shall be deemed incurred for the purposes of Section 9.1(1) from and after the first date on which any Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary could have incurred such Indebtedness under Section 9.1(l) without reliance on such clause; (iii) in the event that Indebtedness could be incurred in part under Section 9.1(l) , any Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary, in its sole discretion, may classify a portion of such Indebtedness as having been incurred under Section 9.1(l) and the remainder of such Indebtedness as having been incurred under any other provision in Section 9.1 ; (iv) the amount of Indebtedness issued at a price that is less than the principal amount thereof shall be equal to the amount of the liability in respect thereof determined in accordance with GAAP; (v) the principal amount of Indebtedness outstanding under any subclause of Section 9.1 (excluding Section 9.1(l) ) shall be determined after giving effect to the application of proceeds of any such Indebtedness to refinance any such other Indebtedness, (vi) if any Indebtedness is incurred to refinance Indebtedness initially incurred (or, Indebtedness incurred to refinance Indebtedness initially incurred) in reliance on a basket measured by reference to a percentage of Consolidated Total Assets at the time of incurrence, and such refinancing would cause the percentage of Consolidated Total Assets restriction to be exceeded if calculated based on the Consolidated Total Assets on the date of such refinancing, such percentage of Consolidated Total Assets restriction shall not be deemed to be exceeded so long as the principal amount of such refinancing Indebtedness does not exceed the principal amount of such Indebtedness being refinanced, plus the aggregate amount of fees, underwriting discounts, premiums and other costs and expenses (including accrued and unpaid interest) incurred or payable in connection with such refinancing and (vii) if any Indebtedness is incurred to refinance Indebtedness initially incurred in reliance on a basket measured by a euro amount, such euro amount shall not be deemed to be exceeded (and such refinancing Indebtedness shall be deemed permitted) to the extent the principal amount of such newly incurred Indebtedness does not exceed the principal amount of such Indebtedness being refinanced, plus the aggregate amount of fees, underwriting discounts, premiums and other costs and expenses (including accrued and unpaid interest) incurred or payable in connection with such refinancing.

For purposes of determining compliance with any provision of Section 9.1 (excluding Section 9.1(l) but including any category of Permitted Liens described in the definition thereof) measured by a euro amount or by reference to a percentage of Consolidated Total Assets for the incurrence of Indebtedness or Liens securing Indebtedness denominated in a foreign currency, the euro equivalent principal amount of such Indebtedness incurred pursuant thereto shall be calculated based on the relevant currency exchange rate in effect on the date that such Indebtedness was incurred, in the case of term Indebtedness, or first committed, in the case of revolving or deferred draw Indebtedness, provided that (x) the euro equivalent principal amount of any such Indebtedness outstanding on the Amendment and Restatement Date shall be calculated based on the relevant currency exchange rate in effect on the Amendment and Restatement Date, (y) if such Indebtedness is incurred to refinance other Indebtedness denominated in a foreign currency (or in a different currency from such Indebtedness so being incurred), and such refinancing would cause the applicable provision of Section 9.1 (excluding Section 9.1(l) but including any category of Permitted Liens) measured

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by a euro amount or be reference to a percentage of Consolidated Total Assets to be exceeded if calculated at the relevant currency exchange rate in effect on the date of such refinancing, such provision of Section 9.1 (excluding Section 9.1(l) but including any category of Permitted Liens) measured by a euro amount or by reference to a percentage of Consolidated Total Assets shall be deemed not to have been exceeded so long as the principal amount of such refinancing Indebtedness does not exceed (i) the outstanding or committed principal amount (whichever is higher) of such Indebtedness being refinanced plus (ii) the aggregate amount of fees, underwriting discounts, premiums and other costs and expenses (including accrued and unpaid interest) incurred or payable in connection with such refinancing and (z) the euro equivalent principal amount of Indebtedness denominated in a foreign currency and incurred pursuant to this Agreement, the Cash Flow Term Facility or the US ABL Facility shall be calculated based on the relevant currency exchange rate in effect on, at the Company's option, (A) the Amendment and Restatement Date, (B) any date on which any of the respective commitments under this Agreement shall be reallocated between or among facilities or subfacilities thereunder, or on which such rate is otherwise calculated for any purpose thereunder, or (C) the date of such incurrence. The principal amount of any Indebtedness incurred to refinance other Indebtedness, if incurred in a different currency from the Indebtedness being refinanced, shall be calculated based on the currency exchange rate applicable to the currencies in which such respective Indebtedness is denominated that is in effect on the date of such refinancing.

9.2. Limitation on Liens . The Obligors will not, and will not permit any of the Borrower Subsidiaries to, create, incur, assume or suffer to exist any Lien upon any property or assets of any kind (real or personal, tangible or intangible) of the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary, whether now owned or hereafter acquired, except:

(a) Liens arising under the Credit Documents;

(b) Permitted Liens;

(c) (i) Liens securing Indebtedness permitted pursuant to Sections 9.1(f) and (q), provided that (x) such Liens attach at all times only to the assets so financed or subject to the applicable Sale and Lease-Back Transaction except for accessions to the property financed with the proceeds of such Indebtedness and the proceeds and the products thereof and (y) that individual financings of equipment provided by one lender may be cross collateralized to other financings of equipment provided by such lender, and (ii) Liens on the assets of Borrower Subsidiaries that are not Obligors securing Indebtedness permitted pursuant to Section 9.1;

(d) Liens existing on the Amendment and Restatement Date and listed on Schedule 9.2;

(e) the replacement, extension or renewal of any Lien permitted by clauses (e), (f) and (h) of this Section 9.2 upon or in the same assets theretofore subject to such Lien (or upon or in after-acquired property that is affixed or incorporated into the property covered by such Lien) or the replacement, extension or renewal (without increase in the amount or change in any direct or contingent obligor except to the extent otherwise permitted hereunder) of the Indebtedness secured thereby;

(f) Liens existing on the assets of any Person that becomes a Borrower Subsidiary of an Obligor (or is a Borrower Subsidiary that survives a merger with such Person in the transaction in which such Person became a Borrower Subsidiary), or existing on assets acquired, pursuant to an acquisition to the extent the Liens on such assets secure Indebtedness permitted by Section 9.1(i); provided that such Liens attach at all times only to the same assets to which such Liens attached (and after-acquired property that is affixed or incorporated into the property covered by such Lien), and secure only the same Indebtedness or obligations that such Liens secured, immediately prior to such acquisition and any modification, replacement, refinancing, refunding, renewal or extension thereof permitted by Section 9.1(i);

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(g) Liens securing Indebtedness or other obligations (i) of the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary in favour of an Obligor and (ii) of any Borrower Subsidiary that is not an Obligor in favour of any other Borrower Subsidiary or the Parent or any Parent Subsidiary that is not an Obligor;

(h) Liens (i) of a collecting bank arising under Section 4-210 of the UCC on items in the course of collection or (ii) in favour of a banking institution arising as a matter of law encumbering deposits (including the right of set-off);

(i) Liens (i) on cash advances in favour of the seller of any property to be acquired in an Investment permitted pursuant to Section 9.5 to be applied against the purchase price for such Investment, and (ii) consisting of an agreement to sell, transfer, lease or otherwise dispose of any property in a transaction permitted under Section 9.4, in each case, solely to the extent such Investment or sale, disposition, transfer or lease, as the case may be, would have been permitted on the date of the creation of such Lien;

(j) Liens arising out of conditional sale, title retention, consignment or similar arrangements for sale or purchase of goods entered into by the Obligors or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business permitted by this Agreement;

(k) Liens that are contractual rights of set-off (i) relating to the establishment of depository relations with banks not given in connection with the issuance of Indebtedness or (ii) relating to purchase orders and other agreements entered into with customers of the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary in the ordinary course of business;

(l) Liens solely on any cash earnest money deposits or other similar cash deposits made by the Obligors or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries in connection with any letter of intent, distribution agreement in the ordinary course of business or purchase agreement not prohibited hereunder;

(m) Liens on insurance policies and the proceeds thereof securing the financing of the premiums with respect thereto incurred in the ordinary course of business; and

(n) additional Liens so long as the aggregate principal amount of the obligations secured thereby does not exceed €10,000,000 at any time outstanding; provided that no additional Liens shall be permitted over Collateral unless such Liens are fully subordinated or are in an aggregate amount which shall not exceed €5,000,000 at any time outstanding.

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9.3. Limitation on Fundamental Changes . Except as expressly permitted by Section 9.4 or 9.5, the Obligors will not, and will not permit any of the Borrower Subsidiaries to, enter into any merger, consolidation or amalgamation, or liquidate, wind up or dissolve itself (or suffer any liquidation or dissolution), or convey, sell, lease, assign, transfer or otherwise dispose of, all or substantially all its business units, assets or other properties, except that:

(a) so long as no Default or Event of Default would result therefrom, any Borrower Subsidiary or any other Person may be merged, amalgamated or consolidated with or into an Obligor, provided that (i) except as permitted by subclause (ii) below, a Credit Party shall be the continuing or surviving corporation, (ii) if the Person formed by or surviving any such merger, amalgamation or consolidation involving an Obligor is not such Obligor (such surviving Person, as the case may be, being herein referred to as the “ Successor Borrower ”), such Successor Borrower shall expressly assume all the obligations of such Obligor under this Agreement and the other Credit Documents pursuant to a supplement hereto or thereto in form reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent, (iii) each applicable Obligor, unless it is the other party to such merger or consolidation, shall have by a supplement to the Credit Documents confirmed that its obligations under the Credit Documents continue to apply to such Successor Borrower’s obligations under this Agreement, (v) the Investment resulting from such merger or consolidation, shall be permitted by Section 9.5, (v) if the Successor Borrower is a Borrower, it must be incorporated in a jurisdiction in which another Borrower is already incorporated unless all of the Lenders have consented to such Successor Borrower being incorporated in a different jurisdiction; and (vii) the Successor Borrower shall have delivered to the Administrative Agent a certificate of an Authorized Officer stating that such merger or consolidation complies with this Agreement (it being understood that if the foregoing are satisfied, the Successor Borrower will succeed to, and be substituted for, such Obligor under this Agreement);

(b) any Person may be merged, amalgamated or consolidated with or into an Obligor or any one or more Borrower Subsidiaries, provided that (i) either (x) such merger amalgamation or consolidation constitutes a Disposition permitted by Section 9.4 or (y) an Obligor or a Borrower Subsidiary shall be the continuing or surviving Person and the Investment resulting from such merger, amalgamation or consolidation is permitted by Section 9.5, (ii) in the case of any merger, amalgamation or consolidation in which an Obligor is the surviving Person, such Obligor shall execute any supplement to this Agreement and the Security Documents, as applicable, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent in order to preserve and protect the Liens on the Collateral securing the applicable Obligations, (iii) if the surviving Person is a Borrower, it must be incorporated in a jurisdiction in which another Borrower is already incorporated unless all of the Lenders have consented to such surviving Person being incorporated in a different jurisdiction and (iii) the Administrative Borrower shall have delivered to the Administrative Agent an officers’ certificate stating that such merger, amalgamation or consolidation complies with this Agreement.

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9.4. Limitation on Sale of Assets . 1) The Obligors will not, and will not permit any of the Borrower Subsidiaries to make any Disposition, unless:

(a) the Obligor or such Borrower Subsidiary receives consideration (including by way of relief from, or by any other Person assuming responsibility for, any liabilities, contingent or otherwise) at the time of such Disposition at least equal to the fair market value of the shares and assets subject to such Disposition as such fair market value (on the date a legally binding commitment for such Disposition was entered into) may be determined (and shall be determined, to the extent such Disposition or any series of related Dispositions involves aggregate consideration in excess of €20.0 million) in good faith by the Company, whose determination shall be conclusive (including as to the value of all noncash consideration);

(b) in the case of any Disposition (or series of related Dispositions) having a fair market value of €25.0 million or more, at least 75.0% of the consideration (excluding, in the case of each Disposition (or series of related Dispositions), any consideration by way of relief from, or by any other Person assuming responsibility for, any liabilities, contingent or otherwise, that are not Indebtedness) for such Disposition, together with all other Dispositions since the Closing Date (on a cumulative basis) received by the Obligors and Borrower Subsidiaries is in the form of cash; provided that with respect to any such Disposition of Accounts and/or Inventory with a Fair Market Value of €5.0 million or more, an updated Borrowing Base Certificate shall be delivered to the Administrative Agent within five (5) Business Days (or such longer period as the Administrative Agent shall agree) of such Disposition;

(c) Dispositions of Accounts of any Designated Account Debtor pursuant to factoring arrangements in an aggregate amount (with an Account being deemed to be “outstanding” until the Borrower or applicable Subsidiary has received the full purchase price thereof from the purchaser) not to exceed €15,000,000 at any time outstanding and provided further that no such Accounts shall be included in any Borrowing Base following the time of their disposal (and the Credit Parties shall immediately inform the Administrative Agent of any such disposals under this subclause so that the Administrative Agent can make any adjustments to the Borrowing Bases that it considers necessary in light of such disposal); and

(d) Dispositions of accounts receivable of Borrower Subsidiaries pursuant to factoring arrangements that would otherwise be permitted to be incurred as Indebtedness hereunder pursuant to Section 9.1 (it being understood that upon any such Disposition, the amount of the uncollected receivable shall be deemed to be Indebtedness for purposes of Section 9.1 until the transferee has collected an amount from the account debtor at least equal to the amount paid to the applicable Borrower Subsidiary in respect of such accounts receivable).

For the purposes of Section 9.4(b) , the following are deemed to be cash: (1) Permitted Investments, Temporary Cash Investments and Cash Equivalents, (2) the assumption of Indebtedness of the Obligors and Borrower Subsidiaries (other than Disqualified Equity Interests) and the release of such Person from all liability on payment of the principal amount of such Indebtedness in connection with such Disposition, (3) Indebtedness of any Borrower Subsidiary that is no longer a Borrower Subsidiary as a result of such Disposition, to the extent that the Obligors and Borrower Subsidiaries are released from any Guarantee of payment of the principal amount of such Indebtedness in connection with such Disposition, (4) securities received by the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiaries from the transferee that are converted by the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiaries into cash within 180 days, (5) consideration consisting of Indebtedness of the Obligors or Borrower Subsidiaries, (6) Additional Assets, and (7) any Designated Noncash Consideration received by the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiaries in an Disposition having an aggregate Fair Market Value, taken together with all other Designated Noncash Consideration received pursuant to this clause (7), not to exceed an aggregate amount at any time outstanding equal to the greater of €40.0 million and 2.50% of Consolidated Total Assets (with the Fair Market Value of each item of Designated Noncash Consideration being measured at the time received and without giving effect to subsequent changes in value).

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9.5. Limitation on Investments . The Obligors will not, and will not permit any of the Borrower Subsidiaries to, make any Investment except:

(a) extensions of trade credit in the ordinary course of business and Investments resulting from VAT and other customs arrangements by Borrower Subsidiaries with local financial institutions in various jurisdictions in the ordinary course of business;

(b) Permitted Investments, Temporary Cash Investments, Investment Grade Securities or Cash Equivalents;

(c) loans and advances to officers, directors and employees of any Obligor (or any direct or indirect parent thereof) or any Borrower Subsidiary (i) for reasonable and customary business-related travel, relocation and analogous ordinary business purposes (including employee payroll advances) and (ii) in connection with such Person’s purchase of Stock or Stock Equivalents of the Obligors (or any direct or indirect parent thereof) to the extent that the amount of such loans and advances are directly or indirectly contributed to Parent in cash;

(d) Investments existing on, or contemplated as of, the Closing Date and listed on Schedule 9.5 and any extensions, renewals or reinvestments thereof, so long as the aggregate amount of all Investments pursuant to this clause (d) is not increased at any time above the amount of such Investments existing on the Closing Date; provided that the amount of any such Investment may be increased (i) as required by the terms of such Investment as in existence on the Closing Date or (ii) as otherwise permitted under this Agreement;

(e) (A) Management Advances and (B) Investments paid for or made with the Stock, Indebtedness or other securities of Unrestricted Subsidiaries;

(f) Investments to the extent that payment for such Investments is made with Stock of an Obligor (other than Disqualified Equity Interests), Stock of any Parent Entity or Junior Capital as consideration;

(g) (i) Investments by any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary in any Obligor; (ii) any Borrower Subsidiary that is not an Obligor in any Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary, or a Person that will, upon the making of such Investment, become a Borrower Subsidiary (and any Investment held by such Person that was not acquired by such Person in contemplation of so becoming a Borrower Subsidiary), (iii) between or among Borrower Subsidiaries that are not Obligors and/or the Parent Subsidiaries that are not Obligors and (iv) other Investments in any Parent Subsidiaries in an aggregate amount outstanding not to exceed €20,000,000;

(h) Investments not exceeding at any time an outstanding aggregate amount of the higher of €10,000,000 and 1% of Consolidated Total Assets;

(i) Investments so long as at the time of such Investment on a Pro Forma Basis the Payment Conditions are satisfied;

(j) Investments received as consideration in, or retained in connection with, Dispositions of assets to the extent permitted by Section 9.4;

(k) loans and advances to any direct or indirect parent of an Obligor in lieu of, and not in excess of the amount of, Restricted Payments permitted to be made to such Person in accordance with Section 9.6;

(l) securities or other Investments received in settlement of debts created in the ordinary course of business and owing to, or of other claims asserted by, the Obligors and Borrower Subsidiaries, or

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as a result of foreclosure, perfection or enforcement of any Lien, or in satisfaction of judgments, including in connection with any bankruptcy proceeding or other reorganization of another Person;

(m) Investments in the ordinary course of business consisting of endorsements for collection or deposit and customary trade arrangements with customers consistent with past practices;

(n) Guarantee Obligations of the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary of obligations that do not constitute Indebtedness, in each case entered into in the ordinary course of business;

(o) Investments in another Person if as a result of such Investment such other Person is merged or consolidated with or into, or transfers or conveys all or substantially all its assets to, or is liquidated into, an Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary (and, in each case, any Investment held by such other Person that was not acquired by such Person in contemplation of such merger, consolidation or transfer);

(p) Investments in connection with the Transactions;

(q) Indebtedness under Hedge Agreements permitted under Section 9.1(h);

(r) Investments that would otherwise be permitted as Restricted Payments under Section 9.6(e)(iii); and

(s) unsecured Guarantee Obligations of any Obligors in respect of Indebtedness permitted by Section 9.1 (other than pursuant to Section 9.1(b));

(t) receivables owing to an Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary, if created or acquired in the ordinary course of business;

(u) pledges or deposits (x) with respect to leases or utilities provided to third parties in the ordinary course of business or (y) otherwise made in connection with Liens permitted under Section 9.2; and

(v) bonds secured by assets leased to and operated by the Obligors and Borrower Subsidiaries that were issued in connection with the financing of such assets so long as such Person may obtain title to such assets at any time by paying a nominal fee, cancelling such bonds and terminating the transaction and further provided that the aggregate principal amount of such bonds does not exceed €30,000,000.

The Company, in its sole discretion, may classify any Investment as being made in part under one of the clauses or subclauses of this Section 9.5 and in part under one or more other such clauses or subclauses (or, as applicable, clauses or subclauses).

9.6. Limitation on Restricted Payments . The Obligors will not, and will not permit any of the Borrower Subsidiaries to, make any Restricted Payment, provided that, notwithstanding the foregoing the Obligors and Borrower Subsidiaries shall be permitted to:

(a) redeem or may make Restricted Payments to permit any direct or indirect parent thereof to redeem) in whole or in part any of its Stock or Stock Equivalents for another class of its (or its parent’s) Stock or Stock Equivalents or with proceeds from substantially concurrent equity contributions or issuances of new Stock or Stock Equivalents;

(b) make loans, advances, dividends or distributions to any Parent Entity to permit any Parent Entity to repurchase or otherwise acquire its Stock (including any options, warrants or other rights in respect thereof), or payments by the Obligors or Borrower Subsidiaries to repurchase or otherwise acquire Stock of any Parent Entity or the Company (including any options, warrants or other rights in respect

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thereof), in each case from Management Investors (including any repurchase or acquisition by reason of any Parent Entity or the Company retaining any Stock, option, warrant or other right in respect of tax withholding obligations, and any related payment in respect of any such obligation), such payments, loans, advances, dividends or distributions not to exceed an amount (net of repayments of any such loans or advances) equal to €2.5 million; provided that any cancellation of Indebtedness owing to any Obligors or Borrower Subsidiary by any Management Investor in connection with any repurchase or other acquisition of Stock (including any options, warrants or other rights in respect thereof) from any Management Investor shall not constitute a Restricted Payment for purposes of this covenant or any other provision of this Agreement;

(c) so long as no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, make Restricted Payments, provided that at the time of such Restricted Payment and after giving effect thereto on a Pro Forma Basis the Payment Conditions are satisfied;

(d) make (A) Restricted Payments in an aggregate amount not to exceed €40.0 million and (B) Restricted Payments (including loans or advances) in an aggregate amount not to exceed an amount (net of repayment of any such loans or advances) equal to €20.0 million per annum;

(e) make loans, advances, dividends or distributions to any Parent Entity or other payments by the Obligors and Borrower Subsidiaries (A) to satisfy or permit any Parent Entity to satisfy obligations under the Management Agreements, (B) pursuant to any Tax Sharing Agreement or (C) to pay or permit any Parent Entity to pay (but without duplication) any Parent Expenses or any Related Taxes;

(f) make payments, or loans, advances, dividends or distributions to any Parent Entity to make payments, to holders of Stock of any Parent Entity or the Company in lieu of issuance of fractional shares of such Stock;

(g) the declaration and payment of dividends to holders of any class or series of Disqualified Equity Interests, or of any Preferred Stock of an Obligor or Borrower Subsidiary, Incurred in accordance with the terms of Section 9.1 ; and

(h) dividends or other distribution of Stock, Indebtedness or other securities of Unrestricted Subsidiaries, and

(i) except with respect to any minimum Aggregate Availability requirement set forth in the definition of “Payment Conditions”, any dividend paid or redemption made within 15 days after the date of declaration thereof or of the giving of notice thereof, as applicable, if at such date of declaration or the giving of such notice, such dividend or redemption would have complied with this Section 9.6;

provided that (A) in the case of Sections 9.6(d)(A) and (f) , the net amount of any such Restricted Payment shall be included in subsequent calculations of the amount of Restricted Payments and (B) in all cases other than pursuant to clause (A) immediately above, the net amount of any such Restricted Payment shall be excluded in subsequent calculations of the amount of Restricted Payments. The Company, in its sole discretion, may classify any Restricted Payment as being made in part under one of the clauses or subclauses of this Section 9.6 and in part under one or more other such clauses or subclauses (or, as applicable, clauses or subclauses).

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9.7. Limitations on Debt Payments and Amendments .

(a) The Obligors will not, and will not permit any Borrower Subsidiary to, prepay, repurchase or redeem or otherwise defease or acquire prior to the scheduled maturity thereof any Subordinated Indebtedness (collectively, “ Junior Indebtedness ”) (other than a purchase, repurchase, redemption, defeasance or other acquisition or retirement for value in anticipation of satisfying a sinking fund obligation, principal instalment or final maturity, in each case due within one year of the date of such purchase, repurchase, redemption, defeasance or other acquisition or retirement) except: (i) at the time of and after giving Pro Forma Effect to such prepayment or other action, the Payment Conditions are satisfied or (ii) the Obligors and any Borrower Subsidiary may purchase, redeem, repurchase, or otherwise defease or acquire or retire any Junior Indebtedness made by exchange for, or out of the proceeds of the Incurrence of Refinancing Indebtedness incurred in compliance with Section 9.1 .

(b) The Obligors will not waive, amend, modify, terminate or release any Junior Indebtedness to the extent that any such waiver, amendment, modification, termination or release would be adverse to the Lenders in any material respect, provided that any Junior Indebtedness may be amended or modified in any manner (including to delete the subordination provisions therein) to the extent that, immediately after giving effect to such amendment or modification, the Obligors or any Borrower Subsidiary would have been permitted to incur such Indebtedness pursuant to Section 9.1(l) (other than with respect to scheduled repayment, final maturity date, mandatory redemption or sinking fund obligations prior to the date that is 91 days after the Maturity Date that do not arise as a result of such amendment or modification but including, without limitation, the Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio set forth therein).

