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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington D.C. 20549
___________________________________ 
FORM 10-K 
x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020
¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from             to             
Commission File Number 001-35355
___________________________________ 
 MANNING & NAPIER, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
45-2609100
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
290 Woodcliff Drive
Fairport, New York 		  14450
(Address of principal executive offices)   (Zip code)
(585) 325-6880
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange in which registered
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value per share  MN New York Stock Exchange
Common Stock Purchase Rights MN New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
___________________________________ 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.     Yes   ¨     No   x
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.      Yes   ¨     No   x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes   x     No   ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).     Yes   x     No   ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ¨    Accelerated filer ¨
Non-accelerated filer x    Smaller reporting company x
Emerging growth company ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Yes   ¨     No   ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the
effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨     No   x
The aggregate market value of the registrant's common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant (assuming for purposes of this computation only that the directors and executive officers may be affiliates) at June 30, 2020, which was the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $42.3 million based on the closing price of $2.86 for one share of Class A common stock, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on that date.
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
Class   Outstanding at March 10, 2021
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value per share   17,141,004

__________________________________
            
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held June 16, 2021 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.




TABLE OF CONTENTS 
    Page
Item 1.
1
Item 1A.
9
Item 1B.
24
Item 2.
24
Item 3.
24
Item 4.
24
Item 5.
25
Item 6.
25
Item 7.
25
Item 7A.
46
Item 8.
46
Item 9.
47
Item 9A.
47
Item 9B.
47
Item 10.
48
Item 11.
48
Item 12.
48
Item 13.
48
Item 14.
48
Item 15.
49
Item 16.
52

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 (the "Annual Report"), “we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company,” “Manning & Napier” and the “Registrant” refers to Manning & Napier, Inc. and, unless the context otherwise requires, its direct and indirect subsidiaries and predecessors on a consolidated basis.
 

i

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), which reflect the views of Manning & Napier, Inc. ("we," "our," or "us") with respect to, among other things, our future operations and financial performance. Words like "believes," "expects," "may," "estimates," "will," "should," "could," "intends," "likely," "plans," or "anticipates" or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, are used to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Although we believe that we are basing our expectations and beliefs on reasonable assumptions within the bounds of what we currently know about our business and operations, there can be no assurance that our actual results will not differ materially from what we expect or believe. Some of the factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our expectations or beliefs are disclosed in the “Risk Factors” section, as well as other sections of this report which include, without limitation: changes in securities or financial markets or general economic conditions; a decline in the performance of our products; client sales and redemption activity; any loss of an executive officer or key personnel; changes in our business related to strategic acquisitions and other transactions; our ability to successfully deploy new technology platforms and upgrades; impacts from our share repurchase program and changes of government policy or regulations. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made and we undertake no duty to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL RISKS

The following factors are among the principal risks we face. For a more detailed description of the risks material to our business, see "Part I-Item 1A-Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following summary should not be
considered an exhaustive summary of the material risks we face and should be read in conjunction with the “Risk Factors”
section and the other information in this Annual Report. Some of the factors that could cause our results to differ materially from our expectations or beliefs include, without limitation;
•the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the U.S. and global economy and our assets under management ("AUM");
•the termination of contracts or relationships upon short or no notice or high rates of client sales and redemption activity;
•the inability to realize the expected benefits of our restructuring plan and other operational improvement initiatives;
•difficult market conditions, like those during the COVID-19 pandemic, impacting the performance of our strategies, impacting our ability to obtain attractive returns, or reducing our ability to deploy capital;
•any loss of key investment and sales professionals or members of senior management, or difficulty integrating new executives;
•concentration of our AUM in certain investment strategies or in certain geographic areas;
•the impact on our portfolios of foreign currency exchange risk and the impact of any foreign tax, political, social and economic uncertainty on any non-U.S. issuers in which our portfolios have invested;
•a reduction in the fees we are able to charge, increased expenses or reduced fee income from new products, or potential losses or failure of new products or portfolios;
•changes in key distribution relationships that reduce our revenues or increase the influence of third-party intermediaries on our mutual fund assets;
•failure to comply with investment guidelines set by our clients or limitations imposed by law;
•the occurrence of operational or trading errors due to the failure, interruption or cessation of our or third-party financial, accounting, trading, custodial, clearing, compliance and other data processing systems;
•the failure to effectively maintain, enhance and modernize our information technology systems and develop or deploy new technology platforms and upgrades;
•cybersecurity breaches impacting our operations or the failure to implement effective information and cybersecurity policies;
•reputational harm caused by employee misconduct or the failure to properly address conflicts of interest;
•the inability to insure our business and otherwise manage risks;
•the failure to comply with extensive regulatory requirements and changes in government policy;
•the inability to effectively compete in the investment management industry;
•catastrophic and unpredictable events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, terrorist attacks and natural disasters;
•our dependence on Manning & Napier Group, LLC (“Manning & Napier Group”) for distributions to pay expenses and dividends, if any, to our stockholders;
•our obligation to make payments to holders of units of Manning & Napier Group for tax benefits we receive as a result of our structure pursuant to a tax receivable agreement; and
•provisions in our corporate documents, stockholder rights plan and Delaware law that could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of the Company that some stockholders might consider to be in their best interests.
 
ii

PART I 
Item 1.         Business.
Overview
Manning & Napier, Inc. is an independent investment management firm that provides our clients with a broad range of financial solutions and investment strategies, including wealth management services. Founded in 1970 and headquartered in Fairport, New York, we serve a diversified client base of high-net-worth individuals and institutions. We serve our clients both directly, through our Wealth Management division and our Institutional efforts, and indirectly, through our Intermediary Distribution Group, which works with third-party financial advisors to serve their end-investors. The institutions we serve include 401(k) plans, pension plans, Taft-Hartley multi-employer plans, endowments and foundations. Barron's has recognized Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC ("MNA") as the best actively managed fund family in their Fund Families of 2020 ranking. The ranking assesses the one-year relative performance of fund firms that offer a diversified lineup of actively managed mutual funds and exchange-traded funds ("ETFs"). The results are based on firms' skill in active management.
Our objective is to create and provide financial solutions to help our clients meet their needs. We believe our differentiation is based on delivering comprehensive solutions, high-touch service, and effective investment strategies in a custom-tailored, highly integrated manner.
We have built a diverse client base of high-net-worth individuals, small business owners, middle market institutions, larger institutions, defined contribution plans, and unions, as well as clients via investment consultants and other intermediaries. Although our client base is national, we are primarily focused in certain targeted geographic regions, including the northeastern and southeastern regions of the United States. Clients access our solutions and strategies via separately managed accounts, mutual funds, and collective investment trusts.
Our investment strategies are powered by multiple research engines, employing fundamental and quantitative approaches, and are offered as both single- and multi-asset class portfolios. While the mechanics of these processes may differ depending on the strategy, all of our strategies work from the underlying belief that active management is the best investment approach for meeting long-term client objectives. All of our multi-asset strategies fully incorporate dynamic asset allocation processes, and most strategies deliver active security selection as well.
We believe personalized financial advice is necessary to retain existing relationships and attract new clients. Our service approach is centered around our financial and advisor consultants, who manage the relationship and leverage internal subject matter experts for specific areas including financial planning, endowment and foundation consulting, qualified plan and pension plan services, and custody and trust advice and administration, depending on client need. We believe this team-based client service approach, value-added consultative services, and competitive long-term investment performance have allowed us to achieve a high average annual separate account retention rate.
The consistent philosophy and disciplined processes of our team-based, client-centric approach to investing has been central to delivering excellent investment outcomes to our clients during our 50 year history. As of December 31, 2020, we have 32 publicly-available mutual fund share classes rated with four or five stars by Morningstar, and a number of our investment strategies have built value-added track records over multiple decades.
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Our active approach can cause us to be out of favor relative to benchmarks and/or peers over short time periods. These short-term performance deviations, coupled with challenging industry trends, especially among institutional investors, can lead to changes in assets under management ("AUM") trends over time. The following chart reflects our AUM for each of the last 10 years:
MN-20201231_G1.JPG
As of December 31, 2020, our investment management offerings include 41 distinct separate account composites and 32 mutual funds and collective investment trusts. We believe we have cultivated a robust menu of actively managed strategies that allow us to address client needs.
Our AUM as of December 31, 2020 by sales channel and portfolio were as follows:

MN-20201231_G2.JPG MN-20201231_G3.JPG
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The following table summarizes the annualized returns for several of our key investment strategies and relevant benchmarks. Since inception and over long-term periods, we believe our strategies have generated attractive returns on both an absolute and relative basis. We recognize, however, that some strategies have mixed track records over the past decade. These key strategies are used across separate account, mutual fund and collective investment trust vehicles, and represent approximately 77% of our AUM as of December 31, 2020. This table is provided for illustrative purposes only. The performance reflected in the table below is not necessarily indicative of the future results of our investment strategies.
Key Strategies AUM as of
December 31, 2020 (in millions) 		Inception Date
Annualized Returns as of December 31, 2020 (1)
One Year Three Year Five Year Ten Year Inception
Long-Term Growth (30%-80% Equity Exposure)
$ 5,752.9  1/1/1973 18.7% 10.9% 10.2% 8.1% 9.6%
Blended Index (3)
14.1% 9.4% 9.8% 8.2% 8.9%
Core Non-U.S. Equity $ 727.6  10/1/1996 25.0% 10.0% 10.9% 5.7% 8.0%
Benchmark: ACWIxUS Index 10.7% 4.9% 8.9% 4.9% 5.5%
Growth with Reduced Volatility (20%-60% Equity Exposure) $ 2,718.5  1/1/1973 16.5% 9.5% 8.5% 6.7% 8.8%
Blended Index (4)
12.0% 8.2% 8.1% 6.9% 8.5%
Equity-Oriented (70%-100% Equity Exposure) $ 1,369.9  1/1/1993 23.7% 14.2% 14.0% 10.1% 10.5%
Blended Benchmark: 65% Russell 3000® / 20% ACWIxUS / 15% Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond 17.2% 11.4% 12.6% 10.6% 9.0%
Equity-Focused Blend (50%-90% Equity Exposure) $ 969.7  4/1/2000 19.9% 12.3% 11.5% 9.0% 7.3%
Blended Benchmark: 53% Russell 3000/ 17% ACWIxUS/ 30% Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond 15.8% 10.5% 11.3% 9.5% 6.8%
Core Equity-Unrestricted (90%-100% Equity Exposure) $ 624.5  1/1/1995 22.7% 15.4% 15.3% 11.5% 11.7%
Blended Benchmark: 80% Russell 3000® / 20% ACWIxUS 18.8% 12.6% 14.2% 12.0% 9.7%
Core U.S. Equity $ 247.9  7/1/2000 23.4% 16.9% 17.0% 12.6% 9.1%
Benchmark: Russell 3000® Index 20.9% 14.5% 15.4% 13.8% 7.2%
Conservative Growth (5%-35% Equity Exposure) $ 563.2  4/1/1992 11.4% 6.8% 5.8% 4.7% 5.1%
Blended Benchmark:15% Russell 3000/ 5% ACWIxUS/ 80% Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Intermediate Aggregate Bond 8.6% 6.2% 5.7% 4.9% 5.2%
Aggregate Fixed Income $ 190.3  1/1/1984 9.4% 5.9% 4.6% 3.8% 7.1%
Benchmark: Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond 7.5% 5.3% 4.4% 3.8% 7.0%
Rainier International Small Cap $ 1,081.8  3/28/2012 41.1% 12.8% 13.7% N/A (2) 14.6%
Benchmark: MSCI ACWIxUS Small Cap Index 14.2% 4.6% 9.4% N/A (2) 7.7%
Disciplined Value US $ 1,259.7  1/1/2013 2.8% 7.0% 11.7% N/A (2) 13.3%
Benchmark: Russell 1000 Value 2.8% 6.1% 9.7% N/A (2) 12.9%
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(1)Key investment strategy returns are presented net of fees. Benchmark returns do not reflect any fees or expenses.
(2)Performance not available given the product's inception date.
(3)Benchmark shown uses the 55/45 Blended Index from 01/01/1973-12/31/1987 and the 40/15/45 Blended Index from 01/01/1988-12/31/2020. The 55/45 Blended Index is represented by 55% S&P 500 Total Return Index ("S&P 500") and 45% Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Government/Credit Bond Index ("BGCB"). The 40/15/45 Blended Index is 40% Russell 3000 Index ("Russel 3000"), 15% MSCI ACWI ex USA Index ("ACWxUS"), and 45% Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index ("BAB").
(4)Benchmark shown uses the 40/60 Blended Index from 01/01/1973-12/31/1987 and the 30/10/60 Blended Index from 01/01/1988-12/31/2020. The 40/60 Blended Index is represented by 40% S&P 500 and 60% BGCB. The 30/10/60 Blended Index is represented by 30% Russell 3000, 10% ACWxUS, and 60% BAB.


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Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis" in this Annual Report for a discussion of the impact of COVID-19 on our business operations.
Our Strategy
Our mission is to provide financial solutions that enable clients to achieve their long-term goals and objectives. Our success will be measured by the success of our clients. We must effectively execute in delivering investment results, financial advice, and a superior client experience in order to retain business and attract new business.
Our strategy is focused on continuous refinement and improvement in these key areas. This includes the performance of our investment strategies, the comprehensiveness of our financial advice, and the quality of our client service. These three areas form the foundation of our business and require constant evolution.
To meet these goals, our firm has a number of strategic initiatives in place that we believe are designed to position our firm for sustainable, lasting success. For more detail on where we stand with our ongoing strategic initiatives, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis" in this Annual Report for this discussion.
Investments
We believe that skillfully deployed active management, in all of its many forms, is an effective investment approach to achieving client goals across changing market environments. Whether investing in a country, industry, or individual company, we hold a strong belief that price matters across all of our strategies. We are focused on helping our clients avoid permanent loss of capital over long time horizons, which is different than managing day-to-day volatility.
All of our research engines deploy investment processes that are team-based in nature. By focusing on research teams instead of individuals, we believe we are better able to emphasize repeatable processes instead of star personalities, while helping protect clients from staff turnover. Our investment processes are designed to allow teams to collaborate and combine top-down, bottom-up, and quantitative research.
Additionally, we view environmental, social and governance ("ESG") integration as necessary for the future success of any investment manager. We have consistently considered ESG factors in our research analyses and risk assessments, and during 2020 we formalized our implementation of ESG analysis throughout our fundamental, core investment processes for equities and credits. ESG integration is also part of our quantitative strategies, including our ESG multi-asset class ETF strategies. We believe that in-depth insights on ESG factors, coupled with active engagement with companies and thoughtful voting in shareholder meetings, can be helpful in generating the investment outcomes our clients desire.
We believe our research department of several dozen primarily home-grown investment professionals enhance the consistency of our investment processes. As warranted, we may add to or supplement our research teams with additional investment professionals.
Dynamic financial markets result in a fast-changing industry, and we recognize the need for our investment strategies to continuously evolve. We regularly review seeded portfolios to ensure that we are supporting competitive strategies that resonate with clients, while simultaneously closing portfolios that are no longer viable. As of December 31, 2020, we have approximately $7.6 million invested in seed capital with our research teams in new strategy concepts and expect to continue to deploy capital to support innovation in the future.
Client Experience
Our business is based on confidence and trust. We believe we must deliver a client experience that communicates clearly, is collaborative, and is accountable to clients. We view our clients as our partners, and we recognize that building successful client-partner relationships leads to a natural expansion of our business.
As of December 31, 2020, we have over 30 client-facing professionals, who are responsible for maintaining existing relationships and cultivating new business. Referrals are also a key source of new business, further highlighting the importance of our comprehensive client service and solutions.
Our client-facing professionals focus on specific areas of expertise. Our Wealth Management group specializes in individuals and middle market relationships using a team-approach organized by region. Our Intermediary and Institutional teams cover wider territories and concentrate on larger institutions, consultants, and Taft-Hartley relationships, as well as third-party intermediaries. Our Portfolio Strategies Group specializes in providing support for all of our client-facing professionals.
Alongside these professionals, our Advisory Services team of internal subject-matter experts provide consultative advice tailored to individual client needs. For example, our experts have capabilities ranging from estate, tax and trust review for families, retirement and health plan design analysis for employers, and donor relations and planned giving services for endowments and foundations.
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Our marketing strategy is focused on finding new ways to connect and engage with clients and prospects via targeted content on products, services, and topics that are most relevant to our various audiences. We have dedicated resources creating engaging and relevant content that positions Manning & Napier as a thought leader and a trusted resource. This content strategy focuses on educating investors, and it mirrors the consultative nature of our firm. We disseminate content in various ways, including through print publications, email, webinars, live events, our website, and social media.
In order for our investment teams and client-centric personnel to be most effective, we believe we must also have excellence in our middle- and back-office functions. These include our technology, operations, human resources, and compliance functions, each of which play a critical role in forming the foundation of business success.
In particular, our technological strategy is focused on using software-as-a-service solutions while retaining in-house capabilities as needed. We believe that by leveraging the robust expertise of external providers, we can improve the nimbleness and efficiency of our organization. This approach provides the most update-to-date technology enabling a superior client experience, improving the employee experience, and streamlining operational processes. For example, in 2020, we introduced a new client portal to support our distribution initiatives as part of our digital transformation. The portal is the first deliverable of many expected from InvestCloud that is intended to improve our efficiency while enhancing our quality client service.
Competition
Historically, we have competed to attract business on the basis of:
•the breadth of financial solutions we offer clients in an integrated manner;
•the investment excellence and long-term track records of our strategies;
•the consultative advice we provide addressing clients’ unique challenges and needs;
•the quality of the client experience and the duration of our relationships with them; and
•the pricing of our solutions compared to competitors.

Our ability to continue to compete effectively will depend upon our ability to retain our current investment and client-facing professionals and employees, as well as to attract highly qualified new professionals and employees. We compete in all aspects of our business with a large number of investment management firms, commercial banks, broker-dealers, insurance companies and other financial institutions.

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Structure
The Company was incorporated in 2011 as a Delaware corporation, and is the sole managing member of Manning & Napier Group, LLC and its subsidiaries (“Manning & Napier Group”), a holding company for the investment management businesses conducted by its operating subsidiaries. The diagram below depicts our organizational structure as of December 31, 2020.

MN-20201231_G4.GIF
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(1)The consolidated operating subsidiaries of Manning & Napier Group include Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC ("MNA"), Manning & Napier Investor Services, Inc., Exeter Trust Company and Rainier Investment Management, LLC ("Rainier").
During 2020, the Company’s ownership of Manning & Napier Group increased from 19.5% to 88.6%, primarily due to our co-founder and the former Chairman of our Board of Directors, William Manning, tendering his 59,957,419 Class A units of Manning & Napier Group for exchange or redemption. Our independent directors, on behalf of the Company as managing member of Manning & Napier Group, determined to settle the transaction as a redemption. Manning & Napier Group paid approximately $90.7 million in cash for Mr. Manning's Class A units. Subsequent to the redemption the Class A units were retired and as a result, the Company's ownership of Manning & Napier Group increased from 19.5% to 88.2% as of May 11, 2020.
As of December 31, 2020, we had 276 employees, 271 of which are full-time, most of whom are based in our Fairport, New York office. During the COVID-19 pandemic almost all of our employees have been working remotely.
Regulation
Our business is subject to extensive regulation in the United States at the federal level and, to a lesser extent, the state level and by self-regulatory organizations. We are also subject to regulations outside of the United States. Under certain of these laws and regulations, agencies that regulate investment advisers have broad administrative powers, including the power to limit, restrict or prohibit an investment adviser from carrying on its business in the event that it fails to comply with such laws and regulations. Possible sanctions that may be imposed include the suspension of individual employees, limitations on engaging in certain lines of business for specified periods of time, revocation of investment adviser and other registrations, censures and fines.
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SEC Regulation
MNA and Rainier are registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, (the "SEC"), as an investment adviser under the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, (the "Advisers Act"). Additionally, the Manning & Napier Fund, Inc., (the "Fund"), which is managed by MNA except for the Rainier International Discovery Series, for which Rainier serves as the sub-advisor, is registered under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, (the "1940 Act"). The Advisers Act and the 1940 Act, together with the SEC’s regulations and interpretations thereunder, impose substantive and material restrictions and requirements on the operations of advisers and mutual funds. The SEC is authorized to institute proceedings and impose sanctions for violations of the Advisers Act and the 1940 Act, ranging from fines and censures to termination of an adviser’s registration.
As an investment adviser, we have fiduciary duties to our clients that are broad and apply to our entire relationship with our clients. These duties require us to serve the best interest of our clients and not subordinate the client's interest to our own. The SEC has interpreted these duties to impose standards, requirements and limitations on, among other things:
•trading for proprietary, personal and client accounts;
•allocations of investment opportunities among clients;
•use of soft dollars;
•execution of transactions; and
•recommendations to clients.
We manage accounts for a majority of our clients on a discretionary basis, which typically affords us the authority to buy and sell securities for each portfolio, select broker-dealers to execute trades and negotiate brokerage commission rates. In connection with designated trade executions, we receive soft dollar credits from broker-dealers, which effectively reduces certain of our expenses. We believe all of our soft dollar arrangements comply with the safe harbor provided by Section 28(e) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Constraints on our ability to use soft dollars as a result of statutory amendments or new regulations would increase our operating expenses and potentially hamper our investment process by limiting or eliminating access to vital research.
As a registered adviser, we are subject to many additional requirements that cover, among other things:
•disclosure of information about our business to clients;
•maintenance of formal policies and procedures;
•maintenance of extensive books and records;
•restrictions on the types of fees we may charge;
•custody of client assets;
•client privacy;
•advertising; and
•solicitation of clients.
The SEC has authority to inspect any investment adviser and typically inspects a registered adviser periodically to determine whether the adviser is conducting its activities (i) in accordance with applicable laws, (ii) consistent with disclosures made to clients and (iii) with adequate policies, procedures and systems to ensure compliance.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, 14% of our revenues were derived from our advisory services to investment companies registered under the 1940 Act, including 14% derived from our advisory services to the Fund. The 1940 Act imposes significant requirements and limitations on a registered fund, including with respect to its capital structure, investments and transactions. While we exercise broad discretion over the day-to-day management of the business and affairs and investment portfolios of the Fund and the investment portfolios of the funds we sub-advise, our own operations are subject to oversight and management by each fund’s board of directors. Under the 1940 Act, a majority of the directors must not be “interested persons” with respect to us (sometimes referred to as the “independent director” requirement). The responsibilities of the board include, among other things, approving our investment management agreement with the Fund; approving other service providers; determining the method of valuing assets; and monitoring transactions involving affiliates. Our investment management agreements with the Fund may be terminated by the funds on not more than 60 days’ notice, and are subject to annual renewal by the Fund board after their initial term.
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The 1940 Act also imposes on the investment adviser to a mutual fund a fiduciary duty with respect to the receipt of the adviser’s investment management fees. That fiduciary duty may be enforced by the SEC through administrative action or litigation by investors in the fund pursuant to a private right of action.
Under the Advisers Act, our investment management agreements may not be assigned without the client’s consent. Under the 1940 Act, investment management agreements with registered funds (such as the mutual funds we manage) terminate automatically upon assignment. The term “assignment” is broadly defined and includes direct assignments as well as assignments that may be deemed to occur upon the transfer, directly or indirectly, of a controlling interest in us.
Manning & Napier Investor Services, Inc. ("MNBD"), our SEC-registered broker-dealer subsidiary is the distributor for the Fund and is subject to SEC rules and regulations, including the Uniform Net Capital Rule, which requires MNBD to maintain a certain level of liquid assets. MNBD complied with its net capital requirements during the year ended December 31, 2020.
As a limited purpose broker-dealer, MNBD primarily acts as distributor of the Fund and offers only limited brokerage services to certain customers of the Fund. MNBD does not offer or sell securities, other than the Fund, provide investment advice or carry customer accounts. While MNBD and its financial professionals do not act in a fiduciary capacity, they are subject to the full scope of Regulation Best Interest. Under Regulation Best Interest, MNBD and its financial professionals must adhere to a higher standard of care and act in a customer’s best interest when making security, strategy or account type recommendations, including recommendations to invest in the Fund.
FINRA Regulation
MNBD is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") and as such is subject to the various industry and professional regulations, standards, and reporting requirements established by FINRA.
ERISA-Related Regulation
We are a fiduciary under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA"), with respect to assets that we manage for benefit plan clients subject to ERISA. ERISA, regulations promulgated thereunder and applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "IRC"), impose certain duties on persons who are fiduciaries under ERISA, prohibit certain transactions involving ERISA plan clients and provide monetary penalties for violations of these prohibitions.
The fiduciary duties under ERISA may be enforced by the U.S. Department of Labor by administrative action or litigation and by our benefit plan clients pursuant to a private right of action. The IRS may also assess excise taxes against us if we engage in prohibited transactions on behalf of or with our benefit plan clients.
New Hampshire Banking Regulation
Exeter Trust Company is a state-chartered non-depository trust company subject to the laws of the State of New Hampshire and the regulations promulgated thereunder by the New Hampshire Bank Commissioner.
Non-U.S. Regulation
Our sales and trading practices also subject us to certain foreign regulations. We have claimed an exemption from registration in Canada but are subject to those provincial regulations that apply to our limited operations in select Canadian provinces. Additionally, we invest globally and must adhere to country specific equity ownership reporting requirements in those foreign jurisdictions in which we invest. Our relationship with foreign domiciled clients or our sales and marketing efforts also could subject us to certain foreign regulations. We expect this trend to persist as such regulations increasingly have transnational application.
Human Capital Management
We believe that our employees are the lifeblood of our business, and the long-term success of our clients and shareholders is highly dependent on the accomplishments of our people. To that end, we are heavily invested in the success of our people and work to ensure that there is strong economic alignment between our people and our clients and shareholders.
We believe deeply that character matters and that firms with great cultures and strongly held values stand a better chance of delivering excellent results for all stakeholders. We are fiduciaries, and for over 50 years, we have always understood in the most profound ways what it means to put clients' interests first.
As of December 31, 2020, we had 276 employees, the majority of whom are based in Fairport, New York. Women represented 43% of our workforce, while people of color represented 7%. The Executive Committee that is responsible for day-to-day operations of the firm is comprised of 30% female members, while 20% are people of color. Increasing the diversity of our firm, its leadership and its board is a stated objective for our management team and the board.
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We are committed to a workplace of belonging, and our Committee for Diversity and Inclusion is a critical component in setting a tone where diversity is embraced, celebrated and utilized to drive better decision making and outcomes for all stakeholders. Our long-term goal is to have a workforce and a leadership team whose makeup is similar to the demographics of our country and the communities in which we do business. This will take time, but we are committed to making consistent progress.
Our goal is to foster a creative and innovative workplace that is a reflection of our values and the communities in which we operate. We are committed to attracting, developing and retaining a diverse team of highly talented and engaged employees to deliver superior solutions and provide excellent service to our clients. We want to be a destination of choice for the most capable and promising talent.
We devote significant resources to ensure that we have a deep bench of talented employees that have the necessary training to perform their duties, including firm-sponsored training and development activities, assistance for continuing professional education and tuition assistance for academic programs.
We strive for high levels of employee engagement to support our values-based culture. We provide employees with the tools and flexibility to maintain a healthy work-life balance. We are committed to frequent and meaningful communication with employees, and solicit regular feedback from them, both informally and via survey data. We employ a comprehensive objective setting and performance review process to ensure clear feedback is given and people know what is expected and how they are doing. Consistent with our values, we encourage openness and healthy debate.
Our compensation philosophy is designed to achieve alignment between our employees' interests and those of our clients and shareholders. Our investment professionals receive incentive compensation that is directly tied to the results they achieve for clients. While substantial outperformance allows our Research personnel to earn more than their target bonuses, as they did in 2020, substantial underperformance yields a negative bonus that must be earned back in future years. Beginning in 2021, for our more highly compensated personnel, those making more than $150,000 in total compensation, a portion of their incentive compensation will be deferred and invested in Manning & Napier mutual funds, ensuring that we are investing alongside our clients. We also award long term incentive compensation to about a third of our employees. These awards come in the form of restricted stock units of Manning & Napier Class A common stock, fostering an ownership culture and ensuring alignment with shareholders. We utilize competitive benchmarking data to ensure that our compensation packages are fair and competitive.
We are committed to the communities in which we operate. We strongly encourage engagement of our staff in their efforts to give back and support our communities, providing them with paid days off for volunteering. Our corporate giving supports philanthropies delivering essential services to the most vulnerable, focusing on education, housing, food, and healthcare.
Available Information
All annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, we file or furnish with the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available free of charge from the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov/.
We also make the documents listed above available without charge through the Investor Relations section of our website at http://ir.manning-napier.com/. Such documents are available as soon as reasonably practicable after the electronic filing of the material with the SEC. The contents of, or information that can be accessed through, our website are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.


