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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
_________________
FORM 10-Q
_________________

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
For the transition period from                     to                     
Commission file number 001-38872
PINS-20210331_G1.JPG
Pinterest, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Delaware 26-3607129
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
 Identification No.)
505 Brannan Street
San Francisco, California
94107
(Address of Principal Executive Offices, including zip code) (Zip Code)
(415) 762-7100
Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code
_______________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 Title of each class
Trading Symbol
Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.00001 par value  PINS New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes    No 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes    No 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes    No 
As of April 23, 2021, there were 547,274,526 shares of the Registrant’s Class A common stock, $.00001 par value per share, outstanding, and 89,586,440 shares of the Registrant’s Class B common stock outstanding.




PINTEREST, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2


NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which statements involve substantial risk and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts and are often characterized by the use of words such as “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “projects,” “may,” “intends,” “plans,” “targets,” “forecasts” or “anticipates,” or by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other important factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to differ materially from historical results or any future results, performance or achievements expressed, suggested or implied by such forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, statements about:
uncertainty regarding the duration and scope of the coronavirus referred to as the COVID-19 pandemic;
actions governments and businesses take in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including actions that could affect levels of user engagement or advertising activity;
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and actions taken in response to the pandemic on global and regional economies and economic activity;
the pace of recovery as the COVID-19 pandemic subsides;
general economic uncertainty in key global markets and a worsening of global economic conditions or low levels of economic growth;
the scope and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our planned investments, operations, expenses, revenue, cash flow, liquidity and users;
the effect of general economic and political conditions;
our financial performance, including revenue, cost and expenses and cash flows;
our ability to attract and retain Pinners and their level of engagement;
our ability to provide content that is useful and relevant to Pinners’ personal taste and interests;
our ability to develop successful new products or improve existing ones;
our ability to maintain and enhance our brand and reputation;
potential harm caused by compromises in security, including our cybersecurity protections and resources and costs required to prevent, detect and remediate potential security breaches;
potential harm caused by changes in online application stores or internet search engines’ methodologies, particularly search engine optimization methodologies and policies;
discontinuation, disruptions or outages in third-party single sign-on access;
our ability to compete effectively in our industry;
our ability to scale our business, including our monetization efforts;
our ability to attract and retain advertisers and scale our revenue model;
our ability to develop effective products and tools for advertisers, including measurement tools;
our ability to expand and monetize our platform internationally;
our ability to effectively manage the growth of our business;
our lack of operating history and ability to attain and sustain profitability;
decisions that reduce short-term revenue or profitability or do not produce the long-term benefits we expect;
fluctuations in our operating results;
our ability to raise additional capital;
the scope and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our planned investments, operations, expenses, revenue, cash flow, liquidity and users;
our ability to realize anticipated benefits from mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, strategic partnerships and other investments;
3


our ability to protect our intellectual property;
our ability to receive, process, store, use and share data, and compliance with laws and regulations related to data privacy and content;
current or potential litigation and regulatory actions involving us;
our ability to comply with modified or new laws and regulations applying to our business, and potential harm to our business as a result of those laws and regulations;
real or perceived inaccuracies in metrics related to our business;
disruption of, degradation in or interference with our use of Amazon Web Services and our infrastructure; and
our ability to attract and retain personnel.
These statements are based on our historical performance and on our current plans, estimates and projections in light of information currently available to us, and therefore you should not place undue reliance on them. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. Forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speak only as of the date on which such statements are made, and we undertake no obligation to update them in light of new information or future events, except as required by law.
You should carefully consider the above factors, as well as the factors discussed elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The factors identified above should not be construed as an exhaustive list of factors that could affect our future results and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this Quarterly Report. Furthermore, new risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. If any of these trends, risks or uncertainties actually occurs or continues, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Unless expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms "Pinterest," "company," "we," "us," and "our" in this document refer to Pinterest, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and, where appropriate, its wholly owned subsidiaries. The term "Pinterest" may also refer to our products, regardless of the manner in which they are accessed. For references to accessing Pinterest on the "web" or via a "website," such terms refer to accessing Pinterest on personal computers. For references to accessing Pinterest on "mobile," such term refers to accessing Pinterest via a mobile application or via a mobile-optimized version of our website such as m.pinterest.com, whether on a mobile phone or tablet.
SUMMARY RISK FACTORS
The following summarizes the principal factors that make an investment in our company speculative or risky, all of which are more fully described in the Risk Factors section below. This summary should be read in conjunction with the Risk Factors section and should not be relied upon as an exhaustive summary of the material risks facing our business. The following factors could result in harm to our business, reputation, revenue, financial results, and prospects, among other impacts:
Business Strategy and Growth. Our strategic decisions and efforts to expand the business, including:
our ability to scale our business for future growth, as we are in the early stages of our monetization efforts;
our ability to attract, grow, retain, and engage our user base;
providing content that is useful and relevant to Pinners’ personal taste and interests;
decisions consistent with our mission and values that may reduce our short- or medium-term operating results;
removing objectionable content or blocking objectionable practices by advertisers or third parties;
our ability to compete effectively for users or advertisers and to develop effective products and tools for advertisers;
our further expansion and monetization of our platform internationally;
effective management of our business growth; and
4


our acquisition of other businesses.
Operation of Our Business. The manner in which we operate our business, including:
the disruption and harm from the global COVID-19 pandemic, as well as potential challenges of post-pandemic recovery;
our dependence on and ability to maintain and enhance a strong brand and reputation;
actual or perceived compromises in our security;
our dependence on advertising for substantially all of our revenue;
the development of tools to accurately measure the effectiveness of advertisements on our platform and thereby attract and maintain advertisers;
the inherent challenges of measurements related to Pinner metrics and other estimates;
our ability to maintain and scale our technology infrastructure, including the speed and availability of our service; and
the attraction, retention, and loss of our key personnel and other highly qualified personnel.
Third-Party Reliance. Our use and dependence on third-party businesses and products, or the impacts of third-party business and products, including:
our dependence on online application stores and internet search engines, including their methodologies, policies, and results, to direct traffic and refer new Pinners to our service;
users’ ability to authenticate with our service through third-party login providers;
our dependence on Amazon Web Services for the vast majority of our compute, storage, data transfer, and other services;
effectively operating with mobile operating systems, web browsers, networks, regulations, and standards, which we do not control, and changes in our products or to those mobile operating systems, web browsers, networks, regulations or standards; and
our reliance on software, technologies, and related services from other parties; and
technologies that can block the display of our ads.
Legal and Regulatory Matters. The legal and regulatory frameworks, actions, and requirements to which our business, products, services, and operations are subject, including:
any liability as a result of content or information that is published or made available on our service;
government action to restrict access to our service or certain of our products in their countries;
the data, including personal information, we receive, process, store, use, and share, which subjects us to complex and evolving governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to data privacy, data protection and other matters;
our involvement in any legal disputes or other disputes that are expensive to support and may be resolved adversely;
an ability to protect our intellectual property and our use of “open source” software; and
the interpretation and application of recent U.S. tax legislation or other changes in U.S. or non-U.S. taxation of our operations.
Financial Statements and Performance. The preparation of our financial statements and our financial and operating performance, including:
5


our limited operating history and previously incurred operating losses, anticipated increases to operating costs and expenses and our ability to obtain or maintain profitability;
fluctuations in our operating results from quarter to quarter;
our ability to obtain additional financing, if needed and any default on our credit obligations;
greater than anticipated tax liabilities;
limitations in our ability to use or benefit from our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes; and
the requirements of being a public company.
Our Common Stock. The rights, restrictions, and structure of, and actions that we may take that impact our common stock, including:
the dual class structure of our common stock;
trading price volatility of our Class A common stock;
future offerings of debt or equity securities by us or existing stockholders that could adversely impact the market price of our Class A common stock;
additional stock issuances, including in connection with settlement of equity awards, and any resulting dilution;
provisions under Delaware law and our governing documents that could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult;
our certificate of incorporation’s designation of a state or federal court located within Delaware as the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders; and
our intention not to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
General. The risks common to our industry and public companies generally, including:
our development of or investment in successful new products or improvements to our existing one;
adverse global economic and financial conditions; and
changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
6


LIMITATIONS OF KEY METRICS AND OTHER DATA
The numbers for our key metrics, which include our monthly active users (MAUs) and average revenue per user (ARPU), are calculated using internal company data based on the activity of user accounts. We define a monthly active user as an authenticated Pinterest user who visits our website, opens our mobile application or interacts with Pinterest through one of our browser or site extensions, such as the Save button, at least once during the 30-day period ending on the date of measurement. We present MAUs based on the number of MAUs measured on the last day of the current period. We define ARPU as our total revenue in a given geography during a period divided by the average of the number of MAUs in that geography during the period. We calculate average MAUs based on the average of the number of MAUs measured on the last day of the current period and the last day prior to the beginning of the current period. We calculate ARPU by geography based on our estimate of the geography in which revenue-generating activities occur. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our user base for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring usage of our products across large online and mobile populations around the world. In addition, we are continually seeking to improve our estimates of our user base, and such estimates may change due to improvements or changes in technology or our methodology.

7

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
PINTEREST, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except par value)
(Unaudited)


March 31, December 31,
2021 2020
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 913,740  $ 669,230 
Marketable securities 1,119,962  1,091,076 
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $6,842 and $8,811 as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively
389,206  563,733 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 34,267  33,502 
Total current assets 2,457,175  2,357,541 
Property and equipment, net 63,337  69,375 
Operating lease right-of-use assets 146,150  155,916 
Goodwill and intangible assets, net 13,310  13,562 
Other assets 12,320  13,065 
Total assets $ 2,692,292  $ 2,609,459 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 48,585  $ 49,491 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 160,415  155,340 
Total current liabilities 209,000  204,831 
Operating lease liabilities 129,559  139,321 
Other liabilities 24,910  22,936 
Total liabilities 363,469  367,088 
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Class A common stock, $0.00001 par value, 6,666,667 shares authorized, 545,794 and 530,140 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively; Class B common stock, $0.00001 par value, 1,333,333 shares authorized, 89,535 and 96,232 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively
Additional paid-in capital 4,684,227  4,574,934 
Accumulated other comprehensive income 1,313  2,480 
Accumulated deficit (2,356,723) (2,335,049)
Total stockholders’ equity 2,328,823  2,242,371 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 2,692,292  $ 2,609,459 



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

8


PINTEREST, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Revenue $ 485,230  $ 271,940 
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue 133,470  99,232 
Research and development 171,728  145,704 
Sales and marketing 130,322  117,027 
General and administrative 72,618  56,067 
Total costs and expenses 508,138  418,030 
Loss from operations (22,908) (146,090)
Interest income 1,492  7,151 
Interest expense and other income (expense), net (1,563) (2,077)
Loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes (22,979) (141,016)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (1,305) 180 
Net loss $ (21,674) $ (141,196)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted
$ (0.03) $ (0.25)
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted
628,593  576,302 








The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

9


PINTEREST, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)



Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Net loss $ (21,674) $ (141,196)
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes:
Change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale marketable securities (987) (2,535)
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment (180) (319)
Comprehensive loss $ (22,841) $ (144,050)








The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

10


Pinterest, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)



Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
 
Class A and Class B Common Stock
Additional
Paid-In Capital
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Accumulated Deficit Stockholders’ Equity
Shares Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2020 626,372  $ $ 4,574,934  $ 2,480  $ (2,335,049) $ 2,242,371 
Release of restricted stock units
5,710  —  —  —  —  — 
Issuance of common stock for cash upon exercise of stock options, net
2,997  —  9,344  —  —  9,344 
    Issuance of common stock related to charitable contributions
250  —  20,490  —  —  20,490 
Share-based compensation —  —  79,459  —  —  79,459 
Other comprehensive loss —  —  —  (1,167) —  (1,167)
Net loss —  —  —  —  (21,674) (21,674)
Balance as of March 31, 2021 635,329  $ $ 4,684,227  $ 1,313  $ (2,356,723) $ 2,328,823 

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
 
Class A and Class B Common Stock
Additional
Paid-In Capital
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Accumulated Deficit Stockholders’ Equity
Shares Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2019 569,904  $ $ 4,229,778  $ 647  $ (2,206,726) $ 2,023,705 
Release of restricted stock units
2,913  —  —  —  —  — 
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings on release of restricted stock units —  —  (44,090) —  —  (44,090)
Issuance of common stock for cash upon exercise of stock options, net
8,923  —  20,347  —  —  20,347 
Issuance of common stock related to charitable contributions 100  —  1,544  —  —  1,544 
Share-based compensation —  —  81,024  —  —  81,024 
Other comprehensive loss —  —  —  (2,854) —  (2,854)
Net loss —  —  —  —  (141,196) (141,196)
Balance as of March 31, 2020 581,840  $ $ 4,288,603  $ (2,207) $ (2,347,922) $ 1,938,480 








The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

11


PINTEREST, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)






Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Operating activities
Net loss $ (21,674) $ (141,196)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 6,783  11,746 
Share-based compensation 79,459  81,024 
Non-cash charitable contributions 20,490  1,544 
Other 2,029  1,175 
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable 176,564  100,991 
Prepaid expenses and other assets (91) 6,624 
Operating lease right-of-use assets 10,288  10,879 
Accounts payable (717) 2,613 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 8,298  (4,905)
Operating lease liabilities (10,850) (13,205)
Net cash provided by operating activities 270,579  57,290 
Investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment and intangible assets (1,251) (7,005)
Purchases of marketable securities (263,170) (257,593)
Sales of marketable securities 79,831  72,043 
Maturities of marketable securities 149,532  250,074 
Other investing activities —  316 
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (35,058) 57,835 
Financing activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options, net
9,344  20,347 
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings on release of restricted stock units —  (44,090)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 9,344  (23,743)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (355) (214)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash 244,510  91,168 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period 678,911  677,743 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period $ 923,421  $ 768,911 
Supplemental cash flow information
Accrued property and equipment $ 125  $ 7,831 
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities $ 630  $ 1,242 


Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to condensed consolidated balance sheets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 913,740  $ 740,833 
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets 571  4,287 
Restricted cash included in other assets 9,110  23,791 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 923,421  $ 768,911 








The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

12


PINTEREST, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)

1.Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business
Pinterest was incorporated in Delaware in 2008 and is headquartered in San Francisco, California. Pinterest is a visual discovery engine that people around the globe use to find the inspiration to create a life they love. We generate revenue by delivering ads on our website and mobile application.
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
We prepared the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"). The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Pinterest, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. We have eliminated all intercompany balances and transactions.
The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date. We have condensed or omitted certain information and notes normally included in complete financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. As such, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, which are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In our opinion, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the results for the interim periods presented, but they are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021.
Reclassifications
We have reclassified certain amounts in prior periods to conform with current presentation.
Use of Estimates
Preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base these estimates and judgments on historical experience and various other assumptions that we consider reasonable. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions in several areas, including the fair values of financial instruments, assets acquired and liabilities assumed through business combinations, share-based awards, and contingencies as well as the collectability of our accounts receivable, the useful lives of our intangible assets and property and equipment, the incremental borrowing rate we use to determine our operating lease liabilities, and revenue recognition, among others. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates and judgments.
Some of our estimates require increased judgment due to the significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to monitor the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and our estimates and judgments may change materially as new events occur or additional information becomes available to us.
Significant Accounting Policies
There have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.





13



PINTEREST, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
2. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The fair values of the financial instruments we measure at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows (in thousands):
March 31, 2021
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds $ 220,235  $ —  $ —  $ 220,235 
Commercial paper —  68,554  —  68,554 
Marketable securities:
Corporate bonds —  463,762  —  463,762 
U.S. treasury securities 248,119  —  —  248,119 
Commercial paper —  226,870  —  226,870 
Certificates of deposit —  134,883  —  134,883 
Municipal securities —  20,992  —  20,992 
Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds —  10,899  —  10,899 
U.S. agency bonds —  9,995  —  9,995 
Asset-backed securities —  4,442  —  4,442 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Certificates of deposit —  571  —  571 
Other assets:
Certificates of deposit $ —  $ 9,110  $ —  $ 9,110 

December 31, 2020
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds $ 225,643  $ —  $ —  $ 225,643 
Commercial paper —  48,532  —  48,532 
U.S. treasury securities 39,998  —  —  39,998 
Certificates of deposit —  2,996  —  2,996 
Marketable securities:
Corporate bonds —  454,487  —  454,487 
Commercial paper —  234,253  —  234,253 
U.S. treasury securities 203,054  —  —  203,054 
Certificates of deposit —  134,882  —  134,882 
Municipal securities —  17,619  —  17,619 
U.S. agency bonds —  16,018  —  16,018 
Non-U.S. government and supranational bonds —  15,950  —  15,950 
Asset-backed securities —  14,813  —  14,813 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Certificates of deposit —  571  —  571 
Other assets:
Certificates of deposit $ —  $ 9,110  $ —  $ 9,110 
We classify our marketable securities within Level 1 or Level 2 because we determine their fair values using quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs.
14


PINTEREST, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Gross unrealized gains and losses on our marketable securities were immaterial in the aggregate as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. We evaluated all available evidence and did not recognize any allowance for credit losses for our marketable securities as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. We continue to monitor the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on expected credit losses.
The fair value of our marketable securities by contractual maturity is as follows (in thousands):
March 31, 2021
Due in one year or less $ 834,952 
Due after one to five years 285,010 
Total $ 1,119,962 
Net realized gains and losses from sales of available-for-sale securities were not material for any period presented.
3. Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Matters
We are involved in various lawsuits, claims and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business, including those described below. While the results of legal matters are inherently uncertain, we do not believe there is a reasonable possibility that the ultimate resolution of these matters, either individually or in aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
On November 23, 2020, Pinterest and our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer were named as defendants in a putative securities class action filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. The lawsuit alleges claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and alleges that defendants made material false and misleading public statements about our revenue and user growth in 2019. The complaint seeks damages, litigation costs, and interest. We continue to evaluate these claims but do not believe this litigation will have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
In November and December 2020, certain of our executives and members of our board of directors were named as defendants in derivative lawsuits filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. Pinterest was also named as a nominal defendant. The lawsuits purport to assert claims for breach of fiduciary duty in connection with allegations of gender and racial discrimination at Pinterest. In addition, the lawsuits purport to assert claims for waste, abuse of control, aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, and violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act. The complaints seek declaratory and injunctive relief, corporate governance changes, monetary damages, interest, disgorgement, and fees and costs. On February 26, 2021, plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint and on April 22, 2021, the defendants moved to dismiss this complaint. We continue to evaluate these claims but do not believe this litigation will have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
In March 2021, certain of our executives and members of our board of directors were named as defendants in a derivative lawsuit filed in the Delaware Chancery Court. Pinterest was also named as a nominal defendant. The complaint alleges that executives and members of the board breached their fiduciary duties to the company in connection with allegations of gender and racial discrimination at Pinterest. The complaint seeks damages, litigation costs, and interest. We continue to evaluate these claims but do not believe this litigation will have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
4. Share-Based Compensation
Equity Incentive Plan
In June 2009, our board of directors adopted and approved our 2009 Stock Plan (the "2009 Plan"), which provides for the issuance of stock options, Restricted Stock Awards ("RSAs") and Restricted Stock Units ("RSUs") to qualified employees, directors and consultants. Stock options granted under our 2009 Plan have a maximum life of 10 years and an exercise price not less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. RSUs granted under our 2009 Plan have a maximum life of seven years. No shares of our common stock were reserved for future issuance under our 2009 Plan as of March 31, 2021.
15


PINTEREST, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Our 2019 Plan became effective upon closing of our initial public offering and succeeds our 2009 Plan. Our 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2019 Plan") provides for the issuance of stock options, RSAs, RSUs and other equity- or cash-based awards to qualified employees, directors and consultants. Stock options granted under our 2019 Plan have a maximum life of 10 years and an exercise price not less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. 131,259,692 shares of our Class A common stock were reserved for future issuance under our 2019 Plan as of March 31, 2021.
The number of shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance under the 2019 Plan will be increased by the number of shares of our Class B common stock subject to awards outstanding under our 2009 Plan that would, but for the terms of the 2019 Plan, have returned to the share reserves of the 2009 Plan pursuant to the terms of such awards, including as the result of forfeiture, repurchase, expiration or retention by us in order to satisfy an award’s exercise price or tax withholding obligations. In addition, the number of shares of our Class A common stock reserved for issuance under our 2019 Plan will automatically increase on the first day of each fiscal year through and including January 1, 2029, in an amount equal to 5% of the total number of shares of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of each automatic increase, or a lesser number of shares determined by our board of directors.
Stock Option Activity
Stock option activity during the three months ended March 31, 2021, was as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
Stock Options Outstanding
Shares Weighted-Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term
Aggregate Intrinsic
Value (1)
(in years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2020 23,947 $ 3.15  2.9 $ 1,502,604 
Exercised (2,997) 3.12 
Outstanding as of March 31, 2021 20,950 $ 3.15  2.7 $ 1,484,810 
Exercisable as of March 31, 2021 20,174 $ 2.42  2.4 $ 1,444,644 
(1)We calculate intrinsic value based on the difference between the exercise price of in-the-money-stock options and the fair value of our common stock as of the respective balance sheet date.
The total grant-date fair value of stock options vested during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, was $0.8 million. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, was $225.2 million and $179.1 million, respectively.

