PART I

Forward‑Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10‑K and the letter to stockholders contains “forward‑looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which reflect the current views and assumptions of management with respect to future events regarding our business and the industry in general. These forward‑looking statements include all statements, other than statements of historical fact, regarding our financial position, business strategy and other plans and objectives for future operations, including statements with respect to revenues and earnings, the amount and composition of assets under management, distribution sources, expense levels, redemption rates and the financial markets and other conditions. These statements are generally identified by the use of words such as “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “forecast,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “outlook,” “will,” “potential” and similar statements of a future or forward‑looking nature. Readers are cautioned that any forward‑looking information provided by or on behalf of the Company is not a guarantee of future performance. Certain important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations are disclosed in the Item 1 “Business” and Item 1A “Risk Factors” sections of this Annual Report on Form 10‑K, which include, without limitation, the adverse effect from a decline in securities markets or in the relative investment performance of our products, our inability to pay future dividends, the loss of existing distribution channels or the inability to access new ones, a reduction of the assets we manage on short notice, and adverse results of litigation and/or arbitration. The forgoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with other cautionary statements included in this and other reports and filings we make with the SEC. All forward‑looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made and we undertake no duty to update or revise any forward‑looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Our retail unaffiliated distribution channel efforts include retail fund distribution through broker-dealers (the primary method of distributing mutual funds for the industry), registered investment advisers (fee‑based financial advisors who generally sell mutual funds through financial supermarkets) and retirement and insurance platforms. Assets under management in this channel were $30.3 billion at the end of 2016.

In the retail broker-dealer channel, associated independent financial advisors focus their efforts primarily on financial planning, serving mostly middle class and mass affluent clients. We compete with smaller broker-dealers and independent financial advisors, as well as a span of other financial service providers. Assets under management in this channel were $42.3 billion at December 31, 2016.

Through our institutional channel, we serve as subadviser for domestic and foreign distributors of investment products for pension funds, Taft‑Hartley plans and endowments. Additionally, we serve as investment adviser and distributor of the IGI Funds. Assets under management in the institutional channel were $7.9 billion at December 31, 2016.

Organization

We operate our investment advisory business through our subsidiary companies, primarily Waddell & Reed Investment Management Company (“WRIMCO”), a registered investment adviser for the Advisors Funds and Ivy Investment Management Company (“IICO”), the registered investment adviser for the Ivy Funds, Ivy VIP, InvestEd, the IGI Funds, and Ivy NextShares and global distributor of the IGI Funds.  

Our underwriting and distribution business operates through two broker-dealers: Waddell & Reed, Inc. (“W&R”) and Ivy Distributors, Inc. (“IDI”). W&R is a registered broker-dealer and investment adviser that acts primarily as the national distributor and underwriter for shares of the Advisors Funds, InvestEd and other mutual funds, and as a distributor of variable annuities and other insurance products issued by our business partners. In addition, W&R is the largest distributor of the Ivy Funds. IDI is the distributor and underwriter for the Ivy Funds, Ivy VIP and Ivy Nextshares.

Waddell & Reed Services Company (“WRSCO”) provides transfer agency and accounting services to the Funds. Waddell & Reed Financial, Inc., W&R, WRIMCO, WRSCO, IICO and IDI are hereafter collectively referred to as the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” unless the context requires otherwise.

Investment Management Operations

Our investment advisory business provides one of our largest sources of revenues. We earn investment management fee revenues by providing investment advisory and management services pursuant to investment management agreements with the Funds. While the specific terms of the agreements vary, the basic terms are similar. The agreements provide that we render overall investment management services to each of the Funds, subject to the oversight of each Fund’s board of trustees and in accordance with each Fund’s investment objectives and policies. The agreements permit us to enter into separate agreements for shareholder services or accounting services with each respective Fund.

Each Fund’s board of trustees, including a majority of the trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Fund or the Company within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “ICA”) (“disinterested members”) and the Fund’s shareholders must approve the investment management agreement between the respective Fund and the Company. These agreements may continue in effect from year to year if specifically approved at least annually by (i) the Fund’s board, including a majority of the disinterested members, or (ii) the vote of a majority of both the shareholders of the Fund and the disinterested members of each Fund’s board, each vote being cast in person at a meeting called for such purpose. Each agreement automatically terminates in the event of its assignment, as defined by the ICA or the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”), and may be terminated without penalty by any Fund by giving us 60 days’ written notice if the termination has been approved by a majority of the Fund’s trustees or the Fund’s shareholders. We may terminate an investment management agreement without penalty on 120 days’ written notice.

In addition to performing investment management services for the Funds, we act as an investment adviser for the IGI Funds, institutional and other private investors and we provide subadvisory services to other investment companies. Such services are provided pursuant to various written agreements and our fees are generally based on a percentage of assets under management.

Our investment management team begins each business day in a collaborative discussion that fosters idea sharing, yet reinforces individual accountability. Through all market cycles, we remain dedicated to the following investment principles:

These three principles shape our investment philosophy and money management approach. For nearly 80 years, our investment organization has delivered consistently competitive investment performance. Through bull and bear markets, our investment professionals have not strayed from what works—fundamental research and a time‑tested investment process. We believe investors turn to us because they appreciate that our investment approach continues to identify and create opportunities for wealth creation.

Our investment management team is comprised of 78 professionals, including 34 portfolio managers who average 23 years of industry experience and 15 years of tenure with our firm. We have significant experience in virtually all major asset classes, several specialized asset classes and a range of investment styles. At December 31, 2016, 76% of the Company’s $80.5 billion in assets under management were invested in equities, of which 79% was domestic and 21% was international. In recent years, we have supported growth of international investments by adding investment professionals native to countries that we consider emerging markets. They, along with other members of the investment team, focus on understanding foreign markets and capturing investment opportunities. Our investment management team also includes subadvisors who bring similar investment philosophies and additional expertise in specific asset classes.

Investment Management Products

Our mutual fund families offer a wide variety of investment options. We are the exclusive underwriter and distributor of 90 registered open‑end mutual fund portfolios in the Funds, which includes 14 investment styles. Additionally, we have one closed‑end offering, three Ivy NextShares exchange-traded managed funds and offer the IGI Funds through our institutional channel. The Advisors Funds, variable products offering Ivy VIP, and InvestEd are offered primarily through W&R financial advisors in the retail broker-dealer channel; in some circumstances, certain of those funds are also offered through the retail unaffiliated distribution channel. The Ivy Funds are offered through both our retail unaffiliated distribution channel and retail broker-dealer channel. The Funds’ assets under management are included in either our retail unaffiliated distribution channel or our retail broker-dealer channel depending on which channel marketed the client account or is the broker of record.

During 2016, we launched the Ivy Targeted Return Bond fund, subadvised by Pictet Asset Management, and the Ivy California Municipal High Income fund. The Ivy Targeted Return Bond fund seeks to provide a positive total return over the long‑term across all market environments by investing in any form of debt security issued in the U.S or internationally. The Ivy California Municipal High Income fund seeks a high level of income that is exempt from federal and California income taxes.  In January of 2017, we launched the Ivy IG International Small Cap fund, subadvised by IG International Management Ltd. This fund seeks smaller-capitalization companies outside North America that exhibit perceived growth at a reasonable price.

Additionally in 2016, we introduced three Ivy NextShares as part of a planned lineup of NextShares exchange-traded managed funds.  Ivy Energy NextShares invests primarily in securities of companies within all aspects of the energy sector.  Ivy Focused Growth NextShares invests primarily in a portfolio of common stock issued by large capitalization, growth-oriented companies that the portfolio manager believes have the ability to sustain growth over the long-term.  Ivy Focused Value NextShares invests primarily in the common stocks of companies that the portfolio manager believes are undervalued, trading at a significant discount relative to the intrinsic value of the Company as estimated by IICO and/or are out of favor in financial markets but have a favorable outlook for capital appreciation.

Other Products

We offer our retail broker-dealer channel clients a variety of fee‑based asset allocation products, including Managed Allocation Portfolio (“MAP”), MAP Plus, MAP Choice, MAP Flex, MAP Select, MAP Latitude and Strategic Portfolio Allocation (“SPA”). These products utilize a variety of investment options including mutual funds, as well as individual stock, bond and exchange traded fund investment options. As of December 31, 2016, clients had $18.4 billion invested in our fee‑based asset allocation products, of which $15.6 billion is invested in our mutual funds and included in our mutual fund assets under management.

In our retail broker-dealer channel, we distribute various business partners’ variable annuity products, which offer Ivy VIP as an investment vehicle. We also offer our retail broker-dealer channel customers retirement and life insurance products underwritten by our business partners. Through our insurance agency subsidiary, W&R financial advisors also sell life insurance and disability products underwritten by various carriers.

Distribution Channels

We distribute our investment products through the retail unaffiliated distribution, retail broker-dealer and institutional channels.

Retail Unaffiliated Distribution Channel

Our team of 42 external wholesalers lead our wholesaling efforts, which focus principally on distributing the Ivy Funds through three segments: broker-dealers (the largest method of distributing mutual funds for the industry and for us), retirement platforms (401(k) platforms using multiple managers) and registered investment advisers (fee‑based financial advisors who generally sell mutual funds through financial supermarkets). Additionally, our National Accounts team, comprised of 10 employees, work with our distribution partners managing current and new relationships.