9.8. Transactions with Affiliates .

The Obligors will not, and will not permit any Borrower Subsidiary to, directly or indirectly, enter into or conduct any transaction or series of related transactions with any Affiliate of the Obligors, involving aggregate payments in excess of €10,000,000, unless (i) the terms of such Affiliate Transaction are not materially less favourable to the Obligors or such Borrower Subsidiary, as the case may be, than those that could be obtained at the time in a transaction with a Person who is not such an Affiliate and (ii) if such Affiliate Transaction involves aggregate consideration in excess of €15.0 million the terms of such Affiliate Transaction have been approved by a majority of the Board of Directors, provided that the foregoing restrictions will not apply to (a) the payment of fees to the Sponsor pursuant to any Management Agreement in an amount not to exceed €4,000,000 in any fiscal year (plus customary out-of-pocket expense reimbursement and indemnity) so long as no Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing at the date of such payment or would result therefrom (it being understood that following the cure of all such Events of Default, such payments may be made), (b) Restricted Payments permitted by Section 9.6, (c) the payment of the expenses in connection with the Transactions, (d) loans, advances and other transactions between or among the Obligors and the Borrower Subsidiaries to the extent otherwise permitted under Section 9, (e) employment and severance arrangements between the Obligors and the Borrower Subsidiaries and their respective officers and employees in the ordinary course of business, (f) payments by the Obligors (and/or any of their direct or indirect parent companies) and the Borrower Subsidiaries to any of their direct or indirect parent companies pursuant to tax sharing agreements among the Obligors (and/or any of its direct or indirect parent companies) and the Borrower Subsidiaries on customary terms to the extent attributable to the ownership or operation of the Obligors and the Borrower Subsidiaries; provided that in each case the amount of such payments by the Obligors or the Borrower Subsidiaries in any fiscal year does not exceed the amount that the Obligors or the Borrower Subsidiaries would be required to pay in respect of Taxes for such fiscal year were the Obligors or the Borrower Subsidiaries (to the extent described above) to pay such taxes separately from any parent entity, (g) the payment of customary fees and reasonable out of pocket costs to, and indemnities provided on behalf of, directors, managers, consultants, officers and employees of the Obligors (and/or any of their direct or indirect parent companies) or the Borrower Subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business to the extent attributable to the ownership or operation of the Obligors or the Borrower Subsidiaries, (h) payments by the Obligors or the Borrower Subsidiaries to the Sponsor made for any

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financial advisory, financing, underwriting or placement services or in respect of other investment banking activities, including in connection with acquisitions or divestitures (in each case where such transactions relate to or benefit the Obligors or the Borrower Subsidiaries), which payments are approved by a majority of the board of directors of the relevant entity, in good faith, and either (i) limited to 1% of completed transactions and (ii) to the extent in excess of the amounts permitted by subclause (i) above, made from amounts that would have been permitted to be applied to make Restricted Payments pursuant to Section 9.6(c), (i) payments or loans (or cancellation of loans) to employees or consultants of the Obligors (and/or any of their direct or indirect parent companies) or the Borrower Subsidiaries which are approved by a majority of the board of directors of the relevant entity in good faith and (j) modifications to Junior Indebtedness permitted by Section 9.7(c).

9.9. Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio . The Obligors will not permit the Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio, determined for any Test Period, to be less than 1.00 to 1.00, to be measured as of the last day of each fiscal quarter by reference to the then most recent quarterly financial statement for: (i) the EMEA Segment (prior to the Trigger Date) and (ii) the Obligors and the Distribution Principals (on and after a Trigger Date); commencing with the fiscal quarter ending immediately preceding the date on which the Aggregate Availability is less than the greater of (A) 10% of the Available Commitments, and (B) €15,000,000 (the “ Covenant Compliance Event ”). The Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio shall be tested immediately upon receipt by the Administrative Agent of the relevant quarterly financial statements. Once such covenant is in effect, compliance with the covenant will be discontinued (and the Covenant Compliance Event shall no longer be deemed to be continuing for the purposes of this Agreement) so long as no Default shall have occurred and be continuing on the day immediately succeeding the last day of the fiscal quarter which includes the day on which the Aggregate Availability has been greater than the greater of (A) 10% of the Available Commitments, and (B) €15,000,000 for one calendar month.

For purposes of determining compliance with the foregoing Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio covenant under this Section 9.9, any Specified Equity Contribution made during the period from the last day of the relevant period until the expiration of (i) with respect to a breach of the Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio that occurs on the date of the Covenant Compliance Event, the date that is 10 days after such date or (ii) otherwise, the 10th day after the date on which financial statements are required to be delivered hereunder with respect to the relevant period will, at the request of the Administrative Borrower, be used to prepay the Facilities, provided that (A) in each four consecutive fiscal quarter period, there shall be a period of at least two consecutive fiscal quarters in respect of which no Specified Equity Contribution is made, (B) no more than five Specified Equity Contributions may be made during the term of this Agreement and (C) the amount of any Specified Equity Contribution shall be no greater than the amount required to cause the Credit Parties to no longer be in breach of the Covenant Compliance Event, after giving effect to such Specified Equity Contribution.

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9.10. Changes in Business . The Credit Parties and the Borrower Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, will not fundamentally and substantively alter the character of their business, taken as a whole, from the business conducted by the Credit Parties and the Borrower Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, on the Closing Date and other business activities incidental or related to any of the foregoing.

9.11. Limitation on Restrictions on Distributions from Borrower Subsidiaries . The Obligors will not, and will not permit any Borrower Subsidiary to, create or otherwise cause to exist or become effective any consensual encumbrance or restriction on the ability of any Borrower Subsidiary to (i) pay dividends or make any other distributions on its Stock or pay any Indebtedness or other obligations owed to any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary, (ii) make any loans or advances to any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary or (iii) transfer any of its property or assets to any Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary, except any encumbrance or restriction:

(a) pursuant to an agreement or instrument as in effect at or entered into on the date hereof;

(b) pursuant to any agreement or instrument of a Person, or relating to Indebtedness or Stock of a Person, which Person is acquired by or merged or consolidated with or into an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary, or which agreement or instrument is assumed by an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary in connection with an acquisition of assets from such Person, as in effect at the time of such acquisition, merger or consolidation (except to the extent that such Indebtedness was incurred to finance, or otherwise in connection with, such acquisition, merger or consolidation) and not applying to an Obligor or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries (other than to any such Person or assets so acquired);

(c) pursuant to an agreement or instrument replacing or contained in any amendment, supplement or other modification to an agreement referred to in clause (a) or (b) above; provided, however, that the encumbrances and restrictions contained in any such replacement agreement or amendment taken as a whole are not materially less favourable to the Lenders than encumbrances and restrictions contained in such original agreement;

(d) (i) that restricts in a customary manner the subletting, assignment or transfer of any property or asset that is subject to a lease, license or similar contract, or the assignment or transfer of any lease, license or other contract, (ii) by virtue of any transfer of, agreement to transfer, option or right with respect to, or Lien on, any property or assets of an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary not otherwise prohibited by this Agreement, (iii) contained in mortgages, pledges or other security agreements securing Indebtedness of any Obligor or a Borrower Subsidiary to the extent restricting the transfer of the property or assets subject thereto, (iv) pursuant to customary provisions restricting dispositions of Real Estate interests set forth in any reciprocal easement agreements of an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary, or (v) pursuant to purchase money Indebtedness that impose encumbrances or restrictions on the property or assets so acquired;

(e) with respect to a Borrower Subsidiary (or any of its property or assets) imposed pursuant to an agreement entered into for the direct or indirect sale or disposition of all or substantially all the Stock or assets of such Borrower Subsidiary (or the property or assets that are subject to such restriction) pending the closing of such sale or disposition;

(f) by reason of any applicable law, rule, regulation or order, or required by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction over an Obligor or any Borrower Subsidiary or any of their businesses;

(g) pursuant to an agreement or instrument (i) relating to any Indebtedness permitted to be incurred subsequent to the Closing Date pursuant to Section 9.1, if the encumbrances and restrictions contained in any such agreement or instrument taken as a whole are not materially less favourable to the

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Lenders than the encumbrances and restrictions contained in the agreements set forth in clause (a) above (as determined in good faith by the Administrative Borrower);

(h) restrictions and conditions on any Subsidiary by the terms of any Indebtedness of such Subsidiary permitted to be incurred hereunder;

(i) contractual obligations binding on a Borrower Subsidiary at the time such Borrower Subsidiary first becomes a Borrower Subsidiary, so long as such contractual obligations were not entered into in contemplation of such Person becoming a Borrower Subsidiary;

(j) customary provisions in joint venture agreements and other similar agreements applicable to joint ventures permitted under Section 9.5 and applicable solely to such joint venture;

(k) negative pledges and restrictions on Liens in favour of any holder of Indebtedness permitted under Section 9.1 but only if such negative pledge or restriction expressly permits Liens for the benefit of the Administrative Agent and/or the Collateral Agent and the Lenders with respect to the credit facilities established hereunder and the Obligations under the Credit Documents on a senior basis and without a requirement that such holders of such Indebtedness be secured by such Liens equally and rateably or on a junior basis;

(l) restrictions on cash, other deposits or net worth imposed by customers under contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business;

(m) Secured Indebtedness otherwise permitted to be incurred under Sections 9.1(f) and (j) that limit the right of the obligor to dispose of the assets securing such Indebtedness; and

(n) customary provisions in leases, subleases, licenses, sublicenses and other contracts restricting the assignment thereof, in each case entered into in the ordinary course of business.

9.12. FATCA Status . No Credit Party shall become a FATCA FFI or a U.S. Tax Obligor.

SECTION 10. Events of Default

Upon the occurrence of any of the following specified events (each an “ Event of Default ”):

10.1. Payments . Any Credit Party shall (a) default in the payment when due of any principal of the Loans, (b) default, and such default shall continue for five or more days, in the payment when due of any interest on the Loans or fees owing hereunder or (c) default, and such default shall continue for 30 or more days, in the payment when due of any other amounts owing hereunder or under any other Credit Document.

10.2. Representations, Etc . Any representation, warranty or statement made or deemed made by any Credit Party herein or in any Credit Document or any certificate delivered or required to be delivered by it pursuant hereto or thereto shall prove to be untrue in any material respect on the date as of which made or deemed made.

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10.3. Covenants . Any Credit Party shall:

(a) default in the due performance or observance by it of any term, covenant or agreement contained in Sections 8.1(l)(i), 8.2(b) or Section 9;

(b) default in the due performance or observance by it of any term, covenant or agreement contained in Section 8.1(j) that shall continue unremedied for a period of at least three Business Days; and

(c) default in the due performance or observance by it of any term, covenant or agreement (other than those referred to in Section 10.1 or 10.2 or clause (a) of this Section 10.3) contained in this Agreement, any Security Document, any guarantee and such default shall continue unremedied for a period of at least 30 days after receipt of written notice to the Administrative Borrower from the Administrative Agent or the Required Lenders.

10.4. Default Under Other Agreements . A Credit Party or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries shall (i) default in any payment when due with respect to any Indebtedness (other than the Obligations) in excess of €20,000,000 in the aggregate, for the Credit Parties and such Borrower Subsidiaries or (ii) default in the observance or performance of any agreement or condition relating to any such Indebtedness in excess of €20,000,000 or contained in any instrument or agreement evidencing, securing or relating thereto, or any other event shall occur or condition exist, the effect of which default or other event or condition is to cause, or to permit the holder or holders of such Indebtedness (or a trustee or agent on behalf of such holder or holders) to cause, with the giving of notice, the passage of time or both, any such Indebtedness to become due prior to its stated maturity.

10.5. Insolvency action . Any corporate action, legal proceedings or other procedure or step is taken in relation to (A) the suspension of payments, a moratorium of any indebtedness, a provisionary or definitive moratorium, winding-up, dissolution, administration or reorganisation (by way of voluntary arrangement, scheme of arrangement or otherwise) of any Credit Party or Borrower Subsidiary (but only to the extent that such Borrower Subsidiary is a Material Subsidiary), (B) a composition, compromise, assignment or arrangement with any creditor of any Credit Party or Borrower Subsidiary (but only to the extent that such Borrower Subsidiary is a Material Subsidiary), (C) the appointment of a liquidator, receiver, administrative receiver, administrator, compulsory manager or other similar officer in respect of any Credit Party or Borrower Subsidiary (but only to the extent that such Borrower Subsidiary is a Material Subsidiary), or any of its assets; or enforcement of any Lien over any assets of any Credit Party or Borrower Subsidiary (but only to the extent that such Borrower Subsidiary is a Material Subsidiary), or (in each case) any analogous procedure or step is taken in any jurisdiction (which includes, for a Credit Party incorporated in the Netherlands, having filed a notice under section 36 of the Tax Collection Act of the Netherlands (Invorderingswet 1990)) provided that any winding-up petition which is frivolous or vexatious and is discharged, stayed or dismissed within 14 days of commencement shall not constitute an Event of Default under this Section 10.5.

10.6. Insolvency .

(a) Any Credit Party or Borrower Subsidiary (but only to the extent that such Borrower Subsidiary is a Material Subsidiary):

(i) is unable or admits inability to pay its debts as they fall due;

(ii) is deemed to, or is declared to, be unable to pay its debts under applicable law;

(iii) suspends or threatens to suspend making payments on any of its debts; or

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(iv) by reason of actual or anticipated financial difficulties, commences negotiations with one or more of its creditors (excluding any Credit Party in its capacity as such) with a view to rescheduling any of its indebtedness.

(b) The value of the assets of any Credit Party or Borrower Subsidiary (but only to the extent that such Borrower Subsidiary is a Material Subsidiary) is less than its liabilities (taking into account contingent and prospective liabilities);

(c) A moratorium or provisionary moratorium is declared in respect of any indebtedness of any Credit Party or Borrower Subsidiary (but only to the extent that such Borrower Subsidiary is a Material Subsidiary). If a moratorium or provisionary moratorium occurs, the ending of the moratorium will not remedy any Event of Default caused by that moratorium or provisionary moratorium;

(d) Any expropriation, attachment, sequestration, distress or execution or any analogous process in any jurisdiction affects any asset or assets of Credit Party or Borrower Subsidiary (but only to the extent that such Borrower Subsidiary is a Material Subsidiary);

(e) A Swiss Insolvency Event occurs in respect of any Swiss Borrower;

(f) A German Insolvency Event occurs in respect of a German Relevant Entity;

10.7. ERISA .

(a) Any Plan shall fail to satisfy the minimum funding standard required for any plan year or part thereof or a waiver of such standard or extension of any amortization period is sought or granted under Section 412 of the Code; any Plan is or shall have been terminated or is the subject of termination proceedings under Section 4041(c) or Section 4042 of ERISA including the giving of written notice thereof; the PBGC has given written notice to Parent of its intent to terminate any Plan or to appoint a trustee to administer any Plan or the occurrence of any event or condition which Parent reasonably expects to constitute grounds under ERISA for the termination of or the appointment of a trustee to administer any Plan; any Borrower, any Subsidiary or any ERISA Affiliate has incurred or is likely to incur a liability to or on account of a Plan under Section 409, 502(i), 502(l), 515, 4062, 4063, 4064, 4069 or 4201 of ERISA or Section 4971 or 4975 of the Code or on account of a Multiemployer Plan under Section 4201 or 4204 of ERISA (including the giving of written notice thereof); and (b) it is reasonably likely from any event or events set forth in clause (a) of this Section 10.7 that the imposition of a lien, the granting of a security interest, or a liability would result, and such lien, security interest or liability would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

10.8. Guarantee . The guarantee by any Credit Party or any material provision thereof shall cease to be in full force or effect (other than pursuant to the terms hereof and thereof) or any Credit Party shall deny or disaffirm in writing its material obligations under any such guarantee.

10.9. Documents . Any Credit Document (or Security Document covering assets in the aggregate in excess of €7,500,000) or any material provision thereof shall cease to be in full force or effect (other than pursuant to the terms hereof or thereof) or any grantor under any Security Documents shall deny or disaffirm in writing any grantor’s material obligations under any Security Document.

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10.10. Judgments . One or more judgments or decrees shall be entered against any Obligor or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries involving a liability of €15,000,000 or more in the aggregate for all such judgments and decrees for any Borrower and the Borrower Subsidiaries (to the extent not paid or covered by insurance provided by a carrier not disputing coverage) and any such judgments or decrees shall not have been satisfied, vacated, discharged or stayed or bonded pending appeal within 60 days after the entry thereof.

10.12. Audit qualification . The auditors of the Parent qualify the audited annual consolidated financial statements, or following the Trigger Date, the auditors of the Obligors qualify the audited annual consolidated financial statements of any of the Obligors, provided always that the only qualifications which shall trigger this Event of Default are ones relating to non-disclosure of information and/or the inability of the relevant entity to carry on its business as a going concern.

10.13. Pensions Regulator . Any Credit Party or Borrower Subsidiary fails to comply with the terms of any Financial Support Direction or Contribution Notice issued to it by the Pensions Regulator.

10.14. Change of Control . A Change of Control shall occur,

then, and in any such event, and at any time thereafter, if any Event of Default shall then be continuing, the Administrative Agent shall, upon the written request of the Required Lenders, by written notice to the Administrative Borrower, take any or all of the following actions, without prejudice to the rights of the Administrative Agent to enforce their claims against the Borrowers, except as otherwise specifically provided for in this Agreement, (i) terminate the outstanding Commitments (at which time they shall immediately be cancelled) and/or (ii) declare the principal of and any accrued interest and fees in respect of all Loans and all Obligations owing hereunder and thereunder to be, whereupon the same shall become, forthwith due and payable without presentment, demand, protest or other notice of any kind, all of which are hereby waived by the Credit Parties and/or (iii) exercise or direct the Collateral Agent to exercise any or all of its rights, powers or discretions under the Credit Documents; provided that, if an Event of Default specified in Sections 10.5 or 10.6 shall occur with respect to any Credit Party, the result that would occur upon the giving of written notice by the Administrative Agent as specified shall occur automatically without the giving of any such notice.

With respect to any Letter of Credit with respect to which presentment for honour shall not have occurred at the time of an acceleration pursuant to the preceding paragraph, the applicable Borrower(s) shall at such time deposit in a cash collateral account opened by the Administrative Agent an amount in cash (and in the same currencies as the Letters of Credit) equal to the aggregate then undrawn and unexpired amount of such Letter of Credit. The Borrowers agree to grant to the Administrative Agent, for the benefit of the Letter of Credit Issuers, a security interest in such cash collateral to secure all Obligations of such Borrowers in respect of such Letters of Credit under this Agreement and the other Credit Documents. Each Borrower shall execute and deliver to the Administrative Agent, for the account of the Letter of Credit Issuers, such further documents and instruments as the Administrative Agent may at such time request to evidence the creation and perfection of such security interest in such cash collateral account. Amounts held in such cash collateral account shall be applied by the Administrative Agent to the payment of drafts drawn under such Letters of Credit, and the unused portion thereof after all such Letters of Credit shall have expired or been fully drawn upon, if any, shall be applied to repay other obligations of the Borrowers hereunder and under the other Credit Documents. After all Letters of Credit shall have expired or been fully drawn upon, all Letter of Credit Obligations shall have been satisfied, the balance, if any, in such cash collateral account shall be returned to the applicable Borrowers. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement or any other Credit Document, no Lender in its capacity as a Secured Party or as beneficiary of any security granted pursuant to the Security Documents shall have any right to exercise remedies in respect of such security without the prior written consent of the Required Lenders.

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In connection with any acceleration of the Obligations as contemplated by clause (ii) above, the Designated Obligations shall, automatically and with no further action required by the Administrative Agent or any Lender, be converted into Euros based on the Euro Equivalent amount thereof, determined using the Spot Rate calculated as of the date of such acceleration and from and after such date all amounts accruing and owed to the Lenders in respect of such Designated Obligations shall accrue and be payable in Euros at the rate otherwise applicable hereunder.

SECTION 11. The Administrative Agent and the Collateral Agent

Part 1 - Role of the Administrative Agent, the Letter of Credit Issuers and Others .

11.1. Appointment of the Administrative Agent.

(a) Each of the Lenders, the Letter of Credit Issuers and each other Secured Party (for itself and on behalf of an Affiliate who may provide Bank Products or be party to Hedge Agreements) appoints the Administrative Agent to act as its agent under and in connection with the Credit Documents.

(b) Each of the Lenders and the Letter of Credit Issuers authorises the Administrative Agent to perform the duties, obligations and responsibilities and to exercise the rights, powers, authorities and discretions specifically given to the Administrative Agent under or in connection with the Credit Documents together with any other incidental rights, powers, authorities and discretions.

11.2. Instructions .

(a) The Administrative Agent shall (i) unless a contrary indication appears in a Credit Document, exercise or refrain from exercising any right, power, authority or discretion vested in it as Administrative Agent in accordance with any instructions given to it by (A) all Lenders if the relevant Credit Document stipulates the matter is an all Lender decision, and (B) in all other cases, the Required Lenders, the European Required Lenders or the French Required Lenders (as applicable), and not be liable for any act (or omission) if it acts (or refrains from acting) in accordance with paragraph (i) above.

(b) The Administrative Agent shall be entitled to request instructions, or clarification of any instruction, from the Required Lenders, the European Required Lenders or the French Required Lenders (as applicable) (or, if the relevant Credit Document stipulates the matter is a decision for any other Lender or group of Lenders, from that Lender or group of Lenders) as to whether, and in what manner, it should exercise or refrain from exercising any right, power, authority or discretion and the Administrative Agent may refrain from acting unless and until it receives those instructions or that clarification.

(c) Save in the case of decisions stipulated to be a matter for any other Lender or group of Lenders under the relevant Credit Document and unless a contrary indication appears in a Credit Document, any instructions given to the Administrative Agent by the Required Lenders, the European Required Lenders or the French Required Lenders (as applicable) shall override any conflicting instructions given by any other parties and will be binding on all Secured Parties save for the Collateral Agent.

(d) The Administrative Agent may refrain from acting in accordance with any instructions of any Lender or group of Lenders until it has received any indemnification and/or security that it may in its discretion require (which may be greater in extent than that contained in the Credit Documents and which may include payment in advance) for any cost, loss or liability which it may incur in complying with those instructions.

(e) In the absence of instructions, the Administrative Agent may act (or refrain from acting) as it considers to be in the best interest of the Lenders.

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(f) The Administrative Agent is not authorised to act on behalf of a Lender (without first obtaining that Lender’s consent) in any legal or arbitration proceedings relating to any Credit Document. This paragraph (f) shall not apply to any legal or arbitration proceeding relating to the perfection, preservation or protection of rights under the Security Documents or enforcement of the Collateral or Security Documents.

11.3. Duties of the Administrative Agent.

(a) The Administrative Agent’s duties under the Credit Documents are solely mechanical and administrative in nature.

(b) Subject to paragraph (c) below, the Administrative Agent shall promptly forward to a party the original or a copy of any document which is delivered to the Administrative Agent for that party by any other party.

(d) Except where a Credit Document specifically provides otherwise, the Administrative Agent is not obliged to review or check the adequacy, accuracy or completeness of any document it forwards to another party.

(e) If the Administrative Agent receives notice from a party referring to this Agreement, describing a Default and stating that the circumstance described is a Default, it shall promptly notify the other Secured Parties.

(f) If the Administrative Agent is aware of the non-payment of any principal, interest, commitment fee or other fee payable to a Secured Party (other than the Administrative Agent or the Collateral Agent) under this Agreement, it shall promptly notify the other Secured Parties.

(g) The Administrative Agent shall have only those duties, obligations and responsibilities expressly specified in the Credit Documents to which it is expressed to be a party (and no others shall be implied).

11.4. No Fiduciary Duties.

(a) Nothing in any Credit Document constitutes the Administrative Agent or any Letter of Credit Issuer as a trustee or fiduciary of any other person.

(b) Neither the Administrative Agent nor any Letter of Credit Issuer shall be bound to account to any Lender for any sum or the profit element of any sum received by it for its own account.

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11.5. Business with the Group . The Administrative Agent and the Letter of Credit Issuers may accept deposits from, lend money to and generally engage in any kind of banking or other business with any member of the Group.

11.6. Rights and Discretions .

(a) The Administrative Agent and the Letter of Credit Issuers may (i) rely on any representation, communication, notice or document believed by it to be genuine, correct and appropriately authorized, (ii) assume that (A) any instructions received by it from the Required Lenders, the European Required Lenders, the French Required Lenders, any Lenders or any group of Lenders are duly given in accordance with the terms of the Credit Documents, and (B) unless it has received notice of revocation, that those instructions have not been revoked, and (iii) rely on a certificate from any person (A) as to any matter of fact or circumstance which might reasonably be expected to be within the knowledge of that person, or (B) to the effect that such person approves of any particular dealing, transaction, step, action or thing, as sufficient evidence that that is the case and, in the case of paragraph (A) above, may assume the truth and accuracy of that certificate.

(b) The Administrative Agent may assume (unless it has received notice to the contrary in its capacity as agent for the Lenders) that (i) no Default has occurred (unless it has actual knowledge of a Default arising under Section 10.1 or 10.2, (ii) any right, power, authority or discretion vested in any party or any group of Lenders has not been exercised, and (iii) any notice or request made by a Credit Party (other than a Borrowing Request) is made on behalf of and with the consent and knowledge of all the Credit Parties.

(c) The Administrative Agent may engage and pay for the advice or services of any lawyers, accountants, tax advisers, surveyors or other professional advisers or experts.

(d) Without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (c) above or paragraph (e) below, the Administrative Agent may at any time engage and pay for the services of any lawyers to act as independent counsel to the Administrative Agent (and so separate from any lawyers instructed by the Lenders) if the Administrative Agent in its reasonable opinion deems this to be desirable.

(e) The Administrative Agent may rely on the advice or services of any lawyers, accountants, tax advisers, surveyors or other professional advisers or experts (whether obtained by the Administrative Agent or by any other party) and shall not be liable for any damages, costs or losses to any person, any diminution in value or any liability whatsoever arising as a result of its so relying.

(f) The Administrative Agent may act in relation to the Credit Documents through its officers, employees and agents and the Administrative Agent shall not (i) be liable for any error of judgment made by any such person; or (ii) be bound to supervise, or be in any way responsible for, any loss incurred by reason of misconduct, omission or default on the part, of any such person, unless such error or such loss was directly caused by the Administrative Agent’s gross negligence or wilful misconduct (as finally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction).

(g) Unless a Credit Document expressly provides otherwise the Administrative Agent may disclose to any other party any information it reasonably believes it has received as agent under this Agreement.