No stock options were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2021. The total grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2020 was not material.
16


PINTEREST, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Restricted Stock Unit and Restricted Stock Award Activity
RSU and RSA activity during the three months ended March 31, 2021, was as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards Outstanding
Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2020 54,079 $ 20.45 
Granted 854 71.87 
Released (5,782) 20.06 
Forfeited (994) 20.43 
Outstanding as of March 31, 2021 48,157 $ 21.41 
Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, was as follows (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Cost of revenue $ 1,312  $ 1,426 
Research and development 56,475  48,906 
Sales and marketing 11,891  13,919 
General and administrative 9,781  16,773 
Total share-based compensation $ 79,459  $ 81,024 

As of March 31, 2021, we had $704.3 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expense, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of 2.8 years.
5. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
We present net loss per share attributable to common stockholders using the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities. Holders of our Class A and Class B common stock have identical rights except with respect to voting, conversion and transfer rights and therefore share equally in our net losses.
We calculate basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders gives effect to all potential shares of common stock, including stock options, RSAs and RSUs to the extent these are dilutive.
We calculated basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
17


PINTEREST, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Class A Class B Class A Class B
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (18,432) $ (3,242) $ (93,363) $ (47,833)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted 534,554  94,039  381,068  195,234 
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted $ (0.03) $ (0.03) $ (0.25) $ (0.25)
Basic net loss per share is the same as diluted net loss per share because we reported net losses for all periods presented. We excluded the following weighted-average potential shares of common stock from our calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders because these would be anti-dilutive (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Outstanding stock options 22,136  52,581 
Unvested restricted stock units and restricted stock awards 52,156  56,412 
Total 74,292  108,993 

6. Income Taxes
We determine our income tax provision for interim periods using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate adjusted for discrete items occurring during the periods presented. The primary difference between our effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate is the full valuation allowance we have established on our federal, state and foreign net operating losses and credits. Income taxes from international operations are not material for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.
We are subject to taxation in the U.S. and various other state and foreign jurisdictions. As we have net operating loss carryforwards for U.S. federal and state jurisdictions, the statute of limitations is open for all tax years. For material foreign jurisdictions, the tax years open to examination include the years 2015 and forward. The Internal Revenue Service has started an examination of our U.S. consolidated federal income tax return for calendar years 2018 and 2019. We believe that we have adequately reserved for any adjustments to the provision for income taxes or other tax items that may ultimately result from these examinations.
7. Geographical Information
Revenue disaggregated by geography based on our customers’ billing addresses is as follows (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
United States $ 388,246  $ 234,950 
International(1)
96,984  36,990 
Total revenue $ 485,230  $ 271,940 
(1)No individual country other than the United States exceeded 10% of our total revenue for any period presented.
18


PINTEREST, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Property and equipment, net and operating lease right-of-use assets by geography is as follows (in thousands):
March 31, December 31,
2021 2020
United States $ 200,385  $ 213,831 
International(1)
9,102  11,460 
Total property and equipment, net and operating lease right-of-use assets $ 209,487  $ 225,291 
(1)No individual country other than the United States exceeded 10% of our total property and equipment, net and operating lease right-of-use assets for any period presented.
8. Subsequent Events
On April 16, 2021, we granted 5,064,727 RSUs with an aggregate grant-date fair value of $386.0 million, which we expect to recognize as share-based compensation expense over a weighted-average period of 3.9 years.
19



ITEM 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including risks and uncertainty regarding the duration and scope of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our actual results could differ materially from these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed in “Risk Factors” and “Note About Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Overview of First Quarter Results
Our key financial and operating results as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 are as follows:
Revenue was $485.2 million, an increase of 78% compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Monthly active users ("MAUs") were 478 million, an increase of 30% compared to March 31, 2020.
Share-based compensation expense was $79.5 million, a decrease of $1.6 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Total costs and expenses were $508.1 million.
Loss from operations was $(22.9) million.
Net loss was $(21.7) million.
Adjusted EBITDA was $83.8 million.
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities were $2,033.7 million.
Headcount was 2,707.
Update on the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in authorities implementing numerous preventative measures to contain or mitigate the outbreak of the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, limitations on business activity, quarantines and shelter-in-place orders, continues to have an impact globally. These measures have caused, and are continuing to cause, business slowdowns or shutdowns in affected areas, both regionally and worldwide. These measures also positively impacted Pinner engagement and user growth in both the U.S. and international geographies as people sought online inspiration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Starting in mid-March 2021, the easing of the restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic has begun to slow our U.S. MAU growth and lowered Pinner engagement as compared to the same period in 2020 as people spend less time online.
Since the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our results of operations and overall financial performance remains unprecedented and highly unpredictable, our past results may not be indicative of our future performance. Given the uncertainty, we are unable to predict the extent and duration of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on advertiser demand, Pinner engagement, and our business, operations and financial results. To the extent the pandemic continues to disrupt economic activity globally we, like other businesses, would not be immune as it could adversely affect our business, operations and financial results. See "Risk Factors" and "Note About Forward-Looking Statements” for additional details.

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Trends in User Metrics
Monthly Active Users. We define a monthly active user as an authenticated Pinterest user who visits our website, opens our mobile application or interacts with Pinterest through one of our browser or site extensions, such as the Save button, at least once during the 30-day period ending on the date of measurement. We present MAUs based on the number of MAUs measured on the last day of the current period. We calculate average MAUs based on the average of the number of MAUs measured on the last day of the current period and the last day prior to the beginning of the current period. MAUs are the primary metric by which we measure the scale of our active user base.
Quarterly Monthly Active Users
(in millions)
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Note: United States and International may not sum to Global due to rounding.

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Historically, we have experienced significant growth in our global MAUs over the last several years. In particular, our international MAUs have grown significantly as a result of our focus on localizing content in international markets. We expect our international user growth to continue to drive global growth in the near term. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on user growth remains difficult to measure and predict, and we are unable to predict the extent to which new or existing users will maintain their engagement as restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic continue to ease.
Trends in Monetization Metrics
Revenue. We calculate revenue by user geography based on our estimate of the geographic location of our users when they perform a revenue-generating activity. The geography of our users affects our revenue and financial results because we currently only monetize certain countries and currencies and because we monetize different geographies at different average rates. Our revenue in the United States is higher primarily due to our decision to focus our earliest monetization efforts there and also due to the relative size and maturity of the U.S. digital advertising market.
Quarterly Revenue
(in millions)
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Note: Revenue by geography in the charts above is geographically apportioned based on our estimate of the geographic location of our users when they perform a revenue-generating activity. This allocation differs from our disclosure of revenue disaggregated by geography in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements where revenue is geographically apportioned based on our customers’ billing addresses. United States and International may not sum to Global and quarterly amounts may not sum to annual due to rounding.
Average Revenue per User (“ARPU”). We measure monetization of our platform through our average revenue per user metric. We define ARPU as our total revenue in a given geography during a period divided by average MAUs in that geography during the period. We calculate ARPU by geography based on our estimate of the geography in which revenue-generating activities occur. We present ARPU on a U.S. and international basis because we currently monetize users in different geographies at different average rates. U.S. ARPU is higher primarily due to our decision to focus our earliest monetization efforts there and also due to the relative size and maturity of the U.S. digital advertising market.
Quarterly Average Revenue per User
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For the three months ended March 31, 2021, global ARPU was $1.04, which represents an increase of 34% compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, U.S. ARPU was $3.99 and international ARPU was $0.26, which represent increases of 50% and 91%, respectively, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020.
We use MAUs and ARPU to assess the growth and health of the overall business and believe that these metrics best reflect our ability to attract, retain, engage and monetize our users, and thereby drive revenue.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measure
To supplement our condensed consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP, we consider Adjusted EBITDA, a financial measure which is not based on any standardized methodology prescribed by GAAP.
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net loss adjusted to exclude depreciation and amortization expense, share-based compensation expense, interest income, interest expense and other income (expense), net, provision for (benefit from) income taxes and non-cash charitable contributions.
We use Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate our operating results and for financial and operational decision-making purposes. We believe Adjusted EBITDA helps identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of the income and expenses that it excludes. We also believe Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information about our operating results, enhances the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects, and allows for greater transparency with respect to key metrics we use for financial and operational decision-making. We are presenting Adjusted EBITDA to assist investors in seeing our operating results through the eyes of management and because we believe that this measure provides an additional tool for investors to use in comparing our core business operating results over multiple periods with other companies in our industry. However, our definition of Adjusted EBITDA may not be the same as similarly titled measures used by other companies.
Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. There are a number of limitations related to the use of Adjusted EBITDA rather than net loss, the nearest GAAP equivalent. For example, Adjusted EBITDA excludes:
certain recurring, non-cash charges such as depreciation of fixed assets and amortization of acquired intangible assets, although these assets may have to be replaced in the future; and
share-based compensation expense, which has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a significant recurring expense and an important part of our compensation strategy.
Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including net loss and our other financial results presented in accordance with GAAP. The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Net Loss $ (21,674) $ (141,196)
Depreciation and amortization 6,783  11,746 
Share-based compensation 79,459  81,024 
Interest income (1,492) (7,151)
Interest expense and other (income) expense, net 1,563  2,077 
  Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (1,305) 180 
Non-cash charitable contributions 20,490  — 
Adjusted EBITDA (1)
$ 83,824  $ (53,320)
(1)Non-cash charitable contributions of $1.5 million were not excluded from Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as these were not material.
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Components of Results of Operations
Revenue. We generate revenue by delivering ads on our website and mobile application. Advertisers purchase ads directly with us or through their relationships with advertising agencies. We recognize revenue only after transferring control of promised goods or services to customers, which occurs when a user clicks on an ad contracted on a cost per click ("CPC") basis, views an ad contracted on a cost per thousand impressions ("CPM") basis or views a video ad contracted on a cost per view ("CPV") basis.
Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists primarily of expenses associated with the delivery of our service, including the cost of hosting our website and mobile application. Cost of revenue also includes personnel-related expense, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation for employees on our operations teams, payments associated with partner arrangements, credit card and other transaction processing fees, and allocated facilities and other supporting overhead costs.
Research and Development. Research and development consists primarily of personnel-related expense, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation for our engineers and other employees engaged in the research and development of our products, and allocated facilities and other supporting overhead costs.
Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing consists primarily of personnel-related expense, including salaries, commissions, benefits and share-based compensation for our employees engaged in sales, sales support, marketing and customer service functions, advertising and promotional expenditures, professional services and allocated facilities and other supporting overhead costs. Our marketing efforts also include user- and advertiser-focused marketing expenditures.
General and Administrative. General and administrative consists primarily of personnel-related expense, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation for our employees engaged in finance, legal, human resources and other administrative functions, professional services, including outside legal and accounting services, charitable contributions and allocated facilities and other supporting overhead costs.
Other Income (Expense), Net. Other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest earned on our cash equivalents and marketable securities and foreign currency exchange gains and losses.
Provision for (Benefit From) Income Taxes. Provision for (benefit from) income taxes consists primarily of income taxes in foreign jurisdictions and U.S. federal and state income taxes adjusted for discrete items.
Adjusted EBITDA. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net loss adjusted to exclude depreciation and amortization expense, share-based compensation expense, interest income, interest expense and other income (expense), net, provision for (benefit from) income taxes and non-cash charitable contributions. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” for more information and for a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA.
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Results of Operations
The following tables set forth our condensed consolidated statements of operations data (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Revenue $ 485,230  $ 271,940 
Costs and expenses (1):
Cost of revenue 133,470  99,232 
Research and development 171,728  145,704 
Sales and marketing 130,322  117,027 
General and administrative 72,618  56,067 
Total costs and expenses 508,138  418,030 
Loss from operations (22,908) (146,090)
Interest income 1,492  7,151 
Interest expense and other income (expense), net (1,563) (2,077)
Loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes (22,979) (141,016)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (1,305) 180 
Net loss $ (21,674) $ (141,196)
Adjusted EBITDA (2)
$ 83,824  $ (53,320)
(1)Includes share-based compensation expense as follows (in thousands):    
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Cost of revenue $ 1,312  $ 1,426 
Research and development 56,475  48,906 
Sales and marketing 11,891  13,919 
General and administrative 9,781  16,773 
Total share-based compensation $ 79,459  $ 81,024 
(2)See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” for more information and for a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA.

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The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated statements of operations data (as a percentage of revenue):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Revenue 100  % 100  %
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue 28  36 
Research and development 35  54 
Sales and marketing 27  43 
General and administrative 15  21 
Total costs and expenses 105  154 
Loss from operations (5) (54)
Interest income — 
Interest expense and other income (expense), net —  (1)
Loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes (5) (52)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes —  — 
Net loss (4) % (52) %