Retail Broker-Dealer Channel

Throughout our history, independent W&R advisors have sold investment products primarily to middle income and mass affluent individuals, families and businesses across the country in geographic markets of all sizes. We assist clients on a wide range of financial issues with a significant focus on helping them plan, generally, for long‑term investments such as retirement and education, and offer one‑on‑one consultations that emphasize long‑term relationships through continued service. As a result of this approach, this channel has developed a loyal customer base with clients maintaining their accounts significantly longer than the industry average. Over the past several years, we have expanded our brokerage platform technology and offerings, and continue to do so which enable us to competitively recruit experienced advisors.

As of December 31, 2016, there were 1,780 independent W&R financial advisors who operate out of offices located throughout the United States. We believe, based on industry data, that W&R financial advisors are currently one of the largest groups in the United States selling primarily mutual funds, and that W&R, our broker-dealer subsidiary, ranks among the largest independent broker-dealers. Retail broker-dealer channel underwriting and distribution fee revenues per the average number of advisors were $243 thousand, $265 thousand and $254 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, our retail broker-dealer channel had approximately 426,000 mutual fund customers.

Institutional Channel

Through this channel, we manage assets in a variety of investment styles for a variety of institutions. The largest client type is other asset managers that hire us to act as subadviser; they are typically domestic and foreign distributors of investment products who lack scale or the track record to manage internally, or choose to market multi‑manager styles. Over time, the institutional channel has been successful in developing subadvisory relationships, and as of December 31, 2016, subadvisory business comprised more than 60% of the institutional channel’s assets. Our diverse client list also includes the IGI Funds, pension funds, Taft‑Hartley plans and endowments.

Service Agreements

We earn service fee revenues by providing various services to the Funds and their shareholders. Pursuant to shareholder servicing agreements, we perform shareholder servicing functions for which the Funds pay us a monthly fee, including: maintaining shareholder accounts; issuing, transferring and redeeming shares; distributing dividends and paying redemptions; furnishing information related to the Funds; and handling shareholder inquiries. Pursuant to accounting service agreements, we provide the Funds with bookkeeping and accounting services and assistance for which the Funds pay us a monthly fee, including: maintaining the Funds’ records; pricing Fund shares; and preparing prospectuses for existing shareholders, proxy statements and certain other shareholder reports.

Agreements with the Funds may be adopted or amended with the approval of the disinterested members of each Fund’s board of trustees and have annually renewable terms of one year.

Competition

The financial services industry is a highly competitive global industry. According to the Investment Company Institute (the “ICI”), at the end of 2016 there were more than 9,500 open‑end investment companies, more than 500 closed‑end investment companies and more than 1,700 exchange traded funds of varying sizes, investment policies and objectives whose shares are being offered to the public in the United States alone. Factors affecting our business include brand recognition, business reputation, investment performance, quality of service and the continuity of both client relationships and assets under management. A majority of mutual fund sales go to funds that are highly rated by a small number of well‑known ranking services that focus on investment performance. Competition is based on distribution methods, the type and quality of shareholder services, the success of marketing efforts, the ability to develop investment products for certain market segments to meet the changing needs of investors, and the achievement of competitive investment management performance.

We compete with hundreds of other mutual fund management, distribution and service companies that distribute their fund shares through a variety of methods, including affiliated and unaffiliated sales forces, broker-dealers and direct sales to the public of shares offered at a low or no sales charge. Many larger mutual fund complexes have significant advertising budgets and established relationships with brokerage houses with large distribution networks, which enable these fund complexes to reach broad client bases. Many investment management firms offer services and products similar to ours, as well as other independent financial advisors. We also compete with brokerage and investment banking firms, insurance companies, commercial banks and other financial institutions and businesses offering other financial products in all aspects of their businesses. Although no single company or group of companies consistently dominates the mutual fund management and services industry, many are larger than us, have greater resources and offer a wider array of financial services and products.

The distribution of mutual funds and other investment products has undergone significant developments in recent years, which has intensified the competitive environment in which we operate. These developments include the introduction of new products, increasingly complex distribution systems with multiple classes of shares, the development of internet websites providing investors with the ability to invest on‑line, the introduction of sophisticated technological platforms used by financial advisors to sell and service mutual funds for their clients, the introduction of separately managed accounts—previously available only to institutional investors—to individuals, and growth in the number of mutual funds offered.  In recent years, we have faced significant competition from passive oriented investment strategies, which have taken market share from active managers like ourselves.  While we cannot predict how much market share these competitors will gain, we believe there will always be demand for active management.

We believe we effectively compete across multiple dimensions of the asset management and broker-dealer businesses. First, we market our products, primarily the Ivy Funds family, to unaffiliated broker-dealers and advisors and compete against other asset managers offering mutual fund products. This distribution method allows us to move beyond proprietary distribution and increases our potential pool of clients. Competition is based on sales techniques, personal relationships and skills, and the quality of financial planning products and services offered. We compete against asset managers that are both larger and smaller than our firm, but we believe that the breadth and depth of our products position us to compete in this environment. In this marketplace, we compete with a broad range of asset managers. Second, W&R financial advisors, who operate through our affiliated broker-dealer, have access to our proprietary financial products. We believe our business model targets customers seeking personal assistance from financial advisors or planners where the primary competition is companies distributing products through financial advisors. The market for financial advice is

extremely broad and fragmented. W&R financial advisors compete primarily with large and small broker-dealers, independent financial advisors, registered investment advisers, financial institutions and insurance representatives. Finally, we compete in the institutional marketplace, working with consultants who select asset managers for various opportunities, as well as working directly with plan sponsors, foundations, endowments, sovereign funds and other asset managers who hire subadvisors.

We also face competition in attracting and retaining qualified financial advisors and employees. To maximize our ability to compete effectively in our business, we offer competitive compensation.

For additional discussion regarding the impact of competition, please see the Market and Competition risk factors included in Item 1A—“Risk Factors” in this annual report.

Regulation

The securities industry is subject to extensive regulation and virtually all aspects of our business are subject to various federal and state laws and regulations. These laws and regulations are primarily intended to protect investment advisory clients and shareholders of registered investment companies. Under such laws and regulations, agencies and organizations that regulate investment advisers, broker-dealers, and transfer agents like us have broad administrative powers, including the power to limit, restrict or prohibit an investment adviser, broker-dealer or transfer agent from carrying on its business in the event that it fails to comply with applicable laws and regulations. In such event, the possible sanctions that may be imposed include, but are not limited to, the suspension of individual employees or agents, limitations on engaging in certain lines of business for specified periods of time, censures, fines and the revocation of investment adviser and other registrations.

The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) is the federal agency responsible for the administration of federal securities laws. Certain of our subsidiaries are registered with the SEC as investment advisers under the Advisers Act, which imposes numerous obligations on registered investment advisers including, among other things, fiduciary duties, record‑keeping and reporting requirements, operational requirements and disclosure obligations, as well as general anti‑fraud prohibitions. Investment advisers are subject to periodic examination by the SEC, and the SEC is authorized to institute proceedings and impose sanctions for violations of the Advisers Act, ranging from censure to termination of an investment adviser’s registration.

Our Funds are registered as investment companies with the SEC under the ICA, and various filings are made with states under applicable state rules and regulations. The ICA regulates the relationship between a mutual fund and its investment adviser and prohibits or severely restricts principal transactions and joint transactions. Various regulations cover certain investment strategies that may be used by the Funds for hedging and/or speculative purposes. To the extent the Funds purchase futures contracts, options on futures contracts, swaps and foreign currency contracts, they are subject to the commodities and futures regulations of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

We derive a large portion of our revenues from investment management agreements. Under the Advisers Act, our investment management agreements terminate automatically if assigned without the client’s consent. Under the ICA, investment advisory agreements with registered investment companies, such as the Funds, terminate automatically upon assignment. The term “assignment” is broadly defined and includes direct assignments, as well as assignments that may be deemed to occur, under certain circumstances, upon the transfer, directly or indirectly, of a controlling interest in the Company.

The Company is also subject to federal and state laws affecting corporate governance, including the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules adopted by the SEC. Our report on internal controls over financial reporting for 2016 is included in Part I, Item 9A.

As a publicly traded company, we are also subject to the rules of the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”), the exchange on which our stock is listed, including the corporate governance listing standards approved by the SEC.

Two of our subsidiaries, W&R and IDI, are registered as broker-dealers with the SEC and the states. Much of the broker-dealer regulation has been delegated by the SEC to self‑regulatory organizations, principally the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”), which is the primary regulator of our broker-dealer activities. These self‑regulatory organizations adopt rules (subject to approval by the SEC)

that govern the industry and conduct periodic examinations of our operations over which they have jurisdiction. Securities firms are also subject to regulation by state securities administrators in those states in which they conduct business. Broker-dealers are subject to regulations that cover all aspects of the securities business, including sales practices, market making and trading among broker-dealers, the use and safekeeping of clients’ funds and securities, capital structure, record‑keeping, and the conduct of directors, officers and employees. Violation of applicable regulations can result in the revocation of broker-dealer licenses, the imposition of censures or fines, and the suspension or expulsion of a firm, its officers or employees.