(h) Without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (g) above, the Administrative Agent (i) may disclose, and (ii) on the written request of the Borrowers or the Required Lenders shall, as soon as reasonably practicable, disclose, the identity of a Defaulting Lender to the Administrative Borrower and to the other Credit Parties.

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(i) Notwithstanding any other provision of any Credit Document to the contrary, neither the Administrative Agent nor any Letter of Credit Issuer is obliged to do or omit to do anything if it would, or might in its reasonable opinion, constitute a breach of any law or regulation or a breach of a fiduciary duty or duty of confidentiality.

(j) The Administrative Agent is not obliged to disclose to any Credit Party any details of the rate notified to the Administrative Agent by any Lender or the identity of any such Lender.

(k) Notwithstanding any provision of any Credit Document to the contrary, the Administrative Agent is not obliged to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur any financial liability in the performance of its duties, obligations or responsibilities or the exercise of any right, power, authority or discretion if it has grounds for believing the repayment of such funds or adequate indemnity against, or security for, such risk or liability is not reasonably assured to it.

11.7. Responsibility for Documentation . Neither the Administrative Agent nor the Letter of Credit Issuers are responsible or liable for:

(a) the adequacy, accuracy or completeness of any information (whether oral or written) supplied by the Administrative Agent, the Letter of Credit Issuers, a Credit Party or any other person in or in connection with any Credit Document or the Lender Presentation or any reports or the transactions contemplated in the Credit Documents or any other agreement, arrangement or document entered into, made or executed in anticipation of, under or in connection with any Credit Document;

(b) the legality, validity, effectiveness, adequacy or enforceability of any Credit Document or the Collateral or any other agreement, arrangement or document entered into, made or executed in anticipation of, under or in connection with any Credit Document or the Collateral; or

(c) any determination as to whether any information provided or to be provided to any Credit Party is non-public information the use of which may be regulated or prohibited by applicable law or regulation relating to insider dealing or otherwise.

11.8. No Duty To Monitor . The Administrative Agent shall not be bound to enquire:

(a) whether or not any Default has occurred;

(b) as to the performance, default or any breach by any party of its obligations under any Credit Document; or

11.9. Exclusion of Liability.

(a) Without limiting paragraph (b) below (and without prejudice to any other provision of any Credit Document excluding or limiting the liability of the Administrative Agent or the Letter of Credit Issuers), none of the Administrative Agent nor the Letter of Credit Issuers will be liable for (i) any damages, costs or losses to any person, any diminution in value, or any liability whatsoever arising as a result of taking or not taking any action under or in connection with any Credit Document or the Collateral, unless directly caused by its gross negligence or wilful misconduct (as finally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction), (ii) exercising, or not exercising, any right, power, authority or discretion given to it by, or in connection with, any Credit Document, the Collateral or any other agreement, arrangement or document entered into, made or executed in anticipation of, under or in connection with, any Credit Document or the Collateral, or (iii) without prejudice to the generality of paragraphs (i) and (ii) above, any damages, costs or losses to any person, any diminution in value or any liability whatsoever arising as a result of (A) any act,

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event or circumstance not reasonably within its control, or (B) the general risks of investment in, or the holding of assets in, any jurisdiction, including (in each case and without limitation) such damages, costs, losses, diminution in value or liability arising as a result of: nationalisation, expropriation or other governmental actions; any regulation, currency restriction, devaluation or fluctuation; market conditions affecting the execution or settlement of transactions or the value of assets; breakdown, failure or malfunction of any third party transport, telecommunications, computer services or systems; natural disasters or acts of God; war, terrorism, insurrection or revolution; or strikes or industrial action.

(b) No party (other than the Administrative Agent or the Letter of Credit Issuers (as applicable)) may take any proceedings against any officer, employee or agent of the Administrative Agent or the Letter of Credit Issuers, in respect of any claim it might have against the Administrative Agent or the Letter of Credit Issuers or in respect of any act or omission of any kind by that officer, employee or agent in relation to any Credit Document and any officer, employee or agent of the Administrative Agent or the Letter of Credit Issuers may rely on this Section.

(c) The Administrative Agent will not be liable for any delay (or any related consequences) in crediting an account with an amount required under the Credit Documents to be paid by the Administrative Agent if the Administrative Agent has taken all necessary steps as soon as reasonably practicable to comply with the regulations or operating procedures of any recognised clearing or settlement system used by the Administrative Agent for that purpose.

(d) Nothing in this Agreement shall oblige the Administrative Agent to carry out (i) any “know your customer” or other checks in relation to any person, or (ii) any check on the extent to which any transaction contemplated by this Agreement might be unlawful for any Lender, on behalf of any Lender and each Lender confirms to the Administrative Agent that it is solely responsible for any such checks it is required to carry out and that it may not rely on any statement in relation to such checks made by the Administrative Agent.

(e) Without prejudice to any provision of any Credit Document excluding or limiting the Administrative Agent’s liability, any liability of the Administrative Agent arising under or in connection with any Credit Document or the Collateral shall be limited to the amount of actual loss which has been finally judicially determined to have been suffered (as determined by reference to the date of default of the Administrative Agent or, if later, the date on which the loss arises as a result of such default) but without reference to any special conditions or circumstances known to the Administrative Agent at any time which increase the amount of that loss. In no event shall the Administrative Agent be liable for any loss of profits, goodwill, reputation, business opportunity or anticipated saving, or for special, punitive, indirect or consequential damages, whether or not the Administrative Agent has been advised of the possibility of such loss or damages.

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11.10. Lenders’ Indemnity to the Administrative Agent.

(a) Each Lender shall (in proportion to its share of the total Aggregate Revolving Commitments or, if the Aggregate Revolving Commitments are then zero, to its share of the Aggregate Revolving Commitments immediately prior to their reduction to zero) indemnify the Administrative Agent, within three (3) Business Days of demand, against any cost, loss or liability incurred by the Administrative Agent (otherwise than by reason of the Administrative Agent’s gross negligence or wilful misconduct (as finally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction)) in acting as Administrative Agent under the Credit Documents (unless the Administrative Agent has been reimbursed by a Credit Party pursuant to a Credit Document).

(b) Subject to paragraph (c) below, the Credit Parties shall immediately on demand reimburse any Lender for any payment that the Lender makes to the Administrative Agent pursuant to paragraph (a) above.

(c) Paragraph (b) above shall not apply to the extent that the indemnity payment in respect of which the Lender claims reimbursement relates to a liability of the Administrative Agent to a Credit Party.

11.11. Resignation of the Administrative Agent.

(a) The Administrative Agent may resign and appoint one of its Affiliates acting through an office as successor by giving notice to the Lenders and the Credit Parties.

(b) Alternatively the Administrative Agent may resign by giving 30 days’ notice to the Lenders and the Credit Parties, in which case the Required Lenders (after consultation with the Administrative Borrower) may appoint a successor Administrative Agent.

(c) If the Required Lenders have not appointed a successor Administrative Agent in accordance with paragraph (b) above within 20 days after notice of resignation was given, the retiring Administrative Agent (after consultation with the Administrative Borrower) may appoint a successor Administrative Agent.

(d) If the Administrative Agent wishes to resign because (acting reasonably) it has concluded that it is no longer appropriate for it to remain as agent and the Administrative Agent is entitled to appoint a successor Administrative Agent under paragraph (c) above, the Administrative Agent may (if it concludes (acting reasonably) that it is necessary to do so in order to persuade the proposed successor Administrative Agent to become a party to this Agreement as Administrative Agent) agree with the proposed successor Administrative Agent amendments to this Section 11 - Part A consistent with then current market practice for the appointment and protection of corporate trustees together with any reasonable amendments to the agency fee payable under this Agreement which are consistent with the successor Administrative Agent’s normal fee rates and those amendments will bind the parties.

(e) The retiring Administrative Agent shall, make available to the successor Administrative Agent such documents and records and provide such assistance as the successor Administrative Agent may reasonably request for the purposes of performing its functions as Administrative Agent under the Credit Documents. The Credit Parties shall, within three Business Days of demand, reimburse the retiring Administrative Agent for the amount of all costs and expenses (including legal fees) properly incurred by it in making available such documents and records and providing such assistance.

(f) The Administrative Agent’s resignation notice shall only take effect upon the appointment of a successor.

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(g) Upon the appointment of a successor, the retiring Administrative Agent shall be discharged from any further obligation in respect of the Credit Documents (other than its obligations under paragraph (e) above) but shall remain entitled to the benefit of Section 12.5 and this Section 13 - Part A (and any agency fees for the account of the retiring Administrative Agent shall cease to accrue from (and shall be payable on) that date). Any successor and each of the other parties shall have the same rights and obligations amongst themselves as they would have had if such successor had been an original party.

11.12. Replacement of the Administrative Agent.

(a) After consultation with the Administrative Borrower, the Required Lenders may, by giving 30 days’ notice to the Administrative Agent replace the Administrative Agent by appointing a successor Administrative Agent.

(b) The retiring Administrative Agent shall make available to the successor Administrative Agent such documents and records and provide such assistance as the successor Administrative Agent may reasonably request for the purpose of performing its functions as Administrative Agent under the Credit Documents.

(c) The appointment of the successor Administrative Agent shall take effect on the date specified in the notice from the Required Lenders to the retiring Administrative Agent. As from this date, the retiring Administrative Agent shall be discharged from any further obligation in respect of the Credit Documents (other than its obligations under paragraph (b) above) but shall remain entitled to the benefit of Section 12.5 and this Section 11 - Part I (and any agency fees for the account of the retiring Administrative Agent shall cease to accrue from (and shall be payable on) that date).

(d) Any successor Administrative Agent and each of the other parties shall have the same rights and obligations amongst themselves as they would have had if such successor had been an original party.

11.13. Confidentiality.

(a) In acting as agent for the Secured Parties, the Administrative Agent shall be regarded as acting through its agency division which shall be treated as a separate entity from any other of its divisions or departments.

(b) If information is received by another division or department of the Administrative Agent, it may be treated as confidential to that division or department and the Administrative Agent shall not be deemed to have notice of it.

(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of any Credit Document to the contrary, the Administrative Agent is not obliged to disclose to any other person (i) any confidential information or (ii) any other information if the disclosure would, or might in its reasonable opinion, constitute a breach of any law or regulation or a breach of a fiduciary duty.

11.14. Relationship with the Lenders.

(a) The Administrative Agent may treat the person shown in its records as Lender at the opening of business (in the place of the Administrative Agent’s principal office as notified to the Secured Parties from time to time) as the Lender acting through its lending office (i) entitled to or liable for any payment due under any Credit Document on that day, and (ii) entitled to receive and act upon any notice, request, document or communication or make any decision or determination under any Credit Document made or delivered on that day, unless it has received not less than five (5) Business Days’ prior notice from that Lender to the contrary in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.

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(b) Any Lender may by notice to the Administrative Agent appoint a person to receive on its behalf all notices, communications, information and documents to be made or dispatched to that Lender under the Credit Documents. Such notice shall contain the address, fax number and (where communication by electronic systems is permitted under Section 12.2) electronic mail address and/or any other information required to enable the sending and receipt of information by that means (and, in each case, the department or officer, if any, for whose attention communication is to be made) and be treated as a notification of a substitute address, fax number, electronic mail address, department and officer by that Lender for the purposes of Section 12.2 and the Administrative Agent shall be entitled to treat such person as the person entitled to receive all such notices, communications, information and documents as though that person were that Lender.

11.15. Credit Appraisal By The Lenders and Letter of Credit Issuers . Without affecting the responsibility of any Credit Party for information supplied by it or on its behalf in connection with any Credit Document, each Lender and each Letter of Credit Issuer confirms to the Administrative Agent that it has been, and will continue to be, solely responsible for making its own independent appraisal and investigation of all risks arising under or in connection with any Credit Document including but not limited to:

(a) the financial condition, status and nature of each member of the Group;

(b) the legality, validity, effectiveness, adequacy or enforceability of any Credit Document, the Collateral and any other agreement, arrangement or document entered into, made or executed in anticipation of, under or in connection with any Credit Document or the Collateral;

(c) whether that Lender or Letter of Credit Issuer has recourse, and the nature and extent of that recourse, against any party or any of its respective assets under or in connection with any Credit Document, the Collateral, the transactions contemplated by the Credit Documents or any other agreement, arrangement or document entered into, made or executed in anticipation of, under or in connection with any Credit Document or the Collateral;

(d) the adequacy, accuracy or completeness of the Lender Presentation, any reports and any other information provided by the Administrative Agent, any party or by any other person under or in connection with any Credit Document, the transactions contemplated by any Credit Document or any other agreement, arrangement or document entered into, made or executed in anticipation of, under or in connection with any Credit Document; and

(e) the right or title of any person in or to, or the value or sufficiency of any part of the Collateral, the priority of any of the Collateral or the existence of any security interest affecting the Collateral.

11.16. Administrative Agent’s Management Time . Any amount payable to the Administrative Agent under Section 12.5 shall include the cost of utilizing the Administrative Agent’s management time or other resources and will be calculated on the basis of such reasonable daily or hourly rates as the Administrative Agent may notify to the Borrowers and the Lenders, and is in addition to any fee paid or payable to the Administrative Agent under Section 3.

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11.17. Deduction From Amounts Payable By The Administrative Agent . If any party owes an amount to the Administrative Agent under the Credit Documents the Administrative Agent may, after giving notice to that party, deduct an amount not exceeding that amount from any payment to that party which the Administrative Agent would otherwise be obliged to make under the Credit Documents and apply the amount deducted in or towards satisfaction of the amount owed. For the purposes of the Credit Documents that party shall be regarded as having received any amount so deducted.

11.18. Reliance And Engagement Letters . Each Secured Party confirms that the Administrative Agent has authority to accept on its behalf (and ratifies the acceptance on its behalf of any letters or reports already accepted by the Administrative Agent) the terms of any reliance letter or engagement letters relating to any reports or any reports or letters provided by accountants in connection with the Credit Documents or the transactions contemplated in the Credit Documents and to bind it in respect of those reports, reports or letters and to sign such letters on its behalf and further confirms that it accepts the terms and qualifications set out in such letters.

Part 2 – Collateral Agent Provisions .

11.19. Appointment of the Collateral Agent .

(a) Each of the Secured Parties (for itself and on behalf of its Affiliates who may provide Bank Products and/or be party to any Hedge Agreements) irrevocably appoints the Collateral Agent to act as its trustee in connection with the Security Documents.

Each of the Secured Parties (for itself and on behalf of its Affiliates who may provide Bank Products and/or be party to any Hedge Agreements) irrevocably appoints the Collateral Agent to create, register, manage and enforce any Lien created by the French Collateral Documents pursuant to article 2488-6 of the French Civil Code, as amended from time to time on the terms of the Credit Documents and until the termination date of the Credit Documents, and the Collateral Agent accepts that appointment as Collateral Agent ( agent des sûretés ).

(b) Each of the Secured Parties (for itself and on behalf of its Affiliates who may provide Bank Products and/or be party to any Hedge Agreements) authorizes the Collateral Agent to exercise the rights specifically given to the Collateral Agent under or in connection with the Credit Documents together with any other incidental rights.

(c) Each of the Secured Parties (for itself and on behalf of its Affiliates who may provide Bank Products and/or be party to any Hedge Agreements) (i) irrevocable authorizes the Collateral Agent to create, register, manage and enforce on its behalf any Lien created by the Belgian Collateral Documents and, for the purposes of the Belgian Collateral Documents appoints the Collateral Agent as its representative ( vertegenwoordiger/représentant ) in accordance with (A) Article 5 of the Belgian Act of 15 December 2004 on financial collateral arrangements and several tax dispositions in relation to security collateral arrangements and loans of financial instruments, as amended from time to time, and (B) Article 3 of Book III, Title XVII of the Belgian Civil Code, which appointment is hereby accepted, and (ii) agrees that the Collateral Agent shall not be severally and jointly liable with the Secured Parties (or any of their Affiliates who may provide Bank Products and/or be party to any Hedge Agreements).

(d) Notwithstanding with the obligations assumed by each of the Secured Parties pursuant to paragraphs above, each such Person undertakes to grant as many powers of attorney as Spanish laws and regulations may require for the purposes of appointing the Collateral Agent as its representative for granting, registration, amendment and enforcement purposes in relation to any Spanish Collateral Document.

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Additionally, if required by law or needed for enforcement or registration purposes, each such Person undertakes to comply with the obligation to obtain a Spanish Tax Identification number ( N.I.F. ) in Spain before the relevant Spanish Tax Authorities.

11.20. Role of the Collateral Agent .

(a) The Collateral Agent shall (and hereby declares that it shall) hold the benefit of the Security Documents on trust for the Secured Parties on the terms contained in this Agreement. The Collateral Agent shall hold all securities under a Swiss Collateral Document that is accessory in nature ( akzessorisch ) for itself and for and on behalf of each Secured Party as a direct representative ( direkter Stellvertreter ) and all securities under a Swiss Collateral Document that is non-accessory in nature ( nicht akzessorisch ) as an agent for the benefit of the Secured Parties ( Halten unter einem Treuhandverhältnis ).

(b) If the Collateral Agent receives notice from a party referring to this Agreement, describing a Default and stating that the circumstance described is a Default, it shall promptly notify the Secured Parties.

(c) The Collateral Agent does not have any duties except those expressly set out in the Credit Documents. In particular, the Collateral Agent shall not be subject to the duty of care imposed on trustees by the U.K.’s Trustee Act 2000.

11.21. German Collateral matters . In relation to the German Collateral Documents the following additional provisions shall apply:

(a) The Collateral Agent, with respect to the part of the Collateral secured pursuant to the German Collateral Documents or any other Collateral created under German law (“ German Collateral ”), shall:

(i) hold, administer and realise such German Collateral that is transferred or assigned by way of security ( Sicherungseigentum/Sicherungsabtretung ) or otherwise granted to it and is creating or evidencing a non-accessory security right ( nicht akzessorische Sicherheit ) in its own name as trustee ( Treuhänder ) for the benefit of the Secured Parties;

(ii) hold, administer, and realise any such German Collateral that is pledged ( verpfändet ) or otherwise transferred to the Collateral Agent and is creating or evidencing an accessory security right ( akzessorische Sicherheit ) as agent.

(b) With respect to the German Collateral, each Secured Party hereby authorizes and each future Secured Party by becoming a party to this Agreement in accordance with Section 12.6 of this Agreement authorizes and grants a power of attorney ( Vollmacht ) to the Collateral Agent (whether or not by or through employees or agents) to:

(i) accept as its representative ( Stellvertreter ) any pledge or other creation of any accessory security right granted in favour of such Secured Party in connection with the German Collateral Documents and to agree to and execute on its behalf as its representative ( Stellvertreter ) any amendments and/or alterations to any German Collateral Document or any other agreement related to such German Collateral which creates a pledge or any other accessory security right ( akzessorische Sicherheit ) including the release or confirmation of release of such security;

(ii) execute on behalf of itself and the Secured Parties where relevant and without the need for any further referral to, or authority from, the Secured Parties or any other person, all necessary releases of any such German Collateral secured under the German Collateral Documents or any other agreement related to such German Collateral;

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(iii) realise such German Collateral in accordance with the German Collateral Documents or any other agreement securing such German Collateral;

(iv) make, receive all declarations and statements and undertake all other necessary actions and measures which are necessary or desirable in connection with such German Collateral or the German Collateral Documents or any other agreement securing the German Collateral;

(v) take such action on its behalf as may from time to time be authorized under or in accordance with the German Collateral Documents; and

(vi) exercise such rights, remedies, powers and discretions as are specifically delegated to or conferred upon the Secured Parties under the German Security Agreements together with such powers and discretions as are reasonably incidental thereto.

(c) Each of the Secured Parties agrees that, if the courts of Germany do not recognize or give effect to the trust expressed to be created by this Agreement or any German Collateral Document, the relationship of the Secured Parties to the Collateral Agent shall be construed as one of principal and agent but, to the extent permissible under the laws of Germany, all the other provisions of this Agreement shall have full force and effect between the parties hereto.

(d) Each Secured Party hereby ratifies and approves, and each future Secured Party by becoming a party to this Agreement in accordance with Section 12.6 of this Agreement ratifies and approves, all acts and declarations previously done by the Collateral Agent on such person’s behalf (including for the avoidance of doubt the declarations made by the Collateral Agent as representative without power of attorney ( Vertreter ohne Vertretungsmacht ) in relation to the creation of any pledge ( Pfandrecht ) on behalf and for the benefit of each Secured Party as future pledgee or otherwise).

11.22. German Agent provisions. For the purpose of performing its rights and obligations as Collateral Agent and to make use of any authorization granted under the German Collateral Documents, each Secured Party hereby authorizes, and each future Secured Party by becoming a party to this Agreement in accordance with Section 12.6 of this Agreement authorizes, the Collateral Agent to act as its agent ( Stellvertreter ), and releases the Collateral Agent from any restrictions on representing several persons and self-dealing under any applicable law, and in particular from the restrictions of Section 181 of the German Civil Code ( Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ). The Collateral Agent has the power to grant sub-power of attorney, including the release from the restrictions of Section 181 of the German Civil Code ( Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ).

11.23. No Fiduciary Duties . The Collateral Agent shall not be bound to account to any other Secured Party for any sum or the profit element of any sum received by it for its own account.

11.24. Business with the Credit Parties . The Collateral Agent may accept deposits from, lend money to, invest in and generally engage in any kind of banking or other business with any Credit Party and any Affiliate of such Credit Party.

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11.25. Discretions of the Collateral Agent .

(a) The Collateral Agent may rely on (i) any representation, notice, document or other communication believed by it to be genuine, correct and appropriately authorized, and (ii) any statement made by a director, authorised signatory or employee of any person regarding any matters which may reasonably be assumed to be within his or her knowledge or within his or her power to verify.

(b) The Collateral Agent may assume that (i) no Default has occurred, and (ii) any right vested in any Secured Party has not been exercised.

(c) The Collateral Agent may engage, pay for and rely on the advice or services of any lawyers, accountants, surveyors or other experts.

(d) The Collateral Agent may act in relation to the Credit Documents through its personnel and agents.

(e) Notwithstanding that the Collateral Agent and one or more of the other Secured Parties may from time to time be the same entity, that entity has entered into the Credit Documents in those separate capacities. However, where the Credit Documents provide for the Collateral Agent and the other Secured Parties to provide instructions to or otherwise communicate with one or more of the others of them, then for so long as they are the same entity it will not be necessary for there to be any formal instructions or other communication, notwithstanding that the Credit Documents provide in certain cases for the same to be in writing.

(f) Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement, the Collateral Agent shall be and is hereby authorised to assume without enquiry, in the absence of actual notice to the contrary, that each Credit Party and the other parties to any of the Credit Documents (other than the Collateral Agent) is duly performing and observing all the covenants and provisions contained in or arising pursuant to this Agreement or any other Credit Document respectively relating to it and on its part to be performed and observed.

11.26. Required Lenders’ Instructions .

(a) Unless a contrary indication appears in a Credit Document, the Collateral Agent shall (i) act in accordance with any instructions given to it by the Required Lenders (or, if so instructed by the Required Lenders or in the absence of an instruction from them, refrain from acting or exercising any power, authority, discretion or other right vested in it as Collateral Agent), and (ii) not be liable for any act (or omission) if it acts (or refrain from taking any action) in accordance with an instruction of the Required Lenders, the European Required Lenders or the French Required Lenders.

(b) Unless a contrary indication appears in a Credit Document, any instructions given by the Required Lenders (or, if required to be given by either of them, the European Required Lenders or the French Required Lenders) will be binding on all the Lenders.

(c) The Collateral Agent may refrain (i) from acting in accordance with the instructions of the Required Lenders (or, if required to be given by either of them, the European Required Lenders or the French Required Lenders (or, if appropriate, the Lenders)) or otherwise until it has received such security and/or indemnity as it may require for any Losses (including any associated irrecoverable VAT) which it may incur in complying with the instructions, and (ii) from doing anything which may in its opinion be a breach of any law or duty of confidentiality or be otherwise actionable at the suit of any person.

(d) In the absence of instructions from the Required Lenders, (or, if required to be given by either of them, the European Required Lenders or the French Required Lenders) (or, if appropriate, the

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Lenders), the Collateral Agent may act (or refrain from taking action) as it considers to be in the best interests of the relevant Required Lenders.

(e) The Collateral Agent is not authorised to act on behalf of a Lender (without first obtaining that Lender’s consent) in any legal or arbitration proceedings relating to any Credit Document.

11.27. Responsibility for Documentation . The Collateral Agent is not responsible for:

(a) the adequacy, accuracy and/or completeness of any information (whether oral or written) supplied by any Secured Party, any Credit Party or any other person given in or in connection with any Credit Document; or

(b) the legality, validity, effectiveness, adequacy or enforceability of any Credit Document or any other agreement, arrangement or other document entered into, made or executed in anticipation of or in connection with any Credit Document.

11.28. Exclusion of Liability .

(a) Without limiting Section 11.28(b), the Collateral Agent will not be liable for any action taken by it under or in connection with any Credit Document, unless directly caused by its gross negligence or wilful misconduct (as finally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction).

(b) No Party may take any proceedings against any officer, employee or agent of the Collateral Agent in respect of any claim it might have against the Collateral Agent or in respect of any act or omission of any kind by that officer, employee or agent in relation to any Credit Document. Any officer, employee or agent of the Collateral Agent may rely on this Section 11.28(b).