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020
Revenue
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020 % change
(in thousands)
Revenue $ 485,230  $ 271,940  78  %
Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased by $213.3 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. Revenue growth was driven by a 34% increase in ARPU supported by a 30% increase in MAUs. These resulted in a 22% increase in the number of advertisements served and a 46% increase in the price of advertisements.
For the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020, revenue based on our estimate of the geographic location of our users increased by 65% in the United States to $390.4 million driven by a 50% increase in U.S. ARPU. International revenue increased by 170% to $94.8 million, driven by a 91% increase in international ARPU supported by a 37% increase in international MAUs.
Cost of Revenue
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020 % change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue $ 133,470  $ 99,232  35  %
Percentage of revenue 28  % 36  %
Cost of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased by $34.2 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher absolute hosting costs due to user growth.
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Research and Development
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020 % change
(in thousands)
Research and development $ 171,728  $ 145,704  18  %
Percentage of revenue 35  % 54  %
Research and development for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased by $26.0 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to a 14% increase in average headcount, which drove higher personnel expenses.
Sales and Marketing
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020 % change
(in thousands)
Sales and marketing $ 130,322  $ 117,027  11  %
Percentage of revenue 27  % 43  %
Sales and marketing for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased by $13.3 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to a 18% increase in average headcount, which drove higher personnel expenses.
General and Administrative
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020 % change
(in thousands)
General and administrative $ 72,618  $ 56,067  30  %
Percentage of revenue 15  % 21  %
General and administrative for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased by $16.6 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to a $18.9 million increase in non-cash charitable contributions.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020 % change
(in thousands)
Interest income $ 1,492  $ 7,151  (79) %
Interest expense and other income (expense) (1,563) (2,077) (25) %
Other income (expense), net $ (71) $ 5,074  (101) %
Other income (expense), net for the three months ended March 31, 2021 decreased by $5.1 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to lower returns on our marketable securities as a result of lower interest rates.
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Provision for (Benefit From) Income Taxes
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020 % change
(in thousands)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes $ (1,305) $ 180  (825) %
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes was primarily due to income (losses) generated by our foreign subsidiaries for each of the periods presented.
Net Loss and Adjusted EBITDA
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020 % change
(in thousands)
Net loss $ (21,674) $ (141,196) 85  %
Adjusted EBITDA $ 83,824  $ (53,320) 257  %
Net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $(21.7) million, as compared to $(141.2) million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Adjusted EBITDA was $83.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, as compared to $(53.3) million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, due to the factors described above. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” for more information and for a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have historically financed our operations primarily through sales of our stock and payments received from our customers. Our primary uses of cash are personnel-related costs and the cost of hosting our website and mobile application. As of March 31, 2021, we had $2,033.7 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Our cash equivalents and marketable securities are primarily invested in short-duration fixed income securities, including government and investment-grade corporate debt securities and money market funds. As of March 31, 2021, $94.8 million of our cash and cash equivalents was held by our foreign subsidiaries.
In November 2018, we entered into a five-year $500.0 million revolving credit facility with an accordion option which, if exercised, would allow us to increase the aggregate commitments by the greater of $100.0 million and 10% of our consolidated total assets, provided we are able to secure additional lender commitments and satisfy certain other conditions. Interest on any borrowings under the revolving credit facility accrues at either LIBOR plus 1.50% or at an alternative base rate plus 0.50%, at our election, and we are required to pay an annual commitment fee that accrues at 0.15% per annum on the unused portion of the aggregate commitments under the revolving credit facility.
The revolving credit facility also allows us to issue letters of credit, which reduce the amount we can borrow. We are required to pay a fee that accrues at 1.50% per annum on the average aggregate daily maximum amount available to be drawn under any outstanding letters of credit.
The revolving credit facility contains customary conditions to borrowing, events of default and covenants, including covenants that restrict our ability to incur indebtedness, grant liens, make distributions to holders of our stock or the stock of our subsidiaries, make investments or engage in transactions with our affiliates. The revolving credit facility also contains two financial maintenance covenants: a consolidated total assets covenant and a minimum liquidity balance of $350.0 million, which includes any available borrowing capacity. The obligations under the revolving credit facility are secured by liens on substantially all of our domestic assets, including certain domestic intellectual property assets. We are in compliance with all covenants and there were no amounts outstanding under this facility as of March 31, 2021.
We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and amounts available under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs over at least the next 12 months, though we continue to monitor the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our working capital needs and may require additional capital resources in the future.
For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, our net cash flows were as follows (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2021 2020
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities $ 270,579  $ 57,290 
Investing activities $ (35,058) $ 57,835 
Financing activities $ 9,344  $ (23,743)
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Operating Activities
Cash flows from operating activities consist of our net loss adjusted for certain non-cash reconciling items, such as share-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, non-cash charitable contributions and changes in our operating assets and liabilities. Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $213.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to a decrease in our net loss after adjusting for non-cash reconciling items and an increase in collections of accounts receivable.
Investing Activities
Cash flows from investing activities consist of capital expenditures for improvements to new and existing office spaces. We also actively manage our operating cash and cash equivalent balances and invest excess cash in short-duration marketable securities, the sales and maturities of which we use to fund our ongoing working capital requirements. Net cash used in investing activities increased by $92.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to decreased proceeds from maturities of marketable securities offset by increased purchases of marketable securities.
Financing Activities
Cash flows from financing activities consist of tax remittances on release of RSUs and proceeds from the exercise of stock options. Net cash provided by financing activities increased by $33.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to the absence of tax remittances on release of RSUs offset by a decrease in proceeds from the exercise of stock options.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2021.
Contractual Obligations
There have been no material changes to our non-cancelable contractual commitments since December 31, 2020.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses as well as related disclosures. Because these estimates and judgments may change from period to period, actual results could differ materially, which may negatively affect our financial condition or results of operations. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and various other assumptions that we consider reasonable, and we evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We refer to such estimates and judgments, discussed further below, as critical accounting policies and estimates.
Some of our estimates may require increased judgment due to the significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption of the global COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to monitor the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and our estimates and judgments may change materially as new events occur or additional information becomes available to us.
Refer to Note 1 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further information on our other significant accounting policies.
Revenue Recognition
We generate revenue by delivering ads on our website and mobile application. We recognize revenue only after transferring control of promised goods or services to customers, which occurs when a user clicks on an ad contracted on a CPC basis, views an ad contracted on a CPM basis or views a video ad contracted on a CPV basis. We typically bill customers on a CPC, CPM or CPV basis, and our payment terms vary by customer type and location. The term between billing and payment due dates is not significant.
We recognize revenue only after satisfying our contractual performance obligations. We occasionally offer customers free ad inventory, When contracts with our customers contain multiple performance obligations, we allocate the overall transaction price, which is the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for promised goods or services, to each of the distinct performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling prices. We
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generally determine standalone selling prices based on the effective price charged per contracted click, impression or view, and we do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations because the original expected duration of our contracts is generally less than one year.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to market risks, including changes in foreign currency exchange and interest rates, in the ordinary course of our business.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, and the functional currency of our subsidiaries is either their local currency or the U.S. dollar, depending on the circumstances. While the majority of our revenue and operating expenses are denominated in U.S. dollars, we have foreign currency risks related to our revenue and operating expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We have experienced and will continue to experience fluctuations in our net loss as a result of transaction gains or losses related to revaluing certain current asset and current liability balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the subsidiaries in which they are recorded. To date, these fluctuations have not been material. We have not engaged in hedging activities relating to our foreign currency exchange risk, although we may do so in the future. We do not believe a 10% increase or decrease in the relative value of the U.S. dollar would have materially affected our condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
Interest Rate Risk
As of March 31, 2021, we held cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $2,033.7 million. Our cash equivalents and marketable securities primarily consist of short-duration fixed income securities, including government and investment-grade corporate debt securities and money market funds, and our investment policy is meant to preserve capital and maintain liquidity. Changes in interest rates affect the interest income we earn on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and the fair value of our cash equivalents and marketable securities. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates would have decreased the market value of our cash equivalents and marketable securities by $7.5 million and $7.6 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer ("CEO") and chief financial officer ("CFO"), has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of March 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Further, while the majority of our employees are working remotely, we have not experienced any material impact in our internal control over financial reporting as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to monitor for and assess any effects the COVID-19 pandemic may have on the design or operating effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are currently involved in, and may in the future be involved in, actual and threatened legal proceedings, claims, investigations and government inquiries arising in the ordinary course of our business, including legal proceedings, claims, investigations and government inquiries involving intellectual property, data privacy and data protection, privacy and other torts, illegal or objectionable content, consumer protection, securities, corporate governance, securities, employment, workplace culture, contractual rights, civil rights infringement, false or misleading advertising, or other legal claims relating to content or information that is provided to us or published or made available on our service. This risk is enhanced in certain jurisdictions outside of the United States where our protection from liability for content published on our platform by third parties may be unclear and where we may be less protected under local laws than we are in the United States.
For information on certain litigation we are involved in, see "Legal Matters" in Note 3 of the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Although the results of the actual and threatened legal proceedings, claims, investigations and government inquiries in which we currently are involved cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that there is a reasonable possibility that the final outcome of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our business or financial results. Regardless of the final outcome, however, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, harm to our reputation and brand, and other factors.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
Investing in our Class A common stock involves a high degree of risk. In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes, before deciding to invest in our Class A common stock. The occurrence of any of the following risks could harm our business, reputation, revenue, financial results and prospects. In addition, risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial could also harm our business, revenue, financial results and prospects. If any of these risks occur, the value of our Class A common stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.
Risks Related to our Business Strategy and Growth
We are in the early stages of our monetization efforts and there is no assurance we will be able to scale our business for future growth.
We are in the early stages of our monetization efforts and are still growing and scaling our revenue model. Our growth strategy depends on, among other things, attracting more advertisers (including expanding our sales efforts to reach advertisers in additional international markets), scaling our business with existing advertisers and expanding our advertising product offerings. There is no assurance that this revenue model will continue to be successful or that we will generate increasing revenue. We do not know if we can sustain the current growth rate of our revenue. To sustain or increase our revenue, we must obtain new advertisers, encourage existing advertisers to maintain or increase their advertising spend on our platform, expand the number of markets where we offer advertising and increase the breadth and functionality of our advertising offerings, including new advertising formats and measurement tools.
In order to obtain new advertisers and further our relationship with current advertisers, we must increase the size of our user base or the engagement of our users. There is no assurance that our user growth or engagement strategy will continue to be successful or that we will increase the number of users on our service.
As we continue to grow our advertiser base, our revenue depends on our ability to effectively serve enough advertisements that meet the objectives of our advertisers while maintaining a high quality user experience. If we are unable to do this on our platform due to a decline in user growth or user engagement, changes in product features or user behavior where users engage increasingly with product features where we may not be able to display as many advertisements, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
In addition, to scale the growth of our ad platform, we will have to successfully develop and target ad products based on Pinners’ personal taste and interests, which will require broad and diverse Pinner data. If we are unable to do this with the data, technology and resources available to us, we may need to consider alternatives, such as partnerships, to grow our business. If we choose not to pursue these partnerships, or if these partnerships are unsuccessful, our business may prove less scalable, and our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
Our ecosystem of Pinners and advertisers depends on our ability to attract, retain and engage our user base. If we fail to add new Pinners or retain current Pinners, or if Pinners engage less with us, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
We must continue to attract, grow, retain and engage our users on our platform, who we call Pinners. Our active Pinners may not continue to grow, and may decline.
If current and potential Pinners do not perceive their experience with our service to be useful, or the content that we serve to them to be relevant to their personal taste and interests, we may not be able to attract new Pinners, retain existing Pinners or maintain or increase the frequency and duration of their engagement. In addition, if our existing Pinners do not continue to utilize our service or our user base does not continue to grow, we may be required to incur significantly higher marketing expenses than we currently anticipate to add new Pinners or retain current Pinners. Pinner engagement may also fluctuate depending on factors beyond our control, such as changes to daily life resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Although we saw higher engagement from Pinners during the COVID-19 pandemic, we have experienced and may continue to experience lower levels of Pinner engagement as the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic subside.
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We anticipate that our active user growth rate will decline over time if the size of our active user base increases or we achieve higher market penetration rates. If our active user growth rate slows, our financial performance will increasingly depend on our ability to increase Pinner engagement and our monetization efforts. We also may not be able to penetrate certain demographics in a meaningful manner to grow the number of Pinners. For example, in the United States, historically a substantial majority of our Pinners have been women of ages 18-64. We may not be able to further increase the number of Pinners in this demographic and would need to increase the number of Pinners in other demographics, such as men and international users, in order to maintain our user growth rate.
In addition, our products typically require high bandwidth data capabilities, and many Pinners live in countries with high-end mobile device penetration and high bandwidth capacity cellular networks with large coverage areas. Therefore, we do not expect to experience rapid user growth or engagement in countries with low smartphone penetration even if such countries have well-established and high bandwidth capacity cellular networks. We may also not experience rapid user growth or engagement in countries where, even though smartphone penetration is high, consumers rely heavily on Wi-Fi due to the lack of sufficient cellular based data network. We have entered into, and plan to continue to enter into, contracts with internet service providers that allow Pinners to access our mobile application without it counting toward their monthly data allowance, a practice known as “zero rating.” Such contracts may not be effective in increasing penetration or leading to user growth or revenue growth. Further, changes in regulations could adversely impact our existing and future contracts regarding our access to, and use of, zero-rating offers or other discounts or data usage for our service.
Our ability to serve advertisements on our platform, and therefore the value proposition for our advertisers, depends on the size and engagement of our user base. Our growth efforts are not currently focused on increasing the number of daily active users, and we do not anticipate that most of our users will become daily active users. Therefore, even if we are able to increase demand for our advertising products, we may not be able to deliver those advertisements if we cannot also increase the size and engagement of our user base, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
There are many other factors that could negatively affect user growth, retention and engagement, including if:
our competitors mimic our products or product features, causing Pinners to utilize their products instead of, or more frequently than, our products;
we do not provide a compelling Pinner experience because of the decisions we make regarding our products or the type and frequency of advertisements that we display;
our content is not relevant to Pinners’ personal taste and interests;
third parties do not permit or continue to permit their content to be displayed on our platform;
Pinners have difficulty installing, updating or otherwise accessing our service on mobile devices or web browsers;
there are changes in the amount of time Pinners spend across all applications and platforms, including ours;
technical or other problems frustrate the Pinner experience, particularly if those problems prevent us from delivering our service in a fast and reliable manner;
we are unable to address Pinner and advertiser concerns regarding the content, privacy and security of our service;
we are unable to combat spam, harassment, cyberbullying, discriminatory, political or other hostile, inappropriate, misleading, abusive or offensive content or usage on our products or services;
Pinners adopt new technologies where our products or services may be displaced in favor of other products or services, or may not be featured or otherwise available;
third-party initiatives that may enable greater use of our service, including low-cost or discounted data plans, are discontinued;
merchants on Pinterest do not provide Pinners with positive shopping experiences, for example, if products are not of the quality depicted on the platform or not readily available for purchase; or
the other risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Any decrease in user growth, retention or engagement could render our service less attractive to Pinners or advertisers, and could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
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If we are not able to continue to provide content that is useful and relevant to Pinners’ personal taste and interests or fail to remove objectionable content or block objectionable practices by advertisers or third parties, user growth, retention or engagement could decline, which could result in the loss of advertisers and revenue.
Our success depends on our ability to provide Pinners with content, including advertisements, that is useful and relevant to their personal taste and interests. This depends on the content contributed by our users, creators and advertisers and the manner in which we present that content to Pinners. Pinners engage with content that is relevant to their country, language and gender preferences as well as their personal intent. We may not correctly or timely identify and serve content that is useful and relevant to Pinners. In addition, new content and new forms of content we distribute may not have as much relevancy signal for optimal distribution of the pins as prior content and forms of content that have been saved repeatedly on our platform which may result in lower Pinner engagement of such content. For example, we are investing in publishing more native content on our platform, including the introduction of story pins. Pinner engagement may decline as we learn to distribute this native content efficiently and as Pinners learn new ways to use and navigate our platform. Content that is not visually pleasing, is not intuitive or easy to use or is not in the desired language may not be engaging for Pinners, especially in non-U.S. markets. If Pinners do not believe that we offer content that is useful and relevant to their personal taste and interests, user growth, retention or engagement may decline, which could result in the loss of advertisers and revenue.
Some of the actions that we may take to make our content more useful and relevant may reduce traffic that we drive from our platform to the websites of third parties, which may reduce their willingness to contribute or continue availability of their content on our service. We endeavor to keep divisive, disturbing or unsafe content off our service. We do this by deleting or hiding certain types of content, even if this content would be permitted on other platforms, which could result in decrease in user growth, retention or engagement. We apply significant judgment in making these determinations and may be unsuccessful in our efforts to remove this content in a manner that is (or perceived to be) consistently applied and on a timely basis or at all, which could also result in a decrease in user growth, retention or engagement. Further, if we fail to identify and keep off our service advertisers and merchants who offer poor quality goods or fail to deliver goods to their customers, we may lose Pinner confidence. Controversies regarding content on other social media platforms, such as the boycott of Facebook and Twitter by some advertisers, may impact user engagement and advertising spending on our platform, which could adversely affect our business and revenue.
We regularly monitor how our advertising affects Pinners’ experiences in order to avoid delivering too many advertisements or irrelevant advertisements to Pinners. Therefore, we may decide to change the number of advertisements or eliminate certain types of advertisements to maintain Pinners’ satisfaction in the service. We may make changes to our platform based on feedback provided by Pinners or advertisers. These decisions may not produce the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case user growth, retention and engagement, our relationships with advertisers, and our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
Current and future data privacy laws and regulations, including the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the “CCPA”), the California Privacy Rights Act (the "CPRA") which became effective January 2020, or new interpretations of existing laws and regulations, may limit our ability to collect and use data, which may impact our ability to effectively deliver relevant content. These laws and regulations may also impact our ability to expand advertising on our platform, as they may impede our ability to deliver targeted advertising and accurately measure our ad performance. Additionally, even if not prohibited by data privacy laws and regulations, we may elect not to collect certain types of data if we believe doing so would be inconsistent with our Pinners’ expectations, if the source is unreliable or for any other reason. Similarly, the increase in media attention about online privacy and data protection may motivate Pinners to take certain actions to protect their privacy. Pinners may elect not to allow data sharing for a number of reasons, such as data privacy concerns. This could impact our ability to deliver relevant content aligned with Pinners’ personal taste and interests. Additionally, the impact of these developments may disproportionately affect our business in comparison to certain peers in the technology sector that, by virtue of the scope and breadth of their operations or user base, have greater access to user data.
Substantially all our revenue is generated from advertising, and a decline in user growth, retention or engagement as a result of our inability to provide relevant and useful content to Pinners, and therefore our inability to serve the volume of advertisements desired by our advertisers, may deter new advertisers from using our platform or cause current advertisers to reduce their spending with us or cease doing business with us altogether, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
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We may make decisions consistent with our mission and values that may reduce our short- or medium-term operating results.
Our mission—to bring everyone the inspiration to create a life they love—and company values are integral to everything we do. We frequently make decisions regarding our business and service in accordance with our mission and values that may reduce our short- or medium-term operating results if we believe those decisions will improve the experiences of Pinners, advertisers, employees or our community, and therefore benefit our business. For example, we may choose to remove content that we have determined does not create an inspiring experience for Pinners or revise our policies in ways that decrease Pinner engagement. These decisions may not be consistent with the expectations of investors and any longer-term benefits may not materialize within the time frame we expect or at all, any of which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
If we are unable to compete effectively for users, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
We face significant competition to attract, retain and engage users and for their time and attention. We primarily compete with consumer internet companies that are either tools (search, ecommerce) or media (newsfeeds, video, social networks).
We compete with larger, more established companies such as Amazon, Facebook (including Instagram), Google (including YouTube), Snap, TikTok and Twitter, which provide their users with a variety of online products, services, content (including video) and advertising offerings, including web search engines, social networks and other means of discovering, using or acquiring goods and services. Many of these competitors have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial, technical, research, marketing and other resources and larger user bases than we do. These competitors also have access to larger volumes of data and platforms that are used on a more frequent basis than ours, which may enable them to better understand their user base and develop and deliver more relevant content.
Our competitors have previously and may continue to develop technology, products, services or interfaces that are similar to our existing and future products quickly and at scale, or that achieve greater market acceptance than our products. Some of our competitors also operate existing products that have significant market power in certain market sectors and could use that market power to advance their own products or services that compete with ours. For example, Amazon, Google and Snap have introduced shopping platforms, each with camera search functionality, Facebook and Instagram have enhanced their shopping features, such as a shop tab and checkout functionality, Google has developed a series of features on Google Image Search that are similar to those of our service, including shoppable ads and a version of boards, called “Collections,” and Instagram and other platforms allow users to bookmark and save images and other content and create collections. These competitors may engage in more extensive research and development efforts and undertake more extensive marketing campaigns, which may allow them to build larger, more engaged user bases than we have. Also, some of our existing or potential competitors operate products or services from which we currently derive substantial value, such as search engines and email, and those competitors could reduce or eliminate the value and information we receive.
We also face competition from smaller companies in one or more high-value verticals, including Allrecipes, Houzz and Tastemade, that offer users engaging content and commerce opportunities through similar technology, products, features or services to ours. In addition, emerging startups may be able to innovate and provide technology, products, services or features similar to ours or before us.
Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly than we can to new or emerging technologies and changes in user preferences. Barriers to entry in our industry are low, and our intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to prevent competitors from launching comparable products or services.
In emerging international markets, where mobile devices often lack large storage capabilities, we may also compete with other applications for the limited space available on a user’s mobile device.
We believe that our ability to compete for users depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including:
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the usefulness, novelty, performance and reliability of our service compared to those of our competitors;
the timing and market acceptance of our products, including the developments and enhancements to those products, offered by us or our competitors;
our brand strength relative to our competitors; and
the other risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
If we are unable to compete effectively for users, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
If we are unable to compete effectively for advertisers, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
We face significant competition for advertising revenue across a variety of formats. To compete effectively, we must enable our advertisers to easily create content and buy, forecast, optimize and measure the performance of advertising on our platform. In order to grow our revenue and improve our operating results, we must increase our share of advertising spend relative to our competitors, many of which are larger companies that offer more traditional and widely accepted advertising products, as well as more robust tools to measure the effectiveness of advertising campaigns.
Some of our larger competitors have substantially broader product or service offerings and leverage their relationships based on other products or services to gain additional share of advertising spend. They have large distributed sales forces and an increasing amount of control over mobile distribution channels. These competitors’ economies of scale allow them to have access to larger volumes of data and platforms that are used on a more frequent basis than ours, which may enable them to better understand their user base and develop and deliver more targeted advertising. They may not need to rely on third-party data, including data provided by advertisers, in order to effectively target the campaigns of advertisers, which could make their advertising products more attractive to advertisers than ours if third-party data ceases to be available to us, whether because of regulatory changes, privacy concerns or other reasons. If we are unable to provide our advertisers with the ability to effectively target their advertising campaigns, or if our advertisers do not believe that our value proposition is as compelling as those of our competitors, we may not be able to attract new advertisers or retain existing ones, and our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
We believe that our ability to compete for advertisers, depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including:
sales, marketing, customer service and support efforts;
first- and third-party data available to us relative to our competitors;
ease of use, performance, price and reliability of solutions developed either by us or our competitors;
the attractiveness and volume of our product and service offerings (including measurement tools) compared to those of our competitors;
the strength of our advertiser relationships and offerings compared to those of our competitors;
the ease with which our advertising products fit into existing advertiser budgets compared to those of our competitors;
positions or actions taken by us, Pinners, advertisers or other third parties that may impact our brand and reputation or the desirability of advertising on social media and other online platforms in general; and
the other risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
If we are unable to compete effectively for advertisers, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
We may not be able to develop effective products and tools for advertisers.
Growth in our advertising revenue depends on our ability to continue to develop and offer effective products and tools for advertisers. New ad formats that take up more space on our platform may result in fewer impressions, which could adversely affect our revenue. Alternatively, new ad formats, such as video ads, may be more engaging and users may spend less time browsing or searching on our platform, which could adversely affect our revenue. As the advertising market generates and develops new concepts and technology, we may incur additional costs to implement more effective products and tools. Continuing to develop and improve these products and tools may require significant time and resources and additional investment. If we cannot continue to develop and improve our advertising products and
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tools in a timely fashion, or if our advertising products and tools are not well received by advertisers, our advertising revenue could be adversely affected.
We may not succeed in further expanding and monetizing our platform internationally and may be subject to increased international business and economic risks.
We plan to continue expanding our business operations outside the United States and offering content and advertising to Pinners and advertisers in other languages and countries. We plan to continue to enter new international markets where we have limited or no experience in deploying our service or selling advertisements. In order to expand successfully, we need to offer content and products that are customized and relevant to local Pinners and advertisers, which requires significant investment of time and resources. We may launch our advertising platform in countries where we do not have sales staffing in place, where market perception of our service and ad platform may be low or where our audience size in a given market may be low relative to advertiser expectations, all or any of which could limit our ability to monetize those countries. As we expand into new international markets, we may not yet understand the full scope of Pinners’ personal taste and interests, demographics and culture in those markets, as well as advertiser expectations, target audiences and return on advertising spend. This may cause us to expand into markets before we are able to offer a service and advertising platform that has been sufficiently localized for those markets or where those markets lack the necessary demand and infrastructure for long-term adoption of our service. For example, we may experience challenges adapting our content and search tools to be localized for new markets, or establishing sufficient high quality advertising inventory to deliver relevant localized experiences in new markets. This may cause us to limit our expansion or decrease our operations in international markets, including discontinuing advertising in those markets or not monetizing those markets at all, which could harm our reputation and business, revenue and financial results. If the advertising market does not scale sufficiently or we are unsuccessful in deploying or managing our operations in these markets, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
We are subject to a variety of risks inherent in doing business internationally, and our exposure to these risks will increase as we continue to expand our operations, user base and advertiser base globally. These risks include:
political, social and economic instability;
selective or inconsistent government regulatory action or enforcement;
fluctuations in currency exchange rates and restrictions on currency conversions;
higher levels of credit risk and payment fraud;
enhanced difficulties of integrating any foreign acquisitions;
reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;
difficulties in staffing and managing global operations and the increased travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with multiple international locations and subsidiaries;
different regulations and practices with respect to employee/employer relationships, existence of workers’ councils and labor unions, and other challenges caused by distance, language and cultural differences, making it harder to do business in certain international jurisdictions;
increasing labor costs due to high wage inflation in certain international jurisdictions;
compliance with statutory requirements relating to our equity;
regulations that might add difficulties in repatriating cash earned outside the United States and otherwise prevent us from freely moving cash;
import and export controls and restrictions and changes in trade regulations, including sanctions;
compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and similar laws in other jurisdictions;
compliance with laws governing supply chains and related business operations;
compliance with GDPR and similar data privacy and data protection laws;
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compliance with laws that might restrict content or advertising or require us to provide user information, including confidential information, to local authorities;
macroeconomic conditions, such as the COVID-19 pandemic which had an impact on the pace of our global expansion;
compliance with multiple tax jurisdictions and management of tax impact of global operations; and
the other risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
If we are unable to expand internationally and manage the complexity of global operations successfully, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
We cannot assure you that we will effectively manage the growth of our business.
We have experienced rapid growth and demand for our service since inception. The growth and expansion of our business and product offerings and the increase in full-time employees place significant challenges on our management, operational and financial resources, including managing multiple relationships with Pinners, advertisers, technology licensors and other third parties. If we continue to grow our operations or the number of our third-party relationships, our technology systems, procedures or internal controls may not be adequate.
As our organization continues to grow in number of employees and offices and we are required to implement more complex organizational management structures, we also find it increasingly difficult to preserve our workplace culture, including our ability to quickly develop and launch new and innovative products and adequately oversee employees and business functions. This is particularly true in recent times where we have shut down most of our offices (including our headquarters) in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and a significant majority of our workforce is remote. Our inability to effectively manage growth of our organization may harm our business, revenue and financial results.
We may acquire other businesses, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and harm our business, revenue and financial results.
As part of our business strategy, we have made and intend to make acquisitions to add specialized employees and complementary companies, products or technologies. Our previous and future acquisitions may not achieve our goals, and we may not realize benefits from acquisitions we make in the future. Any integration process will require significant time and resources, and we may not be able to manage the process successfully. If we fail to successfully integrate acquisitions, or the personnel or technologies associated with those acquisitions, the business, revenue and financial results of the combined company could be harmed. Our acquisition strategy may change over time and future acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by Pinners, advertisers, investors or other parties with whom we do business. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology and accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition, including accounting charges. We may also incur unanticipated liabilities that we assume as a result of acquiring companies. We may have to pay cash, incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition, each of which could affect our financial condition or the value of our securities. We would expect to finance any future acquisitions through a combination of additional issuances of equity, corporate indebtedness, asset-backed acquisition financing or cash from operations. The sale of equity to finance any such acquisitions could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations. In the future, we may not be able to find other suitable acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. Our acquisition strategy could require significant management attention, disrupt our business and harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Risks relating to our Business Operations
The global COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has disrupted and harmed and is expected to continue to disrupt and harm our business and results of operations.
The global COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and the various attempts to contain it have created significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. It has adversely affected the broader economies, financial markets and overall demand for advertising.
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As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we temporarily closed all our offices (including our corporate headquarters) globally and implemented certain travel restrictions, both of which have disrupted and could continue to disrupt how we operate our business, including limiting certain of our sales and marketing plans and requiring us to manage a significant majority of our workforce remotely. Moreover, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ability and willingness of advertisers to spend on our services has fluctuated. We have experienced and may continue to experience lower levels of Pinner engagement and user growth rate as the COVID-19 pandemic subsides. We cannot predict how evolving events related to the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to affect Pinner and advertiser behavior in the future. The pandemic has, and could in the future, adversely affect our business, revenue growth rate, financial performance and stock price. Although we are continuing to invest in our strategic priorities, we are actively monitoring and adjusting our spending in light of the evolving business environment resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. If we are not able to successfully manage our spending and investment it could have a material adverse effect on our balance sheet, business, results of operations and future growth.
Further, during the COVID-19 pandemic and the related shelter-in-place order we saw an increase in Pinner engagement. As the pandemic subsides, we have and may continue to experience challenges such as user engagement declining or user behavior changing unexpectedly and in ways that are difficult to anticipate or measure, resulting in reduced or different usage of our platform. As a result, engagement as well as metrics such as revenues, operating margins and other financial and operating data, may not be indicative of results for future periods.
We are currently unable to accurately predict the full impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our financial results due to uncertainties regarding the duration of the pandemic, including any resurgences, the extent and effectiveness of containment actions and other public health measures, the distribution and public acceptance of vaccines and treatments, and the impact of these and other factors on our employees, users, advertisers, partners and vendors. The pandemic as well as any subsequent recovery period, may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factor” section.
Our business depends on a strong brand and reputation, and if we are unable to maintain and enhance our brand and reputation, our ability to expand our user and advertiser base will be impaired and our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
We believe that our brand, identity and reputation has significantly contributed to the success of our business. We also believe that maintaining and enhancing the “Pinterest” brand and reputation is critical to retaining and growing our user and advertiser base. Maintaining and enhancing our brand and reputation depends largely on our continued ability to provide high-quality, relevant, reliable, trustworthy and innovative products, which may require substantial investment and may not be successful. We may need to introduce new products or updates to existing products that require Pinners to agree to new terms of service that Pinners do not like, which may negatively affect our brand and reputation. Additionally, advertisements or actions of our advertisers may affect our brand and reputation if Pinners do not think the advertisements help them accomplish their objectives, view the advertisements as intrusive, annoying or misleading or have poor experiences with our advertisers. In addition, our brand, identity and reputation may be adversely affected by perceptions of social media platforms in general, including perceptions resulting from factors unrelated to the company’s actions or the content or actions of Pinners, such as the boycott of Facebook and Twitter by some advertisers.
Our brand and reputation may also be negatively affected by the content or actions of Pinners that are deemed to be hostile or inappropriate to other Pinners, by the actions of Pinners acting under false or inauthentic identities, by the use of our products or services to disseminate information that is deemed to be misleading, or by the use of our service for illicit, illegal or objectionable ends. We also may fail to respond expeditiously to the sharing of illegal, illicit or objectionable content on our service or objectionable practices by advertisers, or to otherwise address Pinner or advertiser concerns, which could erode confidence in our brand and damage our reputation. We expect that our ability to identify and respond to this content in a consistently applied manner and on a timely basis or at all may decrease as the number of Pinners grows, as the amount of content on the platform increases or as we expand our product and service offerings, such as video. Any governmental or regulatory inquiry, investigation or action, including based on the appearance of illegal, illicit or objectionable content on our platform, our business practices, or failure to comply with laws and regulations, could damage our brand and reputation, regardless of the outcome.
We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, media, legislative, governmental, regulatory, investor and other third-party scrutiny of our decisions. Any scrutiny, inquiry, investigation or action, including regarding our data privacy, copyright, content, employment or other practices, workplace culture, charitable giving, product changes, product quality, litigation or regulatory action or regarding the actions of our employees, Pinners or advertisers or other
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issues, may harm our brand and reputation. In addition, scrutiny of other companies in our industry, including their impact on user “screen time” or their content policies or data privacy practices, could also have a negative impact on our brand and reputation. These concerns, whether actual or unfounded, may also deter Pinners or advertisers from using our service.
Adverse publicity, whether or not accurate, relating to events or activities attributed to us, our employees, third-party vendors, or our advertisers, or to social media platforms in general, may tarnish our reputation and reduce the value of our brand. If we fail to promote and maintain the “Pinterest” brand or preserve our reputation, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
If our security is compromised, or Pinners or advertisers believe our security has been compromised, we could lose the trust of Pinners and advertisers who may use our service less or may stop using our service altogether, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Our efforts to protect the information that Pinners and advertisers have shared with us may be unsuccessful due to the actions of third parties, software bugs or other technical malfunctions, cyberattacks, employee error or malfeasance, hacking, viruses or other factors. In addition, third parties may attempt to induce our employees, Pinners, advertisers or vendors to disclose information to gain access to our data, advertisers' data or Pinners’ data. Further, because the login credentials or passwords employed by Pinners to access our service may be similar to or the same as the ones that they use in connection with other platforms or websites, a breach in the security of those platforms or websites can allow third parties to gain unauthorized access to Pinners’ accounts on our service. If any of the events described above occur, our information or Pinners’ or advertisers' information could be accessed or disclosed improperly. If a third-party gains unauthorized access to our service, they may amongst other things that could negatively affect our products and our business, post malicious spam and other content on our platform using a Pinner’s or advertiser’s account.
Some third parties, including advertisers and vendors, may store information that we share with them on their networks. If these third parties fail to implement adequate data-security practices or fail to comply with our terms and policies, Pinners’ data may be improperly accessed, used or disclosed. Even if these third parties take all the necessary precautions, their networks may still suffer a breach, which could compromise Pinners' data.
Any incidents where Pinners’, advertisers or our information is accessed without authorization or is improperly used, or incidents that violate our privacy policy, terms of service or other policies, or the perception that an incident has occurred, could damage our brand and reputation, adversely impact our competitive position and result in significant costs. We may need to notify government authorities or affected Pinners regarding security incidents, and government authorities or affected Pinners or advertisers could initiate legal or regulatory action against us over those incidents, which could cause us to incur significant expense and liability or result in orders or consent decrees forcing us to modify our business practices. Maintaining the trust of Pinners and advertisers is important to sustain user growth, retention and engagement, and we may incur significant costs in an effort to detect and prevent any security incidents. Concerns over our information security or data privacy practices, whether actual or unfounded, could subject us to negative publicity and damage our brand and reputation and deter Pinners and advertisers from using our service. Any of these occurrences could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
We generate substantially all of our revenue from advertising. The failure to attract new advertisers, the loss of advertisers or a reduction in how much they spend could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Substantially all of our revenue is generated from third-party advertising, a trend that we expect to continue. Most advertisers do not have long-term advertising commitments with us. Many of our advertisers only recently started working with us and spend a relatively small portion of their overall advertising budget with us. In order to increase the number of advertisers and increase the portion of the advertising budget that our existing advertisers spend with us, we must invest in new tools and expand our sales force, and there can be no assurance that those efforts will be successful. The insights on user behavior we provide to advertisers may not yield effective results for the advertisers and may reduce or stop their spend on our platform. In addition, advertisers may view some of our products or our platform as experimental and may devote only a small portion of their advertising spend to our platform unless we improve existing and develop new measurement tools that better demonstrate the effectiveness of our platform. In addition, many advertisers do not have advertising creative content in a format that would be successful on our platform and may be unable or unwilling to devote the technical or financial resources required to develop content for our platform. While we continue to develop and deploy tools to allow advertisers to create content for our platform, we may be unable to develop tools that effectively and efficiently meet the needs of advertisers. Advertisers will not do, or
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continue to do, business with us if they do not believe that our advertisements are effective in meeting their campaign goals, if we cannot measure the effectiveness of our advertising products or if they do not believe that their investment in advertising with us will generate a competitive return relative to other alternatives.
A substantial portion of our revenue is derived from a small number of advertisers, and is currently concentrated in certain verticals, particularly CPG and retail. We either contract directly with advertisers or with advertising agencies on behalf of advertisers. Many of these advertising agencies are owned by large media corporations that exercise varying degrees of control over the agencies. Our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed by the loss of, or a deterioration in our relationship with, any of our largest advertisers or with any advertising agencies or the large media corporations that control them.
Our advertising revenue could be harmed by many other factors, including:
changes in the price of advertisements;
our inability to create new products that sustain or increase the value of our advertisements;
our inability to meet advertiser demand on our platform if we cannot increase the size and engagement of our user base;
our inability to find the right balance between brand and performance advertising and provide the right products and platform to support the pricing and demand needed for each of the advertisers;
changes in Pinner demographics that make us less attractive to advertisers;
our inability to make our ads more relevant and effective;
any decision to serve contextually relevant advertisements when the price of relevant advertisements may be lower than other advertisements that we could show Pinners that are less relevant;
the availability, accuracy and utility of our analytics and measurement solutions that demonstrate the value of our advertisements, or our ability to further improve such tools;
changes to our data privacy practices (including as a result of changes to laws or regulations or third-party policies) that affect the type or manner of advertising that we are able to provide;
our inability to collect and share data which new or existing advertisers find useful;
competitive developments or advertiser perception of the value of our products;
product changes or advertising inventory management decisions we make that change the type, size or frequency of advertisements on our platform;
Pinners that upload content or take other actions that are deemed to be hostile, inappropriate, illicit, objectionable, illegal or otherwise not consistent with our advertisers’ brand;
the impact of invalid clicks or click fraud on our advertisements;
the failure of our advertising auction mechanism to target and price ads effectively;
difficulty and frustration from advertisers who may need to reformat or change their advertisements to comply with our guidelines or experience challenges uploading and conforming their advertisements with our system requirements;
the macroeconomic conditions and the status of the advertising industry, such as the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, its uncertain duration and recovery, which could cause businesses to spend less on advertising and/or direct their advertising spend to larger companies that offer more traditional and widely accepted advertising products; and
the other risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. .
These and other factors could reduce the amount that advertisers spend on our platform, or cause advertisers to stop advertising with us altogether. Any of these events could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
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Our ability to attract and retain advertisers depends on our ability to collect and use data and develop tools to enable us to effectively deliver and accurately measure advertisements on our platform.
Most advertisers rely on tools that measure the effectiveness of their ad campaigns in order to allocate their advertising spend among various formats and platforms. If we are unable to measure the effectiveness of advertising on our platform or we are unable to convince advertisers that our platform should be part of a larger advertising budget, our ability to increase the demand and pricing of our advertising products and maintain or scale our revenue may be limited. Our tools may be less developed than those of other platforms with which we compete for advertising spend. Therefore, our ability to develop and offer tools that accurately measure the effectiveness of a campaign on our platform is critical to our ability to attract new advertisers and retain, and increase spend from, our existing advertisers.
We are continually developing and improving these tools and such efforts have and are likely to continue to require significant time and resources and additional investment, and in some cases we have relied on and may in the future rely on third parties to provide data and technology needed to provide certain measurement data to our advertisers. If we cannot continue to develop and improve our advertising tools in a timely fashion, those tools are not reliable, or the measurement results are inconsistent with advertiser goals, our advertising revenue could be adversely affected.
Many existing advertiser tools that measure the effectiveness of advertising do not account for the role of advertising early in a Pinner's decision-making process, which is when many Pinners come to our service. Instead, these tools measure the last ad or content that was exposed to the Pinner that gets credit for influencing any Pinner’s purchase or action. As a result, we may not be able to demonstrate and measure for our advertisers the value of engaging with a Pinner during the early intent phase.
In addition, web and mobile browser developers, such as Apple, Microsoft or Google, have implemented and may continue to implement changes, including requiring additional user permissions, in their browser or device operating system that impair our ability to measure and improve the effectiveness of advertising on our platform. Such changes include, limiting the use of first-party and third-party cookies and related tracking technologies, such as mobile advertising identifiers, and other changes that limit our ability to collect information that allows us to attribute user actions on advertisers’ websites to the effectiveness of advertising campaigns run on our platform. For example, Apple launched its Intelligent Tracking Prevention (“ITP”) feature in its Safari browser. ITP blocks some or all third-party cookies by default on mobile and desktop and ITP has become increasingly restrictive over time. Apple's related Privacy-Preserving Ad Click attribution (PPAC), intended to preserve some of the functionality lost with ITP, would limit cross-site and cross-device attribution, prevent measurement outside a narrowly-defined attribution window, and prevent ad re-targeting and optimization. Similarly, Google announced that it plans to stop supporting third-party cookies in its Google Chrome browser. Further, Apple announced certain changes, including introducing an AppTrackingTransparency framework that will limit the ability of mobile applications to request an iOS device’s advertising identifier and may also affect our ability to track user actions off our platform and connect their interactions with on-platform advertising.
In addition, third-parties, such as Apple, Microsoft or Google, have implemented and may continue to implement changes and restrictions in browser or device functionality including by limiting the use of cookies, or that limit our ability to communicate with or understand the identity of our Pinners.
All these restrictions described above make it more difficult for us to provide the most relevant ads to our Pinners, measure the effectiveness of, and to re-target and optimize, advertising on our platform.
Developers may release additional technology that further inhibits our ability to collect data that allows us to measure the effectiveness of advertising on our platform. Any other restriction, whether by law, regulation, policy (including third-party policies) or otherwise, on our ability to collect and share data which our advertisers find useful, our ability to use or benefit from tracking and measurement technologies, including cookies, or that further reduce our ability to measure the effectiveness of advertising on our platform would impede our ability to attract, grow and retain advertisers. Advertisers and other third parties who provide data that helps us deliver personalized, relevant advertising may restrict or stop sharing this data. If they stop sharing this data with us, it may not be possible for us to collect this data within the product or from another source.
We rely heavily on our ability to collect and share data and metrics for our advertisers to help new and existing advertisers understand the performance of advertising campaigns. If advertisers do not perceive our metrics to be accurate representations of our user base and user engagement, or if we discover inaccuracies in our metrics, they
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may be less willing to allocate their budgets or resources to our platform, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Pinner metrics and other estimates are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in those metrics could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
We regularly review metrics, including the number of our active users and other measures to evaluate growth trends, measure our performance and make strategic decisions. These metrics are calculated using internal company data and have not been validated by an independent third-party. While these numbers are based on what we currently believe to be reasonable estimates for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring how our products are used across large populations globally. Our metrics calculations may be inaccurate, and we may not be able to identify those inaccuracies. In the past, we have relied on other metrics that measure different activities, such as saving a Pin, clicking, searching and other activities, as indicators of user growth and engagement. We have in the past implemented, and may from time to time in the future implement, new methodologies for calculating these metrics which may result in the metrics from prior periods changing, decreasing or not being comparable to prior periods. For example, in the second quarter of 2018, we implemented our current methodology for tracking active users. We have restated our active user data for periods from the fourth quarter of 2016 to the first quarter of 2018 based on the information that was available to us under the prior methodology in a way that we believe is comparable to the current methodology. However, we were not able to restate active users for periods prior to the fourth quarter of 2016 based on the data available to us from those periods. As a result, active user information for the first, second and third quarters of 2016 are based on the prior methodology, although we believe the differences are not material. Our prior methodology for measuring active users relied on different signals depending on the platform where the user activity was measured—iOS, Android, web and mobile web—and inferred user activity in a way that required removal of certain data that would not indicate active use, such as background system requests. Our metrics may also differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics of our competitors due to differences in methodology or data used.
Our MAU metrics may also be impacted by our information quality efforts, which are our overall efforts to reduce malicious activity on our platform, including of false, spam and malicious automation accounts in existence on our service. We regularly deactivate false, spam and malicious automation accounts that violate our terms of service, and exclude these users from the calculation of our MAU metrics; however, we will not succeed in identifying and removing all false, spam and malicious accounts from our service. We are continually seeking to improve our ability to estimate the total number of false, spam or malicious accounts and we intend to continue to make such improvements. In addition, users are not prohibited from having more than one account on our service, and we treat multiple accounts held by a single person as multiple users for purposes of calculating our active users.
In addition, some of our Pinner demographic data may be incomplete or inaccurate. For example, because Pinners self-report their date of birth, our age-demographic data may differ from Pinners’ actual ages, or be unavailable. We receive age-demographic data for a portion of those Pinners from other third-party accounts that Pinners chose to authenticate with on our service, such as Facebook and Google, but there can be no assurance that those platforms will continue to give us permission to access that data or that the data we receive from those third parties is accurate. In addition, our data regarding the geographic location of Pinners and revenue by user geography is estimated based on a number of factors, which may not always accurately reflect the actual location and may be different depending on the metric we are calculating. If our metrics provide us with incorrect or incomplete information about Pinners and their behavior, we may make inaccurate conclusions about our business.
Our business depends on our ability to maintain and scale our technology infrastructure, including speed and availability of our service.
Our reputation and ability to attract, retain and serve Pinners and advertisers is dependent upon the reliable performance of our service and our underlying technology infrastructure and content delivery processes. From time to time, we are subject to interruptions in or disruptions of our systems. If our platform is unavailable when Pinners or advertisers attempt to access it, if it does not load as quickly as they expect or if their content is not saved, Pinners may not return to our platform as often in the future, or at all.
Our advertisers must be able to easily buy, forecast, optimize and measure the performance of ads on a responsive and stable platform. Advertisers will not continue to do business with us if our technology infrastructure is not reliable. Our systems may not be adequately designed with the necessary reliability and redundancy to avoid performance delays or outages that could harm our business. Our systems may not be adequately designed to avoid performance
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delays or outages. For example, our engineering teams' broad access to our systems is designed for speed and release velocity, which increases the risk of disruptive intentional and unintentional (and potentially premature) updates and changes being made directly to our live platforms and services. As our user and advertiser base and the volume and types of information shared on our service continue to grow, we will need an increasing amount of technology infrastructure, including network capacity and computing power, to continue to satisfy the needs of Pinners and advertisers, which could increase our costs. It is possible that we may fail to effectively scale and grow our technology infrastructure to accommodate these increased demands, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results. Further, in the event of a systems failure, employee error, failure or interruption of services by AWS, malicious intent by employees or third parties, we may lose all or substantial amounts of data and we may not be able to recover such data quickly or at all. Such loss of data could adversely affect our business and financial results.
In addition, our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage, delays or interruptions from fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, spikes in usage volume, terrorist attacks, acts of war, earthquakes and similar events. We are particularly vulnerable to these types of events because our cloud computing infrastructure is currently located in one geographic region. In addition, the substantial majority of our employees are based in our headquarters located in San Francisco, California. If there is a catastrophic failure involving our systems or major disruptive event affecting our headquarters or the San Francisco area in general, we may be unable to operate our service.
A substantial portion of our technology infrastructure is provided by third parties. Any disruption or failure in the services we receive from these providers could harm our ability to handle existing or increased traffic or cause our platform to become unavailable, which could harm our business. We exercise little control over these providers and have limited line of sight into their governance, and any financial or other difficulties these providers face may harm our business.
The occurrence of any of the foregoing risks could result in damage to our systems and hardware or could cause them to fail completely, and our insurance may not cover such risks or may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. These events may result in distraction of management, loss of revenue and costs from litigation and enforcement. In addition, they could also result in significant expense to repair or replace damaged facilities and remedy resultant data loss or corruption. A prolonged interruption in the availability or reduction in the speed or other functionality of our products could materially harm our reputation and business.
The loss of one or more of our key personnel, or our failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
We currently depend on the continued services and performance of our key personnel, including Benjamin Silbermann and others. Mr. Silbermann’s employment, and the employment of our other key personnel, is at will, which means they may resign or be terminated for any reason at any time. In addition, much of our key technology and systems are custom-made for our business by our personnel. The loss of key personnel, including key members of management as well as our key engineering, design, marketing, sales and product development personnel, could disrupt our operations and harm our business.
In addition, it is important to our business to attract and retain highly talented personnel, particularly engineers with expertise in computer vision, artificial intelligence and machine learning. As we grow our business, we may find our recruiting and retention efforts more challenging because the marketplace for talent is highly competitive. The incentives provided by our stock option grants, restricted stock grants and restricted stock unit grants, or by other compensation and benefits arrangements, may not be effective to attract and retain employees. We may also be required to enhance wages, benefits and non-equity incentives. If we are unable to meet employees and potential employees' expectations, we may experience difficulties attracting and retaining personnel. Following an independent review of our workplace culture, a Special Committee of our Board has made a number of recommendations, which we are working to implement. Our ongoing efforts to address workplace culture, implement our Special Committee's recommendations and resolve certain related allegations or claims have resulted in, and will continue to result in, increased costs, as well as consuming management's time and attention. Further, if our efforts are unsuccessful, we may not be able to attract and retain talent and we may be subject to investigations, litigation and other proceedings. Additionally, given that a significant majority of our workforce is remote due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the uncertainty of the timing and manner of our workforce returning to the office, our continued efforts related to employee onboarding, training and development and retention may not be successful. If we do not succeed in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel or the financial resources required to do so increase, we may not be able to meet our business objectives, and our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
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Risks arising from our reliance on third parties
We depend in part on online application stores and internet search engines to direct traffic and refer new Pinners to our service. If these online application stores or search engines’ methodologies and policies are modified or enforced in ways we do not anticipate, or if our search results page rankings decline for other reasons, traffic to our service or user growth, retention or engagement could decline, any of which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
We depend in part on internet search engines, such as Bing, Google, Yahoo! and Yandex, to direct a significant amount of traffic to our service. For example, when a Pinner types a query into a search engine, we may receive traffic and acquire new Pinners when those search results include Pins, boards, Pinners and other features of our service that cause the Pinner to click on the Pinterest result or create a Pinterest account. These actions increase user growth due to signups of new Pinners and increase retention and engagement of existing Pinners.
Our ability to maintain and increase the number of visitors directed to our service from search engines is not within our control. Search engines, such as Google, have and may continue to modify their search algorithms (including what content they index) and policies or enforce those policies in ways that are detrimental to us, that we are not able to predict or without prior notice. When that occurs, have in the past and we expect to experience declines or de-indexing in the organic search ranking of certain Pinterest search results, leading to a decrease in traffic to our service, new user signups and existing user retention and engagement. We have experienced declines in traffic and user growth as a result of these changes in the past, and anticipate fluctuations as a result of such actions in the future. For example, in the first quarter of 2018, Google de-indexed our keyword landing pages, which negatively impacted traffic and user growth in the quarters that followed and in December 2020, Google made certain changes to their search algorithms which also negatively impacted traffic and user sign-ups. Our ability to appeal these actions is limited, and we may not be able to revise our search engine optimization (“SEO”) strategies to recover the loss in traffic or user growth resulting from such actions. Changes in policies or their enforcement may not apply in the same manner to our competitors, or our competitors’ SEO strategies may be more successful than ours. In addition, some of these search engines are owned by companies that compete with various aspects of our business. When email platforms, such as Google, change their policies related to the placement of our emails in Pinners' inboxes, it can affect the open and click rate of our emails. Such changes have led to and may lead to a decrease in traffic to our service, new user signups and existing user retention and engagement. To offset the impact on our user growth, we would need to increase our investment in other growth strategies, such as paid marketing or other initiatives that drive user acquisition, which may cost more and be less effective. Any significant reduction in the number of Pinners directed to our website or mobile application from search engines or email could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
In addition, we also rely on certain major online stores for distribution of our application. If either of these application store providers modify or implement new terms, we may require to modify our product to maintain our ability to remain in that application store. Such requirements or our inability to meet such requirements could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
We allow users to authenticate with our service through third-party login providers. If these third parties discontinue these tools or experience a breach or outage in their platform or web browser developers make changes that restrict the use of these tools, user growth or engagement could decline, and our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
A significant number of Pinners access their accounts on our service using a third-party login provider such as Facebook, Apple or Google. If security on those platforms is compromised, if Pinners are locked out from their accounts on those platforms or if those platforms experience an outage or otherwise institute policies that prevent Pinners from accessing their accounts on our service through those logins, Pinners may be unable to access our service. In addition, third-party log-in providers may institute policies that restrict us from communicating with Pinners. As a result, user growth, retention and engagement on our service could be adversely affected, even if for a temporary period. For example, in the second quarter of 2018, Facebook changed its login authentication systems, which negatively impacted our user growth and engagement in that period. Additionally, if Facebook or Google discontinue their identity services or experience an outage, then we may lose and be unable to recover users previously using this function, and our user growth or engagement could decline. Any of these events could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
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We depend on Amazon Web Services for the vast majority of our compute, storage, data transfer and other services. Any disruption of, degradation in or interference with our use of Amazon Web Services could negatively affect our operations and harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) provides the cloud computing infrastructure we use to host our website, mobile application and many of the internal tools we use to operate our business. We have a long-term commitment with AWS. Under the agreement with AWS, in return for negotiated concessions, we currently are required to maintain a substantial majority of our monthly usage of certain compute, storage, data transfer and other services on AWS. This addendum is terminable only under certain conditions, including by either party following the other party’s material breach, which may be the result of circumstances that are beyond our control. A material breach of this addendum by us, or early termination of the addendum as a result of an acquisition of us by another cloud services provider, could carry substantial penalties, including liquidated damages. If AWS increases pricing terms, terminates or seeks to terminate our contractual relationship, establishes more favorable relationships with our competitors, or changes or interprets its terms of service or policies in a manner that is unfavorable, those actions could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Any significant disruption of, limitation of our access to or other interference with our use of AWS would negatively impact our operations and our business could be harmed. In addition, any transition of the cloud services currently provided by AWS to another cloud services provider would be difficult to implement and would cause us to incur significant time and expense and could disrupt or degrade our ability to deliver our products and services. The level of service provided by AWS could affect the availability or speed of our services. If Pinners or advertisers are not able to access our service or platform or encounter difficulties in doing so, we may lose Pinners or advertisers and could harm our business and reputation.
We utilize data center hosting facilities operated by AWS, located in various facilities. In addition, we have implemented a limited disaster recovery program which does not allow us to serve network traffic from back-up data center services. An unexpected disruption of services provided by these data centers could hamper our ability to handle existing or increased traffic, result in the loss of data or cause our platform to become unavailable, which may harm our reputation and business.
We must effectively operate with mobile operating systems, web browsers, online application stores, networks, regulations and standards, which we do not control. Changes in our products or to those mobile operating systems, web browsers, networks, regulations or standards may harm Pinner retention, growth and engagement.
Because our service is used on mobile devices and through web browsers, our application must remain interoperable with popular mobile operating systems and browsers, including Android, Chrome, iOS and Safari. We have no control over these operating systems and browsers. Any changes to these operating systems, browsers or the online stores distributing our application that impact the accessibility, speed or functionality of our service or give preferential treatment to competitive products, could harm usage of our service. Our competitors that control the operating systems, browsers and online stores that our application runs on, or is distributed through, could make interoperability of our service with those systems, browsers and stores more difficult. New products introduced by us may take longer to function with these systems and browsers.
If we are unable to deliver consistent, high-quality Pinner experiences across different devices with different operating systems, user growth, retention or engagement may decline, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
To deliver high-quality video and other content over mobile cellular networks, our products must work well with a range of mobile technologies, systems, networks, regulations and standards that we do not control. The adoption of any laws or regulations that adversely affect the growth, popularity or use of the internet, including laws governing internet neutrality, could decrease the demand for our products and services and increase our cost of doing business. For example, in June 2018, the Federal Communications Commission repealed the 2015 “open internet rules,” which had prohibited broadband internet access service providers in the United States from impeding access to most content, or otherwise unfairly discriminating against content providers. The impact of this repeal on the way Pinners access the internet and the way we interact with internet service providers remain uncertain. Other countries also have rules requiring equal access to internet content. Regulatory changes could limit Pinners’ ability to access our service or make our service a less attractive alternative to our competitors’ platforms and cause our user growth, retention or engagement to decline, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
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If it becomes more difficult for Pinners to access and use our service on their browsers or mobile devices, if Pinners choose not to access or use our service on their mobile devices, or if Pinners choose to use mobile products that limit access to our service, user growth, retention and engagement may decline, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
We rely on software, technologies and related services from other parties, and problems in their use, access or performance could increase our costs and harm our business, revenue and financial results.
We rely on software, technologies and related services from third parties to operate critical functions of our business. Third-party technologies or services that we utilize may become unavailable due to a variety of reasons, including outages, interruptions or failure to perform under our agreement. Unexpected delays in their availability or function can, in turn, affect the use or availability of our service. Further, third-party software and service providers may no longer provide such software and services on commercially reasonable terms or may fail to properly maintain or update their software. In such instances, we may be required to seek licenses to software or services from other parties or to redesign our products to function with new software or services. This could result in delays in the release of new products until equivalent technology can be identified, licensed or developed, and integrated into our platform and services. Furthermore, we might be forced to limit the features available in our current or future products. These occurrences, delays and limitations, if they occur, could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Technologies have been developed that can block the display of our ads, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Technologies have been developed, and will likely continue to be developed, that can block the display of our ads. We generate substantially all of our revenue from advertising, and ad blocking technologies may prevent the display of certain of our ads, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results. Existing ad blocking technologies that have not been effective on our service may become effective as we make certain product changes, and new ad blocking technologies may be developed. More users may choose to use products that block or obscure the display of our ads if we are unable to successfully balance the amount of organic content and paid advertisements, or if users’ attitudes toward advertisements become more negative. Further, regardless of their effectiveness, ad blockers may generate concern regarding the health of the digital advertising industry, which could reduce the value of digital advertising and harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Risks relating to Legal and Regulatory Matters
We may be liable as a result of content or information that is published or made available on our service.
We are subject to many U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations that involve matters central to our business, including laws and regulations that involve data privacy and protection, intellectual property (including copyright and patent laws), content regulation, rights of publicity, advertising, marketing, health and safety, competition, protection of minors, consumer protection, taxation, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and corruption, economic or other trade prohibitions or sanctions or securities law compliance. We may be sued or face regulatory action for claims relating to content or information that is published or made available on our service. Our systems, tools and personnel that help us to proactively detect potentially policy-violating or otherwise inappropriate content cannot identify all such content on our service, and in many cases this content will appear on our service. This risk may increase as we develop and increase the use of certain products, such as video, for which identifying such content is challenging. Additionally, some controversial content may not be banned on our service and, even if it is not featured in advertisements or recommendations to Pinners, may still appear in search results or be saved on boards. This risk is enhanced in certain jurisdictions outside of the United States where our protection from liability for content published on our platform by third parties may be unclear and where we may be less protected under local laws than we are in the United States. Further, if policy-violating content is found on our service, we may be in violation of the terms of certain of our key agreements, which may result in termination of the agreement and, in some cases, payment of damages. We could incur significant costs in investigating and defending such claims and, if we are found liable, damages. If any of these events occur, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.