W&R and IDI are each subject to certain net capital requirements pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Uniform Net Capital Rule 15c3‑1 of the Exchange Act (the “Net Capital Rule”) specifies the minimum level of net capital a registered broker-dealer must maintain and also requires that part of its assets be kept in a relatively liquid form. The Net Capital Rule is designed to ensure the financial soundness and liquidity of broker-dealers. Any failure to maintain the required minimum net capital may subject us to suspension or revocation of our registration or other limitations on our activity by the SEC, and suspension or expulsion by FINRA or other regulatory bodies, and ultimately could require the broker-dealer’s liquidation. The maintenance of minimum net capital requirements may also limit our ability to pay dividends. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, net capital for W&R and IDI exceeded all minimum requirements.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970, W&R is a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (the “SIPC”). IDI is exempt from the membership requirements and is not a member of the SIPC. The SIPC provides protection against lost, stolen or missing securities (but not loss in value due to a rise or fall in market prices) for clients in the event of the failure of a broker-dealer. Accounts are protected up to $500,000 per client with a limit of $100,000 for cash balances. However, since the Funds, and not our broker-dealer subsidiaries, maintain customer accounts, SIPC protection would not cover mutual fund shareholders whose accounts are maintained directly with the Funds, but would apply to brokerage accounts held on our brokerage platform.

Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act, the International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti‑Terrorist Financing Act of 2001, imposes significant anti‑money laundering requirements on all financial institutions, including domestic banks and domestic operations of foreign banks, broker-dealers, futures commission merchants and investment companies.

The Company and the independent financial advisors in our retail broker-dealer channel are subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), and related provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, to the extent they are considered “fiduciaries” under ERISA with respect to certain clients.  The U.S. Department of Labor, which administers ERISA, adopted regulations in April 2016 that, among other things, treat as fiduciaries any person who provides investment advice or recommendations to employee benefit plans, plan fiduciaries, plan participants, plan beneficiaries, IRAs or IRA owners.

Our operations outside the United States are subject to the laws and regulations of various non‑U.S. jurisdictions and non‑U.S. regulatory agencies and bodies, including the regulation of the IGI Funds by Luxembourg’s Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier as UCITS. Similar to the United States, non‑U.S. regulatory agencies have broad authority in the event of non‑compliance with laws and regulations.

Our businesses may be materially affected not only by regulations applicable to us as an investment adviser, broker-dealer or transfer agent, but also by law and regulations of general application. For example, the volume of our principal investment advisory business in a given time period could be affected by, among other things, existing and proposed tax legislation and other governmental regulations and policies (including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board), and changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and rules that affect the business and financial communities.

Our business is also subject to new and changing laws and regulations. For additional discussion regarding the impact of current and proposed legal or regulatory requirements, please see the Legal, Regulatory and Tax risk factors included in Item 1A—“Risk Factors” in this annual report.

Intellectual Property

We regard our names as material to our business, and have registered certain service marks associated with our business with the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

Employees

At December 31, 2016 we had 1,447 full‑time employees, consisting of 1,134 home office employees and 313 employees responsible for advisor field supervision and administration.

Available Information

We make available free of charge our proxy statements, annual reports on Form 10‑K, quarterly reports on Form 10 ‑ Q, current reports on Form 8‑K and amendments to those reports under the “Reports & SEC Filings” menu on the “Investor Relations” section of our internet website at ir.waddell.com as soon as reasonably practical after such filing has been made with the SEC.

products, such as index and certain types of exchange-traded funds, it favors our competitors who provide those products over active managers like us. In addition, our asset managers are not typically the lowest cost provider of asset management services. To the extent that we compete on the basis of price, we may not be able to maintain our current fee structure, which could adversely affect our operating revenues.

Our Business And Prospects Could Be Adversely Affected If The Securities Markets Decline.  Our results of operations are affected by certain economic factors, including the success of the securities markets. There are often substantial fluctuations in price levels in the securities markets. These fluctuations can occur on a daily basis and over longer periods as a result of a variety of factors, including national and international economic and political events, broad trends in business and finance, and interest rate movements.  Adverse market conditions, particularly the U.S. domestic stock market due to our high concentration of assets under management in that market, and lack of investor confidence could result in investors further withdrawing from the markets or decreasing their rate of investment, either of which could adversely affect our revenues, earnings and growth prospects.

Our revenues are, to a large extent, investment management fees that are based on the market value of assets under management.  A decline in the securities market may cause the value of our assets under management to decline or cause investors to redeem assets in favor of investments they perceive offer greater opportunity or lower risk, both of which decrease investment management and other fees and could significantly reduce our revenues and earnings.  We do not hedge our revenue stream from this risk through derivatives or other financial contracts.  Our growth is dependent to a significant degree upon our ability to attract and retain mutual fund assets, and, in an adverse economic environment, this may prove more difficult.  The combination of adverse market conditions reducing both sales and investment management fees could compound one another and materially affect our business.

There May Be Adverse Effects On Our Business If Our Funds’ Performance Declines.   Success in the investment management and mutual fund businesses, including the growth and retention of assets under management, is dependent on the investment performance of client accounts relative to market conditions and the performance of competing funds. Good relative performance stimulates sales of the Funds’ shares and tends to keep redemptions low.  Sales of the Funds’ shares in turn generate higher management fees and distribution revenues. Good relative performance also attracts institutional and separate accounts.  It may also result in higher ratings or rankings by research services such as Morningstar, Lipper or eVestment Alliance, which may compound the foregoing effects. Conversely, poor relative performance results in decreased sales, increased redemptions of the Funds’ shares and the loss of institutional and separate accounts, resulting in decreases in our assets under management and revenues.  Poor investment performance also may adversely affect our ability to expand the distribution of our products through unaffiliated third parties.  Further, any drop in market share of mutual fund sales by independent financial advisors in our retail broker-dealer channel may further reduce profits as sales of unaffiliated mutual funds are less profitable than sales of our affiliated mutual funds.  As of December 31, 2016, 27% our assets under management were concentrated in five Funds. As a result, our operating results are significantly affected by the performance of those Funds and our ability to minimize redemptions from and maintain assets under management in those Funds. If we experienced a significant amount of redemptions of those Funds for any reason, our revenues would decline and our operating results would be adversely affected. Further, any adverse performance of those Funds may also indirectly affect the net sales and redemptions in our other products, which in turn, may adversely affect our business.  We have experienced net outflows in recent years due in part to underperformance of our mutual funds and depressed sales. During fiscal years 2016 and 2015, we had $25.3 billion and $13.8 billion of net outflows, respectively.

In addition, in the ordinary course of our business we may reduce or waive investment management fees, or limit total expenses, on certain products or services for particular time periods to manage fund expenses, or for other reasons, and to help retain or increase assets under management. If our revenues decline without a commensurate reduction in our expenses, our net income will be reduced. From time to time, we may experience poor investment performance, on a relative basis or an absolute basis, in certain products or accounts that we manage, which may contribute to a significant reduction in our assets under management and revenues.  In recent years we have experienced a decline in investment performance for several of our investment products, particularly in connection with shorter-term performance.  There is typically a lag before improvements in investment performance produce a positive effect on asset flows. There can be no assurances as to when, or if, investment performance issues will cease to negatively influence our assets under management and revenues.

Changes In The Distribution Channels In Which We Operate Could Reduce Our Net Revenues and Adversely Affect Our Assets Under Management, Revenues and Growth Prospects.  Our ability to market and distribute mutual

funds and other investment products we manage is significantly dependent on access to third party financial intermediaries that distribute these products.  We sell a significant portion of our investment products through a variety of such intermediaries, including major wire houses, national and regional broker-dealers, defined contribution plan administrators, retirement platforms and registered investment advisers.  Assets under management in our retail unaffiliated channel at December 31, 2016 were $30.3 billion, or 38% of total assets under management.    It would be difficult for us to acquire or retain the management of those assets without the assistance of the intermediaries.  As third party intermediaries rationalize and reduce the number of product offerings on their platforms in response to the recently adopted U.S. Department of Labor (the “DOL”) fiduciary standard regulations, we cannot provide assurances that we will be able to maintain an adequate number of investment product offerings, or access to these intermediaries, which could have a material adverse effect on our business if we are unable to maintain successful distribution relationships.  Relying on third party intermediaries also exposes us to the risk of increasing costs of distribution, as certain intermediaries with which we conduct business charge fees (largely determined by the distributor) to maintain access to their distribution networks.  If we choose not to pay such fees, our ability to distribute through those intermediaries would be limited; significant increases in such fees will cause our distribution costs to increase, which could lower our profitability.  In addition, over time certain sectors of the financial services industry have become considerably more concentrated, as financial institutions involved in a broad range of financial services have been acquired by or merged into other firms.  The implementation of the DOL fiduciary standard is likely to require modifications to our distribution activities and may impact our ability to service clients or engage in certain types of distribution or other business activities.  The convergence of all of these activities could result in our competitors gaining greater resources, and we may experience pressure on our pricing and market share as a result of these factors and as some of our competitors seek to increase market share by reducing prices.  If these changes continue, our distribution costs could increase as a percentage of our revenues generated.  We could experience lower sales or incur higher distribution costs or other developments, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations if third party selling agreements are terminated or there is a change in the terms of those agreements.

A substantial amount of our assets under management, $42.3 billion, or 53%, as of December 31, 2016 is held in our retail broker-dealer channel.  The investment products distributed through independent financial advisors in our retail broker-dealer channel include our affiliated mutual funds and other products, as well as products issued by unaffiliated mutual fund companies.  A majority of the sales in this channel are sales of affiliated mutual funds, upon which we earn higher revenues from asset management fees as compared to the sale of unaffiliated funds.  Sales of affiliated investment products in our r etail broker-dealer channel may decrease (and redemptions increase) materially with the introduction of additional unaffiliated investment products in our advisory programs.  Further, q ualified accounts, particularly IRAs, make up a significant portion of our assets under management and administration in this channel, and a significant portion of those retirement assets are invested in our affiliated products.  The introduction of additional unaffiliated products to independent financial advisors in this channel, sustained underperformance of key investment products, and the implementation of the DOL fiduciary standard, which has significant impacts relative to retirement assets, could cause us to experience lower sales of our affiliated investment products, increased redemptions, or other developments that may not be fully offset by higher distribution revenues or other benefits.  As a result, our assets under management, revenues and earnings may decline.  See “Legal, Regulatory and Tax Risks.”

