B.          Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.          Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.          Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks we describe below, in addition to the other information set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including our financial statements and the related notes beginning on page F‑1, before deciding to invest in our American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”). The risks and uncertainties described below in this Annual Report on Form 20‑F for the year ended December 31, 2019, are not the only risks facing us. We may face additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial. Any of the risks described below or incorporated by reference in this Form 20‑F, and any such additional risks, could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. In such case, you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

We have a history of operating losses. We expect to incur additional losses in the future and may never be profitable.

Since our incorporation in 2009, we have focused primarily on the development and acquisition of late-stage clinical therapeutic candidates, and more recently we have focused primarily on the acquisition and commercialization or promotion of products in the U.S. Since we established commercial presence in the U.S. in 2017, we have promoted or commercialized various GI-related commercial products; however, we currently commercialize only one of these products, Aemcolo® (rifamycin), for which we obtained exclusive U.S. rights to commercialize in 2019. Other than Talicia®, which is the first product we developed that has been approved for marketing by the FDA and which we plan to launch in the first quarter of 2020 in the U.S., most of our therapeutic candidates are in late-stage clinical development and none of our therapeutic candidates is approved for sale. On February 23, 2020, we entered into a license agreement with AstraZeneca AB (the “AstraZeneca License Agreement”), pursuant to which AstraZeneca has agreed to sublicense the worldwide rights (excluding Europe, Canada, and Israel) to commercialize and develop Movantik®  (naloxegol), an FDA-approved product for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (“OIC”) in adult patients with chronic, non-cancer pain, subject to certain closing conditions, including the expiration or termination of the applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended (“HSR Clearance”).

We are expected to incur significant additional losses as we continue to focus our resources on commercializing Aemcolo®  and launching and commercializing Talicia® (collectively, “our current commercial products”), and prioritizing, selecting, and advancing our therapeutic candidates and other commercial products that we may commercialize or promote in the future, including Movantik®, subject to HSR Clearance and satisfaction of other closing conditions.

All of our therapeutic candidates will require additional clinical trials before we can obtain the regulatory approvals in order to initiate commercial sales of them, if at all. We have incurred losses since inception, principally as a result of research and development, selling, marketing and business development, and general and administrative expenses in support of our operations. We experienced net losses of approximately $42.3 million in 2019, $38.8 million in 2018 and $45.5 million in 2017. As of December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $208.4 million. Our ability to generate sufficient revenues to sustain our business operations in accordance with our plan and to achieve profitability depends mainly upon our ability, alone or with others, to successfully commercialize or promote our current commercial products and products that we may acquire or for which we may acquire commercialization rights in the future, develop our therapeutic candidates, obtain the required regulatory approvals in various territories. We may be unable to achieve any or all of these goals with regard to our current commercial products, our therapeutic candidates or products we may commercialize or promote in the future. As a result, we may never achieve sufficient revenues to sustain our business operations in accordance with our plan or be profitable.

Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects.

We have limited operating history, and our operations to date have been limited primarily to certain commercialization and promotion of products in the U.S., acquiring and in-licensing therapeutic candidates and rights to commercialize or promote products in the U.S., research and development, raising capital and recruiting scientific, commercial and management personnel, and third-party partners. Talicia®  is our first and only product that was developed internally and approved for marketing by the FDA.  To date, we have only generated limited revenues from commercializing and promoting several other commercial products. Likewise, besides Talicia® and RHB‑106, which we previously out-licensed to a third party, we have no other experience achieving regulatory approval for or out-licensing our therapeutic candidates. Consequently, any predictions about our future performance may not be accurate, and we may not be able to fully assess our ability to commercialize our current commercial products or ones we may acquire or develop in the future, complete the development or obtain regulatory approval for our current and future therapeutic candidates or obtain regulatory approvals, reimbursement by third-party payors, achieve market acceptance or competitive pricing of our current commercial products or products that we may commercialize or promote in the future.

Our current working capital is not sufficient to commercialize our current commercial products or to complete the research and development with respect to any or all of our therapeutic candidates. We will need to raise additional capital to achieve our strategic objectives and to execute our business plans, and our failure to raise sufficient capital or on favorable terms would significantly impair our ability to fund the commercialization of our current commercial products or the products we may commercialize or promote in the future, attract development or commercial partners or retain key personnel, and to fund operations and develop our therapeutic candidates.

As of December 31, 2019, we had cash and short-term investments of approximately $47.9 million, and as of December 31, 2018, we had cash and short-term investments of approximately $53.2 million. We have funded our operations primarily through public and private offerings of our securities and through strategic investments. On February 23, 2020, we entered into a credit agreement with HCRM (as defined below) in order to fund our growing operations and our expected in-license for Movantik®  (see “–  Our term loan facility imposes significant operating and financial restrictions on us, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities and may restrict our operational flexibility, and our failure to comply with the restrictive covenants in our term loan facility could have a material adverse effect on our business.”). We will need to raise additional capital to achieve our strategic objectives of commercializing our current commercial products and other products that we may commercialize or promote in the future and acquiring, in-licensing and developing therapeutic candidates. We plan to fund our future operations through commercialization of Talicia®  and Aemcolo®,  out-licensing of our therapeutic candidates and commercialization of in-licensed or acquired products (including Movantik®,  subject to HSR Clearance and satisfaction of other closing conditions), and we will also need to raise additional capital through equity or debt financing or non-dilutive financing. We are not yet certain of the financial impact of our

commercialization activities, and the amounts we raise may not be sufficient to complete the research and development of all of our therapeutic candidates.

To date, our business has generated limited revenues and is not profitable. As we plan to continue expending funds in continuing to commercialize Aemcolo®, launch Talicia®, and acquire additional products (such as Movantik®)  and therapeutic candidates, and in research and development, we will need to raise additional capital in the future through equity or debt financing, non-dilutive financing or pursuant to development or commercialization agreements with third parties with respect to particular therapeutic candidates and commercial products approved for sale in the U.S. However, we cannot be certain that we will be able to raise capital on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or that our actual cash requirements will not be greater than anticipated. We may have difficulty raising needed capital or securing development or commercialization partners in the future as a result of, among other factors, unsuccessful commercialization of Talicia®,  our limited revenues from commercialization of Aemcolo®  and products that we may commercialize or promote in the future (including, following the expected closing of the AstraZeneca License Agreement, subject to certain closing conditions, including HSR Clearance), as well as the inherent business risks associated with our Company, our current commercial products, products that we may commercialize or promote in the future, our therapeutic candidates, and present and future market conditions. To the extent we are able to generate meaningful revenues from our current and future commercial products, we may still need to raise capital because the revenues from our current and future commercial products may not be sufficient to cover all of our operating expenses and may not be sufficient to cover our commercial operations expenses. In addition, global and local economic conditions may make it more difficult for us to raise needed capital or secure a development or commercialization partner in the future and may impact our liquidity. If we are unable to obtain sufficient future financing, we may be forced to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of our commercialization programs for our current commercial products and products that we may commercialize or promote in the future, or research and development programs for our therapeutic candidates, any of which may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. Moreover, to the extent we are able to raise capital through the issuance of debt or equity securities, it could result in substantial dilution to existing shareholders.

Our long-term capital requirements are subject to numerous risks.

Our long-term capital requirements are expected to depend on many potential factors, including but not limited to:

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

Our term loan facility imposes significant operating and financial restrictions on us, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities and may restrict our operational flexibility, and our failure to comply with the restrictive covenants in our term loan facility could have a material adverse effect on our business.

On February 23, 2020, we, through our wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary RedHill Biopharma Inc. entered into a credit agreement and certain security documents with HCR Collateral Management, LLC (“HCRM”) for up to $115 million in a non-dilutive, six-year term loan facility. Under the terms of the term loan facility, RedHill Biopharma Inc. will receive $30 million following the closing of the term loan facility to support our commercial operations. Subject to HSR Clearance, RedHill Biopharma Inc. is entitled to borrow an additional $50 million in term loans under the term loan facility to fund the acquisition of rights to Movantik® from AstraZeneca. Two further additional tranches of term loans, the second of which is at the mutual agreement of RedHill and HCRM, totaling $35 million will be available upon satisfaction of certain conditions. The borrowings under the term loan facility are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the current and future assets of our wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, RedHill Biopharma Inc., all of our assets related in any material respect to Talicia®, and all of the equity interests of RedHill Biopharma Inc.

Our term loan facility contains a number of restrictive covenants that impose financial and operating restrictions on us, including our ability to:

Our term loan facility also contains a number of other covenants regarding our commercial operations, including covenants that require us to maintain a minimum cash balance at all times and to operate our business with respect to Talicia® in a manner agreed upon with HCRM, including by maintaining a certain number of sale representatives.

Our ability to comply with the various covenants under the term loan facility may be affected by events beyond our control, and we may not be able to continue to meet the covenants. Failure to comply with such covenants could result in an event of default that, as the term loan facility provides us with limited or no opportunity to cure certain such failures, if not waived, could result in the acceleration of all our indebtedness under our term loan facility. Our term loan facility also includes various cross-default provisions with respect to our other indebtedness and our commercial agreements. If HCRM accelerates the indebtedness under the terms of the term loan facility, we may not have sufficient funds to repay our existing debt. If we are unable to repay those amounts, HCRM could proceed against the collateral granted to it to secure such indebtedness, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our term loan facility and the restrictive covenants contained in our term loan facility could also have important consequences on our financial position and results of operations, including increasing our vulnerability to increases in interest rates because the debt under our loan agreement bears interest at variable rates. In addition, our term loan facility indebtedness uses LIBOR as a benchmark for establishing the interest rate. LIBOR is the subject of recent national, international and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. These reforms and other pressures may cause LIBOR

to perform differently than in the past or to be replaced entirely. The consequences of these developments cannot be entirely predicted but could include an increase in the cost of our term loan facility.

We may be unable to generate sufficient cash flow to make the required payments under the term loan facility.

Making the required payments under our loan term facility will require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to generate sufficient cash depends on numerous factors beyond our control, and our business may not generate sufficient cash flow from the sale of our commercial products. Our ability to make the required payments under our term loan facility will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. To some extent, this is subject to general economic, market, financial, competitive, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to make the required payments under our term loan facility, we may be forced to reduce or delay the incurrence of expenses, sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our term loan facility. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled payment obligations. Our ability to restructure or refinance our debt will depend on the market conditions and our financial position at such time. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. If we are unable to restructure or refinance our indebtedness, HCRM may accelerate the indebtedness, and if we are unable to repay those amounts, HCRM could proceed against the collateral granted to it to secure such indebtedness, which would have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

The indebtedness under our term loan facility is secured by substantially all of the current and future assets of RedHill Biopharma Inc., all of our assets related in any material respect to Talicia®, and all of the equity interests of RedHill Biopharma Inc. As a result of these security interests, such assets would only be available to satisfy claims of our general creditors or to holders of our equity securities if we were to become insolvent to the extent the value of such assets exceeded the amount of our indebtedness and other obligations. In addition, the existence of these security interests may adversely affect our financial flexibility.

Indebtedness under our term loan facility is secured by substantially all of the current and future assets RedHill Biopharma Inc., all of our assets related in any material respect to Talicia®, and all of the equity interests of RedHill Biopharma Inc. Accordingly, if an event of default were to occur under our term loan facility, HCRM could foreclose on its security interests and liquidate some or all of these assets and would have a prior right to these assets, to the exclusion of our general creditors in the event of our bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, or reorganization. In that event, our assets would first be used to repay in full all indebtedness and other obligations secured by such assets, resulting in a substantial portion of our assets being unavailable to satisfy the claims of our unsecured indebtedness. Only after satisfying the claims of our unsecured creditors is any amount available for our equity holders. The pledge of these assets may limit our flexibility in raising capital for other purposes. Because these assets are pledged under the term loan facility, and because of the limitations on incurring debt and granting liens in the term loan facility, our ability to incur additional secured indebtedness or to sell or dispose of assets to raise capital may be impaired, which could have an adverse effect on our financial flexibility.

If certain individuals no longer serve as chief executive officer of RedHill or chief commercial officer of RedHill Biopharma Inc. or their titles, duties or authorities are diminished, we may be obligated to pay all outstanding obligations under our term loan facility.

Our term loan facility provides that, if (i) we terminate Dror Ben-Asher or Risk Scruggs from their employment as the full-time, active chief executive officer of RedHill and full-time, active chief commercial officer of RedHill Biopharma Inc., respectively, or diminish their respective titles, duties or authorities as of the date we entered into our term loan facility or (ii) we permit any of the foregoing to occur and, in the case of each of clause (i) and (ii), we do not find replacements within 90 days for such individuals who are approved in writing by HCRM after its good faith consideration of potential replacements proposed by us, this constitutes an event of default and all outstanding obligations under the term loan facility can become immediately due and payable. Whether Mr. Ben-Asher and Mr. Scruggs remain as chief executive officer of RedHill and chief commercial officer of RedHill Biopharma Inc., respectively, is not entirely under our control. Although we intend to find an appropriate replacement satisfactory to HCRM if either Mr. Ben-Asher

or Mr. Scruggs leaves their current position, we cannot assure you that we will be able to find such a replacement within the time period permitted under our term loan facility, if at all, or that such replacement will be satisfactory to HCRM. We cannot assure you that we will be able to repay all outstanding obligations payable under the term loan facility in such an event or that we will be able to find alternative financing. Even if alternative financing is available, it may be on unfavorable terms, and the interest rate charged on any new borrowings could be substantially higher than the interest rate under our term loan facility, thus adversely affecting our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business and Regulatory Matters

If we or our development or commercialization partners are unable to obtain or maintain the FDA or other foreign regulatory clearance and approval for our commercial products or therapeutic candidates, we or our commercialization partners will be unable to commercialize our current commercial products, products we may commercialize or promote in the future or our therapeutic candidates, upon approval, if any.

Our current commercial products must maintain, and the products we may commercialize or promote in the future may be required to obtain and maintain, FDA and other foreign regulatory clearance and approval.

Aemcolo® was approved by the FDA in 2018 for the treatment of travelers’ diarrhea caused by non-invasive strains of E. coli in adults and Talicia®  was approved for marketing in the U.S. for the treatment of H. pylori infection in adults in November 2019. In addition, Movantik®  (the worldwide rights (excluding Europe, Canada, and Israel) to which we expect to in-license upon the closing of the AstraZeneca License Agreement following the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, including HSR Clearance) was approved for marketing in the U.S. for the treatment of OIC in adult patients with chronic, non-cancer pain. However, future regulatory developments may lead to a loss of the right to commercialize Aemcolo®  or Talicia® or any product we may commercialize or promote in the future (including Movantik®).

We currently have six therapeutic candidates in development, most of which are in late-clinical stage development, and for which we currently intend to develop with the goal of eventually seeking FDA approval. Our commercial products and therapeutic candidates are subject to extensive governmental laws, regulations, and guidelines relating to the development, clinical trials, manufacturing, marketing, promotion, and commercialization of pre- and post-approval prescription drugs. We may not be able to submit for or obtain marketing approval for any of our therapeutic candidates in a timely manner or at all.

Any material delay in obtaining or maintaining, or the failure to obtain or maintain, required regulatory clearances and approvals will increase our costs and may materially adversely affect our ability to generate meaningful revenues and could adversely impact our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations or ability to attain or sustain revenues from other markets. We also are, and will be, subject to numerous regulatory requirements from both the FDA and other foreign regulatory authorities that govern the conduct of clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing authorization, pricing and third-party reimbursement. Moreover, clearance or approval by one regulatory authority does not ensure clearance or approval by other regulatory authorities in separate jurisdictions. Each jurisdiction may have different approval processes and requirements and may impose additional testing, development and manufacturing requirements for our current commercial products and products that we may commercialize or promote in the future and for or our therapeutic candidates.

Additionally, the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities may require, or companies may pursue, additional clinical trials after a product is approved for marketing. Such postmarketing studies may be mandated by the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities as conditions for initial or continued approval for marketing. The FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities have expressed statutory authority to require holders of NDAs to conduct postmarketing trials to specifically address safety and other issues identified by the regulatory authority. For example, in connection with our potential in-license for Movantik®, we will assume a portion of the costs of and responsibility for a postmarketing clinical trial on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).

Certain changes related to an approved drug, including changes to the product labeling, manufacturing process, indications and other certain specifications set forth within the product’s NDA, may not be made until a new NDA or NDA supplement reflecting the applicable changes is submitted to and approved by the FDA. An NDA supplement for a new indication

typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, including relevant pediatric data, and the FDA typically uses the same procedures and standards in reviewing NDA supplements as it does in reviewing NDAs.

Even if a therapeutic candidate receives regulatory marketing approval, such approval will be limited to a specific disease state(s) and might contain significant limitations on use in the form of warnings, precautions or contraindications, or in the form of onerous risk management plans, restrictions on distribution, among other possible restrictions. Further, even after regulatory approval is obtained, later discovery of previously unknown information, such as safety risks, problems with a product or such information, the extent or severity of which were previously unknown, may result in restrictions on the product’s ability to be marketed as initially approved or even complete withdrawal of the product’s NDA approval and, in effect, its removal from the market.

Additionally, the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities may change their clearance or approval policies or adopt new laws, regulations or guidelines that materially delay or impair our ability to commercialize our current commercial products and products that we may commercialize or promote in the future, or our ability to obtain the necessary regulatory clearances or approvals for any of our current or future therapeutic candidates.

If we are unable to maintain, train and build an effective sales and marketing infrastructure, or establish and maintain compliant and adequate sales and marketing capabilities, we will not be able to successfully commercialize and grow our current commercial products and any products we may commercialize or promote in the future.

We and our employees, as well as our contractors, must comply with applicable regulatory requirements and restrictions relating to marketing and advertising. If we are unable to establish and maintain compliant and adequate sales and marketing capabilities, including training our new sales personnel (including sales contractors) regarding applicable regulatory requirements and restrictions, we may not be able to increase our product revenue, may generate increased expenses, and may be subject to regulatory investigations and enforcement actions.