We rely on a variety of statutory and common-law frameworks and defenses relevant to the content available on our service, including but not limited to, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA"), the Communications Decency Act ("CDA") and the fair-use doctrine in the United States, and the Electronic Commerce Directive in the European Union. The DMCA limits, but does not necessarily eliminate, our potential liability for caching, hosting, listing or linking to
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third-party content that may include materials that infringe copyrights. The CDA further limits our potential liability for content uploaded onto our service by third parties. Defenses such as the fair-use doctrine (and related doctrines in other countries) may be available to limit our potential liability for featuring third-party intellectual property content for purposes such as reporting, commentary and parody. In the European Union, the Electronic Commerce Directive offers certain limitations on our potential liability for featuring third-party content. However, each of these statutes and doctrines is subject to uncertain or evolving judicial interpretation and regulatory and legislative amendments, and we cannot guarantee that such frameworks and defenses will be available for our protection. Regulators in the United States and in other countries may introduce new regulatory regimes that increase potential liability for content available on our service, including liability for misleading or manipulative information, hate speech, privacy, copyrighted content and other types of online harm and current protections from liability for third-party content in the United States could decrease or change. For example, there have been various Congressional and regulatory efforts to restrict the scope of the protections available to online platforms under Section 230 of the CDA. Similarly, the EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (DSM) to be implemented by each EU member state by June 2021 could alter the liability scheme for online sharing-content platforms and impose additional requirements for the content uploaded by their users to protect copyright owners against unlicensed use of their work. If amendments to Section 230 of the CDA or other statutory or regulatory changes reduce liability protections for content published on our service, we may be required to make significant changes to our business model, including increasing our content moderation operations and building in additional product features or tools that may not be favorable to our business, add payment obligations or compliance costs. There are also a number of legislative proposals in the United States, at both the federal and state level, and in the European Union and the U.K., that could impose new obligations in areas affecting our business, such as liability for copyright infringement and other online harm.
We could also face fines or orders restricting or blocking our service in particular countries as a result of content on our platform. For example, Germany, Austria and Turkey have implemented regulations that impose significant fines or provide for blocking services for failures to comply with certain content removal and disclosure obligations, and other countries, including the U.K. and Austria, may enact similar legislation, which would impose penalties for failure to remove certain content. Additionally, the European Union is currently debating a regulation that would require the removal of terrorist-related content within one hour of being flagged. If the regulation is passed, the tools we use for certain removal obligations may not work and we may have to build custom tools.
Any new legislation may be difficult to comply with in a timely and comprehensive fashion and may expose our business, users, or employees to increased costs. These costs could be prohibitively expensive for a company of our size, which could prevent us from launching a product or require us to restrict access to a product in a particular market. This could disadvantage us relative to our competitors with more resources. If the rules, doctrines or currently available defenses change, if international jurisdictions refuse to apply similar protections that are currently available in the United States or the European Union or if a court were to disagree with our application of those rules to our service, we could be required to expend significant resources to try to comply with the new rules or incur liability and our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
Action by governments to restrict access to our service or certain of our products in their countries could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Governmental authorities outside the United States have restricted, and may in the future seek to restrict access to our service if they consider us to be in violation of their laws or for other reasons. For example, access to our service has been or is currently restricted in whole or in part in China, India, Kazakhstan and Turkey. Other governments may seek to restrict access to or block our service, prohibit or block the hosting of certain content available through our service, or impose other restrictions that may affect the accessibility or usability of our service in that country for a period of time or even indefinitely. We may also decide to stop offering our service in a country as a result of these types of restrictions. For example, some countries have enacted laws that allow websites to be blocked for hosting certain types of content or may require websites to remove certain restricted content, to appoint local representatives in the country, or to store user data within that country. It can be challenging or impractical to manage the requirements of multiple jurisdictions governing the type and nature of the content available on our service. If prohibitions or restrictions are imposed on our service, or if our competitors are able to successfully penetrate new geographic markets or capture a greater share of existing geographic markets that we cannot access or where we face other restrictions, our user growth, retention and engagement may be adversely affected, and our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
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We receive, process, store, use and share data, some of which contains personal information, which subjects us to complex and evolving governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to data privacy, data protection and other matters, which are subject to change and uncertain interpretation.
We receive, process, store, use and share data, some of which contains personal information. There are numerous federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations regarding matters central to our business, data privacy and the collection, storing, sharing, use, processing, disclosure and protection of personal information and other data from Pinners, employees and business partners, the scope of which are regularly changing, subject to uncertain and differing interpretations and may be inconsistent among countries or conflict with other rules.
The application and interpretation of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate, and as the focus on data privacy and data protection increases globally, we are, and will continue to be, subject to varied and evolving data privacy and data protection laws. We are subject to GDPR which expands the rights of individuals to control how their personal data is processed, includes restrictions on the use of personal data of children, creates new regulatory and operational requirements for processing personal data (in particular in case of a data breach), increases requirements for security and confidentiality, restricts transfers of data outside of the European Economic Area and provides for significant penalties for non-compliance, including fines of up to 4% of global annual turnover for the preceding financial year or €20 million (whichever is higher) for the most serious infringements. Additionally, we have historically relied upon multiple legally valid transfer mechanisms to transfer certain personal data outside of the European Economic Area, including the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework and Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs). Recently, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield is an invalid transfer mechanism, but upheld the validity of the SCCs subject to future elaboration of additional safeguards by regulators such as specific “supplemental measures” that should be undertaken to protect EU data subjects. The validity of data transfer mechanisms and these additional safeguards remains subject to legal, regulatory, and political developments in both Europe and the U.S. The invalidation of the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield, the potential invalidation of other data transfer mechanisms, or the potential invalidation of additional safeguards could have a significant adverse impact on our ability to process and transfer the personal data of EEA users outside of the European Economic Area. In June 2018, the State of California enacted the CCPA, which came into effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA requires companies that process information on California residents to make new disclosures to consumers about their data collection, use and sharing practices, allows consumers to opt out of certain data sharing with third parties and provides a new cause of action for data breaches. Though we have regulations accompanying the legislation, the CCPA is largely untested, so it remains unclear how the CCPA will be interpreted. Additionally, a new privacy law, the CPRA, recently was approved by California voters in the November, 2020. The CPRA significantly modifies the CCPA, resulting in further uncertainty and requiring us to incur additional costs and expenses. Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission and many state attorneys general are interpreting federal and state consumer protection laws to impose standards for the online collection, use, dissemination and security of data. The burdens imposed by these and other laws and regulations that may be enacted, or new interpretations of existing laws and regulations, may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs in order to comply and may disproportionately affect our business in comparison to our peers that have greater resources. These laws and regulations may also impact our ability to expand advertising on our platform internationally, as they may impede our ability to deliver targeted advertising and accurately measure our ad performance.
Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, data privacy-related obligations to Pinners or other third parties, or our data privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other user data, or other failure to comply with these laws and regulations, or regulatory scrutiny, may result in governmental enforcement actions or litigation that could expose our business to substantial financial penalties, or other monetary or non-monetary relief, negative publicity, loss of confidence in our products, decline in Pinner or advertiser growth or damage to our brand and reputation. Companies in the technology industry have recently experienced increased regulatory scrutiny relating to data privacy and data protection, and we may become subject to enhanced scrutiny and enforcement actions from regulators to ensure compliance with data privacy and data protection laws and regulations. The GDPR, CCPA and other such laws and regulations impose new and burdensome obligations, and include substantial uncertainty as to their interpretation, and we may face challenges in addressing their requirements, which could result in fines or penalties, lead us to change our data privacy policies and practices and limit our ability to deliver personalized advertising. Public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others could also cause Pinners to lose trust in us, which could result in declines in user growth, retention or engagement and have an adverse effect on our brand, reputation and business. Additionally, if third parties that we work with, such as advertisers, service providers or
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developers, violate applicable laws or our policies, these violations may also put Pinners’ information at risk and could in turn have an adverse effect on our business, revenue and financial results.
Any significant change to applicable laws, regulations or industry practices, or to interpretations of existing laws and regulations, regarding the use or disclosure of Pinners’ data, or regarding the manner in which we obtain consent from Pinners for the use and disclosure of such data, could require us to modify our products to allow for limited data use, possibly in a material manner, and may limit our ability to develop new products that make use of the data that Pinners voluntarily share. There currently are a number of proposals pending before federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies. For example, Member States in the European Union are working to align on a draft of the “ePrivacy Regulation” that would govern data privacy and the protection of personal data in electronic communications, in particular for direct marketing purposes. In addition, some countries are considering or have passed legislation implementing data protection requirements or requiring local storage and processing of data or similar requirements that could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our service, particularly as we expand our operations internationally.
We could become involved in legal disputes that are expensive to support, and if resolved adversely, could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
We are currently involved in, and may in the future be involved in, actual and threatened legal proceedings, claims, investigations and government inquiries arising in the ordinary course of our business, including intellectual property, data privacy and data protection, privacy and other torts, illegal or objectionable content, consumer protection, securities, stockholder derivative claims, employment, governance, workplace culture, contractual rights, civil rights infringement, false or misleading advertising, or other legal claims relating to content or information that is provided to us or published or made available on our service. Any proceedings, claims or inquiries involving us, whether successful or not, may be time consuming, result in costly litigation, unfavorable outcomes, increased costs of business, may require us to change our business practices or products, require significant amount of management’s time, may harm our reputation or otherwise harm our business and future financial results.
We are currently involved in and have been subject to actual and threatened litigation with respect to third-party patents, trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property, and may continue to be subject to intellectual property litigation and threats thereof. Companies in the internet, technology and media industries own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. As we face increasing competition, grow our business and products, and become increasingly high profile, the possibility of receiving a larger number of intellectual property claims against us grows. In addition, various “non-practicing entities” that own patents and other intellectual property rights have asserted, and may in the future attempt to assert, intellectual property claims against us to extract value through licensing or other settlements.
From time to time, we receive letters from patent holders alleging that some of our products infringe their patent rights and from trademark holders alleging infringement of their trademark rights. We also receive letters from holders of copyrighted content alleging infringement of their intellectual property rights, including DMCA take-down requests. Our technologies and content, including the content that Pinners pin to our service, may not be able to withstand such third-party claims.
With respect to any intellectual property claims, we may have to seek a license to continue using technologies or engaging in practices found to be in violation of a third-party’s rights, which may not be available on reasonable terms and may significantly increase our operating expenses. A license to continue such technologies or practices may not be available to us at all and we may be required to discontinue use of such technologies or practices or to develop alternative non-infringing technologies or practices. The development of alternative non-infringing technologies or practices could require significant effort and expense or may not be achievable at all. Our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed as a result.
If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished, and our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on a combination of confidentiality, invention assignment and license agreements with our employees, consultants and other third parties with whom we have relationships, as well as trademark, copyright, patent and trade secret protection laws, to protect our proprietary rights. We have filed various applications for certain aspects of our intellectual property in the United States and other countries, and we currently
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hold issued patents in multiple jurisdictions. Further, there can be no assurance that each of our patent applications will result in the issuance of a patent. In addition, any resulting issued patents may have claims narrower than those in our patent applications. There can be no assurance that each of our trademark applications will result in the issuance of a trademark or that each resulting trademark registration will be able to be maintained. In the future we may acquire additional patents or patent portfolios, license patents from third parties or agree to license the use of our patents to third parties, which could require significant cash expenditures. Additionally, our current and future patents, trademarks and other intellectual property or other proprietary rights may be contested, circumvented or found unenforceable or invalid.
However, third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe or challenge our proprietary rights. Effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which we operate or intend to operate our business. We may not be able to prevent infringement without incurring substantial time and expense, if at all. There can be no assurance that others will not offer technologies, products, services, features or concepts that are substantially similar to ours and compete with our business. Similarly, particularly as we expand the scope of our business and the countries in which we operate, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing, or challenging our use of, our intellectual property rights, including those used to build and distinguish the “Pinterest” brand. If the protection of our proprietary rights is inadequate to prevent unauthorized use or appropriation by third parties, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our technologies, products, services or features or methods of operations. Any of these events could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Our use of “open source” software could subject us to possible litigation or could prevent us from offering products that include open source software or require us to obtain licenses on unfavorable terms.
A portion of the technologies we use incorporates “open source” software, and we may incorporate open source software in the future. Open source licenses may subject us to certain unfavorable conditions, including requirements that we offer our products that incorporate the open source software for no cost, that we make publicly available the source code for any modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating or using the open source software, or that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of the particular open source license.
We also license to others some of our software through open source projects which requires us to make the source code publicly available, and therefore can affect our ability to protect our intellectual property rights with respect to that software. If an author or other third-party that distributes open source software that we use or license were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of the applicable license, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from offering our products that contained the open source software, required to release proprietary source code, required to obtain licenses from third parties or otherwise required to comply with the unfavorable conditions unless and until we can re-engineer the product so that it complies with the open source license or does not incorporate the open source software. Any of the foregoing could disrupt our ability to offer our products and harm our business, revenue and financial results.
The interpretation and application of recent U.S. tax legislation or other changes in U.S. or non-U.S. taxation of our operations could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) changed how the United States imposes income tax on multinational corporations in a number of ways. The issuance of additional regulatory or accounting guidance may affect our analysis of the impact of the new law on us and may harm our operating results and financial condition. Accordingly, we are still analyzing the Tax Act with our professional advisers. Until that analysis is complete, the full impact of the new tax law on us during future periods is uncertain, and no assurances can be made on any potential impact.
Additionally, in March 2018, the European Commission released a proposal for a European Council directive on taxation of specified digital services. The proposal calls for an interim tax on certain revenues from digital activities, as well as a longer-term regime that creates a taxable presence for digital services and imposes a tax on digital profits. Some jurisdictions have enacted a tax on technology companies that generate revenues from the provision of digital services, including United Kingdom, France, Spain and Italy, and a number of other jurisdictions are considering enacting similar digital tax regimes. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, as part of its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action Plan, recently released proposals that provides a long-term,
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multilateral framework on taxation of the digital economy. Although we do not know the exact impact, this legislation has and may continue to result in additional tax exposure.
Further changes to the U.S. or non-U.S. taxation of our operations may increase our worldwide effective tax rate, result in additional taxes or other costs or have other material consequences, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Risks relating to our Financial Statements and Performance
We have a limited operating history and, as a result, our past results may not be indicative of future operating performance.
We have a limited operating history with the current scale of our business, which makes it difficult to forecast our future results. You should not rely on our past results of operations as indicators of future performance. You should consider and evaluate our prospects in light of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies like ours.
We have incurred operating losses in the past, anticipate increasing our costs and operating expenses, expect to incur operating losses in the future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.
Since our inception, we have incurred significant net losses. We generated net losses of $(21.7) million and $(141.2) million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of March 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $(2,356.7) million. We have not achieved profitability, and we may not realize sufficient revenue to achieve profitability in future periods.
We also anticipate that our operating expenses will increase substantially in the foreseeable future as we continue to expand our operations domestically and internationally, enhance our product offerings, broaden our Pinner and advertiser base, expand our marketing channels, hire additional employees and develop our technology. These efforts may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue sufficiently to offset these higher expenses. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, operating delays or other unknown factors that may result in losses in future periods. We have significant unrecognized share-based compensation expense, which we expect to recognize over the next several years. For more information, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Notes to Financial Statements." In addition, we have entered into certain non-cancelable commitments that limit our ability to reduce our cost and expenses in the future. For more information, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Notes to Financial Statements." Any failure to increase our revenue as we implement initiatives to grow our business could prevent us from achieving or maintaining profitability on either a quarterly or annual basis.
Our operating results are likely to fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which makes them difficult to predict.
Our quarterly operating results are tied to certain key business metrics that have fluctuated in the past and are likely to fluctuate in the future, which makes them difficult to predict. Our operating results depend on numerous factors, many of which are outside of our control, including:
our ability to generate revenue from our service;
our ability to improve or maintain gross margins;
the number and relevancy of advertisements shown to Pinners;
the relevancy of content shown to Pinners;
the manner in which Pinners engage with different products, where certain products may generate different amounts of revenue
downward pressure on the pricing of our advertisements;
the timing, cost of and mix of new and existing marketing and promotional efforts as we grow and expand our operations to remain competitive;
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seasonal fluctuations in spending by our advertisers, product usage by Pinners and growth rates for Pinners and engagement, each of which may change as our product offerings evolve or our business grows;
fluctuations in spending by our advertisers and engagement and product usage by Pinners due to macroeconomic conditions, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;
seasonal fluctuations in internet usage generally;
the success of technologies designed to block the display of ads;
development and introduction of new product offerings by us or our competitors;
the ability of our third-party providers to scale effectively and provide the necessary technical infrastructure for our service on a timely basis;
system failures, disruptions, breaches of security or data privacy or internet downtime, whether on our service or on those of third parties;
the inaccessibility of our service due to third-party actions;
changes in measurement of our metrics;
costs associated with the technical infrastructure used to operate our business, including hosting services;
fluctuations in the amount of share-based compensation expense;
our ability to anticipate and adapt to the changing internet business or macroeconomic conditions; and the other risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
If we are unable to obtain additional financing, if needed, or if we default on our credit obligations, our operations may be interrupted and our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
We may require additional financing to maintain and grow our business. Our ability to obtain financing will depend on, among other things, our development efforts, business plans, operating performance, investor demand and the condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing. We cannot assure you that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of our common stock, and our existing stockholders may experience dilution. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in high levels of uncertainty with respect to access to additional financing and volatility in financial markets. If our access to capital is restricted or our borrowing costs increase as a result of developments in financial markets relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, our operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted.
Our revolving credit facility provides our lenders with a first-priority lien against substantially all of our domestic assets, as well as certain domestic intellectual property, and contains financial covenants and other restrictions on our actions that may limit our operational flexibility or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations. It contains a number of covenants that limit our ability and our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, make redemptions and repurchases of stock, make investments, loans and acquisitions, incur liens, engage in transactions with affiliates, merge or consolidate with other companies, sell material businesses or assets, or license or transfer certain of our intellectual property. We are also required to maintain certain financial covenants, including a consolidated total assets covenant and a liquidity covenant. Complying with these covenants may make it more difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy and compete against companies who are not subject to such restrictions.
If we fail to comply with the covenants under the revolving credit facility, lenders would have a right to, among other things, terminate the commitments to provide additional loans under the facility, enforce any liens on collateral securing the obligations under the facility, declare all outstanding loans and accrued interest and fees to be due and payable and require us to post cash collateral to be held as security for any reimbursement obligations in respect of any outstanding letters of credit issued under the facility. If any remedies under the facility were exercised, we may not have sufficient cash or be able to borrow sufficient funds to refinance the debt or sell sufficient assets to repay the debt, which could immediately materially and adversely affect our business, cash flows, operations and financial condition. Even if we were able to obtain new financing, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms or on terms that are acceptable to us.
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Additionally, our revolving credit facility utilizes LIBOR or various alternative methods set forth in our revolving credit facility to calculate the amount of accrued interest on any borrowings. In March 2017, regulators in certain jurisdictions including the United Kingdom and the United States announced that they would phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. In March 2021, relevant regulators confirmed that the publication of the one-week and two-month U.S. dollar LIBOR would cease after December 31, 2021, and all remaining U.S. dollar LIBOR tenors would cease after June 30, 2023. If a published U.S. dollar LIBOR rate is unavailable, the interest rates on our debt indexed to LIBOR will be determined using one of the alternative methods, any of which could, if the revolver is drawn, result in interest obligations that are more than the current form, which could have a material adverse effect on our financing costs.
We may have greater than anticipated tax liabilities, which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
We operate in a number of tax jurisdictions globally, including in the United States at the federal, state and local levels, and in many other countries, and plan to continue to expand the scale of our operations in the future. Thus, we are subject to review and potential audit by a number of U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax authorities. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. Further, tax authorities may disagree with tax positions we take and challenge our tax positions. Successful unilateral or multi-jurisdictional actions by various tax authorities, including in the context of our current or future corporate operating structure and third-party and intercompany arrangements (including transfer pricing and the manner in which we develop, value and use our intellectual property), may increase our worldwide effective tax rate, result in additional taxes or other costs or have other material consequences, which could harm our business and financial results. In December 2019, we completed an intra-entity asset transfer of certain of our intellectual property rights to our Irish subsidiary, which resulted in an increase in foreign deferred tax assets. We cannot be certain that this transfer will not lead to any unanticipated tax consequences which could harm our financial results.
Although we do not currently incur significant tax costs due to our history of operating losses, our tax liabilities may increase if our profitability increases in the future. In addition, our effective tax rate may change from year to year based on changes in the mix of activities and income allocated or earned among various jurisdictions, tax laws and the applicable tax rates in these jurisdictions (including future tax laws that may become material), tax treaties between countries, our eligibility for benefits under those tax treaties and the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. Such changes could result in an increase in the effective tax rate applicable to all or a portion of our income, which would negatively affect our financial results.
Our ability to use or benefit from our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
As of December 31, 2020, we had federal, California and other state net operating loss carryforwards of $3,282.2 million, $405.6 million and $1,214.9 million, respectively. If not utilized, these will begin to expire in 2028, 2028 and 2026, respectively. Utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes, such as research and development tax credits, may be subject to annual limitations, or could be subject to other limitations on utilization or benefit due to the ownership change limitations provided by Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and other similar provisions. Further, the Tax Act changed the federal rules governing net operating loss carryforwards. For net operating loss carryforwards arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the Tax Act limits a taxpayer’s ability to utilize such carryforwards to 80% of taxable income. In addition, net operating loss carryforwards arising in tax years ending after December 31, 2017 can be carried forward indefinitely, but carryback is generally prohibited. Net operating loss carryforwards generated before January 1, 2018 will not be subject to the Tax Act’s taxable income limitation and will continue to have a twenty-year carryforward period. Nevertheless, our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax assets could expire before utilization and could be subject to limitations, which could harm our business and financial results.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock