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Item 1A.     Risk Factors.
Risks Related to our Business
Our revenues are dependent on the market value and composition of our AUM, which are subject to significant fluctuations and have been impacted by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and its effect on the U.S. and global economy.
We derive the majority of our revenue from investment management fees, typically calculated as a percentage of the market value of our AUM. As a result, our revenues are dependent on the value and composition of our AUM, all of which are subject to fluctuation due to many factors, including:
•Declines in prices of securities in our portfolios. The prices of the securities held in the portfolios we manage may decline due to any number of factors beyond our control, including, among others, the impacts of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the companies whose securities are held in the portfolios we manage, declining stock or commodities markets, changes in interest rates, a general economic downturn, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, political uncertainty, pandemics or other health crises, or acts of terrorism. The U.S. and global financial markets continue to be subject to uncertainty and instability. Such factors could cause an unusual degree of volatility and price declines for securities in the portfolios we manage;
•Redemptions and other withdrawals. Our clients generally may withdraw their funds at any time, on very short notice and without any significant penalty. A substantial portion of our revenue is derived from investment advisory agreements that are terminable by clients upon short notice or no notice and investors in the mutual funds we advise can redeem their investments in those funds at any time without prior notice. Also, new clients and portfolios may not have the same client retention characteristics as we have experienced in the past. In a declining stock market, the pace of redemptions could accelerate;
•Investment performance. Our ability to deliver strong investment performance depends in large part on our ability to identify appropriate investment opportunities in which to invest client assets. If we are unable to identify sufficient appropriate investment opportunities for existing and new client assets on a timely basis, our investment performance could be adversely affected. The risk that sufficient appropriate investment opportunities may be unavailable is influenced by a number of factors including general market conditions. If our portfolios perform poorly, even over the short-term, as compared with our competitors or applicable third-party benchmarks, or the rankings of mutual funds we manage decline, we may lose existing AUM and have difficulty attracting new assets; and
•Competition from passive strategies. There has been an increasing preference for passive investment products, such as index and ETFs over active strategies managed by asset managers. If this market preference continues, existing and prospective clients may choose to invest in passive investment products, our growth strategy may be impaired and our AUM may be negatively impacted.
The market disruption caused by COVID-19 may continue for as long or longer than the restrictions on in-person interactions imposed by federal, state and local governments. If this period of economic disruption and volatility continues or worsens, our AUM could be reduced, and if we are unable to reduce expenses, our net income will be reduced in the near term. Should the collateral effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue for an extended period of time, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may likewise be materially adversely impacted for an extended period of time.
If any of the factors described above cause a decline in our AUM, it would result in lower investment management revenues. If our revenues decline without a commensurate reduction in our expenses, our net income will be reduced and our business will be adversely affected.
We derive substantially all of our revenues from contracts and relationships that may be terminated upon short or no notice.
We derive substantially all of our revenues from investment advisory and sub-advisor agreements, all of which are terminable by clients upon short notice or no notice and without any significant penalty.
Our mutual fund and collective investment trust relationships may be terminated or not renewed for any number of reasons. Our investment management agreements with mutual funds, as required by law, are generally terminable by the funds’ board of directors or a vote of the majority of the funds’ outstanding voting securities on not more than 60 days’ written notice. After an initial term, each fund’s investment management agreement must be approved and renewed annually by such fund’s board, including by its independent members. Similarly, our investment management agreements with the collective investment trusts may be terminated at any time by Exeter Trust Company's board of directors, which includes independent members. As of December 31, 2020, mutual fund and collective investment trust relationships represent 28% of our AUM and 22% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020.
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Our clients may have been negatively impacted by the economic decline that took place in the U.S. during 2020, or by the continuing uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. To the extent that there is continued economic uncertainty, or significant volatility in the stock or bond markets, clients may withdraw their funds from our investment solutions. If a significant proportion of our clients withdraw their funds, our AUM and results of operations could be materially adversely impacted.
The decrease in revenues that could result from the termination of a material client relationship or group of client relationships could have an adverse effect on our business. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, other than our relationship with the Fund, there were no customers that provided over 10 percent of our total revenue.
We may not realize the expected benefits from our restructuring plan and other operational improvement initiatives relating
to our strategic review of our business.
We commenced a strategic review of our business upon the appointment of our new Chief Executive, Marc Mayer, in early 2019. Our comprehensive review resulted in changes to our overall distribution strategy, our suite of investment offerings, and our operational platform. The objective of this review was to improve financial results for stockholders and investment results for clients by more clearly prioritizing our strengths, eliminating distractions and sub-scale offerings, and increasing productivity across the firm through improved technology. As a result of this strategic review, we incurred approximately
$11.1 million of strategic restructuring and transaction costs during 2019 (excluding a $2.9 million gain on the sale of Perspective Partners, LLC). These charges consisted of $3.4 million of employee severance costs and $7.7 million of other operating costs, which included approximately $6.3 million of impairment charges stemming from the write-off of existing contracts that we will not be utilizing as we move forward with another third-party service provider to leverage its platform in an effort to expand our digital capabilities. During 2020, we recognized $2.8 million of strategic restructuring and transaction costs and we will likely incur additional costs in the future as a result of this strategic review. There can be no assurance that the costs of undertaking our operational improvement initiatives will be offset by future earnings that may result from the improvements, and it is possible that we will not realize the expected benefits from our operational improvement initiatives to the extent we anticipate or at all.
Our portfolios may not obtain attractive returns under certain market conditions or at all.
The goal of our investment process is to provide competitive absolute returns over full market cycles. Accordingly, our portfolios may not perform well compared to benchmarks or other investment managers’ strategies during certain periods of time, under certain market conditions, or after specific market shocks. Underperformance may negatively affect our ability to retain clients and attract new clients. We are likely to be most out of favor when the markets are running on positive or negative price momentum and market prices become disconnected from underlying investment fundamentals. During and shortly following such periods of relative under performance, we are likely to see our highest levels of client turnover, even if our absolute returns are positive. Loss of client assets and the failure to attract new clients could adversely affect our revenues and growth.
Difficult market conditions, like those during the current COVID-19 pandemic, can adversely affect our strategies in many ways, including by negatively impacting their performance and reducing their ability to raise or deploy capital, which could materially reduce our revenues and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Significant disruptions and volatility in the global financial markets and economies, like the current conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, could impair the investment performance of our strategies. Although we seek to generate consistent, positive, absolute returns across all market cycles, our strategies have been and may be materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and economic conditions. The global market and economic climate may become increasingly uncertain due to numerous factors beyond our control, including but not limited to, the distribution and effectiveness of vaccines to prevent COVID-19, the limitations on business operations in the U.S. due to the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns related to unpredictable global market and economic factors, uncertainty in U.S. federal fiscal, tax, trade or regulatory policy and the fiscal, tax, trade or regulatory policy of foreign governments, rising interest rates, inflation or deflation, the availability of credit, performance of financial markets, terrorism, natural or biological catastrophes, public health emergencies, or political uncertainty.
A general market downturn, a specific market dislocation or deteriorating economic conditions may cause a material reduction in our revenues and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations by causing:
•A decline in AUM, resulting in lower management fees and incentive income.
•An increase in the cost of financial instruments, executing transactions or otherwise doing business.
•Lower or negative investment returns, which may reduce AUM and potential incentive income.
•Reduced demand for assets held by our funds, which would negatively affect our funds’ ability to realize value from such assets.
•Increased investor redemptions or greater demands for enhanced liquidity or other terms, resulting in a reduction in AUM, lower revenues and potential increased difficulty in raising new capital.
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During the first quarter of 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic began, there was a global market downturn which caused a decline in our AUM primarily due to market depreciation. Our AUM as of December 31, 2020 has since increased by $3.1 billion since March 31, 2020, driven by market appreciation of $4.9 billion. However, if conditions causing a widespread market downturn occur again, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially adversely impacted for an extended period of time.
Furthermore, while difficult market and economic conditions and other factors can potentially increase investment opportunities over the long term, such conditions and factors also increase the risk of increased investment losses and additional regulation, which may impair our business model and operations. Our strategies may also be adversely affected by difficult market conditions if we fail to assess the adverse effect of such conditions, which would likely result in significant reductions in the returns of those strategies. Moreover, challenging market conditions may prompt industry-wide reductions in fees. In response to competitive pressures or for any other reason, we may reduce or change our fee structures, which could reduce the amount of fees and income that we may earn relative to AUM.
An investment in our Class A common stock is not an alternative to investing in our strategies, and the returns of our strategies should not be considered as indicative of any returns expected on our Class A common stock, although if our strategies perform poorly, our revenue could be materially adversely impacted, which may in turn impact the returns on our Class A common stock.
The returns on our Class A common stock are not directly linked to the historical or future performance of our investment strategies. Even if our strategies experience positive performance and our AUM increases, holders of our Class A common stock may not experience a corresponding positive return on their Class A common stock.
However, poor performance of our strategies could cause a decline in our revenues, and may therefore have a negative effect on our performance and the returns on our Class A common stock. If we fail to meet the expectations of our clients or otherwise experience poor performance, whether due to difficult economic and financial conditions or otherwise, our ability to retain existing AUM and attract new clients could be materially adversely affected. In turn, the fees that we would earn would be reduced and our business, financial condition or results of operations would suffer, thus negatively impacting the price of our Class A common stock. Furthermore, even if the investment performance of our strategies is positive, our business, financial condition or results of operations and the price of our Class A common stock could be materially adversely affected if we are unable to attract and retain additional AUM consistent with our past experience, industry trends or investor and market expectations.
The loss of key investment and sales professionals, members of our senior management team, or difficulty integrating new executives, could have an adverse effect on our business.
We depend on the skills, expertise and institutional knowledge of our key employees, including qualified investment and sales professionals and members of our senior management team, and our success depends on our ability to retain such key employees. Our investment professionals possess substantial experience in investing and have been primarily responsible for the historically attractive investment performance we have achieved. We particularly depend on our executive officers as well as senior members of our research department. As part of our strategic review of our business, we have experienced a reduction in headcount from 366 at January 1, 2019 to 276 employees at December 31, 2020. This and any future reductions to headcount may result in the loss of expertise and institutional knowledge and could adversely affect our business.
We have had significant changes in executive leadership and the Board of Directors, and more changes could occur. Changes to strategic or operating goals, which can occur with the appointment of new executives, can create uncertainty, and may ultimately be unsuccessful. In addition, executive leadership transition periods, including adding new personnel, could be difficult as new executives gain an understanding of our business and strategy. Difficulty integrating new executives, or the loss of key individuals could limit our ability to successfully execute our business strategy and could have an adverse effect on our overall financial condition.
Competition for qualified investment, sales and top level management professionals is intense. Attracting qualified personnel, including top level management, may take time and we may fail to attract and retain qualified personnel including top level management in the future. Our ability to attract and retain our executive officers and other key employees will depend heavily on our business strategy, corporate culture and the amount and structure of compensation. We have historically utilized a compensation structure that uses a combination of cash and equity-based incentives as appropriate. However, our compensation may not be effective to recruit and retain the personnel we need if our overall compensation packages are not competitive in the marketplace. Any cost-reduction initiative or adjustments or reductions to compensation could negatively impact our ability to retain key personnel, as could changes to our management structure, corporate culture and corporate governance arrangements.
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We may be required to reduce the fees we charge, or our fees may decline due to changes in our AUM composition, which could have an adverse effect on our profit margins and results of operations.
Our current fee structure may be subject to downward pressure due to a variety of factors, including a trend in recent years toward lower fees in the investment management industry. We may be required to reduce fees with respect to both the separate accounts we manage and the mutual funds and collective trust funds we advise. We may charge lower fees in order to attract future new business, which may result in us having to also reduce our fees with respect to our existing business. During the first quarter of 2019, we completed the effort of restructuring fees for many of our mutual funds and collective trust vehicles. Given the overall pressure on fees that all active managers are facing, we believe that bringing our fund fees to a more competitive level will enhance our ability to attract additional business in the future. The fee restructuring reduced the management fees on our existing business, and may fail to attract additional business sufficient to offset any reduction in related operating expenses. Any further fee reductions on existing or future new business could have an adverse effect on our profit margins and results of operations.
Our AUM may be concentrated in certain strategies or in certain geographic areas.
Client purchase and redemption activity may result in AUM concentrations with certain of our investment strategies. As a result, a substantial portion of our operating results may depend upon the performance of these strategies. If we sustain poor investment performance or adverse market conditions, clients may withdraw their investments or terminate their investment management agreements. To the extent any of these strategies is concentrated in an industry or geographic area that is disproportionately negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the concentration of our AUM in those strategies will likely have a disproportionately negative impact on our revenues. These conditions would result in a reduction in our revenues from these strategies, which could have an adverse effect on our earnings and financial condition.
Our business is primarily focused in certain targeted geographic regions making us vulnerable to risks associated with having geographically concentrated operations.
Although our client base is national, we are primarily focused in certain targeted geographic regions, including the northeastern and southeastern regions of the United States. Furthermore, our review of our intermediary and institutional distribution strategy resulted in changes to our territory coverage and servicing efforts in order to more effectively service our existing clients with our team, while concentrating on geographies with the greatest chances for growth. This could have the effect of increasing the risks associated with having geographically concentrated operations, including increasing the risk that our business will be negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic if its impacts are concentrated in any of these geographic areas. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be susceptible to regional economic downturns and other regional factors.
Several of our portfolios involve investing principally in the securities of non-U.S. companies, which involve foreign currency exchange risk, and tax, political, social and economic uncertainties and risks.
As of December 31, 2020, approximately 22% of our AUM across all of our portfolios was invested in securities of non-U.S. companies. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could negatively affect the returns of our clients who are invested in these strategies. An increase in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to non-U.S. currencies is likely to result in a decrease in the U.S. dollar value of our AUM, which, in turn, could result in lower revenue since we report our financial results in U.S. dollars.
Investments in non-U.S. issuers may also be affected by tax positions taken in countries or regions in which we are invested as well as political, social and economic uncertainty. Declining tax revenues may cause governments to assert their ability to tax the local gains and/or income of foreign investors (including our clients), which could adversely affect clients’ interests in investing outside their home markets. Many financial markets are not as developed, or as efficient, as the U.S. financial markets, and as a result, those markets may have limited liquidity and higher price volatility and may lack established regulations. Liquidity may also be adversely affected by political or economic events, government policies, social or civil unrest within a particular country, and our ability to dispose of an investment may also be adversely affected if we increase the size of our investments in smaller non-U.S. issuers. Non-U.S. legal and regulatory environments, including financial accounting standards and practices, may also be different, and there may be less publicly available information about such companies. These risks could adversely affect the performance of our strategies that are invested in securities of non-U.S. issuers and may be particularly acute in the emerging or less developed markets in which we invest.
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The historical returns of our existing portfolios may not be indicative of their future results or of the portfolios we may develop in the future.
The historical returns of our portfolios and the ratings and rankings we or the mutual funds that we advise have earned in the past should not be considered indicative of the future results of these portfolios or of any other portfolios that we may develop in the future. The investment performance we achieve for our clients varies over time and the variance can be wide. The ratings and rankings we or the mutual funds we advise have earned are typically revised monthly. The historical performance and ratings and rankings included in this report are as of December 31, 2020 and for periods then ended except where otherwise stated. The performance we have achieved and the ratings and rankings earned at subsequent dates and for subsequent periods may be higher or lower and the difference could be material. Our portfolios’ returns have benefited during some periods from investment opportunities and positive economic and market conditions. In other periods, general economic and market conditions have negatively affected our portfolios’ returns. These negative conditions may occur again, and in the future we may not be able to identify and invest in profitable investment opportunities within our current or future portfolios.
Support provided to new products may reduce fee income, increase expenses and expose us to potential loss on invested capital.
We may support the development of new investment products by waiving all or a portion of the fees we receive for managing such products, by subsidizing expenses or by making seed capital investments. Seed investments in new products utilize Company capital that would otherwise be available for general corporate purposes and expose us to capital losses to the extent that realized investment losses are not offset by hedging gains. The risk of loss may be greater for seed capital investments that are not hedged, or if an intended hedge does not perform as expected. Failure to have or devote sufficient capital to support new products could have on adverse impact on our future growth.
Assets influenced by third-party intermediaries have a higher risk of redemption and are subject to changes in fee structures, which could reduce our revenues.
Investments in our mutual funds made through third-party intermediaries, as opposed to mutual fund investments resulting from sales by our own representatives can be more easily moved to investments in funds other than ours. Third-party intermediaries are attractive to investors because of the ease of accessibility to a variety of funds, but this causes the investments to be more sensitive to fluctuations in performance, especially in the short-term. If we were unable to retain the assets of our mutual funds held through third-party intermediaries, our AUM would be reduced. As a result, our revenues could decline and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
We may elect to pursue growth in the United States and abroad through acquisitions or joint ventures, which would expose us to risks inherent in assimilating new operations, expanding into new jurisdictions, and making non-controlling minority investments in other entities.
In order to maintain and enhance our competitive position, we may review and pursue acquisition and joint venture opportunities. We cannot assure we will identify and consummate any such transactions on acceptable terms or have sufficient resources to accomplish such a strategy. Any strategic transaction can involve a number of risks, including:
•additional demands on our staff;
•unanticipated problems regarding integration of investor account and investment security recordkeeping, operating facilities and technologies, and new employees;
•adverse effects in the event acquired intangible assets or goodwill become impaired;
•the existence of liabilities or contingencies not disclosed to or otherwise known by us prior to closing such a transaction; and
•dilution to our public stockholders if we issue shares of our Class A common stock, or units of Manning & Napier Group with exchange rights, in connection with future acquisitions.
A portion of our separate account business, mutual funds, and collective investment trusts are distributed through intermediaries, platforms, and consultants. Changes in key distribution relationships could reduce our revenues and adversely affect our profitability.
Given that a portion of our product offerings are distributed through intermediaries, platforms, and investment consultants, a share of our success is dependent on access to these various distribution systems. These distributors are not contractually required to distribute or consider our products for placement within advisory programs, on platforms’ approved lists, or in active searches conducted by investment consultants. Additionally, these intermediaries typically offer their clients various investment products and services, in addition to and in competition with our products and services. If we are unable to cultivate and build strong relationships within these distribution channels, the sales of our products could lead to a decline in
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revenues and profitability. Additionally, increasing competition for these distribution channels could cause our distribution costs to rise, which could have an adverse effect on our profitability.
Our efforts to establish new portfolios or new products or services may be unsuccessful and could negatively impact our results of operations and our reputation.
As part of our growth strategy, we may seek to take advantage of opportunities to develop new portfolios consistent with our philosophy of managing portfolios to meet our clients’ objectives and using a team-based investment approach. The initial costs associated with establishing a new portfolio likely will exceed the revenues that the portfolio generates. If any such new portfolio performs poorly or fails to attract sufficient assets to manage, our results of operations could be negatively impacted. Further, a new portfolio’s poor performance may negatively impact our reputation and the reputation of our other portfolios within the investment community. We have developed and may seek from time to time to develop new products and services to take advantage of opportunities involving technology, insurance, participant and plan sponsor education and other products beyond investment management. The development of these products and services could involve investment of financial and management resources and may not be successful in developing client relationships, which could have an adverse effect on our business. The cost to develop these products initially will likely exceed the revenue they generate and additional investment in these products could negatively impact short term financial results. If establishing new portfolios or offering new products or services requires hiring new personnel, to the extent we are unable to recruit and retain sufficient personnel, we may not be successful in further diversifying our portfolios, client assets and business, which could have an adverse effect on our business and future prospects.
Our failure to comply with investment guidelines set by our clients and limitations imposed by applicable law, could result in damage awards against us and a loss of our AUM, either of which could adversely affect our reputation, results of operations or financial condition.
When clients retain us to manage assets on their behalf, they generally specify certain guidelines regarding investment allocation that we are required to follow in managing their portfolios. We are also required to invest the mutual funds’ assets in accordance with limitations under the 1940 Act, and applicable provisions of the IRC. Other clients, such as plans subject to ERISA, or non-U.S. funds, require us to invest their assets in accordance with applicable law. Our failure to comply with any of these guidelines and other limitations could result in losses to clients or investors in our products which, depending on the circumstances, could result in our obligation to make clients whole for such losses. If we believed that the circumstances did not justify a reimbursement, or clients believed the reimbursement we offered was insufficient, clients could seek to recover damages from us, withdraw assets from our products or terminate their investment management agreement with us. Any of these events could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.
A change of control of our company could result, and in the past has resulted, in termination of our investment advisory agreements.
Under the 1940 Act, each of the investment advisory agreements for SEC registered mutual funds that our affiliate, MNA, advises automatically terminates in the event of its assignment, as defined under the 1940 Act. If such an assignment were to occur, MNA could continue to act as adviser to any such fund only if that fund’s board of directors and stockholders approved a new investment advisory agreement, except in the case of certain of the funds that we sub-advise for which only board approval would be necessary. Under the Advisers Act each of the investment advisory agreements for the separate accounts we manage may not be assigned without the consent of the client. In certain other cases, the investment advisory agreements for the separate accounts we manage require the consent of the client for any assignment. If such an assignment occurs, we cannot be certain that MNA will be able to obtain the necessary approvals from the boards and stockholders of the mutual funds that it advises or the necessary consents from separate account clients.
An assignment may occur under the 1940 Act and the Advisers Act if, among other things, MNA undergoes a change of control, such as when we redeemed 60,012,419 Class A units of Manning & Napier Group in 2020 and increased our ownership of Manning & Napier Group from 19.5% to 88.2%. After that event, we obtained approvals from the boards and stockholders of the mutual funds that MNA advises to enter into new investment advisory agreements. We also obtained the consent to the assignment of the investment advisory agreements of our separately managed account clients.
New Hampshire banking laws applicable to our trust company include change in control restrictions.
Our subsidiary, Exeter Trust Company (“ETC”), is established under the laws of New Hampshire. The New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated require that an application be filed with the Bank Commissioner for prior approval in the event of a change of ownership or a change of control. If any person intends to acquire directly or indirectly 10 percent or more of the voting shares of the Company, then a “change of ownership” of ETC will occur. Likewise, the direct or indirect transfer of ownership of more than 50 percent of the voting shares of the Company will result in a “change of control” of ETC. Approval of the application by the Bank Commissioner may take 90 days or longer.
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Operational risks may disrupt our business, result in losses or limit our growth.
We are heavily dependent on the capacity and reliability of the communications, information and technology systems supporting our operations, whether developed, owned and operated by us or by third parties. Operational risks such as trading or operational errors or interruption of our financial, accounting, trading, compliance and other data processing systems, whether caused by fire, natural disaster or pandemic, power or telecommunications failure, political or civil unrest, act of terrorism or war or otherwise, could result in a disruption of our business, liability to clients, regulatory intervention or reputational damage, and thus adversely affect our business. Some types of operational risks, including, for example, trading errors, may be increased in periods of increased volatility, which can magnify the cost of an error. Although we have back-up systems in place, our back-up procedures and capabilities in the event of a failure or interruption may not be adequate, and the fact that we operate our business out of multiple physical locations may make such failures and interruptions difficult to address on a timely and adequate basis.
We depend on our headquarters in Fairport, New York, where a majority of our employees, administration and technology resources are located, for the continued operation of our business. During the COVID-19 pandemic almost all of our employees are working remotely, which may impact the level of service that is provided to our clients. Any significant disruption to our headquarters could have an adverse effect on our business.
A failure to effectively maintain, enhance and modernize our information technology systems, and effectively develop and deploy new technologies, could adversely affect our business.
Our success depends on our ability to maintain effective information technology systems, to enhance those systems to better support our business in an efficient and cost-effective manner and to develop new technologies and capabilities in pursuit of our long-term strategy. Some technology development initiatives, such as implementing InvestCloud's applications as part of our business processes, are long-term in nature, may negatively impact our financial results as we invest in the initiatives, may cost more than anticipated to complete, or may not be completed. Additionally, our technology initiatives may be more costly or time-consuming than anticipated, may not deliver the expected benefits upon completion, and may need to be replaced or become obsolete more quickly than expected, which could result in accelerated recognition of expenses. If we fail to maintain or enhance our existing information technology systems or if we were to experience failure in developing and implementing new technologies, our relationships, reputation, ability to do business with our clients and our competitive position may be adversely affected. We could also experience other adverse consequences, including additional costs or write-offs of capitalized costs, unfavorable underwriting and reserving decisions, internal control deficiencies, and information security breaches resulting in loss or inappropriate disclosure of data. We have been required to make significant capital expenditures to update our technology infrastructure, and we may incur the costs described above as we deploy this new technology.
Failure to implement effective information and cyber security policies, procedures and capabilities, or cybersecurity breaches of software applications and other technologies on which we rely, could disrupt operations and cause financial losses that could result in a decrease in earnings and reputational harm.
We are dependent on the effectiveness of our, and third party software vendors', information and cybersecurity policies, procedures and capabilities to protect our computer and telecommunications systems and the data that reside on or are transmitted through them. As part of our normal operations, we maintain and transmit confidential information about our clients and employees as well as proprietary information relating to our business operations. We maintain a system of internal controls designed to provide reasonable assurance that fraudulent activity, including misappropriation of assets, fraudulent financial reporting and unauthorized access to sensitive or confidential data is either prevented or detected on a timely basis. Nevertheless, all technology systems remain vulnerable to unauthorized access and may be corrupted by cyberattacks, computer viruses or other malicious software code, the nature of which threats are constantly evolving and becoming increasingly sophisticated. In addition, we are currently facing heightened operational risk, including heighted cybersecurity risk, because more of our employees are working remotely. Remote working environments may be less secure and more susceptible to cyber-attacks, including phishing and social engineering attempts that seek to exploit the COVID-19 pandemic.
Breach or other failure of our technology systems, including those of third parties with which we do business, or failure to timely and effectively identify and respond to any such breach or failure, could result in the loss of valuable information, liability for stolen assets or information, remediation costs to repair damage caused by the incident, additional security costs to mitigate against future incidents, increased insurance premiums, and litigation costs resulting from the incident. Moreover, loss of confidential customer information could harm our reputation, result in the termination of contracts by our existing customers and subject us to liability under laws that protect confidential personal data, resulting in increased costs or loss of revenues. Ultimately, a cyberattack can damage our competitiveness, stock price and long-term stockholder value. Recent well-publicized security breaches at other companies have led to enhanced government and regulatory scrutiny of the measures taken by companies to protect against cyberattacks, and may in the future result in heightened cybersecurity requirements, including additional regulatory expectations for oversight of vendors and service providers.
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We depend on third-party service providers for services that are important to our business, and an interruption or cessation of such services by any such service providers could have an adverse effect on our business.
We depend on a number of service providers, including custodial and clearing firms, and vendors of communications and networking products and services. We cannot assure that these providers will be able to continue to provide these services in an efficient manner or that they will be able to adequately expand their services to meet our needs. An interruption or malfunction in or the cessation of an important service by any third-party and our inability to make alternative arrangements in a timely manner, or at all, could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Employee misconduct could expose us to significant legal liability and reputational harm.
We operate in an industry in which integrity and the confidence of our clients are of critical importance. Accordingly, if any of our employees engage in illegal or suspicious activities or other misconduct, we could be subject to regulatory sanctions and suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial condition, client relationships and ability to attract new clients. For example, our business often requires that we deal with confidential information. If our employees were to improperly use or disclose this information, even if inadvertently, we could suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial condition and current and future business relationships. It is not always possible to deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not always be effective. Misconduct by our employees, or even unsubstantiated allegations of misconduct, could result in an adverse effect on our reputation and our business.
Failure to properly address conflicts of interest could harm our reputation, business and results of operations.
We must monitor and address any conflicts between our interests and those of our clients. The SEC and other regulators scrutinize potential conflicts of interest, and we have implemented procedures and controls that we believe are reasonably designed to address these issues. However, appropriately dealing with conflicts of interest is complex, and if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest, we could face reputational damage, litigation or regulatory proceedings or penalties, any of which could adversely affect our reputation, business and results of operations.
If our techniques for managing risk are ineffective, we may be exposed to material unanticipated losses.
In order to manage the significant risks inherent in our business, we must maintain effective policies, procedures and systems that enable us to identify, monitor and control our exposure to operational, legal and reputational risks. Our risk management methods may prove to be ineffective due to their design or implementation, or as a result of the lack of adequate, accurate or timely information or otherwise. If our risk management efforts are ineffective, we could suffer losses that could have an adverse effect on our financial condition or operating results. Additionally, we could be subject to litigation, particularly from our clients, and sanctions or fines from regulators. Our techniques for managing risks in client portfolios may not fully mitigate the risk exposure in all economic or market environments, or against all types of risk, including risks that we might fail to identify or anticipate.
The cost of insuring our business is substantial and may increase.
While we carry insurance in amounts and under terms that we believe are appropriate, we cannot guarantee that our insurance will cover all liabilities and losses to which we may be exposed or, if covered, that such liabilities and losses will not exceed the limits of available insurance coverage, or that our insurers will remain solvent and meet their obligations. We cannot guarantee that our insurance policies will continue to be available at current terms and fees.
We believe our insurance costs are reasonable but they could fluctuate significantly from year to year. Certain insurance coverage may not be available or may only be available at prohibitive costs. As we renew our insurance policies, we may be subject to additional costs resulting from rising premiums, the assumption of higher deductibles or co-insurance liability and, to the extent certain of our mutual funds purchase separate director and officer or errors and omissions liability coverage, an increased risk of insurance companies disputing responsibility for joint claims. Higher insurance costs and incurred deductibles, as with any expense, would reduce our net income.
Risks Related to our Industry
The regulatory environment in which we and our clients operate is subject to continual change, and regulatory developments designed to increase oversight could adversely affect our business.
The legislative and regulatory environment in which we operate undergoes continuous change, subjecting industry participants to additional, more costly and potentially more punitive regulation. New laws or regulations, or changes in the enforcement of existing laws or regulations, applicable to us and our clients could adversely affect our business subjecting us to additional costs. Any or all of the regulators who oversee us could adopt new rules or rule amendments that could substantially impact how we operate and may necessitate significant expenditures in order to adapt and comply.
Our ability to function in an uncertain and ever-changing regulatory environment will depend on our ability to constantly monitor and promptly react to legislative and regulatory changes, which inevitably result in intangible costs and resource
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drains. The compliance burden resulting from regulatory changes and uncertainty is likely to increase, particularly as regulators grow more technologically advanced and more reliant on data analytics. As a result, we may be forced to divert resources and expenditures to information technology in order to analyze data and risk in the same manner as regulators and to be able to provide regulators with the data output they may expect going forward.
Regulations may accelerate industry trends towards passive or lower cost investment options, centralized due diligence and shrinking platform ability, making access to intermediary decision-makers more challenging. Mutual fund intermediaries may be forced to eliminate or curtail the availability of certain mutual fund share classes, which may hamper our distribution efforts and reduce assets in the mutual fund. Similarly, platform consolidations may prevent our separate account intermediaries from supporting our products, which could result in AUM declines and fewer distribution channels.
There have been a number of highly publicized regulatory inquiries that have focused on the investment management industry. These inquiries have resulted in increased scrutiny of the industry and new rules and regulations for mutual funds and investment managers. This regulatory scrutiny may limit our ability to engage in certain activities that might be beneficial to our stockholders. Further, adverse results of regulatory investigations of mutual fund, investment advisory and financial services firms could tarnish the reputation of the financial services industry generally and mutual funds and investment advisers more specifically, causing investors to avoid further fund investments or redeem their account balances. Redemptions would decrease our AUM, which would reduce our advisory revenues and net income.
Further, due to acts of serious fraud in the investment management industry and perceived lapses in regulatory oversight, U.S. and non-U.S. governmental and regulatory authorities may continue to increase regulatory oversight of our business.
The investment management industry is intensely competitive.
The investment management industry is intensely competitive, with competition based on a variety of factors, including investment performance, investment management fee rates, recent trend towards favor for passive investment products, continuity of investment professionals and client relationships, the quality of services provided to clients, corporate positioning and business reputation, continuity of selling arrangements with intermediaries and differentiated products. A number of factors, including the following, serve to increase our competitive risks:
•some competitors, including those with passive investment products and exchange traded funds, charge lower fees for their investment services than we do;
•a number of our competitors have greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources, more comprehensive name recognition and more personnel than we do;
•potential competitors have a relatively low cost of entering the investment management industry;
•the recent trend toward consolidation in the investment management industry, and the securities business in general, has served to increase the size and strength of a number of our competitors;
•some investors may prefer to invest with an investment manager that is not publicly traded based on the perception that a publicly traded asset manager may focus on the manager’s own growth to the detriment of investment performance for clients;
•some investors may prefer to invest using a robo-advisor or through self-directed investing or trading applications;
•some competitors may invest according to different investment styles or in alternative asset classes that the markets may perceive as more attractive than the portfolios we offer;
•some competitors may have more attractive investment returns;
•some competitors may operate in a different regulatory environment than we do, which may give them certain competitive advantages in the investment products and portfolio structures that they offer; and
•other industry participants, hedge funds and alternative asset managers may seek to recruit our investment professionals.
If we are unable to compete effectively, our revenues could be reduced and our business could be adversely affected.
Our industry is increasingly becoming subject to rapid changes in technology that may alter historical methods of doing business.
The financial industry continues to be impacted by innovation, technological changes, and changing customer preferences, including the emergence of “FinTech” companies and the deployment of new technologies based on artificial intelligence and machine learning that are becoming increasing competitive with and may disrupt more traditional business models. If we do not effectively anticipate and adapt to these changes it could limit our ability to compete, decrease the value of our products to clients, and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
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Our business could also be affected by technological changes in the industries that represent our target markets, including tasks/roles that are currently performed by people being replaced by automation, artificial intelligence, or other advances outside of our control, which could impact national brokerage firm representatives or independent financial advisors, upon which a portion of our revenues are based, and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
The investment management industry faces substantial litigation risks, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations or cause significant reputational harm to us.
We depend to a large extent on our network of relationships and on our reputation to attract and retain client assets. If a client is not satisfied with our services, its dissatisfaction may be more damaging to our business than client dissatisfaction would be to other types of businesses. We make investment decisions on behalf of our clients that could result in substantial losses to them. If our clients suffer significant losses, or are otherwise dissatisfied with our services, we could be subject to the risk of legal liabilities or actions alleging negligent misconduct, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract, unjust enrichment and/or fraud. These risks are often difficult to assess or quantify and their existence and magnitude often remain unknown for substantial periods of time, even after an action has been commenced. We may incur significant legal expenses in defending against litigation whether or not we engaged in conduct as a result of which we might be subject to legal liability. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory action against us could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations or cause significant reputational harm to us.
Risks Related to Our Structure
We may not be able to resume paying dividends on our Class A common stock, and our ability to pay regular dividends to our stockholders or repurchase stock is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and may be limited by our structure and applicable provisions of Delaware law.
Due to the market volatility and resulting earnings volatility stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Board of Directors did not approve any cash dividends on our Class A common stock after the dividend paid on May 1, 2020. Although we had historically declared cash dividends on our Class A common stock, our board of directors has sole discretion over the amount or frequency of any dividends. Because of our structure, we will be dependent upon the ability of our subsidiaries to generate earnings and cash flows and distribute them to us so that we may pay dividends, if declared by the board of directors, to our stockholders or to fund share repurchases. Manning & Napier Group’s ability to make distributions to its members, including us, in an amount sufficient for us to pay dividends, if any, will be subject to its and its subsidiaries’ operating results, cash requirements and financial condition, the applicable laws of the State of Delaware, which may limit the amount of funds available for distribution, and its compliance with covenants and financial ratios related to any indebtedness it may incur in the future. In addition, as described elsewhere, under the terms of its operating agreement, Manning & Napier Group is obligated to make tax distributions to holders of its units, including us. As a consequence of these various limitations and restrictions, we may have to reduce or eliminate the payment of dividends on our Class A common stock for an extended period of time, which could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.
We depend on distributions from Manning & Napier Group to fund share repurchases and to pay taxes and expenses, including payments under the tax receivable agreement, but Manning & Napier Group’s ability to make such distributions will be subject to various limitations and restrictions.
We have no material assets other than our ownership of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group and have no independent means of generating revenue. Manning & Napier Group is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, is not subject to U.S. federal income tax. Instead, taxable income is allocated to holders of its units, including us. Accordingly, we incur income taxes on our allocable share of any net taxable income of Manning & Napier Group. Under the terms of its operating agreement, Manning & Napier Group is obligated to make tax distributions to holders of its units, including us. We also incur expenses related to our operations, including expenses under the tax receivable agreement, which we expect to be significant. We intend, as its managing member, to cause Manning & Napier Group to make distributions in an amount sufficient to allow us to pay our taxes and operating expenses, including any payments due under the tax receivable agreement. However, Manning & Napier Group’s ability to make such distributions is subject to various limitations and restrictions including, but not limited to, restrictions on distributions that would violate any contract or agreement to which Manning & Napier Group is then a party or any applicable law or that would have the effect of rendering Manning & Napier Group insolvent. If we do not have sufficient funds to pay tax or other liabilities to fund our operations, we may have to borrow funds, which could adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition and subject us to various restrictions imposed by any such lenders.
Furthermore, by paying cash distributions rather than investing in our business, we might not have sufficient cash to fund operations or new growth initiatives that will support the growth of our business.
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We are required to pay holders of units of Manning & Napier Group for certain tax benefits we may claim as a result of the tax basis step up we realize in connection with the future purchases or exchanges of those units for shares of our Class A common stock, and the amounts we may pay could be significant.
Our current and former employee owners indirectly hold a minority ownership interest in Manning & Napier Group. Any future purchases or exchanges of their units of Manning & Napier Group for cash or, at our election, shares of our Class A common stock may produce favorable tax attributes for us. When we acquire such units, both the existing basis and the anticipated basis adjustments may increase, for tax purposes, depreciation and amortization deductions allocable to us from Manning & Napier Group and therefore reduce the amount of income tax we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. This increase in tax basis may also decrease gain, or increase loss, on future dispositions of certain capital assets to the extent the increased tax basis is allocated to those capital assets.
We entered into a tax receivable agreement with the other holders of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group, pursuant to which we are required to pay to holders of such Class A units 85% of the applicable cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax that we actually realize, or are deemed to realize in certain circumstances, as a result of any step-up in tax basis in Manning & Napier Group’s assets as a result of (i) certain tax attributes of our purchase of such Class A units or exchanges (for shares of Class A common stock) and that are created as a result of the sales or exchanges and payments under the tax receivable agreement and (ii) payments under the tax receivable agreement, including any tax benefits related to imputed interest deemed to be paid by us as a result of such agreement.
We expect that the payments we will be required to make under the tax receivable agreement will be substantial. We have recorded the estimated impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act on the liability under the tax receivable agreement. Assuming no new material changes in the relevant tax law, the purchase or exchange of Class A units would result in depreciable or amortizable basis and that we earn sufficient taxable income to realize all tax benefits that are subject to the tax receivable agreement, we expect that the reduction in tax payments for us is approximately $22.4 million as of December 31, 2020. Under such scenario, we would be required to pay the holders of such Class A units 85% of such amount, or approximately $19.0 million. The actual amounts may materially differ from these estimated amounts, as potential future reductions in tax payments for us and tax receivable agreement payments by us will be calculated using the market value of our Class A common stock and the prevailing tax rates at the time of purchase or exchange and will be dependent on us generating sufficient future taxable income to realize the benefit. In general, increases in the market value of our shares or in prevailing tax rates will increase the amounts we pay under the tax receivable agreement.
The actual increase in tax basis, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the tax receivable agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including:
•the timing of exchanges by the holders of units of Manning & Napier Group, the number of units purchased or exchanged, or the price of our Class A common stock, as the case may be, at the time of the purchase or exchange;
•the amount and timing of the taxable income we generate in the future and the tax rate then applicable; and
•the portion of our payments under the tax receivable agreement constituting imputed interest and whether the purchases or exchanges result in depreciable or amortizable basis.
There is a possibility that not all of the 85% of the applicable cash savings will be paid to the selling or exchanging holder of Class A units at the time described above. If we determine that all or a portion of such applicable tax savings is in doubt, we will pay to the holders of such Class A units the amount attributable to the portion of the applicable tax savings that we determine is not in doubt and pay the remainder at such time as we determine the actual tax savings or that the amount is no longer in doubt.
Payments under the tax receivable agreement, if any, will be made pro rata among all tax receivable agreement holders entitled to payments on an annual basis to the extent we have sufficient taxable income to utilize the increased depreciation and amortization expense. The availability of sufficient taxable income to utilize the increased depreciation and amortization expense will not be determined until such time as the financial results for the year in question are known and tax estimates prepared. To the extent that we are unable to make payments under the tax receivable agreement for any reason, such payments will be deferred and in some instances, will accrue interest until paid.
In certain cases, payments under the tax receivable agreement to holders of Manning & Napier Group units may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits we realize in respect of the tax attributes subject to the tax receivable agreement.
The tax receivable agreement provides that upon certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control, or if, at any time, we elect an early termination of the tax receivable agreement, our obligations under the tax receivable agreement with respect to all Class A units of Manning & Napier Group, whether or not such units have been purchased or exchanged before or after such transaction, would be based on certain assumptions, including that we would have
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sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the deductions arising from the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreement. As a result, (i) we could be required to make payments under the tax receivable agreement that are greater than or less than the specified percentage of the actual benefits we realize in respect of the tax attributes subject to the tax receivable agreement and (ii) if we elect to terminate the tax receivable agreement early, we would be required to make an immediate payment equal to the present value of the anticipated future tax benefits, which payment may be made significantly in advance of the actual realization of such future benefits. In these situations, our obligations under the tax receivable agreement could have a substantial negative impact on our liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control. There can be no assurance that we will be able to finance our obligations under the tax receivable agreement. If we were to elect to terminate the tax receivable agreement immediately as of December 31, 2020, we estimate that we would be required to pay up to approximately $21.1 million in the aggregate, which assumes the exchange of 2,021,781 units of Manning & Napier Group held by those other than us under the tax receivable agreement.
If we were deemed an investment company under the 1940 Act as a result of our ownership of Manning & Napier Group, applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have an adverse effect on our business.
We do not believe that we are an “investment company” under the 1940 Act. Because we, as the sole managing member of Manning & Napier Group, control the management of and operations of Manning & Napier Group, we believe that our interest in Manning & Napier Group is not an “investment security” as such term is used in the 1940 Act. If we were to cease participation in the management of Manning & Napier Group or not be deemed to control Manning & Napier Group, our interest in Manning & Napier Group could be deemed an “investment security” for purposes of the 1940 Act. A person may be an “investment company” if it owns investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items). Our sole asset is our equity investment in Manning & Napier Group. A determination that such investment is an investment security could cause us to be deemed an investment company under the 1940 Act and to become subject to the registration and other requirements of the 1940 Act. We do not believe that we are an investment company under Section 3(b)(1) of the 1940 Act because we are not primarily engaged in a business that causes us to fall within the definition of “investment company.” The 1940 Act and the rules thereunder contain detailed prescriptions for the organization and operations of investment companies. Among other things, the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder limit or prohibit transactions with affiliates, impose limitations on the issuance of debt and equity securities, prohibit the issuance of stock options, and impose certain governance requirements. We and Manning & Napier Group intend to conduct our operations so that we will not be deemed an investment company. However, if we nevertheless were to be deemed an investment company, restrictions imposed by the 1940 Act, including limitations on our capital structure and our ability to transact with affiliates, could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock
The market price and trading volume of our Class A common stock may be volatile, which could result in rapid and substantial losses for our stockholders.
The market price of our Class A common stock may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. The trading volume of our Class A common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our Class A common stock declines significantly, investors may be unable to sell shares of Class A common stock at or above their purchase price, if at all. The market price of our Class A common stock may fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect the price of our Class A common stock, or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our Class A common stock, include:
•an extended period of U.S. economic hardship as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;
•actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results, including the suspension of our quarterly dividend;
•failure to meet the market’s earnings expectations;
•publication of negative research reports about us or the investment management industry, or the failure of securities analysts to cover our Class A common stock;
•a limited float and low average daily trading volume, which may result in illiquidity as investors try to buy and sell and thereby exacerbating positive or negative pressure on our stock;
•departures of any members of our senior management team or additions or departures of other key personnel;
•adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we may incur or securities we may issue in the future;
•adverse market reaction to our stockholder rights, or "poison pill," plan;
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•changes in market valuations of similar companies;
•actual or anticipated poor performance in one or more of the portfolios we offer;
•changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations, or differing interpretations thereof, affecting our business, or enforcement of these laws and regulations, or announcements relating to these matters;
•adverse publicity about the investment management industry generally, or particular scandals, specifically;
•litigation and governmental investigations;
•consummation by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships or divestitures;
•actions by stockholders, including any activist stockholders;
•exchange of units of Manning & Napier Group for shares of our Class A common stock or the expectation that such conversions or exchanges may occur; and
•general market and economic conditions.
Our Class A common stockholders may experience dilution in the future as a result of future acquisitions, additional capital raising, exchanges pursuant to the Exchange Agreement and/or equity grants under our equity compensation plans
If we issue shares of Class A common stock or units of Manning & Napier Group in future acquisitions or capital raising activity, the ownership interest of our Class A common stockholders will be diluted. If we grant exchange rights with respect to the issuance of the units of Manning & Napier Group that allow its holder to exchange such units for shares of our Class A common stock, stockholders will incur dilution in the percentage of the issued and outstanding shares of Class A common stock that are owned at such time. Our stockholders will also be diluted to the extent the current holders of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group exchange their units pursuant to the Exchange Agreement and we settle that exchange in shares of our Class A common stock. We also may issue shares of our Class A common stock or units of Manning & Napier Group in connection with grants under our equity compensation plans, which will dilute our Class A common stockholders. Any such future sales, issuances or exchanges of our Class A common stock or rights to purchase our Class A common stock could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders.
If we fail to comply with our public company financial reporting and other regulatory obligations, including the Continued Listing Criteria of the New York Stock Exchange, our business and stock price could be adversely affected.
We are subject to the Continued Listing Criteria of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). In order for our Class A common stock to continue trading on the NYSE, we must maintain certain share prices, numbers of stockholders and corporate governance standards, including obtaining the approval of our stockholders prior to issuing shares in excess of 20% of the voting power outstanding before that issuance. If we are unable to meet any of these standards, our Class A common stock may no longer trade on the NYSE, which would adversely impact the trading market for our shares and liquidity for our stockholders and may adversely impact our business. As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, have implemented specific corporate governance practices and adhere to a variety of reporting requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related rules and regulations of the SEC, as well as the rules of the NYSE.
Our management is required to conduct an annual assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and include a report on our internal controls in our annual reports on Form 10-K pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. If our management identifies one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, market perception of our financial condition and the trading price of our stock may be adversely affected and customer perception of our business may suffer.
Our corporate documents, stockholder rights plan and Delaware law contain provisions that could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of the Company that our stockholders might consider to be in their best interests.
Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as our stockholder rights, or “poison pill,” plan, could impede attempts by our stockholders to remove or replace our management and could discourage others from initiating a potential merger, takeover or other change of control transaction, including a potential transaction at a premium over the market price of our Class A common stock, that our stockholders might consider to be in their best interests. These provisions:
•authorize the issuance of undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and the shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval, and which may include super voting, special approval, dividend, or other rights or preferences superior to the rights of the holders of our Class A common stock;
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•discourage any person or group that wishes to acquire 15% or more of our Class A common stock from doing so without obtaining our agreement because such an acquisition would cause the person or group to suffer substantial dilution;
•prohibit stockholder action by written consent and instead require all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;
•provide that the board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter, or repeal our amended and restated bylaws; and
•establish advance notice requirements for nominations for elections to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings.
These anti-takeover provisions and other provisions under Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company, even if doing so would benefit the holders of our Class A common stock.
A proxy contest for the election of directors at our annual meeting or proposals arising out of stockholder initiatives could cause us to incur substantial costs and negatively affect our business.
Due to the uncertainty in U.S. financial markets as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in combination with our redemption of units of Manning & Napier Group in 2020, we may be subject to proxy contests and other forms of stockholder activism. In the event that any significant investor makes proposals concerning our operations, governance or other matters, or seeks to change our board of directors, our review and consideration of such proposals may require the devotion of a significant amount of time by our management and employees and could require us to expend significant resources. Further, if our board of directors, in exercising its fiduciary duties, disagrees with or determines not to pursue the strategic direction suggested by an activist stockholder, our business could be adversely affected by responding to a costly and time-consuming proxy contest or other actions from an activist stockholder that will divert the attention of our management and employees, interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan, result in the loss of business opportunities and clients, and make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners.
Any issuance of preferred stock could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our Class A common stock, which could depress the price of our Class A common stock.
Our board of directors has the authority to issue preferred stock and to determine the preferences, limitations and relative rights of shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series and the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the rights of our Class A common stock. The potential issuance of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, discouraging bids for our Class A common stock at a premium over the market price, and adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class A common stock.
General Risk Factors
Catastrophic and unpredictable events, like the COVID-19 pandemic, could have an adverse effect on our business.
The COVID-19 pandemic and any terrorist attack, war, power failure, cyber-attack, natural disaster, public health emergency or pandemic or other catastrophic or unpredictable event could adversely affect our future revenues, expenses and earnings by:
•decreasing investment valuations in, and returns on, the assets that we manage;
•causing disruptions in national or global economies that decrease investor confidence and make investment products generally less attractive;
•interrupting our normal business operations;
•sustaining employee casualties, including loss of our key members of our senior management team or our investment team;
•requiring substantial expenditures and expenses to repair, replace and restore normal business operations; and
•reducing investor confidence.
We have a disaster recovery plan to address certain contingencies, but we cannot be assured that this plan will be sufficient in responding or ameliorating the effects of all disaster scenarios. If our employees or the vendors we rely upon for support in a catastrophic event are unable to respond adequately or in a timely manner, we may lose clients resulting in a decrease in AUM which may have an adverse effect on revenues and net income.
We are subject to extensive regulation.
We are subject to extensive regulation for our investment management business and operations, including regulation by the SEC under the 1940 Act and the Advisers Act, by the U.S. Department of Labor under ERISA, and by FINRA. The U.S.
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mutual funds we advise are registered with and regulated by the SEC as investment companies under the 1940 Act. The Advisers Act imposes numerous obligations on investment advisers including record keeping, advertising and operating requirements, disclosure obligations and prohibitions on fraudulent activities. The 1940 Act imposes similar obligations, as well as additional detailed operational requirements, on registered investment companies, which must be adhered to by their investment advisers. The U.S. mutual funds that we advise and our broker-dealer subsidiary are each subject to the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, which requires them to know certain information about their clients and to monitor their transactions for suspicious financial activities, including money laundering. The U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control, ("OFAC"), has issued regulations requiring that we refrain from doing business, or allow our clients to do business through us, in certain countries or with certain organizations or individuals on a list maintained by the U.S. government.
Our failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations could result in fines, censure, suspensions of personnel or other sanctions, including revocation of our registration as an investment adviser. Even if a sanction imposed against us or our personnel is small in monetary amount, the adverse publicity arising from the imposition of sanctions against us by regulators could harm our reputation, result in withdrawal by our clients from our products and impede our ability to retain clients and develop new client relationships, which may reduce our revenues.
We face the risk of significant intervention by regulatory authorities, including extended investigation and surveillance activity, adoption of costly or restrictive new regulations and judicial or administrative proceedings that may result in substantial penalties. Among other things, we could be fined or be prohibited from engaging in some of our business activities. The requirements imposed by our regulators are designed to ensure the integrity of the financial markets and to protect customers and other third parties who deal with us, and are not designed to protect our stockholders. Accordingly, these regulations often serve to limit our activities, including through net capital, customer protection and market conduct requirements.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our Class A common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.
Item 1B.     Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2.         Properties.
We conduct our principal operations through leased offices located in Fairport, New York; St. Petersburg, Florida; Dublin, Ohio; Seattle, Washington; and Portsmouth, New Hampshire. We also lease office space in various other locations throughout the United States. We do not own any facilities. Most of our business operations are based in our corporate headquarters in Fairport.
We believe our properties are in good operating condition and adequately serve our current business operations. We also anticipate suitable additional or alternative space will be available at commercially reasonable terms for future expansion and to replace existing facilities at lease terminations to the extent necessary.
Item 3.         Legal Proceedings.
As an investment adviser to a variety of investment products, we are subject to routine reviews and inspections by the SEC and FINRA. From time to time we may also be involved in various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We do not believe that the outcome of any of these reviews, inspections or other legal proceedings will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements; however, litigation is subject to many uncertainties, and the outcome of individual litigated matters is not predictable with assurance.
Item 4.         Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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PART II 
Item 5.     Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases and Equity Securities.
Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity
Our Class A common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “MN”. There are no outstanding shares of our Class B common stock.
Holders
As of March 10, 2021 there were 25 holders of record of our Class A common stock. A substantial number of holders of our Class A common stock are held in “street name” and thereby held of record by depositories, banks, brokers, and other financial institutions.
Dividends
On October 22, 2019, the Board of Directors declared a $0.02 per share dividend to the holders of Class A common stock. The dividend was paid on February 3, 2020 to shareholders of record as January 15, 2020.
On March 3, 2020, the Board of Directors declared a $0.02 per share dividend to the holders of Class A common stock. The dividend was paid on May 1, 2020 to shareholders of record as of April 1, 2020.
Due to the market volatility and resulting earnings volatility stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Board of Directors did not approve any cash dividends on our Class A common stock since the dividend paid on May 1, 2020. The historical quarterly cash dividends on our Class A common stock were, and we believe any future dividends would be, funded from our portion of distributions made by Manning & Napier Group, from its available cash generated from operations. Our management team and the Board of Directors will continue to monitor our ability to pay future dividends on a quarterly basis.
We have no material assets other than our ownership of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group and, accordingly, will depend on distributions from Manning & Napier Group to fund any dividends we may pay. As managing member of Manning & Napier Group, we will determine the timing and amount of any distributions to be paid to its members. We intend to cause Manning & Napier Group to distribute cash to its members, including us, in an amount sufficient to cover dividends, if any, declared by us. If we do cause Manning & Napier Group to make such distributions, M&N Group Holdings, MNCC and any other holders of units of Manning & Napier Group will be entitled to receive equivalent distributions on a pari passu basis.
On March 2, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors had declared a $2.0 million distribution from Manning & Napier Group to its unit holders. Subsequent to March 3, 2020, there was significant disruption to global commercial activity as a result of the spread of COVID-19, which contributed to significant volatility and a decline in the value of many securities in the financial markets. As a result, the Company’s Board of Directors determined on March 24, 2020 to withdraw its approval of that distribution from Manning & Napier Group. In July 2020, the Board of Directors approved a $1.5 million distribution from Manning & Napier Group to Manning & Napier Inc. and the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group, of which approximately $0.2 million was paid to the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group. In October 2020, the Board of Directors approved a $1.3 million distribution from Manning & Napier Group to Manning & Napier Inc. and the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group, of which approximately $0.1 million was paid to the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group. In December 2020, the Board of Directors approved a $3.7 million distribution from Manning & Napier Group to Manning & Napier Inc. and the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group, of which approximately $0.4 million was paid to the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group.
The declaration and payment of all future dividends, if any, will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Item 6.         Selected Financial Data.
As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide this information.
Item 7.         Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Overview
Our Business
Manning & Napier, Inc. is an independent investment management firm that provides our clients with a broad range of financial solutions and investment strategies, including wealth management services. Founded in 1970 and headquartered in Fairport, New York, we serve a diversified client base of high-net-worth individuals and institutions, including 401(k) plans, pension plans, Taft-Hartley plans, endowments and foundations.