Our sales and marketing efforts, as well as promotions, must comply with various laws and regulations. Under applicable FDA marketing regulations, prescription drug promotions must be consistent with and not contrary to labeling, present “fair balance” between risks and benefits, be truthful and not false or misleading, be adequately substantiated (when required), and include adequate directions for use. Additionally, our marketing activities may be subject to enforcement by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), state attorneys general, and consumer class-action liability if we engage in any practices that appear misleading or deceptive to the applicable agencies or consumers.

In addition to the requirements applicable to approved drug products, we may also be subject to enforcement action in connection with any promotion of an investigational new drug. A sponsor or investigator, or any person acting on behalf of a sponsor or investigator, may not represent in a promotional context that an investigational new drug is safe or effective for the purposes for which it is under investigation or otherwise promote the therapeutic candidate.

If the FDA investigates our marketing and promotional materials or other communications and finds that any of our current or future commercial products are being marketed or promoted in violation of the applicable regulatory restrictions, we could be subject to FDA enforcement action. Any enforcement action (or related lawsuit, which could follow such action) brought against us in connection with alleged violations of applicable drug promotion requirements, or prohibitions, could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations, as well as the reputation of any approved drug products we may commercialize or promote in the future. In addition, we may also be reliant on third parties’ compliance with such regulations. For example, the initial marketing and promotional materials or other communications we intend to use to commercialize Movantik®, upon the expected closing of our in-license for Movantik®,  have been developed by the sublicensor.

Moreover, laws and regulations covering commercialization activities in the pharmaceutical industry are constantly changing, and we will need to continually update and adjust our policies and sales and marketing and commercialization activities to meet legal and regulatory requirements. Our ability to comply with legal and regulatory requirements at any time in time does not guarantee we will continue to be able to comply in the future.

In addition to complying with applicable laws and regulations covering commercialization activities in the pharmaceutical industry, we must also comply with various contractual terms governing our use of third-party intellectual property in our commercialization materials.

In order to establish an appropriate sales and marketing infrastructure, we will need to expand the size of our organization. We may experience difficulties in managing this growth and integrating new personnel.

We have recently significantly increased our sales force in preparation for the launch of Talicia® and the commercialization of Aemcolo®. To further establish and maintain our own commercialization capabilities in the U.S. we may need to further expand, among others, our development, regulatory, manufacturing, sales and marketing capabilities, and to increase or maintain our personnel to accommodate sales. For example, subject to the expected closing of our in-license for Movantik®,  we expect to assume or enter into a new contract with the service provider for the existing sales force responsible for promoting Movantik®  in the U.S. We may not be able to secure personnel, organizations or vendors that are adequate in number or expertise to successfully and lawfully market and sell our products in the U.S. If we are unable to expand our sales and marketing capability, train our sales force or contractors effectively or provide any other capabilities necessary to commercialize products, we may need to contract with third parties to market and sell our products which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and our results of operation.

We may also have difficulty in integrating into our existing U.S. operations the significant number of sales and other commercial personnel or contractors that we are hiring or engaging to support the commercialization of Aemcolo®, the planned launch of Talicia®, and the expected promotion of Movantik®.  Sales personnel or contractors' productivity may decrease as we hire new, less experienced sales personnel or contractors, who are not yet familiar with our commercial products. In addition, we may be exposed to greater regulatory and compliance risks with our expanded sales force and activities.

Future growth may impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees or contractors. In addition, management may have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from running our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities.

Although Talicia® has received marketing approval from the FDA, it may not become commercially viable. In addition, we may also not successfully commercialize Aemcolo®  or, following the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, continue the successful commercialization of Movantik®.

Although Talicia® has received marketing approval from the FDA, it may not become a commercially viable product. In addition, we may also not successfully commercialize Aemcolo®  or, following the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, continue the successful commercialization of Movantik®.  Talicia®, Aemcolo®  or Movantik®  may not be, or continue to be, commercially successful for various reasons, including but not limited to:

Physicians, various other healthcare providers, patients, payors or the medical community, in general, may be unwilling to accept, utilize or recommend Talicia®,  Aemcolo®  or, following the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®. If we are unable, either on our own or through third parties, to manufacture, commercialize or market Talicia®, or to commercialize or market Aemcolo®  or Movantik®,  we may not achieve or continue to achieve market acceptance or generate meaningful revenue from Talicia®, Aemcolo® or, following the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®.

Although Aemcolo® was approved by the FDA before we acquired rights to it, such approval is contingent upon the completion of two additional postmarketing studies in specified pediatric populations.

The Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA), amended the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) by authorizing the FDA to require that NDA submissions must each contain an assessment of the safety and effectiveness of the product for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations that supports dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may, in some cases, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until after the product’s approval for use in adults (in addition to full and partial waivers).

Aemcolo® received FDA approval on November 16, 2018, for the treatment of travelers’ diarrhea caused by non-invasive strains of Escherichia coli in adults, subject to the completion of the deferred pediatric studies required by PREA as mandatory postmarketing studies. In acquiring the ownership rights to Aemcolo®, we assumed responsibility for completing any postmarketing requirements or commitments that may be required to retain approval. Accordingly, we must conduct two randomized, placebo-controlled studies to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of Aemcolo®  for the treatment of travelers’ diarrhea in (i) children from 6 to 11 years of age and (ii) children from 12 to 17 years of age, respectively.

In conducting the required pediatric postmarket studies for Aemcolo®, we must comply with various regulatory requirements set forth in, or pursuant to, PREA (in addition to other FDA regulations to which clinical trials are subject, more generally). For example, pediatric-study sponsors must submit periodic reports to the FDA on the status of each study and other relevant information, such as (among other things) whether any difficulties have been encountered, as well as annual reports regarding clinical safety. Such sponsors are also required to submit to FDA a timetable for completion in connection with each pediatric-postmarket study, along with a set of milestone dates (which typically include dates for final protocol submission, clinical study completion, and final report submission) by which FDA will measure the study’s progress and compliance with applicable requirements. After submitted to, and approved by FDA, pediatric-study sponsors must adhere to the agreed-upon timetables and milestones in conducting each study. Any failure to meet the deadlines established by the applicable timetable or milestone dates for a given pediatric study constitutes a violation of the FDCA (per PREA).

The timelines and milestones established for the contemplated postmarket Aemcolo® studies, in relevant part, require that we complete the study in children from 6 to 11 years of age by June of 2022 and the study in children from 12 to 17 years of age by June of 2021, with submission of the final study reports by December of 2022 and 2021, respectively. Upon completion of the Aemcolo® studies®, if achieved, we will submit the required reports containing the safety and efficacy results of each study as supplements to the approved NDA for Aemcolo®, along with the proposed labeling changes

(incorporating the relevant dosage and administration information for the studied pediatric populations) that we believe to be warranted based on the data derived from such studies. We cannot be certain that the safety and efficacy results of the pediatric postmarket studies for Aemcolo®  will be favorable, and it is possible that such study results could ultimately cause FDA to require certain pediatric-specific labeling for Aemcolo® that may negatively affect its reputation, competitive advantages, and/or profitability.

If we fail to complete the required pediatric postmarketing studies for Aemcolo® in accordance with PREA, we may be subject to the traditional FDA enforcement actions authorized under most other contexts, such as warning letters, seizure, injunction, and withdrawal or suspension of the marketing approval for Aemcolo®, among others, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, FDA is required to issue PREA-Non-Compliance Letters to any sponsors who fail to meet specified PREA requirements and to publicly post each such Non-Compliance Letter on the designated FDA webpage. The postmarket pediatric obligations we assumed upon acquiring Aemcolo®  could subject us to any of the above-described actions, as well as more substantial consequences beyond the scope of FDA’s traditional enforcement authority. In particular, noncompliance with PREA’s postmarket pediatric requirements could give rise to civil monetary penalties of up to $250,000 per violation and up to a total of $10 million for all violations adjudicated in a single proceeding.

Although Movantik®  has already been approved by the FDA, such approval is contingent upon the completion of an additional postmarketing safety study, which will continue following the potential closing of our in-license. If the study results are unfavorable, such that they reflect a negative benefit-risk profile for Movantik, this could lead to label changes or possibly market withdrawal.

Movantik®  first received FDA approval on September 16, 2014, for the treatment of OIC in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Its label was later updated to include patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g. weekly) opioid dosage escalation. Subject to the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, we have agreed to assume responsibility for completing any postmarketing requirements or commitments that may be required to retain approval. Accordingly, we will be required to continue the post-marketing observational epidemiological study to evaluate the incidence or rate of the MACE of Movantik®.

The timelines and milestones established for the MACE study, in relevant part, will require that we complete the study by December 2021, with submission of the final study report by December 2023. The completion of the study relies upon our ability to enroll an adequate number of patients with at least one year of exposure to Movantik®. Enrollment to date is slow and the milestones may need to be extended. Upon completion of the MACE study, if achieved, we expect to submit the required report containing the safety and efficacy results of the study as supplements to the approved NDA for Movantik®, along with any proposed labeling changes (incorporating the relevant dosage and administration information for the studied populations) that we believe to be warranted based on the data derived from such study. We cannot be certain that the safety and efficacy results of the MACE study for Movantik® will be favorable, and it is possible that such study results could ultimately cause FDA to require certain labeling for Movantik® that may negatively affect its reputation, competitive advantages or profitability.

If we fail to complete the required MACE study for Movantik®, we may be subject to FDA enforcement actions, such as warning letters, seizure, injunction, and withdrawal or suspension of the marketing approval for Movantik®, among others, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. The postmarketing obligations we have agreed to assume upon acquiring Movantik®  could subject us to any of the above-described actions, as well as more substantial consequences beyond the scope of FDA’s traditional enforcement authority. In addition, failure to fulfill any postmarketing commitments that we agreed to assume could also result in our breach of the AstraZeneca License Agreement and cause us to lose our rights thereunder.

Any collaborative arrangements that we have established or may establish may not be successful, or we may otherwise not realize the anticipated benefits from these collaborations, including commercialization of our current commercial products. We do not control third parties with whom we have or may have collaborative arrangements, and we rely on such third parties to achieve results which may be significant to us. In addition, any future collaborative arrangements may place the commercialization of our current commercial products or products that we may commercialize or promote in the future or the development of our therapeutic candidates outside our control and may require us to relinquish important rights or may otherwise be on terms unfavorable to us.

Each of our collaborative arrangements requires us to rely on external consultants, advisors, and experts for assistance in several key functions, including clinical development, manufacturing, regulatory, market research, intellectual property, and commercialization. We do not control these third parties, but we rely on such third parties to achieve results, which may be significant to us. With respect to Aemcolo®, we rely on Cosmo Pharmaceuticals N.V. (“Cosmo”) the party responsible for, among others, the manufacture, supply, generation of product information, and other operating responsibilities. With respect to Talicia®, we rely on Recipharm AB and other contracting parties for the manufacture of Talicia® and its components. At various stages throughout the duration of a set transition period, subject to the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®  we will rely on AstraZeneca to, among other things, manufacture, supply and provide other operating services with respect to Movantik®.

Relying upon collaborative arrangements to commercialize our current commercial products and other products that we may commercialize or promote in the future (including, subject to the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, our potential royalty and cost-sharing relationship with Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. (”Daiichi Sankyo”) with respect to Movantik®) and to develop our therapeutic candidates, subjects us to a number of risks, including but not limited to the following:

In addition, our reliance upon our partners in connection with commercial activities subjects us to a number of additional risks, including but not limited to, the following:

If any of these or other scenarios materialize, they could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our current commercial products or products which we may commercialize or promote in the future may be subject to recalls or market withdrawal that could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

The FDA and similar foreign governmental authorities have the authority to require the recall of regulated products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture. In the case of the FDA, the authority to require a recall must be based on an FDA finding that there is a reasonable probability that the product would cause serious injury or death. In addition, foreign governmental bodies have the authority to require the recall of our products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture.

Product manufacturers or owners, as applicable, may, on their own initiative, recall a product if any material deficiency in a product is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us or one of our collaborators, as applicable, could occur as a result of manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies and issues. Recalls of any of our products would divert managerial and financial resources and will have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. The FDA requires that certain classifications of recalls be reported to the FDA

within 10 working days after the recall is initiated. Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls even if they are not reportable to the FDA. We may initiate voluntary recalls involving our products in the future that we determine do not require notification of the FDA. If the FDA disagrees with our determinations, they could require us to report those actions as recalls. A future recall announcement could harm our reputation with customers and negatively affect our sales. In addition, the FDA could take enforcement action for failing to report the recalls when they were conducted.

Regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions may have similar procedures that may subject any product we may commercialize or promote to limitations or withdrawal requests. In addition, the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities may determine that the chemistry, manufacturing and controls (“CMC”) of marketed products that we develop, acquire or to which we acquire commercialization rights, such as our current commercial products, is unsatisfactory due to the manufacturing standards of the products. If either of these or any regulatory action is taken, our current commercial products or any product we commercialize or promote in the future could be withdrawn from the market at any time. In addition, we may suffer from delays in further commercialization of any product we commercialize or promote.

If we acquire products, technologies, companies or businesses that own rights to, or otherwise acquire commercialization and related rights to, products, such transactions could result in additional costs, integration or operating difficulties, dilution and other adverse consequences. Such acquired products, technologies or businesses that own rights to products may not achieve commercial success or further establish our marketing and commercialization capabilities.

Part of our strategy is to identify and acquire rights to products that have been cleared or approved for marketing in the U.S. or elsewhere, and in particular, those with a therapeutic focus on GI or with therapeutic activities which are overlapping or complementary to our existing commercial activities (for example, Movantik®). Management has evaluated, and expects to continue to evaluate, a wide array of potential strategic acquisitions. From time to time, management may engage in discussions regarding potential acquisitions or licensing of rights to certain products that management believes are important to our business. Any one of these transactions could have a material effect on our reputation, business financial condition or results of operations. In connection with these acquisitions or licensing transactions, we may:

For example, to fund our growing operations and our potential in-license for Movantik®, we entered into a credit agreement with HCRM (see “Item 3. Risk Factors – Our term loan facility imposes significant operating and financial restrictions on us, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities and may restrict our operational flexibility, and our failure to comply with the restrictive covenants in our term loan facility could have a material adverse effect on our business.”  )

In addition, the process of integrating an acquired product, technology, company or business may create operating difficulties and expenditures and pose numerous additional risks to our operations, including:

If any of the above events (or more) occur, or if we cannot effectively manage or respond to such events following one or more acquisitions, they may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations or financial condition.

Moreover, there can be no assurance that we will accurately or consistently identify products approved or cleared for marketing that will achieve commercial success, that we will be able to successfully acquire or commercialize such products or that such acquisitions would further establish our marketing and commercialization capabilities. In addition, pursuant to the credit agreement with HCRM, we will need lender consent in order to complete future in-licenses or acquisitions of additional therapeutic candidates or products, which may limit us from executing our business strategy.

We have undertaken efforts to expand our product portfolio with our pending in-license agreement with AstraZeneca. If we are unable to successfully continue the commercialization of Movantik® pursuant to the pending AstraZeneca License Agreement, if consummated, our business and results of operations will suffer.

On February 23, 2020, we entered into the AstraZeneca License Agreement. Upon the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, our GI portfolio will be significantly larger and more complex than it is today. If the in-license for Movantik®  is consummated, our future success will significantly depend upon the arrangement we enter into with the existing Movantik®  sales force. In addition, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to establish our own manufacturing capabilities, including through third parties, in order to continue the successful commercialization of Movantik®. Our management team could face further challenges in effectively and collaboratively working with AstraZeneca (as well as Nektar Therapeutics, the originator of Movantik®, and Daiichi Sankyo, with which we expect to enter into a co-commercialization agreement for Movantik®) in accordance with the terms of the AstraZeneca License Agreement. In order to support our growing portfolio, we will need to achieve revenues from sales of Movantik® consistent with our business expectations, which may prove more difficult than currently expected. Our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by any failure to meet such expectations.

Our potential in-license for Movantik®  has not been consummated and we can make no guarantee that the transaction will close on the anticipated timeline, or at all. Furthermore, until such potential closing has occurred, we will not control or have any rights to commercialize Movantik®.

The potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®  is subject to certain closing conditions, including conditions that are out of our control, such as HSR Clearance, and we can make no assurances that the transaction will close in a timely manner or at all. In the event that the in-license for Movantik®  is not consummated, we will have spent considerable time and resources and incurred substantial costs, such as legal, accounting, and advisory fees, which must be paid even if the transaction is not consummated. In addition, if the in-license is not consummated, our reputation in our industry and in the investment community could be damaged. Furthermore, we will not obtain control of our rights to Movantik® until all of the closing conditions have been either satisfied or waived.

We may not be able to enforce claims relating to a breach of the representations and warranties that our counterparties provided under their respective agreements.

In connection with the various agreements and arrangements we have entered into or may enter into in order to, among other things, acquire, license, manufacture, supply, promote or commercialize our current products or any future products (including, our potential in-license for Movantik®), our counterparties have given certain representations and warranties and undertaken certain indemnification obligations as applicable. Nonetheless, we may not be able to enforce any claims against such other parties relating to breaches of these representations and warranties or obligations. Moreover, even if we are able to eventually recover any losses resulting from a breach of these representations and warranties or obligations, we may temporarily be required to bear these losses ourselves.

Expanding and maintaining our commercial infrastructure for our commercial capabilities in the U.S. is a significant undertaking that requires substantial financial and managerial resources, and we may encounter delays or may not be successful in our efforts.

Establishing, maintaining or expanding the necessary commercial capabilities is competitive and time-consuming, and the commercialization of Aemcolo®, as well as the anticipated launch of Talicia®  and potential commercialization of Movantik®,  subject to certain conditions, including HSR Clearance, will require a significant expenditure of operating, financial and management resources. Even with those investments, we may not be able to effectively commercialize our current commercial products, or we may incur more expenditures than anticipated in order to maximize our sales. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to establish, maintain or expand our sales, marketing, distribution, and market access capabilities and enter into and maintain any agreements necessary for commercialization with payors and third-party providers on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to establish, maintain or expand such capabilities, either on our own or by entering into agreements with others, or are unable to do so in an efficient manner or on a timely basis, we will not be able to maximize our commercialization of our current commercial products or products that we may commercialize or promote in the future, which would adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Even if the commercialization of our current and future commercial products is successful, we may fail to further our business strategy as anticipated or to achieve anticipated benefits and success. We may incur higher than expected costs in connection with the commercialization of our current commercial products, and we may encounter general economic or business conditions that adversely affect these products.