Increasingly, investors, particularly in the institutional market, rely on external consultants and other third party financial professionals for advice on the choice of an investment adviser and investment portfolio. Further, the institutional separate account business uses referrals from investment consultants, investment advisers and other professionals.  These consultants and third parties tend to exert a significant degree of influence over their clients’ choices, and they may favor a competitor of ours.  We cannot assure that our investment offerings will be among their recommended choices in the future. The Company cannot be certain that it will continue to have access to these third party distribution channels or have an opportunity to offer some or all of its investment products through these channels.  Further, their recommendations can change over time and we could lose their recommendation and their client assets under our management.  Any failure to maintain strong business relationships with these distribution sources and the consultant community would impair our ability to sell our products, which in turn could have a negative effect on our revenues and profitability.

A Significant Percentage Of Our Assets Under Management Are Distributed Through Our Retail Unaffiliated Channel, Which Has Higher Redemption Rates Than Our Retail Broker-Dealer Channel.  In recent years, we have focused on expanding distribution efforts relating to our retail unaffiliated channel.  The percentage of our assets under management in the retail unaffiliated channel has increased from 10% at December 31, 2003 to 38% at December 31, 2016, and the percentage of our total sales represented by the retail unaffiliated channel has increased from 17% for the year ended December 31, 2003 to 54% for the year ended December 31, 2016.  The success of sales in

our retail unaffiliated channel depends upon our maintaining strong relationships with certain strategic partners, third party distributors and institutional accounts, as well as on the performance of our investment products marketed through this channel.  Many of those distribution sources also offer investors competing funds that are internally or externally managed, or may reduce the number of competing products on their platforms through systemic rationalization and reduction, which could limit the distribution of our products. The loss of any of these distribution channels and the inability to continue to access new distribution channels could decrease our assets under management and adversely affect our results of operations and growth.  There are no assurances that these channels and their client bases will continue to be accessible to us.  The loss or diminution of the level of business we do with those providers could have a material adverse effect on our business.  Compared to the industry average redemption rate of 25.4% and 24.7% for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, the retail unaffiliated channel had redemption rates of 63.7% and 43.0% for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  Redemption rates were 11.1% and 9.1% for our retail broker-dealer channel in the same periods, reflecting the higher rate of transferability of investment assets in the retail unaffiliated channel.  However, the modernization of our brokerage and advisory platforms and products and the introduction of additional unaffiliated investment products in our advisory programs, as well as changes resulting from the DOL fiduciary standard, may result in a higher redemption rate in our retail broker-dealer channel, as independent financial advisors may move to sell more unaffiliated products.  An increase in the sale of unaffiliated mutual funds compared to sales of our Funds by independent financial advisors may reduce profits, as sales of unaffiliated mutual funds are less profitable than sales of our Funds.  See “Legal, Regulatory and Tax Risks.”

Fee Pressures Could Reduce Our Revenues And Profitability.  There is an accelerating trend toward lower fees in some segments of the investment management business. The SEC has adopted rules that are designed to alter mutual fund corporate governance, which could result in further downward pressure on investment advisory fees in the mutual fund industry. Investors and clients are increasingly fee sensitive. Active management continues to experience pressure by increased flows to lower fee passive products.  This trend will result in pressure on active management firms to reduce fees to compete with passive products.  The DOL fiduciary standard could increase fee pressure as financial advisors may have more fee sensitivity given their new fiduciary role.  In addition, competition could cause us to reduce the fees we charge for products and services.  In the event that competitors charge lower fees for substantially similar products, we may be forced to compete on the basis of price in order to attract and retain customers.  The investment management agreements with the Funds continue in effect from year to year only if such continuation is approved at least annually by the Funds’ board of trustees. Periodic review of these advisory agreements could result in a reduction in investment management fee revenues received from the Funds. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current fee structure.  Fee reductions on existing or future new business could reduce our operating revenues and may adversely affect our business future revenue and profitability.

The fees we earn vary depending on the type of asset managed, the type of client, the type of asset management product or service provided and whether the product is sub-advised.  A shift in the mix of our assets under management from higher revenue-generating assets to lower revenue-generating assets may result in a decrease in our operating revenues even if our aggregate assets under management do not change.  There can be no assurance that we will achieve a more favorable product mix in the future.  See “Legal, Regulatory and Tax Risks.”

Our Ability To Attract And Retain Key Personnel Is Significant To Our Success And Growth.  Our success is largely dependent on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel, including our corporate officers, portfolio managers, investment analysts, and sales and client relationship personnel, many of whom have specialized expertise and extensive experience in our industry.  The market for experienced asset management personnel is extremely competitive, and is increasingly characterized by the movement of employees among different firms.  The majority of o ur employees do not have employment contracts, and generally can terminate their employment with us at any time.  Due to the competitive market for these professionals and the success of our highly skilled employees, our costs to attract and retain key personnel are significant.  If we are unable to offer competitive compensation or otherwise attract and retain talented individuals, the Company’s ability to compete effectively and retain its existing clients may be materially impacted.  Because the investment track record of many of our products and services is often attributed to a small number of individual employees, and sometimes one person, the departure of one or more of these employees could damage our reputation and result in the loss of assets or client accounts, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.  If we are unable to attract and retain qualified personnel, it could damage our reputation, make it more difficult to retain and attract new employees, cause our retention costs to increase significantly, and materially adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.   

Additionally, a significant portion of the sales of our mutual funds, investment products, annuities and insurance

products are sold by independent financial advisors in our retail broker-dealer channel. Our growth prospects are directly affected by the quality, quantity and productivity of financial advisors we are able to successfully recruit and who continue to manage their independent practices through their association with us.

There May Be An Adverse Effect On Our Business If Our Investors Redeem The Assets We Manage On Short Notice.    Our investment management agreements with institutions and other non-mutual fund accounts are generally terminable upon relatively short notice, and investors in the mutual funds that we manage may redeem their investments in the funds at any time without prior notice.  Institutional and individual clients can terminate their relationships with us, reduce the aggregate amount of assets under management, or shift their funds to other types of accounts with different rate structures for any number of reasons, including investment trends, investment performance, changes in prevailing interest rates, changes in investment preferences of clients, changes in our reputation in the marketplace, changes in management or control of clients or third party distributors with whom we have relationships, loss of key investment management or other personnel, and financial market performance.  In addition, in a declining securities market, the pace of mutual fund redemptions and withdrawal of assets from other accounts could accelerate. Poor investment performance generally or relative to other investment management firms tends to result in decreased purchases of fund shares, increased redemptions of fund shares, and the loss of institutional or individual accounts.  The risk of our investors redeeming their investments in our mutual funds on short notice has increased materially due to the level of assets in our retail unaffiliated channel and the high concentration of assets in certain funds in this channel.  Additionally, redemptions in our retail broker-dealer channel may increase materially with the introduction of additional unaffiliated investment products in our advisory programs.  An increase in redemptions and the corresponding decrease in our assets under management may have a material adverse effect on our business.

There May Be Adverse Effects On Our Business Upon The Termination Of, Or Failure To Renew, Certain Agreements.  A majority of our revenues are derived from investment management agreements with the Funds that, as required by law, are terminable on 60 days’ notice. Each investment management agreement must be approved and renewed annually by the disinterested members of each Fund’s board of trustees or its shareholders, as required by law.  Additionally, our investment management agreements provide for automatic termination in the event of assignment, which includes a change of control, without the consent of our clients and, in the case of the Funds, approval of the Funds’ board of directors/trustees and shareholders to continue the agreements .  There can be no assurances that our clients will consent to any assignment of our investment management agreements, or that those and other contracts will not be terminated or will be renewed on favorable terms, if at all, at their expiration and new agreements may not be available.  See “Item. 1 Business – Distribution Channels – Retail Unaffiliated Distribution Channel ” and “Institutional Channel .”   The decrease in revenues that could result from any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We May Be Unable To Develop New Products And Support Provided To New Products May Reduce Fee Revenue, Increase Expenses And Expose Us To Potential Loss On Invested Capital.  Our financial performance depends, in part, on our ability to develop, market and manage new investment products and services, which may require significant time and resources as well as ongoing support and investment.  Substantial risk and uncertainties are associated with the introduction of new products and services, including the implementation of new and appropriate operational controls and procedures, shifting client and market preferences, the introduction of competing products or services, and compliance with regulatory requirements. A failure to continue to innovate to introduce new products and services, or to manage successfully the risks associated with such products and services, may impact our market share relevance and may cause our assets under management, revenue and earnings to decline.

Additionally, we may support the development of new investment products by waiving a portion of the fees we usually receive for managing such products by subsidizing expenses or by making seed capital investments.  There can be no assurance that new investment products we develop will be successful, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.  Failure to have or devote sufficient capital to support new products could have an adverse impact on our future growth.  Seed capital investments in new products utilize capital that would otherwise be available for general corporate purposes and expose us to capital losses due to investment market risk.  Our non-operating investment and other income could be adversely affected by the realization of losses upon the disposition of our investments or the recognition of significant other-than-temporary impairments in the case of our available-for-sale portfolio and the recognition of unrealized losses related to our sponsored investment portfolios that are held as trading and accounted for under the equity method.  We may use various derivative instruments to mitigate the risk of our seed capital investments, although some market risk would remain. The risk of loss may be greater for seed capital investments that are not hedged, or if an intended hedge does not perform as expected.  Our use of derivatives would result in counterparty risk in the event of non-performance by counterparties to these derivative instruments, regulatory risk and the risk that the underlying positions do

not move in relation to the related derivative instruments.  As a result, volatility in the capital markets may affect the value of our seed capital investments, which may increase the volatility of our earnings and adversely affect our business.