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Impact of COVID-19
We are addressing the challenges of COVID-19 by protecting the health and well-being of our employees, while servicing our clients and leveraging technology to fully support our business needs in a primarily digital manner. The impact of COVID-19 on our investment performance, financial statements, capital and liquidity, and our business operations are further discussed below:

•Client Performance Impact: As a result of our ability to rapidly adapt to a remote work environment, we believe we were able to minimize the impact of COVID-19 on client performance. Additionally, due to the significant increase in volatility throughout the year, discussed in more detail in the next section, we were able to capitalize on the market environment by delivering strong results for clients in 2020.

•Financial Statement Impact: Our revenues consist primarily of investment management fees typically calculated as a percentage of the market value of our assets under management ("AUM"), and they are dependent on the value and composition of our AUM. As of December 31, 2020, AUM was $20.1 billion, an increase from $17.1 billion as of March 31, 2020. This 18% increase came on the heels of a market rebound primarily beginning in the second quarter, with approximately $4.9 billion of market appreciation partially offset by approximately $1.9 billion of net client outflows since March 31, 2020. Going forward, we believe the pandemic may negatively impact our operational results, cash flows, and financial position if our clients are adversely impacted by the economic results of the pandemic.

•Capital and Liquidity Impact: Our financial condition is stable, allowing us to effectively manage the financial impacts of COVID-19. We believe our capital structure should provide us with sufficient resources and flexibility to meet present and future cash needs. The Board of Directors has not approved a quarterly cash dividend on our Class A common stock since the dividend paid on May 1, 2020. Given the uncertainty surrounding the current economic environment, we will continue to assess our liquidity needs.

•Business Operations Impact: For the health and well-being of our employees, we have modified our business practices in accordance with social distancing guidelines to encourage work-from-home arrangements, and we have restricted business-related travel. Our technology capabilities have allowed us to maintain sales and client servicing activity through digital collaboration platforms and digital marketing efforts. We believe our 2020 results, with gross client inflows comparable to prior periods and gross client outflows reduced from prior levels, indicate that our sales strategy is gaining traction. Our ability to adequately maintain our operations, internal controls and client relationships has not been adversely affected by these modifications.