The dual class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with those stockholders who held our capital stock prior to the completion of our initial public offering ("IPO"), including our co-founders, executive officers, employees and directors, their affiliates, and all of our other pre-IPO stockholders (including those unaffiliated with any of our co-founders, executive officers, employees or directors). This will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters.
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Our Class B common stock has twenty votes per share, and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. Because of the 20-to-1 voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our outstanding Class B hold approximately 76.6% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock as of March 31, 2021. Because the holders of our Class B common stock hold in the aggregate significantly more than a majority of the combined voting power of our capital stock, such holders (which include all of our pre-IPO stockholders, including those holders unaffiliated with any of our co-founders, executive officers, employees or directors) control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval. The holders of Class B common stock will no longer hold in the aggregate over 50% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock once the Class B common stock represents in the aggregate less than approximately 4.76% of our outstanding capital stock.
As a result, for the foreseeable future, holders of our Class B common stock could have significant influence over the management and affairs of our company and over the outcome of all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger, consolidation or sale of substantially all of our assets, even if their stock holdings were to represent in the aggregate less than 50% of the outstanding shares of our capital stock. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders. These holders of our Class B common stock may have interests that differ from yours and may vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. This control may adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock. Despite no longer being employed by us, Paul Sciarra, one of our co-founders, remains able to exercise significant voting power. If we terminate our other co-founders’ employment, they would also continue to have the ability to exercise significant voting power to the extent they were to retain their Class B common stock while our other existing holders disposed of their Class B common stock.

Transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, except certain transfers to entities, including certain charities and foundations, to the extent the transferor retains sole dispositive power and exclusive voting control with respect to the shares of Class B common stock, and certain other transfers described in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. In addition, all shares of Class B common stock will automatically convert into shares of Class A common stock on (i) the seven-year anniversary of the closing date of our IPO, except with respect to shares of Class B common stock held by any holder that continues to beneficially own at least 50% of the number of shares of Class B common stock that such holder beneficially owned immediately prior to completion of our IPO, and (ii) a date that is between 90 to 540 days, as determined by the board of directors, after the death or permanent incapacity of Mr. Silbermann. Conversions of Class B common stock to Class A common stock have already had and will continue to have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares in the long term. If, for example, one or more of our existing stockholders were to retain a significant portion of their holdings of Class B common stock for an extended period of time while all the other existing stockholders disposed of their Class B common stock, then those existing stockholders that retain significant holdings (while all the others dispose) could, in the future, control a majority of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock.
Our dual class structure may depress the trading price of our Class A common stock.
We cannot predict whether our dual class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A common stock or in adverse publicity or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indexes. S&P Dow Jones and FTSE Russell have announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, pursuant to which, companies with multiple classes of shares of common stock are excluded. In addition, several stockholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our common stock may cause stockholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices or any actions or publications by stockholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could adversely affect the value and trading market of our Class A common stock.
An active trading market for our Class A common stock may not be sustained.
Our Class A common is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “PINS.” However, we cannot assure you that an active trading market for our Class A common stock will be sustained. Accordingly, we cannot assure you of the likelihood that an active trading market for our Class A common stock will be maintained, the liquidity of any trading market, your
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ability to sell your shares of our Class A common stock when desired or the prices that you may obtain for your shares.
The trading price of our Class A common stock has been and may continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
The trading price of our Class A common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be volatile and could be subject to fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our Class A common stock since you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our Class A common stock include the following:
price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
volatility in the trading prices and trading volumes of technology stocks;
changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;
sales, or anticipated sales, of shares of our Class A common stock by us or our stockholders, including when stockholders sell shares of our Class A common stock into the market to cover taxes due upon the settlement of restricted stock units ("RSUs") or the exercise of stock options, or conversions, or anticipated conversions, of a substantial number of shares of our Class B common stock by our stockholders;
actions by institutional stockholders;
failure by industry or securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, downgrade of our Class A common stock by analysts or provision of a more favorable recommendation of our competitors;
failure by analysts to regularly publish research reports or the publication of an unfavorable or inaccurate report about our business;
changes by external analysts to their financial and operating estimates for our company or our performance relative to third parties' estimates or the expectations;
forward-looking financial or operating information or financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in that information or projections or our failure to meet projections;
any indebtedness we may incur in the future;
whether investors or securities analysts view our stock structure unfavorably, particularly our dual class structure and the significant voting control of holders of our Class B common stock;
announcements by us or our competitors of new products, features, services, technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;
announcements by us or estimates by third parties of actual or anticipated changes in the size of our user base or level of engagement, or those of our competitors;
the public’s perception of the quality and accuracy of our key metrics on our user base and engagement;
the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;
rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our user growth, retention, engagement, revenue or other operating results;
actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally;
litigation involving us, our industry, or both, or investigations by regulators and other third parties into our operations or those of our competitors;
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developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;
developments or disputes concerning our culture or other diversity, equity and inclusion practices and initiatives;
announced or completed acquisitions of businesses, products, services or technologies by us or our competitors;
new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;
changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles;
any significant change in our management;
macroeconomic events that are beyond our control, such as the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic; and
general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets.
In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.
Future offerings of debt or equity securities by us or existing stockholders may adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.
In the future, we may attempt to obtain financing or to further increase our capital resources by issuing additional capital stock or offering debt or other securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes, debt securities convertible into equity or shares of preferred stock. Future acquisitions could also require substantial additional capital in excess of cash from operations.
Issuing additional shares of capital stock or other securities, including securities convertible into equity, may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders, reduce the market price of our Class A common stock or both. Upon liquidation, holders of debt securities and preferred shares, if issued, and lenders with respect to other borrowings would receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Debt securities convertible into equity could be subject to adjustments in the conversion ratio pursuant to which certain events may increase the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Preferred shares, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may adversely affect the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. In addition, the large number of shares of our common stock eligible for public sale or subject to rights requiring us to register them for public sale could depress the market price of our Class A common stock. The market price of our Class A common stock could decline as a result of sales of a large number of shares of our Class A common stock in the market, and the perception that these sales could occur may also depress the market price of our Class A common stock. As a result, holders of our Class A common stock bear the risk that our future offerings or future sales of shares may reduce the market price of our Class A common stock and dilute their stockholdings in our company.
Additional stock issuances, including in connection with settlement of equity awards, could result in significant dilution to our stockholders.
Future issuances of shares of our Class A common stock or the conversion of a substantial number of shares of our Class B common stock to Class A common stock, or the perception that these sales or conversions may occur, could depress the market price of our Class A common stock and result in significant dilution for holders of our Class A common stock. We currently have Class B common stock that may be issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options or upon settlement of outstanding restricted stock units ("RSUs") and shares of Class A common stock that may be issued upon settlement of outstanding RSUs. For more information, see “Notes to Financial Statements”. We have 5,918,366,121 shares of authorized but unissued Class A common stock that are currently not reserved for issuance under our equity incentive plans or charitable giving program. We may issue all of these shares of Class A common stock without any action or approval by our stockholders, subject to certain exceptions. We also intend to
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continue to evaluate acquisition opportunities and may issue Class A common stock or other securities in connection with these acquisitions. Any common stock issued in connection with our equity incentive plans, acquisitions, the exercise of outstanding stock options, settlement of RSUs or otherwise would dilute the percentage ownership held by our Class A common stockholders.
We have broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from our IPO and we may not use them effectively.
We cannot specify with any certainty the particular uses of the net proceeds that we received from our IPO. Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from our IPO, and you will not have the opportunity as part of your investment decision to assess whether the net proceeds are being used appropriately. The failure by our management to apply these proceeds effectively could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Pending their use, we may invest our proceeds in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value. Our investments may not yield a favorable return to our investors and may negatively impact the price of our Class A common stock.
Delaware law and provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the market price of our Class A common stock.
Our status as a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our company more difficult, including the following:
our dual class common stock structure, which provides our holders of Class B common stock with the ability to significantly influence the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval, even if they own significantly less than a majority of the shares of our outstanding common stock;
our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms and directors are only able to be removed from office for cause;
certain amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will require the approval of 6623% of the then-outstanding voting power of our capital stock;
approval of 6623% of the then-outstanding voting power of our capital stock, voting as a single class, is required for stockholders to amend or adopt any provision of our bylaws;
our stockholders can take action only at a meeting of stockholders and not by written consent;
vacancies on our board of directors can be filled only by our board of directors and not by stockholders;
no provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws provides for cumulative voting, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;
only our chairman of the board of directors, our chief executive officer, our president or another officer selected by a majority of the board of directors are authorized to call a special meeting of stockholders;
certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware;
nothing in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation precludes future issuances without stockholder approval of the authorized but unissued shares of our Class A common stock;
our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued, without the approval of the holders of our capital stock; and
advance notice procedures apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders.
These anti-takeover defenses could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions they desire, any of which, under certain circumstances, could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class A common stock.
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Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or (iv) any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, any state or federal district court in the state of Delaware), in all cases subject to the court’s having jurisdiction over indispensable parties named as defendants. Nothing in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation precludes stockholders that assert claims under the Securities Act or Exchange Act from bringing such claims in federal court, subject to applicable law.
Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to this provision. This exclusive forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing. If a court were to find the exclusive forum provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could harm our results of operations.
The requirements of being a public company have and may continue to strain our resources, divert management’s attention and may result in more litigation.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the NYSE and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Complying with these rules and regulations has increased and will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly, and increase demand on our systems and resources.
As a public company we are required to publicly disclose additional details about our business and financial condition information, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If those claims are successful, our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed. Even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, the time and resources needed to resolve them could divert our management’s resources and harm our business, revenue and financial results.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
We have never declared or paid dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, stockholders must rely on sales of their Class A common stock after price appreciation as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. In addition, our revolving credit facility contains restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.
General Risks
If we do not develop successful new products or improve existing ones, our business may suffer. We may also invest in new products that fail to attract or retain Pinners or generate revenue.
Our ability to grow, retain and engage our user base and therefore increase our revenue depends on our ability to successfully enhance our existing products and create new products, both independently and in conjunction with platform developers or other third parties, and to do so quickly. We may introduce significant changes to our existing products or develop and introduce new and unproven products with which we have little or no prior development or operating experience. Our focus on innovation and experimentation could result in unintended outcomes or decisions that are poorly received by Pinners. If new or enhanced products fail to engage our Pinners, we may fail to generate sufficient revenue, operating margin or other value to justify our investments, any of which could harm our business, revenue and financial results. We also may develop new products that increase Pinner engagement and costs that are not intended to increase revenue.
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Further, our products often require Pinners to learn new behaviors that may not always be intuitive to them. To the extent that new Pinners are less willing to invest the time to learn to use our products, or if we are unable to make our products easier to learn to use, our user growth, retention or engagement could be affected, and our business, revenue and financial results could be harmed.
Adverse global economic and financial conditions could harm our business and financial condition.
Adverse macroeconomic developments could negatively impact our business and financial condition. Adverse global economic and financial events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have caused, and could, in the future continue to cause disruptions and volatility in global financial markets. Such conditions have resulted in or may result in, among other things, an adverse impact on the ability and willingness of companies to spend on advertising, volatility in our stock price and an adverse impact on the financial condition of the institutions with whom we hold deposits or the credit quality of the issuers of our cash equivalents and marketable securities. We cannot assure you that we will perform well in adverse macroeconomic conditions. Since the majority of our revenue is derived from advertisers within the U.S., economic conditions in the U.S. have a greater impact on us.
Our financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could harm our revenue and financial results, and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
None.
Use of Proceeds from Public Offering of Class A Common Stock
On April 23, 2019, we closed our IPO, in which we sold 75,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock at a price to the public of $19.00 per share. The offer and sale of the shares in our IPO were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-230458), which was declared effective by the SEC on April 17, 2019. On April 29, 2019, we issued and sold an additional 11,250,000 shares of Class A common stock at $19.00 per share pursuant to the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO as described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC on April 18, 2019 pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4).