The Failure Or Negative Performance Of Products Offered By Competitors May Cause Assets Under Management In Our Similar Products To Decline Irrespective Of The Performance Of Our Products.  Many competitors offer similar products to those offered by us and the failure or negative performance of competitors’ products or the loss of confidence in a product type could lead to a loss of confidence in similar products offered by us, irrespective of the performance of our products. Any loss of confidence in a product type could lead to redemptions in such products, which may cause the Company’s assets under management to decline and materially affect our business.

The Impairment Or Failure Of Other Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Our Business .  The investment management activities expose the Company, and the mutual funds and institutional clients we manage, to many different industries and counterparties.  We routinely execute transactions with counterparties, including brokers-dealers, commercial and investment banks, clearing organizations, mutual and hedge funds, and other institutional clients that expose us or the mutual funds or accounts we manage to operational, credit or other risks in the event that a counterparty with whom the Company transacts defaults on its obligations or if there are other unrelated systemic failures in the markets.  Although we regularly assess risks posed by counterparties, such counterparties may be subject to sudden swings in the financial and credit markets that may impair their ability to perform or they may otherwise fail to meet their obligations.  Any such impairment failure could negatively impact the performance of products or accounts we manage, which could lead to the loss of clients and may cause our assets under management, revenue and earnings to decline.

Regulations Restricting The Use Of “Soft Dollars” Could Result In An Increase In Our Expenses.  On behalf of our mutual fund and investment advisory clients, we make decisions to buy and sell securities for each portfolio, select broker-dealers to execute trades, and negotiate brokerage commission rates. In connection with these transactions, we may receive “soft dollar credits” from broker-dealers that we can use to defray certain of our research and brokerage expenses consistent with Section 28(e) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). If regulations are adopted eliminating the ability of asset managers to use “soft dollars,” our operating expenses could increase.

LEGAL, REGULATORY AND TAX RISKS

Regulatory Risk Is Substantial In Our Business And Regulatory Reforms Could Have A Material Adverse Effect On Our Business, Reputation And Prospects.     Virtually all aspects of our business, including the activities of our parent company and our investment advisory and broker-dealer subsidiaries, are heavily regulated, primarily at the federal level.  See Item 1 – “Business – Regulation.” The regulatory environment in which we operate frequently changes and has seen a significant increase in regulation in recent years. Various changes in laws and regulations have been enacted or otherwise developed in response to the crisis in the financial markets that began in 2007. Various other proposals remain under consideration by legislators, regulators, and other government officials and public policy commentators. Certain enacted provisions and certain other proposals are potentially far reaching and, depending upon their implementation, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Potential impacts of current or proposed legal or regulatory requirements include, without limitation, the following:

At this time, we cannot predict the nature or full impact of future changes to the legal and regulatory requirements applicable to our business, nor the extent to which current or future proposals, or possible enforcement proceedings, will impact our business. All of these new and developing laws and regulations will likely result in greater compliance and administrative burdens on the Company, including the investment of significant management time and resources in order to satisfy new regulatory requirements or to compete in a changed business environment, and the imposition of new compliance costs and/or capital requirements, including costs related to information technology systems.  The evolving regulatory environment may impact a number of our service providers and, to the extent such providers alter their services or increase their fees, it may impact our expenses or those of the products we offer.  Changes in current rules and regulations that impact the business and financial communities generally, including changes in current legal, regulatory, accounting or compliance requirements, including state and federal taxation, or in governmental policies, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity . 

The Department Of Labor’s New Fiduciary Regulations Could Result In Material Changes In Our Business Model, Operations And Procedures, Including Our Distribution Channels And Product Offerings, Which Could Have A Material Adverse Effect On Our Business and Results Of Operations.   On April 8, 2016, the DOL published the DOL Fiduciary Rule, its final rule regarding the definition of who is an investment advice fiduciary under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”) and Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code, as

amended, a new “best interest contract” prohibited transaction exemption regarding how such advice can be provided to retirement investors (primarily account holders in 401(k) plans, IRAs and other types of ERISA clients), a new class prohibited transaction exemption for how ERISA investment advice fiduciaries can engage in certain principal transactions with retirement investors, and certain amendments and partial revocations of pre-existing exemptions.  The DOL Fiduciary Rule focuses in large part on conflicts of interest related to investment recommendations made by financial advisors, registered investment advisors, and other investment professionals to retirement investors, how financial advisors are able to discuss IRA rollovers, as well as how financial advisors and affiliates can transact with retirement investors.  F irms and individuals that recommend financial products to retirement investors would be required to act in the best interest of the investor and, to receive variable compensation, would be required to enter into a contract with clients and produce complex disclosure documents intended to highlight financial conflicts of interest that may arise from the compensation the financial adviser receives from firms like us. 

These regulations have wide-ranging consequences for the Company, our distribution partners and our product offerings . Qualified accounts, particularly IRAs, make up a significant portion of our assets under management and administration.  Further, a significant portion of those retirement assets are invested in our affiliated products.   The DOL Fiduciary Rule, coupled with the introduction of unaffiliated products in our advisory programs and sustained underperformance of key investment products, could cause us to experience lower sales of our affiliated investment products, increased redemptions, or other developments that could materially and adversely affect our business.

While there has been much speculation regarding a potential delay in the April 10, 2017 applicability date of the DOL Fiduciary Rule, we are continuing with the implementation of our business and compliance initiatives in order to make necessary changes to our distribution methods and operations.  We intend to work with, and provide guidance to, our wealth management and asset management businesses, including independent financial advisors in our retail broker-dealer channel, to make the necessary changes to effectively implement these new regulations.  We are likely to incur substantial compliance costs in 2017 for required consulting, legal advice and technology enhancements.

The DOL Fiduciary Rule will require various changes in the asset management industry and, among other things, our distribution methods, compensation models, products, and business operations that could materially and adversely affect our marketing strategy, our fee structure, our independent financial advisor compensation model, our ability to engage with independent financial advisors, and the design of our investments and services for qualified accounts, any of which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.  Similarly, various changes in the asset management industry due to the DOL Fiduciary Rule may result in product rationalization and reduction, as well as changes to our share classes and fee structures, revenue sharing arrangements, and investment opportunities for certain funds we manage.  The DOL Fiduciary Rule will require us to implement new policies and procedures designed to comply with the new requirements and to train independent financial advisors in our retail broker-dealer channel regarding their new obligations.  There are no assurances that we will be able to successfully execute the significant changes and enhancements to our business model, operations, technology and compliance policies and procedures required by the DOL Fiduciary Rule in a timely manner, which could materially and adversely affect our business.   The new rules create additional liability exposure to regulatory enforcement activity including litigation or to private arbitration or litigation, which may result in awards, settlements, penalties, injunctions, reputational risk, costs of defense regardless of outcome, or other adverse results.  The SEC is considering its own fiduciary rule proposal; any such rule may also have an impact on our business activities.

Compliance Within A Complex Regulatory Environment Imposes Significant Financial And Strategic Costs On Our Business, and Non-Compliance Could Result in Fines And Penalties .  Non-compliance with applicable laws or regulations could result in criminal and civil liability, the suspension of our employees, sanctions being levied against us, including fines, penalties and censures, injunctive relief, suspension or expulsion from a certain jurisdiction or market, or the temporary or permanent revocation of licenses or registrations necessary to conduct our business.  A regulatory proceeding, even one that does not result in a finding of wrongdoing or sanctions, could consume substantial expenditures of time and capital. Any regulatory investigation and any failure to maintain compliance with applicable laws and regulations could severely damage our reputation or otherwise adversely affect our business and prospects.

Our Business Is Subject To Substantial Risk From Litigation, Regulatory Investigations And Potential Securities Laws Liability.  Many aspects of our business involve substantial risks of litigation, regulatory investigations and/or arbitration, and from time to time, we are involved in various legal proceedings in the course of operating our business, including employment-related claims.  See Item 3 – “Legal Proceedings.”  We are exposed to liability under federal and state securities laws, other federal and state laws and court decisions, as well as rules and regulations

promulgated by the SEC, FINRA and other regulatory bodies.  These r egulatory bodies have the authority to review our products and business practices, and those of our employees and independent financial advisors, and to bring regulatory or other legal actions against us if, in their view, our practices, or those of our employees or independent financial advisors, are improper. Actions brought against us may result in awards, settlements, penalties, injunctions or other adverse results, including reputational damage. In addition, we may incur significant expenses in connection with our defense against such actions regardless of their outcome. We, our subsidiaries, and/or certain of our past and present officers, have been named as parties in legal actions, regulatory investigations and proceedings, and securities arbitrations in the past and have been subject to claims alleging violation of such laws, rules and regulations, which have resulted in the payment of fines and settlements.  From time to time, we receive subpoenas or other requests for information from governmental and regulatory authorities in connection with certain industry-wide, company-specific or other investigations or proceedings. These examinations, inquiries and proceedings, have in the past and could in the future, if compliance failures or other violations are found, cause the relevant regulator to institute proceedings and impose sanctions for violations. Any such action may also result in litigation by investors in our Funds, other clients or by our stockholders, which could harm the Company’s reputation, potentially harm the investment returns of the Funds, or result in the Company being liable for damages.