(c) The Collateral Agent will not be liable for any delay (or any related consequences) in crediting an account with an amount required under the Credit Documents to be paid by the Collateral Agent if the Collateral Agent has taken all necessary steps as soon as reasonably practicable to comply with the regulations or operating procedures of any recognised clearing or settlement system used by the Collateral Agent for that purpose.

(d) The Collateral Agent shall not be under any obligation to insure any of the Collateral or any certificate, note, bond or other evidence in respect of any of them or to require any other person to maintain that insurance and shall not be responsible for any Losses which may be suffered as a result of the lack or inadequacy of that insurance.

(e) The Collateral Agent shall not be responsible for any Losses occasioned to the Collateral, however caused, by any Credit Party or any other person by any act or omission on the part of any person (including any bank, broker, depository, warehouseman or other intermediary or any clearing system or the operator of it), or otherwise, unless those Losses are occasioned by the Collateral Agent’s own gross negligence or wilful misconduct (as finally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction). In particular the Collateral Agent shall be not responsible for any Losses which may be suffered as a result of any assets comprised in the Collateral, or any deeds or documents of title to them, being uninsured or inadequately insured or being held by it or by or to the order of any custodian or by clearing organisations or their operators or by any person on behalf of the Collateral Agent.

(f) The Collateral Agent shall have no responsibility to any Credit Party as regards any deficiency which might arise because any Credit Party is subject to any tax in respect of the Collateral or any income or any proceeds from or of them.

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(g) The Collateral Agent shall not be liable for any failure, omission or defect in giving notice of, registering or filing, or procuring registration or filing of, or otherwise protecting or perfecting, the security constituted over the Collateral.

11.29. Lenders’ Indemnity to the Collateral Agent .

(a) Each Lender shall (in proportion to its share of the Aggregate Revolving Commitments or, if the Aggregate Revolving Commitments are then zero, to its share of the Aggregate Revolving Commitments immediately prior to their reduction to zero) indemnify the Collateral Agent, within three (3) Business Days of demand, against any Losses sustained or incurred by the Collateral Agent (otherwise than by reason of the Collateral Agent’s gross negligence or wilful misconduct (as finally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction)) in acting as the Collateral Agent under the Credit Documents (unless the Collateral Agent has been reimbursed by a Credit Party pursuant to a Credit Document).

(b) The Collateral Agent may, in priority to any payment to the Lenders, indemnify itself out of the Collateral in respect of, and pay and retain, all sums necessary to give effect to this indemnity and to all other indemnities given to it in the other Credit Documents in its capacity as Collateral Agent. The Collateral Agent shall have a lien on the security constituted over the Collateral and the proceeds of enforcement of this Agreement for all such sums.

11.30. Resignation .

(a) The Collateral Agent may resign and appoint one of its Affiliates as successor by giving notice to the other parties.

(b) Alternatively the Collateral Agent may resign by giving notice to the other parties, in which case the Required Lenders (after consultation with the Administrative Borrower) may appoint a successor Collateral Agent.

(c) If the Required Lenders have not appointed a successor Collateral Agent in accordance with Section 11.30(b) within 30 days after notice of resignation was given, the Collateral Agent may appoint a successor Collateral Agent.

(d) The retiring Collateral Agent shall, at its own cost, make available to the successor Collateral Agent any documents and records and provide any assistance which the successor Collateral Agent may reasonably request for the purposes of performing its functions as Collateral Agent under the Credit Documents.

(e) A notice of resignation from the Collateral Agent shall only take effect upon the appointment of a successor.

(f) Upon the appointment of a successor, the retiring Collateral Agent shall be discharged from any further obligation in respect of the Credit Documents but shall remain entitled to the benefit of this Section 11 - Part II. Its successor and each of the other parties shall have the same rights and obligations amongst themselves as they would have had if the successor had been an original party.

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11.31. Additional Collateral Agent . The Collateral Agent may at any time appoint (and subsequently remove) any person to act as a separate Collateral Agent or as a co-trustee jointly with it (any such person, an “ Additional Collateral Agent ”):

(a) if it is necessary in performing its duties and if the Collateral Agent considers that appointment to be in the interest of the Secured Parties; or

(b) for the purposes of complying with or confirming to any legal requirements, restrictions or conditions which the Collateral Agent deems to be relevant; or

and the Collateral Agent will give notice to the Administrative Borrower and the Administrative Agent of any such appointment.

11.32. Confidentiality .

(a) In acting as Collateral Agent for the Secured Parties, the Collateral Agent shall be regarded as acting through its syndication or agency division which shall be treated as a separate entity from any other of its divisions or departments.

(b) If information is received by another division or department of the Collateral Agent, it may be treated as confidential to that division or department and the Collateral Agent shall not be deemed to have notice of it.

(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of any Credit Document to the contrary, the Collateral Agent is not obliged to disclose to any other person (i) any confidential information, or (ii) any other information if the disclosure would or might in its reasonable opinion constitute a breach of any law or a breach of a fiduciary duty.

11.33. Relationship with the Lenders . The Collateral Agent may treat each Lender as a Lender, entitled to payments under this Agreement unless it has received not less than five (5) Business Days’ prior notice from that Lender to the contrary in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.

11.34. Credit Appraisal by the Lenders . Without affecting the responsibility of each Credit Party for information supplied by it or on its behalf in connection with any Credit Document, each Lender and each Letter of Credit Issuer confirms to the Collateral Agent that it has been, and will continue to be, solely responsible for making its own independent appraisal and investigation of all risks arising under or in connection with any Credit Document, including:

(a) the financial condition, status and nature of each Credit Party;

(b) the legality, validity, effectiveness, adequacy or enforceability of any Credit Document and any other agreement, arrangement or document entered into, made or executed in anticipation of, under or in connection with any Credit Document;

(c) whether that Lender or Letter of Credit Issuer has recourse, and the nature and extent of that recourse, against any party or any of its respective assets under or in connection with any Credit Document, the transactions contemplated by the Credit Documents or any other agreement, arrangement or other document entered into, made or executed in anticipation of, under or in connection with any Credit Document; and

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(d) the adequacy, accuracy and/or completeness of any information provided by the Collateral Agent, any other party or any other person under or in connection with any Credit Document, the transactions contemplated by the Credit Documents or any other agreement, arrangement or other document entered into, made or executed in anticipation of, under or in connection with any Credit Document.

11.35. Management Time .

Any amount payable to the Collateral Agent by way of fees or indemnity under this Agreement or any Credit Document shall include the cost of utilising the Collateral Agent’s management time or other resources (which will be calculated on the basis of such reasonable daily or hourly rates as the Collateral Agent may notify to the Credit Parties).

11.36. Security Documents .

(a) The Collateral Agent shall accept without investigation, requisition or objection whatever title any person may have to the assets which are subject to the Security Documents and shall not (i) be bound or concerned to examine or enquire into the title of any person, or (ii) be liable for any defect or failure in the title of any person, whether that defect or failure was known to the Collateral Agent or might have been discovered upon examination or enquiry and whether it is capable of remedy or not.

(b) Upon the appointment of any successor Collateral Agent under Section 11.30(b), the resigning Collateral Agent shall execute and deliver any documents and do any other acts and things which may be necessary to vest in the successor Collateral Agent all the rights vested in the resigning Collateral Agent under the Security Documents.

(c) Each of the other Secured Parties (i) authorises the Collateral Agent to hold each mortgage or charge created pursuant to any Credit Document in its sole name as Collateral Agent for the Secured Parties and (ii) requests the Land Registry to register the Collateral Agent as the sole proprietor of any mortgage or charge so created.

11.37. Distribution of Proceeds of Enforcement .

(a) To the extent that the Security Documents provide for the net proceeds of any enforcement to be applied against the Secured Obligations, the Collateral Agent shall pay them to the Administrative Agent and the Agent shall apply them in payment of any amounts due but unpaid under the Credit Documents, if applicable in the order set out in Section 2.11(b). This shall override any appropriation made by any Credit Party.

(b) The Collateral Agent may, at its discretion, accumulate proceeds of enforcement in an interest bearing account in its own name.

11.38. No Obligation to Remain in Possession . If the Collateral Agent, any receiver or any delegate takes possession of all or any of the Collateral, it may from time to time in its absolute discretion relinquish such possession.

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11.39. Collateral Agent’s Obligation to Account . The Collateral Agent shall not in any circumstances (either by reason of taking possession of the Collateral or for any other reason and whether as mortgagee in possession or on any other basis):

(a) be liable to account to any Credit Party or any other person for anything except the Collateral Agent’s own actual receipts which have not been distributed or paid to that Credit Party or the persons entitled or at the time of payment believed by the Collateral Agent to be entitled to them; or

(b) be liable to the Credit Party or any other person for any principal, interest or Losses from or connected with any realisation by the Collateral Agent of the Collateral or from any act, default, omission or misconduct of the Collateral Agent, its officers, employees or agents in relation to the Collateral or from any exercise or non-exercise by the Collateral Agent of any right exercisable by it under this Agreement unless they shall be caused by the Collateral Agent’s own gross negligence or wilful misconduct (as finally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction).

11.40. Receiver’s and Delegate’s Obligation to Account . All the provisions of Section 11.39 shall apply in respect of the liability of any receiver or administrator or delegate in all respects as though every reference in Section 11.39 to the Collateral Agent were instead a reference to the receiver or, as the case may be, administrator or delegate.

SECTION 12. Miscellaneous

12.1. Amendments and Waivers . Neither this Agreement nor any other Credit Document, nor any terms hereof or thereof, may be amended, supplemented or modified except in accordance with the provisions of this Section 12.1. The Required Lenders may, or, with the written consent of the Required Lenders, the Administrative Agent and/or the Collateral Agent may (as applicable depending on the relevant Credit Document), from time to time, (a) enter into with the relevant Credit Party or Credit Parties written amendments, supplements or modifications hereto and to the other Credit Documents for the purpose of adding any provisions to this Agreement or the other Credit Documents or changing in any manner the rights of the Lenders or of the Credit Parties hereunder or thereunder or (b) waive, on such terms and conditions as the Required Lenders or the Administrative Agent and/or Collateral Agent, as the case may be, may specify in such instrument, any of the requirements of this Agreement or the other Credit Documents or any Default or Event of Default and its consequences; provided , however , that no such waiver and no such amendment, supplement or modification shall directly (i) forgive or reduce any portion of any Loan or extend the scheduled repayment date of any principal of any Loan (which, for the avoidance of doubt, does not include payments pursuant to Section 4.3, it being understood that only the consent of the European Required Lenders (with respect to payments relating to the European Borrowers) or the French Required Lenders (with respect to payments relating to the French Borrower) shall be necessary to waive any obligations of the Credit Parties to make payments pursuant to Section 4.3) or reduce the stated rate (it being understood that only the consent of the Required Lenders shall be necessary to waive any obligation of the Credit Parties to pay interest at the “default rate”), or forgive any portion, or extend the date for the payment, of any interest or fee payable hereunder (other than as a result of waiving the applicability of any post-default increase in interest rates), or extend the final expiration date of any Lender’s Commitment, or increase the aggregate amount of the Commitments of any Lender, or amend or modify any provisions of Section 4.4(a) (with respect to the rateable allocation of any payments only) and 12.8(a), or amend or modify the definition of “Pro Rata Share”, or make any Loan, interest, fee or other amount payable in any currency other than expressly provided herein, in each case without the written consent of each Lender directly and adversely affected thereby, or (ii) amend, modify or waive any provision of this Section 12.1 or reduce the percentages specified in the definitions of the term “Required Lenders”, “European Required Lenders” or “French Required Lenders”, consent to the assignment or transfer by any Credit Party of its rights and obligations under any Credit Document to which it is a party (except as permitted pursuant to Section 9.3) or alter the order of application set forth in Sections 2.11(b), 4.2(b) or 4.3(b), in each case without the written consent of each Secured Party directly and adversely affected thereby, or (iii) amend, modify or waive any provision of Section 11 without the written consent of

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the then-current Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, or (iv) release all or any of the Credit Parties from their obligations under this Agreement, Parent under the guarantee (except as expressly permitted by the guarantee or this Agreement including without limitation, pursuant to a transaction resulting in payments made pursuant to Section 4.3 or not prohibited by Section 9.4) or subordinate or release all or substantially all of the Collateral under the Security Documents (except as expressly permitted by the Security Documents or this Agreement) without the prior written consent of each Lender, or (v) amend the definition of “Interest Period” so as to permit Interest Period intervals greater than six months without regard to availability to Lenders, without the written consent of each Lender directly and adversely affected thereby, or (vi) change the definition of the terms “Borrowing Base”, “English Borrowing Base”, “Dutch Borrowing Base”, “Belgian Borrowing Base”, “German Borrowing Base”, “Swiss Borrowing Base”, “French Borrowing Base”, “Aggregate Borrowing Base” or “Availability” or any component definition thereof or similar term if as a result thereof the amounts available to be borrowed by any Borrowers would be increased, without the written consent of each Lender, provided that the foregoing shall not limit the discretion of the Administrative Agent to change, establish or eliminate any Reserves without the consent of any Lenders, or (vii) affect the rights or duties of any Letter of Credit Issuer under this Agreement or any Letter of Credit issued or to be issued by it unless in writing and signed by such Letter of Credit Issuer in addition to the Lenders otherwise required herein, or (viii) affect the rights or duties of any Swingline Lender under this Agreement unless in writing and signed by such Swingline Lender in addition to the Lenders otherwise required herein. Any such waiver and any such amendment, supplement or modification shall apply equally to each of the affected Lenders and shall be binding upon the Credit Parties, such Lenders, the Administrative Agent and all future holders of the affected Commitments or Loans. In the case of any waiver, the Credit Parties, the Lenders and the Administrative Agent shall be restored to their former positions and rights hereunder and under the other Credit Documents, and any Default or Event of Default waived shall be deemed to be cured and not continuing, it being understood that no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other Default or Event of Default or impair any right consequent thereon.

Notwithstanding any of the foregoing, the Administrative Agent, acting in its sole reasonable discretion, and the Credit Parties may (without the consent of any Lender) amend or supplement this Agreement and the other Credit Documents to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency or to make a modification of a minor, consistency or technical nature or to correct a manifest error.

The Lenders hereby irrevocably agree that the Liens granted to the Collateral Agent by the Obligors on any Collateral shall be automatically released (i) in the case of all Obligors, in full, upon payment in full of the Obligations under this Agreement (other than indemnification and other contingent obligations for which no claim has been asserted) and the Termination Date with respect to the Revolving Facilities, (ii) upon the sale or other disposition of such Collateral (including as part of or in connection with any other sale or other disposition permitted hereunder) to any Person other than another Obligor to the extent such sale or other disposition is made in compliance with the terms of this Agreement (and the Collateral Agent may rely conclusively on a certificate to that effect provided to it by any Obligor upon its reasonable request without further inquiry), (iii) to the extent such Collateral is comprised of property leased to an Obligor, upon termination or expiration of such lease, (iv) if the release of such Lien is approved, authorized or ratified in writing by the Required Lenders (or such other percentage of the Lenders whose consent may be required in accordance with this Section 12.1), (v) to the extent the property constituting such Collateral is owned by any Obligor or any Guarantor (other than Parent), upon the release of such Obligor from its obligations under this Agreement or upon release of such Guarantor from its obligations under the applicable Security Documents (it being understood that any such disposed of Obligor or Guarantor shall be released from all of its obligations under the Credit Documents in connection therewith) and (vi) as required to effect any sale or other disposition of Collateral in connection with any exercise of remedies of the Collateral Agent pursuant to the Security Documents. In addition to the foregoing, the Collateral Agent, in its reasonable discretion, may release Liens granted to the Collateral Agent, for the benefit of the Secured Parties, on Collateral valued in an aggregate amount not in excess of €10,000,000 per fiscal year of Parent without the prior written authorization of any Lender. Any such release shall not in any manner discharge, affect, or impair the Obligations or any Liens (other than those being released) upon (or obligations (other than those being

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released) of the Obligors in respect of) all interests retained by the Obligors, including the proceeds of any sale, all of which shall continue to constitute part of the Collateral except to the extent otherwise released in accordance with the provisions of the Credit Documents. The Lenders hereby authorize the Administrative Agent and the Collateral Agent, as applicable, to execute and deliver any instruments, documents, and agreements necessary or desirable to evidence and confirm the release of any Obligor, Guarantor or Collateral pursuant to the foregoing provisions of this paragraph, all without the further consent or joinder of any Lender.

12.2. Notices . Unless otherwise expressly provided herein, all notices and other communications provided for hereunder or under any other Credit Document shall be in writing (including by facsimile transmission). All such written notices shall be mailed, faxed or delivered to the applicable address, facsimile number or electronic mail address, and all notices and other communications expressly permitted hereunder to be given by telephone shall be made to the applicable telephone number, as follows:

(a) if to the Obligors and/or Guarantors, the Administrative Agent, the Swingline Lenders, the Letter of Credit Issuers or the Collateral Agent, to the address, facsimile number, electronic mail address or telephone number specified for such Person on Schedule 12.2 or to such other address, facsimile number, electronic mail address or telephone number as shall be designated by such party in a notice to the other parties; and

(b) if to any other Lender, to the address, facsimile number, electronic mail address or telephone number specified in its Administrative Questionnaire or to such other address, facsimile number, electronic mail address or telephone number as shall be designated by such party in a notice to the Administrative Borrower, the Administrative Agent and the Collateral Agent.

All such notices and other communications shall be deemed to be given or made upon the earlier to occur of (i) actual receipt by the relevant party hereto and (ii) (A) if delivered by hand or by courier, when signed for by or on behalf of the relevant party hereto; (B) if delivered by mail, three (3) Business Days after deposit in the mails, postage prepaid; (C) if delivered by facsimile, when sent and receipt has been confirmed by telephone; and (D) if delivered by electronic mail, when delivered; provided that notices and other communications to the Administrative Agent or the Lenders shall not be effective until received.

12.3. No Waiver; Cumulative Remedies; Hardship . No failure to exercise and no delay in exercising, on the part of the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent, Letter of Credit Issuers or any Lender, any right, remedy, power or privilege hereunder or under the other Credit Documents shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, remedy, power or privilege hereunder preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right, remedy, power or privilege. The rights, remedies, powers and privileges herein provided are cumulative and not exclusive of any rights, remedies, powers and privileges provided by law. Each party hereto acknowledges that the provisions of article 1195 of the French Civil Code shall not apply to it with respect to its obligations under the Credit Documents and that it shall not be entitled to make any claim under article 1195 of the French Civil Code.

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12.4. Survival of Representations and Warranties . All representations and warranties made hereunder, in the other Credit Documents and in any document, certificate or statement delivered pursuant hereto or in connection herewith shall survive the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the making of the Revolving Loans hereunder.

12.5. Payment of Expenses; Indemnity . Each of the Credit Parties jointly and severally agree, subject to the provisions of Section 4.5(b), (a) to pay or reimburse the Agents and their Affiliates for all their reasonable and documented out-of-pocket costs and expenses incurred in connection with the preparation, negotiation and execution of, and any syndication, amendment, supplement, waiver or modification to, this Agreement and the other Credit Documents and any other documents prepared in connection herewith or therewith, and (except with respect to Taxes, the payment of which are to be governed by Section 4.5) the consummation and administration of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby (but limited, as to legal fees and expenses, to the out-of-pocket reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of Mayer Brown International LLP and Loyens & Loeff N.V. (or their successors from time to time) and up to one special and local counsel in respect of each relevant jurisdiction, as applicable), (b) to pay or reimburse all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by a Letter of Credit Issuer in connection with the issuance, amendment, renewal or extension of any Letter of Credit or any demand for payment thereunder, (c) to pay or reimburse the Administrative Agent and the Collateral Agent (and their Affiliates) and each Letter of Credit Issuer (and if applicable, the Lenders to the extent described below) for all their reasonable and documented out-of-pocket costs and expenses incurred in connection with the enforcement or preservation of any rights under this Agreement, the other Credit Documents and any such other documents, including, without limitation (x) the out-of-pocket and documented reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel to the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent and the Lenders and (y) the reasonable and documented fees and costs for appraisals and field examinations to the extent required by Section 8.2 and the preparation of reports related thereto in each calendar year, (c) to pay, indemnify, and hold harmless each Lender, each Letter of Credit Issuer and Agent (and their Affiliates) from, any and all recording and filing fees and (d) to pay, indemnify, and hold harmless each Lender, Agent and each of their Affiliates and their respective directors, officers, employees, trustees, investment advisors and agents (the “ Indemnitees ”) from and against any and all other liabilities, obligations, losses, damages, penalties, actions, judgments, suits, costs, expenses or disbursements of any kind or nature whatsoever (other than any Taxes, the payment of which are to be governed by Section 4.5), including reasonable out-of-pocket and documented fees, disbursements and other charges of one legal counsel and up to one special and local counsel in respect of each material and relevant area of law or jurisdiction (as applicable) and one additional counsel in the event of any conflict of interest, with respect to the execution, delivery, enforcement, performance and administration of this Agreement, the other Credit Documents and any such other documents, including, without limitation, any of the foregoing relating to (i) the use of the proceeds of Loans and Letters of Credit (including any refusal by a Letter of Credit Issuer to honour a demand for payment under a letter of Credit if the documents presented in connection with such demand do not strictly comply with the terms of such Letter of Credit), (ii) violation of, noncompliance with or liability under, any Environmental Law (other than by such indemnified person or any of its Related Parties) or to any actual or alleged presence, Release or threatened Release of Hazardous Materials involving or attributable to the operations of Parent, any of the Subsidiaries or any of the Real Estate, or (iii) any actual or prospective claim, litigation, investigation or proceeding

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relating to any of the foregoing, whether based on contract, tort or any other theory and regardless of whether any Indemnitee is a party thereto (all the foregoing in this clause (d) , collectively, the “ Indemnified Liabilities ”), provided that the Credit Parties shall have no obligation hereunder to any Agent or any Lender nor any other Indemnitee nor any of their respective Related Parties with respect to Indemnified Liabilities to the extent attributable to (i) the gross negligence or wilful misconduct of the Indemnitee to be indemnified (as determined by a final and non-appealable judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction) or (ii) any claims between Indemnitees and/or their Related Parties and not directly involving Parent or any of its Affiliates. All amounts payable under this Section 12.5 shall be paid within ten Business Days of receipt by the Administrative Borrower of written demand therefor or may be charged to the Borrowers as Revolving Loans as described in Section 2.11(c). The agreements in this Section 12.5 shall survive repayment of the Loans and all other amounts payable hereunder.

To the extent that the Credit Parties fail to pay any amount required to be paid by it to the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent, the Letter of Credit Issuers or the Swingline Lenders under the above paragraph, each Lender severally agrees to pay to the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent, the Letter of Credit Issuers or the Swingline Lenders, as the case may be, such Lender’s Applicable Percentage (determined as of the time that the applicable unreimbursed expense or indemnity payment is sought) of such unpaid amount (it being understood that the payment by any Lender of any such amount shall not relieve such Credit Party of any default in the payment thereof); provided that the unreimbursed expense or indemnified loss, claim, damage, penalty, liability or related expense, as the case may be, was incurred by or asserted against the Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent, the Letter of Credit Issuers or the Swingline Lenders in its capacity as such.

To the extent permitted by applicable law, no party hereto shall assert, and each such party hereby waives, any claim against any other party hereto (i) for any damages arising from the use by others of information or other materials obtained through telecommunications, electronic or other information transmission systems (including the Internet) or (ii) on any theory of liability, for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages (as opposed to direct or actual damages) arising out of, in connection with, or as a result of, this Agreement, any other Credit Document or any agreement or instrument contemplated hereby, the Transactions, any Loan or Letter of Credit or the use of the proceeds thereof; provided that, nothing in this paragraph shall relieve any Credit Party of any obligation it may have to indemnify an Indemnitee against special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages asserted against such Indemnitee by a third party.

12.6. Successors and Assigns; Participations, Assignments and Transfers .

(a) The provisions of this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns permitted hereby, except that (i) except as expressly permitted by Section 9.3, no Credit Party may assign or otherwise transfer any of its rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of the Administrative Agent and each Lender (and any attempted assignment or transfer by any Credit Party without such consent shall be null and void) and (ii) no Lender may assign or otherwise transfer its rights or obligations hereunder except in accordance with this Section 12.6. Nothing in this Agreement, expressed or implied, shall be construed to confer upon any Person (other than the parties hereto, their respective successors and assigns permitted hereby, Participants (to the extent provided in clause (c) of this Section 12.6) and, to the extent expressly contemplated hereby, the Related Parties of each of the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent and the Lenders) any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or by reason of this Agreement.