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Item 6. Exhibits
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date Filed Herewith
10.1+ X
10.2+ X
10.3+ X
31.1 X
31.2 X
32.1* X
101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
*The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, are deemed furnished and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
PINTEREST, INC.
Date: April 27, 2021 By: /s/ Todd Morgenfeld
Todd Morgenfeld
Chief Financial Officer and Head of Business Operations
(Principal Financial Officer)
Date: April 27, 2021 By: /s/ Tse Li (Lily) Yang
Tse Li (Lily) Yang
Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)

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Exhibit 10.1


Pinterest, Inc.
Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy
The purpose of this Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy (the “Policy”) of Pinterest, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), is to provide a total compensation package that enables the Company to attract and retain, on a long-term basis, high-caliber members of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board of Directors”) who are not also employees, officers, consultants, advisors or independent contractors of the Company or its subsidiaries (“Non-Employee Directors”). In furtherance of this purpose, all Non-Employee Directors shall be compensated for services provided to the Company as set forth below:
1.Cash Retainers

a.Annual Retainer for Board Membership: $50,000 for service as a member of the Board.

b.Additional Annual Retainer for Non-Executive Chairperson: $40,000 per year for service as the     Non-Executive Chairperson of the Board of Directors.

c.Additional Annual Retainer for Lead Independent Director: $37,500 per year for service as the Lead Independent Director of the Board of Directors.

d.Additional Annual Retainers for Committee Membership:

Audit Committee Chair $25,000
Audit Committee Member (other than the Chair) $12,500
Compensation Committee Chair $20,000
Compensation Committee Member (other than the Chair) $10,000
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Chair $10,000
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Member (other than the Chair) $5,000
e.Payment of Annual Retainers; Pro-Ration: All cash retainers shall be paid prospectively on a quarterly basis, pro-rated for any Non-Employee Director whose service (or whose service in any of the additional capacities described above) commences during a calendar year such that the annual retainer is reduced proportionately for any calendar month prior to the month in which such service commenced.



Exhibit 10.1

2.Equity Awards

Grants of equity awards to Non-Employee Directors pursuant to this Policy will be automatic and nondiscretionary (without the need for any additional corporate action by the Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee) and will be made in accordance with the following provisions:

a.Initial Equity Grant. On the date on which any Non-Employee Director first begins providing services to the Company as a member of the Board of Directors, by reason of election by shareholders or appointment by the Board of Directors, he or she shall receive an initial grant of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) under the Company’s 2019 Stock Plan (the “Plan”) determined by dividing $400,000 by the Fair Market Value (as defined in the Plan) on the date of grant, rounded down to the nearest whole RSU, and evidenced by an award agreement in the form approved by the Board of Directors for such purpose prior to such grant (the “Initial Equity Grant”). The RSUs subject to the Initial Equity Grant shall vest in three equal, annual installments on each anniversary of the date of grant, subject to such Non-Employee Director’s continued service as a Non-Employee Director through each such vesting date.

b.Annual Equity Grant. Each Non-Employee Director shall receive an annual grant of RSUs under the Plan determined by dividing $260,000 by the Fair Market Value on the date of grant, rounded down to the nearest whole RSU, and evidenced by an award agreement in the form approved by the Board of Directors for such purpose prior to such grant (the “Annual Equity Grant”). The RSUs subject to the Annual Equity Grant shall vest in full on the earlier of (i) the first anniversary of the date of grant, or (ii) the date immediately prior to the Company’s next regular annual shareholders meeting, in either case subject to such Non-Employee Director’s continued service as a Non-Employee Director through such vesting date. Annual Equity Grants shall be made on the day immediately after the Company’s regular annual shareholders meeting to Non-Employee Directors who are serving on the Board on such date.

c.Acceleration. All RSUs granted pursuant to this Policy shall vest in full immediately prior to, but conditioned upon, the consummation of a Change in Control (as defined in the Plan).

d.Revisions. The Board of Directors in its discretion may change and otherwise revise the terms of awards to be granted pursuant to this Policy, including, without limitation, the number of shares subject thereto or the vesting terms of such awards, on a prospective basis, to the extent permitted by the Plan.

3.Expenses

The Company will reimburse Non-Employee Directors for any reasonable out-of-pocket travel expenses incurred by them in attending meetings of the Board of Directors or any Committee thereof.

Effective: February 25, 2021






Exhibit 10.2
Employment agreement
Your employment
POSITION
Christine Flores
You’ll be a General Counsel
You’ll report to Ben Silbermann
You’ll work out of our office in San Francisco
You may need to travel for work from time to time
Your first day will be TBD
OBLIGATIONS
TO PINTEREST
You agree to devote your working hours and full-time efforts to Pinterest while you’re employed here. We don’t mind if you serve on any corporate, civic, charitable boards or committees that you feel passionate about; give lectures and talks; or teach at schools—as long as these things don’t interfere with your Pinterest duties or violate your confidentiality obligations. You also agree to follow all our policies and rules.
CONFLICTING OBLIGATIONS
You must tell us before your first day about any obligations or commitments that
are inconsistent with the duties we’ve outlined in this agreement. By signing this agreement, you’re promising that:
You will not use or disclose any trade secrets, proprietary information or intellectual property that you or any other person have a right, title or interest to in connection with the work you do at Pinterest;
You have returned any property or confidential information that belongs to your former employers; and
You aren’t violating the rights of anyone by accepting employment here at Pinterest.
Your compensation
SALARY
We agree to pay you an initial base salary at a gross annual rate of $300,000.00 based on our standard payroll procedures. Our compensation team will review your salary rate at least once a year.
STOCK GRANT
Subject to our Board’s approval, we’ll grant you 1,750,000 restricted stock units
(RSUs). Each RSU will entitle you to 1 share of Pinterest common stock after the
RSU vests. The RSU will be subject to two vesting conditions – a “Service-Based Vesting Condition” and an “Event-Based Vesting Condition”. Both of these vesting conditions must be met for each RSU before the RSU will settle and you will receive shares.

The Service-Based Vesting Condition will be met as you provide service to the Company over time as follows: 1/4 of the RSUs will vest when you complete 12 months of continuous service with the Company, and 1/16 of the RSUs will vest on each 3-month anniversary of continuous service with the Company after that.

The Event-Based Vesting Condition will be met if the Company completes an IPO or a Change in Control (as defined in Appendix 1), in either case, within 7 years of the RSU grant date.

When both vesting conditions are met for an RSU, the RSU will settle, and you will receive shares, at the time and in the manner set forth in the standard form Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, which will set forth the terms and conditions applicable to the RSUs. Your RSUs will also be subject to our 2009 Stock Plan.

Notwithstanding the above, the Service-Based Vesting Condition applicable to your RSUs will be met on an accelerated basis such that you will be treated as if you have completed two years of continuous service with the Company (i.e. 50% of your RSUs will be vested) (the “Acceleration”) if (i) on or before the second anniversary of your employment start date, and (ii) within 90 days before a Change in Control, or one year after a Change in Control, either of the following occurs (either, a “Triggering Termination”):




1.Pinterest terminates your employment without Cause (as defined in Appendix 1); or
2. You terminate your employment for Good Reason (as defined in
 Appendix 1); and
in either case, you comply with the Obligations (as defined in Appendix 1).
Any Acceleration that occurs pursuant to the provisions above shall be effective as of the date your employment terminates or, if later, the consummation of the Change in Control.

Further, notwithstanding anything stated herein, if your RSUs are not assumed or replaced with similar equity awards in connection with a Change in Control, you will be entitled to the Acceleration set forth above, and the Acceleration shall occur effective immediately prior to, and contingent upon, the consummation of the Change in Control, as long as your service will continue with the acquirer after the consummation of the Change in Control (i.e., the Acceleration will not occur in this case if, prior to or in connection with a Change in Control, you are terminated for Cause, or you resign for any reason other than Good Reason, or you experience a Triggering Termination but you do not comply with the Obligations).
SIGN-ON BONUS
In your first paycheck after you start, we’ll pay you a sign-on bonus of $150,000.00. If you quit or your employment is terminated within twelve months of your start date for any reason, you’ll pay back a portion of the bonus prorated to the number of months you were employed, and you authorize Pinterest to withhold this amount from any payments Pinterest might owe you at the time of your departure.
ADDITIONAL BONUS
After one year of continuous service, we’ll pay you a one-time bonus of $150,000.00. If you quit or your employment is terminated prior to that time for any reason, you will not be entitled to the bonus. If you quit or your employment is terminated after that time but within twelve months of your start date for any reason, you’ll pay back a portion of the bonus prorated to the number of months you were employed, and you authorize Pinterest to withhold this amount from any payments Pinterest might owe you at the time of your departure.
EMPLOYEE BENEFITS You’ll be eligible for vacation and other time off and to participate in the employee benefit plans maintained by Pinterest, all subject to Pinterest’s standard policies.
BUSINESS EXPENSES AND TRAVEL POLICY We’ll reimburse you for all reasonable and necessary businesses expenses so long as you follow our reimbursement procedure.
Termination
AT-WILL EMPLOYMENT You’ll be an “at-will” employee, which means that you or Pinterest can terminate your employment any time and for any reason, without cause or notice. This agreement takes the place of anything you may have been told or agreed to already and is the full agreement between you and Pinterest on the “at-will” nature of your employment. The only way your “at-will” status can change is through a written agreement signed by you and an authorized officer of Pinterest.
YOUR RIGHTS AFTER
TERMINATION OF
EMPLOYMENT
If Pinterest terminates your employment, you’ll only be entitled to compensation, benefits and reimbursements earned or accrued before your termination date.
Before you start
CONFIDENTIALITY
AGREEMENT
You must sign and deliver a copy of the confidentiality agreement attached to this agreement on or before your start date.
RIGHT TO WORK Federal immigration law requires that you provide us with evidence of your identity and eligibility for employment in the United States. We will ask you to provide this on your first day of work.



Successors
PINTEREST’S SUCCESSORS Pinterest’s successors may enforce this agreement and Pinterest’s rights under it, so if someone else takes over all or most of Pinterest’s business and/or assets, this agreement will apply to that entity the same way it would apply to Pinterest.
YOUR SUCCESSORS Your personal or legal representatives executors, administrators, successors, heirs, distributees, devisees and legatees may enforce this agreement and your rights under it.
Miscellaneous stuff
NOTICE You agree to keep us up to date on your address. We’ll send you communications relating to this agreement in writing. We may deliver these communications personally, send them by registered or certified mail, or express delivery service such as FedEx. You will be deemed to receive these communications when we deliver them to you personally, or when we send them via registered or certified mail or express delivery service to the address you most recently provided in writing. Please address any correspondence with us to our official business address directed to the attention of the company’s Secretary.
WHOLE AGREEMENT This agreement and the confidentiality agreement attached to it represent the entire agreement between you and Pinterest regarding the subjects they cover. You acknowledge that you and Pinterest have no other agreements or understandings (oral or written, express or implied) regarding the subjects covered by this agreement, and you have not made or received any additional representations relating to these subjects. The terms of this agreement may only be modified by written agreement that you and an officer of Pinterest sign.
WITHHOLDING TAXES If the law or tax code requires it, the payments made under this agreement could be reduced.
CHOICE OF LAW AND SEVERABILITY This agreement will be interpreted according to the laws of the State of California, without giving effect to provisions governing the choice of law. If any provision in this agreement becomes or is deemed invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any applicable jurisdiction because of the scope, extent or duration of its coverage, then this provision will be considered amended to the minimum extent necessary to bring it into line with the law (so it’s valid and enforceable). If we can’t amend the provision without significantly changing either your or our intentions, then we’ll strike the provision and the rest of this agreement will stay in effect.

If any provision of this agreement is rendered illegal by any present or future statute, law, ordinance or regulation, then that provision will be curtailed or limited only to the minimum extent necessary to make the provision comply with the law. All the other terms and provisions of this agreement will stay in effect.
ASSIGNMENT This agreement and all your rights and obligations in it are personal to you – you can’t transfer or reassign them. Pinterest may assign it rights under this agreement to any entity that takes over our obligations under this agreement in connection with a sale or transfer of assets or control.
COUNTERPARTS This agreement may be signed in two or more counterparts. Each of these will be considered an original, and together they will constitute a single agreement.



And now for the good stuff

We’re all delighted to extend this offer to you, and we hope you’ll join us soon! If you’d like to accept, please sign and return this offer letter, along with a signed and dated original copy of the attached confidentiality agreement, by February 27, 2017.



Sincerely,
/s/ Ben Silbermann /s/ Evan Sharp
Ben Silbermann, Co-Founder Evan Sharp, Co-Founder
Pinterest Pinterest
Please sign below:
/s/ Christine Flores
Signature
Christine Flores
Printed Name

2/27/2017
Date



Appendix 1

The following definitions apply to the accelerated vesting provisions in this Agreement.
Change of Control” means a Triggering Event; provided, a transaction will not be considered a Change of Control unless the transaction also qualifies as a “change in control event” as defined in Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(5)(i)
Triggering Event” means: (i) a sale, transfer or disposition of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets other than to (A) a corporation or other entity of which at least a majority of its combined voting power is owned directly or indirectly by the Company, (B) a corporation or other entity owned directly or indirectly by the holders of capital stock of the Company in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of Common Stock, or (C) an Excluded Entity (as defined in subsection (ii) below); (ii) any merger, consolidation or other business combination transaction of the Company with or into another corporation, entity or person, other than a transaction with or into another corporation, entity or person in which the holders of at least a majority of the shares of voting capital stock of the Company outstanding immediately prior to such transaction continue to hold (either by such shares remaining outstanding in the continuing entity or by their being converted into shares of voting capital stock of the surviving entity) a majority of the total voting power represented by the shares of voting capital stock of the Company (or the surviving entity) outstanding immediately after such transaction (an “Excluded Entity”); or (iii) the consummation of a transaction in which any “person” (as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), other than an Excluded Entity, becomes the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13d-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing a majority of the total voting power represented by the Company’s then outstanding voting securities. Notwithstanding anything stated herein, a transaction shall not constitute a “Triggering Event” if (1) its sole purpose is to change the state of the Company’s incorporation, or to create a holding company that will be owned in substantially the same proportions by the persons who hold the Company’s securities immediately before such transaction, or (2) the transaction involves a change in the beneficial ownership of securities of the Company as a result of a financing of the Company, a transaction whereby current and/or former service providers are offered the opportunity to sell Company securities, on a one-off basis, in a secondary/liquidity transaction, or any similar transaction, in each case, as determined by the Board, in good faith, in its’ sole and absolute discretion.
“Cause” means any of the following: (a) you willfully engage in conduct that is in bad faith and materially injurious to Pinterest, including but not limited to, misappropriation of trade secrets, fraud or embezzlement; (b) an act of gross negligence, dishonesty, fraud or misrepresentation made by you in connection with your responsibilities to Pinterest that is materially injurious to Pinterest, (c) your unauthorized use or disclosure of any proprietary information or trade secrets of Pinterest or any other party to whom you owe an obligation of nondisclosure as a result of your relationship with Pinterest that is materially injurious to Pinterest; (d) you commit a material breach of any written agreement between you and Pinterest that causes harm to Pinterest, which breach is not cured within thirty (30) days after receipt of written notice describing in detail such breach to you from Pinterest; (e) your repeated or material failure to comply with Pinterest’s written policies or rules, which written policies or rules have been provided or made available to you; (f) you willfully refuse to implement or follow a lawful directive by your supervisor, directly related to your duties, which breach is not cured within thirty (30) days after receipt of written notice describing in detail such breach to you from Pinterest; (g) you engage in material misfeasance or malfeasance demonstrated by a continued pattern of material failure to perform the essential job duties associated with your position, which breach is not cured within thirty (30) days after receipt of written notice describing in detail such breach to you from Pinterest; (h) your willful, material violation of any law or regulation applicable to the business of Pinterest that is materially injurious to Pinterest; and (i) your conviction of, or plea of nolo contendere to, a felony or any crime that, in either case, has resulted in or is reasonably expected to result in loss, damage or injury to the property, reputation, or employees, consultants, Board members or stockholders of Pinterest. For purposes of clarity, all references herein to Pinterest include references to any successor to Pinterest and any affiliate or subsidiary to Pinterest or any such successor, and a termination without “Cause” does not include any termination that occurs as a result of your death or disability.
Good Reason” means your resignation due to any of the following conditions which occur without your written consent, provided that the requirements regarding advance notice and an opportunity to cure set forth below are satisfied: (a) a material reduction in your duties, authority or responsibilities relative to your duties, authority, responsibilities or reporting relationship as in effect immediately prior to such reduction, provided that a mere change of title alone shall not constitute such a material reduction; (b) a requirement that you change your principal office to a facility that increases your one-way commute by more than forty (40) miles from your commute to the location at



which you are employed immediately prior to such change, or (c) your then current annual base salary is reduced by more than ten percent (10%) (other than in connection with a general decrease in the salary of similarly situated employees or, following a Change in Control, to the extent necessary to make your salary commensurate with those other employees of the Company or its successor entity or parent entity who are similarly situated with you following such Change in Control. In order for you to resign for Good Reason, you must provide written notice to Pinterest (or its successor) of the existence of the Good Reason condition within thirty (30) days of the initial existence of the Good Reason condition. Upon receipt of the notice, the Company (or its successor) will have 30 days to remedy the Good Reason condition and not be required to provide for the benefits described herein as a result of such proposed resignation. If the Good Reason condition is not remedied within such 30 day period, you may resign based on the Good Reason condition specified in the notice effective no later than 30 days following the expiration of the 30day cure period.
“Obligations” mean (i) you have returned all Pinterest property in your possession within ten (10) days following your termination, and (ii) you have executed a full and complete general release of all claims that you may have against Pinterest or persons affiliated with Pinterest in the form provided by Pinterest and such release has become effective no later than the thirtieth (30th) day after your termination.





Confidential agreement and invention assignment


1) MY RELATIONSHIP WITH PINTEREST
This agreement applies to my employment relationship with Pinterest Inc., and any of its present or future subsidiaries, affiliates or successors (“Pinterest”). It also applies if my employment ends but Pinterest hires me again or asks me to consult within a year, unless we agree otherwise in writing.