We continue to assess the risks associated with COVID-19 and to mitigate them where possible. For further discussion regarding the potential future impacts of COVID-19 and related economic conditions on the Company's financial statements, capital and liquidity, and business operations, see "Part I-Item 1A-Risk Factors."
Market Developments
Last year was undoubtedly volatile, but in the end, global equity performance was again strong in 2020. After one of the sharpest stock market selloffs ever, equities bounced back quickly and then sustained their gains throughout the remainder of the year. The rapid rally was led by strength in growth-style equities, which vastly outperformed their value-style counterparts for the full year, and further extended their recent multi-year run of relative outperformance. International equities delivered solid gains as well, with emerging markets somewhat outperforming international developed markets.
In fixed income, rates fell significantly during the first quarter and remained at historically low levels throughout the rest of the year. Falling interest rates drove strong performance, boosting bond market returns last year, but we expect low starting yields to create a challenging long-term environment going forward.
We believe the economic recovery is showing signs of decelerating and appears at risk of stalling out. At the same time, monetary policy remains extraordinarily accommodative, and governments appear more willing than ever to implement aggressive fiscal measures to boost growth. These and other variables are creating a highly uncertain near-term macroeconomic environment.
Considering that equity and fixed income valuations are both at very elevated levels, and given today’s mixed economic backdrop, we expect modest returns for the near- to intermediate-term. As an active manager, we believe we are well positioned to help investors navigate a potentially choppy environment in the years ahead as they seek to meet their long-term financial goals and objectives.
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Business Review
Our firm is focused on four key strategic initiatives that we believe are critical to establishing a solid foundation for future success. They are as follows: delivering excellent investment results for clients; improving sales productivity while providing exceptional client service; modernizing our technological infrastructure and increasing operational efficiency; and ensuring a talent-rich, diverse organization with a great culture. We made important progress on each of these measures throughout 2020.
Investment Excellence
The performance of our investment strategies was broadly excellent in 2020. We delivered a degree of downside protection in many of our strategies during the market volatility of the first quarter, and then substantially participated in the subsequent market recovery throughout the remainder of the year. We believe our absolute results, relative outperformance, and the performance pattern we delivered, are all indicative of the power of our time-tested research processes and disciplines.
In general, we believe in being patient and flexible. It is undeniable that both equity and debt valuations are elevated, but we still believe there are parts of global equity markets that remain attractive. We will continue to be opportunistic on behalf of clients as we seek to avoid areas of undue risk while capitalizing on these select areas of opportunity.
It is important to note that in our traditional bottom-up portfolios, in equities, we are neither dogmatic growth nor value investors. Rather, our disciplines give us very specific tools to evaluate both what we term “profile” stocks, which would look at home in the portfolios of growth managers, as well as what we term “hurdle rate” and “bankable deal” stocks, which have classic value characteristics. We believe this flexibility was critical to our strong results last year and remains one of our key differentiators.
Finally, we should note that the magnitude of our outperformance in many of our strategies should be viewed as an unusual occurrence, as should the very high proportion of our strategies that outperformed. While we will always strive to deliver excellent relative results for clients, we expect to be hard-pressed to consistently repeat our near-universally excellent investment strategy results in 2020.
Sales Productivity
Our rate of outflows decreased substantially in 2020, by approximately $2.5 billion when compared to 2019, reflecting superior investment results and excellent client service during the pandemic. The ultimate measure of improvements in our client-facing areas will be positive net flows. While we continued to sustain net outflows in 2020, it was at a much lower rate than prior years.
We increased our investment in our client facing teams throughout 2020. We hired five new Financial Consultants in Wealth Management, bringing our total to 19. Our new hires did not bring books of business, and we anticipate that they will ramp up in productivity over the next few years. We created team structures in multiple geographies, which has enhanced client service and increased our capacity to generate new business. Additionally, we also added a dedicated Consultant Relations Director in the fourth quarter, supporting our institutional business.
In February 2021, we implemented a revised pricing plan for new Wealth Management clients. New wealth management clients will be charged a bundled fee that incorporates wealth planning and advice, investment solutions, and custody. This fee is higher than our current investment-only pricing and will be additive to revenues, over time. Current clients’ fees will be grandfathered and will not change. Also, institutions who use us for an asset class sleeve of a larger portfolio and not for comprehensive advice will also be exempt.
Operational Efficiency
Our technological overhaul was in the thick of the execution phase throughout 2020 as we pushed forward across several key initiatives simultaneously, replacing the entirety of our technology infrastructure.
By the end of the year, we launched the first deliverable from our implementation of InvestCloud technology to support all our distribution initiatives. That first deliverable was a new client portal that has been very well received by clients across channels. We also completed the implementation of Workday’s general ledger functionality in 2020 and will be rolling out its budgeting and financial analysis module in 2021. In addition, in 2021, we will be implementing Workday applications for human resources and talent management. We made important progress in implementing Charles River's technology for trade order management, trading and portfolio compliance, and portfolio implementation in 2020. Important steps remain and completion is targeted by the end of 2021.
The fully integrated suite of software-as-a-service platforms that we are implementing will enable substantial operating efficiencies, better client experiences, increased targeting and discipline in sales and service, improved productivity in trade processing and portfolio implementation, and greater and more actionable business insights.
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People & Culture
Our fourth strategic initiative is to ensure that we have a talent-rich, diverse and inclusive team with a powerful, distinctive culture.
Talent density is the lifeblood of our business: it helps us analyze, manage, and optimize our investment strategies. It helps us relate, reach, and connect to more people, amplifying our strategies, solutions, and story; and it helps us innovate and remain nimble in our evolving, highly competitive industry. We want to be a destination of choice for the most capable and promising talent. Ours is largely a home-grown team, with the majority of staff entering as recent graduates, so we are focused on finding the best, developing the best, and retaining the best.
It is our belief that, in principle, the demographics of our firm should broadly reflect the demographics of our nation and the communities in which we do business. We are committed to getting there but acknowledge that it will take time, and we must commit to making consistent progress towards becoming a more inclusive organization.
As has been repeatedly demonstrated, we have no doubt that greater diversity of background, experience, and perspective, lends itself to stronger decision making, a more solid internal culture, and superior business outcomes for all stakeholders. Our corporate culture will embrace and celebrate all our differences, for they will make us a stronger, more successful, and more lasting business.
We believe our compensation philosophy is designed to achieve alignment between our employees' interests and those of our clients and shareholders. We have made further progress on this initiative through the increase in employee ownership in the Company, coupled with the implementation of a deferred compensation plan beginning in 2021, whereby a fraction of incentive compensation for our most highly compensated employees with be invested in our investment products and vested over a multi-year period. We believe that implementing this plan is an important step in increasing employee investment in our strategies and will provide additional short-term earnings relief during 2021.
Corporate Structure
During the first quarter of 2020, pursuant to the annual exchange process, approximately 60.0 million Class A units of Manning & Napier Group, LLC ("Manning & Napier Group") were tendered for cash or shares of the Company's Class A common stock. In early April 2020, the independent directors, on behalf of the Company as managing member of Manning & Napier Group, decided to settle the transaction as a redemption, utilizing approximately $90.8 million in cash. Manning & Napier Group completed the redemption on May 11, 2020, with payment made from its cash, cash equivalents and proceeds from the sale of investment securities. The Class A units were subsequently retired, and as a result, our ownership of Manning & Napier Group increased from 19.5% to 88.2% as of May 11, 2020. On February 3, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of up to $10.0 million of Manning & Napier Inc. Class A common shares. The authority to repurchase shares will be exercised from time to time as market conditions warrant, is subject to regulatory considerations and will expire on December 31, 2021. The timing, amount, and other terms and conditions of any repurchases will be determined by management at its discretion based on a variety of factors, including the market price of shares, general market and economic conditions, and legal requirements.
We believe our full year 2020 was broadly very positive as we continue to execute on our long-term strategic plans, focusing on rebuilding the foundation of our firm in a way that positions us for sustained success.
Our Solutions
We derive substantially all of our revenues from investment management fees earned from providing advisory services to separately managed accounts and to mutual funds and collective investment trusts—including those offered by Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC ("MNA"), the Manning & Napier Fund, Inc.(the "Fund"), Exeter Trust Company, and Rainier Investment Management, LLC ("Rainier").
Our separate accounts are primarily distributed through our wealth management sales channel, where our financial consultants form relationships with high-net-worth individuals, endowments, foundations, and retirement plans. To a lesser extent, we also obtain a portion of our separate account distribution via third parties, either through our intermediary sales channel where national brokerage firm representatives or independent financial advisors select our separate account strategies for their clients, through our platform/sub-advisor relationships, where unaffiliated registered investment advisors approve our strategies for their product platforms, or through institutional consultants. Our separate account strategies are a primary driver of our blended asset portfolios for high-net-worth, middle market institutional clients and financial intermediaries. In contrast, larger institutions and unaffiliated registered investment advisor platforms are a driver of our separate account equity portfolios.
Our mutual funds and collective investment trusts are primarily distributed through financial intermediaries, including brokers, financial advisors, retirement plan advisors and platform relationships. We also distribute our mutual fund and collective investment trusts through our institutional representatives, particularly within the defined contribution, Taft-Hartley,
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and institutional marketplace. Our mutual fund and collective investment trust strategies are an important driver of our blended asset class and single asset class portfolios.
Assets Under Management
Our sales efforts distinctly separate the Wealth Management clients to which we deliver holistic solutions, including high-net-worth families, endowments and foundations, and small and mid-sized business, from our Institutional and Intermediary clients, including third party advisors, platforms and consultants, as well as larger institutions and Taft-Hartley clients. The table below reflects the estimated composition of our assets under management as of December 31, 2020, by sales channel and investment portfolio:
December 31, 2020
Blended
Asset 		Equity Fixed Income Total
  (dollars in millions)
Total AUM
Wealth Management $ 7,737.0  $ 905.5  $ 263.9  $ 8,906.4 
Institutional and Intermediary $ 5,821.8  $ 4,639.8  $ 751.4  $ 11,213.0 
Total $ 13,558.8  $ 5,545.3  $ 1,015.3  $ 20,119.4 
Percentage of AUM
Wealth Management 38  % 5  % 1  % 44  %
Institutional and Intermediary 29  % 23  % 4  % 56  %
Total 67  % 28  % 5  % 100  %
Percentage of portfolio by channel
Wealth Management 57  % 16  % 26  % 44  %
Institutional and Intermediary 43  % 84  % 74  % 56  %
Total 100  % 100  % 100  % 100  %
Percentage of channel by portfolio
Wealth Management 87  % 10  % 3  % 100  %
Institutional and Intermediary 52  % 41  % 7  % 100  %
Excluded from assets under management are non-discretionary assets associated with our model-delivery business, where certain of our investment strategies are provided to sponsor platforms for implementation into client portfolios. Assets under advisement related to our model-delivery business totaled approximately $0.4 billion and $0.2 billion for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Revenue earned on these services is included in other revenue within our consolidated statements of operations.
Our wealth management channel represented 44% of our total AUM as of December 31, 2020. Blended portfolios are the most significant portion of wealth management assets, representing 87% of wealth management AUM. Equity and fixed income portfolios represent 10% and 3% respectively, of wealth management AUM.
Our institutional and intermediary channel represented 56% of our total AUM as of December 31, 2020. Blended portfolios are also the largest portion of institutional and intermediary assets at 52% of AUM, followed by equity and fixed income portfolios at 41% and 7%, respectively.
As of December 31, 2020, blended portfolios account for 67% of our total AUM at $13.6 billion, an increase of $0.1 billion from blended portfolio AUM of $13.5 billion at December 31, 2019. Blended portfolio AUM is similar across both distribution channels, with 57% in wealth management and 43% in institutional and intermediary. Equity portfolios account for 28% of our total AUM, at $5.5 billion, an 11% increase from December 31, 2019, when equity portfolios were at $5.0 billion. Of equity portfolio AUM, 84% is in the institutional and intermediary channel, and 16% is in the wealth management channel. Fixed income portfolios account for 5% of total AUM at $1.0 billion, consistent with fixed income portfolio AUM at December 31, 2019. Consistent with equity portfolio AUM, the majority of fixed income assets come through the institutional and intermediary channel at 74% and 26% of fixed income AUM is in the wealth management channel.
We also have relationships with manager research teams at platforms in order to distribute our funds within advisory programs, or through placement on platforms' approved lists of funds. To facilitate our relationships with intermediaries, we currently have approximately 242 dealer relationships. These relationships are important to our retail business as well as our defined contribution business, including our target date collective trusts.
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Our institutional and Taft-Hartley sales team promotes our strategies to large institutional clients with which we have direct relationships, as well as to the consultants that advise them. In 2021 we added a dedicated resource to focus on institutional consultants. Additionally, we have relationships with middle-market and large market defined contribution plan sponsors seeking to use our target date collective investment trusts and Pro-Blend target risk mutual funds as default options on their investment menu. These sponsors also use our single asset class strategies as options in their defined contribution plans.

Results of Operations
Below is a discussion of our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Components of Results of Operations
Overview
One of the most significant factors influencing net flows and AUM is the investment performance of our various strategies. As an active manager, it is typical for our investment strategies to exhibit portfolio positioning that is notably divergent from benchmarks and common market indices. We believe this is a strength of our investment approach, although it can cause substantial performance deviations, both positive and negative, versus common benchmarks. In general, our investment processes have a preference for risk management, focusing heavily on fundamentals and valuations. Historically, we have tended to provide a degree of downside protection in adverse markets, while having participated somewhat less than fully in bull markets. Broadly speaking, we expect our investment approach to reduce volatility and create a smoother performance pattern over time, and we believe these characteristics are desirable and an attractive differentiator in our industry. As a result, the overall performance of our suite of investment strategies often differs from many others in the industry, potentially causing the results of our operations to, at times, also diverge.

Other components impacting our operating results include:
•asset-based fee rates and changes in those rates;
•the composition of our AUM among various portfolios, sales channels and client types;
•changes in our variable costs, including incentive compensation and distribution, servicing and custody expenses, which are affected by our investment performance, level of our AUM and revenue; and
•fixed costs, including changes to base compensation, vendor-related costs and investment spending on new products.
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Assets Under Management and Investment Performance
The following tables reflect the indicated components of our AUM for our sales channels for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Wealth Management(3)
Institutional and Intermediary (3)
Total Wealth Management Institutional and Intermediary Total
(in millions)
As of December 31, 2019 $ 8,716.4  $ 10,763.7  $ 19,480.1  45% 55% 100%
Gross client inflows (1)
936.7  1,483.7  2,420.4 
Gross client outflows (1)
(1,473.8) (3,267.0) (4,740.8)
Market appreciation/(depreciation) & other (2)
727.1  2,232.6  2,959.7 
As of December 31, 2020 $ 8,906.4  $ 11,213.0  $ 20,119.4  44% 56% 100%
Average AUM for the period $ 8,392.3  $ 10,565.8  $ 18,958.1 
As of December 31, 2018 $ 8,700.9  $ 11,462.7  $ 20,163.6  43% 57% 100%
Gross client inflows (1)
1,186.7  1,542.4  2,729.1 
Gross client outflows (1)
(2,560.8) (4,651.9) (7,212.7)
Market appreciation/(depreciation) & other (2)
1,389.6  2,410.5  3,800.1 
As of December 31, 2019 $ 8,716.4  $ 10,763.7  $ 19,480.1  45% 55% 100%
Average AUM for the period $ 8,836.2  $ 11,641.0  $ 20,477.2 
________________________
(1)Transfers of client assets between portfolios are included in gross client inflows and gross client outflows.
(2)Market appreciation/(depreciation) and other includes investment gains/(losses) on assets under management, the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates and net flows from non-sales related activities including net reinvested dividends.
(3)AUM and gross client flows between sales channels have been estimated based upon preliminary data. For a limited portion of our mutual fund AUM, reporting by sales channel is not available at the time of this report. Such estimates have no impact on total AUM, total cash flows, or AUM by investment portfolio reported in the table above.
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The following tables reflect the indicated components of our AUM for our portfolios for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Blended
Asset 		Equity Fixed
Income 		Total Blended
Asset 		Equity Fixed
Income 		Total
   (in millions)        
As of December 31, 2019 $ 13,473.3  $ 4,988.8  $ 1,018.0  $ 19,480.1  69% 26% 5% 100%
Gross client inflows (1)
1,633.8  639.8  146.8  2,420.4 
Gross client outflows (1)
(3,581.8) (951.6) (207.4) (4,740.8)
Market appreciation/(depreciation) & other (2)
2,033.5  868.3  57.9  2,959.7 
As of December 31, 2020 $ 13,558.8  $ 5,545.3  $ 1,015.3  $ 20,119.4  67% 28% 5% 100%
Average AUM for period $ 13,177.6  $ 4,769.1  $ 1,011.4  $ 18,958.1 
As of December 31, 2018 $ 13,532.2  $ 5,501.9  $ 1,129.5  $ 20,163.6  67% 27% 6% 100%
Gross client inflows (1)
1,431.4  1,105.0  192.7  2,729.1 
Gross client outflows (1)
(3,754.4) (3,071.1) (387.2) (7,212.7)
Market appreciation/(depreciation) & other (2)
2,264.1  1,453.0  83.0  3,800.1 
As of December 31, 2019 $ 13,473.3  $ 4,988.8  $ 1,018.0  $ 19,480.1  69% 26  % 5% 100%
Average AUM for period $ 13,577.5  $ 5,816.3  $ 1,083.4  $ 20,477.2 
________________________
(1)Transfers of client assets between portfolios are included in gross client inflows and gross client outflows.
(2)Market appreciation/(depreciation) and other includes investment gains/(losses) on assets under management, the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates and net flows from non-sales related activities including net reinvested dividends.

Revenues
Our revenues primarily consist of investment management fees earned from managing our clients’ AUM. We earn our investment management fees as a percentage of our clients’ AUM either as of a specified date or on a daily basis. Our investment management fees can fluctuate based on the average fee rate for our investment management products, which are affected by the composition of our AUM among various portfolios and investment vehicles.
We serve as the investment adviser for the Fund, Exeter Trust Company Collective Investment Trusts and Rainier Multiple Investment Trust. The mutual funds are open-end mutual funds designed to meet the needs of a range of institutional and other investors. The collective investment trusts are for qualified retirement plans, including 401(k) plans. These mutual funds and collective investment trusts comprised $5.5 billion, or 28%, of our AUM as of December 31, 2020. We also serve as the investment advisor to all of our separately managed accounts, managing $14.6 billion, or 72% of our AUM as of December 31, 2020, including assets managed as a sub-advisor to pooled investment vehicles. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, our revenue earned from clients located in the United States was 98% and 99%, respectively.
We earn distribution and servicing fees for providing services to our affiliated mutual funds. Revenue is computed and earned daily based on a percentage of AUM.
We earn custodial service fees for administrative and safeguarding services performed by Exeter Trust Company, our New Hampshire-chartered trust company. Fees are calculated as a percentage of the client's market value with additional fees for certain transactions.
During the first quarter of 2019, we completed the effort to restructure fees for many of our mutual fund and collective trust vehicles. The impacts on our overall revenue margins and operating expenses are described below in the discussion of results for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Operating Expenses
Our largest operating expenses are employee compensation and related costs, discussed further below, with a significant portion of these expenses varying in a direct relationship to our absolute and relative investment management performance, as well as AUM and revenues. We review our operating expenses in relation to the investment market environment and changes in our revenues. However, we are generally willing to make expenditures as necessary, even when faced with declining rates of growth in revenues in order to support our investment products, our client service levels, strategic initiatives and our long-term value.
•Compensation and related costs. Employee compensation and related costs represent our largest expense, including employee salaries and benefits, incentive compensation to investment and sales professionals, compensation issued under our long-term incentive plan as well as equity compensation. These costs are affected by changes in the employee headcount, the mix of existing job descriptions, competitive factors, the addition of new skill sets and variations in the level of our AUM and revenues. These costs are also impacted by the number of awards granted under our equity plan and the amount of deferred cash awards granted under our long-term incentive plan. Incentive compensation for our research team considers the cumulative impact of both absolute and relative investment performance over historical time periods, with more weight placed on the recent periods. As such, incentive compensation paid to our research team will vary, in part, based on absolute and relative investment performance.
•Distribution, servicing and custody expenses. Distribution, servicing and custody expense represent amounts paid to various intermediaries for distribution, shareholder servicing, administrative servicing and custodial services. These expenses generally increase or decrease in line with changes in our mutual fund and collective investment trust AUM or services performed by these intermediaries. During the first quarter of 2019, we completed the effort, begun in 2017, of restructuring fees across our mutual funds. The financial impacts were a reduction in the management fees on existing business, and an offsetting reduction in related distribution, servicing and custody expenses. Given the overall pressure on fees that all active managers are facing, we believe that bringing our fund fees to a more competitive level will enhance our ability to attract additional assets in the future.
•Other operating costs. Other operating costs include accounting, legal and other professional service fees, technology, occupancy and facility costs, travel and entertainment expenses, insurance, market data service expenses and all other miscellaneous costs associated with managing the day-to-day operations of our business.
Non-Operating Income (Loss)
Non-operating income (loss) includes interest expense, interest and dividend income, changes in liability under the tax receivable agreement ("TRA") entered into between Manning & Napier and the other holders of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group, gains (losses) related to investment securities sales and changes in values of those investment securities designated as equity investments, at fair value and gain on sale of business.
We expect the interest and investment components of non-operating income (loss) to fluctuate based on market conditions, the performance of our investments and the overall amount of our investments held by the Company to provide initial cash seeding for product development purposes and short-term investment for cash management opportunities.
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company is comprised of entities that have elected to be treated as either a limited liability company ("LLC") or a “C-Corporation.” As such, the entities functioning as LLC’s are not liable for or able to benefit from U.S. federal or most state and local income taxes on their earnings, and their earnings (losses) will be included in the personal income tax returns of each entity’s unit holders. The entities functioning as C-Corporations are liable for or able to benefit from U.S. federal and state and local income taxes on their earnings and losses, respectively.
Noncontrolling Interests
Manning & Napier, Inc. holds an economic interest of approximately 88.6% in Manning & Napier Group as of December 31, 2020, and as managing member controls all of the business and affairs of Manning & Napier Group. As a result, the Company consolidates the financial results of Manning & Napier Group and records a noncontrolling interest in our consolidated financial statements. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests on the consolidated statements of operations represents the portion of earnings attributable to the economic interest in Manning & Napier Group held by the noncontrolling interests.
Accounting Policies and Estimates
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP") and the related rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates or
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assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Accordingly, actual results could differ from these estimates or assumptions and may have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Accounting policies are an integral part of our financial statements. A thorough understanding of these accounting policies is essential when reviewing our reported results of operations and our financial condition. Our management has identified the following significant accounting policies that are critical to understanding our business and prospects for future performance, as these policies affect the reported amounts of revenue and other significant areas that involve management’s judgment and estimates.
These policies and our procedures related to these policies are described in detail below. Please also refer to the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further discussion of our accounting policies.
Revenue Recognition
Investment Management: Investment management fees are computed as a percentage of AUM. Our performance obligation is a series of services that form part of a single performance obligation satisfied over time.
Separately managed accounts are paid in advance, typically for a semi-annual or quarterly period, or in arrears, typically for a monthly or quarterly period. When investment management fees are paid in advance, we defer the revenue as a contract liability and recognize it over the applicable period. When investment management fees are paid in arrears, we estimate revenue and record a contract asset (accrued accounts receivable) based on AUM as of the most recent month end date.
Mutual funds and collective investment trust investment management revenue is calculated and earned daily based on AUM. Revenue is presented net of cash rebates and fees waived pursuant to contractual expense limitations of the funds. We also have agreements with third parties who provide recordkeeping and administrative services for employee benefit plans participating in the collective investment trusts. We are acting as an agent on behalf of the employee benefit plan sponsors, therefore, investment management revenue is recorded net of fees paid to third party service providers.
As of January 1, 2020, we revised the presentation of investment management revenue within our consolidated statements of operations. Investment management revenue, previously presented by investment vehicle, has been disaggregated to present investment management revenue by sales channel.
Distribution and shareholder servicing: We receive distribution and servicing fees for providing services to our affiliated mutual funds. Revenue is computed and earned daily based on a percentage of AUM. The performance obligation is a series of services that form part of a single performance obligation satisfied over time. We have agreements with third parties who provide distribution and administrative services for our mutual funds. The agreements are evaluated to determine whether revenue should be reported gross or net of payments to third-party service providers. We control the services provided and act as a principal in the relationship. Therefore, distribution and shareholder servicing revenue is recorded gross of fees paid to third parties.
Custodial services: Custodial service fees are calculated as a percentage of the client’s market value with additional fees charged for certain transactions. For the safeguarding and administrative services that are subject to a percentage of market value fee, our performance obligation is a series of services that form part of a single performance obligation satisfied over time. Revenue for transactions assigned a stand-alone selling price is recognized in the period which the transaction is executed. Custodial service fees are billed monthly in arrears. We have agreements with third parties who provide safeguarding, record keeping and administrative services for their clients. We control the services provided and act as a principal in the relationship. Therefore, custodial service revenue is recorded gross of fees paid to third parties.
Because the majority of our revenues are earned based on AUM that has been determined using fair value methods and since market appreciation/depreciation has a significant impact on our revenue, we have presented our AUM using the GAAP framework for measuring fair value. A fair value hierarchy is provided that gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The following three-tier fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value:
•Level 1—observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical securities;
•Level 2—other significant observable inputs (including but not limited to quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment rates, credit risk, etc.); and
•Level 3—significant unobservable inputs (including our own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments).
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The table below summarizes the approximate amount of AUM for the periods indicated for which fair value is measured based on Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3:
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
  (in millions)
December 31, 2020 AUM $ 12,578  $ 7,541  $ —  $ 20,119 
December 31, 2019 AUM $ 11,147  $ 8,333  $ —  $ 19,480 
Substantially all our AUM is valued by independent pricing services based upon observable market prices or inputs, and we believe market risk is the most significant risk underlying valuation of our AUM, as discussed in this Annual Report under “Part I-Item 1A. Risk Factors”.
All other revenue earned by us is recognized on a GAAP accounting basis as earned per the terms of the specific contract.
Consolidation
We assess each legal entity in which we hold a variable interest to determine whether consolidation is appropriate at the onset of the relationship and upon certain reconsideration events. We determine whether we have a controlling financial interest in the entity by evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity ("VOE") or a variable interest entity ("VIE") under GAAP. Assessing whether an entity is a VOE or VIE and if it requires consolidation involves judgment and analysis. Factors considered in this assessment include an entity’s purpose and design, a company’s ability to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, and whether a company is obligated to absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the entity. The standard also requires ongoing assessments of whether a company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE. When utilizing the VOE model, controlling financial interest is generally defined as majority ownership of voting interests.
We serve as the investment adviser for the Fund, Exeter Trust Company Collective Investment Trusts (“CIT”) and Rainier Multiple Investment Trust, which are legal entities, the business and affairs of which are managed by their respective boards of directors. As a result, each of these entities is a VOE. We hold, in limited cases, direct investments in a fund (which are made on the same terms as are available to other investors) and consolidate each of these entities where it has a controlling financial interest or a majority voting interest.
We make initial seed investments in sponsored investment portfolios to develop new products and services for our clients. The original seed investment may be held in a separately managed account, comprised solely of our investments, or within a mutual fund, where our investment may represent all or only a portion of the total equity invested in the mutual fund. We evaluate our seed investments on a regular basis and consolidate such mutual funds for which we hold a controlling financial interest. When we no longer hold a financial controlling interest, we deconsolidate the fund and classify the remaining investment as either an equity method investment or as equity investments, at fair value, as applicable.
As of December 31, 2020, Manning & Napier holds an economic interest of approximately 88.6% in Manning & Napier Group, and as managing member controls all of the business and affairs of Manning & Napier Group. As a result, we consolidate the financial results of Manning & Napier Group and record a noncontrolling interest on our consolidated statements of financial condition with respect to the remaining economic interest in Manning & Napier Group held by M&N Group Holdings and Manning & Napier Capital Company, LLC ("MNCC").
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of our investment in net assets of acquired companies over the fair value of the underlying identifiable net assets at the dates of acquisition. We attribute all goodwill associated with past acquisitions to our single reporting unit. Goodwill is tested for impairment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit associated with the goodwill to the reporting unit's recorded value. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its recorded value an impairment loss will be recorded.
The annual test of goodwill indicated that there were no facts or circumstances occurring in 2020 suggesting possible impairment. The impairment tests included certain underlying key assumptions regarding future overall market trends and our operating performance. If actual future market results and our operating performance vary unfavorably to those included in our financial forecast, we may be subject to impairment charges related to its goodwill.
Income Tax Provision
Management judgment is required in developing our provision for income taxes, including the determination of deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance that might be required against deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2020, we have not recorded a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. In the event that sufficient taxable income does not result in future years, among other things, a valuation allowance for certain of our deferred tax assets may be required. Because
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the determination of our annual income tax provision is subject to judgments and estimates, it is likely that the actual results will vary from those recorded in our financial statements. Hence, we recognize additions to and reductions in income tax expense during a reporting period that pertains to prior period provisions as our estimated liabilities are revised and our actual tax returns and tax audits are completed.
We recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized.
Payments Pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement
As a result of Manning & Napier's purchase of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group or exchange for Class A common stock of Manning & Napier for Class A units of Manning & Napier Group and Manning & Napier Group's election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code, we expect to benefit from depreciation and amortization deductions from an increase in tax basis of tangible and intangible assets of Manning & Napier Group. Those deductions allocated to us will be taken into account in reporting our taxable income.
In connection with our initial public offering ("IPO"), the TRA was entered into between Manning & Napier and the holders of Manning & Napier Group, pursuant to which Manning & Napier is required to pay to such holders 85% of the applicable cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax that Manning & Napier actually realizes, or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances, as a result of (i) certain tax attributes of their units sold to Manning & Napier or exchanged (for shares of Class A common stock) and that are created as a result of the sales or exchanges and payments under the TRA and (ii) tax benefits related to imputed interest.
At December 31, 2020, we have recorded a total liability of $19.0 million, representing the payments due to the selling unit holders under the TRA. Payments are anticipated to be made annually commencing from the date of each event that gives rise to the TRA benefits. The actual amount and timing of any payments may vary from this estimate due to a number of factors, including a material change in the relevant tax law or our failure to earn sufficient taxable income to realize all estimated tax benefits. The expected payment obligation assumes no additional uncertain tax positions that would impact the TRAs.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Recent accounting pronouncements," included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report.
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Year Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2019
Assets Under Management
The following table reflects changes in our AUM for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
  Year Ended December 31, Period-to-Period
2020 2019 $ %
  (in millions)
Wealth Management (3)
Beginning assets under management $ 8,716.4  $ 8,700.9  $ 15.5  —  %
Gross client inflows (1)
936.7  1,186.7  (250.0) (21) %
Gross client outflows (1)
(1,473.8) (2,560.8) 1,087.0  42  %
Market appreciation/(depreciation) & other (2)
727.1  1,389.6  (662.5) (48) %
Ending assets under management $ 8,906.4  $ 8,716.4  $ 190.0  2  %
Average AUM for period $ 8,392.3  $ 8,836.2  $ (443.9) (5) %
Institutional and Intermediary (3)
Beginning assets under management $ 10,763.7  $ 11,462.7  $ (699.0) (6) %
Gross client inflows (1)
1,483.7  1,542.4  (58.7) (4) %
Gross client outflows (1)
(3,267.0) (4,651.9) 1,384.9  30  %
Market appreciation/(depreciation) & other (2)
2,232.6  2,410.5  (177.9) (7) %
Ending assets under management $ 11,213.0  $ 10,763.7  $ 449.3  4  %
Average AUM for period $ 10,565.8  $ 11,641.0  $ (1,075.2) (9) %
Total assets under management
Beginning assets under management $ 19,480.1  $ 20,163.6  $ (683.5) (3) %
Gross client inflows (1)
2,420.4  2,729.1  (308.7) (11) %
Gross client outflows (1)
(4,740.8) (7,212.7) 2,471.9  34  %
Market appreciation/(depreciation) & other (2)
2,959.7  3,800.1  (840.4) (22) %
Ending assets under management $ 20,119.4  $ 19,480.1  $ 639.3  3  %
Average AUM for period $ 18,958.1  $ 20,477.2  $ (1,519.1) (7) %
________________________
(1)Transfers of client assets between portfolios are included in gross client inflows and gross client outflows.
(2)Market appreciation/(depreciation) and other includes investment gains/(losses) on AUM, the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates and net flows from non-sales related activities including net reinvested dividends.
(3)AUM and gross client flows between sales channels have been estimated based upon preliminary data. For a limited portion of our mutual fund AUM, reporting by sales channel is not available at the time of this report. Such estimates have no impact on total AUM, total cash flows, or AUM by investment portfolio reported in the table above.