In addition, the Funds to which we provide investment advisory and management services are subject to litigation and governmental and self-regulatory organization investigations and proceedings, any of which could harm the investment returns or reputation of the applicable Fund or result in our asset managers being liable to the Funds for any resulting damages.

There has been an increase in litigation and regulatory investigations in the asset management and financial services industries in recent years, including customer claims, class action suits and government actions alleging substantial monetary damages and penalties.  The “best interest contract” prohibited transaction exemption (“PTE”) under the DOL Fiduciary Rule prohibits class action waivers in best interest contracts.  To the extent we rely on the “best interest contract” PTE, we may be exposed to additional litigation risk associated with claims that we have failed to comply with the best interest contract and related PTE.  An adverse resolution of any lawsuit, legal or regulatory proceeding or claim against us could result in substantial costs or reputational harm to us, and have a material adverse effect on our business.  In addition to these financial costs and risks, the defense of litigation, regulatory investigations or arbitration may divert resources and management’s attention from operations. 

Insurance May Not Be Available On A Cost Effective Basis To Protect Us From Liability.  We face inherent liability risk related to litigation from mutual fund investors, clients, third party vendors and others, and actions taken by regulatory agencies.  To help protect against these potential liabilities, we purchase insurance in amounts, and against risks, that we consider appropriate and commercially reasonable, where such insurance is available at prices we deem acceptable. There can be no assurance, however, that a claim or claims will be covered by insurance or, if covered, will not exceed the limits of available insurance coverage, that any insurer will remain solvent and will meet its obligations to provide us with coverage, or that insurance coverage will continue to be available with sufficient limits at a reasonable cost. Insurance costs are impacted by market conditions and the risk profile of the insured, and may increase significantly over relatively short periods. In addition, certain insurance coverage may not be available or may only be available at prohibitive costs. Renewals of insurance policies may expose us to additional costs through higher premiums or the assumption of higher deductibles or co-insurance liability.

Financial Advisors In Our Retail Broker-Dealer Channel Are Classified As Independent Contractors, And Changes To Their Classification May Increase Our Operating Expenses.  From time to time, various legislative or regulatory proposals are introduced at the federal or state levels addressing the criteria for determining the status of independent contractors’ classification as employees for either employment tax purposes (withholding, social security, Medicare and unemployment taxes) or other employment benefits.  Currently, most individuals are classified as employees or independent contractors for employment tax purposes based on relevant statutory, regulatory and common law tests, including the multi-factor test utilized by the Internal Revenue Service.   We classify financial advisors as independent contractors for all purposes, including employment tax.  There can be no assurance that legislative, judicial or regulatory (including tax) authorities will not introduce proposals or assert interpretations of existing rules and regulations that would change the independent contractor/employee classification of those financial advisors currently associated with us or that private litigants might file actions seeking to change such classification.  The costs associated with potential changes, if any, with respect to these independent contractor classifications could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Misconduct By Our Employees And/Or Independent Financial Advisors Could Result In Liability, Subject Us To Regulatory Sanctions Or Otherwise Adversely Affect Our Business, Results of Operations or Financial Condition.  

Our business is based on the trust and confidence of our clients, for whom independent financial advisors handle a significant amount of funds, as well as financial and personal information. Misconduct by our employees or by independent financial advisors could result in violations of law, regulatory sanctions and/or serious reputational or financial harm. Misconduct that could occur includes: (i) binding us to transactions that exceed authorized limits; (ii) hiding unauthorized or unsuccessful activities resulting in unknown and unmanaged risks or losses; (iii) improperly using, disclosing or otherwise compromising confidential information; (iv) recommending transactions that are not suitable; (v) engaging in fraudulent or otherwise improper activity, including the misappropriation of funds; (vi) engaging in unauthorized or excessive trading to the detriment of customers; or (vii) otherwise not complying with laws, regulations or our control procedures.  Although we have implemented a system of internal controls to minimize the risk of misconduct, there can be no assurance that our controls or precautions to detect and prevent misconduct will be effective in all cases. Preventing and detecting misconduct among independent financial advisors, who are not employees, presents additional challenges.   We could be liable in the event of misconduct by employees or independent financial advisors and we could also be subject to regulatory sanctions. Although we believe that we have adequately insured against these risks, there can be no assurance that our insurance will be maintained or that it will be adequate to meet any liability resulting from these activities.  Any damage to the trust and confidence placed in us by our clients may cause our assets under management to decline, which could adversely affect our reputation, business and prospects and lead to a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Challenges To Our Tax Positions May Adversely Affect Our Effective Tax Rate and Business.  The application of complex tax laws and regulations involves numerous uncertainties.  Tax authorities may disagree with certain tax positions that we have taken, as we are periodically under audit by various state and federal jurisdictions.  We regularly assess the likely outcomes of these audits in order to determine the appropriateness of our tax provision. However, there can be no assurance that we will accurately predict the outcomes of these audits, and the actual outcomes of these audits could have a material impact on our financial statements.  Tax authorities may assess additional taxes, which could result in adjustments to, or impact the timing or amount of, taxable income, deductions or other tax allocations, and may adversely affect our effective tax rate and business.

TECHNOLOGY AND OPERATIONAL RISKS

Our Business Is Subject to Numerous Operational Risks.  Sustained Interruptions In Our Operating Systems, Technology Systems, Or Other Failure In Operational Execution, Could Materially And Adversely Affect Our Business.  We face numerous and complex operational risks related to our business on a day-to-day basis.  Operating risks include, but are not limited to:

The systems upon which we rely upon to conduct our business may fail to operate properly or become disabled as a result of events that are wholly or partially beyond our control, including a disruption of electrical or communications services, termination or capacity constraints of any of the clearing agents, exchanges, clearing houses or other third party service providers that we use to facilitate, or are component providers to, our brokerage operations, securities transactions and other product manufacturing and distribution activities.  Any such failure, termination or constraint could adversely

impact our ability to effect transactions, service our clients, manage our exposure to risk, or otherwise achieve desired outcomes.  Failure to keep current and accurate books and records can render us subject to disciplinary action by governmental and self-regulatory authorities, as well as to claims by our clients. In connection with the modernization of our brokerage and advisory platforms and products, a significant portion of our software is licensed from and supported by third party vendors upon whom we rely to prevent operating system failure.  A suspension or termination of these licenses or the related support, upgrades and maintenance could cause system delays or interruption.  If any of our financial, portfolio accounting, brokerage or other data processing systems, or the systems of third parties on whom we rely, do not operate properly or are disabled, or if there are other shortcomings or failures in our internal processes, people or systems, or those of third parties on whom we rely, we could suffer financial loss, a disruption of our businesses, liability to clients, regulatory problems or damage to our reputation.

Interruptions could be caused by operational failures arising from service provider, employee or advisor error or malfeasance, interference by third parties, including hackers, our implementation of new technology, as well as from our maintenance of existing technology. Our financial, accounting, brokerage, data processing or other operating systems and facilities may fail to operate or report data properly, experience connectivity disruptions or otherwise become disabled as a result of events that are wholly or partially beyond our control, adversely affecting our ability to process transactions or provide products and services to our clients. These interruptions can include fires, floods, earthquakes and other natural disasters, power losses, equipment failures, attacks by third parties, failures of internal or vendor personnel, software, equipment or systems and other events beyond our control. Although we have developed and maintain a comprehensive business continuity plan, and require our key technology vendors and service providers to do the same, there are inherent limitations in such plans and they might not, despite testing and monitoring, operate as designed. Further, we cannot control the execution of any business continuity plans implemented by our service providers.

Failure To Implement Our New Information Technology Systems Successfully Could Materially And Adversely Affect Our Business.  We are in the process of modernizing our brokerage and advisory platforms and products and implementing new information technology systems, including innovative account management systems, real-time client access to information and financial planning tools that we believe will facilitate and improve our core businesses and our productivity, and position our retail broker-dealer channel for long-term competitiveness.  Additionally, the DOL Fiduciary Rule will require significant changes to our business operations, including, but not limited to, our distribution methods, compensation models and product shelf.  We might be required to make significant capital expenditures to maintain competitive infrastructure. Our technology infrastructure is vital to the competitiveness of our business.  We depend on specialized technology to operate our business and a number of our key information technology systems were developed solely to handle our particular information technology infrastructure.  O ur continued success depends on our ability to effectively integrate necessary technology systems across our organization, and to adopt new or adapt existing technologies to meet client, industry, and regulatory demands.  There can be no assurance that we will be successful in implementing the new information technology systems, that our existing technology infrastructure can support new systems or changes to existing systems, or that their implementation will be completed in a timely or cost effective manner or that we will derive the expected benefits from these new systems.  Failure to implement or maintain adequate information technology infrastructure may cause us to lose investors, clients, financial advisors and fail to maintain regulatory compliance, which could severely damage our reputation, impede our ability to support business growth, and materially and adversely affect our results of operations .