(b)

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(i) Subject to the conditions set forth in clause (b)(ii) below, any Lender (the “ Existing Lender ”) may at any time assign to one or more assignees and/or transfers by novation to one or more transferees (each, a “ Transfer ” and the person to whom a Transfer is made, being a “ Transferee ”) all or a portion of its rights (and, in the case of a transfer by novation, obligations) under this Agreement (including all or a portion of its Commitments and the Loans at the time owing to it and other participations in extensions of credit thereunder) with the prior written consent of the Administrative Borrower (such consent not be unreasonably withheld or delayed; it being understood that, without limitation, the Administrative Borrower shall have the right to withhold or delay its consent to any Transfer if, in order for such Transfer to comply with applicable law, any Credit Party would be required to obtain the consent of, or make any filing or registration with, any Governmental Authority or if additional confirmations would be required in relation to the Security Documents in any jurisdiction) of:

(A) the Administrative Borrower (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed), provided that no consent of the Administrative Borrower shall be required for a Transfer to a Lender, an Affiliate of a Lender (unless increased costs including payments under Sections 2.14, 2.15 or 4.5 would result therefrom unless an Event of Default under Sections 10.1, 10.5, 10.6, 10.11 or 10.14 has occurred and is continuing), an Approved Fund, any Person not on the Restricted Lender List or, if an Event of Default under Sections 10.1, 10.5, 10.6, 10.11 or 10.14 has occurred and is continuing, any other Transferee; provided further that consent to a Transfer by the Credit Parties shall be deemed to have been given if the Administrative Borrower does not expressly withhold consent thereto within 10 Business Days of a Lender requesting in writing such consent from the Credit Parties; and

(B) the Administrative Agent (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed).

Notwithstanding the foregoing, no such assignment shall be made to (i) a Non-Public Lender, Parent, any Sponsor or any of their respective Affiliates or (ii) a natural person.

(ii) Transfers shall be subject to the following additional conditions:

(A) except in the case of a Transfer to a Lender, an Affiliate of a Lender or an Approved Fund or a Transfer of the entire remaining amount of the Existing Lender’s Commitment or Loans of any Class, the amount of the Commitment or Loans of the Existing Lender subject to each such Transfer (determined as of the date the Assignment Agreement or Transfer Certificate with respect to such Transfer is delivered to the Administrative Agent) shall not be less than €5,000,000, and increments of €1,000,000 in excess thereof or, unless each of the Administrative Borrower and the Administrative Agent otherwise consents (which consents shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed), provided that no such consent of the Administrative Borrower shall be required if a Default or an Event of Default under Sections 10.1, 10.5, 10.6, 10.11 or 10.14 has occurred and is continuing; provided further that contemporaneous Transfers to a single Transferee made by Affiliates of Lenders and related Approved Funds shall be aggregated for purposes of meeting the minimum amount requirements stated above;

(B) each partial Transfer shall be made as a Transfer of a proportionate part of all the Existing Lender’s rights and obligations under this Agreement, provided that this clause shall not be construed to prohibit the Transfer of a proportionate part of all the Existing Lender’s rights and obligations in respect of one Class of Commitments or Loans;

(C) the parties to each Transfer shall execute and deliver to the Administrative Agent an Assignment Agreement or Transfer Certificate (as applicable), together with a processing and recordation fee in the amount of €3,500; provided that the Administrative

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Agent may, in its sole discretion, elect to waive such processing and recordation fee in the case of any Transfer;

(D) the Transferee, if it shall not be a Lender, shall deliver to the Administrative Agent an administrative questionnaire in a form approved by the Administrative Agent (the “ Administrative Questionnaire ”);

(E) no Transfer shall be effective unless and until such Transfer is recorded in the Register.

(F) any Transferee of the French Revolving Commitments, French Revolving Loans (including Swingline Loans or Protective Advances made to the French Borrower) shall qualify as a French Qualifying Lender and any Transferee of the French LC Exposure or Letters of Credits made to the French Borrower shall qualify as a French Qualifying Letter of Credit Issuer; and

(G) the prior written consent of the relevant Swiss Borrower, if the Transferee of a Swiss Loan is a Swiss Non-Qualifying Bank (such consent however not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed); provided that no consent of any Swiss Borrower shall be required if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing.

(iii) Subject to acceptance and recording thereof pursuant to clause (b)(vi) of this Section 12.6, from and after the date specified in each Assignment Agreement or Transfer Certificate (as applicable), the Transferee thereunder shall be a party hereto and:

(A) (x) to the extent that in Transfer Certificate the Existing Lender seeks to transfer by novation its rights and obligations under the Credit Documents, each of the Credit Parties and the Existing Lender shall be released from further obligations towards one another under the Credit Documents and their respective rights against one another under the Credit Documents and in respect of the Security Documents shall be cancelled (being the “ Discharged Rights and Obligations ”), (y) each of the Credit Parties and the Transferee shall assume obligations towards one another and/or acquire rights against one another which differ from the Discharged Rights and Obligations only insofar as that Credit Party or other member of the Group and the Transferee have assumed and/or acquired the same in place of that Credit Party and the Existing Lender and (z) the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent, the Transferee, the other Lenders, the Letter of Credit Issuers and Swingline Lenders shall acquire the same rights and assume the same obligations between themselves and in respect of the Security Documents as they would have acquired and assumed had the Transferee been a Lender from the Closing Date with the rights, and/or obligations acquired or assumed by it as a result of the transfer and to that extent the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent, the Letter of Credit Issuers and any relevant Swingline Lender and the Existing Lender shall each be released from further obligations to each other under the Credit Documents; and

(B) in the case of a Transfer by way of an Assignment Agreement, (x) the Existing Lender will assign absolutely to the Transferee its rights under the Credit Documents expressed to be the subject of the assignment in the Assignment Agreement, (y) the Existing Lender will be released from the obligations (the “ Relevant Obligations ”) expressed to be the subject of the release in the Assignment Agreement (and any corresponding obligations by which it is bound in respect of the Security Documents), and (z) will be bound by obligations equivalent to the Relevant Obligations.

In each case, the Existing Lender shall continue to be entitled to the benefits of Sections 2.14, 2.15, 4.5 and 12.5.

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(iv) The Administrative Agent and the Lenders may utilize procedures other than those set out in this Section 12.6 to assign or transfer their rights under the Credit Documents, in the event that such other procedure is necessary for the purposes of any applicable law relating to the Borrowers, the Credit Documents and, in particular, the Security Documents.

(v) Any Transfer by a Lender of rights or obligations under this Agreement that does not comply with this Section 12.6 shall be treated for purposes of this Agreement as a sale by such Lender of a participation in such rights and obligations in accordance with clause (c) of this Section 12.6.

(vi) The Administrative Agent, acting for this purpose as an agent of the applicable Borrowers, shall maintain at the Administrative Agent’s Office a copy of each Assignment Agreement or Transfer Certificate delivered to it and a register for the recordation of the names and addresses of the Lenders and Participants, and the Commitments of, and principal and interest amounts of the Loans and fees owing to, each Lender and Participant pursuant to the terms hereof from time to time (the “ Register ”). Further, each Register shall contain the name and address of the Administrative Agent and the lending office through which each such Person acts under this Agreement. The entries in the Register shall be conclusive, and the Borrowers, the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent and the Lenders shall treat each Person whose name is recorded in the Register pursuant to the terms hereof as a Lender hereunder for all purposes of this Agreement, notwithstanding notice to the contrary. The Register shall be available for inspection by the Borrowers, the Collateral Agent and any Lender, at any reasonable time and from time to time upon reasonable prior notice.

(vii) Upon its receipt of a duly completed Assignment Agreement or Transfer Certificate executed by an Existing Lender and a Transferee, the Transferee’s completed Administrative Questionnaire and any applicable “know your customer” or similar requirements under applicable laws (unless the Transferee shall already be a Lender hereunder), the processing and recordation fee referred to in clause (b) of this Section 12.6 and any written consent to such assignment required by clause (b) of this Section 12.6, the Administrative Agent shall accept and sign such Assignment Agreement or Transfer Certificate and record the information contained therein in the Register.

(c)

(i) Any Lender may, without the consent of any Credit Party or the Administrative Agent, sell participations to one or more banks or other entities (each, a “ Participant ”) in all or a portion of such Lender’s rights and obligations under this Agreement (including all or a portion of its Commitments), provided that (A) such Lender’s obligations under this Agreement shall remain unchanged, (B) such Lender shall remain solely responsible to the other parties hereto for the performance of such obligations, (C) the Credit Parties, the Administrative Agent and the other Lenders shall continue to deal solely and directly with such Lender in connection with such Lender’s rights and obligations under this Agreement and (D) in the case of a Swiss Loan, each Participant shall be a Swiss Qualifying Bank or, if not, the prior written consent of each Swiss Borrower shall be obtained (such consent, however, not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed); provided that the Participant will sign up to an undertaking that restricts such a Participant to transfer or enter into further participations, unless done so in compliance with this Clause; and further provided that no consent of the Swiss Borrower(s) shall be required if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing. Any agreement or instrument pursuant to which a Lender sells such a participation shall provide that such Lender shall retain the sole right to enforce this Agreement and to approve any amendment, modification or waiver of any provision of this Agreement or any other Credit Document, provided that such agreement or instrument may provide that such Lender will not, without the consent of the Participant, agree to any amendment, modification or waiver described in clause (i) of the proviso to Section 12.1 that affects such Participant. Subject to clause (c)(ii) of this Section 12.6, the Credit Parties agree that each Participant shall be entitled to the benefits of Sections

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2.14, 2.15 and 4.5 (subject to the requirements and limitations of those Sections) and had acquired its interest by assignment pursuant to clause (b) of this Section 12.6. To the extent permitted by law, each Participant also shall be entitled to the benefits of Section 12.8(b) (subject to the requirements and limitations of the Section). Each Lender that sells a participation shall, acting solely for this purpose as a non-fiduciary agent of the Credit Parties, maintain a register on which it enters the name and address of each Participant and the principal and interest amount of each Participant’s interest in the Revolving Loans held by it (the “ Participant Register ”). The entries in the Participant Register shall be conclusive, absent manifest error, and such Lender shall treat each Person whose name is recorded in the Participant Register as the owner of such Revolving Loan or other obligation hereunder as the owner thereof for all purposes of this Agreement notwithstanding any notice to the contrary.

(ii) A Participant shall not be entitled to receive any greater payment under Section 2.14, 2.15 or 4.5 than the applicable Lender would have been entitled to receive with respect to the participation sold to such Participant except to the extent that the entitlement to any greater payment results from any Change in Law after the Participant becomes a Participant, unless the sale of the participation to such Participant is made with the Credit Parties’ prior written consent (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld).

(d) Any Lender may, without the consent of any Credit Party or the Administrative Agent, at any time pledge or assign a security interest in all or any portion of its rights under this Agreement to secure obligations of such Lender, including any pledge or assignment to secure obligations to a Federal Reserve Bank, and this Section 12.6 shall not apply to any such pledge or assignment of a security interest, provided that no such pledge or assignment of a security interest shall release a Lender from any of its obligations hereunder or substitute any such pledgee or assignee for such Lender as a party hereto. In order to facilitate such pledge or assignment, the Credit Parties hereby agree that, upon request of any Lender at any time and from time to time after any Borrower has made its initial borrowing hereunder, each Borrower shall provide to such Lender, at such Borrower’s own expense, a promissory note, in form reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent and the Administrative Borrower, evidencing the Loans owing to such Lender.

(e) Subject to Section 12.16, the Credit Parties authorize each Lender to disclose to any Participant, secured creditor of such Lender or assignee (each, a “ Transferee ”) and any prospective Transferee any and all financial information in such Lender’s possession concerning a Credit Party and its Affiliates that has been delivered to such Lender by or on behalf of such Credit Party and its Affiliates pursuant to this Agreement or that has been delivered to such Lender by or on behalf of such Credit Party and its Affiliates in connection with such Lender’s credit evaluation of such Credit Party and its Affiliates prior to becoming a party to this Agreement.

(f) The words “execution”, “signed”, “signature” and words of like import in any Assignment Agreement or Transfer Certificate shall be deemed to include electronic signatures or the keeping of records in electronic form, each of which shall be of the same legal effect, validity or enforceability as a manually executed signature or the use of a paper-based recordkeeping system, as the case may be, to the extent and as provided for in any applicable law, including the Federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, the London State Electronic Signatures and Records Act, or any other similar state laws based on the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act.

(g) The benefit of the Liens under the Security Documents and any guarantee shall automatically transfer to any assignee or transferee of part or all of the obligations expressed to be secured by the Liens under the Security Documents. Insofar as necessary, the Collateral Agent, the other Secured Parties and each of the Credit Parties hereby expressly reserve for the purpose of Article 1278 and Article 1281 of the Belgian Civil Code (and, to the extent applicable, any similar provisions of foreign law) the preservation of the Liens and of the Security Documents in case of assignment, novation

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( schuldvernieuwing/novation ), amendment or any other transfer or change of the obligations expressed to be secured by the Liens (including, without limitation, an extension of the term or an increase of the amount of such obligations or the granting of additional credit) or of any change of any of the parties to this Agreement or any other Credit Document.

(h) For the avoidance of doubt, the provisions of Section 2.16(c) of this Agreement apply equally to this Section 12.6.

12.7. Replacements of Lenders Under Certain Circumstances .

(a) The Borrowers shall be permitted to replace any Lender that (a) requests reimbursement for amounts owing pursuant to Section 2.14 or 4.5 or (b) becomes a Defaulting Lender, with a replacement bank or other financial institution, provided that (i) such replacement does not conflict with any Requirement of Law, (ii) no Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing at the time of such replacement, (iii) the Borrowers shall repay (or the replacement bank or institution shall purchase, at par) all Loans and other amounts (other than any disputed amounts), pursuant to Section 2.14, 2.15 or 4.5, as the case may be) owing to such replaced Lender prior to the date of replacement, (iv) the replacement bank or institution, if not already a Lender, and the terms and conditions of such replacement, shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent, (v) the replaced Lender shall be obligated to make such replacement in accordance with the provisions of Section 12.6 ( provided that the applicable Borrowers shall be obligated to pay the registration and processing fee referred to therein) and (vi) any such replacement shall not be deemed to be a waiver of any rights that the Borrowers, the Administrative Agent or any other Lender shall have against the replaced Lender.

(b) If any Lender (such Lender, a “ Non-Consenting Lender ”) has failed to consent to a proposed amendment, waiver, discharge or termination that pursuant to the terms of Section 12.1 requires the consent of all of the Lenders affected and with respect to which the Required Lenders shall have granted their consent, then provided no Event of Default then exists, the Borrowers shall have the right (unless such Non-Consenting Lender grants such consent) to replace such Non-Consenting Lender by requiring such Non-Consenting Lender to assign its Loans and its Commitments hereunder to one or more assignees reasonably acceptable to the Administrative Agent, provided that: (a) all Obligations of the Borrowers due and payable to such Non-Consenting Lender being replaced shall be paid in full to such Non-Consenting Lender concurrently with such assignment, and (b) the replacement Lender shall purchase the foregoing by paying to such Non-Consenting Lender a price equal to the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon. In connection with any such assignment, the Borrowers, the Administrative Agent, such Non-Consenting Lender and the replacement Lender shall otherwise comply with Section 12.6; provided that the failure by such Non-Consenting Lender to execute and deliver an Assignment and Assumption shall not impair the validity of the removal of such Non-Consenting Lender and the mandatory assignment of such Non-Consenting Lender’s Commitments and outstanding Loans and participations in L/C Obligations and Swing Line Loans pursuant to this Section 12.7 shall nevertheless be effective without the execution by such Non-Consenting Lender of an Assignment and Assumption and shall be recorded in the Register.

12.8. Adjustments; Set-off .

(a) If any Lender (a “ Benefited Lender ”) shall at any time receives any payment of all or part of its Loans in any Facility, or interest thereon, or receive any collateral in respect thereof (whether voluntarily or involuntarily, by set-off, pursuant to events or proceedings of the nature referred to in Section 10.5, or otherwise), in a greater proportion than any such payment to or collateral received by any other Lender in that Facility, if any, in respect of such other Lender’s Loans, or interest thereon, such Benefited Lender shall purchase for cash from the other Lenders in the relevant Facility a participating interest in such portion of each such other Lender’s Loan, or shall provide such other Lenders with the benefits of any such collateral, or the proceeds thereof, as shall be necessary to cause such Benefited Lender to share the excess payment or benefits of such collateral or proceeds rateably with each of the Lenders in the relevant Facility; provided , however , that if all or any portion of such excess payment or benefits is thereafter recovered from

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such Benefited Lender, such purchase shall be rescinded, and the purchase price and benefits returned, to the extent of such recovery, but without interest.

(b) After the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, in addition to any rights and remedies of the Lenders provided by law, each Lender shall have the right, without prior notice to any Credit Party, any such notice being expressly waived by each Credit Party to the extent permitted by applicable law, upon any amount becoming due and payable by any Credit Party hereunder (whether at the stated maturity, by acceleration or otherwise) to set-off and appropriate and apply against such amount any and all deposits (general or special, time or demand, provisional or final), in any currency, and any other credits, indebtedness or claims, in any currency, in each case whether direct or indirect, absolute or contingent, matured or unmatured, at any time held or owing by such Lender or any branch or agency thereof to or for the credit or the account of such Credit Party. Each Lender agrees promptly to notify such Credit Party (and the Administrative Borrower, if other) and the Administrative Agent after any such set-off and application made by such Lender, provided that the failure to give such notice shall not affect the validity of such set-off and application.

12.9. Counterparts . This Agreement may be executed by one or more of the parties to this Agreement on any number of separate counterparts (including by facsimile or other electronic transmission), and all of said counterparts taken together shall be deemed to constitute one and the same instrument. A set of the copies of this Agreement signed by all the parties shall be lodged with the Administrative Agent.

12.10. Severability . Any provision of this Agreement that is prohibited or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability without invalidating the remaining provisions hereof, and any such prohibition or unenforceability in any jurisdiction shall not invalidate or render unenforceable such provision in any other jurisdiction.

12.11. Integration . This Agreement and the other Credit Documents represent the agreement of the Credit Parties, the Collateral Agent, the Administrative Agent and the Lenders with respect to the subject matter hereof, and there are no promises, undertakings, representations or warranties by any Credit Party, the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent nor any Lender relative to subject matter hereof not expressly set forth or referred to herein or in the other Credit Documents.

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12.12. Governing Law; Jurisdiction; Service of Process; Waiver of jury trial .

(a) This Agreement and any non-contractual obligations arising out of or in connection with it are governed by English law.

(b) The courts of England have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute arising out of or in connection with this Agreement (including a dispute relating to the existence, validity or termination of this Agreement or any non-contractual obligation arising out of or in connection with this Agreement) (a “Dispute” ).

(c) The Parties agree that the courts of England are the most appropriate and convenient courts to settle Disputes and accordingly no Party will argue to the contrary.

(d) This Section 12.12 is for the benefit of the Secured Parties only. As a result, no Secured Party shall be prevented from taking proceedings relating to a Dispute in any other courts with jurisdiction. To the extent allowed by law, the Secured Parties may take concurrent proceedings in any number of jurisdictions.

(e) Without prejudice to any other mode of service allowed under any relevant law, each Credit Party (other than a Credit Party incorporated in England and Wales) (i) irrevocably appoints Distrupol Limited as its agent for service of process in relation to any proceedings before the English courts in connection with any Credit Document (and Distrupol Limited by its execution of this Agreement, accepts that appointment), and (ii) agrees that failure by an agent for service of process to notify the relevant Credit Party of the process will not invalidate the proceedings concerned. If any person appointed as an agent for service of process is unable for any reason to act as agent for service of process, the Company (on behalf of all the Credit Parties) must immediately (and in any event within 5 days of such event taking place) appoint another agent on terms acceptable to the Administrative Agent. Failing this, the Administrative Agent may appoint another agent for this purpose.

(f) To the extent relevant, each Borrower, each Agent and each Lender hereby irrevocably and unconditionally waive trial by jury in any legal action or proceeding relating to this Agreement or any other Credit Document and for any counterclaim therein.

12.13. Acknowledgments . Each Credit Party hereby acknowledges that:

(a) it has been advised by counsel in the negotiation, execution and delivery of this Agreement and the other Credit Documents;

(b) (i) the credit facilities provided for hereunder and any related arranging or other services in connection therewith (including in connection with any amendment, waiver or other modification hereof or of any other Credit Document) are an arm’s-length commercial transaction between the Credit Parties, on the one hand, and the Administrative Agent, the Lender and the other Agents on the other hand, and Parent, the Borrowers and the other Credit Parties are capable of evaluating and understanding and understand and accept the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated hereby and by the other Credit Documents (including any amendment, waiver or other modification hereof or thereof); (ii) in connection with the process leading to such transaction, each of the Administrative Agent and the other Agents, is and has been acting solely as a principal and is not the financial advisor, agent or fiduciary for any of the Borrowers, any other Credit Parties or any of their respective Affiliates, stockholders, creditors or employees or any other Person; (iii) neither the Administrative Agent nor any other Agent has assumed or will assume an advisory, agency or fiduciary responsibility in favour of any Borrower or any other Credit Party with respect to any of the transactions contemplated hereby or the process leading thereto, including with respect to any amendment, waiver or other modification hereof or of any other Credit Document

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(irrespective of whether the Administrative Agent or other Agent has advised or is currently advising any of the Borrowers, the other Credit Parties or their respective Affiliates on other matters) and neither the Administrative Agent or other Agent has any obligation to any of the Borrowers, the other Credit Parties or their respective Affiliates with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby except those obligations expressly set forth herein and in the other Credit Documents; (iv) the Administrative Agent and its Affiliates may be engaged in a broad range of transactions that involve interests that differ from those of the Credit Parties and their respective Affiliates, and neither the Administrative Agent nor other Agent has any obligation to disclose any of such interests by virtue of any advisory, agency or fiduciary relationship; and (v) neither the Administrative Agent nor any other Agent has provided and none will provide any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to any of the transactions contemplated hereby (including any amendment, waiver or other modification hereof or of any other Credit Document) and each of the Credit Parties has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate. Each of the Credit Parties hereby waives and releases, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims that it may have against the Administrative Agent or any other Agent with respect to any breach or alleged breach of agency or fiduciary duty; and

(c) no joint venture is created hereby or by the other Credit Documents or otherwise exists by virtue of the transactions contemplated hereby among the Lenders or among any Credit Party, on the one hand, and any Lender, on the other hand.

12.14. Confidentiality . The Administrative Agent and each Lender shall hold all non-public information furnished by or on behalf of Parent or any of its Subsidiaries in connection with such Lender’s evaluation of whether to become a Lender hereunder or obtained by such Lender or the Administrative Agent pursuant to the requirements of this Agreement (“ Confidential Information ”), confidential in accordance with its customary procedure for handling confidential information of this nature and (in the case of a Lender that is a bank) in accordance with safe and sound banking practices and in any event may make disclosure (subject to the provisions of article L. 511-33 of the French Monetary and Financial Code as regards Confidential Information relating to any French Borrower and/or French Guarantor) only as required or requested by any governmental agency or representative thereof or pursuant to legal process or (a) to such Lender’s or the Administrative Agent’s partners, directors, officers, employees, attorneys, professional advisors, independent auditors, trustees or Affiliates or to ratings agencies and who agree to treat such information as confidential to the same extent as contemplated by this Section 12.14, (b) to an investor or prospective investor in a Securitization that agrees its access to information regarding the Credit Parties, the Revolving Loans and the Credit Documents is solely for purposes of evaluating an investment in a Securitization and who agrees to treat such information as confidential to the same extent as contemplated by this Section 12.14, (c) to a trustee, collateral manager, servicer, backup servicer, noteholder or secured party in connection with the administration, servicing and reporting on the assets serving as collateral for a securitization and who agrees to treat such information as confidential to the same extent as contemplated by this Section 12.14, (d) to a nationally recognized ratings agency that requires access to information regarding the Credit Parties, the Revolving Loans and Credit Documents in connection with ratings issued with respect to a Securitization to the same extent as contemplated by this Section 12.14, (e) to any party to this Agreement, (f) in connection with the exercise of any remedies hereunder or under any other Credit Document or any action or proceeding relating to this Agreement or any other Credit Document or the enforcement of rights hereunder or thereunder, (g) with the consent of the Credit Party or (h) to the extent such Confidential Information (x) becomes publicly available other than as a result of a breach of this Section 12.14 or (y) becomes available to the Administrative Agent, any Lender, or any of their

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respective Affiliates on a nonconfidential basis from a source other than Parent or its Subsidiaries; provided that unless specifically prohibited by applicable law or court order, each Lender and the Administrative Agent shall notify the Credit Parties of any request made to such Lender or the Administrative Agent by any governmental agency or representative thereof (other than any such request in connection with an examination of the financial condition of such Lender by such governmental agency) for disclosure of any such non-public information prior to disclosure of such information, and provided further that in no event shall any Lender or the Administrative Agent be obligated or required to return any materials furnished by the Credit Parties or any Subsidiary. Each Lender and the Administrative Agent agrees that it will not provide to prospective Transferees or to any pledgee referred to in Section 12.6 or to prospective direct or indirect contractual counterparties in swap agreements to be entered into in connection with Revolving Loans made hereunder any of the Confidential Information unless such Person is advised of and agrees to be bound by confidentiality provisions comparable to those set forth in this Section 12.14.

12.15. Direct Website Communications .

(a) Any Credit Party may, at its option, provide to the Administrative Agent any information, documents and other materials that it is obligated to furnish to the Administrative Agent pursuant to the Credit Documents, including, without limitation, all notices, requests, financial statements, financial and other reports, certificates and other information materials, but excluding any such communication that (A) relates to a request for a new, or a conversion of an existing, borrowing or other extension of credit (including any election of an interest rate or interest period relating thereto), (B) relates to the payment of any principal or other amount due under the Credit Agreement prior to the scheduled date therefor, (C) provides notice of any default or event of default under this Agreement or (D) is required to be delivered to satisfy any condition precedent to the effectiveness of the Credit Agreement and/or any borrowing or other extension of credit thereunder (all such non-excluded communications being referred to herein collectively as “ Communications ”), by transmitting the Communications in an electronic/soft medium in a format reasonably acceptable to the Administrative Agent to the Administrative Agent. Nothing in this Section 12.15 shall prejudice the right of the Credit Parties, the Administrative Agent or any Lender to give any notice or other communication pursuant to any Credit Document in any other manner specified in such Credit Document.