In addition, if we incur higher than expected costs in connection with the commercialization of our current and future commercial products, we may need to reduce or terminate our commercial activities, which may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

We have no history of independently commercializing products that we developed and for which we obtained regulatory approval, such as Talicia®,  and a limited history of commercializing products in the U.S. Due to our inexperience, we may have difficulty commercializing current commercial products, including Talicia®, or promoting or commercializing any products for which we may obtain FDA approval or to which we may acquire commercialization or promotion rights in the future, including Movantik®.

Compared to competitors in the industry, we have relatively limited experience marketing and selling products in the U.S. In particular, we have no experience in commercializing products that we developed and for which we obtained regulatory approval, such as Talicia®, which may materially increase our marketing and sales expenses or cause us to be ineffective in these efforts. Talicia®  will be the first product that we are commercializing that we developed and for which we obtained regulatory approval. Our prior experience promoting and commercializing several other commercial products in the U.S. that we no longer commercialize or promote was limited and brief. There can be no assurance we will successfully commercialize our current commercial products or any products we may commercialize or promote in the future.

In addition, many companies, both public and private, including well-known pharmaceutical companies and smaller niche-focused companies, are currently selling, marketing and distributing drug products that directly compete with our current commercial products and therapeutic candidates that we may seek to commercialize in the future. Many of these companies have significantly greater financial capabilities, marketing, and sales experience and resources than us. As a result, our

competitors may be more successful than we are in commercializing products, and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve or sustain profitability.

Our failure to accurately forecast demand for our commercial products, or to quickly adjust to forecast changes, could adversely affect our business and financial results.

Market uncertainty makes it difficult for us to accurately forecast future commercial product demand. We will be setting target levels for the manufacture of our commercial products in advance of purchases based upon our forecasts of commercial product sales.

If our forecasts exceed demand, we could experience excess inventory of active pharmaceutical ingredients (“APIs”) or of our commercial products, which can increase our inventory costs and result in obsolete inventory. Alternatively, if demand exceeds our forecasts, this may cause a shortage of commercial products, or the APIs used in our products, which could result in an inability to satisfy the demand for our commercial products and a resulting material loss of market share and potential revenue. A failure to accurately predict the level of demand for our commercial products could adversely affect our revenues and net income. Moreover, the supply agreement that we have entered into in connection with our potential in-license for Movantik® limits the extent to which we can deviate from our forecasts.

In addition, some of our suppliers may require extensive advance notice of our requirements in order to produce APIs or commercial products in the quantities we desire. Long lead times may require us to place orders far in advance of the time when the commercial products will be offered for sale, and limitations on our flexibility to change such orders may not only make it difficult for us to accurately forecast demand for our commercial products, but also expose us to risks relating to shifts in consumer demand and trends and adversely affecting our operating results.

We rely on data from third parties in connection with the sale of our commercial products and our assessment of product acquisition opportunities. Inaccuracies in such data may affect the revenues of our commercial products and our allocation of resources, and as a result, may adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

We rely on data from third parties, including data providers, in connection with our commercial business. Revenues for the commercialization of some of our commercial products, as well as our assessment of opportunities to acquire rights to products, are dependent on the volume of sales of commercial products, which is calculated based on information obtained from third parties. Although we take steps to verify this data, the information we receive may be inaccurate or incomplete. In the event the information we receive is inaccurate or incomplete, this may affect our reported revenue for a reporting period or our decisions of whether to acquire rights to certain products.

If third parties do not manufacture or sell our current commercial products, our therapeutic candidates, upon approval, if any, or products we may commercialize or promote in the future in sufficient quantities, within the required timeframes, at an acceptable cost and in accordance with applicable quality standards and other regulatory requirements, the commercialization of our current commercial products or products we may commercialize or promote in the future may be adversely affected, or clinical development of our therapeutic candidates.

We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities. We rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, third parties to manufacture commercial quantities of our current commercial products and products that we may commercialize or promote in the future and clinical quantities of our therapeutic candidates. We rely on the manufacturer of Talicia® to provide sufficient quantities of Talicia® in the required timeframe. We rely on Cosmo to provide sufficient quantities of Aemcolo® in the required timeframe. In addition, upon the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®,  we expect that AstraZeneca will provide sufficient quantities of both Movantik®  and the API used in connection therewith for a set transition period. Prior to the expiration of such transition period, we will need to arrange for one or more alternative third parties to satisfy our supply requirements thereafter. Our reliance on third parties includes our reliance on them for quality assurance related to regulatory compliance. Our current and anticipated future reliance upon others for the manufacture of our therapeutic candidates and any products that we may commercialize or promote may adversely affect our future operations and our ability to commercialize our current commercial products and any products that we may commercialize or promote on a timely and competitive basis, and to develop therapeutic candidates.

We may not be able to maintain our existing or future third-party manufacturing arrangements on acceptable terms, if at all. If for some reason our manufacturers or our development or commercialization partners’ manufacturers do not perform as agreed or expected or terminate or fail to renew the agreements for any reason, we or our partners may be required to replace them, in which event we may incur added costs and delays in identifying, engaging, qualifying under applicable regulatory requirements and training any such replacements and entering into agreements with such replacements on acceptable terms. In addition, our ability to enter into such alternative arrangements within a reasonable period of time, if at all, may be contractually limited by the terms of our manufacturing agreements existing at that time. Obtaining the necessary FDA or other regulatory approvals or other qualifications required for changes in manufacturing sites, methods or processes under applicable regulatory requirements could result in a significant interruption of supply. In the case of the manufacturer of Talicia®  and Movantik®, in particular, the delay in identifying, engaging, qualifying and training its replacement may be extended, leading to a significant interruption of supply. Any such additional costs and delays may adversely impact our ability to obtain regulatory clearances and approvals for our therapeutic candidates or any product we may commercialize or promote or make such commercialization or marketing economically unfeasible.

We rely on third parties to manufacture and supply us with high-quality APIs and their starting materials (“API”) in the quantities and quality we require on a timely basis.

We currently do not manufacture any APIs ourselves. Instead, we rely and, with respect to Movantik®  will rely, subject to certain closing conditions, including HSR Clearance, on third-party vendors for the development, manufacture, and supply of our APIs that are used to formulate our current commercial products and products we may commercialize or promote in the future and our therapeutic candidates. If these suppliers are incapable or unwilling to meet our current or future needs on acceptable terms or at all, we could experience delays in supplying product to market or commercial supply shortages that would adversely affect our sales of products we currently or may commercialize or promote in the future, or delays in obtaining regulatory clearances or approvals for our therapeutic candidates.

While there may be several alternative suppliers of APIs on the market, for most of our products we have yet to conclude extensive investigations into the quality or availability of their APIs. Changing API suppliers or finding and qualifying new API suppliers can be costly and take a significant amount of time. Many APIs require significant lead-time to manufacture. There can also be challenges in maintaining similar quality or technical standards from one manufacturing batch to the next. In connection with our potential in-license for Movantik®, we expect that AstraZeneca will provide the necessary API during a set transition period. Upon the expiration of such transition period, we will be responsible for finding a new API supplier as we do not expect to manufacture the necessary API ourselves.

If we are not able to find stable, affordable, high quality, or reliable supplies of our APIs, we may not be able to produce enough supplies of our current commercial products or products we may commercialize or promote in the future, or of our therapeutic candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

We anticipate continued reliance on third-party manufacturers for our current commercial products, and we expect to rely on third-party manufacturers if we are successful in obtaining marketing approval from the FDA and other regulatory agencies for any of our therapeutic candidates.

We rely on, and we expect to continue to rely on, third-party manufacturers to produce commercial quantities of our current commercial products, as well as Movantik®, following the potential closing of our in-license therefor. In addition, we expect to rely on third-party manufacturers to produce products that we may commercialize or promote in the future. To date, other than Talicia®, which the FDA has approved for marketing in the U.S., our therapeutic candidates have been manufactured in relatively small quantities for preclinical testing and clinical trials, as well as for other regulatory purposes by third-party manufacturers. If the FDA or other regulatory agencies approve any of our current or future therapeutic candidates for commercial sale, we expect that we would rely, at least initially, on third-party manufacturers to produce commercial quantities of our approved therapeutic candidates. These manufacturers may not be able to successfully increase or maintain the manufacturing capacity for our current commercial products or any product we may commercialize or promote in the future or any of our therapeutic candidates that may be approved in the future, in a timely or economic manner, or at all. The significant scale-up of manufacturing may require additional validation studies, which the FDA must review and approve. Foreign regulatory agencies may also require the approval of additional validation

studies for scaling up the manufacturing process of any of our therapeutic candidates or current or future commercial products. If the third-party manufacturers are unable to successfully increase or maintain the manufacturing capacity for a therapeutic candidate, current commercial products or for products that we may commercialize or promote in the future, or if we are unable to secure replacement third-party manufacturers or unable to establish our own manufacturing capabilities, the commercial launch of any approved products may be delayed or there may be a shortage in supply. With respect to Movantik®, until we are able to establish long-term manufacturing capabilities (including through third-party manufacturers), which will not be earlier than the expiration of the set transition period, our ability to arrange for an alternative manufacturer is limited. A supply disruption from any of our third-party manufacturers could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks, including, but not limited to:

We and our third-party manufacturers or our partners’ manufacturers are, and will be, subject to regulations of the FDA and other foreign regulatory authorities, such as applicable current good manufacturing practices and other quality-based regulations.

We and our third-party manufacturers or our partners’ manufacturers are, and will be, required to adhere to laws, regulations, and guidelines of the FDA and other foreign regulatory authorities setting forth current good manufacturing practices (“cGMP”). These laws, regulations, and guidelines cover all aspects of the manufacturing, testing, quality control and recordkeeping relating to our current commercial products and any products we may commercialize or promote, and our therapeutic candidates with varying cGMP rigors depending on what phase each of our respective therapeutic candidates is in with respect to its drug development process. We and our third-party manufacturers and our partners’ manufacturers may not be able to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines. We and our third-party manufacturers and our partners’ manufacturers are, and will be, subject to unannounced inspections by the FDA, state regulators and similar foreign regulatory authorities outside the U.S. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers or our partners’ manufacturers, to comply with applicable laws, regulations and guidelines could result in the imposition of sanctions on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approval of our therapeutic candidates, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of our current and future commercial products and therapeutic candidates, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect regulatory approval and supplies of our current and future commercial products and therapeutic candidates, and materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Furthermore, changes in the manufacturing process or procedure, including a change in the location where the product is manufactured or a change of a third-party manufacturer, will require prior FDA or other regulatory review or approval of the manufacturing process and procedures in accordance with the FDA’s regulations or comparable foreign requirements. This review may be costly and time-consuming and could delay or prevent the launch or commercial production of a product. The new facility will also be subject to pre-approval inspection. In addition, we will have to demonstrate that the product made at the new facility is equivalent to the product made at the former facility by physical and chemical methods, which are costly and time-consuming. It is also possible that the FDA may require clinical testing as a way to prove

equivalency, which would result in additional costs and delay, and may also result in delays in approval or commercialization of a product or render it unfeasible.

Our current commercial products, and any product we may commercialize or promote in the future (including Movantik®), even if all regulatory clearances and approvals are obtained, will be subject to ongoing regulatory review. If we fail to comply with continuing U.S. and applicable foreign laws, regulations, and guidelines, we could lose those clearances and approvals, and our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We or our commercialization partners, as applicable, will be subject to ongoing reporting obligations with respect to our current commercial products and any cleared or approved product that we may commercialize or promote in the future (such as Movantik®), including pharmacovigilance, and, with respect to our therapeutic candidates, even if they receive regulatory clearance or approval. In addition, the manufacturing of our current commercial products, and any other product we may commercialize or promote, whether currently or in the future, and our therapeutic candidates, will be subject to continuing regulatory review, including inspections by the FDA and other foreign regulatory authorities. Furthermore, following the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, we will become responsible for managing the product’s global safety database, which may result in increased inspection from foreign regulatory authorities with which we do not have experience interacting. The results of any ongoing regulatory authority review may result in withdrawal from the market of one of our current commercial products or products we may commercialize or promote in the future, interruption of manufacturing operations or imposition of labeling or marketing limitations for such commercial product or therapeutic candidate, or other potentially significant enforcement actions. Since many more patients are exposed to drugs following their marketing clearance or approval, serious adverse reactions that were not observed in clinical trials may occur during the commercial marketing of our current commercial products or any product we may commercialize or promote in the future, including therapeutic candidates.

If a product receives regulatory approval, the approval is limited to the specific indications for use identified in the approved marketing application and by any additional requirements, restrictions, and limitations identified at the time of the product’s approval or thereafter, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. As a condition of approval or after approval (if the FDA becomes aware of new safety information), the FDA may require us to implement a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS), which may include distribution or use restrictions to manage a known or potential serious risk associated with the product. REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure safe use (ETASU). ETASU can include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of a given drug. Once adopted, REMS are subject to periodic assessment and modification. Additionally, the FDA may require post-approval, “Phase 4” clinical trials (for example, the MACE study with respect to Movantik®) to generate additional information on safety or efficacy. The results of such postmarketing studies may be negative and could cause the FDA to, among other things, change products’ labeling, restricting commercial potential.

If we or our commercialization partners, as applicable, are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our current commercial products, or any other product we may commercialize or promote, or of our therapeutic candidates, we may face substantial additional expenses, be delayed in obtaining marketing clearance or approval, if required by the FDA, or may never obtain marketing clearance or approval for such product we may commercialize or promote or therapeutic candidate.

Third-party manufacturers and the manufacturing facilities that we and our development or commercialization partners use to manufacture any of our current commercial products and any other products that we may commercialize or promote, and therapeutic candidate, will be subject to periodic review and inspection by the FDA and may be subject to similar review by other regulatory authorities. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with any of our current commercial products and product we may commercialize or promote, or any therapeutic candidate, manufacturer or manufacturing process, or failure to comply with rules and regulatory requirements, may result in actions, including but not limited to the following:

If we or our commercialization partners, suppliers, third-party contractors or clinical investigators are slow to adapt, or are unable to adapt, to changes in existing regulatory requirements or the adoption of new regulatory requirements or policies, we and our development or commercialization partners may lose marketing clearance or approval for any products already cleared or approved for marketing in any jurisdiction, resulting in decreased or lost revenue from such products and could also result in other civil or criminal sanctions, including fines and penalties, and we may lose marketing clearance or approval of any of our therapeutic candidates, if any of our therapeutic candidates are approved for marketing.

We may be subject to risks relating to our past promotion of Donnatal®, Mytesi®, and Esomeprazole Strontium Delayed-Release Capsules 49.3 mg, and our commercialization of EnteraGam®.

In June 2017, we commenced promoting Donnatal®  (Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate, Scopolamine Hydrobromide) in the U.S. pursuant to an exclusive co-promotion agreement with a subsidiary of ADVANZ, an international specialty pharmaceutical company. In June 2017, we commenced commercializing EnteraGam® in certain territories in the U.S. pursuant to a license agreement with Entera Health. In September 2017, we commenced promoting Esomeprazole Strontium DR Capsules 49.3 mg to gastroenterologists in certain U.S. territories pursuant to a commercialization agreement with ParaPRO LLC. In July 2018, we commenced promoting Mytesi® (crofelemer) pursuant to a co-promotion agreement with Napo, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Jaguar Health, Inc. Although none of these agreements are currently in effect, we may still be exposed to claims under these agreements. We may be exposed to risks relating to our past promotion and commercialization of these products, including product liability or other claims. If we are subject to any such claims, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may encounter delays in receipt of FDA approval, if any, for our therapeutic candidates due to CMC, clinical, efficacy, safety, or regulatory or other issues.

We may encounter significant delays in receipt of FDA approval, if any, for our therapeutic candidates. For example, the FDA may determine that the chemistry, manufacturing and controls (“CMC”) of one of our therapeutic candidates are not satisfactory due to the manufacturing standards of the products or that additional CMC work, information or quality assurances are needed. The FDA may also consider the clinical studies conducted with a therapeutic candidate and the additional information provided to be inadequate, or insufficient, or require us to provide additional information, which may require us to conduct additional studies or otherwise significantly delay potential FDA approval of the potential NDA for a therapeutic candidate, if at all. In addition, we cannot guarantee that potential future manufacturers or other vendors related to manufacturing will be able to perform as required, will not terminate their agreements with us, or otherwise will not perform satisfactorily. The potential delay in identifying, engaging, qualifying and training an alternative manufacturer may be extended, leading to a significant delay. Furthermore, the FDA may also change its clearance or approval policies or adopt new laws, regulations or guidelines in a manner that materially delays or impairs our ability to obtain approval of the potential NDA for a therapeutic candidate, if any.

If any of these or other issues occur, we may face substantial additional expenses and otherwise experience delays in obtaining FDA approval of the NDAs we may file in the future for our therapeutic candidates, including RHB‑104 for Crohn’s disease, or may never obtain the FDA approval for such NDAs.

Clinical trials and related non-clinical studies may involve a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results. We or our development or commercialization partners may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals for our therapeutic candidates or commercialize products we may commercialize or promote without completing such trials in accordance with the applicable regulatory standards, even products that may have already been cleared or approved for marketing.

We have limited experience in conducting and managing the clinical trials that are required to obtain or maintain regulatory approvals and commence or continue commercial sales. Subject to the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, we have agreed to manage and complete the postmarketing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) trial and will be reliant on third parties in connection therewith. Clinical trials and related non-clinical studies are expensive, complex, can take many years and have uncertain outcomes. We cannot predict whether we, independently or through third parties, will encounter problems with any of the completed, ongoing or planned clinical trials that will cause delays, including suspension of a clinical trial, delay of data analysis or release of the final report. The clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates may take significantly longer to complete than estimated. Failure can occur at any stage of the testing, and we may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, the clinical trial process that could materially delay or prevent the obtainment of a regulatory approval of current or future therapeutic candidates and delay or prevent their commercialization.