The total AUM increase of $0.6 billion, or 3%, to $20.1 billion at December 31, 2020 from $19.5 billion at December 31, 2019 was attributable to $3.0 billion of market appreciation, partially offset by net client outflows of $2.3 billion and other changes. Net client outflows consisted of approximately $0.5 billion of net outflows from the wealth management channel and $1.8 billion from the institutional and intermediary channel. By portfolio, the rates of change in AUM from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020 consisted of a $0.6 billion, or 11% increase in our equity portfolio, and a less than $0.1 billion, or 1% increase in our blended asset portfolio.
While many of our key strategies achieved strong relative returns in 2020, which made our three- and five-year relative returns competitive, we attribute our 2020 net cash outflows to the lags with which improved investment results translate into new business. We believe that our ability to improve cash flows going forward will depend on our ability to sustain the improved investment performance we achieved over the past year and execute on our strategic initiatives focused on gathering and retaining client assets. 



37

The composition of our AUM was 44% in wealth management and 56% in institutional and intermediary as of December 31, 2020, a shift from 45% in wealth management and 55% in institutional and intermediary at December 31, 2019. The composition of our AUM across portfolios at December 31, 2020 was 67% in blended assets, 28% in equity, and 5% in fixed income, compared to 69% in blended assets, 26% in equity, and 5% in fixed income at December 31, 2019.
With regard to our wealth management channel, gross client inflows of $0.9 billion were offset by approximately $1.5 billion of gross client outflows during the year ended December 31, 2020. The $0.9 billion of gross client inflows included $0.7 billion into our blended asset portfolios, $0.1 billion into our equity portfolios and $0.1 billion into fixed income. Our blended asset and equity portfolios experienced gross client outflows of approximately $1.1 billion and $0.2 billion, respectively, with the remainder in outflows coming from fixed income.
Net client outflows of $1.8 billion from our institutional and intermediary channel included gross client inflows of $1.5 billion offset by gross client outflows of $3.3 billion during the year ended December 31, 2020. Gross client inflows into our blended asset portfolios, represented $0.9 billion, or 58% and equity portfolios had $0.5 billion or 36%, of institutional and intermediary gross client inflows during the year ended December 31, 2020. With regard to gross client outflows, $2.4 billion, or 75%, of institutional and intermediary gross client outflows were from blended asset institutional and intermediary products.
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The following table sets forth our results of operations and other data for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
  Year Ended December 31, Period-to-Period
2020 2019 $ %
  (in thousands, except share data)  
Revenues
Management Fees
Wealth Management $ 56,334  $ 56,583  $ (249) —  %
Institutional and Intermediary 52,169  59,050  (6,881) (12) %
Distribution and shareholder servicing 9,274  10,227  (953) (9) %
Custodial services 6,217  6,864  (647) (9) %
Other revenue 3,040  3,277  (237) (7) %
Total revenue 127,034  136,001  (8,967) (7) %
Expenses
Compensation and related costs 74,397  80,967  (6,570) (8) %
Distribution, servicing and custody expenses 10,239  12,568  (2,329) (19) %
Other operating costs 28,586  39,758  (11,172) (28) %
Total operating expenses 113,222  133,293  (20,071) (15) %
Operating income 13,812  2,708  11,104  410  %
Non-operating income (loss)
Non-operating income (loss), net 8  7,597  (7,589) (100) %
Income before provision (benefit from) for income taxes 13,820  10,305  3,515  34  %
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (106) 448  (554) (124) %
Net income attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests
13,926  9,857  4,069  41  %
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
3,922  8,424  (4,502) (53) %
Net income attributable to Manning & Napier, Inc.
$ 10,004  $ 1,433  $ 8,571  598  %
Per Share Data
Net income per share available to Class A common stock
Basic
$ 0.61  $ 0.10 
Diluted
$ 0.29  $ 0.09 
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding
Basic
16,147,469  15,216,707 
Diluted
41,611,219  77,973,919 
Cash dividends declared per share of Class A common stock $ 0.02  $ 0.08 
Other financial and operating data
Economic income (1)
$ 16,659  $ 18,529  $ (1,870) (10) %
Economic net income (1)
$ 14,449  $ 13,156  $ 1,293  10  %
Economic net income per adjusted share (1)
$ 0.33  $ 0.17 
Weighted average adjusted Class A common stock outstanding (1)
43,376,345  79,392,456 
________________________
(1)See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Supplemental Non-GAAP Financial Information” for Manning & Napier’s reasons for including these non-GAAP measures in this report and for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP measures for the periods indicated.
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Revenues
Wealth Management revenue decreased by $0.2 million, or less than 1%, to $56.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $56.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This decrease is driven primarily by a 5%, or $0.4 billion decrease in our average wealth management AUM for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2020, the concentration of investments in our wealth management channel assets was 87% blended assets, 10% equity and 3% fixed income, compared to 82% blended assets, 15% equity and 3% fixed income as of December 31, 2019.
Institutional and intermediary revenue decreased by $6.9 million, or 12%, to $52.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $59.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This decrease was driven primarily by a 9%, or $1.1 billion, decrease in our average institutional and intermediary AUM for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2020, the concentration of investments in our institutional and intermediary channel was 52% blended assets, 41% equity and 7% fixed income, compared to 59% blended assets, 34% equity and 7% fixed income as of December 31, 2019.
Distribution and shareholder servicing revenue decreased by $1.0 million, or 9%, to $9.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This decrease was driven primarily by the reduction in mutual fund and collective trust average AUM of 11% for the same period.
Custodial services revenue decreased by $0.6 million, or 9%, to $6.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease primarily relates to decreases in our collective investment trust AUM.
Operating Expenses
Our operating expenses decreased by $20.1 million, or 15%, to $113.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $133.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Compensation and related costs decreased by $6.6 million, or 8%, to $74.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $81.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The change was primarily driven by a decrease in our workforce, coupled with a reduction in employee severance costs and sales incentives. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in incentive compensation for our investment team resulting from investment performance. As a percentage of revenue, compensation and related costs for 2020 were 59%, compared to 60% in 2019.
Distribution, servicing and custody expenses decreased by $2.3 million, or 19%, to $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $12.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in expense was driven by an 11% decrease in mutual funds and collective investment trusts average AUM during the year ended December 31, 2020 as well as the completion of the Advisor's mutual fund fee restructure during the first quarter of 2019, where a portion of these expenses are now borne by the mutual funds directly. As a percentage of mutual fund and collective investment trust average AUM, distribution, servicing and custody expense was 0.19% for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 0.20% for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Other operating costs decreased by $11.2 million, or 28%, to $28.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $39.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease during the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by an overall reduction in operational costs resulting from COVID-19 including a decrease in travel and facility costs, which we do not expect to remain at lower levels once the prevalence of COVID-19 has diminished. Also affecting this decrease as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 was the impact of $6.3 million of expenses recognized during the fourth quarter of 2019 related to our technology upgrade initiatives and the recognition of a $1.2 million gain during 2020, which offset other operating costs, related to the reimbursement of prior expenses paid on behalf of our affiliated mutual funds and collective investment trusts ("the Funds and CITs") upon the settlement of the Funds and CITs claim against a third party. As a percentage of revenue, other operating costs for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were 23% and 29%, respectively.
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Non-Operating Income (Loss)
Non-operating income for the year ended December 31, 2020 was less than $0.1 million, a decrease of $7.6 million, from non-operating income of $7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The following table reflects the components of non-operating income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
  Year Ended December 31, Period-to-Period
2020 2019 $ %
  (in thousands)  
Non-operating income (loss)
Interest expense $ (11) $ (26) $ 15  (58) %
Interest and dividend income (1)
934  3,262  (2,328) (71) %
Change in liability under tax receivable agreement (2)
(1,803) (199) (1,604) 806  %
Net gains (losses) on investments (3)
888  1,677  (789) (47) %
Gain on sale of business (4)
—  2,883  (2,883) (100) %
Total non-operating income (loss) $ 8  $ 7,597  $ (7,589) (100) %
__________________________
(1)The decrease in interest and dividend income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019 is attributable to a decrease in investments, including U.S. Treasury notes and bills, corporate bonds and other short-term investments to optimize cash management opportunities, coupled with a decrease in interest rates.
(2)The change in the liability under the TRA for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 is driven by an increase in the Company's expected tax benefits under the TRA with the other holders of units of Manning & Napier Group and the corresponding changes in the payment of such benefits. The change during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 is driven by the tax benefits realized with the enactment of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") on March 27, 2020.
(3)The amount of net gain on investments held by us, to provide initial cash seeding for product development purposes and to hedge economic exposure to market movements on our deferred compensation plan, will vary depending on the performance and overall amount of our investments.
(4)The gain on sale of business during the year ended December 31, 2019 was due to the completion of the sale of Perspective Partners, LLC on August 30, 2019.
Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes
The provision for (benefit from) income taxes decreased by approximately $0.6 million, to a benefit of $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from a provision of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The change is attributed to the enactment of the CARES Act which includes, among other things, the elimination of certain restrictions on net operating losses. As a result, we recognized an income tax benefit related to the favorable rate applied to our net operating losses. This decrease is partially offset by a higher portion of Manning & Napier Group's earnings subject to taxation at the C-Corporation level. Manning & Napier Inc.'s ownership of Manning & Napier Group increased as a result of the redemption and subsequent retirement of 60,012,419 Class A units of Manning & Napier Group on May 11, 2020.
Supplemental Non-GAAP Financial Information
To provide investors with greater insight into operating results, promote transparency, facilitate comparison of period-to-period results, and to allow a more comprehensive understanding of information used by management in its financial and operational decision-making, we supplement our consolidated statements of operations presented on a GAAP basis with non-GAAP financial measures of earnings.
Beginning with the release of our operating results for the third quarter of 2019, as supplemental information we began providing a new non-GAAP measure, economic income. Management uses economic income, economic net income and economic net income per adjusted share as financial measures to evaluate the profitability and efficiency of our business as a whole in the ordinary, ongoing and customary course of its operations. Economic income, economic net income and economic net income per adjusted share are not presented in accordance with GAAP.
Economic income, for periods beginning in and subsequent to January 1, 2019, presents a financial measure of the controlling and non-controlling interests of Manning & Napier Group and excludes from income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes strategic restructuring and transaction costs, net. We define strategic restructuring and transaction costs, net, as items related to our ongoing strategic review focused on the evolution of our distribution strategy and technology initiatives.
41

These include severance-related costs, certain consulting and other professional service fees, lease and other contract termination costs, and gain or loss on sale of a business.
Economic net income is a non-GAAP measure of after-tax operating performance for the controlling and non-controlling interests of Manning & Napier Group and equals the Company’s income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes less adjusted income taxes. Adjusted income taxes are estimated assuming the exchange of all outstanding units of Manning & Napier Group into Class A common stock on a one-to-one basis. Therefore, all income of Manning & Napier Group allocated to the units of Manning & Napier Group is treated as if it were allocated to Manning & Napier and represents an estimate of income tax expense at an effective rate of 13.3% and 29.0% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, reflecting assumed federal, state and local income taxes.
Economic net income per adjusted share is equal to economic net income divided by the total number of adjusted Class A common shares outstanding. The number of adjusted Class A common shares outstanding for all periods presented is determined by assuming the weighted average exchangeable units of Manning & Napier Group, weighted average unvested restricted stock unit, weighted average unvested restricted stock awards and weighted average vested stock options are converted into the Company’s outstanding Class A common stock as of the respective reporting date, on a one-to-one basis. The Company’s management uses economic net income, among other financial data, to determine the earnings available to distribute as dividends to holders of its Class A common stock and to the holders of the units of Manning & Napier Group.
Investors should consider the non-GAAP financial measures in addition to, and not as a substitute for, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. Additionally, our non-GAAP measures may differ from similar measures used by other companies, even if similar terms are used to identify such measures.
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, our other financial and operating data:
  Year Ended December 31,
2019 2018
(in thousands, except share data)
Economic income (Non-GAAP)
$ 16,659  $ 18,529 
Economic net income (Non-GAAP)
$ 14,449  $ 13,156 
Economic net income per adjusted share (Non-GAAP)
$ 0.33  $ 0.17 
Weighted average adjusted Class A common stock outstanding (Non-GAAP) 43,376,345  79,392,456 
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The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP measures:
  Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019
(in thousands, except share data)
Net income attributable to Manning & Napier, Inc.
$ 10,004  $ 1,433 
Add back: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
3,922  8,424 
Add back: Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (106) 448 
Income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes 13,820  10,305 
Add back: strategic restructuring and transaction costs, net (1)
2,839  8,224 
Economic income (Non-GAAP) 16,659  18,529 
Adjusted income taxes (Non-GAAP) 2,210  5,373 
Economic net income (Non-GAAP) $ 14,449  $ 13,156 
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - Basic 16,147,469  15,216,707 
Assumed vesting, conversion or exchange of:
Weighted average Manning & Napier Group units outstanding (noncontrolling interest)
23,501,636  62,470,304 
Weighted average unvested restricted stock units and stock awards
3,348,864  1,705,445 
Weighted average vested stock options
378,376  — 
Weighted average adjusted shares (Non-GAAP)
43,376,345  79,392,456 
Economic net income per adjusted share (Non-GAAP)
$ 0.33  $ 0.17 
__________________________

(1) Strategic restructuring and transaction costs, net, are included in the following financial statement line items of our consolidated statements of operations:
  Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019
(in thousands)
Compensation and related costs
$ 1,403  $ 3,406 
Other operating costs
1,436  7,701 
Gain on sale of business —  (2,883)
Total strategic restructuring and transaction costs $ 2,839  $ 8,224 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Historically, our cash and liquidity needs have been met primarily through cash generated by our operations. Our current financial condition is highly liquid, with a significant amount of our assets comprised of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and investment securities held by us for the purposes of optimizing short-term cash management and providing initial cash seeding for product development purposes.
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The following table sets forth certain key financial data relating to our liquidity and capital resources as of December 31, 2020 and 2019: 
  Year Ended December 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents $ 57,635  $ 67,088 
Accounts receivable $ 11,915  $ 10,182 
Investment securities $ 23,497  $ 90,467 
Amounts payable under tax receivable agreement (1)
$ 18,979  $ 17,521 
__________________________
(1)In light of numerous factors affecting our obligation to make such payments, the timing and amounts of any such actual payments are based on our best estimate as of the end of each period presented, including the ability to realize the expected tax benefits. Actual payments may significantly differ from estimated payments. See “Accounting Policies – Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement” for more information.
We have no material assets other than our ownership of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group and, accordingly, will depend on distributions from Manning & Napier Group to pay taxes, operating expenses, as well as any dividends we may pay. As managing member of Manning & Napier Group, we will determine the timing and amount of any distributions paid to its members. We intend to cause Manning & Napier Group to distribute cash to its members, including us, in an amount sufficient to cover taxes and operating expenses, including dividends, if any, declared by us. If we do cause Manning & Napier Group to make such distributions, M&N Group Holdings, MNCC and any other holders of units of Manning & Napier Group will be entitled to receive equivalent distributions on a pari passu basis. Due to the market volatility and resulting earnings volatility stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Board of Directors did not approve any cash dividends on our Class A common stock since the dividend paid on May 1, 2020. The historical quarterly cash dividends on our Class A common stock were, and we believe any future dividends would be, funded from our portion of distributions made by Manning & Napier Group, from its available cash generated from operations. Our management team and the Board of Directors will continue to monitor our ability to pay future dividends on a quarterly basis.
In determining the sufficiency of liquidity and capital resources to fund our business, we regularly monitor our liquidity position, including among other things, cash, working capital, long-term liabilities, lease commitments and operating company distributions.
On March 27, 2020, the U.S. government enacted the CARES Act which includes, among other things, the ability to carryback net operating losses from 2018, 2019 and 2020 to prior years. We expect to carryback net operating losses generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 to prior years and claim refunds when the federal corporate tax rate was 34% compared to the current statutory rate of 21%. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, we recognized an income tax benefit of approximately $1.9 million, related to the favorable rate applied to our net operating losses. As a result, we increased the amounts payable under the TRA, representing 85% of the applicable cash savings. As of December 31, 2020, we have recorded an estimated income tax refund of approximately $4.5 million within our prepaid expenses and other assets, of which we expect to pay out 85% under our TRA. At this time, we do not anticipate the enactment of the CARES Act to have any other material impacts to our short- and long-term liquidity.
A state is currently auditing the Company's 2016, 2017 and 2018 corporate tax returns. The audit is expected to be completed in 2021. As of December 31, 2020, the audit is in process and the state is collecting and evaluating the data for which the Company has not recorded a liability for uncertain tax positions under ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. We believe any potential increases to this liability, which could be up to approximately $1.3 million, would not result in a material change to our financial position.
As of December 31, 2020, a total of 2,021,781 units of Manning & Napier Group were held by the noncontrolling interests, including M&N Group Holdings and MNCC. Pursuant to the terms of the annual exchange process, such units may be tendered for exchange or redemption. On March 15, 2020, certain legacy shareholders and William Manning, the former Chairman of our Board of Directors, tendered a total of 60,012,419 Class A units, including 59,957,419 units held by William Manning, for cash or shares of our Class A common stock pursuant to the terms of the annual exchange process.
The independent directors, on behalf of the Company, decided to settle the transaction utilizing approximately $90.8 million in cash, including approximately $90.7 million paid to Mr. Manning. Manning & Napier Group completed the redemption on May 11, 2020, with payment made from its cash, cash equivalents and proceeds from the sale of investment securities. Subsequent to the redemption, the Class A units were retired and as a result, Manning & Napier's ownership of Manning & Napier Group increased from 19.5% to 88.2% as of May 11, 2020.
44

The Company is nearing the completion of the 2021 exchange period whereby eligible Class A units of Manning & Napier Group held by M&N Group Holdings and MNCC may be tendered for exchange or redemption. In connection with the exchange, the Company has the ability to pay an amount of cash equal to the number of units tendered multiplied by the value of one share of the Company's Class A common stock less a market discount and expected expenses, or at the Company's election issue shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis.
Following the settlement of the redemption of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group on May 11, 2020, we have significantly less cash and cash equivalents to meet working capital requirements and liquidity needs. With approximately $81.1 million in cash and investment securities on hand as of December 31, 2020, we expect that we have sufficient liquidity available to meet our needs for the foreseeable future. We believe cash on hand and cash generated from operations will be sufficient over the next twelve months to meet our working capital requirements.
Cash Flows
The following table sets forth our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Operating activities consist primarily of net income subject to adjustments for changes in operating assets and liabilities, equity-based compensation expense, changes in the liability under the TRA, deferred income taxes, gain on sale of business in 2019 and of intangible assets, and depreciation and amortization. Investing activities consist primarily of the purchase and sale of investments for the purpose of providing initial cash seeding for product development purposes and cash management purposes, gain on sale of intangible assets, gain on sale of business in 2019 and purchases of property and equipment. Financing activities consist primarily of distributions to noncontrolling interests, dividends paid on our Class A common stock, payment of shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding requirements related to equity awards and purchases of Class A units held by the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group.
  Years Ended December 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 17,613  $ 14,965 
Net cash provided by investing activities 67,357  3,177 
Net cash used in financing activities (94,423) (10,640)
Net change in cash flows $ (9,453) $ 7,502 
Operating Activities
Operating activities provided $17.6 million and $15.0 million of net cash for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. This overall $2.6 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities was due to an increase in net income after adjustment for non-cash items of approximately $7.7 million, which was driven by an increase in operating income resulting primarily from lower operating expenses. This was partially offset by an overall decrease of approximately $5.1 million from operating assets and liabilities, primarily from increased technology implementation costs during the year ended December 31, 2020.
Investing Activities
Investing activities provided $67.4 million and $3.2 million of net cash for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. This change was driven by an increase in cash from investing activities of $65.0 million due to our funding of and timing of activity within our investment securities in order to facilitate the redemption of Class A units during the year ended December 31, 2020. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, we received approximately $64.0 million, net, from the purchase and sale of certain securities for cash management purposes compared to $3.0 million in the same period of 2019. Also during the year ended December 31, 2019, we received proceeds from the sale of intangible assets and businesses of approximately $3.1 million. Our purchases of property and equipment were approximately $0.2 million and $2.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
45

Financing Activities
Financing activities used $94.4 million and $10.6 million of net cash for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. This overall $83.8 million increase in net cash used in 2020 compared to 2019 was primarily the result of an increase in cash used for the redemption of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group pursuant to the annual exchange process, existing since the time of our IPO, of $90.8 million in 2020 compared to $3.1 million in 2019. This increase of $87.7 million in 2020 compared to the prior year was due to a significantly higher number of units redeemed in 2020. In addition, we used approximately $2.1 million for the payment of shares withheld to satisfy withholding requirements on vested equity awards and exercise of stock options during the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to $0.4 million in 2019. This increase in cash used from financing activities was partially offset by a reduction in distributions to noncontrolling interests of $5.1 million due to Manning & Napier, Inc.'s increased ownership of Manning & Napier Group resulting from the redemption and subsequent retirement of 60,012,419 Class A units of Manning & Napier Group on May 11, 2020 as well as a reduction in dividends paid on Class A common stock to $0.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $1.2 million in 2019.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2020.
Item 7A.     Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide this information.
Item 8.         Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Our consolidated financial statements listed in Item 15 are filed as part of this report on pages F-2 through F-32 and are incorporated by reference in this Item 8.
46

Item 9.         Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 9A.     Controls and Procedures.
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2020 pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as the term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013).
Based on the assessment using those criteria, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.
Auditor’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to the rules of the SEC that permit us to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report.
Item 9B.     Other Information.
None.
47

PART III
Item 10.     Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information required by this item will be in our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on June 16, 2021, which will be filed within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 (our “Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 11.     Executive Compensation
Information required by this item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12.     Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Information required by this item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13.     Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Information required by this item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14.     Principal Accounting Fees and Services
Information required by this item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
48

PART IV
Item 15.     Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(1)Financial Statements
(i)Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2020 and 2019
(ii)Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(iii)Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(iv)Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(v)Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(vi)Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(2)Financial Statement Schedules
There are no Financial Statement Schedules filed as part of this Annual Report on 10-K, as the required information is included in our consolidated financial statements and in the notes thereto.
(b)Exhibit Index:
Exhibit No.   Description
3.1   

3.2   
4.1   

4.2
4.3
10.1   

10.2   
10.3   
10.4   
10.5   
10.6*   
49

10.7*   
10.8*
10.9*
10.10*
10.11*
10.12*
10.13*   
10.14   
10.15   
10.16   
10.17*
10.18*
10.19*
10.20*
10.21   
10.22   
10.23
50

10.24
10.25
10.26
10.27
10.28
10.29
10.30
10.31
10.32
10.33
10.34
10.35
10.36
10.37
10.38
10.39*
51

21.1
23.1
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
101 Materials from the Manning & Napier, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL); (i) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (iv) related Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
 __________________________
* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

Item 16.     Form 10-K Summary.
None.
52

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Dated: March 17, 2021 
MANNING & NAPIER, INC.
By: /s/ Marc Mayer
Name: Marc Mayer
Title: Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated below. 
Signature    Capacity   Date
 /s/ Marc Mayer
   Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors March 17, 2021
Marc Mayer (principal executive officer)
 /s/ Paul J. Battaglia
   Chief Financial Officer   March 17, 2021
Paul J. Battaglia (principal financial and accounting officer)
 /s/ Richard Goldberg
 Director
March 17, 2021
Richard Goldberg
 /s/ Barbara Goodstein
  
 Director
  March 17, 2021
Barbara Goodstein
/s/ Robert Kopech   
 Director
  March 17, 2021
Robert Kopech
 /s/ Kenneth Marvald
  
 Director
  March 17, 2021
Kenneth Marvald
/s/ Edward J. Pettinella     Director   March 17, 2021
Edward J. Pettinella

53

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Manning & Napier, Inc.
F-2
F-4
F-5
F-6
F-7
F-8
F-10

F-1



Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm


To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Manning & Napier, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Manning & Napier, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of shareholders' equity and of cash flows for the years then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Deferred Tax Assets and Amounts Payable Under the Tax Receivable Agreement

As described in Notes 2 and 15 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has recorded a deferred tax asset (“DTA”) balance of $15.9 million as of December 31, 2020 while the amount payable to selling unit holders under the tax receivable agreement (“TRA”) was $19.0 million. DTAs are recognized by management for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax basis of assets. As disclosed by management, in connection with the Company’s initial public offering ("IPO"), the TRA was entered into between Manning & Napier and the holders of Manning & Napier Group, pursuant to which Manning & Napier is required to pay to such holders 85% of the applicable cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax that Manning & Napier actually realizes, or is
F-2

deemed to realize in certain circumstances, as a result of (i) certain tax attributes of their units sold to Manning & Napier or exchanged (for shares of Class A common stock) and that are created as a result of the sales or exchanges and payments under the TRA and (ii) tax benefits related to imputed interest. Under the TRA, Manning & Napier generally will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of the applicable tax savings. There is a possibility that not all of the 85% of the applicable cash savings will be paid to the selling or exchanging holder of Class A units. If it is determined that all or a portion of such applicable tax savings is in doubt, payment to such holders of Class A units will be the amount attributable to the portion of the applicable tax savings that are determined not to be in doubt and the payment of the remainder at such time as it is reasonably determined that the actual tax savings or that the amount is no longer in doubt. Management anticipates that payments will be made annually commencing from the date of each event that gives rise to the TRA benefits. As disclosed by management, the increase in tax basis, which results in a DTA, as well as the actual amount and timing of any payments may vary from this estimate due to a number of factors, including the timing of exchanges by unit holders of Manning & Napier Group, the price of Class A common stock at the time of such purchases or exchanges, the portion of payments under the TRA constituting imputed interest and whether the purchases or exchanges result in depreciable or amortizable basis, a material change in the relevant tax law or the Company’s ability to generate future taxable income and the tax rate applicable at that time. The determination of the increase in tax basis requires management to make judgments in forecasting future taxable income to support the management’s determination that the DTA is realizable.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the deferred tax assets and amounts payable under the TRA is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management to determine the impact of the change in tax basis, resulting from the sales or exchanges by unit holders of Manning & Napier Group, on the DTA and amounts payable under the TRA, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence related to future forecasted taxable income and management’s determination that the DTA is realizable.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included, among others, testing management’s process for determining the DTAs and amounts payable under the TRA, including (i) recalculating components of the DTA computation related to imputed interest and depreciable basis or amortizable basis, (ii) testing the completeness and accuracy of associated payments made under the TRA as tax benefits and the applicable tax rate at which they were recognized, as well as factors impacting the applicable tax rate such as legislative changes, (iii) evaluating future forecasted taxable income and management's determination that the DTA is realizable, (iv) testing the impact of sales or exchanges by the unit holders of Manning & Napier Group and associated factors such as the price of the Class A common stock at the time of such sales or exchanges, and (v) testing the impact of sales or exchanges of Class A units on the deferred tax asset and amounts payable under tax receivable agreements.