(b) The Administrative Agent agrees that the receipt of the Communications by the Administrative Agent at its e-mail address set forth above shall constitute effective delivery of the Communications to the Administrative Agent for purposes of the Credit Documents. Each Lender agrees that notice to it (as provided in the next sentence) specifying that the Communications have been posted to the Platform shall constitute effective delivery of the Communications to such Lender for purposes of the Credit Documents. Each Lender agrees (A) to notify the Administrative Agent in writing (including by electronic communication) from time to time of such Lender’s e-mail address to which the foregoing notice may be sent by electronic transmission and (B) that the foregoing notice may be sent to such e-mail address.

(c) The Credit Parties hereby acknowledge that (a) the Administrative Agent and/or the other Agents will make available to the Lenders materials and/or information provided by or on behalf of the Credit Parties hereunder (collectively, “ Borrower Materials ”) by posting the Borrower Materials on IntraLinks or another similar electronic system (the “ Platform ”) and (b) certain of the Lenders may be “public-side” Lenders ( i.e ., Lenders that do not wish to receive material non-public information with respect to the Credit Parties or their securities) (each, a “ Public Lender ”). Each of the Credit Parties hereby agrees that it will use commercially reasonable efforts to identify that portion of the Borrower Materials that do not contain any material non-public information and that may be distributed to the Public Lenders and that (x) all such Borrower Materials shall be clearly and conspicuously marked “PUBLIC” which, at a minimum,

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shall mean that the word “PUBLIC” shall appear prominently on the first page thereof and (y) by marking Borrower Materials “PUBLIC”, such Credit Party shall be deemed to have authorized the Administrative Agent and the other Agents to make such Borrower Materials available through a portion of the Platform designated “Public Investor”. Notwithstanding the foregoing or any other provision of this Agreement to the contrary, neither any Credit Party nor any of its Related Parties shall be liable, or responsible in any manner, for the use by any Agent, any Lender, any Participant or any of their Related Parties of the Borrower Materials. In addition, it is agreed that (i) to the extent any Borrower Materials constitute Confidential Information, they shall be subject to the confidentiality provisions of Section 12.15 and (ii) the Credit Parties shall be under no obligation to designate any Borrower Materials as “PUBLIC”.

(d) THE PLATFORM IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE”. THE AGENT PARTIES (AS DEFINED BELOW) DO NOT WARRANT THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE BORROWER MATERIALS OR THE ADEQUACY OF THE PLATFORM, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM LIABILITY FOR ERRORS IN OR OMISSIONS FROM THE BORROWER MATERIALS. NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS OR FREEDOM FROM VIRUSES OR OTHER CODE DEFECTS, IS MADE BY ANY AGENT PARTY IN CONNECTION WITH THE BORROWER MATERIALS OR THE PLATFORM. In no event shall the Administrative Agent or any of its Related Parties (collectively, the “ Agent Parties ” and each an “ Agent Party ”) have any liability to any Credit Party, any Lender or any other Person for losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses of any kind (whether in tort, contract or otherwise) arising out of any Credit Party’s or the Administrative Agent’s transmission of Borrower Materials through the internet, except to the extent the liability of any Agent Party resulted from such Agent Party’s (or any of its Related Parties’) gross negligence, bad faith or wilful misconduct or material breach of the Credit Documents.

12.16. USA Patriot Act . Each Lender hereby notifies the Credit Parties that pursuant to the requirements of the USA Patriot Act (Title III of Pub. L. 107-56 (signed into law October 26, 2001)) and all applicable amendments thereto (the “ Patriot Act ”), it is required to obtain, verify and record information that identifies each Credit Party, which information includes, but is not limited to, the name and address of the Credit Parties and other information that will allow such Lender to identify the Credit Parties in accordance with the Patriot Act.

Each Credit Party acknowledges that, pursuant to the Patriot Act, the Beneficial Ownership Regulation and other applicable anti-money laundering, anti-terrorist financing, government sanction and “know your client” laws (collectively, including any guidelines or orders thereunder, “ AML Legislation ”), the Lenders may be required to obtain, verify and record information regarding the Credit Parties and their respective directors, authorized signing offers, direct or indirect shareholders or other Persons in control of the Credit Parties, and the transactions contemplated hereby. Each Credit Party shall promptly provide all such information, including supporting documentation and other evidence, as may be reasonably requested by any Lender or any prospective assignee or participant of a Lender, any Letter of Credit Issuer or any Agent, in order to comply with any applicable AML Legislation, whether now or hereafter in existence.

If the Administrative Agent has ascertained the identity of any Credit Party or any authorize signatories of the Parties for the purposes of applicable AML Legislation, then the Administrative Agent:

(i) shall be deemed to have done so as an agent for each Lender, and this Agreement shall constitute a “written agreement” in such regard between each Lender and the Administrative Agent within the meaning of the applicable AML Legislation; and

(ii) shall provide to each Lender copies of all information obtained in such regard without any representation or warranty as to its accuracy or completeness.

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Notwithstanding the preceding sentence and except as may otherwise be agreed in writing, each of the Lenders agrees that neither the Administrative Agent nor any other Agent has any obligation to ascertain the identity of the Credit Parties or any authorized signatories of the Credit Parties on behalf of any Lender, or to confirm the completeness or accuracy of any information it obtains from any Credit Party or any such authorized signatory in doing so.

12.17. Judgment Currency . If, for the purposes of obtaining judgment in any court, it is necessary to convert a sum due hereunder or any other Credit Document in one currency into another currency, the rate of exchange used shall be that at which in accordance with normal banking procedures the Administrative Agent could purchase the first currency with such other currency on the Business Day preceding that on which final judgment is given. The obligation of the each Credit Party in respect of any such sum due from it to the Administrative Agent or the Lenders hereunder or under the other Credit Documents shall, notwithstanding any judgment in a currency (the “ Judgment Currency ”) other than that in which such sum is denominated in accordance with the applicable provisions of this Agreement (the “ Agreement Currency ”), be discharged only to the extent that on the Business Day following receipt by the Administrative Agent of any sum adjudged to be so due in the Judgment Currency, the Administrative Agent may in accordance with normal banking procedures purchase the Agreement Currency with the Judgment Currency. If the amount of the Agreement Currency so purchased is less than the sum originally due to the Administrative Agent from any Credit Party in the Agreement Currency, such Credit Party agrees, as a separate obligation and notwithstanding any such judgment, to indemnify the Administrative Agent or the Person to whom such obligation was owing against such loss. If the amount of the Agreement Currency so purchased is greater than the sum originally due to the Administrative Agent in such currency, the Administrative Agent agrees to return the amount of any excess to such Credit Party (or to any other Person who may be entitled thereto under applicable law).

12.18. Parallel Debt – Dutch and Belgian Law .

(a) Each Credit Party irrevocably and unconditionally undertakes to pay to the Collateral Agent amounts equal to, and in the currency or currencies of, its Obligations (the “ Dutch and Belgian Parallel Debt ”).

(b) The Dutch and Belgian Parallel Debt of each Credit Party (i) shall become due and payable at the same time as the Obligations, and (ii) is independent and separate from, and without prejudice to, the Obligations.

(c) For the purposes of this Section 12.18, the Collateral Agent (i) is the independent and separate creditor of each Dutch and Belgian Parallel Debt, (ii) acts in its own name and not as agent, representative or trustee of the Secured Parties and its claims in respect of each Dutch and Belgian Parallel Debt nor any Lien securing a Dutch or Belgian Parallel Debt obligation shall be held on trust, and (iii) shall have the independent and separate right to demand payment of each Dutch and Belgian Parallel Debt in its own name (including, without limitation, through any suit, execution, enforcement of security, recovery of guarantees and applications for and voting in any kind of insolvency proceeding).

(d) The Dutch and Belgian Parallel Debt of a Credit Party shall be (i) decreased to the extent that the corresponding Obligations have been irrevocably and unconditionally paid or discharged, and (ii) increased to the extent to that its Obligations have increased, and the Obligations of a Credit Party shall be (x) decreased to the extent that its Dutch and Belgian Parallel Debt has been irrevocably and unconditionally paid or discharged, and (y) increased to the extent that its Dutch and Belgian Parallel Debt

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has increased, in each case provided that the Dutch and Belgian Parallel Debt of a Credit Party shall never exceed its Obligations.

(e) All amounts received or recovered by the Collateral Agent in connection with this Section, to the extent permitted by applicable law, shall be applied in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.

(f) This Section 12.18 applies for the purpose of determining the secured obligations in any Dutch Collateral Document and/or Belgian Collateral Document.

12.19. Parallel Debt – German Law

(a) Each German Borrower hereby irrevocably and unconditionally undertakes (and to the extent necessary undertakes in advance) to pay to the Collateral Agent amounts equal to any amounts owing from time to time by it to any Secured Party under this Agreement and any other Credit Document pursuant to any Secured Obligations as and when those amounts are due under any Credit Document, to which that German Borrower is a party (such payment undertakings under this Section 12.19 and the obligations and liabilities resulting therefrom being the “ German Parallel Debt ”).

(b) The Collateral Agent shall have its own independent right to demand payment of the German Parallel Debt by any German Borrower. Each German Borrower and the Collateral Agent acknowledge that the obligations of each German Borrower under this Section 12.19 are several, separate and independent ( selbständiges Schuldanerkenntnis ) from, and shall not in any way limit or affect, the corresponding obligations of any German Borrower to any Secured Party under this Agreement or any other Credit Document (the “ Corresponding Debt ”) nor shall the amounts for which any German Borrower is liable under this Section 12.19 be limited or affected in any way by its Corresponding Debt provided that:

(i) the Parallel Debt shall be decreased to the extent that the Corresponding Debt has been irrevocably paid or discharged (other than, in each case, contingent obligations);

(ii) the Corresponding Debt shall be decreased to the extent that the Parallel Debt has been irrevocably paid or discharged;

(iii) the amount of the Parallel Debt shall at all times be equal to the amount of the Corresponding Debt; and

(iv) for the avoidance of doubt, the Parallel Debt will become due and payable at the same time when the Corresponding Debt becomes due and payable.

(c) The security granted under any German Collateral Document with respect to the Parallel Debt is granted to the Collateral Agent in its capacity as sole creditor of the Parallel Debt.

(d) Without limiting or affecting the Collateral Agent’s rights against a German Borrower (whether under this Agreement or any other Credit Document), each of the German Borrowers acknowledges that:

(i) Nothing in this Agreement shall impose any obligation on the Collateral Agent to advance any sum to any Credit Party or otherwise under any Credit Document; and

(ii) for the purpose of any vote taken under any Credit Document, the Collateral Agent shall not be regarded as having any participation or commitment other that those which it has in its capacity as a Lender.

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(e) The parties to this Agreement acknowledge and confirm that the provisions contained in this Agreement shall not be interpreted so as to increase the maximum total amount of the Obligations.

(f) The German Parallel Debt shall remain effective in case a third person should assume or be entitled, partially or in whole, to any rights of any of the Secured Parties under any Credit Documents, be it by virtue of assignment, novation or otherwise.

(g) All monies received or recovered by the Collateral Agent pursuant to this Agreement and all amounts received or recovered by the Collateral Agent from or by the enforcement of any security granted to secure the German Parallel Debt shall be applied in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.

12.20. Conduct of Business by the Secured Parties

No provision of this Agreement will:

(a) interfere with the right of any Secured Party to arrange its affairs (Tax or otherwise) in whatever manner it thinks fit;

(b) oblige any Secured Party to investigate or claim any credit, relief, remission or repayment available to it or the extent, order and manner of any claim; or

(c) oblige any Secured Party to disclose any information relating to its affairs (Tax or otherwise) or any computations in respect of Tax.

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12.21. Contractual recognition of bail-in . It is agreed that notwithstanding any other term of any Credit Document or any other agreement, arrangement or understanding between the Parties, each Party acknowledges and accepts that any liability of any Party to any other Party under or in connection with the Credit Documents may be subject to Bail-In Action by the relevant Resolution Authority and acknowledges and accepts to be bound by the effect of: (a) any Bail-In Action in relation to any such liability, including (without limitation) (i) a reduction, in full or in part, in the principal amount, or outstanding amount due (including any accrued but unpaid interest) in respect of any such liability, (ii) a conversion of all, or part of, any such liability into shares or other instruments of ownership that may be issued to, or conferred on, it, and (iii) a cancellation of any such liability, and (b) a variation of any term of any Credit Document to the extent necessary to give effect to any Bail-In Action in relation to any such liability.

SECTION 13. Loan Guaranty .

13.1. Guarantee . Each Guarantor irrevocably and unconditionally jointly and severally, (a) guarantees to each Secured Party punctual performance by each other Credit Party of all that Credit Party’s obligations under the Credit Documents, (b) undertakes with each Secured Party that whenever another Credit Party does not pay any amount when due under or in connection with any Credit Document, that Guarantor shall immediately on demand pay that amount as if it was the principal obligor, and (c) agrees with each Secured Party that if any obligation guaranteed by it is or becomes unenforceable, invalid or illegal, it will, as an independent and primary obligation, indemnify that Secured Party immediately on demand against any cost, loss or liability it incurs as a result of a Credit Party not paying any amount which would, but for such unenforceability, invalidity or illegality, have been payable by it under any Credit Document on the date when it would have been due. The amount payable by a Guarantor under this indemnity will not exceed the amount it would have had to pay under this Section 13.1 if the amount claimed had been recoverable on the basis of a guarantee.

13.2. Continuing guarantee . This guarantee is a continuing guarantee and will extend to the ultimate balance of sums payable by any Credit Party under the Credit Documents, regardless of any intermediate payment or discharge in whole or in part.

13.3. Reinstatement . If any discharge, release or arrangement (whether in respect of the obligations of any Credit Party or any security for those obligations or otherwise) is made by a Secured Party in whole or in part on the basis of any payment, security or other disposition which is avoided or must be restored in insolvency, liquidation, administration or otherwise, without limitation, then the liability of each Guarantor under this Section 13 will continue or be reinstated as if the discharge, release or arrangement had not occurred.

13.4. Waiver of defences . The obligations of each Guarantor under this Section 13 will not be affected by an act, omission, matter or thing which, but for this Section 13, would reduce, release or prejudice any of its obligations under this Section 13 (without limitation and whether or not known to it or any Credit Party) including (a) any time, waiver or consent granted to, or composition with, any Credit Party or other Person, (b) the release of any other Credit Party or any other person under the terms of any composition or arrangement with any creditor of any Credit Party or Subsidiary, (c) the taking, variation, compromise, exchange, renewal or release of, or refusal or neglect to

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perfect, take up or enforce, any rights against, or security over assets of, any Credit Party or other person or any non-presentation or non-observance of any formality or other requirement in respect of any instrument or any failure to realise the full value of any security, (d) any incapacity or lack of power, authority or legal personality of or dissolution or change in the members or status of a Credit Party or any other person, (e) any amendment, novation, supplement, extension restatement (however fundamental and whether or not more onerous) or replacement of a Credit Document or any other document or security including, without limitation, any change in the purpose of, any extension of or increase in any facility or the addition of any new facility under any Credit Document or other document or security, (f) any unenforceability, illegality or invalidity of any obligation of any person under any Credit Document or any other document or security, or (g) any insolvency or similar proceedings.

13.5. Guarantor Intent . Without prejudice to the generality of Section 13, each Guarantor expressly confirms that it intends that this guarantee shall extend from time to time to any (however fundamental) variation, increase, extension or addition of or to any of the Credit Documents and/or any facility or amount made available under any of the Credit Documents for the purposes of or in connection with any of the following: business acquisitions of any nature; increasing working capital; enabling investor distributions to be made; carrying out restructurings; refinancing existing facilities; refinancing any other indebtedness; making facilities available to new borrowers; any other variation or extension of the purposes for which any such facility or amount might be made available from time to time; and any fees, costs and/or expenses associated with any of the foregoing.

13.6. Immediate Recourse . Each Guarantor waives any right it may have of first requiring any Secured Party (or any trustee or agent on its behalf) to proceed against or enforce any other rights or security or claim payment from any person before claiming from that Guarantor under this Section 13. This waiver applies irrespective of any law or any provision of a Credit Document to the contrary.

13.7. Appropriations . Until all amounts which may be or become payable by the Credit Parties under or in connection with the Credit Documents have been irrevocably paid in full, each Secured Party (or any trustee or agent on its behalf) may (a) refrain from applying or enforcing any other moneys, security or rights held or received by that Secured Party (or any trustee or agent on its behalf) in respect of those amounts, or apply and enforce the same in such manner and order as it sees fit (whether against those amounts or otherwise) and no Guarantor shall be entitled to the benefit of the same, and (b) hold in an interest-bearing suspense account any moneys received from any Guarantor or on account of any Guarantor’s liability under this Section 13.

13.8. Termination . Each of the Lenders and each Letter of Credit Issuer may continue to make loans or extend credit to the Borrowers based on this Loan Guaranty until five (5) days after it receives written notice of termination from any Guarantor. Notwithstanding receipt of any such notice, each Guarantor will continue to be liable to the Lenders for any Guaranteed Obligations created, assumed or committed to prior to the fifth day after receipt of the notice, and all subsequent renewals, extensions, modifications and amendments with respect to, or substitutions for, all or any part of such Guaranteed Obligations. Nothing in this Section 13.8 shall be deemed to constitute a waiver of, or eliminate, limit, reduce or otherwise impair any rights or remedies the Administrative Agent or any Lender may have in respect of, any Default or Event of Default that may exist as a result of any such notice of termination. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreement, the Parent may not terminate or request the termination of its obligations under the Loan Guaranty and no Obligor may terminate or request the termination of its obligations under the Loan Guaranty for so long as it is a Borrower under this Agreement.

13.9. Deferral of Guarantor’s Rights . Until all amounts which may be or become payable by the Credit Parties under or in connection with the Credit Documents have been irrevocably paid in full and unless the Administrative Agent otherwise directs, no Guarantor will exercise any rights which it may have by reason of performance by it of its obligations under the Credit Documents or

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by reason of any amount being payable, or liability arising, under this Section 13, (a) to be indemnified by a Credit Party, (b) to claim any contribution from any other guarantor of any Credit Party’s obligations under the Credit Documents, (c) to take the benefit (in whole or in part and whether by way of subrogation or otherwise) of any rights of the Secured Parties under the Credit Documents or of any other guarantee or security taken pursuant to, or in connection with, the Credit Documents by any Secured Party, (d) to bring legal or other proceedings for an order requiring any Credit Party to make any payment, or perform any obligation, in respect of which any Guarantor has given a guarantee, undertaking or indemnity under Section 13.1, (e) to exercise any right of set-off against any Credit Party; and/or (f) to claim or prove as a creditor of any Credit Party in competition with any Secured Party. If a Guarantor receives any benefit, payment or distribution in relation to such rights it shall hold that benefit, payment or distribution to the extent necessary to enable all amounts which may be or become payable to the Secured Parties by the Credit Parties under or in connection with the Credit Documents to be repaid in full on trust for the Secured Parties and shall promptly pay or transfer the same to the Administrative Agent or as the Administrative Agent may direct for application in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.

13.10. Keepwell . Parent hereby absolutely, unconditionally and irrevocably undertakes to provide such funds or other support to each Specified Credit Party with respect to such Swap Obligation as may be needed by such Specified Credit Party from time to time to honour all of its obligations under the Credit Documents in respect of such Swap Obligation (but, in each case, only up to the maximum amount of such liability that can be hereby incurred without rendering Parent’s obligations and undertakings under this Section 13.10 voidable under applicable law relating to fraudulent conveyance or fraudulent transfer, and not for any greater amount) and without limitation of the foregoing, Parent hereby absolutely, unconditionally and irrevocably guarantees the payment and performance by each Specified Credit Party of its obligations under the Credit Documents with respect to all Swap Obligations. The obligations and undertakings of Parent under this Section 13.10 shall remain in full force and effect until the Obligations have been indefeasibly paid and performed in full. Parent intends this Section 13.10 to constitute, and this Section 13.10 shall be deemed to constitute, a guarantee of the obligations of, and a “keepwell, support, or other agreement” for the benefit of, each Specified Credit Party for all purposes of Section 1a(18)(A)(v)(II) of the Commodity Exchange Act.

13.11. Additional security . This guarantee is in addition to and is not in any way prejudiced by any other guarantee or security now or subsequently held by any Secured Party.

13.12. German Guarantee Limitations.

(a) Limitation . The Collateral Agent agrees to restrict the enforcement of the guarantee/security granted by any German Credit Party organised as a German limited liability company ( GmbH ) (the “ German Guarantor ”) pursuant to this Agreement if and to the extent that (i) the relevant enforcement proceeds are applied in satisfaction of any liabilities of the German Guarantor’s direct or indirect shareholder(s) (upstream) or any entity affiliated to such shareholder ( verbundenes Unternehmen ) within the meaning of section 15 of the German Stock Corporation Act ( Aktiengesetz ) (cross-stream) (other than the liabilities of any of the German Guarantor’s subsidiaries and, for the avoidance of doubt, the German Guarantor’s own liabilities) and (ii) such enforcement of the security would cause the amount of the German Guarantor’s net assets ( Reinvermögen ), as adjusted pursuant to the following provisions, to fall below the amount of its registered share capital ( Stammkapital ) ( Begründung einer Unterbilanz ) or to increase any already existing capital impairment ( Vertiefung einer Unterbilanz ) in violation of sections 30 and 31 of the German Limited Liability Company Act ( GmbHG ), (each such event is hereinafter referred to as a “ Capital Impairment ”).

For the purposes of the calculation of a Capital Impairment, the following balance sheet items shall be adjusted as follows:

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(i) the amount of any increase of the German Guarantor’s registered share capital after the date of this Agreement that has been effected without prior written consent of Collateral Agent shall be deducted from the German Guarantor’s registered share capital;

(ii) loans provided to the German Guarantor by any member of the group shall be disregarded if and to the extent such loans are subordinated or are considered subordinated by operation of law and such loans are not shown in the balance sheet as liability of the German Guarantor; and

(iii) loans or other contractual liabilities incurred in violation of the provisions of the Credit Documents shall be disregarded.

(b) Disposal of relevant assets. In a situation where the German Guarantor would not have sufficient assets to maintain its registered share capital after satisfaction (in whole or in part) of the relevant demand, the German Guarantor shall dispose of all assets, to the extent legally permitted, which are not necessary for its business ( nicht betriebsnotwendig ) on market terms where the relevant assets are shown in the balance sheet of the German Guarantor with a book value which is significantly lower than the market value of such assets, unless such disposal would not be commercially justifiable, provided that the Collateral Agent consents to the fact that a disposal would not be commercially justifiable.

(c) Management Notification/Auditor’s Determination . (i) The limitation pursuant to this Section 13.12 shall apply, subject to the following requirements, if following a notice by the Collateral Agent that it intends to enforce any guarantee granted under this Agreement, the German Guarantor notifies the Collateral Agent (“ Management Notification ”) within ten (10) days upon receipt of the relevant notice that a Capital Impairment would occur (setting out in reasonable detail to what extent a Capital Impairment would occur and providing prima facie evidence that a realisation or other measures undertaken in accordance with the mitigation provisions set out above would not prevent such Capital Impairment); (ii) If the Management Notification is contested by the Collateral Agent, the Collateral Agent shall nevertheless be entitled to enforce any security granted under this Agreement up to such amount, which is, based on the Management Notification, undisputed between itself and the German Guarantor. In relation to the amount which is in dispute, the German Guarantor undertakes (at its own cost and expense) to arrange for the preparation of a balance sheet by its auditors in order to have such auditors determine whether (and if so, to what extent) any payment under this Agreement would cause a Capital Impairment (the “ Auditor’s Determination ”). The Auditor’s Determination shall be prepared, taking into account the adjustments set out above in relation to the calculation of a Capital Impairment, by applying the generally accepted accounting principles applicable from time to time in Germany ( Grundsätze ordnungsmäßiger Buchführung ) based on the same principles and evaluation methods as consistently applied by the German Guarantor in the preparation of its financial statements, in particular in the preparation of its most recent annual balance sheet, and taking into consideration applicable court rulings of German courts. The German Guarantor shall provide the Auditor’s Determination to the Collateral Agent within thirty (30) days from the date on which the Collateral Agent contested the Management Notification in writing. The Auditor’s Determination shall be binding on the German Guarantor and the Collateral Agent; (iii) If, and to the extent that, any Lien under the German Collateral Documents has been enforced without regard to the limitation set forth in Section 13.12(a) because the amount of the available net assets pursuant to the Auditor’s Determination is lower than the amount stated in the Management Notification, the Collateral Agent shall upon written demand of the German Guarantor to the Collateral Agent repay any amount (if and to the extent already paid to the Collateral Agent) up to and including the amount calculated in the Auditor’s Determination as of the date the demand to enforce any security under this Agreement was made and in accordance with Section 13.12(c)(ii) above, provided such demand for repayment is made to the Collateral Agent within 6 months ( Ausschlussfrist ) from the date any security under this Agreement has been enforced; (iv) If pursuant to the Auditor’s Determination the amount of the available net assets is higher than set out in the Management Notification, the Collateral Agent shall be entitled to enforce into such available net assets accordingly.