In connection with the clinical trials for our therapeutic candidates and other therapeutic candidates that we may seek to develop in the future, either on our own or through licensing or partnering agreements, we face various risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to:

A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including those with greater resources and experience than us, have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after seeing promising results in earlier clinical trials. As such, despite the results reported in earlier clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates, we do not know if we will be able to complete the clinical trials we conduct or if such clinical trials will demonstrate adequate safety and efficacy sufficient to request and obtain regulatory approval to market our therapeutic candidates. If any of the clinical trials of any of our current or future therapeutic candidates do not produce favorable results, or are found to have been conducted in violation of the FDA’s or other regulatory body’s standards governing such studies, our ability to request and obtain regulatory approval for the therapeutic candidate may be adversely impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we are unable to develop a diagnostic test for MAP, this may adversely impact our ability to develop or obtain approval for RHB‑104.

We are expecting to continue to advance the development program for a companion diagnostic for the detection of MAP bacteria in Crohn’s disease patients in collaboration with several U.S. universities and laboratories. However, we do not know if and when a diagnostic test for MAP will become available. If we are unable to develop a diagnostic test for MAP, this may adversely impact our ability to develop or obtain regulatory approval to market RHB‑104.

If we are unable to establish collaborations for our therapeutic candidates or products we may commercialize or promote, or otherwise not be able to raise substantial additional capital, we will likely need to alter our development and commercialization plans.

Our drug development programs and the potential commercialization of our approved products or our therapeutic candidates and products that we may commercialize or promote in the future will require additional cash to fund expenses. As such, our strategy includes either selectively partnering or collaborating with multiple pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to assist us in furthering development or potential commercialization of our approved products and therapeutic candidates, if approved, promoting or commercializing products, in whole or in part, in some or all jurisdictions or through our own commercialization capabilities. With respect to potential new third-party partners for the development or commercialization of our approved products and therapeutic candidates, if approved, and development or commercialization of products that we may commercialize or promote in the future, we may not be successful in entering into collaborations with third parties on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, if we fail to negotiate and maintain suitable development, commercialization or promotion agreements or otherwise raise substantial additional capital to secure our own commercialization capabilities, we may have to limit the size or scope of our activities or we may have to delay or terminate one or more of our development or commercialization programs. Any failure to enter into development or commercialization agreements with respect to the development, marketing and commercialization of any therapeutic candidates or products we may commercialize or promote or failure to develop, market and commercialize such commercial products or therapeutic candidates or products we may commercialize or promote independently may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and related non-clinical studies and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including but not limited to failing to meet established deadlines and compliance with applicable laws and regulations for the completion of such clinical trials.

We currently do not have the ability to independently conduct clinical trials and related non-clinical studies for our therapeutic candidates, and we rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, medical institutions, contract laboratories, development and commercialization partners, clinical investigators and independent study monitors to perform these functions. Subject to the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, we have agreed to manage and complete the postmarketing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) trial. Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities reduces our control over these activities. Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. Although we have, in the ordinary course of business, entered into agreements with such third parties, we continue to be responsible for confirming that each of our

clinical trials and related non-clinical studies is conducted in accordance with its general investigational plan and protocol, as well as all applicable laws and regulations. For example, the FDA requires us to comply with regulations and standards, commonly referred to as good clinical practices (“GCP”), for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the trial participants are adequately protected, and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions may have similar responsibilities and requirements. Our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may be required to replace them or perform such functions independently. Although we believe that there are a number of other third-party contractors we could engage to continue these activities, it may result in a delay of the affected trial and additional costs. Accordingly, we may be materially delayed in obtaining regulatory approvals, if any, for our therapeutic candidates and may be materially delayed in our commercialization efforts for the targeted indications.

In addition, our ability to bring our therapeutic candidates to market depends on the quality and integrity of data that we present to regulatory authorities in order to obtain marketing authorizations. Although we attempt to audit and control the quality of third-party data, we cannot guarantee the authenticity or accuracy of such data, nor can we be certain that such data has not been fraudulently generated. Furthermore, the FDA may consider clinical studies inadequate where steps have not been taken in the design, conduct, reporting, and analysis of the studies to minimize bias. For example, one potential source of bias in clinical studies is a clinical investigator with a financial stake in the outcome of the study. Accordingly, we (or the applicant of the IND or Biologics License Application, as applicable) must submit for all applicable clinical investigators either: (i) a completed Form FDA 3454 attesting to the absence of financial interests and arrangements described in the regulations, dated and signed by the chief financial officer or another responsible corporate official; or (ii) for any investigators for whom a Form FDA 3454 is not submitted, a Form FDA 3455 disclosing completely and accurately the following:

The FDA may refuse to accept a filing of an NDA that does not contain the required certifications and disclosures or attestations by the applicant that the applicant has acted with due diligence to obtain the information but was unable to do so and stating the reason. Additionally, FDA refusal of an NDA on potential bias grounds may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations and the credibility of our other commercial products or therapeutic candidates.

We rely on contract research organizations for the management of clinical data generated from our studies, and such contract research organizations may not perform satisfactorily.

We rely on contract research organizations to provide monitors for and to manage data for our studies. Our reliance on these contract research organizations for data management reduces our control over clinical data management. While we have agreements governing their activities, we have limited influence over their actual performance. If these contract research organizations do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or for other reasons, we may be required to replace them, or our clinical studies may be extended, delayed or terminated. In addition, such failure of our contract research organizations would pose risks to the accuracy and usability of clinical data from our clinical studies. Replacing a contract research organization may result in a delay in our clinical studies and generation of data from such studies. In addition, we face the risk of potential unauthorized disclosure or misappropriation

of our intellectual property by contract research organizations, which may reduce our trade secret protection and allow our potential competitors to access and exploit our proprietary technology.

We may fail to receive or maintain the benefits from the orphan drug and QIDP designations granted by the FDA for our applicable products or therapeutic candidates, as applicable.

In the U.S., under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is defined as one occurring in a patient population of fewer than 200,000 in the U.S., or a patient population greater than 200,000 in the U.S. where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the drug or biologic will be recovered from sales in the U.S. In 2011, the FDA granted RHB‑104 orphan drug designation for the treatment of Crohn’s disease in the pediatric population, and, in 2017, the FDA granted ABC294640 (Yeliva®) orphan drug designation for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma and granted RHB‑107 (formerly Mesupron) orphan drug designation for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

In the U.S., the orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives, such as opportunities for grant funding toward clinical trial costs, tax advantages and user-fee waivers. In addition, if a product that has the orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications, including an NDA, to market the same drug or biologic for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity or where the original manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient product quantity.

Exclusive marketing rights from a given orphan drug designation may be limited if we seek approval for an indication broader than the orphan-designated indication or may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective, or if we are unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the orphan-designated disease or condition. Further, even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs with different active moieties may receive and be approved for the same condition, and only the first applicant to receive approval will receive the benefits of marketing exclusivity. Even after an orphan-designated product is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve a later drug with the same active moiety for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior if it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a drug nor gives the drug any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process.

In addition, in 2017, we announced that RHB‑204 had been granted QIDP designation by the FDA for the treatment of pulmonary NTM infections. Like orphan drugs, QIDPs may take advantage of market exclusivity, which in the case of QIDPs is five years. However, the five-year exclusivity extension does not apply to a supplement to an application under Section 505(b) of the FDCA for any QIDP for which an extension is in effect or has expired; a subsequent application submitted with respect to a product approved by the FDA for a change that results in a new indication, route of administration, dosing schedule, dosage form, delivery system, delivery device or strength; or a product that does not meet the definition of a QIDP under Section 505(g) based upon its approved uses.

Modifications to our current commercial products or to any product that we may commercialize or promote in the future (including Movantik®), or our therapeutic candidates, may require new regulatory clearances or approvals or may require us or our development or commercialization partners, as applicable, to recall or cease marketing any of our approved products, or delay further studies of our therapeutic candidates in human subjects until clearances or approvals are obtained.

Modifications to our current commercial products and any products we may commercialize or promote (including Movantik®), or to our therapeutic candidates, after they have been cleared or approved for marketing, if at all, may require new regulatory clearance or approvals, in particular, if we seek or are required to expand our operations to jurisdictions outside of the U.S., and, if necessitated by a problem with a marketed product, may result in the recall or suspension of marketing of the previously approved and marketed product until clearances or approvals of the modified product are obtained. The FDA and other regulatory authorities require pharmaceutical product and device manufacturers to initially

make and document a determination of whether or not a modification requires a new approval, supplement or clearance. A manufacturer may determine in conformity with applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines that a modification may be implemented without pre-clearance by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. However, the FDA or other regulatory authorities can review a manufacturer’s decision and may disagree. The FDA or other regulatory authorities may also, on their own initiative, determine that a new clearance or approval is required. If the FDA or other regulatory authorities require new clearances or approvals of any pharmaceutical product for which we or our partners, including development or commercialization partners, previously received marketing approval, we or our partners, including development or commercialization partners, may be required to recall and stop marketing such marketed product, which could require us or our partners, including development or commercialization partners, to redesign the marketed product and may cause a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may depend on our ability to identify, consummate and integrate in-licenses or acquire additional therapeutic candidates to achieve commercial success, including products approved or cleared for marketing in the U.S. or elsewhere.

Talicia®  and our six clinical-stage development therapeutic candidates were all acquired or licensed by us from third parties and we may in the future pursue in-licenses or acquisitions of additional therapeutic candidates or products (such as Movantik®) and seek to integrate them into our operations as well. We evaluate internally and with external consultants each therapeutic candidate we in-license or acquire. However, there can be no assurance as to our ability to accurately or consistently identify therapeutic candidates or products that have been approved or cleared for marketing in the U.S. or elsewhere that are likely to achieve commercial success. In addition, even if we identify additional therapeutic candidates or products that have been approved or cleared for marketing in the U.S. or elsewhere that are likely to achieve commercial success, there can be no assurance as to our ability to in-license or acquire such therapeutic candidates or products under favorable terms or at all. In-licenses and acquisitions of therapeutic candidates and products involve risks that could adversely affect our future results of operations.

We compete with other entities for some in-license or acquisition opportunities.

As part of our overall strategy, we pursue opportunities (such as Movantik®) to in-license or acquire therapeutic candidates and products that have been approved or cleared for marketing in the U.S. We may compete for in-license and acquisition opportunities with other companies, including established and well-capitalized companies. As a result, we may be unable to in-license or acquire additional therapeutic candidates or products that have been approved or cleared for marketing in the U.S. at all or on favorable terms. Our failure to further in-license or acquire therapeutic candidates or products that have been approved or cleared for marketing in the U.S. in the future may materially hinder our ability to grow and could materially harm our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we or a licensor or a partner of ours cannot meet our or their respective obligations under our acquisition, in-license or other development or commercialization agreements or renegotiate the obligations under such agreements, or if other events occur that are not within our control, such as bankruptcy of a licensor or a partner, we could lose the rights to our therapeutic candidates or products we may commercialize or promote, experience delays in developing or commercializing our therapeutic candidates or products we may commercialize or promote or incur additional costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

We acquired our rights to Talicia® and two of our other therapeutic candidates, RHB‑104, and RHB‑106, from a third party pursuant to an asset purchase agreement. In addition, we in-licensed our rights to three other therapeutic candidates, RHB‑102 (Bekinda®),  ABC294640 (Yeliva®)_,  and RHB‑107 pursuant to license agreements in which we received exclusive perpetual licenses to certain patent rights and know-how related to these therapeutic candidates. We have also obtained the exclusive U.S. rights to commercialize Aemcolo®  and subject to certain closing conditions, including HSR Clearance, we expect to obtain the global rights (excluding Europe, Canada, and Israel) to commercialize Movantik®, each pursuant to a license agreement. These agreements require us to make payments and satisfy various performance obligations in order to maintain our rights and licenses with respect to these marketed products and therapeutic candidates. If we or our collaborators do not meet our or their respective obligations under these or future agreements, or if other events occur that are not within our control, such as the bankruptcy of a licensor, we could lose the rights to commercialize our current and future commercial products or to our therapeutic candidates, experience delays in developing our

therapeutic candidates or incur additional costs. The loss of such rights could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

In addition, we are responsible for the cost of filing and prosecuting certain patent applications and maintaining certain issued patents licensed to us. If we do not meet our obligations under these agreements in a timely manner or if other events occur that are not within our control, such as the bankruptcy of a licensor, which impact our ability to prosecute certain patent applications and maintain certain issued patents licensed to us, we could lose the rights to our current and future commercial products or our therapeutic candidates which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. We manage a large portfolio of patents and may decide to discontinue maintaining certain patents in certain territories for various reasons, including costs, such as a current belief that the commercial market for the therapeutic candidate will not be large or that there is a near-term patent expiration that may reduce the value of the therapeutic candidate. In the event we discontinue maintaining such patents, we may not be able to enforce rights for our therapeutic candidates or protect our therapeutic candidates from competition in those territories.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of computer system failures, cyber-attacks or deficiencies in our cyber-security.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, compliance-related data, research data, our proprietary business information and that of our suppliers, technical information about our products, clinical trial plans, and employee records. Similarly, our third-party providers possess certain of our sensitive data and confidential information. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, malware, ransomware, cyber-fraud, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber-terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, encrypted, lost or stolen. Any such access, inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information or other loss of information, including our data being breached at third-party providers, could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or financial loss under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, disruption of our operations or our product development programs and damage to our reputation, which could adversely affect our business. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data.

Disputes may arise between us and third parties from whom we have acquired assets, commercialization rights or licenses. Any conflict, dispute or disagreement with such third parties may result in disruptions to our business relationships, require us to pay damages and incur costs, adversely affect our results of operations and may lead to loss of rights that are important to our business or costly litigation.

Our existing agreements impose, and we expect that future acquisition, commercialization or license agreements will impose, various diligence, milestone payments, royalty or other obligations on us. Subject to certain closing conditions, including HSR Clearance, we will also in-license the global rights (excluding Europe, Canada, and Israel) to Movantik®  pursuant to the AstraZeneca License Agreement. Such agreements require, or may in the future require, us to remit upfront and royalty payments or performance milestone payments. Any failure on our part to pay upfront and royalties owed or milestone payments could lead to us losing rights under our licenses and could thereby adversely affect our business. If there is any conflict, dispute, disagreement or issue of non-performance between us and our third-party partners regarding our rights or obligations under the acquisition, commercialization or license agreements, including any such conflict, dispute or disagreement arising from our failure to satisfy payment obligations under any such agreement or to perform certain activities or to adhere to any contractual obligation, we may be liable to pay damages and incur costs, and it could lead to delays in the research, development, collaboration, and commercialization of our commercial products, products we may promote or commercialize in the future or our therapeutic candidates. The resolution of such disputes could require or result in litigation or arbitration, which could be time-consuming and expensive. Such third-party partner may have a

right to terminate the affected license subject to a dispute. If our existing agreements are terminated, it would have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our business could suffer if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel.

The loss of the services of members of senior management or other key personnel could delay or otherwise adversely impact the successful completion of our planned clinical trials or the commercialization of our current commercial products and therapeutic candidates, if approved, and any product we may commercialize or promote in the future, or otherwise affect our ability to manage our company effectively and to carry out our business plan. These key personnel are Dror Ben-Asher, our Chief Executive Officer, Reza Fathi, Ph.D., our Senior Vice President for Research and Development, Gilead Raday, our Chief Operating Officer, Adi Frish, our Senior Vice President for Business Development and Licensing, Guy Goldberg, our Chief Business Officer, Micha Ben Chorin, our Chief Financial Officer, Rick D. Scruggs, our Chief Commercial Officer, Dr. June Almenoff, our Chief Scientific Officer, Rob Jackson, our VP, Marketing, Robert J. Gilkin, our VP, Market Access, and Valerie Graceffa, our VP, Sales. We do not maintain key-man life insurance. Although we have entered into employment or consultancy agreements with all of the members of our senior management team, members of our senior management team may resign at any time. High demand exists for senior management and other key personnel in the pharmaceutical industry. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to retain and attract such personnel.

Our growth and success also depend on our ability to attract and retain additional highly qualified scientific, technical, business development, marketing, sales, managerial and finance personnel. We experience intense competition for qualified personnel, and the existence of non-competition agreements between prospective employees and their former employers may prevent us from hiring those individuals or subject us to liability from their former employers. In addition, as part of our plan to promote our current commercial products and potential products we may develop, we may need to expand and maintain our marketing and sales capabilities. While we attempt to provide competitive compensation packages to attract and retain key personnel, many of our competitors are likely to have greater resources and more experience than we have, making it difficult for us to compete successfully for key personnel. If we cannot attract and retain sufficiently qualified suitable employees on acceptable terms, we may not be able to develop and commercialize our commercialized products and competitive therapeutic candidates. Further, any failure to effectively integrate new personnel could materially prevent us from successfully growing our company.

We face several risks associated with international business.

We operate our business in multiple international jurisdictions. Such operations could be materially affected by changes in foreign exchange rates, capital and exchange controls, expropriation and other restrictive government actions, changes in intellectual property legal protections and remedies, changes in data privacy laws, trade regulations and procedures and actions affecting approval, production, pricing, and marketing of, reimbursement for and access to, our current commercial products and products we may commercialize or promote, or our therapeutic candidates, as well as by political unrest, unstable governments and legal systems, and inter-governmental disputes. In addition, we are subject to global events beyond our control, including war, public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, trade disputes and other international events. Any of these changes could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. For example, in December 2019, a strain of coronavirus was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China, and has reached multiple other countries, resulting in government-imposed quarantines, travel restrictions and other public health safety measures in China and such other countries. At this point, the extent to which the coronavirus may impact our operations is uncertain; however, (i) certain of our third-party suppliers of APIs may currently source certain API and starting materials from Asia and other places worldwide, and the continued outbreak and spreading of the coronavirus may adversely impact our third-party API suppliers’ development, manufacture, and supply of our APIs and (ii) an overall decrease in tourism due to the outbreak of the coronavirus may reduce the demand for antibiotics for the treatment of travelers’ diarrhea, such as Aemcolo®. If the current coronavirus outbreak continues and results in a prolonged period of travel, commercial and other similar restrictions, we could experience broader supply disruptions and difficulty in finding alternative sources. Moreover, the coronavirus outbreak has begun to have indeterminable adverse effects on general commercial activity and the world economy, and our business and results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that this coronavirus or any other epidemic harms the global economy generally. The extent to which the coronavirus impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly

uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the coronavirus and the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact, among others. Additionally, because our corporate headquarters are in Israel while our commercial office is in the U.S., there is additional risk in our ability as a company to control the activities occurring in the U.S., due to the geographic separation within the company.