A Failure In Or Breach Of Our Operational Or Security Systems Or Our Technology Infrastructure, Or Those Of Third Parties, Or Failure To Maintain Adequate Business Continuity Plans, Could Result In A Material Adverse Effect On Our Business And Reputation.   We are highly dependent upon the use of various proprietary and third party software applications and other technology systems to operate our business.  As part of our normal operations, we process a large number of transactions on a daily basis and maintain and transmit confidential client and employee information, the safety and security of which is dependent upon the effectiveness of our information security policies, procedures, capabilities and employees to protect such systems and the data that reside on or are transmitted through them.  Although we take protective measures and endeavor to modify these protective measures as circumstances warrant, technology is subject to rapid change and the nature of the threats continue to evolve.  As a result, our operating and technology systems, software and networks may fail to operate properly or become disabled, or may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, inadvertent disclosure, loss or destruction of data (including confidential client information), computer viruses or other malicious code, cyber attacks and other events that could materially damage our operations, have an adverse security impact, or cause the disclosure or modification of sensitive or confidential information.  Most of the software applications that we use in our business are licensed from, and supported, upgraded and maintained by, third party vendors. A suspension or termination of certain of these licenses or the related support, upgrades and maintenance could cause

temporary system delays or interruption.  We also take precautions to password protect and/or encrypt our laptops and other mobile electronic hardware.  If such hardware is stolen, misplaced or left unattended, it may become vulnerable to hacking or other unauthorized use, creating a possible security risk and resulting in potentially costly actions by us.  Further, while we have in place a disaster recovery plan to address business continuity and catastrophic and unpredictable events, there is no guarantee that this plan will be sufficient in responding to or ameliorating the effects of all disaster scenarios, and we may experience system delays and interruptions as a result of natural disasters, power failures, acts of war, and third party failures.   In addition, we rely to varying degrees on outside vendors for disaster contingency support, and we cannot be assured that these vendors will be able to perform in an adequate and timely manner.

The breach of our operational or security systems or our technology infrastructure, or those of third parties, due to one or more of these events could cause interruptions, malfunctions or failures in our operations and/or the loss or inadvertent disclosure of confidential client information could result in substantial financial loss or costs, liability for stolen assets or information, breach of client contracts, client dissatisfaction and/or loss, regulatory actions, remediation costs to repair damage caused by the breach, additional security costs to mitigate against future incidents and litigation costs resulting from the incident.  Although we seek to assess regularly and improve our existing business continuity plans, a major disaster, or one that affected certain important operating areas, or our inability to recover successfully should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, could materially interrupt our business operations and cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.  These events, and those discussed above, could have a material adverse effect on our business and reputation.

Failure To Establish Adequate Controls And Risk Management Policies, The Circumvention Of Controls And Risk Management Policies, Or Fraud Could Have An Adverse Effect On Our Reputation And Financial Position.  We have established a comprehensive risk management process and continue to enhance various controls, procedures, policies and systems to monitor and manage risks; however, we cannot assure that such controls, procedures, policies and systems will successfully identify and manage internal and external risks to our business. We are subject to the risk that our employees, contractors or other third parties may deliberately seek to circumvent established controls to commit fraud or act in ways that are inconsistent with our controls, policies and procedures. Persistent attempts to circumvent policies and controls, or repeated incidents involving fraud, conflicts of interests or transgressions of policies and controls, could have a materially adverse effect on our reputation and lead to costly regulatory inquiries, fines and/or sanctions.

Our Own Operational Failures Or Those Of Third Parties We Rely On, Including Failures Arising Out Of Human Error, Could Disrupt Our Business And Damage Our Reputation.     Our business is highly dependent on our ability to process, on a daily basis, large numbers of transactions. These transactions generally must comply with client investment guidelines, as well as stringent legal and regulatory standards.  Despite our employees being highly trained and skilled, due to the large number of transactions we process, errors may occur. If we make mistakes in performing our services that cause financial harm to our clients, our clients may seek to recover their losses. The occurrence of mistakes, particularly significant ones, could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and business.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS

A Failure To Protect Our Reputation Could Adversely Affect Our Businesses.  Our reputation is one of our most important assets. Our ability to attract and retain customers, investors, employees and financial advisors is highly dependent upon external perceptions of our Company. Damage to our reputation could cause significant harm to our business and prospects and may arise from numerous sources, including litigation or regulatory actions, failing to deliver minimum standards of service and quality, compliance failures, any perceived or actual weakness in our financial strength or liquidity, technological, cybersecurity, or other security breaches (including attempted breaches) resulting in improper disclosure of client or employee personal information, unethical behavior, and the misconduct of employees, financial advisors and counterparties. Negative perceptions or publicity regarding these matters, even if they are baseless or eventually satisfactorily addressed, could damage our reputation among existing and potential customers, investors, employees and financial advisors. Reputations may take decades to build, and any negative incidents can quickly erode trust and confidence, particularly if they result in adverse mainstream and social media publicity, governmental investigations or litigation. Adverse developments with respect to our industry may also, by association, negatively impact our reputation or result in greater regulatory or legislative scrutiny or litigation against us.

Our reputation is also dependent on our continued identification of and mitigation against conflicts of interest, including those relating to our proprietary activities. For example, conflicts may arise between our position as a provider of financial planning services and as an investment adviser to Funds that one of our financial advisors may recommend to

a financial planning client. We have procedures and controls that are designed to identify, address and appropriately disclose perceived conflicts of interest. However, identifying and appropriately addressing conflicts of interest is complex, and our reputation could be damaged if we fail, or appear to fail, to address conflicts of interest appropriately.

In addition, the SEC and other federal and state regulators have increased their scrutiny of potential conflicts of interest, including through the implementation of the DOL Fiduciary Rule. It is possible that potential or perceived conflicts could give rise to litigation or enforcement actions. It is possible also that the regulatory scrutiny of, and litigation in connection with, conflicts of interest will make our clients less willing to enter into transactions in which such a conflict may occur, and may materially affect our business.

Our Expenses Are Subject To Fluctuations That Could Materially Affect Our Operating Results.  Our results of operations are dependent on the level of expenses, which can vary significantly from period to period. Our expenses may fluctuate as a result of, among other things:

Increases in our level of expenses, or our inability to reduce our level of expenses, could materially affect our operating results.  We expect that our operating revenues will be lower due to a reduction in the service fees that we charge the Funds, as a result of the conversion in 2016 of our load-waived Class A shares to Class I shares in our investments advisory products and the trend towards lower fees in the investment management business.  While we are under no obligation to provide financial support to any of our sponsored investment products, any such support would reduce capital available for other purposes and may have an adverse effect on revenues and net income.  If we are unable to effect appropriate expense reductions in a timely manner to align with decreases in our revenue due to, among other things, a decline in the level of our assets under management or our current business environment, through operational changes or performance improvement, our business may be adversely affected. 

We Have Substantial Goodwill and Intangibles On Our Balance Sheet, And Any Impairment Could Adversely Affect Our Results of Operations .  At December 31, 2016, our total assets were approximately $1.4 billion, of which approximately $148.6 million, or 11%, consisted of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets.  See Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.”    We complete an ongoing review of goodwill and intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently whenever events or a change in circumstances warrant.  Important factors in determining whether an impairment of goodwill or intangible assets might exist include significant continued underperformance compared to peers, the likelihood of termination or non-renewal of a mutual fund advisory or sub-advisory contract or substantial changes in revenues earned from such contracts, significant changes in our business and products, material and ongoing negative industry or economic trends, or other factors specific to each asset or subsidiary being tested.  Because of the significance of goodwill and other intangibles to our consolidated balance sheets, the impairment analysis is critical. Any changes in key assumptions about our business and our prospects, or changes in market conditions or other externalities, could result in an impairment charge.  Any such charge could have a material effect on our results of operations.

We May Engage In Strategic Transactions And Opportunities That Could Create Risk In Order To Maintain Or Enhance Our Competitive Position.  The Company has and may acquire or invest in businesses that it believes will add value to its business and generate positive net returns.  Any strategic transaction can involve a number of risks,

including additional demands on our existing employees; additional or new regulatory requirements, operating facilities and technologies; adverse effects in the event acquired intangible assets or goodwill become impaired; and the existence of liabilities or contingencies not disclosed to or otherwise known by us prior to closing a transaction.  Acquisitions also pose the risk that any business we acquire may lose customers or employees or could underperform relative to expectations. We could also experience financial or other setbacks if pending transactions encounter unanticipated problems, including problems related to closing or the integration of technology and new employees.  There can be no assurance that we will find suitable candidates for strategic transactions at acceptable prices, have sufficient capital resources to pursue such transactions or be successful in negotiating the required agreements. Following the completion of an acquisition, we may have to rely on the seller to provide administrative and other support, including financial reporting and internal controls, to the acquired business for a period of time. There can be no assurance that such sellers will do so in a manner that is acceptable to us.  We may be required to spend additional time or money on integration which could decrease its earnings and prevent the Company from focusing on the development and expansion of its existing business and services.  These risks could result in decreased earnings and harm to the Company’s competitive position in the investment management and/or brokerage industry. 

Our Ability To Maintain Our Credit Ratings And To Access The Capital Markets In A Timely Manner Should We Seek To Do So Depends On A Number Of Factors.  Our access to the capital markets depends significantly on our credit ratings. We believe that rating agency concerns include, but are not limited to, the fact that our revenues are exposed to equity market volatility and the potential impact from regulatory changes to the industry. Additionally, the rating agencies could decide to downgrade the entire investment management industry based on their perspective of future growth and solvency. Material deterioration of these factors, and others defined by each rating agency, could result in downgrades to our credit ratings, thereby limiting our ability to generate additional financing. We cannot predict what actions rating organizations may take, or what actions we may take in response to the actions of rating organizations, which could adversely affect our business. As with other companies in the financial services industry, our ratings could be changed at any time and without any notice by the ratings organizations.  Our credit facility borrowing rates are tied to our credit ratings. Management believes that solid investment grade ratings are an important factor in winning and maintaining institutional business and strives to manage the Company to maintain such ratings.  A downgrade in our credit ratings, or the announced potential for a downgrade, could have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

A reduction in our long-term credit ratings could increase our borrowing costs, could limit our access to the capital markets, and may result in outflows thereby reducing assets under management and operating revenues. Volatility in global finance markets may also affect our ability to access the capital markets should we seek to do so. If we are unable to access capital markets in a timely manner, our business could be adversely affected.