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(d) Exceptions. Notwithstanding the above, the limitations pursuant to this Section 13.12 shall not apply:

(i) if the German Guarantor is (i) party as dominated entity ( beherrschtes Unternehmen ) of a domination agreement ( Beherrschungsvertrag ) and/or a profit and loss transfer agreement ( Gewinnabführungsvertrag ) pursuant to section 30 para 1 sentence 2 of the German Limited Liability Company Act ( GmbHG ), unless the dominating entity is insolvent; or

(ii) if the German Guarantor has a recourse right ( Rückgriffsanspruch ) pursuant to section 30 para 1 sentence 2 of the German Limited Liability Company Act ( GmbHG ), towards its direct or indirect shareholder(s) (upstream) or any entity affiliated to such shareholder ( verbundenes Unternehmen ) within the meaning of section 15 of the German Stock Corporation Act ( Aktiengesetz ) (cross-stream) which is fully recoverable ( werthaltig ); or

(iii) for so long as the German Guarantor fails to deliver the Management Notification and/or the Auditor’s Determination pursuant to Section 13.12(c) ( Management Notification/Auditor’s Determination ) unless the German Guarantor proves in a court proceeding that the disputed amount is necessary for maintaining its registered share capital; or

(iv) to any amounts borrowed under the Credit Documents to the extent the proceeds of such borrowing are on-lent to the German Guarantor or its Subsidiaries to the extent that any amounts so on-lent are still outstanding at the time the relevant demand is made against the German Guarantor and the repayment of such loans as a result of such on-lending is not prohibited by operation of law; or

(v) to any amounts borrowed under the Credit Documents by the German Guarantor to the extent that any amounts so borrowed are still outstanding at the time the relevant demand for repayment is made against the German Guarantor

13.13. French Guarantee Limitations.

(a) The obligations of any Guarantor incorporated under French law (the “ French Guarantor ”) under this Section 13 shall be limited to:

(i) the payment obligations of the that French Guarantor and/or its Subsidiaries under the Credit Documents; and

(ii) the payment obligations of any other Credit Party under the Credit Documents which is not a Subsidiary of that French Guarantor, up to an amount not exceeding the amounts in principal and interest borrowed (directly or by way of intra group loans funded out of the proceeds of the relevant Revolving Loans) by that French Guarantor and/or such French Guarantor’s Subsidiaries (the “ Maximum Guaranteed Amount ”) provided that such Credit party which is not a Subsidiary of that French Guarantor guarantees in turn (as Guarantor) the payment obligations of the French Guarantor or its Subsidiaries under the Credit Document. For the avoidance of doubt, any payment made by a French Guarantor under this Section 13 in respect of the obligations of such French Guarantor shall reduce pro tanto the outstanding amount of the intra group loans due by such French Guarantor under the intra group loans referred to above.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Section 13 to the contrary, no French Guarantor shall secure liabilities under this Agreement which would result in such French Guarantor not complying with French financial assistance rules set out in article L. 225-216 of the French Commercial Code and/or would constitute a misuse of corporate assets within the meaning of article L. 241-3 or L. 242-6 of the French Commercial Code or any other law or regulations having the same effect, as interpreted by French courts.

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(c) For the avoidance of doubt, any reference in this Agreement to the joint and several liability of a Credit Party incorporated under French law shall be construed as a joint and several liability subject to the limitations set forth in this Section 13.13.

13.14. Swiss Guarantee Limitations.

(a) If and to the extent that a payment in fulfilling the joint and several liabilities under this Section 13 of a Swiss Guarantor would, at the time payment is due, under Swiss law and practice (inter alia, prohibiting capital repayments or restricting profit distributions) not be permitted, in particular if and to the extent that such Swiss Guarantor guarantees obligations other than obligations of one of its subsidiaries (i.e. obligations of its direct or indirect parent companies (up-stream guarantee) or sister companies (cross-stream guarantee)) ( "Restricted Obligations" ), then such obligations and payment amount shall from time to time be limited to the amount permitted to be paid under Swiss Law and practice then in force; provided that such limited amount shall at no time be less than such Swiss Guarantor's profits and reserves available for the distribution as dividends (being, according to Swiss Law as of the date hereof, the balance sheet profits and any reserves available for this purpose, in each case in accordance with article 675(2) and article 671(1), 671(2), 671(3), 671(4) and article 798 of the Swiss Federal Code of Obligations) at the time or times payment under or pursuant to this Section 13 is requested from such Swiss Guarantor, subject to any freely disposable equity that has to be blocked for any loans granted by a Swiss Guarantor to a direct or indirect parent company of such Swiss Guarantor or a direct or indirect subsidiary of any parent company) at the time or times proceeds of the enforcement of the security are used to pay or repay Restricted Obligations, and further provided that such limitation (as may apply from time to time or not) shall not (generally or definitively) free such Swiss Guarantor from payment obligations hereunder in excess thereof, but merely postpone the payment date therefor until such times as payment is again permitted notwithstanding such limitation. Any and all indemnities and guarantees contained in the Credit Documents including, in particular, Section 4.5(d), shall be construed in a manner consistent with the provisos herein contained.

(b) In respect of Restricted Obligations, each Swiss Guarantor shall:

(i) if and to the extent required by applicable law in force at the relevant time:

(A) subject to any applicable double taxation treaty, deduct Swiss anticipatory tax ( Verrechnungssteuer ; Swiss Withholding Tax) at the rate of 35 per cent. (or such other rate as in force from time to time) from any payment made by it in respect of Restricted Obligations;

(B) pay any such deduction to the Swiss Federal Tax Administration; and

(C) notify the Administrative Agent that such a deduction has been made and provide the Administrative Agent with evidence that such a deduction has been paid to the Swiss Federal Tax Administration, all in accordance with Section 4.5(a); and

(ii) to the extent such a deduction is made, not be obliged to either gross-up in accordance with Section 4.5(a) or indemnify each Recipient in accordance with Section 4.5(d) in relation to any such payment made by it in respect of Restricted Obligations unless grossing-up is permitted under the laws of Switzerland then in force.

(c) If and to the extent requested by the Administrative Agent and if and to the extent this is from time to time required under Swiss law (restricting profit distributions), in order to allow the Administrative Agent to obtain a maximum benefit under the joint and several liabilities under this Section 13, each Swiss Guarantor undertakes to promptly implement all such measures and/or to promptly obtain the fulfilment of all prerequisites allowing it to promptly make the requested payment(s) hereunder from time to time, including the following:

(i) preparation of an up-to-date audited balance sheet of such Swiss Guarantor;

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(ii) confirmation of the auditors of such Swiss Guarantor that the relevant amount represents the maximum freely distributable profits;

(iii) approval by a shareholder’s or a quotaholders’ meeting (as applicable) of such Swiss Guarantor of the resulting profit distribution; and

(iv) all such other measures necessary or useful to allow such Swiss Guarantor to make the payments agreed hereunder with a minimum of limitations

SECTION 14. The Administrative Borrower.

14.1. Appointment; Nature of Relationship . The Company is hereby appointed by each of the Credit Parties as its contractual representative (herein referred to as the “ Administrative Borrower ” and under each other Credit Document, and each of the Credit Parties irrevocably authorises the Administrative Borrower to act as the contractual representative of such Credit Party with the rights and duties expressly set forth herein and in the other Credit Documents. The Administrative Borrower agrees to act as such contractual representative upon the express conditions contained in this Section 14. Additionally, the Credit Parties hereby appoint the Administrative Borrower as their agent to receive all of the proceeds of the Loans in the Funding Account(s), at which time the Administrative Borrower shall promptly disburse such Loans to the appropriate Borrower(s). The Administrative Agent and the Lenders, and their respective officers, directors, agents or employees, shall not be liable to the Administrative Borrower or any Credit Party for any action taken or omitted to be taken by the Administrative Borrower or the Credit Parties pursuant to this Section 14.1.

14.2. Powers . The Administrative Borrower shall have and may exercise such powers under the Credit Documents as are specifically delegated to the Administrative Borrower by the terms of each thereof, together with such powers as are reasonably incidental thereto. The Administrative Borrower shall have no implied duties to the Credit Parties, or any obligation to the Lenders to take any action thereunder except any action specifically provided by the Credit Documents to be taken by the Administrative Borrower.

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14.3. Employment of Agents . The Administrative Borrower may execute any of its duties as the Administrative Borrower hereunder and under any other Credit Document by or through authorised officers.

14.4. Notices . Each Credit Party shall immediately notify the Administrative Borrower of the occurrence of any Default or Event of Default hereunder referring to this Agreement describing such Default or Event of Default and stating that such notice is a “notice of default”. In the event that the Administrative Borrower receives such a notice, the Administrative Borrower shall give prompt notice thereof to the Administrative Agent and the Lenders. Any notice provided to the Administrative Borrower hereunder shall constitute notice to each Credit Party on the date received by the Administrative Borrower.

14.5. Successor Administrative Borrower . Upon the prior written consent of the Administrative Agent, the Administrative Borrower may resign at any time, such resignation to be effective upon the appointment of a successor Administrative Borrower. The Administrative Agent shall give prompt written notice of such resignation to the Lenders.

14.6. Execution of Credit Documents; Borrowing Base Certificate . The Credit Parties hereby empower and authorise the Administrative Borrower, on behalf of the Credit Parties, to execute and deliver to the Administrative Agent and the Lenders the Credit Documents and all related agreements, certificates, documents, or instruments as shall be necessary or appropriate to effect the purposes of the Credit Documents, including, without limitation, the Borrowing Base Certificate and any compliance certificates. Each Credit Party agrees that any action taken by the Administrative Borrower or the Credit Parties in accordance with the terms of this Agreement or the other Credit Documents, and the exercise by the Administrative Borrower of its powers set forth therein or herein, together with such other powers that are reasonably incidental thereto, shall be binding upon all of the Credit Parties.

14.7. Reporting . Each Borrower hereby agrees that such Borrower shall furnish promptly after each fiscal month to the Administrative Borrower a copy of its Borrowing Base Certificate and any other certificate or report required hereunder or requested by the Administrative Borrower on which the Administrative Borrower shall rely to prepare the Borrowing Base Certificate and any compliance certificate required pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement.

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties hereto has caused a counterpart of this Agreement to be duly executed and delivered as of the date first above written.

[SIGNATURE PAGES NOT RESTATED]

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Code Handbook



CEO statement	2
Does this apply to me?	3
What about our other policies, procedures, or other requirements?	3
Univar Solutions cultural values	4
What is expected of us?	4
What is expected of managers?	4
Our commitment to integrity and safety	6
Honest and ethical conduct	6
Speaking up – raising a concern	7
Environmental, health and safety	9
Corporate responsibility and sustainability	10
Fair employment practices	11
Preventing discrimination, harassment, or violence in the workplace	12
Ensuring a substance abuse–free workplace	13
Preventing corruption and bribery	14
Antitrust and fair competition	15
Avoiding insider trading	16
International trade: import and export compliance	17
Avoiding conflicts of interest	18
Gifts and business entertainment	19
Accurate financial reporting and accounting and record keeping	20
Protecting Univar Solutions’ assets, information, and data	21
Protecting intellectual property	22

CEO statement

Dear Colleague,

Doing the right thing is critical to how Univar Solutions operates, which means ethical business conduct in all things. This underpins our vision of being the most valued chemical and ingredient distributor in the world. By incorporating our guiding principles and cultural values, our Code Handbook puts into words the way we should all act as One Univar Solutions and helps us remain accountable by sharing the Company’s expectations.

Be sure to take a moment and review this important material so that you can live our cultural values and work in a manner that is aligned with our Code Handbook. I want every employee to know what to do when a difficult situation arises and not hesitate to stop and question it. We are the ones who make Univar Solutions a place that demonstrates the Company’s commitment to ethical business.

Always remember that as Univar Solutions, we do what we say and we do the right thing—it is truly the responsibility of each of us to continue this pledge.

Sincerely,

David Jukes
President & Chief Executive Officer

Does this apply to me?

Our Code Handbook applies to every employee of Univar Solutions and all of its subsidiaries. Affiliates, third-party representatives, as well as vendors, consultants, and members of Univar Solutions’ Board of Directors are an extension of Univar Solutions, and their behavior can have a direct impact on our organization. For this reason, we work with business partners who share our commitment to ethics and compliance. We expect all of our partners and employees to act in a manner consistent with our Code Handbook.

Waivers
Waivers to this Code Handbook for executive officers or directors may be made only by the Board of Directors or an authorized Board committee.

What about our other policies, procedures, or other requirements?

This Code applies to all of our activities. In many of the areas covered, we will have more detailed policies and procedures in place. These policies and procedures operate in addition to this Code, adding detail to the
general principles set out here. In some cases, those policies will set higher standards than those contained
in this Code. If that is the case, you should always follow the higher standards.

Is it legal?

Is it consistent with our policies, Guiding Principles, or Code Handbook?

Is it consistent with our long-term goals and interests?

Have I thought about the consequences and risks involved?

Would I be comfortable with my decision if it was made public?

If the answer to any of these questions is “NO” or you are uncertain, STOP and seek guidance.

Univar Solutions cultural values

SERIOUS ABOUT SAFETY

WE DO WHAT WE SAY

WHERE PEOPLE MATTER

VALUABLE TO OTHERS

TOGETHER WE WIN

SERIOUS ABOUT SAFETY

We prepare to prevent.

Safety comes before profit.

Spot it, stop it.

WE DO WHAT WE SAY

We stand by our word and the trust of others.

We make commitments we can keep.

We hold ourselves accountable.

WHERE PEOPLE MATTER

We care about others and value their contributions.

We seek diversity and inclusion.

We grow ourselves to grow our business.

VALUABLE TO OTHERS

We solve problems with our customers and suppliers.

We improve the communities where we live and work.

TOGETHER WE WIN

We play to win.

We work toward common goals.

We use common processes to continuously improve.

What is expected of us?

Every member of Univar Solutions has a responsibility to maintain our reputation for high ethical standards and safety. It is expected that you:


•	Do everything safely and with integrity. This means being professional, honest, and following safety procedures.


•	Read and understand our Code Handbook and other policies that pertain to your job.


•	Complete all Company trainings that are required for your position in a timely manner and apply the knowledge to your daily tasks.


•	Speak up and report concerns about possible unethical behavior, violations of policies, procedures, laws, or regulations.

What is expected of managers?

Managers of Univar Solutions have an added responsibility to:


•	Be a role model. Lead with integrity; promote a culture of ethics, respect, and safety.


•	Keep an open door; encourage your team to speak up and raise questions or concerns.


•	Be supportive of your team and help team members understand what is expected of them.


•	Understand it is your obligation to report any unacceptable behavior or ethical issues brought to your attention.


•	Never retaliate or allow others to retaliate against someone who raised concerns.

Q&A

Q: What happens if I do not follow the Policy?

A: Violating our Code Handbook or any other Company policy may result in disciplinary action, civil and/or criminal penalties.

Our commitment to integrity and safety

Honest and ethical conduct

Why is it important?

Doing everything safely and with integrity means we must always conduct ourselves in an honest, candid, lawful, and ethical manner. Making ethical decisions requires knowing our ethical obligations, respecting the importance of ethics in conducting our business, and using our best judgment when making decisions with ethical implications.

What is required?

Complying with laws, regulations, and rules
Complying with the law is fundamental to our company values. We comply with all applicable laws, regulations, rules, and regulatory orders applicable in the country, state, and locations where we do business. If a Univar Solutions policy or our Code Handbook conflicts with an applicable law, we will always comply with the law.

Complying with our code and policies
Our commitment to growing our business is always aligned with our commitment to integrity. Each of us has a responsibility to report incidents or violations of any company standards, procedures, policies, or our Code Handbook as part of that commitment.

This Code Handbook does not change the employment relationship between you and the Company, nor does it modify your legal or other rights. Failure to read or acknowledge this Code Handbook, however, does not exempt anyone from the responsibility to comply with
the Code Handbook, applicable laws, regulations, and applicable Univar Solutions policies.

What to look out for

When faced with ethical questions or dilemmas that our Code Handbook may not directly address, we expect our employees to seek advice from leadership, legal, or human resources on the issue to minimize any ethical issues for themselves or the Company.

If you are unsure about a potential legal or compliance issue or violation, seek advice from the Legal &
Compliance department.

For questions about our Code Handbook, please contact the Legal & Compliance department. For questions about specific policies or operating procedures, speak with your supervisor, manager, or the owner of the specific policy or procedures.

Q&A


Q:	What if I’m facing a situation that is not covered in our Code Handbook?


A:	Our Code Handbook cannot address all of the issues that may arise at work. If you’re ever unsure of the right course of action, check our policies. If the answer is still unclear, it’s always appropriate—in any situation—to ask for help. Start with your manager or any of the resources identified in the Code.

Speaking up – raising a concern

Why is it important?

We rely on you to tell us when something isn’t right. If you witness or experience something at work that does not seem right or become aware of a situation that compromises our Code Handbook or cultural values, report it—your voice counts.

Bringing your concerns to light ensures we address and resolve issues before serious harm occurs. Keeping quiet can result in serious damage to the health and safety of yourself, your coworkers, and the community. It can also result in loss of employee morale, company reputation and/or public trust, financial penalties, and/or fines for you and the Company.

What is required?

Univar Solutions’ open door policy
We encourage you to raise work-related issues or concerns with your direct supervisor or manager as soon as possible. When necessary, you should feel free to raise an issue with another manager, up to and including
our executive officers. We are committed to prioritizing and addressing all employee concerns efficiently and respectfully. If you are not comfortable raising your concerns with a manager, you may always contact the Human Resources department or you may report your concern to our Compliance and Ethics Alertline.

Compliance and Ethics Alertline
Univar Solutions provides a reporting service for suspected issues or violations. You may contact the reporting line by telephone or through a web submission. For your local phone number or the independent reporting site, please access the Alertline information page on Universe or contact the Legal & Compliance department. The Alertline is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Protection from retaliation
We have a duty to report suspected wrongdoing and must be able to do so without fear of retaliation.
Univar Solutions does not tolerate retaliation or threats of retaliation for reporting a violation or suspected
violation of the law, company policies, or this Code Handbook when you make the report in good faith.

Retaliation can take many forms, from unfair dismissal to bullying or derogatory comments by managers or peers. We take all claims of retaliation seriously, investigate each one thoroughly, and take appropriate
action. We consider acts of retaliation to be acts of misconduct, which could result in disciplinary action
or dismissal.

Rights to report to the government
While Univar Solutions encourages you to use its open door policy or Compliance and Ethics Alertline to report concerns, these reporting channels do not prevent employees from reporting suspected hazards or
violations of law or regulations to the government or appropriate regulators. Univar Solutions strictly prohibits retaliation against any employee who makes a good faith external report.

What to look out for

If you witness or experience something at work that does not seem right or become aware of a situation that compromises our Code Handbook or cultural values, report it—your voice counts.

Q&A


Q:	Who answers Univar Solutions’ Alertline calls? Do I have to use English?


A:	A third-party vendor, Navex Global, answers Univar Solutions’ Alertline. Navex Global has no affiliation with Univar Solutions and cannot trace calls. The website and hotline operate in over 20 languages.

Q: What happens once I contact the Alertline?

A: Once you report your concern, an investigator is assigned to your case and will contact you (if contact details are provided). However, even if you submit an anonymous report, the Alertline website provides the ability for you and your investigator to communicate without revealing the reporter’s name or identity. At any time, you may call or log into the Alertline website to provide more information, even if you reported anonymously. We investigate all appropriate concerns reported to the Alertline. However, due to confidentiality and privacy reasons, we are not always able to discuss the findings with the reporter.

Q: What if I do not have all the facts?

A: It is helpful to provide as much information as you have, but you do not need to have all the evidence to report a concern. Univar Solutions will investigate your concern and take appropriate action.

Environmental, health and safety

Why is it important?

Univar Solutions is Serious about Safety. We are committed to safety, health, and the environment of our employees and communities. All employees are accountable for their own safety and responsible for spotting and helping eliminate unsafe conditions. We must also help to protect our facilities from unauthorized breaches by reporting suspected threats to our physical security and following company procedures.

Safe transport and storage of products, safe operational practices, and safe working conditions enable us to protect our employees, customers, suppliers, and the environment. We comply with all applicable environmental and safety laws and standards and regulations, as well as company Environmental, Health and Safety policies and procedures.

What is required?


•	Follow all Environmental, Health and Safety policies and procedures that apply to your work.


•	Attend training that is provided on those policies and procedures.


•	If you see something that can be improved, such as unsafe conditions or behaviors, or if you’re not sure how to do something safely, implement Spot It & Stop It.


•	Managers and directors bear a particular responsibility to provide clear leadership on health and safety issues.

What to look out for


•	Any unsafe practice—even if a member of management is sanctioning it.


•	Any risk that has not already been spotted and for which improvements can be made.

Q&A

Q : My boss has just told me to do something, and I know it’s not safe. Should I move forward?

A : No. If you are not satisfied that an activity is safe, do not proceed. Discuss the issue and agree how the work can be done in a safe manner. You can always raise a concern if you need to.

Corporate responsibility and sustainability

Why is it important?

We believe that, in a world of finite resources, social challenges, and a changing climate, we all have a responsibility to work toward a sustainable future. As a leading global chemical distributor, we understand the need to responsibly manage the economic, environmental, and social impacts of our activities.

Our Global Sustainability Policy sets out our commitment and principles to reduce our impacts throughout our
operations and supply chain. Our performance against the requirements and goals originating from this and associated policies is detailed in the annual Univar Solutions Sustainability Report. For questions about Univar Solutions’ approach to sustainability, please contact sustainability@univar.com.

What is required?

We ask all our employees to consider the short- and long-term effects to the environment and the community when they make business decisions. Univar Solutions’ Six Key Areas for Sustainability list focus areas where we can all make a difference.


•	Energy & Emissions


•	Resource Use


•	Responsible Handling


•	Safety


•	Sustainable Supply Chain


•	Equality and Diversity

What to look out for


•	Activities that compromise any of the Six Key Areas


•	Activities that are not energy efficient


•	Opportunities to better our practice of safe chemical handling

Q&A

Q: How does my role relate to Univar Solutions’ Six Key Areas for Sustainability? How can I make a difference?

A: We all have our part to play and, collectively, we can make a difference. Please read Univar Solutions’
Sustainability Report to help identify where your actions count most. You may well think that your actions are small, but you are not alone, and if we all act as One Univar Solutions, we will meet our collective goals.


Q:	I received a Corporate Responsibility/Sustainability questionnaire from a customer, should I complete it?


A:	Univar Solutions’ sustainability resources will help you complete any sustainability-related requests. If you would like support, please email sustainability@univar.com.


Q:	I see many areas across our warehouses and offices where waste is produced unnecessarily, but I don’t feel like it is my place to suggest changes. What should I do?


A:	We are all the eyes and ears of Univar Solutions. If you see areas that can be improved, you can bring your suggestions to your supervisor or line manager who in turn can spread these good practices throughout Univar Solutions. We all own sustainability as it is our home and responsibility.

Fair employment practices

Why is it important?

Univar Solutions is committed to fair employment practices for all employees regardless of race, color, nationality, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, or any other status protected by law. We value diversity in our workforce and provide equal employment opportunities for all applicants and employees.

We comply with employment laws in all markets where we operate. Univar Solutions will not tolerate abuses of applicable labor standards, including any forced labor or employment of workers below the minimum legal age
of employment.

What is required?


•	We must always treat employees and job applicants with dignity and respect.


•	We must ensure no employee or job applicant is adversely treated because of a protected status.

What to look out for

Anyone discriminating against any person based on their age, gender, pregnancy, marital status, sexual orientation, religion, race, disability, union membership, political affiliation, or other protected characteristic.


•	If you believe that you or another employee has been subjected to a violation of applicable labor standards, report it immediately to a supervisor, manager, upper management, Human Resources department, or the Legal & Compliance department.

Q&A

I’m the hiring manager for a position that involves international work. The best qualified person I’ve interviewed is a woman, but I know that some businessmen in some of these countries do not like dealing with women. Her skills are the best match, but her gender might affect our business.

Q: What should I do?

A: It is against company policy to exclude a job candidate because of gender. It is important that we follow the right path in what we do, regardless of location.

Preventing discrimination, harassment, or violence in the workplace

Why is it important?

All employees of Univar Solutions have the right to work in an environment free from discrimination, harassment, and/or acts or threats of violence. We are committed to a safe working environment and embrace a culture of mutual respect and appreciation for the differences of others.

What is required?


•	We must help create an environment where colleagues can contribute, develop, and fully utilize their talents.


•	Keep an open mind to new ideas and points of view.


•	Threats or acts of violence against coworkers, customers, or business partners are not permitted. If you observe or experience a threat or act of violent behavior in or near your workplace, you must report it immediately.


•	Managers who receive information about a threat or act of violence must notify the Human Resources department promptly.


•	Never bully or harass others and never tolerate any action that could be seen as harassment or bullying.


•	Never inappropriately use personal information; respect the privacy of all employees, job applicants, customers, or anyone with whom we interact.


•	Understand that offensive messages, derogatory remarks, and inappropriate jokes are never acceptable.

What to look out for


•	Any behavior that creates a hostile or intimidating workplace, such as inappropriate jokes or comments.