Risks Related to Our Industry

The market for our current commercial products, for any product we may commercialize or promote in the future and for our therapeutic candidates is rapidly changing and competitive, and new drug delivery mechanisms, drug delivery technologies, new drugs, generic products, treatments and products which may be developed by others could impair our ability to maintain and grow our business and remain competitive.

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is highly competitive, and we face significant competition from many pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that are researching, developing and marketing products designed to address the indications for which we are currently developing therapeutic candidates or may develop therapeutic candidates in the future or for which we may commercialize or promote products. There are various other companies that currently market, are in the process of developing or may develop in the future products that address all of the indications or diseases treated by our current commercial products, products that we may commercialize or promote in the future, and our therapeutic candidates.

New drug delivery mechanisms, drug delivery technologies, new drugs and new treatments that have been developed or that are in the process of being developed or will be developed by others may render our current commercial products, products we may commercialize or promote in the future and our therapeutic candidates noncompetitive or obsolete, or we may be unable to keep pace with technological developments or other market factors. Some of these technologies may have an entirely different approach or means of accomplishing similar therapeutic effects compared to our current commercial products, products we may commercialize or promote in the future and our therapeutic candidates. In addition, our current commercial products and products we may commercialize or promote in the future may compete with products of third parties for market share, and generic drugs or products that treat the same indications as our current commercial products or products we may commercialize or promote in the future, can have an adverse effect on our revenues by reducing our market share or requiring us to reduce the price of the products we market.

We expect that Talicia® will primarily compete with several branded and generic therapies already approved and used extensively to treat H. pylori. Additionally, Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is developing Vonoprazan, an oral small molecule potassium competitive acid blocker, for the treatment of GERD and H. pylori infection.

Movantik®  primarily competes with several branded therapies already approved and used extensively to treat OIC, as well as with OTC and prescription treatments for constipation, such as laxatives.

Technological competition from, and commercial capabilities of, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities, governmental entities, and others is intense and is expected to increase. Many of these entities have significantly greater research and development capabilities, human resources, and budgets than we do, as well as substantially more marketing, manufacturing, financial and managerial resources. These entities represent significant competition for us. Acquisitions of, or investments in, competing pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies by large corporations could increase such competitors’ financial, marketing, manufacturing, and other resources.

The potential widespread acceptance of therapies that are alternatives to ours may limit market acceptance of our formulations, current commercial products or products we may commercialize or promote in the future, even if commercialized and therapeutic candidates. Many of our targeted diseases and conditions can also be treated by other medications or drug delivery technologies. These treatments may be widely accepted in medical communities and have a longer history of use, among other possible advantages. The established use of these competitive drugs may limit the potential for widespread acceptance of our current commercial products and products we may commercialize or promote in the future and may limit the potential for our therapeutic candidates to receive widespread acceptance, if commercialized.

Talicia® or any product for which we may obtain regulatory approval or acquire commercialization rights may not become or continue to be commercially viable products.

Other than Talicia®, none of our therapeutic candidates has been cleared or approved for marketing, and none of our therapeutic candidates is currently being marketed or commercialized in any jurisdiction. We were granted certain rights to commercialize Aemcolo® and, subject to the potential closing of our in-license, Movantik®. Even if any of our therapeutic candidates or any product we may commercialize or promote receives regulatory clearance or approval, such as Talicia®,  or do not require regulatory clearance or approval, it may not become a commercially viable product. For example, even if we or our development or commercialization partners receive regulatory clearance or approval to market a therapeutic candidate or receive regulatory clearance or approval to commercialize or promote any product, the clearance or approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses or subject to labeling or marketing restrictions, which could materially and adversely affect their marketability and profitability. In addition, a new therapeutic candidate may appear promising at an early stage of development or after clinical trials but never reach the market, or it may reach the market but not result in sufficient product sales, if any. A therapeutic candidate or any product that we may commercialize or promote, may not result in commercial success for various reasons, including but not limited to:

Physicians, various other healthcare providers, patients, payors or the medical community, in general, may be unwilling to accept, utilize or recommend Talicia® and any product we may commercialize or promote. If we are unable, either on our own or through third parties, to manufacture, commercialize or market Talicia®, our proposed formulations, therapeutic candidates or any product we may commercialize or promote when planned, or to develop them commercially, we may not achieve any market acceptance or generate meaningful revenue.

Unexpected product safety or efficacy concerns may arise and cause any product we may commercialize or promote to fail to gain or lose market acceptance.

Unexpected safety or efficacy concerns can arise with respect to any product we may commercialize or promote, whether or not scientifically justified, potentially resulting in product recalls, withdrawals or declining sales, as well as product liability, consumer fraud or other claims. The market perception and reputation of any product we commercialize or may commercialize or promote in the future, and their safety and efficacy are important to our business and the continued

acceptance of any such product. Any negative publicity about any of our current or future commercial products, such as the pricing of any product, discovery of safety issues, adverse events, or even public rumors about such events, could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, the discovery of one or more significant problems with a product similar to any of our current commercial products or products we may commercialize or promote in the future that implicate (or are perceived to implicate) an entire class of products or the withdrawal or recall of such similar products could have an adverse effect on the current or future commercialization of any product we may commercialize or promote. New data about any of our current commercial product or products that we may commercialize or promote in the future, or products similar to any of our current commercial products or those we may commercialize or promote in the future, could cause us reputational harm and could negatively impact demand for such products due to real or perceived side effects or uncertainty regarding safety or efficacy and, in some cases, could result in product withdrawal. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Heightened attention on the problems associated with the abuse of opioids could adversely affect our ability to commercialize certain of our current or future products, which would adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

In recent years, there has been increased public attention on the public health issue of opioid abuse in the U.S. Public inquiries and governmental investigations into opioid use and litigation and heightened regulatory activity regarding the sales, marketing, distribution or storage of opioid products, among other things, could cause additional unfavorable publicity regarding the use and misuse of opioids and products related to opioids (such as Movantik®), which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation as a manufacturer of an opioid-related product and our potential ability to successfully commercialize such product if our potential in-license for Movantik® is consummated.

Such negative publicity could reduce the potential size of the market for Movantik®, and decrease the revenue we may be able to generate from its commercialization, which in turn would adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, such increased scrutiny of opioids generally, whether focused on Movantik®  or otherwise, could have the effect of negatively impacting relationships with healthcare providers and other members of the healthcare community, reducing the overall market for opioid-related products or reducing the prescribing and use of Movantik®.

We could be adversely affected if healthcare reform measures substantially change the market for medical care or healthcare coverage in the U.S.

On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed the “Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act” (P.L. 111‑148) and on March 30, 2010, the signed the “Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act” (P.L. 111‑152), collectively commonly referred to as the “Healthcare Reform Law.” The Healthcare Reform Law included a number of new rules regarding health insurance, the provision of healthcare, conditions to reimbursement for healthcare services provided to Medicare and Medicaid patients, and other healthcare policy reforms. Through the law-making process, substantial changes have been and continue to be made to the current system for paying for healthcare in the U.S., including changes made to extend medical benefits to certain Americans who lacked insurance coverage and to contain or reduce healthcare costs (such as by reducing or conditioning reimbursement amounts for healthcare services and drugs, and imposing additional taxes, fees, and rebate obligations on pharmaceutical and medical device companies). This legislation was one of the most comprehensive and significant reforms ever experienced by the U.S. in the healthcare industry and has significantly changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. This legislation has impacted the scope of healthcare insurance and incentives for consumers and insurance companies, among others. Additionally, the Healthcare Reform Law’s provisions were designed to encourage providers to find cost savings in their clinical operations. Pharmaceuticals represent a significant portion of the cost of providing care. This environment has caused changes in the purchasing habits of consumers and providers and resulted in specific attention to the pricing negotiation, product selection and utilization review surrounding pharmaceuticals. This attention may result in our current commercial products, products we may commercialize or promote in the future, and our therapeutic candidates, being chosen less frequently or the pricing being substantially lowered. At this stage, it is difficult to estimate the full extent of the direct or indirect impact of the Healthcare Reform Law on us.

These structural changes could entail further modifications to the existing system of private payors and government programs (such as Medicare, Medicaid, and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program), creation of government-sponsored healthcare insurance sources, or some combination of both, as well as other changes. Restructuring the coverage of medical care in the U.S. could impact the reimbursement for prescribed drugs and pharmaceuticals, including our current commercial products, those we and our development or commercialization partners are currently developing or those that we may commercialize or promote in the future. If reimbursement for the products we currently commercialize or promote, any product we may commercialize or promote, or approved therapeutic candidates is substantially reduced or otherwise adversely affected in the future, or rebate obligations associated with them are substantially increased, it could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Extending medical benefits to those who currently lack coverage will likely result in substantial costs to the U.S. federal government, which may force significant additional changes to the healthcare system in the U.S. Much of the funding for expanded healthcare coverage may be sought through cost savings. While some of these savings may come from realizing greater efficiencies in delivering care, improving the effectiveness of preventive care and enhancing the overall quality of care, much of the cost savings may come from reducing the cost of care and increased enforcement activities. Cost of care could be reduced further by decreasing the level of reimbursement for medical services or products (including our current commercial products, our development or commercialization partners or any product we may commercialize or promote, or those therapeutic candidates currently being developed by us), or by restricting coverage (and, thereby, utilization) of medical services or products. In either case, a reduction in the utilization of, or reimbursement for our current commercial products, any product we may commercialize or promote, or any therapeutic candidate, or for which we receive marketing approval in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Several states and private entities initially mounted legal challenges to the Healthcare Reform Law, and they continue to litigate various aspects of the legislation. On July 26, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court generally upheld the provisions of the Healthcare Reform Law at issue as constitutional. However, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the legislation improperly required the states to expand their Medicaid programs to cover more individuals. As a result, the states have a choice as to whether they will expand the number of individuals covered by their respective state Medicaid programs. Some states have not expanded their Medicaid programs and have chosen to develop other cost-saving and coverage measures to provide care to currently uninsured individuals. Many of these efforts to date have included the institution of Medicaid-managed care programs. The manner in which these cost-saving and coverage measures are implemented could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Further, the healthcare regulatory environment has seen significant changes in recent years and is still in flux. Legislative initiatives to modify, limit, replace, or repeal the Healthcare Reform Law and judicial challenges continue, and may increase in light of the current administration and legislative environment. We cannot predict the impact on our business of future legislative and legal challenges to the Healthcare Reform Law or other changes to the current laws and regulations. The financial impact of U.S. healthcare reform legislation over the next few years will depend on a number of factors, including the policies reflected in implementing regulations and guidance and changes in sales volumes for therapeutics affected by the legislation. From time to time, legislation is drafted, introduced and passed in the U.S. Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing coverage, reimbursement, and marketing of pharmaceutical products. In addition, third-party payor coverage and reimbursement policies are often revised or interpreted in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products.

Since taking office, President Trump has continued to support the repeal of all or portions of the Healthcare Reform Law. President Trump has also issued an executive order in which he stated that it is his administration’s policy to seek the prompt repeal of the Healthcare Reform Law and in which he directed executive departments and federal agencies to waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of the provisions of the Healthcare Reform Law to the maximum extent permitted by law. Congress has enacted legislation that repeals certain portions of the Healthcare Reform Law, including but not limited to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, passed in December 2017, which included a provision that eliminates the penalty under the Healthcare Reform Law’s individual mandate, effective January 1, 2019, as well as the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, passed in February 2018, which, among other things, repealed the Independent Payment Advisory Board (which was established by the Healthcare Reform Law and was intended to reduce the rate of growth in Medicare spending).

Additionally, in December 2018, a district court in Texas held that the individual mandate is unconstitutional and that the rest of the Affordable Care Act is, therefore, invalid. On appeal, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the holding on the individual mandate but remanded the case back to the lower court to reassess whether and how such holding affects the validity of the rest of the Affordable Care Act. Substantial uncertainty remains as to the future of the Affordable Care Act after the U.S. Supreme Court declined to expedite its review of the Fifth Circuit’s holding on January 21, 2020. It is, thus, unlikely that these issues will be resolved before the next presidential election in November 2020. The current administration may seek to pass additional reform measures before the upcoming election. We cannot predict the outcome of the election, nor can we predict the healthcare-reform-related initiatives that the newly elected (or re-elected, as applicable) administration will put forth thereafter. There is no way to know whether, and to what extent, if any, the Affordable Care Act will remain in effect in the future, and it is unclear how judicial decisions, subsequent appeals, election-related measures, or other efforts to repeal and replace or, possibly, to restore the Affordable Care Act will impact the U.S. healthcare industry or our business.

Third-party payors may not adequately reimburse customers for any of our products that we may commercialize or promote, including our current commercial products, and may impose coverage restrictions or limitations such as prior authorizations and step edits that affect their use.

Our revenues and profits depend heavily upon the availability of adequate reimbursement for the use of our current commercial products, and any products that we may commercialize or promote, from governmental or other third-party payors, both in the U.S. and in foreign markets. Reimbursement by a third-party payor may depend upon a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the third-party payor’s determination that the use of an approved or cleared therapeutic candidate or product is:

Obtaining reimbursement approval for a product that we may commercialize or promote, including our current commercial products, from any government or other third-party payor is a time-consuming and costly process that could require us or our development or commercialization partners to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products that we currently, or may, commercialize or promote to each payor. Even when a payor determines that a product that we currently or may commercialize or promote is eligible for reimbursement under its criteria, the payor may impose coverage limitations that preclude payment for some uses that are approved by the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities, or may impose restrictions, such as prior authorization requirements, or may simply deny coverage altogether. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the product that we commercialize or may commercialize or promote in the future and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on payments allowed for lower-cost products that are already reimbursed, may be incorporated into existing payments for products or services, and may reflect budgetary constraints or imperfections in Medicare, Medicaid or other data used to calculate these rates. In particular, reimbursement for our products may not be available from Medicare or Medicaid, and reimbursement from other third-party payors may be limited, reduced or revoked. Overall, our ability to get reimbursement coverage for our commercial products has historically been limited. Successful commercialization of our commercial products requires a conducive reimbursement environment. If our products do not receive adequate reimbursement coverage, or if reimbursement coverage is reduced or otherwise adversely affected, then their respective commercial prospects could be severely limited. Although certain payors may currently provide some form of coverage for our commercial products, payors may suspend or discontinue reimbursement at any time, may require or increase co-payments from patients, may impose restrictions or limitations on coverage, or may reduce reimbursement rates for our products. If we fail to establish broad adoption of and reimbursement for our commercial products, or if we are unable to maintain any existing reimbursement from payors, our ability to generate revenue could be harmed and this could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition to our existing commercial products, any new product we may commercialize or promote in the future (including Movantik®) may require that we expend substantial time and resources in order to obtain and retain reimbursement, and any of these efforts may not be successful. For example, following the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik® and, during the course of the related transition period, we will rely on the

sublicensor to manage all reimbursement activities with third-party payors for Movantik®. As a result, we will be subject to pricing arrangements that we have not negotiated and over which we may not have control, including any changes thereto that may be agreed to during such transition period. Prior to the expiration of the transition period, we will need to enter into alternative arrangements for reimbursement with third-party payors. There can be no guarantee that we will be able to secure terms and conditions that are as favorable to us as our standard contractual terms or as the terms of the sublicensor’s arrangements.

In the U.S., there have been, and we expect that there will continue to be, federal and state proposals to constrain expenditures for medical products and services, which may affect payments for any product that we currently or may commercialize or promote in the U.S. In addition, there is a growing emphasis on comparative effectiveness research, both by private payors and by government agencies. To the extent other drugs or therapies are found to be more effective than our products, payors may elect to cover such therapies in lieu of our products or reimburse our products at a lower rate. Legislation that reduces reimbursement for our current or future commercial products could adversely impact how much or under what circumstances healthcare providers will prescribe or administer those products. This could materially and adversely impact our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations by reducing our ability to generate meaningful revenue, raise capital, obtain additional collaborators and market. At this stage, we are unable to estimate the extent of the direct or indirect impact of any such federal and state proposals.

Furthermore, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services frequently change product descriptors, coverage policies, product and service codes, payment methodologies and reimbursement values. Third-party payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, and both the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and other third-party payors may have sufficient market power to demand significant price reductions. Price reductions or other significant coverage policies or payment limitations could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are subject to U.S. federal and state healthcare laws and regulations relating to our business, and our failure to comply with such laws could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are subject to additional healthcare regulation and enforcement by the U.S. federal government and the states in which we conduct or will conduct our business. Healthcare providers, physicians, and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of our current commercial products or any products we may commercialize or promote in the future. Our arrangements with third-party payors, customers, employees, or others may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell, and distribute our products. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to, the following:

Compliance efforts may involve substantial costs, and if our operations or business arrangements with third parties are found to be in violation of any such requirements, we may be subject to penalties, including civil or criminal penalties, monetary damages, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, or exclusion from participation in government contracting, healthcare reimbursement or other government programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, any of which could adversely affect our financial results. Although effective compliance programs can help mitigate the risk of investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws, these risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any violations of these laws, or any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

The Healthcare Reform Law also imposes reporting requirements on certain medical device and pharmaceutical manufacturers, among others, to make annual public disclosures of certain payments and other transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals and ownership or investment interests held by physicians or their immediate family members. Failure to submit required information may result in civil monetary penalties for all payments, transfers of value or ownership or investment interests that are not reported. In addition, there has been a recent trend of increased federal and state regulation of payments made to physicians for marketing, medical directorships, and other purposes. Some states impose a legal obligation on companies to adhere to voluntary industry codes of behavior (e.g., the PhRMA Code and the AdvaMed Code of Ethics), which apply to pharmaceutical and medical device companies’ interactions with healthcare providers; some mandate implementation of corporate compliance programs, along with the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to physicians, and some states limit or prohibit such gifts.