/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Rochester, New York
March 17, 2021
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007, which includes periods before the Company became subject to SEC reporting requirements.
F-3

Manning & Napier, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
(In thousands, except share data)
December 31,
2020 2019
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 57,635  $ 67,088 
Accounts receivable 11,915  10,182 
Investment securities 23,497  90,467 
Prepaid expenses and other assets 15,711  5,607 
Total current assets 108,758  173,344 
Property and equipment, net 3,075  4,565 
Operating lease right-of-use assets 16,405  18,795 
Net deferred tax assets, non-current 19,645  20,668 
Goodwill 4,829  4,829 
Other long-term assets 3,373  4,010 
Total assets $ 156,085  $ 226,211 
Liabilities
Accounts payable $ 1,787  $ 1,614 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 36,439  26,201 
Deferred revenue 11,476  10,759 
Total current liabilities 49,702  38,574 
Operating lease liabilities, non-current 16,646  18,753 
Other long-term liabilities 221  2,017 
Amounts payable under tax receivable agreement, non-current 13,759  17,246 
Total liabilities 80,328  76,590 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Shareholders’ equity
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value; 300,000,000 shares authorized, 16,989,943 and 15,956,526 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively
$ 170  $ 160 
Additional paid-in capital 111,848  198,516 
Retained deficit (28,826) (38,478)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (235) (50)
Total shareholders’ equity 82,957  160,148 
Noncontrolling interests (7,200) (10,527)
Total shareholders’ equity and noncontrolling interests 75,757  149,621 
Total liabilities, shareholders’ equity and noncontrolling interests $ 156,085  $ 226,211 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

Manning & Napier, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except share data)
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019
Revenues
Management Fees
Wealth Management $ 56,334  $ 56,583 
Institutional and Intermediary 52,169  59,050 
Distribution and shareholder servicing 9,274  10,227 
Custodial services 6,217  6,864 
Other revenue 3,040  3,277 
Total revenue 127,034  136,001 
Expenses
Compensation and related costs 74,397  80,967 
Distribution, servicing and custody expenses 10,239  12,568 
Other operating costs 28,586  39,758 
Total operating expenses 113,222  133,293 
Operating income 13,812  2,708 
Non-operating income (loss)
Interest expense (11) (26)
Interest and dividend income 934  3,262 
Change in liability under tax receivable agreement (1,803) (199)
Net gains (losses) on investments 888  1,677 
Gain on sale of business —  2,883 
Total non-operating income (loss) 8  7,597 
Income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes 13,820  10,305 
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (106) 448 
Net income attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests
13,926  9,857 
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
3,922  8,424 
Net income attributable to Manning & Napier, Inc. $ 10,004  $ 1,433 
Net income per share available to Class A common stock
Basic $ 0.61  $ 0.10 
Diluted $ 0.29  $ 0.09 
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding
Basic 16,147,469  15,216,707 
Diluted 41,611,219  77,973,919 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

Manning & Napier, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In thousands)
 
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019
Net income attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests
$ 13,926  $ 9,857 
Net unrealized holding gains (losses) on investment securities, net of tax
(291) 142 
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses on investment securities included in net income
(176) (23)
Comprehensive income 13,459  9,976 
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest
3,640  8,516 
Comprehensive income attributable to Manning & Napier, Inc. $ 9,819  $ 1,460 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-6


Manning & Napier, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
(In thousands, except share data)
  Common Stock- Class A Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Non Controlling Interests  
Shares Amount Retained Deficit Total
Balance—January 1, 2019 15,310,958  $ 153  $ 198,604  $ (38,865) $ (77) $ (13,572) $ 146,243 
Net income —  —  —  1,433  —  8,424  9,857 
Distributions to noncontrolling interests —  —  —  —  —  (5,854) (5,854)
Net changes in unrealized investment securities gains or losses
—  —  —  —  27  115  142 
Common stock issued under equity compensation plan, net of forfeitures 645,568  7  (7) —  —  —  — 
Shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding requirements related to equity awards
—  —  (66) —  —  (284) (350)
Equity-based compensation —  —  696  —  —  2,984  3,680 
Dividends declared on Class A common stock - $0.08 per share
—  —  —  (1,122) —  —  (1,122)
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, net of taxes
—  —  —  76  —  —  76 
Impact of changes in ownership of Manning & Napier Group, LLC
—  —  (711) —  —  (2,340) (3,051)
Balance—December 31, 2019 15,956,526  $ 160  $ 198,516  $ (38,478) $ (50) $ (10,527) $ 149,621 
Net income —  —  —  10,004  —  3,922  13,926 
Distributions to noncontrolling interests —  —  —  —  —  (759) (759)
Net changes in unrealized investment securities gains or losses
—  —  —  —  (185) (106) (291)
Common stock issued under equity compensation plan, net of forfeitures 1,033,417  10  (10) —  —  —  — 
Shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding requirements related to equity awards
—  —  (1,640) —  —  (937) (2,577)
Equity-based compensation —  —  2,429  —  —  1,387  3,816 
Dividends declared on Class A common stock - $0.02 per share
—  —  —  (352) —  —  (352)
Deferred tax impacts from transactions with shareholders (Note 15) —  —  3,158  —  —  —  3,158 
Impact of changes in ownership of Manning & Napier Group, LLC (Note 4)
—  —  (90,605) —  —  (180) (90,785)
Balance—December 31, 2020 16,989,943  $ 170  $ 111,848  $ (28,826) $ (235) $ (7,200) $ 75,757 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-7

Manning & Napier, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests $ 13,926  $ 9,857 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity-based compensation 3,816  3,680 
Depreciation and amortization 1,536  3,763 
Change in amounts payable under tax receivable agreement 1,803  199 
Impairment of long-lived assets 663  — 
Gain on sale of intangible assets (21) (194)
Gain on sale of business —  (2,883)
Net (gains) losses on investment securities (888) (1,677)
Deferred income taxes (153) 203 
(Increase) decrease in operating assets and increase (decrease) in operating liabilities:
Accounts receivable (1,733) 1,253 
Prepaid expenses and other assets (5,454) (408)
Other long-term assets 3,012  2,453 
Accounts payable 173  (231)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 4,658  (1,298)
Deferred revenue 716  1,455 
Other long-term liabilities (4,441) (1,207)
Net cash provided by operating activities 17,613  14,965 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment (230) (2,461)
Sale of investments 74,127  13,165 
Purchase of investments (25,281) (119,001)
Sale of intangible assets 21  194 
Proceeds from sale of business, net —  2,902 
Proceeds from maturity of investments 18,720  108,378 
Net cash provided by investing activities 67,357  3,177 
Cash flows from financing activities:
Distributions to noncontrolling interests (759) (5,854)
Dividends paid on Class A common stock (645) (1,244)
Payment of shares withheld to satisfy withholding requirements (2,131) (350)
Payment of capital lease obligations (103) (141)
Purchase of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group, LLC (90,785) (3,051)
Net cash used in financing activities (94,423) (10,640)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (9,453) 7,502 
Cash and cash equivalents:
Beginning of period 67,088  59,586 
End of period $ 57,635  $ 67,088 
F-8

Manning & Napier, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019
Supplemental disclosures:
Cash paid during the period for interest $ 12  $ 26 
Cash payments during the period for taxes, net of refunds $ 1,047  $ 238 
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Capital expenditures in accounts payable and accruals $ 17  $ 247 
Equipment acquired through capital lease obligation $ 40  $ 175 
Accrued dividends $ —  $ 312 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


F-9

Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1—Organization and Nature of the Business
Manning & Napier, Inc. ("Manning & Napier" or the "Company") provides a broad range of investment solutions through separately managed accounts, mutual funds, and collective investment trust funds, as well as a variety of consultative services that complement its investment process. Founded in 1970, the Company offers equity, fixed income and alternative strategies, as well as a range of blended asset portfolios, including life cycle funds. Headquartered in Fairport, New York, the Company serves a diversified client base of high-net-worth individuals and institutions, including 401(k) plans, pension plans, Taft-Hartley plans, endowments and foundations.
The Company was incorporated in 2011 as a Delaware corporation, and is the sole managing member of Manning & Napier Group, LLC and its subsidiaries (“Manning & Napier Group”), a holding company for the investment management businesses conducted by its operating subsidiaries. The diagram below depicts the Company's organizational structure as of December 31, 2020. Manning & Napier Group completed the redemption of 60,012,419 of its Class A units held by M&N Group Holdings, LLC ("M&N Group Holdings") and Manning & Napier Capital Company, LLC ("MNCC") on May 11, 2020 with payment made from its cash, cash equivalents and proceeds from the sale of investment securities. Subsequent to the redemption, the Class A units were retired and as a result, the Company's ownership of Manning & Napier Group increased from 19.5% to 88.2% as of May 11, 2020 (Refer to Note 4 for further discussion). The diagram below depicts the Company's organization structure as of December 31, 2020.
MN-20201231_G4.GIF
 _____________________
(1)The consolidated operating subsidiaries of Manning & Napier Group include Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC ("MNA"), Manning & Napier Investor Services, Inc., Exeter Trust Company and Rainier Investment Management, LLC ("Rainier").

Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and related rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates or assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates or assumptions.
F-10
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Summary of Presentation Changes
As of January 1, 2020, the Company revised its presentation of investment management revenue within its consolidated statements of operations. Investment management revenue, previously presented by investment vehicle, has been disaggregated to present investment management revenue by sales channel. Concurrently, the Company revised the presentation of assets under management ("AUM") activity previously reported by investment vehicle to present this activity by sales channel.
Amounts for the comparative prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on previously reported net income and do not represent a restatement of any previously published financial results.
Principles of Consolidation
The Company consolidated all majority-owned subsidiaries. In addition, as of December 31, 2020, Manning & Napier holds an economic interest of approximately 88.6% in Manning & Napier Group, and, as managing member, controls all of the business and affairs of Manning & Napier Group. As a result, the Company consolidates the financial results of Manning & Napier Group and records a non-controlling interest on its consolidated statements of financial condition with respect to the remaining economic interest in Manning & Napier Group held by M&N Group Holdings and MNCC.
All material intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
In accordance with Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810) – Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis, the determination of whether a company is required to consolidate an entity is based on, among other things, an entity’s purpose and design, a company’s ability to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, and whether a company is obligated to absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the entity. The standard also requires ongoing assessments of whether a company is the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”). When utilizing the voting interest entity (“VOE”) model, controlling financial interest is generally defined as majority ownership of voting interests.
The Company provides seed capital to its investment teams to develop new products and services for its clients. The original seed investment may be held in a separately managed account, comprised solely of the Company's investments or within a mutual fund, where the Company's investments may represent all or only a portion of the total equity invested in the mutual fund. Pursuant to U.S. GAAP, the Company evaluates its investments in mutual funds on a regular basis and consolidates such mutual funds for which it holds a controlling financial interest. When no longer deemed to hold a controlling financial interest, the Company would deconsolidate the fund and classify the remaining investment as either an equity method investment or as trading securities, as applicable. As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company did not have investments classified as an equity method investment.
The Company serves as the investment adviser for Manning & Napier Fund, Inc. series of mutual funds (the “Fund”), Exeter Trust Company Collective Investment Trusts (“CIT”) and Rainier Multiple Investment Trust. The Fund, CIT and Rainier Multiple Investment Trust are legal entities, the business and affairs of which are managed by their respective boards of directors. As a result, each of these entities is a VOE. The Company holds, in limited cases, direct investments in a mutual fund (which are made on the same terms as are available to other investors) and consolidates each of these entities where it has a controlling financial interest or a majority voting interest. The Company's investments in the Fund amounted to approximately $1.0 million and $3.2 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not have a controlling financial interest in any mutual fund.
Operating Segments
The Company operates in one segment, the investment management industry. The Company primarily provides investment management services to separately managed accounts, mutual funds and collective investment trust funds. Management assesses the financial performance of these vehicles on a combined basis.
Revenue
Investment Management: Investment management fees are computed as a percentage of assets under management ("AUM"). The Company's performance obligation is a series of services that form part of a single performance obligation satisfied over time.
Separately managed accounts are paid in advance, typically for a semi-annual or quarterly period, or in arrears, typically for a monthly or quarterly period. When investment management fees are paid in advance, the Company defers the revenue as a contract liability and recognizes it over the applicable period. When investment management fees are paid in arrears, the Company estimates revenue and records a contract asset (accrued accounts receivable) based on AUM as of the most recent month end date.
F-11
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Mutual funds and collective investment trust investment management revenue is calculated and earned daily based on AUM. Revenue is presented net of cash rebates and fees waived pursuant to contractual expense limitations of the funds. The Company also has agreements with third parties who provide recordkeeping and administrative services for employee benefit plans participating in the collective investment trusts. The Company is acting as an agent on behalf of the employee benefit plan sponsors, therefore, investment management revenue is recorded net of fees paid to third party service providers.
Distribution and shareholder servicing: The Company receives distribution and servicing fees for providing services to its affiliated mutual funds. Revenue is computed and earned daily based on a percentage of AUM. The performance obligation is a series of services that form part of a single performance obligation satisfied over time. The Company has agreements with third parties who provide distribution and administrative services for its mutual funds. The agreements are evaluated to determine whether revenue should be reported gross or net of payments to third-party service providers. The Company controls the services provided and acts as a principal in the relationship. Therefore, distribution and shareholder servicing revenue is recorded gross of fees paid to third parties.
Custodial services: Custodial service fees are calculated as a percentage of the client’s market value with additional fees charged for certain transactions. For the safeguarding and administrative services that are subject to a percentage of market value fee, the Company's performance obligation is a series of services that form part of a single performance obligation satisfied over time. Revenue for transactions assigned a stand-alone selling price is recognized in the period which the transaction is executed. Custodial service fees are billed monthly in arrears. The Company has agreements with third parties who provide safeguarding, recordkeeping and administrative services for their clients. The Company controls the services provided and acts as a principal in the relationship. Therefore, custodial service revenue is recorded gross of fees paid to third parties.
Costs to Obtain a Contract
Under compensation plans in effect for periods prior to January 1, 2020, certain incremental first year commissions directly associated with new customer contracts were capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated customer contract period of 3 to 7 years. Refer to Note 3 for further discussion.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company generally considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are primarily held in operating accounts at major financial institutions and also in money market securities. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates market value due to the short-term maturity of these investments. The fair value of cash equivalents have been classified as Level 1 in accordance with the fair value hierarchy.
Investment Securities
Investment securities are classified as either equity investments, trading, equity method investments or available-for-sale and are carried at fair value. Fair value is determined based on quoted market prices in active markets for identical or similar instruments.
Investment securities classified as equity investments, at fair value consist of equity securities and investments in mutual funds for which the Company provides advisory services. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on equity investments, at fair value or trading investments, as applicable, are recorded in net gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, equity investments, at fair value consist of investments held by the Company for the purpose of providing initial cash seeding for product development purposes and investments to hedge economic exposure to market movements on its deferred compensation plan.
Investments classified as equity method investments represent seed investments in which the Company owns between 20-50% of the outstanding voting interests in the affiliated fund or when it is determined that the Company is able to exercise significant influence but not control over the investments. If the seed investment results in significant influence, but not control, the investment will be accounted for as an equity method investment. When using the equity method, the Company recognizes its share of the investee's net income or loss for the period which is recorded in net gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of operations.
Investment securities classified as available-for-sale consist of U.S. Treasury notes, corporate bonds and other short-term investments. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and are reported, net of deferred income tax, as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity until realized. The Company periodically reviews each individual security position that has an unrealized loss, or impairment, to determine if that impairment is other-than-temporary. If impairment is determined to be other-than-temporary, the carrying value of the security will be written down to fair value and the loss will be recognized in earnings. Realized gains and losses on sales of available-for-sale securities are computed on a specific identification basis and are recorded in net gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of operations.
F-12
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable represents the Company's unconditional rights to consideration arising from its performance under separately managed account, mutual fund and collective investment trust, distribution and shareholder servicing and custodial contracts. The Company’s accounts receivable balances do not include any significant allowance for doubtful accounts nor has any significant bad debt expense attributable to accounts receivable been recorded for the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019. Accounts receivable are stated at cost, which approximates market value due to the short-term collection of balances. The fair value of accounts receivable have been classified as Level 1 in accordance with the fair value hierarchy.
Property, Equipment, Software and Depreciation
Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Property and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the applicable life of the asset class; generally three to five years for equipment and seven years for furniture and fixtures. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the remaining expected lease term.
Internal and external costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining software for internal use are capitalized and reported within property and equipment in the consolidated statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. The capitalized costs are amortized over the estimated useful lives of the software, which range from three to five years, beginning when the software project is complete and ready for its intended use.
Internal and external costs capitalized in connection with hosted software arrangements are reported within prepaid expenses and other assets in the consolidated statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2020. The capitalized costs are amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement, beginning when the software project is complete and ready for its intended use.
Gains or losses upon sale or other disposition of fixed assets are included in the consolidated statements of operations.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess cost over the fair value of the identifiable net assets of acquired companies. The Company attributes all goodwill to its single reporting unit. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. There were no facts or circumstances occurring during 2020 or 2019 suggesting possible impairment.
Intangible Assets
Amortizing identifiable intangible assets generally represent the cost of client relationships and trademarks acquired. In valuing these assets, the Company makes assumptions regarding useful lives and projected growth rates, and significant judgment is required. The Company periodically reviews its identifiable intangible assets for impairment as events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. If the carrying amounts of those assets exceed their respective fair values, additional impairment tests are performed to measure the amount of the impairment losses, if any.
Non-amortizing intangible assets generally represent the cost of mutual fund management contracts acquired. Non-amortizing intangible assets are tested for impairment in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable, by comparing the fair values of the management contracts acquired to their carrying values. The Company establishes fair value for purposes of impairment test using the income approach. If the carrying value of a management contract acquired exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized equal to that excess.
Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets, accrued expenses and other liabilities and operating lease liabilities, non-current on its consolidated statements of financial condition. Finance leases are included in other long-term assets, accrued expenses and other liabilities, and other long-term liabilities on its consolidated statements of financial condition.
ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate, for each identified lease, is the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term. The operating lease ROU asset is reduced for any lease incentives. The Company's lease terms may include options to extend or
F-13
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are combined for all classes of underlying assets.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the historical cost carrying value of an asset may no longer be appropriate. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, a downturn in the commercial real estate market indicated that an asset group, including previously vacated office space, may not be recoverable. The Company assessed recoverability of the asset group by comparing the undiscounted future net cash flows expected to result from the asset group to its carrying value. The carrying value exceeded the undiscounted future net cash flows of the asset, and an impairment loss of approximately $0.7 million was recognized during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 as the difference between the net book value and the fair value of the asset group.
Equity-Based Compensation
The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award. The Company recognizes this cost over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, and accounts for forfeitures as they occur. See Note 14 for additional information on equity-based compensation.
Deferred Compensation
The Company issues deferred cash awards to certain employees which are linked in value to selected Manning & Napier series of mutual funds under its 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan. The employees earn a return linked to the appreciation or depreciation based on these series of mutual funds. The Company currently hedges economically the exposure to market movements on its deferred compensation plan by holding investments in the Manning & Napier series of mutual funds on its balance sheet. The Company recognizes as compensation expense the value of the liability to employees, including the appreciation or depreciation of the liability, over the award's vesting period in proportion to the vested amount of the award. The Company immediately recognizes the full value of the related investment, and any subsequent appreciation or depreciation of the investment, in Net gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of operations.
Income Taxes
The Company records a tax provision for the anticipated tax consequences of the reported results of operations. The provision for income taxes is computed using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled. The Company records a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is believed more likely than not to be realized.
The Company recognizes tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income is a measure of income which includes net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) consists of the change in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments. The changes in the balances of components comprising other comprehensive income (loss) are presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Loss Contingencies
The Company accrues for estimated costs, including legal costs related to existing lawsuits, claims and proceedings when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the costs can be reasonably estimated. Potential loss contingencies and related accruals are reviewed at least quarterly and are adjusted to reflect the impact and status of settlements, rulings, advice of counsel and other information pertinent to a particular matter. Significant differences could exist between the actual cost required to investigate, litigate and/or settle a claim or the ultimate outcome of a suit and management’s estimate. These differences could have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. No loss accruals were recorded as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
F-14
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract. The amendment aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements that currently exist in U.S. GAAP for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. Under the new standard, implementation costs are deferred and presented in the same financial statement caption on the consolidated statements of financial condition as a prepayment of related arrangement fees. The deferred costs are recognized over the term of the arrangement in the same financial statement caption in the consolidated statements of operations as the related fees of the arrangement. The Company adopted the provisions of this guidance using the prospective adoption approach, which does not require the restatement of prior years. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's statement of operations as requirements under the standard are generally consistent with its previous accounting for cloud computing arrangements, with the primary difference being the classification of certain information in its statements of financial condition and related disclosures.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had a total of approximately $5.4 million of capitalized implementation costs for hosting arrangements within prepaid expenses and other assets on its consolidated statements of financial condition, with $0.1 million in accumulated amortization and $0.1 million in amortization expense recognized during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2019, approximately $0.4 million of these costs were capitalized within property and equipment, net. The hosting arrangements that are service contracts include internal and external costs related to various technology additions in support of the Company's business. Amortization costs are recorded on a straight-line basis over the term of the hosting arrangement agreement.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairments by eliminating step two from the goodwill impairment test. The ASU requires goodwill impairments to be measured on the basis of the fair value of the reporting unit relative to the reporting unit's carrying amount rather than on the basis of the implied amount of goodwill relative to the goodwill balance of the reporting unit. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Note 3—Revenue, Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities
Disaggregated Revenue
The following table represents the Company’s wealth management and institutional and intermediary investment management revenue by investment portfolio during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
  Year ended December 31, 2020
Wealth Management Institutional and Intermediary Total
  (in thousands)
Blended Asset $ 49,391  $ 32,221  $ 81,612 
Equity 6,359  18,536  24,895 
Fixed Income 584  1,412  1,996 
Total $ 56,334  $ 52,169  $ 108,503 

  Year ended December 31, 2019
Wealth Management Institutional and Intermediary Total
  (in thousands)
Blended Asset $ 49,312  $ 34,368  $ 83,680 
Equity 6,431  23,158  29,589 
Fixed Income 840  1,524  2,364 
Total $ 56,583  $ 59,050  $ 115,633 


F-15
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consisted of the following:
  December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
  (in thousands)
Accounts receivable - third parties $ 7,315  $ 5,778 
Accounts receivable - affiliated mutual funds and collective investment trusts 4,600  4,404 
Total accounts receivable $ 11,915  $ 10,182 
Accounts receivable: Accounts receivable represents the Company's unconditional rights to consideration arising from its performance under separately managed account, mutual fund and collective investment trust, distribution and shareholder servicing, and custodial service contracts. Accounts receivable balances do not include an allowance for doubtful accounts nor has any significant bad debt expense attributable to accounts receivable been recorded during the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019.
Advisory and Distribution Agreements
The Company earns investment advisory fees, distribution fees and administrative service fees under agreements with affiliated mutual funds and collective investment trusts. Fees earned for advisory and distribution services provided were approximately $36.5 million and $40.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which represents greater than 10% of revenue in each period. The following provides amounts due from affiliated mutual funds and collective investment trusts reported within accounts receivable in the consolidated statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:
  December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
  (in thousands)
Affiliated mutual funds $ 3,275  $ 3,164 
Affiliated collective investment trusts 1,325  1,240 
Accounts receivable - affiliated mutual funds and collective investment trusts $ 4,600  $ 4,404 

Contract assets and liabilities
Accrued accounts receivable: Accrued accounts receivable represents the Company's contract asset for revenue that has been recognized in advance of billing separately managed account contracts. Consideration for the period billed in arrears is dependent on the client’s AUM on a future billing date and therefore conditional as of the reporting period end. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, revenue was increased by less than $0.1 million for changes in transaction price, respectively. Accrued accounts receivable of $0.3 million is reported within prepaid expenses and other assets in the consolidated statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Deferred revenue: Deferred revenue is recorded when consideration is received or unconditionally due in advance of providing services to the Company's customer. Revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 that was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period was approximately $10.6 million and $8.8 million, respectively.
Costs to obtain a contract: Under compensation plans in effect for periods prior to January 1, 2020, incremental first year commissions directly associated with new separate account and collective investment trust contracts were capitalized and amortized straight-line over an estimated customer contract period of 3 years to 7 years . The total net asset as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 was approximately $0.7 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Amortization expense included in compensation and related costs totaled approximately $0.3 million and $0.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Impairment losses of approximately $0.1 million were recognized during each the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 related to contract acquisition costs for client contracts that canceled during the respective period.
Note 4—Noncontrolling Interests
Manning & Napier holds an economic interest of approximately 88.6% in Manning & Napier Group, and as managing member controls all of the business and affairs of Manning & Napier Group. As a result, the Company consolidates the financial results of Manning & Napier Group and records a noncontrolling interest on its consolidated statement of financial conditions with respect to the remaining approximately 11.4% economic interest in Manning & Napier Group held by M&N Group Holdings and MNCC. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests on the consolidated statements of operations represents the portion of earnings attributable to the economic interest in Manning & Napier Group held by the noncontrolling interests.
F-16
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The following provides a reconciliation from “Income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes” to “Net income attributable to Manning & Napier, Inc.”: 
Year Ended December 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes $ 13,820  $ 10,305 
Less: income (loss) before provision for (benefit from) income taxes of Manning & Napier, Inc. (1)
(1,841) (227)
Income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes, as adjusted 15,661  10,532 
Controlling interest percentage (2)
72.6  % 18.9  %
Net income attributable to controlling interest 11,369  1,992 
Plus: income (loss) before provision for income taxes of Manning & Napier, Inc. (1)
(1,841) (227)
Income before income taxes attributable to Manning & Napier, Inc.
9,528  1,765 
Less: provision for (benefit from) income taxes of Manning & Napier, Inc. (3)
(476) 332 
Net income attributable to Manning & Napier, Inc. $ 10,004  $ 1,433 
__________________________
(1)Manning & Napier, Inc. incurs certain income or expenses that are only attributable to it and are therefore excluded from the net income attributable to noncontrolling interests.
(2)Income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes is allocated to the controlling interest based on the percentage of units of Manning & Napier Group held by Manning & Napier, Inc. The amount represents the Company's weighted ownership of Manning & Napier Group for the respective periods and anticipates a closing of the books pursuant to Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended ("IRC"), Section 1377.
(3)The consolidated provision for (benefit from) income taxes is equal to the sum of (i) the provision for (benefit from) income taxes for entities other than Manning & Napier, Inc. and (ii) the provision for (benefit from) income taxes of Manning & Napier, Inc. which includes all U.S. federal and state income taxes. The consolidated provision for (benefit from) income taxes totaled a benefit of approximately $0.1 million and a provision of $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
As December 31, 2020, a total of 2,021,781 units of Manning & Napier Group were held by the noncontrolling interests. Pursuant to the terms of the exchange agreement entered into at the time of the Company's initial public offering ("Exchange Agreement"), such units may be tendered for exchange or redemption. For any units tendered, the Company may (i) pay an amount of cash equal to the number of tendered units multiplied by the value of one share of the Company's Class A common stock less a market discount and expected expenses, or, at the Company's election, (ii) issue shares of the Company's Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to customary adjustments. As the Company receives units of Manning & Napier Group that are exchanged, or as Manning & Napier Group units are redeemed and retired, the Company's ownership of Manning & Napier Group will increase.
On March 15, 2020, a total of 60,012,419 Class A units, including 59,957,419 units held by William Manning, who was previously the Chairman of the Company's Board of Directors, were tendered for either cash or shares of the Company's Class A common stock pursuant to the exchange process. The independent directors, on behalf of the Company as managing member of Manning & Napier Group, decided to settle the transaction as a redemption, utilizing approximately $90.8 million in cash, including approximately $90.7 million paid to Mr. Manning. Manning & Napier Group completed the redemption on May 11, 2020 with payment made from its cash, cash equivalents and proceeds from the sale of investment securities. Subsequent to the redemption the Class A units were retired and as a result, the Company's ownership of Manning & Napier Group increased from 19.5% to 88.2% as of May 11, 2020.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, Class A common stock was issued under the 2011 Equity Compensation Plan (the "Equity Plan") for which Manning & Napier, Inc. acquired an equivalent number of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group.
F-17
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The following is the impact to the Company's equity ownership interest in Manning & Napier Group during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Manning & Napier Group Class A Units Held
 