•	Excessively aggressive or violent behavior or stated threats of violence


•	Retaliation against someone who reported wrongdoing

Q&A

My colleague constantly makes jokes that sometimes poke fun at gender, race, religion, and other personal differences. I find some of them offensive.

Q: What should I do?

A: Humor is very much a matter of personal taste; however, these types of jokes are not appropriate for the workplace. Speak with your supervisor, upper management, Human Resources, or other appropriate reporting channels including the Alertline . Jokes, graphics, verbal comments, gestures, and other communications that embarrass or degrade people damage our working environment.

Ensuring a substance abuse–free workplace

Why is it important?

Univar Solutions’ zero tolerance for substance abuse reinforces our commitment to safety and minimizes the threat of safety-related accidents. Alcohol or drug abuse can endanger the health, safety, and security of our employees, customers, suppliers, and community; it can greatly affect the quality, effectiveness, and reputation of our business.

What is required?


•	Zero tolerance for substance abuse. Anyone found working while under the influence will be subject to immediate disciplinary action, including and up to termination.


•	We must all comply with Univar Solutions’ Drug and Alcohol Policy with respect to the use or possession of narcotics and other controlled substances on Univar Solutions premises.

What to look out for

If you suspect someone is compromising Univar Solutions’ Drug and Alcohol Policy, report it immediately to your manager, Human Resources, or Legal & Compliance department.

Q&A

Elaine suspects that a coworker is abusing prescription drugs. Even though the individual has a doctor’s prescription and the drug is not an illegal substance, Elaine feels it is dangerous for that person to be operating equipment and handling Univar Solutions product.

Q: Should Elaine tell someone?

A: Yes. Abuse of legally prescribed drugs can be as dangerous as abuse of illegal substances. Elaine should share her concerns with her manager, Human Resources, and any other appropriate reporting channels.

Preventing corruption and bribery

Why is it important?

Anti-corruption laws prohibit companies and individuals from gaining an unfair advantage by giving bribes to government officials or private parties. We will comply with the UK Bribery Act, the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and all applicable international anti-corruption laws
and conventions.

What is required?


•	Never offer or accept bribes or kickbacks or facilitate corrupt activities of any kind. This prohibition on bribes extends to third parties acting or working on behalf of Univar Solutions, such as agents, contractors, and consultants.


•	Refuse any requests for payments to government officials that are not required by law or part of an existing contract agreement.


•	Keep accurate books and records so that payments can be honestly described.


•	Report any actual or suspected requests for bribes to your manager, the Legal & Compliance department or the Alertline.

What to look out for

Be aware of our Anti-Corruption and Anti-Bribery policies, as they provide general requirements to prevent corruption and bribery. Every employee is expected to comply with the requirements in these policies. Below are some examples of items of value that could violate company policy or even the law:


•	Gifts


•	Money (including cash equivalents)


•	Stocks, bonds, or other securities


•	Entertainment


•	Meals or lodging


•	Transportation


•	Offers of employment for a government official or a relative of a government official


•	Payment or reimbursement of travel expenses


•	Discounts on Univar Solutions products not otherwise generally available


•	Assumption or forgiveness of debt


•	Political contributions


•	Charitable contributions


•	Personal favors

Q&A

I often work with an agent in another country to help navigate the local contracting process. I suspect he may be providing bribes to government officials to expedite things.

Q: What should I do?

A: If you believe an agent is acting improperly by paying bribes while working on behalf of Univar Solutions, you must cease further payments to the agent and immediately report your concerns to the Legal & Compliance department, Internal Audit, or the Alertline.

Antitrust and fair competition

Why is it important?

Antitrust laws, sometimes also called competition laws, govern the way companies behave in the marketplace. The laws generally outline how companies should deal with competitors, customers, and suppliers. Violating antitrust laws could result in criminal penalties to the individual involved, as well as the company. Competition laws protect the buyers by preventing certain types of agreements and arrangements between businesses that harm competition.

We are committed to free and open competition. We attain our competitive advantages by competing vigorously and fairly and by earning the trust and confidence of our business partners through excellence in our performance.

What is required?

Be familiar with and attend any training provided on antitrust policies and procedures. Never have discussions with competitors, whether verbal or written, on:


•	Pricing, any terms that affect pricing, or supply availability to any competitor


•	Dividing or allocating markets or customers (or agreeing to divide either of them)


•	Making agreements with competitors about employee compensation, hiring, or recruitment


•	Agreeing to boycott another business with a competitor


•	Exchanging commercially sensitive information; or


•	Placing inappropriate or unreasonable conditions on purchases or sales.


•	Contact the Legal department if you are unsure of a situation or a competitor has approached you with questionable requests.

What to look out for


•	Contact with competitors that is or could be seen as improper


•	Trading of commercially sensitive information between competitors, whether directly or indirectly


•	Industry association meetings or similar venues where improper topics are mentioned


•	Restrictions imposed by suppliers on resale prices and sales to particular customers or suppliers

Q&A

I will be attending a trade association meeting next month, and I know that many of our competitors are also planning to attend.

Q: Would it be appropriate for me to ask our competitors about their new pricing strategies?

A: No. While trade association meetings and conferences do serve an important function in promoting information sharing and the discussion of new developments, they also raise serious competition law and antitrust concerns. As an attendee on behalf of the Company, you should avoid any discussion of prices, discounts, terms or conditions of sale, product specifications, or warranties. If you become aware of such discussions, excuse yourself immediately and contact the Legal department.

Avoiding insider trading

Why is it important?

During the course of your job, you may come across information that is not publicly available, information that could influence someone’s decision to buy or sell Univar Solutions stock. This type of information is often referred to as “inside information,” and buying or selling the securities of a company on the basis of inside information is known as “insider trading.”

Univar Solutions may come into information from business partners based on our relationships that may also be considered inside information.

Insider trading is a criminal offense in most countries.

What is required?


•	Do not engage in trading any company’s securities based on inside information.


•	Using inside information for personal gain, sharing it with others, or spreading false rumors is illegal and against our values.


•	Be familiar with and attend training provided on Univar Solutions’ Insider Trading Policy. If you have any questions on insider trading, seek advice from the Legal department or Investor Relations.


•	To avoid consequences, do not share or trade inside information with others.


•	If a third party asks for information, before sharing inside information, make sure there is a confidentiality agreement in place and that you are authorized to share the information.

What to look out for

In determining whether information is considered inside information, ask yourself the following:


•	Is the information open to the public by press release or by other means?


•	Does information I have learned about the Company (or another company) make me want to buy or sell that company’s securities?


•	If the newspaper published what I know, would it cause the value of the securities of the Company (or another company) to rise or fall?


•	How would the proposed trade appear to government prosecutors if it became the subject of an investigation?

Q&A

I don’t work with stocks or securities in my job.

Q: Would prohibitions on insider trading apply to me?

A: Yes, anyone with knowledge of inside information can violate
insider trading laws if they provide material, nonpublic information to third parties who then trade stock based on that information or if you trade stock based on that information. Even during casual conversations with family and friends, you must exercise caution and not disclose any of our Company’s confidential information.

International trade: import and export compliance

Why is it important?

Sometimes governments across the world restrict or prohibit business dealings with specific people, organizations, or governments because of their involvement in criminal activities, embargoes, trade sanctions, or anti-boycott provisions.

Our supply chain organization provides logistics management in a global marketplace. There are a wide variety of complex laws and regulations that govern imports and exports of products and certain data. We have a responsibility to comply with these laws and regulations.

What is required?


•	Follow Univar Solutions’ Global Trade Compliance Policy to ensure we are doing business with the proper people.


•	Ensure proper background checks are conducted on agents and distributors in accordance with Univar Solutions’ policy on working with agents and distributors.


•	Ensure our sales contracts and agreements are in place with appropriate trade controls.

What to look out for


•	Transactions involving high-risk countries or people from high-risk countries


•	The appointment of suppliers, agents, or customers based in or doing work for us in high-risk countries before suitable background checks have been done and controls put in place


•	Customers reselling products they buy from us into high-risk countries


•	Export arrangements that appear unusual


•	Transactions involving controlled products where suitable checks have not been done

Q&A

We have used an agent in China several times. We have never conducted a background check; however, we have never had problems with this agent.

Q: Can I just trust that everything is ok?

A: We should always ensure that suitable checks are done even though we have not had any problems with a particular agent. And we must be sure the agent is conducting business on our behalf in a manner we would expect in compliance with the law and our policies.

Avoiding conflicts of interest

Why is it important?

A conflict of interest may occur when we put our own personal interests before Univar Solutions’ interests and are then unable to perform our responsibilities for the Company effectively and objectively. A conflict of
interest can arise if you have a social, financial, political, or personal interest that influences a Univar Solutions business decision or business-partner relationship.

What is required?


•	If you become aware of a potential conflict, disclose it to your supervisor, manager, Human Resources, Legal department, or the Alertline.


•	Avoid conflicts of interest and situations that could be perceived as conflicts of interest.


•	Because our personal interests or connections could have an influence on our responsibilities to Univar Solutions, any potential conflict of interest must be disclosed.


•	Never direct business or give favorable terms to a company that you, a close friend, or a family member has an interest in.


•	Never hire friends or family unless they are the best qualified candidate, you are removed from the hiring process, and the relationship is disclosed and approved by management.


•	Never allow situations where family members or close relatives are in direct reporting relationships or relationships involving supervision, evaluation, or determination of pay or other benefits.

What to look out for

Examples of conflicts of interest include:


•	Influencing a Univar Solutions decision that would personally benefit you or a family member


•	Engaging in a personal business transaction involving Univar Solutions, its property, information, or business relationships for profit or gain without first discussing it with your direct supervisor or manager and disclosing it to the Legal department as appropriate


•	Learning of a business opportunity through Univar Solutions or taking the opportunity personally without first offering it to Univar Solutions

Q&A

My wife owns a cleaning service. Our office is looking for a new janitorial vendor.

Q: Can my wife provide janitorial services to Univar Solutions?


A:	It would not be a conflict of interest as long as we pay close attention to and ensure the following:


1.	Selection process for new service would include a fair bidding process where other companies are allowed to enter their bids.


2.	You, or anyone that you may have influence over do not select the winning bid.


3.	If your wife is selected, you do not manage the account for Univar Solutions and proper disclosure is made and kept within your HR file.

Gifts and business entertainment

Why is it important?

Part of doing business and maintaining business relationships in certain circumstances, locations, or cultures is the exchange of gifts and entertainment. As giving or receiving gifts or entertainment can be seen as a bribe, we must always make sure that any gifts and entertainment exchanged between Univar Solutions and third parties is associated with legitimate business purposes and within policy. The Univar Solutions Gifts and Entertainment Policy defines permissible types of gifts and the procedure for approval of gifts.

What is required?


•	Gifts and entertainment should be reasonable, with a legitimate business purpose and in compliance with anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws and Company policy.


•	When doing business with government entities, consult with the Legal & Compliance department to understand any compliance risks. Always obtain approval from the Legal & Compliance department prior to accepting or providing anything of value to or from a government official.


•	Consult with your manager or the Legal & Compliance department if you have questions about the processes associated with gift reporting and approvals.

What to look out for

Follow these guidelines whenever offering or accepting anything of value:


•	Entertainment or hospitality should be reasonable in value, quantity, and frequency.


•	Gifts given or received in an effort to influence a business decision are illegal and improper.


•	It does not violate the normal and accepted business ethics or laws of the country where it is provided.


•	It should not violate Univar Solutions policy.


•	It cannot reasonably be construed as a bribe, payoff, or kickback.


•	It should not be concealed.


•	Do not under any circumstances, as an employee, provide or accept cash, cash equivalents, or personal loans in conjunction with Univar Solutions business.

Q&A

A supplier called me on the phone inviting me to attend a conference. The supplier will cover any business entertainment and they offered to pay for my travel and conference fees. I need to give my response on the phone right away as they are making the travel bookings.

Q: Is it okay for me to accept the invitation and tell them to make my travel arrangements?

A: Employees may not accept airfare or lodging (regardless of value) from customers, suppliers, or other business-related third parties without prior approval from Univar Solutions’ Chief Financial Officer or General Counsel. Acceptance of conference fees and business entertainment while at the conference would be subject to the same rules and limits on gifts and entertainment as in any other circumstance.

Accurate financial reporting and accounting and record keeping

Why is it important?

Keeping complete and accurate records is important in order to enable
proper and accurate accounting and financial statements. It allows us to
run the business effectively and to report to our shareholders and other stakeholders accurately.

We must keep honest and accurate business records to:


•	Make good business decisions;


•	Meet legal, financial, regulatory, and management obligations; and


•	Maximize the benefits of our prior knowledge and previous experience.

What is required?


•	Maintain effective management and internal controls.


•	Report any suspected inaccuracies or fraud.


•	Ensure accurate financial reporting as related to our jobs.


•	Never hide, falsify, or alter transactions or records. This applies to all records, including email communications, internal memos, and formal reports.


•	We investigate all allegations of fraud in accordance with internal procedures, and any financial fraud or significant internal control deficiencies will be disclosed to Univar Solutions’ Board of Directors or Audit Committee.

What to look out for


•	Inaccurate recording of financial or business performance


•	False or misleading reporting


•	Financial policies or procedures not being followed or being circumvented

Q&A

My manager asked me to change some numbers in our expense report. I do not have supporting
documents to support these new figures.


Q:	Should I go ahead and make the change?


A:	No. Without proper supporting documents, you could be falsifying records. Ask your manager for the required information and, if it is not provided, do not make the edits. Consult with your local Finance team if you should go ahead with the edits.

Protecting Univar Solutions’ assets, information, and data

Why is it important?

Company assets include our facilities, property and equipment, computers and information systems, time, confidential and proprietary information, intellectual property, corporate opportunities, and funds. We each have a responsibility to follow all procedures that protect the value of these assets, information, and data.

Loss of data due to missing equipment, such as a lost or stolen laptop or mobile device, compromises confidential and proprietary information. The Information Security and Protection Policy directs the use of our systems, provides us with standards that help protect Univar
Solutions data from unauthorized access or security breaches, and provides guidance and requirements to manage internal information and documents generated by Univar Solutions employees or our systems.

What is required?


•	Protect any data created with company equipment or systems.


•	Proprietary information concerning Univar Solutions’ financial performance, strategies, customers, and vendors is protected information and may not be distributed.


•	Limit use of company computer equipment, mobile phones, or other network devices to business purposes. Occasional personal use is allowed if it is reasonable and kept to a minimum.

•

Financial resources such as company credit cards are subject to the same asset protection and are not to be used for any non-business purpose. Misappropriation of company funds for personal gain is fraud and subject to disciplinary action and possible criminal penalties. For guidelines on the use of company credit cards, please refer to the Company Travel & Expense Policies, as well as local policies governing company credit cards.


•	Company information and information systems must be used in accordance with the Information Security and Protection Policy.


•	Report suspected IT security breaches or violation of the Data Protection Standards to your immediate supervisor, manager, and to your local Help Desk.


•	Should you experience loss of equipment or device, report it immediately to your local Help Desk or IT Compliance (ITCompliance@univar.com).

What to look out for


•	Weak or missing controls to prevent misuse of assets


•	Confidential information not properly secured


•	Proprietary information improperly distributed


•	Deliberate misuse of company assets

Q&A

While traveling on Univar Solutions business, Andrei left his laptop at the airport.


Q:	Should Andrei wait until he returns from his business trip to report the lost laptop?


A:	Andrei should report the loss of his laptop as quickly as possible. Even though the laptop is password protected, there is still a potential for the laptop to be compromised. Information saved on the laptop could be accessed and used inappropriately.

Protecting intellectual property

Why is it important?

Intellectual property rights are important for protecting the investments that Univar Solutions makes in developing products and brands. We protect our intellectual property and respect the intellectual property rights of others. Some examples of intellectual property include trademarks, copyrights, and patents.

What is required?


•	Do not copy, reproduce, or transmit protected material, such as publications, images, video, or software that belong to Univar Solutions or others unless we have authorization or license to do so.


•	Follow all applicable laws and regulations that protect intellectual property.

What to look out for


•	Improper use of Univar Solutions intellectual property, such as trademarks


•	Misuse of our customers’ or suppliers’ intellectual property

Q&A

To help with a sales bid, Hilda decided to create an information sheet with company logos of local customers. Hilda figured that since they are our customers it is ok to use their logos, but beforehand she sent an email to all the customers asking their permission.


Q:	Are Hilda’s actions ok?


A:	Yes. Hilda ensured she had permission to use customers’ logos for a specific purpose.

Social Media

Why is it important?

The rapid growth of social media technologies combined with their ease of use and pervasiveness make them attractive channels of communication. However, these tools also hold the possibility of a host of unintended consequences. Because we all benefit from the valuable experiences and insights of others, the use of social media is permitted. Social media use may not be excessive or exceed the scope of Univar’s business objectives. Improper use of social media can lead to data loss, lawsuits, regulatory fines, or penalties and can damage Univar’s reputation and business.

What is Required?

• Employees using social media for business purposes must meet the requirements documented in Univar’s Social Media Policy.

• When commenting on company-related topics, disclose your relationship with the Company.

• Do not release nonpublic information related to the Company or other companies.

• Always take precautions to ensure posts are factually accurate. If you are expressing an opinion, state clearly that it’s your opinion and not that of the Company’s.

• Be respectful, do not make comments that harass or discriminate, and do not post negative comments about the competition.

• Post with caution; your post could “go viral.”

• If contacted by a customer on a social media channel, listen to the customer then direct the conversation to the appropriate Univar representative.

• When in doubt, contact Corporate Communications.

What to Look Out For?

Always consider the context of what you are posting. Ensure it is in line with:

• The Univar Code Handbook;

• All Policies and Standards; and

• Our Values.

Q&A

Our office had a fantastic summer picnic and I took pictures of everyone having fun. I don’t know who most of these people are, and I am not connected to any of my coworkers through social media.

Q: Can I post these pictures online to my personal networking sites to show what a great company I work for?

A: If taken while engaged in company business or at company events, then employees cannot post on personal blogs or social networking sites any photographs of other employees, customers, or suppliers.

Privacy

Why is it important?

It is our policy to protect the privacy of those we do business with, including our customers, business partners (e.g., suppliers), and employees. Privacy laws define how Univar manages personal data across the globe. Personal data is any information that relates to how a person could be identified and may or may not include sensitive personal information such as race, gender, or ethnicity.

What is Required?

• Always respect the privacy of others and the confidentiality of personal information.

• Keep personal information safe and secure.

• Take precautions when sharing personal information.

• Respect local privacy laws.

What to Look Out For?

• Information not properly protected or kept secured.

• Personal information being used in ways that have not been agreed to.

• Suspicious requests asking for personal information.

Q&A

Sally received an email from the “Company President” requesting personal information of all employees. The email instructed her not to discuss the request with anyone and to send the information only to a specified personal email address.

Q: Should Sally send the information?

A: Sally should verify the authenticity of the email and only once the request has been verified should Sally send the information in accordance with Univar’s Privacy Policy.

Univar, Inc.

3075 Highland Pkwy, Suite 200

Downers Grove, IL 60515

+1 331-777-6000

© 2019 Univar Inc. All rights reserved. Univar, the collaboration insignia,
and other identified trademarks are the property of Univar Inc. or affiliated
companies. All other trademarks not owned by Univar Inc. or affiliated companies

that appear in this material are the property of their respective owners.

Published January 2019

IN-1752-0119

Exhibit 21.1

UNIVAR INC. SUBSIDIARIES



Entity Name		State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation
Basic Chemical Solutions (Proprietary) Limited		South Africa
Bodine Environmental Services, Inc.		Illinois
Bodine Services of Clinton, LLC		Illinois
Bodine Services of Decatur, Inc.		Delaware
Bodine Services of Evansville, LLC		Illinois
Bodine Services of Peoria LLC		Illinois
Chain Reaction, LLC		Delaware
ChemCare Acquisition LLC		Delaware
ChemPoint.com Inc.		Nevada
ChemPoint.com-EMEA B.V.		Netherlands
Cravenhurst Properties Limited		United Kingdom
Distrupol B.V.		Netherlands
Distrupol Ireland Limited		Ireland
Distrupol Limited		United Kingdom
Distrupol Nordic AB		Sweden
EarthOil Plantations Limited		United Kingdom
Ellis & Everard Distribution Limited		United Kingdom
Fiske Food Limited		United Kingdom
Future Transfer Co. Inc.		Canada
Juffali-Univar Saudi Arabia Chemicals Company, LLC		Saudi Arabia
Kemetyl Norge AS		Norway
Olympic Chemical Corporation		Washington
Polymer Technologies Ltd.		United Kingdom
Sistemas Ecologicos Para el control de Plagas SA de CV		Mexico
Tagma Brasil Ltda.		Brazil
Ulixes Limited		United Kingdom
Univar (Hong Kong) Limited		Hong Kong
Univar A/S		Denmark
Univar AB		Sweden
Univar AG		Switzerland
Univar AS		Norway
Univar Belgium NV		Belgium
Univar Brasil Ltda.		Brazil
Univar BV		Netherlands
Univar Canada Ltd.		Canada
Univar China B.V.		Netherlands
Univar China Ltd		China
Univar Colombia SAS		Colombia
Univar Corporativo SA de CV		Mexico



Entity Name		State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation
Univar Czech sro		Czech Republic
Univar de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.		Mexico
Univar Delaware, Inc.		Delaware
Univar Distribution (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd		Malaysia
Univar Egypt LLC		Egypt
Univar Europe Limited		United Kingdom
Univar Foundation		Washington
Univar France SNC		France
Univar GmbH		Germany
Univar Hellas EPE		Greece
Univar Holdco III LLC		Delaware
Univar Holdco LLC		Delaware
Univar Hungary Sales Limited Liability Co		Hungary
Univar Iberia SA		Portugal
Univar Iberia SA (Spain)		Spain
Univar Ireland Ltd.		Ireland
Univar Kimya Sanayi ve Dıs Ticaret Limited Sirketi		Turkey
Univar Limited		United Kingdom
Univar LLC		Russian Federation
Univar Middle East-Africa FZE		Dubai
Univar Netherlands Holding B.V.		Netherlands
Univar Oy		Finland
Univar Poland Sp.zo.o		Poland
Univar SAS		France
Univar Services (PTY) Ltd.		South Africa
Univar Singapore PTE LTD		Singapore
Univar South-East Europe S.r.l.		Romania
Univar SpA		Italy
Univar Specialty Consumables Limited		United Kingdom
Univar Tunisia SARL		Tunisia
Univar UK Limited		United Kingdom
Univar USA Delaware, Inc.		Delaware
Univar USA Inc.		Washington
Univar Zwijndrecht N.V.		Netherlands
UnivarMEA SARL		Morocco
UVX Scandinavia AB		Sweden
Weaver Town Oil Services, Inc.		Pennsylvania
Weavertown Transport Leasing, Inc.		Pennsylvania

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements (Form S-4 No. 333-228154, Forms S-3 No. 333-215046 and 333-212780) of Univar Inc. and in the related Prospectus, Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-205176) pertaining to the Univar Inc. 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, the Univar Inc. 2011 Stock Incentive Plan, and the Univar Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan and Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-217757) pertaining to the Univar Inc. 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan of our reports dated February 21, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Univar Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Univar Inc., incorporated by reference in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2018.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Chicago, Illinois

February 21, 2019

Exhibit 31.1

UNIVAR INC.

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE EXCHANGE ACT, AS AMENDED,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, David C. Jukes, certify that:


1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Univar Inc.


2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;


3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;


4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:


(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;


(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;


(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and


(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and


5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):


(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and


(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.



February 21, 2019	By: /s/ DAVID C. JUKES
	David C. Jukes
	President and Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 31.2

UNIVAR INC.

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OF THE EXCHANGE ACT, AS AMENDED,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Carl J. Lukach, certify that:


1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Univar Inc.


2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;


3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;


4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:


(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;


(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;


(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and


(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and


5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):


(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and


(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.



February 21, 2019	By: /s/ CARL J. LUKACH
	Carl J. Lukach
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT 32.1

UNIVAR INC.

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and in connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Report”) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 , I, David C. Jukes, President and Chief Executive Officer of Univar Inc. (the “Company”), certify that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”); and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ DAVID C. JUKES

David C. Jukes

President and Chief Executive Officer

February 21, 2019

This certification accompanies the Report and shall not, except to the extent required by the Exchange Act, be deemed filed by the Company. A signed original of this certification has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

EXHIBIT 32.2

UNIVAR INC.

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and in connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Report”) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 , I, Carl J. Lukach, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Univar Inc. (the “Company”), certify that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”); and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ CARL J. LUKACH

Carl J. Lukach

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

February 21, 2019



	Other postretirement benefits
	Year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2018			2017
Change in accumulated postretirement benefit obligations:
Actuarial present value of benefit obligations at beginning of year	$	2.5		$	2.8
Service cost	—			—
Interest cost	—			0.2
Contributions by participants	0.5			0.4
Benefits paid	(0.5		)	(0.7		)
Actuarial gain	(0.7		)	(0.2		)
Actuarial present value of benefit obligations at end of year	$	1.8		$	2.5
Change in the fair value of plan assets:
Plan assets at beginning of year	$	—		$	—
Contributions by employer	—			0.3
Contributions by participants	0.5			0.4
Benefits paid	(0.5		)	(0.7		)
Plan assets at end of year	$	—		$	—
Funded status at end of year	$	(1.8	)	$	(2.5	)