Most recently, there has been a trend in federal and state legislation aimed at requiring pharmaceutical companies to disclose information about their production and marketing costs, and ultimately lowering costs for drug products. Several states have passed or introduced bills that would require disclosure of certain pricing information for prescription drugs that have no threshold amount or are above a certain annual wholesale acquisition cost. In June 2016, Vermont became the first state to pass legislation requiring certain drug companies to disclose information relating to justification of certain price increases. The U.S. Congress has also introduced bills targeting prescription drug price transparency, and two such bills, the Patient Right to Know Drug Prices Act (for private plans) and the Know the Lowest Price Act (for Medicare Parts C and D), were signed into law on October 10, 2018. These laws and any other such implementation of legislation requiring publication of drug costs could materially and adversely impact our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations by promoting a reduction in drug prices. As such, patients may choose to use other low-cost, established drugs or therapies.

The scope and enforcement of these laws are uncertain and subject to change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and guidance. We cannot predict the impact that new legislation or any changes in existing legislation will have on our reputation, business, financial condition, or results of

operations. Federal or state regulatory authorities may challenge our current or future activities under these laws. Any such challenge could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. Any state or federal regulatory review of us, regardless of the outcome, would be costly and time-consuming and could negatively and adversely affect our business or results of operations.

Our marketing, promotional and business practices, including with respect to pricing, as well as the manner in which sales forces interact with purchasers, prescribers and patients, are subject to extensive regulation, including but not limited to, state and federal anti-kickback laws and any material failure to comply could result in significant sanctions against us.

The marketing, promotional, and business practices, including with respect to pricing, of pharmaceutical companies, as well as the manner in which companies’ in-house or third-party sales forces interact with purchasers, prescribers, and patients, are subject to extensive regulation, the enforcement of which may result in the imposition of civil or criminal penalties, injunctions, or limitations on marketing practices for some of our products or pricing restrictions or mandated price reductions for some of our products. Many companies have been the subject of claims related to these practices asserted by state or federal authorities. These claims have resulted in fines and other consequences, such as entering into corporate integrity agreements with the U.S. government. Companies may not promote drugs for “off-label” uses, that is, uses that are not described in the product’s labeling and that differ from those approved by the FDA or other applicable regulatory agencies. A  company that is found to have improperly promoted drug products for off-label uses may be subject to significant liability, including civil and administrative remedies, as well as criminal sanctions. In addition, enforcement action against us could cause management’s attention to be diverted from our business operations and damage our reputation.

We must comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”) applies to companies, such as us, with a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The FCPA to which various of our operations may be subject generally prohibits companies and their intermediaries from engaging in bribery or making other improper payments to officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. In various jurisdictions, our operations require that we and third parties acting on our behalf routinely interact with government officials, including medical personnel who may be considered government officials for purposes of these laws because they are employees of state-owned or controlled facilities. Our policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws; however, we operate in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental or private corruption to some degree. As a result, the existence and implementation of a robust anti-corruption program cannot eliminate all risks that unauthorized reckless or criminal acts have been or will be committed by our employees or agents. If our employees or other agents are found to have engaged in such practices, we could suffer severe penalties. Violations of the FCPA, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our business and result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

We could be exposed to significant drug product liability claims which could be time-consuming and costly to defend, divert management attention and adversely impact our ability to obtain and maintain insurance coverage.

The clinical trials that we conduct and the testing, manufacturing, marketing, and commercial sale and use or misuse of our therapeutic candidates and any products we may commercialize or promote, involve and will involve an inherent risk that significant liability claims may be asserted against us or our development or commercial partners. Product liability claims, or other claims related to our therapeutic candidates and any products we may commercialize or promote, regardless of merit or their outcome, could require us to spend significant time and money in litigation or to pay significant settlement amounts or judgments. A product liability claim could also significantly harm our reputation and the market price of our shares and decrease demand for any of our current commercial products, products that we commercialize or promote, and delay market acceptance of our therapeutic candidates. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

We currently have a product-liability policy that includes coverage for our clinical trials and our commercial operations. However, our insurance may prove inadequate to cover claims or litigation costs, especially in the case of wrongful death claims. Any successful product liability or other claim may prevent us from obtaining adequate liability insurance in the future on commercially desirable or reasonable terms. An inability to obtain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or otherwise to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of our current commercial products or products we may commercialize or promote in the future, or development of our therapeutic candidates.

Our clinical trials may indicate unexpected serious adverse events or other adverse events or undesirable side effects that may harm our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. Serious adverse events identified during one of our Expanded Access Programs (EAPs) may present additional risks that may adversely affect our development of the therapeutic candidates involved in the applicable EAP.

As is the case with pharmaceuticals generally, certain side effects and adverse events may emerge as safety risks associated with the use of our therapeutic candidates. Similarly, serious adverse events (SAEs) have occurred and may occur in the future in connection with our clinical trials. Results of our clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects or unexpected characteristics. Undesirable side effects caused by our therapeutic candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. The drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Patients who receive access to investigational new drugs that have not yet received regulatory marketing approval through expanded access programs may be suffering from life-threatening illnesses and poor prognosis and may have exhausted all other available therapies. The risk for serious adverse events in this patient population is high, which could have a negative impact on the prospects of our therapeutic candidates that are provided under the EAP.

Serious adverse events or other undesirable side effects in connection with the use of our therapeutic candidates provided under the EAP could cause significant delays or an inability to successfully develop or commercialize such therapeutic candidates, which would materially harm our business. In particular, any such serious adverse events or other undesirable side effects could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt non-clinical studies and clinical trials, or could make it more difficult for us to enroll patients in our clinical trials. If serious adverse events or other undesirable side effects, or unexpected characteristics of our investigational new drugs that have not yet received regulatory marketing approval are observed in patients who were granted expanded access to our investigational new drugs under the EAP, further clinical development of such therapeutic candidate may be delayed or we may not be able to continue development of such therapeutic candidates at all, and the occurrence of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business. Undesirable side effects caused by our therapeutic candidates could also result in the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities or in a more restrictive label than we expect.

Global economic conditions may make it more difficult for us to commercialize our current commercial products and any products that we may commercialize or promote in the future and develop our therapeutic candidates.

The pharmaceutical industry, like other industries and businesses, continues to face the effects of the challenging economic environment. Patients experiencing the effects of the challenging economic environment, including high unemployment

levels and increases in co-pays, may switch to generic products, delay treatments, skip doses or use other less effective treatments to reduce their costs. Challenging economic conditions in the U.S. include the demands by payors for substantial rebates and formulary restrictions limiting access to brand-name drugs. In addition, in Europe and in a number of emerging markets there are government-mandated reductions in prices for certain pharmaceutical products, as well as government-imposed access restrictions in certain countries. All of the aforesaid may make it more difficult for us to commercialize our current commercial products, any products that we may commercialize or promote, and our therapeutic candidates, upon approval, if any.

Our business involves risks related to handling regulated substances, which could severely affect our ability to commercialize our current commercial products and any products that we may commercialize or promote in the future and to conduct research and development of our therapeutic candidates.

In connection with our or our development or commercialization partners’ research and clinical development activities, as well as the manufacture of commercial products, materials, and therapeutic candidates and any products that we may commercialize or promote in the future, we and our development or commercialization partners are subject to federal, state and local laws, rules, regulations and policies governing the use, generation, manufacture, storage, air emission, effluent discharge, handling and disposal of certain materials, biological specimens and waste. We and our development or commercialization partners may be required to incur significant costs to comply with environmental and health and safety regulations in the future. Our research and clinical development, as well as the activities of our commercial and clinical manufacturing and commercialization partners, both now and in the future, may involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, including, but not limited to, certain hazardous chemicals. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of such an occurrence, we could be held liable for any damages that result and any such liability could exceed our resources.

Security breaches, loss of data, and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

In the ordinary course of our business, we may collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and that of our suppliers and business partners, as well as personally identifiable information of patients, clinical trial participants and employees. We also have outsourced elements of our information technology structure, and as a result, we are managing independent vendor relationships with third parties who may or could have access to our confidential information. Similarly, our business partners and other third-party providers possess certain of our sensitive data. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee, vendor, or business partner error, malfeasance or other disruptions. We, our partners, vendors, and other third-party providers could be susceptible to attacks on our and their information security systems, which attacks are of ever-increasing levels of sophistication and are made by groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise, including criminal groups. Any such breach could compromise our and their networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, disrupt our operations, and damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business.

We are highly dependent on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to securely process, transmit and store this critical information. Security breaches of this infrastructure, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, attacks by hackers and similar breaches, can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure or modification of confidential information. The secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of this critical information is vital to our operations and business strategy, and we devote significant resources to protecting such information. Although we take measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions.

A security breach or privacy violation that leads to disclosure or modification of or prevents access to consumer information (including personally identifiable information or protected health information) could harm our reputation, compel us to comply with disparate state breach notification laws, require us to verify the correctness of database contents

and otherwise subject us to liability under laws that protect personal data, resulting in increased costs or loss of revenue. If we are unable to prevent such security breaches or privacy violations or implement satisfactory remedial measures, our operations could be disrupted, and we may suffer a loss of reputation, financial loss, and other regulatory penalties because of lost or misappropriated information, including sensitive consumer data. In addition, these breaches and other inappropriate access can be difficult to detect, and any delay in identifying them may lead to increased harm of the type described above.

Any such breach or interruption could compromise our networks, and the information stored there could be inaccessible or could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such interruption in access, improper access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, such as HIPAA and, following the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, the General Data Protection Regulation in connection with our required maintenance of the global safety database for Movantik®, and regulatory penalties. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could also disrupt our operations, including our ability to perform tests, provide test results, bill facilities or patients, process claims and appeals, provide customer assistance services, conduct research and development activities, collect, process and prepare Company financial information, provide information about our current and future solutions and other patient and clinician education and outreach efforts through our websites, and manage the administrative aspects of our business and damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Any such breach could also result in the compromise of our trade secrets and other proprietary information, which could adversely affect our competitive position.

In addition, the interpretation and application of consumer, health-related, privacy and data protection laws in the U.S. and elsewhere are often uncertain, contradictory, and in flux. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. If so, this could result in government-imposed fines or orders requiring that we change our practices, which could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. Complying with these various laws could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our business.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

We may be unable to adequately protect or enforce our rights to intellectual property, causing us to lose valuable rights. Loss of patent rights may lead us to lose market share and anticipated profits.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability, and the ability of our commercialization or development partners to obtain patent protection for our therapeutic candidates and any products that we may commercialize or promote, maintain the confidentiality of our trade secrets and know-how, operate without infringing or violating on the proprietary rights of others and prevent others from infringing or violating on our proprietary rights.

We try to protect our proprietary position by, among other things, filing U.S., European, and other patent applications related to our therapeutic candidates, inventions and improvements that may be important to the continuing development of our commercial products and therapeutic candidates, and we plan to try to do the same with products we may acquire, commercialize or promote in the future, where this is possible.

Because the patent position of pharmaceutical companies involves complex legal and factual questions, we cannot predict the scope, validity or enforceability of patents with certainty. Our issued patents and the issued patents of our commercialization or development partners may not provide us with any competitive advantages, may be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges by third parties or could be circumvented. Ownership of the patent rights we in-license from our commercialization or development partners or the patent rights to the products already approved for marketing that we acquire or for which we acquire commercialization rights may be challenged, and as a result, the rights we in-license and the rights to products we acquire may turn out not to be exclusive or we may not actually have rights under the patents despite receiving representations from a commercialization or development partner. Our competitors may also independently develop drug delivery technologies or products similar to ours or design around or otherwise circumvent patents issued to, or licensed by, us. Thus, any patents that we own or license from others may not provide any protection against competitors. Our pending patent applications, those we may file in the future or those we may license

from third parties may not result in patents being issued. If these patents are issued, they may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages. The degree of future protection to be afforded by our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage.

In the U.S., Europe, and other jurisdictions, patent applications are typically not published until 18 months after filing. In addition, many companies and universities do not publish their discoveries until after patent filings are made. This makes it difficult to be certain that we were the first to file for protection of the inventions or the first to invent the inventions. As a result, we may not be able to obtain or maintain protection for certain inventions. Therefore, the enforceability and scope of our patents and patent applications in the U.S., Europe, and other jurisdictions are uncertain and unpredictable. Any patents that we own may not provide sufficient protection against competitors and may be of insufficient scope to achieve our business objectives. Additionally, the patent filings of others might act as an impediment to our ability to commercialize our current or future commercial products.

Patent rights are territorial; thus, the patent protection we do have will only extend to those countries in which we have issued patents. Even so, the laws of certain countries do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the U.S. and the European Union. Competitors may successfully challenge our patents, produce similar drugs or products that do not infringe our patents or produce drugs in countries where we have not applied for patent protection or that do not respect our patents. Furthermore, it is not possible to know the scope of claims that will be allowed in published applications, and it is also not possible to know which claims of granted patents, if any, will be deemed enforceable in a court of law.

In some cases, litigation may be necessary to enforce our patent rights. If we choose to take an infringing third party to court, the third party may challenge the validity or enforceability of our patent rights or may assert that their activities do not infringe our patents. Litigation is expensive and unpredictable, and we may not have the proper resources to pursue such litigation or to protect our patent rights. Moreover, there is the risk that the court will find that our patents are not valid or enforceable, or that the third party does not infringe our rights in these patents. Adverse results in any such litigation could materially impair our patent rights and our ability to prevent generic and other competition for our products. Such results might also materially affect our economics and our ability to require third parties to enter a license with us or to pay us a reasonable royalty for using our technology.

Subject to the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, we will assume control of the ANDA litigation related to U.S. Patent No. 9,012,469, which covers the commercial, oxalate salt, form of naloxegol (naloxegol oxalate) that is due to expire in April 2032. To date, three parties have filed paragraph IV certifications against U.S. Patent No. 9,012,469. While we cannot predict the outcome of this ongoing legal proceeding, we intend to defend ourselves vigorously in these matters. Adverse results in such litigation could cause our potential period of patent exclusivity in the U.S. for Movantik® to expire as early as September 2028.

After the completion of development and registration of our patents, third parties may still manufacture or market products in infringement of our patent-protected rights. Such manufacture or market of products in infringement of our patent-protected rights is likely to cause us damage and lead to a reduction in the prices of our current commercial products, any product we may commercialize or promote, or any of our therapeutic candidates, thereby reducing our potential profits.

In addition, due to the extensive time needed to develop, test and obtain regulatory approval for our therapeutic candidates or any product we may commercialize or promote, any patents that protect our therapeutic candidate or any product we may commercialize or promote may expire early during commercialization. This may reduce or eliminate any market advantages that such patents may give us. Following patent expiration, we may face increased competition through the entry of generic products into the market and a subsequent decline in market share and profits.

In addition, in some cases, we may rely on our licensors to conduct patent and trademark prosecution, patent and trademark maintenance or patent and trademark defense on our behalf. Therefore, our ability to ensure that these patents and trademarks are properly prosecuted, maintained, or defended may be limited, which may adversely affect our rights in the commercialization of our commercial products, development of our therapeutic candidates, and potential approval for marketing of our therapeutic products. Any failure by our licensors or commercialization or development partners to

properly conduct patent and trademark prosecution, patent and trademark maintenance, patent and trademark enforcement, or patent defense could materially harm our ability to obtain suitable patent protection covering our commercial products or therapeutic candidates or ensure freedom to commercialize the products in view of third-party patent rights, thereby materially reducing our potential profits.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets or know-how, such proprietary information may be used by others to compete against us.

In addition to filing patents, we generally try to protect our trade secrets, know-how, and technology by entering into confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements with parties that have access to them, such as our development or commercialization partners, employees, contractors, and consultants. We also enter into agreements that purport to require the disclosure and assignment to us of the rights to the ideas, developments, discoveries and inventions of our employees, advisors, research collaborators, contractors and consultants while we employ or engage them. However, these agreements can be difficult and costly to enforce or may not provide adequate remedies. Any of these parties may breach the confidentiality agreements and willfully or unintentionally disclose our confidential information, or our competitors might learn of the information in some other way. The disclosure to, or independent development by, a competitor of any trade secret, know-how or other technology not protected by a patent could materially adversely affect any competitive advantage we may have over any such competitor.

To the extent that any of our employees, advisors, research collaborators, contractors or consultants independently develop, or use independently developed, intellectual property in connection with any of our projects, disputes may arise as to the proprietary rights to this type of information. If a dispute arises with respect to any proprietary right, enforcement of our rights can be costly and unpredictable, and a court may determine that the right belongs to a third party.

Legal proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement and other challenges may require us to spend substantial time and money and could prevent us from developing or commercializing any of our commercial products and our therapeutic candidates.

The development, manufacture, use, offer for sale, sale or importation of any of our commercial products or any of our therapeutic candidates may infringe on the claims of third-party patents or other intellectual property rights. Patentability, invalidity, freedom-to-operate or other opinions may be required to determine the scope and validity of third-party proprietary rights. The nature of claims contained in unpublished patent filings around the world is unknown to us and it is not possible to know which countries patent holders may choose for an extension of their filings under the Patent Cooperation Treaty or other mechanisms. We may also be subject to claims based on the actions of employees and consultants with respect to the usage or disclosure of intellectual property learned at other employers. The cost to us of any intellectual property litigation or other infringement proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively because of their substantially greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation or defense of intellectual property litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace. Intellectual property litigation and other proceedings may also absorb significant management time. Consequently, we are unable to guarantee that we will be able to manufacture, use, offer for sale, sell or import any of our commercial products or of our therapeutic candidates in the event of an infringement action.

In the event of patent infringement claims, or to avoid potential claims, we may choose or be required to seek a license from a third party and would most likely be required to pay license fees or royalties or both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, the rights may be non-exclusive, which could potentially limit our competitive advantage. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a therapeutic candidate and any products that we may commercialize or promote or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement or other claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This inability to enter into licenses or the ability to exclude others using proprietary rights could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may be subject to other patent-related litigation or proceedings that could be costly to defend and uncertain in their outcome.