The Terms Of Our Credit Facility And Senior Unsecured Notes Impose Restrictions On Our Operations That May Adversely Impact Our Prospects And The Operations Of Our Business.  There are no assurances that we will be able to raise additional capital if needed, which could negatively impact our liquidity, prospects and operations. We have entered into a five year revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) with various lenders providing for total availability of $125.0 million. Under the Credit Facility, the lenders may, at their option upon our request, expand the Credit Facility to $200.0 million. At February 10, 2017, there was no balance outstanding under the Credit Facility. We also have outstanding $190.0 million principal amount of unsecured senior notes comprised of $95 million of 5.0% senior notes, series A, due 2018 and $95 million of 5.75% senior notes, series B, due 2021, all of which were issued on January 13, 2011 (collectively, the “Senior Notes”).   The terms and conditions of the Credit Facility and note purchase agreement impose restrictions that affect, among other things, our ability to incur additional debt, make capital expenditures and acquisitions, merge, sell assets, pay dividends and create or incur liens. Our ability to comply with the financial covenants set forth in the Credit Facility and note purchase agreement could be affected by events beyond our control, and there can be no assurance that we will achieve operating results that will comply with such terms and conditions, a breach of which could result in a default under our credit facility and note purchase agreement. In the event of a default under the Credit Facility and/or note purchase agreement, the banks could elect to declare the outstanding principal amount of the Credit Facility, all interest thereon, and all other amounts payable under the Credit Facility to be immediately due and payable, and the Company’s obligations under the senior unsecured notes could be accelerated and become due and payable, including any make-whole amount, respectively.

Our ability to meet our cash needs and satisfy our debt obligations will depend upon our future operating performance, asset values, the perception of our creditworthiness and, indirectly, the market value of our stock. These factors will be affected by prevailing economic, financial and business conditions and other circumstances, some of which

are beyond our control. We anticipate that any funds generated by any borrowings from our existing credit facility and/or cash provided by operating activities will provide sufficient funds to finance our business plans, meet our operating expenses and service our debt obligations as they become due. However, in the event that we require additional capital, there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise such capital when needed or on satisfactory terms, if at all, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to renew or refinance our credit facility or senior unsecured notes upon their maturity or on favorable terms. If we are unable to raise capital or obtain financing, we may be forced to incur unanticipated costs or revise our business plan.

Net Capital Requirements May Impede The Business Operations Of Our Subsidiaries.  Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to net capital requirements imposed by various federal, state, and foreign authorities. Each of our subsidiaries’ net capital meets or exceeds all current minimum requirements; however, a significant change in the required net capital, an operating loss, or an extraordinary charge against net capital could adversely affect the ability of our subsidiaries to expand or even maintain their operations if we were unable to make additional investments in them.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK

The Market Price Of Our Stock May Fluctuate.  The market price of our Class A common stock may fluctuate widely, depending upon many factors, some of which may be beyond our control, including changes in expectations concerning our future financial performance and the future performance of the financial services industry in general, including financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts; differences between our actual financial and operating results and those expected by investors and analysts; our strategic moves and those of our competitors, such as acquisitions, divestitures or restructurings; changes in the regulatory framework of the financial services industry and regulatory action; changes in and the adoption of accounting standards and securities and insurance rating agency processes and standards applicable to our businesses and the financial services industry; and changes in general economic or market conditions.  Additionally, stock markets in general have experienced volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of a particular company. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

Our Holding Company Structure Results In Structural Subordination And May Affect Our Ability To Fund Our Operations And Make Payments On Our Debt.  We are a holding company and, accordingly, substantially all of our operations are conducted through our subsidiaries. As a result, our cash flow and our ability to service our debt, including $190.0 million of our senior notes, are dependent upon the earnings of our subsidiaries and the distribution of earnings, loans or other payments by our subsidiaries to us. Our subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligation to pay any amounts due on our debt or provide us with funds for our payment obligations, whether by dividends, distributions, loans or other payments. In addition, any payment of dividends, distributions, loans or advances to us by our subsidiaries could be subject to statutory or contractual restrictions. Payments to us by our subsidiaries will also be contingent upon our subsidiaries’ earnings and business considerations. Our right to receive any assets of any of our subsidiaries upon their liquidation or reorganization, and therefore the right of the holders of our debt to participate in those assets, would be effectively subordinated to the claims of those subsidiaries’ creditors, including trade creditors. In addition, even if we were a creditor of any of our subsidiaries, our rights as a creditor would be effectively subordinate to any security interest in the assets of our subsidiaries and any indebtedness of our subsidiaries senior to that held by us.

There Are No Assurances That We Will Pay Future Dividends, Which Could Adversely Affect Our Stock Price.  The Waddell & Reed Financial, Inc. Board of Directors (the “Board of Directors”) currently intends to continue to declare quarterly dividends on our Class A common stock.  However, the declaration and payment of dividends is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors. Any determination as to the payment of dividends, as well as the level of such dividends, will depend on, among other things, general economic and business conditions, our strategic plans, our financial results and condition, and contractual, legal, and regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends by us or our subsidiaries. We are a holding company and, as such, our ability to pay dividends is subject to the ability of our subsidiaries to provide us with cash. There can be no assurance that the current quarterly dividend level will be maintained or that we will pay any dividends in any future period. Any change in the level of our dividends or the suspension of the payment of dividends could adversely affect our stock price.  See Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Provisions Of Our Organizational Documents Could Deter Takeover Attempts, Which Some Of Our Stockholders May Believe To Be In Their Best Interest.  Under our Restated Certificate of Incorporation, our Board of Directors has the authority, without action by our stockholders, to fix certain terms and issue shares of our Preferred Stock,

par value $1.00 per share. Actions of our Board of Directors pursuant to this authority may have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of the Company. Other provisions in our Restated Certificate of Incorporation and in our Amended and Restated Bylaws impose procedural and other requirements that could be deemed to have anti-takeover effects, including replacing incumbent directors. Our Board of Directors is divided into three classes, each of which is to serve for a staggered three-year term after the initial classification and election, and incumbent directors may not be removed without cause, all of which may make it more difficult for a third party to gain control of our Board of Directors. In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. With certain exceptions, section 203 imposes restrictions on mergers and other business combinations between us and any holder of 15% or more of our voting stock.

Our Stockholders Rights Plan Could Deter Takeover Attempts, Which Some Of Our Stockholders May Believe To Be In Their Best Interest.  Under certain conditions, the rights under our stockholders rights plan entitle the holders of such rights to receive shares of our common stock having a value equal to two times the exercise price of the right. The rights are attached to each share of our outstanding common stock and generally are exercisable only if a person or group acquires 15% or more of the voting power represented by our common stock. Our stockholders rights plan could impede the completion of a merger, tender offer, or other takeover attempt even though some or a majority of our stockholders might believe that a merger, tender offer or takeover is in their best interests, and even if such a transaction could result in our stockholders receiving a premium for their shares of our stock over the then current market price of our stock.

Year‑end closing prices of our common stock were $19.51 and $28.66 for 2016 and 2015, respectively. The closing price of our common stock on February 10, 2017 was $18.51.

According to the records of our transfer agent, we had 2,454 holders of record of common stock as of February 10, 2017. We believe that a substantially larger number of beneficial stockholders hold such shares in depository or nominee form.

Dividends

The declaration of dividends is subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors. We intend, from time to time, to pay cash dividends on our common stock as our Board of Directors deems appropriate, after consideration of our operating results, financial condition, cash and capital requirements, compliance with covenants in the Credit Facility, note purchase agreement and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. To the extent assets are used to meet minimum net capital requirements under the Net Capital Rule, they are not available for distribution to stockholders as dividends. See Part I, Item 1. “Business—Regulation.” We anticipate that quarterly dividends will continue to be paid.

Common Stock Repurchases

Our Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of our common stock in the open market and/or private purchases. The acquired shares may be used for corporate purposes, including shares issued to employees in our stock‑based compensation programs. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we repurchased 2,320,726 shares in the open market and privately at an aggregate cost, including commissions, of $49.8 million, including 423,726 shares from employees to cover their tax withholdings from the vesting of shares granted under our stock‑based compensation programs. The aggregate cost of shares obtained from related parties during 2016 was $9.2 million. The purchase price paid by us for private repurchases of our common stock from related parties is the closing market price on the purchase date.

The following table sets forth certain information about the shares of common stock we repurchased during the fourth quarter of 2016.

Total Return Performance

Comparison of Cumulative Total Return (1)

The above graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on the Company’s common stock from December 31, 2011 through December 31, 2016, with the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index and the SNL Asset Manager Index. The SNL Asset Manager Index is a composite of 42 publicly traded asset management companies (including, among others, the companies in the peer group reviewed by the Compensation Committee for executive compensation purposes) prepared by SNL Financial, Charlottesville, Virginia. The graph assumes the investment of $100 in the Company’s common stock and in each of the two indices on December 31, 2011 with all dividends being reinvested. The closing price of the Company’s common stock on December 31, 2011 was $24.77 per share. The stock price performance on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.