Manning & Napier 		 Noncontrolling Interests Total Manning & Napier Ownership %
As of January 1, 2019
14,126,736  63,349,721  77,476,457  18.2%
Class A units issued 623,485  —  623,485  0.7%
Class A units redeemed —  (1,315,521) (1,315,521) 0.3%
As of December 31, 2019
14,750,221  62,034,200  76,784,421  19.2%
Class A units issued 1,033,417  —  1,033,417  1.1%
Class A units redeemed —  (60,012,419) (60,012,419) 68.3%
As of December 31, 2020
15,783,638  2,021,781  17,805,419  88.6%

Manning & Napier, as managing member controls all of the business and affairs of Manning & Napier Group prior to and subsequent to the redemption that was completed during the second quarter of 2020. Since the Company continues to have a controlling interest in Manning & Napier Group, the aforementioned changes in ownership of Manning & Napier Group were accounted for as equity transactions under ASC Topic 810, Consolidation. Additional paid-in capital and non-controlling interests in the consolidated statements of financial condition are adjusted to reallocate the Company's historical equity to reflect the change in ownership of Manning & Napier Group.
During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company made approximately $0.8 million and $5.9 million, respectively, in distributions to non-controlling interests. None of these distributions were payments pursuant to the tax receivable agreement (Note 15).
Note 5—Investment Securities
The following table represents the Company’s investment securities holdings at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019: 
December 31, 2020
Cost Unrealized
Gains 		Unrealized
Losses 		Fair
Value
(in thousands)
Available-for-sale securities
Fixed income securities $ 6,497  $ —  $ (94) $ 6,403 
U.S. Treasury notes
10,587  —  (89) 10,498 
16,901 
Equity investments, at fair value
Equity securities 5,592 
Mutual funds 1,004 
6,596 
Total investment securities $ 23,497 

F-18
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2019
Cost Unrealized
Gains 		Unrealized
Losses 		Fair
Value
(in thousands)
Available-for-sale securities
Fixed income securities $ 35,148  $ —  $ (91) $ 35,057 
U.S. Treasury notes 33,908  193  —  34,101 
Short-term investments 12,119  —  —  12,119 
81,277 
Equity investments, at fair value
Equity securities 6,038 
Mutual funds 3,152 
9,190 
Total investment securities $ 90,467 
Investment securities are classified as either equity investments, trading, equity method investments or available-for-sale and are carried at fair value. Fair value is determined based on quoted market prices in active markets for identical or similar instruments.
Investment securities classified as equity investments, at fair value consist of equity securities and investments in mutual funds for which the Company provides advisory services. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, equity investments, at fair value consist of investments held by the Company to provide initial cash seeding for product development purposes and investments in mutual funds to hedge economic exposure to market movements on its deferred compensation plan. The Company recognized approximately $0.6 million and $1.5 million of net unrealized gains related to investments classified as equity investments, at fair value for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Investment securities classified as available-for-sale consist of U.S. Treasury notes, corporate bonds and other short-term investments to optimize cash management opportunities and for compliance with certain regulatory requirements. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, approximately $0.6 million of the U.S. Treasury notes is considered restricted. The Company periodically reviews each individual security position that has an unrealized loss, or impairment, to determine if that impairment is other-than-temporary. No other-than-temporary impairment charges have been recognized by the Company during the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019.
The table below presents realized gains and losses on the sale of all securities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019: 
  Year ended December 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Gross realized investment gains $ 965  $ 269 
Gross realized investment losses (641) (135)
Net realized gains (losses) $ 324  $ 134 
Note 6—Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that the Company would receive upon selling an investment in an orderly transaction to an independent buyer in the principal or most advantageous market of the investment. A fair value hierarchy is provided that gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).
The following three-tier fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value:
•Level 1—observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical securities;
•Level 2—other significant observable inputs (including but not limited to quoted prices for similar securities, interest rates, prepayment rates, credit risk, etc.); and
•Level 3—significant unobservable inputs (including the Company’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments).
F-19
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The following provides the hierarchy of inputs used to derive the fair value of the Company’s assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:
 
December 31, 2020
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Totals
  (in thousands)
Equity securities $ 5,592  $ —  $ —  $ 5,592 
Fixed income securities —  6,403  —  6,403 
Mutual funds 1,004  —  —  1,004 
U.S. Treasury notes
—  10,498  —  10,498 
Total assets at fair value $ 6,596  $ 16,901  $ —  $ 23,497 
December 31, 2019
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Totals
  (in thousands)
Equity securities $ 6,038  $ —  $ —  $ 6,038 
Fixed income securities —  35,057  —  35,057 
Mutual funds 3,152  —  —  3,152 
U.S. Treasury notes —  34,101  —  34,101 
Short-term investments —  12,119  —  12,119 
Total assets at fair value $ 9,190  $ 81,277  $ —  $ 90,467 
Short-term investments consists of U.S. Treasury bills.
Valuations of investments in fixed income securities, U.S. Treasury notes and U.S Treasury bills can generally be obtained through independent pricing services. For most bond types, the pricing service utilizes matrix pricing, which considers one or more of the following factors: yield or price of bonds of comparable quality, coupon, maturity, current cash flows, type and current day trade information, as well as dealer supplied prices. These valuations are categorized as Level 2 in the hierarchy.
The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers in and transfers out of the valuation levels as of the beginning of the reporting period. There were no significant transfers between levels during the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019.
Note 7—Property and Equipment
Property and equipment as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 consisted of the following: 
December 31,
2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Furniture and fixtures $ 1,838  $ 1,878 
Office equipment 4,165  4,150 
Computer software 3,813  4,281 
Leasehold improvements 5,832  5,679 
15,648  15,988 
Less: Accumulated depreciation (12,573) (11,423)
Property and equipment, net $ 3,075  $ 4,565 
Depreciation expense is included in other operating costs and totaled approximately $1.3 million and $3.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
In 2019, the Company recognized an expense of approximately $3.2 million, representing the present value of approximately $3.4 million of future cash obligations under a previous software license agreement. At December 31, 2020, approximately $0.9 million is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
F-20
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The Company has evaluated its property and equipment for impairment under the current accounting standards and has concluded that no impairment loss has occurred as of December 31, 2020. No impairment loss occurred in the year ended December 31, 2019 other than as discussed in the paragraph above.
Note 8—Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The carrying amount of goodwill was $4.8 million at both December 31, 2020 and 2019, and there was no accumulated impairment. There were no changes in the carrying value of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
The Company completed its goodwill impairment testing in the fourth quarter of 2020 and determined that there were no facts and circumstances occurring during 2020 suggesting possible impairment. No impairment of goodwill was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Intangible Assets
The following table reflects the components of intangible assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:
December 31,
2020 2019
(in thousands)
Intangible assets subject to amortization:
Cost - Separately managed account client relationships
$ 897  $ 897 
Accumulated amortization - Separately managed account client relationships
(897) (897)
Cost - Trademark 340  340 
Accumulated amortization - Trademark (280) (235)
Intangible assets subject to amortization, net 60  105 
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Cost - Mutual fund and collective trust contracts
2,578  2,578 
Mutual fund and collective trust contracts
2,578  2,578 
Total intangible assets, net $ 2,638  $ 2,683 

There were no facts or circumstances occurring during the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019 suggesting possible impairment.
Amortization expense was less than $0.1 million for both the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. As of December 31, 2020, intangible assets subject to amortization are being amortized over a weighted-average remaining life of 0.7 years. The estimated amortization expense to be recognized over the next 5 years is as follows:
Year Ending December 31, Estimated Amortization Expense
(in thousands)
2021 $ 45 
2022 15 
2023 — 
2024 — 
2025 — 
Thereafter — 
Total $ 60 

F-21

Note 9—Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other liabilities as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 consisted of the following: 
December 31,
2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Accrued bonuses and sales commissions $ 19,999  $ 14,825 
Accrued payroll and benefits 4,629  4,415 
Accrued sub-transfer agent fees 437  420 
Dividends payable on Class A common stock —  312 
Amounts payable under tax receivable agreement 5,220  275 
Short-term operating lease liabilities 2,854  2,682 
Other accruals and liabilities 3,300  3,272 
$ 36,439  $ 26,201 
Note 10—Leases
The Company has operating and finance leases for office space and certain equipment. For these leases, the office space or equipment is an explicitly identified asset within the contract. The Company has determined that it has obtained substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the underlying asset and directs how and for what purpose the asset is used during the term of the contract.
The Company's leases have remaining lease terms ranging between approximately 1 year and 7 years. The Company's lease term on certain of its multi-year office space leases, including its headquarters, include options for the Company to extend those leases for periods ranging from an additional five to ten years. In addition, the Company has the option to reduce a portion of its square footage at certain times throughout the term of the lease for its headquarters. The Company determined it is not reasonably certain at this time it will exercise the options to extend these leases or will exercise the options to reduce its square footage; therefore, the payment amounts related to these lease term extensions and contraction options have been excluded from determining its right-of-use asset and lease liability.
Certain of the Company's operating leases for office space include variable lease payments, including non-lease components (such as utilities and operating expenses) that vary based on actual expenses and are adjusted on an annual basis. The Company concluded that these variable lease payments are in substance fixed payments and included the estimated variable payments in its determination of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.
Changes in the lease terms, including renewal options and options to reduce its square footage, incremental borrowing rates, and/or variable lease payments, and the corresponding impact to the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, are recognized in the period incurred.
Certain of the Company's operating leases have been subleased for which the Company will receive cash totaling approximately $3.7 million over the remaining term of such leases. The lease terms for the three subleased operating leases end in 2025, 2027 and 2028.
F-22

The components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019
(in thousands)
Finance lease expense
Amortization of right-of-use assets $ 85  $ 124 
Interest on lease liabilities 6  11 
Operating lease expense 3,978  3,622 
Short-term lease expense 3  13 
Variable lease expense 224  319 
Sublease income (664) (687)
Total lease expense $ 3,632  $ 3,402 

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019
(in thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from finance leases $ 8  $ 11 
Finance cash flows from finance leases $ 98  $ 130 
Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 3,752  $ 3,853 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations:
Finance leases $ 40  $ 175 
Operating leases $ 779  $ 898 
F-23

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of December 31, 2020 was as follows:
December 31, 2020
Finance Leases
(in thousands,
except lease term and discount rate)

Finance lease right-of-use assets (1)
$ 152 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities $ 68 
Other long-term liabilities 92 
Total finance lease liabilities $ 160 
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 16,405 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities $ 2,854 
Operating lease liabilities, non-current 16,646 
Total operating lease liabilities $ 19,500 
Weighted average remaining lease term
Finance leases 2.51 Years
Operating leases 6.50 Years
Weighted average discount rate
Finance leases 4.39  %
Operating leases 5.14  %
_______________________
(1)Amounts included in other long-term assets within the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:
Year ending December 31, Finance Leases Operating Leases
(in thousands)
2021 $ 77  $ 3,779 
2022 54  3,793 
2023 37  3,362 
2024 —  3,292 
2025 —  2,996 
Thereafter —  5,708 
Total lease payments 168  22,930 
Less imputed interest (8) (3,430)
Total lease liabilities $ 160  $ 19,500 

Note 11—Commitments and Contingencies
The Company may from time to time enter into agreements that contain certain representations and warranties and which provide general indemnifications. The Company may also serve as a guarantor of such obligations. The Company’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown, as this would involve future claims that may be made against the Company that have not yet occurred. The Company expects any risk of liability associated with such guarantees to be remote.
Regulation
F-24
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
As an investment adviser to a variety of investment products, the Company and its affiliated broker-dealer are subject to routine reviews and inspections by the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. From time to time the Company may also be subject to claims, be involved in various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of its business and other contingencies. The Company does not believe that the outcome of any of these reviews, inspections or other legal proceedings will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements; however, litigation is subject to many uncertainties, and the outcome of individual litigated matters is difficult to predict. The Company will establish accruals for matters that are probable, can be reasonably estimated, and may take into account any related insurance recoveries to the extent of such recoveries. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company has not accrued for any such claims, legal proceedings, or other contingencies.
Note 12—Shareholders’ Equity and Capital Structure
The authorized capital stock of Manning & Napier consists of 300,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 2,000 shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and are further described below. In addition to the Class A and Class B common stock, the Company has the authority to issue 100,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share.
Class A Common Stock
The holders of the Company’s Class A common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders.
The holders of the Company’s Class A common stock are entitled to receive dividends, if declared by the Company’s board of directors, out of funds legally available therefore, subject to any statutory or contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends.
The holders of the Company’s Class A common stock do not have preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights.
Class B Common Stock
Pursuant to the Company's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation the Company's Class B common stock entitles the holder thereof to a majority of the vote on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. The Company's Class B common stock does not entitle the holder thereof to any right to receive dividends or to receive a distribution upon the dissolution, liquidation or sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets. There are no outstanding shares of our Class B common stock.
Voting
Generally, all matters to be voted on by stockholders must be approved by a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by all shares of Class A common stock.
Shares Eligible for Future Sale
The Company is party to an Exchange Agreement with M&N Group Holding and MNCC, the other direct holders of all of the units of Manning & Napier Group that are not held by the Company.
As of December 31, 2020, a total of 2,021,781 Class A units of Manning & Napier Group were held by the noncontrolling interests. Pursuant to the terms of the Exchange Agreement, such units may be tendered for exchange or redemption. For any units tendered, the Company may (i) pay an amount of cash equal to the number of tendered units multiplied by the value of one share of the Company's Class A common stock less a market discount and expected expenses, or, at the Company's election, (ii) issue shares of the Company's Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to customary adjustments. As the Company receives units of Manning & Napier Group that are exchanged, or as Manning & Napier Group units are redeemed and retired, the Company's ownership of Manning & Napier Group will increase. The decision whether to pay cash or issue shares will be made by the independent members of the Company’s board of directors.
Note 13—Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per share (“basic EPS”) is computed using the two-class method to determine net income available to Class A common stock. The two-class method includes an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each participating security according to dividends declared and undistributed earnings for the period. The Company's restricted Class A common shares granted under the 2011 Equity Compensation Plan (the "Equity Plan") have non-forfeitable dividend rights during their vesting period and are therefore considered participating securities under the two-class method. Under the two-class method, the Company's net income available to Class A common stock is reduced by the earnings allocated to the unvested restricted Class A common stock. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income available to Class A common stock by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
F-25
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Diluted earnings per share (“diluted EPS”) is computed under the more dilutive of either the treasury method or the two-class method. For the diluted calculation, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period is increased by the assumed conversion into Class A common stock of the unvested restricted stock units, unvested restricted stock awards, and outstanding stock options (collectively, "outstanding equity awards"), as well as the exchangeable Class A units of Manning & Napier Group, to the extent that such conversion would dilute earnings per share.
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests on the consolidated statements of operations represents the portion of earnings attributable to the economic interest of Manning & Napier Group held by the non-controlling interests (Note 4). For periods in which the outstanding Class A units of Manning & Napier Group are dilutive to the Company's earnings per share, the calculation of diluted earnings per share also takes into account the incremental net income that would be available to Class A common stock upon the conversion of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group into Class A common stock of the Company.
The following is a reconciliation of the income and share data used in the basic and diluted EPS computations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 under the two-class method: 
Year Ended December 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands, except share data)
Numerator:
Net income attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests
$ 13,926  $ 9,857 
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 3,922  8,424 
Net income attributable to Manning & Napier, Inc. $ 10,004  $ 1,433 
Less: allocation to participating securities
96  (102)
Net income available to Class A common stock for basic EPS
$ 9,908  $ 1,535 
Plus: reallocation of net income attributable to participating securities
10  — 
Plus: incremental net income as a result of conversion of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group to Class A common stock
2,307  5,574 
Net income available to Class A common stock for diluted EPS
$ 12,225  $ 7,109 
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - basic
16,147,469  15,216,707 
Dilutive effect from unvested equity awards
1,962,114  286,908 
Dilutive effect of exchangeable Class A units
23,501,636  62,470,304 
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - diluted
41,611,219  77,973,919 
Net income available to Class A common stock per share - basic
$ 0.61  $ 0.10 
Net income available to Class A common stock per share - diluted
$ 0.29  $ 0.09 
Performance-based stock options are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS for periods in which the associated market condition has not yet been achieved. As such, for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, 1,155,000 and 3,000,000 unvested performance-based stock options, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were unvested equity awards of 85,231 and 902,073 respectively, excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.
At December 31, 2020 and 2019 there were 2,021,781 and 62,034,200, respectively, Class A units of Manning & Napier Group which for each period, subject to certain restrictions, may be exchangeable for up to an equivalent number of the Company’s Class A common shares.
F-26
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Note 14—Equity Based Compensation
2011 Equity Compensation Plan
The Equity Plan was adopted by the Company's board of directors and approved by the Company's stockholders prior to the consummation of the Company's 2011 initial public offering. A total of 13,142,813 equity interests are authorized for issuance, and may be issued in the form of the Company's Class A common stock, restricted stock units, stock options, units of Manning & Napier Group. At December 31, 2020, a total of 3,124,420 equity interests were available for issuance pursuant to the Equity Plan.
The following table summarizes activity related to awards of restricted stock and restricted stock units (collectively, "stock awards") under the Equity Plan for the year ended December 31, 2020:
Restricted
Stock Awards 		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Stock awards outstanding at January 1, 2020 1,037,901  $ 4.30 
Granted 2,997,940  $ 1.58 
Vested (961,877) $ 3.13 
Forfeited (28,983) $ 1.58 
Stock awards outstanding at December 31, 2020 3,044,981  $ 2.03 
The weighted average fair value of Equity Plan stock awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $1.58 and $2.38, respectively, based on the closing sale price of the Company's Class A common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on the date of grant, and, if not entitled to dividends or dividend equivalents during the vesting period, reduced by the present value of such amounts expected to be paid on the underlying shares during the requisite service period.
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded approximately $3.2 million and $3.1 million, respectively, of compensation expense related to stock awards under the Equity Plan. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock awards that vested during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was approximately $3.9 million and $2.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, there was unrecognized compensation expense related to stock awards of approximately $4.2 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average period of approximately 3.3 years.
A summary of activity under the Equity Plan related to stock option awards during the year ended December 31, 2020 is presented below:
Stock Option Awards Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Contractual Term
(years) 		Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2020 3,500,000  $ 2.01 
Granted —  $ — 
Exercised (1,250,000) $ 2.01 
Forfeited —  $ — 
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 2,250,000  $ 2.01  4.1 $ 9,585 
Exercisable at December 31, 2020 761,666  —  $ 2.01  4.0 $ 3,245 
For both the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded approximately $0.6 million of compensation expense related to stock options under the Equity Plan. As of December 31, 2020, there was unrecognized compensation expense of approximately $0.3 million related to stock options, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average period of approximately 0.9 years.
In connection with the vesting of restricted stock units and exercise of stock options during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company withheld shares of Class A common stock to satisfy approximately $2.6 million of employee income tax withholding requirements. These net share settlements had the effect of shares repurchased and retired by the Company, as they reduced the total number of Class A common shares outstanding.
F-27
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Note 15—Income Taxes
The Company is comprised of entities that have elected to be treated as either a limited liability company ("LLC"), or a “C-Corporation”. As such, the entities functioning as LLCs are not liable for or able to benefit from U.S. federal and most state income taxes on their earnings, and earnings (losses) will be included in the personal income tax returns of each entity’s unit holders. The entities functioning as C-Corporations are liable for or able to benefit from U.S. federal, state and local income taxes on their earnings and losses, respectively.
Components of the provision for (benefit from) income taxes consist of the following: 
  Year Ended December 31,
  
2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Current
Federal $ (24) $ 146 
State and local 71  99 
Current tax expense 47  245 
Deferred
Federal (323) 255 
State and local 170  (52)
Deferred tax expense (benefit) (153) 203 
Provision for (benefit from) income tax $ (106) $ 448 
The differences between income taxes computed using the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the provision for (benefit from) income taxes for continuing operations are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Amount computed using the statutory rate $ 2,902  $ 2,164 
Increase (reduction) in taxes resulting from:
State and local taxes, including settlements and adjustments, net of federal benefit
236  40 
Equity-based compensation (651) 106 
Benefit from net operating loss carry-back (1,920) — 
Net adjustment to amounts payable under tax receivable agreement 13  (42)
Benefit from the flow-through entities (848) (1,659)
Other, net 162  (161)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes $ (106) $ 448 
The provision for (benefit from) income taxes includes a benefit attributable to the fact that the Company’s operations include a series of flow-through entities which are generally not subject to federal and most state income taxes. Accordingly, a portion of the Company’s earnings are not subject to corporate level taxes. The Company recognized a reduced benefit from the flow-through entities during the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019 due to a higher portion of Manning & Napier Group's earnings subject to taxation at the C-Corporation level attributed to Manning & Napier Inc.'s increased ownership of Manning & Napier Group as a result of the redemption completed on May 11, 2020 (Note 4).
On March 27, 2020, the U.S. government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") which includes, among other things, the ability to carryback net operating losses from 2018, 2019 and 2020 to prior years. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company carried back net operating losses generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 when the federal corporate tax rate was 34% compared to the current statutory rates of 21%. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized an income tax benefit of approximately $1.9 million, related to the favorable rate applied to its net operating losses. As a result of the CARES Act, approximately $4.5 million of anticipated federal tax refunds were recorded within prepaid expenses and other assets on its statements of financial condition.
F-28
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities 
As a result of Manning & Napier's purchase of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group or exchange for Class A common stock of Manning & Napier for Class A units of Manning & Napier Group and Manning & Napier Group's election under Section 754 of the IRC, the Company expects to benefit from depreciation and amortization deductions from an increase in tax basis of tangible and intangible assets of Manning & Napier Group. Those deductions allocated to the Company will be taken into account in reporting the Company's taxable income.
In connection with the IPO, a tax receivable agreement ("TRA") was entered into between Manning & Napier and the holders of Manning & Napier Group, pursuant to which Manning & Napier is required to pay to such holders 85% of the applicable cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax that Manning & Napier actually realizes, or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances, as a result of (i) certain tax attributes of their units sold to Manning & Napier or exchanged (for shares of Class A common stock) and that are created as a result of the sales or exchanges and payments under the TRA and (ii) tax benefits related to imputed interest.
Under the TRA, Manning & Napier generally will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of the applicable tax savings. There is a possibility that not all of the 85% of the applicable cash savings will be paid to the selling or exchanging holder of Class A units. If it is determined that all or a portion of such applicable tax savings is in doubt, payment to such holders of Class A units will be the amount attributable to the portion of the applicable tax savings that are determined not to be in doubt and the payment of the remainder at such time as it is reasonably determined that the actual tax savings or that the amount is no longer in doubt.
On May 11, 2020, the Company completed the redemption and subsequent retirement of 60,012,419 Class A units, resulting in the Company's ownership of Manning & Napier Group increasing from 19.5% to 88.2% as of May 11, 2020 (Refer to Note 4). The Company recognized a deferred tax asset of approximately $0.7 million, resulting from an increased share of Manning & Napier Group's deferred tax assets. Additionally, as a result of Manning & Napier Group's redemption of its Class A units on May 11, 2020 and Manning & Napier Group's election under Section 754 of the IRC, the Company expects to benefit from depreciation and amortization deductions resulting from increases in the tax basis of tangible and intangible assets of Manning & Napier Group. Those deductions allocated to the Company will be taken into account in reporting the Company's taxable income resulting in the recognition of a deferred tax asset of approximately $2.5 million. The aggregate $3.2 million of deferred tax assets recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020 resulting from the redemption were recorded within the Company's consolidated statements of shareholder's equity.
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had recorded a total liability of approximately $19.0 million and $17.5 million, respectively, representing the payments due to the selling unit holders under the TRA. Of these amounts, approximately $5.2 million and $0.3 million were included in accrued expenses and other liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As a result of the CARES Act, the Company recognized a tax benefit related to the favorable rate applied to its net operating losses, which resulted in an increase of the liability under the TRA, representing 85% of the applicable cash savings. Payments are anticipated to be made annually commencing from the date of each event that gives rise to the TRA benefits. The timing of the payments is subject to certain contingencies including the Company having sufficient taxable income to utilize all of the tax benefits defined in the TRA. The Company made payments pursuant to the TRA of approximately $0.3 million and $0.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
F-29
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Components of net deferred tax assets consist of the following:
December 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Deferred tax assets
743(b) basis $ 15,977  $ 17,480 
734(b) basis 2,378  — 
Bonus and commissions 1,487  253 
Net operating loss carryforwards 384  2,980 
Operating lease liabilities 4,014  936 
Other 323  148 
Total deferred tax assets 24,563  21,797 
Deferred tax liabilities
Depreciation and amortization 1,300  246 
Operating lease right-of-use assets 3,364  821 
Prepaid items 254  62 
Total deferred tax liabilities 4,918  1,129 
Net deferred tax assets $ 19,645  $ 20,668 
As of December 31, 2020, the Company has approximately $5.4 million in state net operating loss carry forwards that will expire through 2040 if not utilized.
The Company has assessed the recoverability of the deferred tax assets and believes it is more likely than not that the assets will be realized. The Company has not recorded a valuation allowance as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of the Company's liability for income taxes associated with unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
December 31,
  2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Balance as of January 1, $ 28  $ 33 
Increase related to current year tax positions —  — 
Decrease related to prior year tax positions (7) (5)
Balance as of December 31, $ 21  $ 28 
A state is currently auditing the Company's 2016, 2017 and 2018 corporate tax returns. The audit is expected to be completed in 2021. As of December 31, 2020, the audit is in process and the state is collecting and evaluating the data for which the Company has not recorded a liability, which could be up to approximately $1.3 million, for uncertain tax positions under ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes.
The Company’s policy regarding interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions is to recognize such items as a component of the provision for income taxes. The Company recorded less than $0.1 million in interest and penalties in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
The Company does not expect that changes in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits during the next twelve months will have a significant impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
The Company files income tax returns with Federal, state and local jurisdictions. The Company’s U.S. Federal and state tax matters for the years 2017 through 2019 remain subject to examination by the respective tax authorities.
F-30

Note 16—Related Party Transactions
Sale of Subsidiary
On August 30, 2019, the Company, through Manning & Napier Group LLC, completed the sale of all of the equity interests in its wholly-owned subsidiary, Perspective Partners, LLC ("PPI") to Manning Partners, LLC, which is wholly-owned by the former Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company received cash proceeds of $3.1 million upon closing. Subsequent to the close, PPI and the Company have entered into a sublease agreement under which PPI leases office space within the Company's headquarters for annual rent of approximately $0.1 million over the term of the sublease, which expires on January 31, 2028.
Transactions with noncontrolling members
From time to time, the Company may be asked to provide certain services, including accounting, legal and other administrative functions for the noncontrolling members of Manning & Napier Group. While immaterial, the Company has not received any reimbursement for such services.
The Company manages the personal funds and funds of affiliated entities of certain of the Company's executive officers and directors. Pursuant to the respective investment management agreements, in some instances the Company waives or reduces its regular advisory fees for these accounts. The aggregate value of the fees earned was less than $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. No fees were waived in December 31, 2020 and less than $0.1 million fees were waived for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Manning & Napier Group completed the redemption of 60,012,419 Class A units held by the noncontrolling members of Manning & Napier Group, including 59,957,419 units held by William Manning, who was previously the Chairman of the Company's Board of Directors on May 11, 2020. The independent directors, on behalf of the Company, decided to settle the transaction utilizing approximately $90.8 million in cash, including approximately $90.7 million paid to Mr. Manning. Manning & Napier Group completed the redemption with payment made from its cash, cash equivalents and proceeds from the sale of investment securities. See Note 4 for additional details.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company entered into an agreement with Manning Ventures, Inc., which is wholly-owned by William Manning, to reimburse Manning Ventures, Inc. up to approximately $0.2 million for certain services.
Affiliated fund transactions
The Company earns investment advisory fees, distribution fees and administrative service fees under agreements with affiliated mutual funds and collective investment trusts. Fees earned for advisory and distribution services were approximately $36.5 million and $40.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Fees earned for administrative services provided were approximately $1.7 million and $2.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. See Note 3 for disclosure of amounts due from affiliated mutual funds and collective investment trusts.
The Company incurs certain expenses on behalf of the collective investment trusts and has contractually agreed to limit its fees and reimburse expenses to limit operating expenses incurred by certain affiliated fund series. The aggregate value of fees waived and expenses reimbursed to, or incurred for, affiliated mutual funds and collective investment trusts was approximately $4.3 million and $5.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company received approximately $1.4 million in cash for reimbursement of prior expenses paid on behalf of our affiliated mutual funds and collective investment trusts. These expenses are reimbursable to the Company under an agreement with the affiliated mutual fund and collective investments trusts upon the settlement of a claim between both the affiliated mutual funds and the collective investment trusts and a third party. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had recorded a receivable of approximately $0.2 million within other long-term assets on its consolidated statement of financial condition. The remaining $1.2 million of proceeds received was recognized as a gain within other operating costs in its consolidated statements of operations during the year ended December 31, 2020.
F-31

Note 17—Employee Benefit Plan
The Company offers the Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC 401(k) and Profit Sharing Plan (the “MNA Plan”) to all employees who meet the plan criteria.
With respect to the 401(k) portion of the MNA Plan, participants may voluntarily contribute up to 75% of their regular salary subject to annual limitations determined by the IRS. The Company matches an amount equivalent to 50% of a participant’s contribution, not to exceed 3.5% and 3% of their total compensation during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Matching contributions vest to the participants after three years of service. These contributions by the Company amounted to approximately $1.3 million and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
With respect to the profit sharing portion of the MNA Plan, the Company may make annual profit sharing contributions, subject to certain limitations, which vest immediately to individuals who are eligible. These contributions by the Company amounted to approximately $0.5 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Note 18—Subsequent Events
Distribution
On March 2, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a $2.5 million distribution from Manning & Napier Group to Manning & Napier and the noncontrolling interests of Manning & Napier Group, of which approximately $0.3 million was paid to the noncontrolling members of Manning & Napier Group.
Exchange or Redemption of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group
The Company is nearing the completion of the 2021 exchange period whereby eligible Class A units of Manning & Napier Group held by M&N Group Holdings and MNCC may be tendered for redemption or exchange. In connection with the exchange, the Company has the ability to pay an amount of cash equal to the number of units tendered multiplied by the 15 day average value of one share of the Company's Class A common stock between February 22, 2021 and March 12, 2021 less a market discount and expected expenses, or at the Company's election issue shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis for each unit tendered. The Company has received notice that approximately 1.6 million of Class A units of Manning & Napier Group will be tendered for redemption or exchange. The Company anticipates the transaction will be finalized during the second quarter of 2021.
Share Repurchase
On February 3, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of up to $10.0 million of Manning & Napier Inc. Class A common shares. The authority to repurchase shares will be exercised from time to time as market conditions warrant, is subject to regulatory considerations and will expire on December 31, 2021. The timing, amount, and other terms and conditions of any repurchases will be determined by management at its discretion based on a variety of factors, including the market price of shares, general market and economic conditions, and legal requirements. The repurchase program may be modified, discontinued or suspended at any time. The Company currently intends to fund the program through cash on hand and future cash flow. As of March 12, 2021, the Company has purchased 200,288 shares of Class A common stock for an aggregate price of approximately $1.5 million.