For purposes of this agreement, my employment or consulting relationship with Pinterest – whether it started before, on, or after this agreement’s date – will be called the “Relationship”.
2) CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION (a) Definition

“Confidential Information” is any information or material that people outside of Pinterest don’t generally know about or have access to, as well as any information or material that third parties give to Pinterest in confidence. Confidential Information includes Company Inventions (defined below), business or financial information, knowledge, plans, forecasts, or anything else a reasonable person would understand to be confidential.

Confidential Information doesn’t include information that becomes generally known or available to the public, so long as it doesn’t become known or available to the public because of anything I did, or anything I was supposed to do but didn’t do.

(b) Protection
I understand that Pinterest will provide me with Confidential Information so that I can do my job. I’ll keep Confidential Information confidential during and after the Relationship. I won’t use Confidential Information except to do my job, and for the benefit of Pinterest. I won’t share Confidential Information with anyone outside the company or make copies of Confidential Information unless I get written permission from Pinterest.

c) Third Party Information
The things I’m agreeing to in Section 2 are for the benefit of Pinterest and any third party that gives information or material to Pinterest in confidence. While working at Pinterest, I won’t share or use any confidential or secret information received from third parties unless they have expressly permitted me to do so.

(d) Other Rights
This agreement supplements, but doesn’t supersede, any rights that Pinterest has to protect trade secrets or any other confidential or proprietary information.
3) INVENTIONS (a) My Inventions
“Inventions” means any discoveries, developments, concepts, designs, ideas, know how, improvements, inventions, trade secrets, or original works of authorship, regardless of whether these things are patentable, copyrightable or otherwise legally protectable. This includes products, designs, systems, methods, processes, configurations, and many other things.

In Exhibit A, I’ve listed all Inventions that belong to me (alone or with others) and relate to Pinterest’s business or its products. I retain my rights in these listed Inventions, and I’m not assigning those rights to Pinterest. If no list is attached, that means I have no Inventions that relate to Pinterest’s business or its products.
If I use or incorporate any Invention that belongs to me (alone or with others) in the course of my work at Pinterest, I’ll tell Pinterest first. Whether I tell Pinterest or not, I give Pinterest the right to use that Invention. Legally speaking, I grant Pinterest a non-exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty free, assumable, perpetual, worldwide license freely use that Invention under all intellectual property laws around the world. This license may be transferred or sublicensed by Pinterest at any time, without restriction.



(b) Company Invention
“Company Inventions” means any Invention that I author, discover, develop, dream up, improve, or reduce to practice during this Relationship (alone or with others), unless that Invention is excluded under the applicable state law (which I can reference in Exhibit B). If I believe that any Invention that I author, discover, develop, dream up, improve, or reduce to practice during this Relationship (alone or with others) is excluded by the provisions of Exhibit B, I’ll tell Pinterest promptly.
I’ll tell Pinterest about all Company Inventions, and hold them in trust for the sole benefit of Pinterest. Whether I tell Pinterest or not, I hereby assign to Pinterest or its designee all my rights, title and interest throughout the world to all Company Inventions and all patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property rights in all Company Inventions. I agree that all Company Inventions that are made by me (alone or with others) are “works made for hire” to the greatest extent permitted by law, and that I’ve been compensated for them by my salary. I waive all claims, present or future, for infringement of any Company Invention. Any assignment of Company Inventions includes all so-called “moral rights,” “artist’s rights,” “driot moral,” or similar rights and if those rights can’t be assigned under applicable law, I waive all those rights.

c) Records
I’ll keep and maintain good records of all Company Inventions I make (alone or with others) during the Relationship. These records will be the sole property of Pinterest. I won’t take these records from the workplace except where company policies allow, and I understand that Pinterest may revise these policies from time to time. At the end of the Relationship, I’ll give these records and any copies of them to Pinterest, as required by Sections 5 and 6 of this agreement.

d) Assistance In Securing Intellectual Property Rights
I’ll help Pinterest or its designees secure and maintain all available rights in Company Inventions, including copyrights, patents, trademarks, moral rights, or any other possible rights, in all countries around the world. If asked, I’ll provide all information and sign all documents necessary to submit applications, specifications, assignments, recordations, oaths or anything else that will help
4) INTEREST PROPERTY AND DOCUMENTS I understand I have no expectation of privacy when it comes to Pinterest’s communication or information systems (including files, emails and voicemails), and Pinterest may monitor my use of these systems at any time without notice.

I understand that Pinterest may inspect any of its property at the workplace, including equipment, physical and electronic storage, and work spaces, among other things, at any time without notice. When my Relationship with Pinterest ends, I’ll return all equipment Pinterest has provided. I’ll also return all documents, information and other materials that belong to Pinterest, and won’t keep (or recreate) any copies.
5) TERMINATION CERTIFICATION Upon the termination of my employment, I’ll sign the “Termination Certification” in
Exhibit C. Even if I don’t sign the Termination Certification, I’m still bound by the terms of this agreement.
6) NOTICE TO THIRD PARTIES Pinterest may tell third parties that I agreed to this confidentiality agreement, both
during and after our Relationship.
7) SOLICITATION OF EMPLOYEES, CONSULTANTS
AND OTHERS
During our Relationship and for a year after it ends, I won’t encourage Pinterest
employees or consultants to leave Pinterest, or recruit them for other employment.

I won’t, at any time, use Confidential Information to deter Pinterest’s clients or customers from doing business with Pinterest, or encourage them to do business with any company that competes directly or indirectly with Pinterest. Nor will I use Confidential Information in any other way that’s contrary to the interests of Pinterest.



8) AT-WILL RELATIONSHIP I understand I’m an “at-will” employee. I may terminate my employment with Pinterest, and Pinterest may do likewise, at any time for any reason or no reason, without any further obligations, other than the parts of this agreement that continue in effect after the Relationship.
9) REPRESEN-
TATIONS AND
COVENANTS
(a) Cooperation
If Pinterest asks, I’ll execute any oath, or verify any document required to carry out the terms of this agreement during the Relationship or after.

(b) No Conflicts
In signing this agreement, I’m not violating any agreements with, or promises to, any other person or company, and I won’t enter into any written or verbal agreement that conflicts with this one.

I’ll honor all agreements and confidentiality obligations I have to any other party, and promise not to disclose to Pinterest any Inventions or Confidential Information belonging to anyone else. On Exhibit A, I’ve listed any agreements I have with current or past employers or other parties that might restrict my ability to accept this job, engage Pinterest’s customers or service providers, or perform my duties at and obligations to Pinterest.

I’m not performing any services for any business (or proposed business) whose products or services might compete with Pinterest’s products or services, or any new products or services that Pinterest develops during the Relationship, nor do I intend to do so. If I want to do so in the future, I’ll tell Pinterest in writing, identify the organization I want to work for, and provide Pinterest with all of the information it needs to determine if that work would conflict with the interests of Pinterest.

(c) Voluntary Execution
I’ve read and understand all provisions of this agreement. I accept them voluntarily and promise to comply with all of them.



10) GENERAL
PROVISIONS
(a) Governing Law
The validity, interpretation, construction and performance of this agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of California, without giving effect to the principles of conflict of laws.

(b) Entire Agreement
This agreement contains the entire understanding and agreement between me and Pinterest, regardless of any previous discussions we may have had. This agreement will apply regardless of any changes in my duties or compensation, and the terms of the agreement can’t be changed unless the changes are made in writing and we’ve both signed them.

I understand that Pinterest can’t waive any of the rights, or give any of the permissions discussed in this agreement, unless it does so in writing through an authorized officer of the company and with proper approval from Pinterest’s Board of Directors.
 
(c) Severability
If any part of this agreement is found to be void or unenforceable, that part will
remain enforceable to the maximum extent allowed by law, and the rest of the agreement won’t be affected. Pinterest and I have attempted to limit my right to use, keep and share Pinterest’s Confidential Information and to limit my right to solicit employees and customers only to the extent necessary to protect Pinterest from unfair competition. If a court decides that these restrictions are too broad, Pinterest and I want the court to rework, modify and enforce the restrictions in such way as to allow them legally in light of the circumstances at that time.
(d) Successors and Assigns
My heirs, executors, administrators and legal representatives, and my successors and assigns are also bound by this agreement. This agreement is for the benefit of Pinterest and its successors and assigns.

(e) Remedies
I recognize that violating this agreement could cause Pinterest irreparable harm. I therefore agree that Pinterest is entitled to seek extraordinary relief in court, for any violation of this agreement, including temporary restraining orders, and preliminary and permanent injunctions without the necessity of posting a bond or other security, in addition to any other remedies Pinterest might have. If a bond or security is required, I agree that a $1000 bond is adequate.

(f) Advice of counsel
I acknowledge that I’ve had the opportunity to get advice about this agreement from independent legal counsel. I’ve read and I understand all parts of this agreement, and agree the agreement won’t be construed against either party by reason of drafting or preparation.



The parties executed this agreement on the dates specified below to be effective on the Effective Date.


Sincerely,
/s/ Ben Silbermann /s/ Evan Sharp
Ben Silbermann, Co-Founder Evan Sharp, Co-Founder
Pinterest Pinterest
Please sign below:
/s/ Christine Flores
Signature
Christine Flores
Printed Name

2/27/2017
Date



Exhibit A

A list of inventions and original works
of authorship excluded under Section 4(a)

Title   Identifying # or description Date

No inventions, improvements or
original works of authorship
Additional sheets attached
/s/ Christine Flores
Signature
Christine Flores 2/27/2017
Printed Name Date




Exhibit B
Section 2870 of the California Labor Code says:
(a) Any provision in an employment agreement which provides that an employee shall assign, or offer to assign, any of his or her rights in an invention to his or her employer shall not apply to an invention that the employee developed entirely on his or her own time without using the employer’s equipment, supplies, facilities, or trade secret information except for those inventions that either:
(1) Relate at the time of conception or reduction to practice of the invention to the employer’s business, or actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development of the employer; or
(2) Result from any work performed by the employee for the employer.
(b) To the extent a provision in an employment agreement purports to require an employee to assign an invention otherwise excluded from being required to be assigned under subdivision (a), the provision is against the public policy of this state and is unenforceable.




Exhibit C
Termination certification
By signing this, I certify that I’ve returned, and don’t have in my possession, all equipment, documents, information, and other materials that belong to Pinterest, and any copies or reproductions of these things.
I also certify that I’ve complied with all parts of Pinterest’s Confidential Information and Invention Assignment Agreement that I signed when I joined Pinterest, including reporting any Inventions that I made or dreamed up (alone or with others) during my Relationship with Pinterest.
As I agreed to in the Confidential Information and Invention Assignment Agreement, I’ll keep Confidential Information confidential, including Company Inventions, business or financial information, knowledge, plans, forecasts, or anything else a reasonable person would understand to be confidential
For a year from the date of this Certification, I won’t encourage Pinterest employees or consultants to leave Pinterest, or recruit them for other employment.
I won’t, at any time, use Confidential Information to deter Pinterest’s clients or customers from doing business with Pinterest, or encourage them to do business with any company that competes directly or indirectly with Pinterest. Nor will I use Confidential Information in any other way that’s contrary to the interests of Pinterest.

Signature
Printed Name Date



Exhibit 10.3

COLD BREW LABS INC.
#############
############
May 13, 2011

Evan Sharp
#############
############

Re: EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT
Dear Mr. Sharp:
On behalf of Cold Brew Labs Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), I am pleased to offer you the position of Co-Founder. Your employment by the Company shall be governed by the following terms and conditions (this "Agreement"):
1. Duties and Scope of Employment.
(a) Position. For the term of your employment under this Agreement (your "Employment"), the Company agrees to employ you in the position of Co-Founder, reporting to the Company's Board of Directors (the "Board"). You will be working out of the Company's office in or around Palo Alto, CA, although you understand and agree that you may be required to travel from time to time for business reasons. You will perform the duties and have the responsibilities and authority customarily performed and held by an employee in your position.
(b) Obligations to the Company. During your Employment, you shall devote your full business efforts and time to the Company’s business. You may, however, serve on corporate, civic or charitable boards or committees, deliver lectures, fulfill speaking engagements or teach at educational institutions, provided that such activities do not individually or in the aggregate interfere with the performance of your duties under this Agreement or violate the terms of the Confidential Information and Invention Assignment Agreement between you and the Company. You shall comply with the Company’s policies and rules, as they may be in effect from time to time during your Employment.
(c) No Conflicting Obligations. You represent and warrant to the Company that you are under no obligations or commitments, whether contractual or otherwise, that are inconsistent with your obligations under this Agreement. In connection with your Employment, you shall not use or disclose any trade secrets or other proprietary information or intellectual property in which you or any other person has any right, title or interest and your Employment will not infringe or violate the rights of any other person. You represent and warrant to the Company that you have returned all property and confidential information belonging to any prior employer.
(d) Commencement Date. You shall commence full-time Employment as soon as reasonably practicable and in no event later than [May 30, 2011) (the "Start Date")
2. Compensation.
(a) Salary. The Company shall pay you as compensation for your services an initial base salary at a gross annual rate of$110,000. Such salary shall be payable in accordance with the Company's standard payroll procedures. The annual compensation specified in this Section 2, together with any modifications in such compensation that the Company may make from time to time, is referred to in this Agreement as "Base Salary." The Board or any Compensation Committee of the Board shall review your Base Salary at least annually.
(b) Stock Options. Subject to the approval of the Company's Board of Directors (the "Board"), the Company shall grant you a stock option covering 441,250 shares of the Company's Common Stock (the "Option''). The Option shall be granted as soon as reasonably practicable after the date of this Agreement or, if later, the date you commence full time Employment. The exercise price per share will be equal to the fair market value per share on the date the Option is granted, as determined by the Board in good faith compliance with applicable guidance in order to avoid having the Option be treated as deferred compensation under Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. There is no guarantee that the Internal Revenue Service will agree with this value. You should consult with your own tax advisor concerning the tax risks associated with



accepting an option to purchase the Company's Common Stock. The term of the Option shall be ten (10) years, subject to earlier expiration in the event of the termination of your services to the Company. The Option shall vest 3/48 of the total number of option shares after each 3-month period of full time employment. The Option will be an incentive stock option to the maximum extent allowed by the tax code and shall be subject to the other terms and conditions set forth in the Company's 2009 Stock Plan and in the Company's standard form of Stock Option Agreement.
3. Vacation/PTO and Employee Benefits. During your Employment, you shall be eligible to accrue paid vacation/ paid time off, pro-rated for the remainder of this calendar year, in accordance with the Company's vacation/ paid time off policy, as it may be amended from time to time. During your Employment, you shall be eligible to participate in the employee benefit plans maintained by the Company and generally available to similarly situated employees of the Company, subject in each case to the generally applicable terms and conditions of the plan in question and to the determinations of any person or committee administering such plan.
4. Business Expenses; Travel Policy. The Company will reimburse you for your necessary and reasonable business expenses incurred in connection with your duties hereunder upon presentation of an itemized account and appropriate supporting documentation, all in accordance with the Company’s generally applicable policies.
5. Termination.
(a) Employment at Will. Your Employment shall be “at will,” meaning that either you or the Company shall be entitled to terminate your Employment at any time and for any reason, with or without cause. Any contrary representations that may have been made to you shall be superseded by this Agreement. This Agreement shall constitute the full and complete agreement between you and the Company on the “at-will” nature of your Employment, which may only be changed in an express written agreement signed by you and a duly authorized officer of the Company.
(b) Rights Upon Termination. Except as expressly provided herein, but subject to the provisions of any Common Stock Purchase Agreement or Stock Restriction Agreement entered into between you and the Company, upon the termination of your Employment, you shall only be entitled to the compensation and benefits earned and the reimbursements described in this Agreement for the period preceding the effective date of the termination.
6. Pre-Employment Conditions.
(a) Confidentiality Agreement. Your acceptance of this offer and commencement of employment with the Company is contingent upon the execution, and delivery to an officer of the Company, of the Company’s Confidential Information and Invention Assignment Agreement, a copy of which is enclosed for your review and execution (the “Confidentiality Agreement”), prior to or on your Start Date.
(b) Right to Work. For purposes of federal immigration law, you will be required to provide to the Company documentary evidence of your identity and eligibility for employment in the United States.
7. Successors.
(a) Company’s Successors. This Agreement shall be binding upon any successor (whether direct or indirect and whether by purchase, lease, merger, consolidation, liquidation or otherwise) to all or substantially all of the Company’s business and/or assets. For all purposes under this Agreement, the term “Company” shall include any successor to the Company’s business or assets that becomes bound by this Agreement.
(b) Your Successors. This Agreement and all of your rights hereunder shall inure to the benefit of, and be enforceable by, your personal or legal representatives, executors, administrators, successors, heirs, distributees, devisees and legatees.
8. Miscellaneous Provisions.
(a) Notice. Notices and all other communications contemplated by this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given when personally delivered or when mailed by U.S. registered or certified mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid. In your case, mailed notices shall be addressed to you at the home address that you most recently communicated to the Company in writing. In the case of the Company,



mailed notices shall be addressed to its corporate headquarters, and all notices shall be directed to the attention of its Secretary.
(b) Modifications and Waivers. No provision of this Agreement shall be modified, waived or discharged unless the modification, waiver or discharge is agreed to in writing and signed by you and by an authorized officer of the Company (other than you). No waiver by either party of any breach of, or of compliance with, any condition or provision of this Agreement by the other party shall be considered a waiver of any other condition or provision or of the same condition or provision at another time.
(c) Whole Agreement. No other agreements, representations or understandings (whether oral or written and whether express or implied) which are not expressly set forth in this Agreement have been made or entered into by either party with respect to the subject matter hereof. This Agreement and the Confidentiality Agreement contain the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof.
(d) Withholding Taxes. All payments made under this Agreement shall be subject to reduction to reflect taxes or other charges required to be withheld by law.
(e) Choice of Law and Severability. This Agreement shall be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of California without giving effect to provisions governing the choice of law. If any provision of this Agreement becomes or is deemed invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any applicable jurisdiction by reason of the scope, extent or duration of its coverage, then such provision shall be deemed amended to the minimum extent necessary to conform to applicable law so as to be valid and enforceable or, if such provision cannot be so amended without materially altering the intention of the parties, then such provision shall be stricken and the remainder of this Agreement shall continue in full force and effect. If any provision of this Agreement is rendered illegal by any present or future statute, law, ordinance or regulation (collectively, the “Law”) then that provision shall be curtailed or limited only to the minimum extent necessary to bring the provision into compliance with the Law. All the other terms and provisions of this Agreement shall continue in full force and effect without impairment or limitation.
(f) No Assignment. This Agreement and all of your rights and obligations hereunder are personal to you and may not be transferred or assigned by you at any time. The Company may assign its rights under this Agreement to any entity that assumes the Company’s obligations hereunder in connection with any sale or transfer of all or a substantial portion of the Company’s assets to such entity.
(g) Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.


[Remainder of page intentionally blank]




We are all delighted to be able to extend you this offer and look forward to working with you. To indicate your acceptance of the Company’s offer, please sign and date this letter in the space provided below and return it to me, along with a signed and dated original copy of the Confidentiality Agreement.

Very truly yours,
COLD BREW LABS INC.
By: /s/ Ben Silbermann
(Signature)
Name: Ben Silbermann
Title: Co-Founder
ACCEPTED AND AGREED:
EVAN SHARP
By: /s/ Evan Sharp
(Signature)
5/17/2011
Date

Attachment A: Confidential Information and Invention Assignment Agreement.


Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PERIODIC REPORT UNDER SECTION 302 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Benjamin Silbermann, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Pinterest, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a–15(f) and 15d–15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
PINTEREST, INC.
Date: April 27, 2021 By: /s/ Benjamin Silbermann
Benjamin Silbermann
Co-Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)



Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION OF PERIODIC REPORT UNDER SECTION 302 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Todd Morgenfeld, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Pinterest, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a–15(f) and 15d–15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
PINTEREST, INC.
Date: April 27, 2021 By: /s/ Todd Morgenfeld
Todd Morgenfeld
Chief Financial Officer and Head of Business Operations
(Principal Financial Officer)



Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATIONS OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Benjamin Silbermann, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Pinterest, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2021 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that information contained in such Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Pinterest, Inc.
I, Todd Morgenfeld, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Pinterest, Inc. for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2021 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that information contained in such Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Pinterest, Inc.

PINTEREST, INC.
Date: April 27, 2021 By: /s/ Benjamin Silbermann
Benjamin Silbermann
Co-Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: April 27, 2021 By: /s/ Todd Morgenfeld
Todd Morgenfeld
Chief Financial Officer and Head of Business Operations
(Principal Financial Officer)

The foregoing certifications are furnished and are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), and are not deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Pinterest, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that Pinterest, Inc. specifically incorporates them by reference.