F-32

Exhibit 4.2
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES
The following is a brief description of (1) the Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Class A common stock” or “Common Stock”), of Manning & Napier, Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”), and (2) the Common Stock purchase rights, representing the right to purchase from us one share of Common Stock (the “Rights”), which are the securities of the Company registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. This description is not complete and is qualified by reference to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the “certificate of incorporation”), our amended and restated bylaws (the “bylaws”), and the Rights Agreement by and between us and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC (“Rights Agent”) with respect to the Rights (“Rights Agreement”).
Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue 300,102,000 shares of capital stock, which consist of:
•300,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share;
•2,000 shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Class B common stock”); and
•100,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share (“preferred stock”).
Description of Class A Common Stock
Holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share on each matter submitted to a vote of our stockholders and do not have cumulative voting rights. All matters to be voted on by holders of common stock, other than the election of directors, must be approved by a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by all shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, voting together as a single class. No shares of our Class B common stock are currently outstanding. Our directors are elected by a plurality of the votes of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the annual meeting of stockholders and entitled to vote in the election of directors.
Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to receive dividends and other distributions ratably when, as and if declared by the board of directors out of legally available assets or funds.
In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to receive the assets available for distribution to our stockholders ratably in proportion to the number of shares they own, determined as a single class of Class A common stock only.
Holders of Class A common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption, sinking fund, or conversion rights. All the outstanding shares of Class A common stock are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
Impact of Exchange Agreement
We are party to an exchange agreement with M&N Group Holdings, LLC, Manning & Napier Capital Company, LLC (“MNCC”) and the other direct holders of units of Manning &
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Napier Group, LLC. This exchange agreement is filed as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011. Subject to restrictions set forth in the exchange agreement, certain of our employee-owners, and M&N Group Holdings and MNCC on behalf of William Manning and our other employee-members that are direct or indirect members of M&N Group Holdings and MNCC, are entitled to exchange units of Manning & Napier Group for shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. At our option, we may choose to pay an amount of cash equal to the number of units exchanged multiplied by the value of one share of Class A common stock, less a market discount and expected expense, in lieu of issuing additional shares of Class A common stock. To the extent exchanges of units for shares of Class A common stock occur, the beneficial ownership and voting power of current holders of Class A common stock will be reduced.
Potential Impact of Voting Rights of Class B Common Stock
Although no shares of Class B common stock are currently outstanding, any shares of Class B common stock that may be issued in the future would have certain rights and preferences superior to the Class A common stock. The Class B common stock has superior voting rights to the Class A common stock as set forth in the formula in our certificate of incorporation, which provides the holder of our Class B common stock control of a majority of the vote on all matters to be submitted to a vote of stockholders. This mechanism would allow for the Class B common stock to control the Company.
Potential Impact of Preferred Stock
Our certificate of incorporation permits our board of directors, without vote or further action by the stockholders, to issue up to 100,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix or alter the terms of each series of preferred stock, within the limits of the certificate of incorporation and applicable provisions of Delaware corporate law. The issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us without further action by our stockholders and may adversely affect the dividend, liquidation, voting and other rights of the holders of Class A common stock. The issuance of preferred stock with voting and conversion rights may dilute the voting power of the holders of Class A common stock and impact the market price of our Class A common stock.
Description of Rights
On April 13, 2020, the independent directors of our Board of Directors declared a dividend distribution of one Right for each outstanding share of Common Stock outstanding at the close of business on April 24, 2020 (the “Record Date”). Each Right represents the right to purchase from us one (subject to adjustment) share of Common Stock, at a price of $12.00 per share of Common Stock (the “Purchase Price”), subject to adjustment. The description and terms of the Rights are set forth in the Rights Agreement. This summary description of the Rights does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Rights Agreement, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The Rights Agreement is intended provide all stockholders with the opportunity to benefit from the long-term prospects and value of our Company and to ensure that all stockholders of the Company receive fair and equal treatment in the event of any proposed takeover of the Company.
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Distribution
Until the Distribution Date (as defined below), the Rights will be evidenced by the Common Stock certificate, or, in the case of Common Stock held in uncertificated form, by the transaction statement or other record of ownership of such Common Stock, and not by separate Rights Certificates (as hereinafter defined). The term “Distribution Date” means the earlier of (a) the close of business on the 10th business day (any day other than a Saturday, a Sunday or a day on which banking institutions in the State of New York are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close) following the first date of public announcement by the Company or a person or group of affiliated or associated persons or persons acting jointly or in concert with such person or group (with certain exceptions, an “Acquiring Person”) that an Acquiring Person has acquired 15% or more of our outstanding Common Stock (“Stock Acquisition Date”) or (b) the close of business on the 10th business day (or such later date as may be determined by the Board) following the commencement of, or announcement of an intention to make, a tender offer or exchange offer, the consummation of which would result in the beneficial ownership by a person or group of affiliated or associated persons or persons acting jointly or in concert with such persons of 15% or more of our outstanding Common Stock. Certain synthetic interests in securities created by derivative positions are treated as beneficial ownership of the notional or other number of shares of Common Stock that, pursuant to the documentation evidencing the derivative security, may be acquired upon the exercise or settlement of the applicable security or as the basis upon which the value or settlement amount of such security, or the opportunity of the holder of such derivative security to profit or share in any profit, is to be calculated, in whole or in part, and in any case (or if no such number of shares of Common Stock is specified in such documentation or otherwise) as determined by the Board in good faith to be the number of shares of Common Stock to which the derivative security relates.
Transfer of Rights and Certificates.
The Rights Agreement provides that, until after the close of business on the Distribution Date, the Rights will be transferred with and only with the Common Stock. Until the Distribution Date (or earlier redemption or expiration of the Rights), new Common Stock certificates issued after the Record Date upon transfer or new issuance of Common Stock will contain a notation incorporating the Rights Agreement by reference and, with respect to any uncertificated book entry shares issued after the Record Date, proper notice will be provided that incorporates the Rights Agreement by reference. Until the Distribution Date (or earlier redemption or expiration of the Rights), the surrender for transfer of any certificates for Common Stock (or book entry shares of Common Stock) outstanding as of the Record Date, even without such notation or a copy of a summary of rights being attached thereto (or such notice, in the case of book entry shares), will also constitute the transfer of the Rights associated with the Common Stock represented by such certificate or book entry shares, as the case may be. As soon as practicable following the Distribution Date, separate certificates evidencing the Rights (the “Right Certificates”) will be mailed to (or credited to the account of) holders of record of the Common Stock as of the close of business on the Distribution Date, and such separate Right Certificates alone will evidence the Rights.
Exercise Period
The Rights are not exercisable until the Distribution Date. The Rights will expire on the Final Expiration Date, unless the Final Expiration Date is extended, or the Rights are earlier
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redeemed or exchanged by the Company or if one year from the date of the Rights Agreement if approval of the Rights Agreement by the Company’s stockholders has not been received prior to such time. The term “Final Expiration Date” is defined in the Rights Agreement and generally means April 14, 2023.
Adjustments
The Purchase Price payable, and the number of shares of Common Stock or other securities or property issuable, upon exercise of the Rights, and the number of Rights outstanding, are subject to adjustment from time to time to prevent dilution (i) in the event of a stock dividend on, or a subdivision, combination or reclassification of, the Common Stock, (ii) upon the grant to holders of the Common Stock of certain rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase Common Stock at a price, or securities convertible into Common Stock with a conversion price, less than the then current market price of the Common Stock or (iii) upon the distribution to holders of the Common Stock of evidences of indebtedness or assets (excluding regular periodic cash dividends paid out of earnings or retained earnings or dividends payable in Common Stock) or of subscription rights or warrants (other than those referred to above).
With certain exceptions, no adjustment in the Purchase Price will be required until cumulative adjustments require an adjustment of at least 1% in such Purchase Price. No fractional shares of Common Stock will be issued and in lieu thereof, an adjustment in cash will be made based on the market price of the Common Stock on the last trading day prior to the date of exercise
Exercise of Rights for Common Stock
In the event that any Person becomes an Acquiring Person, the Board may, at its option, provide that each holder of a Right, other than Rights beneficially owned by the Acquiring Person (which will thereafter be null and void), will thereafter have the right to receive upon exercise that number of shares of Common Stock having a market value of two times the purchase price of the Right. Alternatively, the Company may issue or pay cash, property, other securities, or any combination thereof (“Common Stock Equivalents”) having an aggregate value equal to the shares of Common Stock that would otherwise have been issuable on exercise of a Right. In the event that the Company is acquired in a merger or other business combination transaction or 50% or more of its consolidated assets or earning power is sold, proper provision will be made so that each holder of a Right will thereafter have the right to receive, upon the exercise thereof at the then current purchase price of the Right, that number of shares of common stock of the acquiring corporation that at the time of such transaction will have a market value of two times the purchase price of the Right. In the event that there is not sufficient authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock or treasury shares to permit the exercise in full of the Rights, the Company is obligated to take all action as may be necessary to authorize additional Common Stock for issuance upon exercise of the Rights, or the Company may pay cash and/or other securities equal to the Purchase Price per Right.
Redemption of Rights
At any time prior to (i) the Distribution Date, (ii) the Final Expiration Date or (iii) one year from the date of the Rights Agreement if approval of the Rights Agreement has not been received from the Company’s stockholders prior to such time, the Board may redeem the Rights in whole, but not in part, at a price of $0.001 per Right (the “Redemption Price”). Immediately
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upon any redemption of the Rights, the right to exercise the Rights will terminate, and the only right of the holders of Rights will be to receive the Redemption Price.
Amendments
At any time prior to the Distribution Date, the terms of the Rights may be amended by the Board without the consent of the holders of the Rights. From and after the Distribution Date, the Rights Agreement may be amended by the Board in any manner which would not adversely affect the interests of the any of the holders of the Right Certificates (other than an Acquiring Person or an affiliate, associate or Person acting jointly or in concert thereof) without the approval of any holders of Right Certificates.
Rights Prior to Exercise
Until a Right is exercised, the holder thereof, as such, will have no rights as a stockholder of the Company, including, without limitation, the right to vote or to receive dividends.
Anti-Takeover Effects of Provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws
Advance Notice of Stockholder Proposals and Nominations
Our bylaws include an advance notice procedure for stockholders to bring matters before stockholder meetings, including to nominate candidates for election to our board of directors. The advance notice procedure specifies the information stockholders must include in their notice and the timeframe in which they must give us notice. For notice of nominations or other business to be brought before a meeting of stockholders to be timely, the notice must be received at our principal executive offices not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the one-year anniversary of the immediately preceding year’s annual meeting or as otherwise provided in our bylaws. This notice proposing to nominate a person for election as a director or proposing other business must contain certain information specified in our bylaws.
The stockholder notice procedure may have the effect of precluding a contest for the election of directors or the consideration of stockholder proposals if the proper procedures are not followed, and of discouraging or deterring a third party from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of directors or to approve its own proposal, without regard to whether consideration of those nominees or proposals might be harmful or beneficial to us and our stockholders.
Restrictions on Call of Special Meetings and Action by Written Consent
Our bylaws provide that special meetings of stockholders may only be called by the board of directors, the chairman of our board of directors or our chief executive officer. In addition, the only business that may be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders is the business stated in the notice of the special meeting. Our bylaws provide that all stockholder actions are required to be taken by a vote of the stockholders at an annual or special meeting, and that stockholders may not take any action by written consent or by electronic transmission.
Amendment of Bylaws
Our certificate of incorporation grants our board of directors the power to adopt, amend or repeal our bylaws in any manner not inconsistent with applicable law.
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Exhibit 10.10
MANNING & NAPIER, INC.
2011 EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN

RESTRICTED STOCK AWARD AGREEMENT

AGREEMENT, dated as of the date set forth in your Notice of Grant, between Manning & Napier, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), Manning & Napier Group, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“MN Group”), and the individual (the “Participant”) identified in the notice of restricted stock unit award grant ( the “Notice of Grant”) delivered to Participant.
W I T N E S S E T H:
WHEREAS, the Company adopted the Manning & Napier, Inc. 2011 Equity Compensation Plan (the “Plan”), which Plan authorizes, among other things, the grant of Stock-Based Awards, including, but not limited to, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) or restricted stock shares (“RSSs” and together with the “RSUs”, the “Stock Grant”) pursuant to which Participants may receive shares of Class A common stock, $.01 par value (“Class A Stock”) upon the vesting of the RSUs; and
WHEREAS, the Company’s Compensation Committee, as administrator of the Plan, has determined that it would be in the best interests of the Company to make the Stock Grant documented herein and as managing member of MN Group caused MN Group to take the necessary steps to comply with terms and conditions herein.
NOW, THEREFORE, the parties hereto hereby agree as follows:
•Definitions. Capitalized terms not defined in this Award Agreement shall have the meaning ascribed to such terms in the Plan.
•Stock Grant. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and as set forth herein, the Company hereby grants to the Participant, as of date hereof, the number of interests contained in the Stock Grant (the “Award”), as indicated in the Notice of Grant. MN Group will issue supporting units on a one-for-one basis to the Company for each Award hereunder, either at the time of vesting for RSUs or at the time of grant for RSSs. Upon termination of an Award, any such issued units to MNI shall be forfeited back to MN Group to the extent unvested.
•Status of RSUs and Stock Grant. Each RSU constitutes an unfunded and unsecured promise of the Company to deliver (or cause to be delivered) to the Participant, subject to the terms of this Award Agreement, one share of Class A Stock (the “Share” or “Shares” as the context requires) (or securities or other property equal to the Fair Market Value thereof) on the Scheduled Vesting Date as defined herein. Each RSS shall consist of dividend paying, restricted Class A Stock, subject to the Scheduled Vesting Date as defined herein. Such Class A Stock will be restricted from transfer during the vesting period and will be held on behalf of the Participant at the Transfer Agent until the Scheduled Vesting Date.



•Vesting. Subject to such further limitations as are provided in the Plan and as set forth herein, the RSUs and RSSs covered by the Award shall vest as of the date(s) set forth in the Notice of Grant (the “Scheduled Vesting Date”) provided that the Participant continues to provide services or to be in a service relationship with the Company, or one of its Affiliates (“Service”), as of the Scheduled Vesting Date, provided further that upon the death of any Participant 100% vesting shall occur.1
•Termination of Stock Grant.
    (a)    Except as otherwise provided in this Section 5 or the Notice of Grant, the Stock Grant, to the extent not previously vested, shall terminate and become null and void upon the Participant’s ceasing for any reason to provide Services.
    (b)    In the sole discretion of the Committee (a “Committee Election”) and without any further action by or on behalf of the Participant, upon a termination of Services, the Stock Grant, to the extent not previously vested, may become vested and the Company in such case shall deliver (or cause to be delivered) the Shares with respect thereto.

    (c)    Clawback. If the Company’s Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee determines, in its sole discretion, that Participant engaged in fraud or misconduct as a result of which the Company is required to, or decided to, restate its financial statements, the Committee may, in its sole discretion, impose any or all of the following:

(x)Immediate expiration of the Stock Grant, whether vested or not, if granted within the first 12 months after issuance or filing of any financial statement that is being restated (the “Recovery Measurement Period”); and

(y)    Payment or transfer to the Company of the Gain from the Stock Grant, where the “Gain” consists of the greatest of (i) the value of the Stock Grant on the applicable Grant Date pursuant to Section 2 above within the Recovery Measurement Period, (ii) the value of Stock Grant received during the Recovery Measurement Period, as determined on the date of the request by the Committee to pay or transfer, (iii) the gross (before tax) proceeds you received from any sale of the Shares during the Recovery Measurement Period, and (iv) if transferred without sale during the Recovery Measurement Period, the value of the Shares when so transferred. The amount paid or transferred to the Company shall be adjusted to reflect any adjustment to the number of Shares finally awarded after application of the “Adjustments” provisions above.

1 Vesting duration shall vary. Terms set forth in this Section 4 are for illustrative purposes only. Actual terms of grants may vary.
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This remedy is in addition to any other remedies that the Company may have available in law or equity.

Payment is due in cash or cash equivalents within 10 days after the Committee provides written notice to you that it is enforcing this provision. Payment will be calculated on a gross basis, without reduction for taxes or commissions. The Company may, but is not required to, accept retransfer of Shares in lieu of cash payments.

•Non−Transferability of Stock Grant. The RSUs, and any interest therein, shall not be assignable or transferable by the Participant. The RSSs shall not be transferable by the Participant prior to the Scheduled Vesting Date, and thereafter transferability shall be subject to Section 10 below. Unless otherwise noted in the Notice of Grant, the Stock Grant shall terminate and become null and void immediately upon (i) the bankruptcy of the Participant, (ii) the Participant’s termination of Services (other than in connection with a Committee Election upon a termination of Services by reason of the Participant’s death), or (iii) any attempted assignment or transfer except as herein provided, including without limitation, any purported assignment, whether voluntary or by operation of law, pledge, hypothecation or other disposition, attachment, trustee process or similar process, whether legal or equitable, upon the RSUs.
•No Special Rights. Neither the granting of the Stock Grant nor its vesting shall be construed to confer upon the Participant any right with respect to the continuation of his or her service with the Company (or any Affiliate of the Company) or interfere in any way with the right of the Company (or any Affiliate of the Company), subject to the terms of any separate agreement to the contrary, at any time to terminate such service or to increase or decrease the compensation of the Participant from the rate in existence as of the date hereof.
•Representation. The Participant represents and warrants that he or she understands the Federal, state and local income tax consequences of the granting of the Stock Grant to him or her and the vesting thereof. To the extent that the Company is required to withhold any such taxes, then, unless both the Participant and the Committee have otherwise agreed upon alternate arrangements, the Participant hereby agrees that the Company may deduct from any payments of any kind otherwise due to the Participant the aggregate amount of such Federal, state and local taxes required to be so withheld, or if such payments are inadequate to satisfy such Federal, state and local taxes, or if no such payments are due or to become due to the Participant, then, the Participant agrees to provide the Company with cash funds or make other arrangements satisfactory to the Committee regarding such payment. It is understood that all matters with respect to the total amount of taxes to be withheld in respect of any such compensation income shall be determined by the Committee.
•Noncompete; Nonsolicitation.
    (a)    In consideration of the granting of the Award, the Participant agrees that, if the Participant has been granted Awards under the Plan and/or awards under the 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan totaling more than $1,500,000 (valued at the time of grant) during the term of Participant’s employment, the Participant shall not, during the entire term of the applicable
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Noncompete Period (as defined below), directly or indirectly, engage in or become interested in, as owner, shareholder, partner, lender, investor, director, officer, employee, consultant, agent, representative or otherwise, any Person engaged in any business competitive with that of the Company, MN Group or their Affiliates. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Participant shall not be deemed to have breached this Section 9 by reason of purchasing stock in a corporation whose shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange or quoted on NASDAQ, provided that the Participant’s beneficial ownership (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) of any class of equity securities in any such corporation is less than 5% of the aggregate number of outstanding shares of such class.
    (b)    In consideration of the granting of the Award, the Participant agrees that during the entire term of the applicable Noncompete Period, the Participant shall not, directly or indirectly, solicit any Person who is a Prospect of the Company, MN Group or their Affiliates to become an investment advisory, financial brokerage, insurance brokerage, health consulting, employer benefits, employee benefits or similar client of the Participant or any other Person.
    (c)    The Participant acknowledges and agrees that the covenants set forth in this Section 9 are reasonable and necessary for the protection of the Company and MN Group. The Participant further agrees that irreparable injury will result to the Company and MN Group in the event of any breach of the terms of Section 9, and that in the event of any actual or threatened breach of any of the provisions contained in Section 9, the Company and MN Group will have no adequate remedy at law. The Participant accordingly agrees that in the event of any actual or threatened breach by the Participant of any of the provisions contained in Section 9, the Company or MN Group shall be entitled to seek such injunctive and other equitable relief as may be deemed necessary or appropriate by a court of competent jurisdiction, without the necessity of showing actual monetary damages and without posting any bond or other security. If any provision of this Section 9 is determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be not enforceable in the manner set forth herein, the Participant agrees that it is the intention of the parties that such provision should be enforceable to the maximum extent permitted by law.
    (d)    For purposes of this Section 9, the term “Noncompete Period” means: (i) for areas within New York State (excluding New York City), Ohio and Florida (the “Protected Areas”), the period from the date the Participant commenced Service with the Company, MN Group or their Affiliates through the date that is twelve (12) months after his or her termination of Service with the Company or its Affiliates, or (ii) for all U.S. States (including New York City) other than the Protected Areas in which the Company, MN Group or their Affiliates do business, the period from the date the Participant commenced Service with the Company, MN Group or their Affiliates through the date that is ninety (90) days after his or her termination of Service with the Company or its Affiliates. For purposes of this Section 9, the term “Prospect” means any Person (i) who is on MN Group’s monthly marketing group meeting list of prospects issued during the twelve months prior to termination of Service; (ii) who is on the monthly, quarterly, or semiannual list of prospects submitted to MN Group’s products group manager (or Person fulfilling such function) issued in the twelve months prior to termination of Service, (iii) who is on MN Group’s internal list of prospects, or similar books and records, that each sales representative or client consultant (or their support staff) maintains in the twelve months prior to
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termination of Service; or (iv) who has met with sales or marketing personnel of the Company, MN Group or their Affiliates more than two times in the six months prior to termination of Service regarding the services provided by the Company, MN Group or their Affiliates.
    (e)    The Participant acknowledges and agrees that the provisions of this Section 9 shall survive and be enforceable by the Company, MN Group or their Affiliates after the Participant ceases to be an employee of the Company, MN Group or any of their Affiliates, unless the Participant is involuntarily terminated without cause by the Company, MN Group or any of their Affiliates (it being understood that “cause” shall be determined at the sole, reasonable discretion of the Company, MN Group or the applicable Affiliate).
i.The provisions of this Section 9 shall supersede any non-compete language included in any Restricted Stock Award Agreement previously executed by the Participant, the Company and MN Group. Nothing in this Section 9 shall otherwise affect Participant’s obligations under any noncompetition, nonsolicitation or similar restrictions pursuant to the terms of any employment agreement between the Company (or an Affiliate) and the Participant, or the Company’s rights under such employment agreement in the event of a violation of such restrictions.
•Stock Retention. The Participant acknowledges and agrees that the Shares to be delivered upon vesting of the Stock Grant shall be subject to the Company’s stock retention requirements , which will be specified in the Notice of Grant. In the event that the Participant fails to comply with the stock retention requirements of this Section 10 and the Notice of Grant, the Participant shall be subject to such disciplinary action as the Committee determines, in its sole discretion, to be appropriate under the circumstances, including, but not limited to, termination of employment.
•RSUs Provide No Rights of Stockholder. The Participant shall not be deemed for any purpose to be a stockholder of the Company with respect to the RSUs except to the extent that the Shares have been delivered to the Participant on the Scheduled Vesting Date with respect thereto.
•Notices. Any communication or notice required or permitted to be given hereunder shall be in writing, and, if to the Company, to its principal place of business, Attention: Secretary, and, if to the Participant, to the address as appearing on the records of the Company. Such communication or notice shall be deemed given if and when (a) properly addressed and posted by registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, or (b) delivered by hand.
•Incorporation of Plan by Reference. The Award is granted pursuant to the terms of the Plan, the terms of which are incorporated herein by reference, and the Award shall in all respects be interpreted in accordance with the Plan. In the event of any inconsistency between the Plan and this Award Agreement, the Plan shall govern. The Committee shall interpret and construe the Plan and this Award Agreement, and their interpretations and determinations shall be conclusive and binding upon the parties hereto and any other person claiming an interest hereunder, with respect to any issue arising hereunder or thereunder.
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•Acknowledgement. The Participant acknowledges receipt of the copy of the Plan attached hereto as Exhibit A.
•Counterparts. This Award Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.
•Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, but without regard to its principles of conflicts of law. In the event any provision of this Award Agreement shall be held invalid, illegal or unenforceable, in whole or in part, for any reason, such determination shall not affect the validity, legality or enforceability of any remaining provision, portion of provision or this Award Agreement overall, which shall remain in full force and effect as if the Award Agreement had been absent the invalid, illegal or unenforceable provision or portion thereof.

[SIGNATURE PAGE TO FOLLOW]
6


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Agreement to be executed by its duly authorized officer, and by electronically accepting the Notice of Grant in accordance with the instructions in such notice, Participant will be deemed a party to, and legally bound by the terms of, this Agreement.
MANNING & NAPIER, INC.


By: ____________________________________
    Name:
    Title:    


MANNING & NAPIER GROUP, LLC


By:______________________________________
    Name:
    Title:    


PARTICIPANT


By:______________________________________
    Name:
    
7


Exhibit A

2011 Equity Compensation Plan


Exhibit 21.1
SUBSIDIARIES OF MANNING & NAPIER, INC.
 
Entity Name   Jurisdiction of Incorporation/Organization
Manning & Napier Group, LLC   Delaware
Manning & Napier Advisors, LLC   Delaware
Manning & Napier Investor Services, Inc.   New York
Exeter Trust Company   New Hampshire
Rainier Investment Management, LLC Delaware




Exhibit 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (No. 333-187943) of Manning & Napier, Inc. of our report dated March 17, 2021 relating to the financial statements, which appears in this Form 10-K.


/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Rochester, NY
March 17, 2021





Exhibit 31.1
Certification
Pursuant to Section 302
of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
I, Marc Mayer, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Manning & Napier, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
/s/ Marc Mayer

Marc Mayer
Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)
Date: March 17, 2021


Exhibit 31.2
Certification
Pursuant to Section 302
of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
I, Paul J. Battaglia, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Manning & Napier, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
/s/ Paul J. Battaglia
Paul J. Battaglia
Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial and accounting officer)
Date: March 17, 2021


Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Marc Mayer, the Chief Executive Officer of Manning & Napier, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
• The annual report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Form 10-K”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
• The information contained in the Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
/s/ Marc Mayer
Marc Mayer
Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)
Date: March 17, 2021


Exhibit 32.2
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Paul J. Battaglia, the Chief Financial Officer of Manning & Napier, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
• The annual report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Form 10-K”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
• The information contained in the Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
/s/ Paul J. Battaglia
Paul J. Battaglia
Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial and accounting officer)
Date: March 17, 2021