In addition to infringement claims against us, we may become a party to other patent litigation or proceedings before regulatory agencies, including post-grant review, inter parties review, interference or re-examination proceedings filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or opposition proceedings in other foreign patent offices regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our therapeutic candidates or any products that we may commercialize or promote, as well as other disputes regarding intellectual property rights with development or commercialization partners, or others with whom we have contractual or other business relationships. Post-issuance proceedings challenging patent claims validity are not uncommon, and we or our development or commercialization partners will be required to defend these procedures as a matter of course. Such procedures may be costly, and there is a risk that we may not prevail, which could harm our business significantly.

Our status as a sublicensee under our potential in-license for Movantik® may increase the likelihood we will lose valuable rights to Movantik®.

Rather than obtaining direct licenses from Nektar Therapeutics, the originator of Movantik®  (“Nektar”), for certain intellectual property covering the manufacture and use of Movantik®, we expect to obtain sublicenses to such rights from AstraZeneca pursuant to AstraZeneca’s agreement with Nektar. Therefore, our success depends, in part, on AstraZeneca exercising its rights and fulfilling its obligations under its agreement with Nektar. AstraZeneca’s failure to exercise its rights and fulfill its obligations under its agreement with Nektar could cause us to lose our rights covering the manufacture and use of Movantik®.

In addition, AstraZeneca has previously sublicensed its rights under its agreement with Nektar to other sublicensees in Canada, Europe, and Israel. Therefore, our success also depends, in part, on such other sublicensees complying with the terms and conditions of their respective agreements with AstraZeneca.

Risks Related to our ADSs

U.S. Holders of ADSs may suffer adverse tax consequences if we were characterized as a passive foreign investment company.

Based on the current composition of our gross income and assets and on reasonable assumptions and projections, we believe we may not be treated as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for 2019. However, there can be no assurance that this will be the case in future taxable years. If we were characterized as a PFIC, U.S. Holders of the ADSs may suffer adverse tax consequences. Generally, gains realized on the sale of the ADSs would be treated as ordinary income, rather than capital gain, the preferential rate otherwise applicable to dividends received in respect of the ADSs by individuals who are U.S. Holders would not be available, and interest charges would apply to certain distributions by us and the proceeds from sales of the ADSs. See “Item 10. Additional Information – E. Taxation – U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations – Passive Foreign Investment Companies” below.

The market price of our ADSs is subject to fluctuation, which could result in substantial losses by our investors.

The stock market in general and the market price of our ADSs on the Nasdaq, in particular, are subject to fluctuation, and changes in the price of our securities may be unrelated to our operating performance. The market price of our ADSs on the Nasdaq have fluctuated in the past, and we expect they will continue to do so. The market price of our ADSs is and will be subject to a number of factors, including but not limited to:

These factors and any corresponding price fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of our ADSs and result in substantial losses by our investors.

Additionally, market prices for securities of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies historically have been very volatile. The market for these securities has from time to time, experienced significant price and volume fluctuations for reasons unrelated to the operating performance of any one company. In the past, following periods of market volatility, shareholders have often instituted securities class action litigation and derivative actions. If we were involved in securities or other litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and attention of management from our business, even if we are successful.

Future issuances or sales of our ADSs could reduce the market price of our ADSs.

As of March 3,  2020, we had options to purchase 41,983,984 ordinary shares (“Ordinary Shares”) under our Amended and Restated Award Plan (2010) (the “2010 Award Plan”) outstanding and options outstanding to purchase 3,000 ADSs (each representing 10 Ordinary Shares) outside the 2010 Award Plan. In addition, as of March 3,  2020, there were 59,206,448 Ordinary Shares reserved for issuance under our 2010 Award Plan (including Ordinary Shares subject to outstanding options under such plan). Substantial issuance or sales of our ADSs, or the perception that such sales may occur in the future, including sales of ADSs issuable upon the exercise of options, warrants or other equity-based securities, may cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. Moreover, the issuance of ADSs upon the exercise of our options will also have a dilutive effect on our shareholders, which could further reduce the price of our ADSs.

There has been a limited market for our ADSs. We cannot ensure investors that an active market will continue or be sustained for our ADSs on the Nasdaq and this may limit the ability of our investors to sell our ADSs.

In the past, there was limited trading in our ADSs, and there is no assurance that an active trading market of our ADSs will continue or will be sustained. Limited or minimal trading in our ADSs has in the past, and may in the future, lead to dramatic fluctuations in market price and investors may not be able to liquidate their investment at all or at a price that reflects the value of the business.

While our ADSs began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market in December 2012 and on the Nasdaq Global Market in July 2018, we cannot assure you that we will maintain compliance with all of the requirements for our ADSs to remain listed. Additionally, there can be no assurance that trading of our ADSs will be sustained or desirable.

Our ADSs do not trade on any exchange outside of the U.S., and our Ordinary Shares are not listed on any securities exchange.

Our ADSs are listed only in the U.S. on the Nasdaq Global Market, and our Ordinary Shares are not currently listed on any securities exchange. A holder of Ordinary Shares may not be able to effect transactions in our Ordinary Shares without

depositing such Ordinary Shares with the depositary in exchange for the issuance of ADSs representing such Ordinary Shares.

We incur significant costs as a result of the listing of our ADSs on the Nasdaq, and we may need to devote substantial time and resources to new and current compliance initiatives and reporting requirements.

As a public company in the U.S., we incur significant accounting, legal and other expenses as a result of the listing of our securities on the Nasdaq. These include costs associated with the reporting requirements of the SEC and the requirements of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, as well as requirements under Section 404 and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”). These rules and regulations have increased our legal and financial compliance costs, introduced new costs such as investor relations, travel costs, stock exchange listing fees, and shareholder reporting, and made some activities more time-consuming and costly. Any future changes in the laws and regulations affecting public companies in the U.S. and Israel, including Section 404 and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the rules and regulations adopted by the SEC and the Nasdaq Listing Rules, as well as applicable Israeli reporting requirements, may result in an increase to our costs as we respond to such changes. These laws, rules, and regulations could make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers and may require us to pay more for such positions.

Since December 31, 2018, we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. As such, certain temporary exemptions from various reporting requirements, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (and the rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder) ceased to apply, and we have begun to incur and expect to incur additional expenses and devote increased management time, effort and attention toward ensuring compliance with such reporting requirements, which are significant.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of applicable SEC and Nasdaq Stock Market requirements, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic issuers.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required under the Nasdaq Listing Rules for domestic issuers. For instance, we follow the home country practice in Israel with regard to, among other things, director nomination procedures and quorum at shareholders’ meetings. In addition, we follow our home country law, instead of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, which require that we obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events, such as for the establishment or amendment of certain equity-based compensation plans, an issuance that will result in a change in control, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or more interest in us and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company. Following our home country governance practices as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. domestic issuer listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market may provide less protection than is accorded to investors under the Nasdaq Listing Rules applicable to domestic issuers.

In addition, as a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

We may fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, may affect the value of our ADSs.

We have documented and tested our internal control systems and procedures in order for us to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires us to furnish a report by management on, among

other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and requires our auditor’s attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The continuous process of strengthening our internal control and complying with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is complicated, expensive and time-consuming. While our assessment of our internal control over financial reporting resulted in our conclusion that as of December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting was effective, we cannot predict the outcome of our testing or any subsequent testing by our auditor in future periods. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control, we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting. Even if we do conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may still issue a report that is qualified or adverse if it is not satisfied with our internal control. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in investigation or sanctions by regulatory authorities and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations or investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which would cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

We currently do not anticipate paying cash dividends, and accordingly, investors must rely on the appreciation in our ADSs for any return on their investment.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings, if any, for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of our term loan facility prohibit us from paying dividends. Therefore, the success of an investment in our ADSs will depend upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our investors have purchased their securities.

Investors in our ADSs may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our Ordinary Shares, and, in some limited circumstances, investors in our ADSs may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Ordinary Shares and may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to investors in our ADSs.

The depositary for the ADSs has agreed to pay to investors in our ADSs the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on Ordinary Shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. Investors in our ADSs will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Ordinary Shares such ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, but that is not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. In addition, conversion into U.S. dollars from a foreign currency that was part of a dividend made in respect of deposited Ordinary Shares may require the approval or license of, or a filing with, any government or agency thereof, which may be unobtainable. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property and hold it as “deposited securities” or may seek to effect a substitute dividend or distribution, including net cash proceeds from the sale of the dividends that the depositary deems an equitable and practicable substitute. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, Ordinary Shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, Ordinary Shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. In addition, the depositary may deduct from such dividends or distributions its fees and may withhold amounts on account of taxes or other governmental charges to the extent the depositary believes it is required to make such withholding. This means that investors in our ADSs may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our Ordinary Shares, and, in some limited circumstances, investors in our ADSs may not receive any value for such distributions or dividends if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to investors in our ADSs. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs.

Holders of ADSs must act through the depositary to exercise their rights.

Holders of our ADSs do not have the same rights as our holders of Ordinary Shares and may only exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Ordinary Shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement for the ADSs. Under Israeli law, the minimum notice period required to convene a shareholders’ meeting is no less than 35 or 21 calendar days, depending on the proposals on the agenda for the shareholders’ meeting. When a shareholders’ meeting is

convened, holders of our ADSs may not receive sufficient advance notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit them to cancel the ADSs and withdraw their Ordinary Shares to allow them to cast their vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to holders of our ADSs or carry out their voting instructions in a timely manner. We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to holders of our ADSs in a timely manner, but we cannot assure holders that they will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that they can instruct the depositary to vote their ADSs. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, holders of our ADSs may not be able to exercise their right to vote and they may lack recourse if their ADSs are not voted as they requested. In addition, in the capacity as an ADS holder, they are not able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

The depositary for our ADSs gives us a discretionary proxy to vote our Ordinary Shares underlying ADSs if a holder of our ADSs does not give voting instructions, except in limited circumstances.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, the depositary gives us a discretionary proxy to vote our Ordinary Shares underlying ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if a holder of our ADSs does not give voting instructions, unless:

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that a holder of our ADSs cannot prevent our Ordinary Shares underlying such ADSs from being voted by us in our discretion, absent the situations described above. Holders of our Ordinary Shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

Risks Related to our Operations in Israel

We conduct our operations in Israel and therefore our results may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel and the region.

We are incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel, and our principal offices are located in central Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its Arab neighbors, including Hezbollah in Lebanon (and Syria) and Hamas in the Gaza Strip, both of which involved missile strikes in various parts of Israel causing the disruption of economic activities. Our principal offices are located within the range of rockets that could be fired from Lebanon, Syria or the Gaza Strip into Israel. In addition, Israel faces many threats from more distant neighbors, in particular, Iran. Parties with whom we do business have sometimes declined to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade within Israel or between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations or results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital.

Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government is currently committed to cover the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, there is no assurance that this government coverage will be maintained, or if maintained, will be sufficient to compensate us fully for damages incurred. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Several countries, principally in the Middle East, restrict doing business with Israel and Israeli companies, and additional countries may impose restrictions on doing business with Israel and Israeli companies. In addition, there have been

increased efforts by activists to cause companies and consumers to boycott Israeli goods based on Israeli government policies. Such business restrictions and boycotts, particularly if they become more widespread, may materially and adversely impact our business.

Because a certain portion of our expenses is incurred in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, our results of operations may be harmed by currency fluctuations and inflation.

Our reporting and functional currency is the U.S. dollar. Most of our revenues and royalty payments from our agreements with our development or commercialization partners are in U.S. dollars, and we expect our revenues from future licensing and co-promotion agreements to be denominated mainly in U.S. dollars or in Euros. We pay a substantial portion of our expenses in U.S. dollars; however, a portion of our expenses, including salaries of our employees in Israel and payment to part of our service providers in Israel and other territories, are paid in NIS and in other currencies. In addition, a portion of our financial assets is held in NIS and in other currencies. As a result, we are exposed to currency fluctuation risks. For example, if the NIS strengthens against the U.S. dollar, our reported expenses in U.S. dollars may be higher. In addition, if the NIS weakens against the U.S. dollar, the U.S. dollar value of our financial assets held in NIS will decline.

Provisions of the RedHill Biopharma Ltd. 2010 Award Plan, Israeli law, our articles of association and our change in control retention plan may delay, prevent or otherwise impede a merger with, or an acquisition of, our Company, or an acquisition of a significant portion of our shares, which could prevent a change in control, even when the terms of such a transaction are favorable to us and our shareholders.

Our 2010 Award Plan provides that all options granted by us will be fully accelerated upon a “hostile takeover” of us. A “hostile takeover” is defined in our 2010 Award Plan as an event in which any person, entity or group that was not an “interested party”, as defined in the Israeli Securities Law – 1968, on the date of the initial public offering of our Ordinary Shares on the TASE, will become a “controlling shareholder” as defined in the Israel Securities Law, 1968, or a “holder,” as defined in the Israeli Securities Law – 1968, of 25% or more of our voting rights or any merger or consolidation involving us, in each case without a resolution by our board of directors supporting the transaction. In addition, if a “Significant Event” occurs and following which the employment of a grantee with us or a related company is terminated by us or a related company other than for “Cause”, and unless the applicable agreement provides otherwise, all the outstanding options held by or for the benefit of any such grantee will be accelerated and immediately vested and exercisable. A “Significant Event” is defined in our 2010 Award Plan as a consolidation or merger with or into another corporation approved by our board of directors in which we are the continuing or surviving corporation or in which the continuing or surviving corporation assumes the option or substitutes it with an appropriate option in the surviving corporation.

The Israeli Companies Law, 1999, or the Israeli Companies Law, regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares or voting rights above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. For example, a merger may not be consummated unless at least 50 days have passed from the date that a merger proposal was filed by each merging company with the Israel Registrar of Companies and at least 30 days from the date that the shareholders of both merging companies approved the merger. In addition, a majority of each class of securities of the target company must approve a merger. Moreover, the Israeli Companies Law provides that certain purchases of securities of a public company are subject to tender offer rules. As a general rule, the Israeli Companies Law prohibits any acquisition of shares or voting power in a public company that would result in the purchaser holding 25% or more, or more than 45% of the voting power in the company, if there is no other person holding 25% or more, or more than 45% of the voting power in a company, respectively, without conducting a special tender offer. The Israeli Companies Law further provides that a purchase of shares or voting power of a public company or a class of shares of a public company which will result in the purchaser’s holding 90% or more of the company’s shares, class of shares or voting rights, is prohibited unless the purchaser conducts a full tender offer for all of the company’s shares or class of shares. The purchaser will be allowed to purchase all of the company’s shares or class of shares (including those shares held by shareholders who did not respond to the offer), if either (i) the shareholders who do not accept the offer hold less than 5% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class, and more than half of the shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the offer accept the offer, or (ii) the shareholders who do not accept the offer hold less than 2% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class. The shareholders, including those who indicated their

acceptance of the tender offer (except if otherwise detailed in the tender offer document), may, at any time within six months following the completion of the tender offer, petition the court to alter the consideration for the acquisition. At the request of an offeree of a full tender offer which was accepted, the court may determine that the consideration for the shares purchased under the tender offer was lower than their fair value and compel the offeror to pay to the offerees the fair value of the shares. Such an application to the court may be filed as a class action.

In addition, the Israeli Companies Law provides for certain limitations on a shareholder that holds more than 90% of the company’s shares, or class of shares.

Pursuant to our articles of association, the size of our board of directors may be no less than five persons and no more than eleven, including any external directors whose appointment is required under the law. The directors who are not external directors are divided into three classes, as nearly equal in number as possible. At each annual general meeting, the term of one class of directors expires, and the directors of such class are re-nominated to serve an additional three-year term that expires at the annual general meeting held in the third year following such election (other than any director nominated for election by Cosmo pursuant to the Company’s subscription agreement with Cosmo, whose term of office may expire earlier depending on the beneficial ownership by the Cosmo investor of the Cosmo shares). This process continues indefinitely. Such provisions of our articles of association make it more difficult for a third party to effect a change in control or takeover attempt that our management and board of directors oppose.

In addition, we have adopted a change in control employee retention plan providing for compensation to Company officers and employees in the event of a change in control (as defined by the plan), subject to the satisfaction of various conditions. See “Item 6 B. – Compensation – Change in Control Retention Plan.”

Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may, in certain circumstances, make potential transactions unappealing to us or to some of our shareholders. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax-free share exchanges to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of numerous conditions, including a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are restricted. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no actual disposition of the shares has occurred.

These and other similar provisions could delay, prevent or impede an acquisition of us or our merger with another company, or an acquisition of a significant portion of our shares, even if such an acquisition or merger would be beneficial to us or to our shareholders.

It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against us and our directors and officers in Israel or the U.S. or to serve process on our directors and officers.

We are incorporated in Israel. Most of our directors and executive officers reside outside of the U.S., and most of the assets of our directors and executive officers may be located outside of the U.S. Therefore, a judgment obtained against us or most of our executive officers and our directors in the U.S., including one based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the U.S. and may not be enforced by a U.S. or Israeli court. It may also be difficult to effect service of process on these persons in the U.S. or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel.

The obligations and responsibilities of our shareholders are governed by Israeli law, which may differ in some respects from the obligations and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. companies. Israeli law may impose obligations and responsibilities on a shareholder of an Israeli company that are not imposed upon shareholders of corporations in the U.S.

We are incorporated under Israeli law. The obligations and responsibilities of the shareholders are governed by our articles of association and Israeli law. These obligations and responsibilities differ in some respects from the obligations and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S.-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in the company,

including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on matters such as amendments to a company’s articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers and acquisitions and interested party transactions requiring shareholder approval. In addition, a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or executive officer in the company has a duty of fairness toward the company. There is limited case law available to assist us in understanding the implications of these provisions that govern shareholders’ actions. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and responsibilities on our shareholders that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations.

Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful shareholder claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

The Israeli Companies Law and our articles of association permit us to indemnify our directors and officers for acts performed by them in their capacity as directors and officers. The Israeli Companies Law provides that a company may not exempt or indemnify a director or an officer nor enter into an insurance contract, which would provide coverage for any monetary liability incurred as a result of: (a) a breach by the director or officer of his duty of loyalty, except for insurance and indemnification where the director or officer acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company; (b) a breach by the director or officer of his duty of care if the breach was done intentionally or recklessly, except if the breach was solely as a result of negligence; (c) any act or omission done with the intent to derive an illegal personal benefit; or (d) any fine, civil fine, monetary sanctions, or forfeit imposed on the officer or director. Our articles of association provide that we may exempt or indemnify a director or an officer to the maximum extent permissible under law.

We have issued letters of indemnification to our directors and officers, pursuant to which we have agreed to indemnify them in advance for any liability or expense imposed on or incurred by them in connection with acts they perform in their capacity as a director or officer, subject to applicable law. The amount of the advance indemnity is limited to the higher of 25% of our then shareholders’ equity, per our most recent annual financial statements, or $5 million.

Our indemnification obligations limit the personal liability of our directors and officers for monetary damages for breach of their duties as directors by shifting the burden of such losses and expenses to us. Although we have obtained directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, certain liabilities or expenses covered by our indemnification obligations may not be covered by such insurance or the coverage limitation amounts may be exceeded. As a result, we may need to use a significant amount of our funds to satisfy our indemnification obligations, which could severely harm our business or financial condition and limit the funds available to those who may choose to bring a claim against us. These provisions and resultant costs may also discourage us from bringing a lawsuit against directors and officers for breaches of their duties and may similarly discourage the filing of derivative litigation by our shareholders against the directors and officers even though such actions, if successful, might otherwise benefit our security holders.

The Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://sec.gov.

Our web site address is http://www.redhillbio.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report.

Our capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 were approximately $168,000,  $23,000 and $146,000 respectively. Our current capital expenditures involve equipment and leasehold improvements.

B.           Business Overview

We are a specialty biopharmaceutical company, primarily focused on the commercialization and development of proprietary drugs for gastrointestinal (“GI”) diseases. Our primary focus is to become a revenue-generating, GI-focused, specialty biopharmaceutical company through our commercial presence in the U.S. to support current and potential future commercialization of products approved for marketing, including Talicia®, and of our therapeutic candidates.

We are currently focused primarily on the commercialization in the U.S. of GI-related products, including Aemcolo®  (rifamycin) and the planned launch of Talicia®. On November 1, 2019, the FDA approved Talicia® (omeprazole, amoxicillin, and rifabutin) delayed-release capsules 10 mg /250 mg/12.5 mg for marketing for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori  (H. pylori) infection in adults, which is the first product we developed to be approved for marketing in the U.S. by the FDA. We plan to commence commercializing Talicia® in the first quarter of 2020 with our dedicated sales force. Following the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, we expect to commercialize the product in the U.S. as well.

In addition, we also continue to develop our pipeline of clinical-stage GI therapeutic candidates and look for opportunities to leverage our commercial presence and capabilities in the U.S. to support the potential future launch of our GI-related therapeutic candidates currently under development, if approved by the FDA, or FDA-approved products which we may acquire in the future. We used our U.S. sales force to promote Donnatal®, Mytesi®, Esomeprazole Strontium Delayed-Release Capsules 49.3 mg and to commercialize EnteraGam®,  which we no longer promote or commercialize.

Depending on the specific development program, our therapeutic candidates are designed to exhibit greater efficacy and provide improvements over existing drugs in various ways, including by one or more of the following: by improving their safety profile, reducing side effects, lowering the number of administrations, using a more convenient administration form or providing a cost advantage. Where applicable, and subject to various considerations including resources, we intend to seek FDA approval for the commercialization of certain of our therapeutic candidates through the alternative Section 505(b)(2) regulatory path under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, as amended, and in corresponding regulatory paths in other foreign jurisdictions. Our current pipeline consists of six therapeutic candidates, most in late-stage clinical development.

We generate our pipeline of therapeutic candidates by identifying, validating and in-licensing or acquiring products that are consistent with our product and corporate strategy and that we believe exhibit a relatively high probability of therapeutic and commercial success. We have one product which we developed internally which has been approved for marketing and, to date, none of our therapeutic candidates has generated meaningful revenues. We plan to commercialize our therapeutic candidates, upon approval, if any, through licensing and other commercialization arrangements outside the U.S. with pharmaceutical companies on a global and territorial basis or, in the case of commercialization in the U.S., independently with our dedicated commercial operations. We also evaluate, on a case-by-case basis, co-development, co-promotion, licensing and similar arrangements.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to become a significant player in the commercialization and development of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of GI diseases.

Key elements of our strategy are to:

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are intensely competitive. Our therapeutic candidates, if commercialized, and our approved drugs, compete with existing drugs and therapies. In addition, there are many pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, medical device companies, public and private universities, government agencies and research organizations actively engaged in research and development of products targeting the same markets as our therapeutic candidates. Many of these organizations have substantially greater financial, technical, manufacturing and marketing resources than we do. In certain cases, our competitors may also be able to use alternative technologies that do not infringe upon our patents to formulate the active materials in our therapeutic candidates. They may, therefore, bring to market products that are able to compete with our candidates, or other products that we may develop in the future.

Our Approved and Commercial Products in the U.S.

We have established the headquarters of our U.S. commercial operations in Raleigh, North Carolina. Our U.S. operations serves as the platform for the commercialization of Aemcolo®, the planned launch of Talicia® and potential launch of our proprietary, late-clinical stage therapeutic candidates in the U.S., if approved by the FDA, and potential in-licensed commercial-stage products in the U.S., including Movantik®.

Our sales force consists of approximately 90 sales representatives as of March 3, 2020. We expect our sales force to grow to approximately 150 sales representatives as we prepare to launch Talicia® and continue to commercialize Aemcolo®. The net revenues for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019, and 2018 from the commercial products were

approximately $6.3 million and $8.4 million, respectively. We continue to pursue the acquisition of additional commercial products, including, without limitation, through licensing or promotion transaction, asset purchase, joint venture with, acquisition of, or merger with or other business combination with, companies with rights to commercial GI and other relevant assets and are continuously working to expand U.S. managed care access and coverage to our commercial products, where appropriate. We plan to pursue such opportunities in the U.S. and, if available, in other jurisdictions; however, we intend to focus our commercial activities in the U.S. We currently promote and commercialize one GI product in the U.S. and plan to launch Talicia® in the first quarter of 2020 in the U.S.

Talicia®  omeprazole, amoxicillin, and rifabutin) delayed-release capsules 10 mg/250 mg/12.5 mg

Talicia® is our proprietary new drug approved for marketing in the U.S. for the treatment of H. pylori infection in adults. Talicia® is a combination of three approved drug products – omeprazole, which is a proton pump inhibitor (prevents the secretion of hydrogen ions necessary for the digestion of food in the stomach), amoxicillin and rifabutin, which are antibiotics. Talicia® is administered to patients orally. Talicia®  is the first product we developed that was approved for marketing in the U.S. We plan to launch Talicia® in the U.S. in the first quarter of 2020 with our dedicated sales force.

Chronic infection with H. pylori irritates the mucosal lining of the stomach and small intestine. The original discovery of the H. pylori bacteria and its association with peptic ulcer disease warranted the Nobel Prize in 2005. H. pylori infection has since been associated with a variety of outcomes, which include: dyspepsia (non-ulcer or functional), peptic ulcer disease (duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer), primary gastric B-cell lymphoma, vitamin B12 deficiency, iron deficiency, anemia, and gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide and one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths, accounting for approximately 780,000 deaths annually, according to the World Health Organization (“WHO”). According to a 2010 report by Polk DB et al. published in Nature Reviews Cancer, H. pylori-induced gastritis is the strongest singular risk factor for cancers of the stomach, and eradication of H. pylori significantly decreases the risk of developing cancer in infected individuals without pre-malignant lesions.

In November 2014, Talicia®  was granted QIDP designation by the FDA. The QIDP designation was granted under the FDA’s Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now (GAIN) Act, which is intended to encourage the development of new antibiotic drugs for the treatment of serious or life-threatening infections that have the potential to pose a serious threat to public health. The granted QIDP designation allows Talicia®  to benefit from an additional five years of U.S. market exclusivity, on top of the standard exclusivity period, for a total of eight years of market exclusivity.

Talicia® is targeting a significantly broader indication than that of existing H. pylori therapies, as a treatment of H. pylori infection, regardless of ulcer status.

We acquired the rights to Talicia® pursuant to an agreement with Giaconda Limited. See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Acquisition, Commercialization and License Agreements – Acquisition of Talicia®, RHB‑104, and RHB‑106.”

Regulatory Status

On November 1, 2019, Talicia® was approved by the FDA and has been granted a total of eight years of U.S. market exclusivity.

Market and Competition

The first-line therapies for H. pylori infection recommended by the American College of Gastroenterology in 2017 commonly include clarithromycin or metronidazole antibiotics with amoxicillin and a proton pump inhibitor. Such current standard-of-care treatments fail in approximately 25‑40% of the patients due to the development of antibiotic resistance, based on Malfertheiner P. et al. (Gut 2012), O’Connor A. et al. (Helicobacter 2015) and Venerito M. et al. (Digestion 2013). According to a 2015 publication by Shiota et al., it is estimated that H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin, a standard-of-care antibiotic used for the treatment of H. pylori, more than doubled between 2009‑2013.

Talicia® is designed to address the high resistance of H. pylori bacteria to the antibiotics commonly used in current standard-of-care therapies. Talicia’s approval is based, in part, on the results of two positive Phase 3 studies in the U.S. for the treatment of H. pylori-positive adult patients complaining of epigastric pain and/or discomfort. The confirmatory Phase 3 study of Talicia® demonstrated 84% eradication of H. pylori infection with Talicia® vs. 58% in the active comparator arm (p<0.0001). Further, in an analysis of data from this study, it was observed that subjects with measurable blood levels of drug at Day 13 had response rates of 90.3% in the Talicia® arm vs. 64.7% in the active comparator arm. No resistance to rifabutin, a key component of Talicia, was detected in the study.

H. pylori bacterial infection affects over 50% of the adult population worldwide, according to a 2018 report by Kakelar HM et al., published in Gastric Cancer, and approximately 35% of the U.S. population, according to a report by Hooi JKY et al. published in 2017 in Gastroenterology. In the U.S., we estimate that approximately 2 million patients per annum are treated for H. pylori eradication, based on a 2019 Custom study by IQVIA for us.

Talicia®  will face competition in the U.S. from certain branded prescription therapies indicated for the treatment of H. pylori infection including, but not limited to, Pylera®  (sold by Allergan plc), PrevPac®  (sold by Takeda Pharmaceuticals) and Omeclamox-Pak® (sold by Cumberland Pharmaceuticals), as well as from the generic individual components of these branded therapies and other generic antibiotics and PPIs approved for the treatment of H. pylori infection. Additionally, the individual components of Talicia® are available in generic form and while rifabutin is not available in an equivalent dose, there is a risk that some physicians may prescribe the individual components of Talicia® in doses that are not equivalent to the approved drug and regimen.

In addition, Pathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced in December 2019 that it had initiated a pivotal Phase 3 study to evaluate the efficacy of vonoprazan in combination with amoxicillin and vonoprazan in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin in eradication of H. pylori infection. Vonoprazan is an oral small molecule potassium competitive acid blocker (P-CAB) which has received marketing approval in Japan and other countries in Asia and Latin America. According to Pathom Pharmaceuticals, top-line results from this study are expected in 2021.

We believe that Talicia® may offer a significant benefit over currently marketed drugs in part because of the resistance profile demonstrated in our Phase 3 program, which showed no bacterial resistance to rifabutin and high resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole.

Aemcolo®

In October 2019, we entered into a license agreement with a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cosmo pursuant to which we were granted exclusive rights to commercialize Aemcolo® in the U.S. Aemcolo®, containing 194mg of rifamycin, is an orally administered, minimally absorbed antibiotic that is delivered to the colon, approved by the FDA in 2018 for the treatment of travelers’ diarrhea caused by non-invasive strains of E. coli in adults (“Travelers’ Diarrhea”). In December 2019, we launched the commercialization of Aemcolo® in the U.S. See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Acquisition, Commercialization and License Agreements – Exclusive License Agreement for Aemcolo®.”

Regulatory Status

Aemcolo® received FDA approval on November 16, 2018, for the treatment of travelers’ diarrhea caused by noninvasive strains of Escherichia coli in adults. Cosmo transferred the Aemcolo®  NDA and the IND to RedHill Biopharma Inc., which were accepted on November 27, 2019. This acceptance also includes a commitment to complete any postmarketing requirements or commitments related to the NDA. There are two pediatric studies that are required to be completed to satisfy the PREA requirements and also with required milestone dates:

Market and Competition

Aemcolo® is a new pharmaceutical product employing rifamycin SV engineered with MMX® technology. The application of MMX® technology to rifamycin SV allows the antibiotic to be delivered directly into the colon, intended to avoid unwanted effects on the beneficial bacterial flora living in the upper portions of the gastrointestinal tract. The specific dissolution profile of Aemcolo® tablets increases the colonic disposition of the antibiotic so that an optimized intestinal concentration is achieved thus abating its systemic absorption in the lower intestine.

In October 2017, the FDA granted QIDP and Fast Track designations for Aemcolo®. With the QIDP designation, intended for antibacterial or antifungal drugs that treat serious or life-threatening infections, together with new chemical entity (NCE) designation, Aemcolo® enjoys marketing exclusivity until 2028.

Travelers’ diarrhea is the most common travel-related illness according to the FDA. Based on Cosmo’s research, each year, approximately 70 million Americans travel abroad. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Yellow book states that attack rates of travelers’ diarrhea range up to 70% of travelers, depending on the destination and season of travel. Travelers’ diarrhea may often result in short-term morbidity adversely impacting travel plans. Untreated diarrhea can also lead to an underappreciated risk of chronic complications, including functional bowel disorders.

There are several competing drugs marketed in the U.S. intended for the treatment of travelers’ diarrhea. One of the leading competitors is Xifaxan® (marketed by Salix Pharmaceuticals), a prescription drug approved for the treatment of travelers’ diarrhea caused by non-invasive strains of E. coli in adults and pediatric patients, treatment of IBS-D and reduction in risk of overt hepatic encephalopathy recurrence in adults. Aemcolo®  also competes with generic antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and azithromycin. Aemcolo®  also competes with prescription and OTC anti-diarrheal medications such as loperamide and bismuth subsalicylate, as well as probiotics and medical foods which may offer symptomatic relief. We may also be exposed to potentially competitive products, which may be under development to treat or prevent travelers’ diarrhea, including new antibiotics, anti-diarrheals, and vaccines.

Additional Potential Commercial Products in the U.S.

Movantik®

In February 2020, we entered into the AstraZeneca License Agreement, pursuant to which we were granted the worldwide rights (excluding Europe, Canada, and Israel) to commercialize and develop Movantik® (naloxegol), subject to certain closing conditions, including HSR Clearance.  Movantik® is a proprietary once-daily oral peripherally-acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist (PAMORA) approved by the FDA for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g. weekly) opioid dosage escalation. Subject to the potential closing of our in-license for Movantik®, we plan to initiate promotion of Movantik® in the U.S., upon closing. See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Acquisition, Commercialization and License Agreements – License Agreement for Movantik®.”

Regulatory Status

Movantik® received FDA approval on September 16, 2014, for the treatment of OIC in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Its label was later updated to include patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g. weekly) opioid dosage escalation. In connection with our potential in-license for Movantik®,  subject to the potential closing such in-license we have, agreed to assume responsibility for completing any postmarketing requirements or commitments that may be required to retain approval. Accordingly, we will be required to continue the post-marketing observational epidemiologic study to evaluate the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) of Movantik®.

Market and Competition

Movantik® is a peripherally-acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of OIC. According to a DataMonitor report, OIC is the most common side effect of opioids, as tolerance does not arise over the long term. Approximately 40% to 95% of patients using opioids develop opioid-induced constipation.

Movantik®  primarily competes with several branded therapies already approved and used extensively to treat OIC, including Amitiza® (lubiprostone, promoted by Takeda Pharmaceuticals) and two other oral PAMORA drugs, Relistor® (methylnaltrexone bromide, promoted by Salix Pharmaceuticals) and Symproic® (naldemedine, promoted by BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc.). Movantik® also competes with several OTC and prescription drugs, such as laxatives, including stool softeners, stimulants and use of enemas. We may also be exposed to potentially competitive products which may be under development to treat or prevent OIC.

RHB‑104

Crohn’s Disease

RHB‑104 is an investigational new drug intended to treat Crohn’s disease, which is a serious inflammatory disease of the GI system that may cause severe abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea, malnutrition and potentially life-threatening complications.

RHB‑104 is a patented combination of clarithromycin, clofazimine, and rifabutin, three generic antibiotic ingredients, in a single capsule. The compound was developed to treat MAP infections in Crohn’s disease.

To date, Crohn’s disease has been considered an autoimmune disease, but the exact pathological mechanism is unclear. Dr. Robert J. Greenstein suggested in The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2003 that Crohn’s disease is caused by MAP, the same organism responsible for causing a major disease in animal agriculture production, domestic and wild animals. This hypothesis is supported by an expanding number of scientific and clinical studies published in peer-reviewed journals since a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases conference that focused on MAP in Crohn’s disease took place in 1998. Specific genetic loci like NOD2/CARD15 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease with mutations in NOD2 suspected of leading to defective recognition of MAP and increased compensatory immune activation in patients with Crohn’s disease. Advances in diagnostic technology have led to increasingly higher identification of MAP, with studies, such as Naser S et al. The Lancet, 2004, Bull TJ et al. J Clin Microbiol, 2003 and Shafran I et al. Dig Dis Sci, 2002, demonstrating a high prevalence of MAP in Crohn’s disease patients. However, there is currently no FDA-approved commercial diagnostic test for MAP.

In 2011, we obtained FDA “Orphan Drug” status for RHB‑104 for the treatment of Crohn’s disease in the pediatric population. See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Government Regulations and Funding – Orphan Drug Designation.”

The formulation for RHB‑104 and manufacturing of the all-in-one capsules for our clinical trials have been completed. Stability testing of the clinical trial material is ongoing.

We acquired the rights to RHB‑104 pursuant to an asset purchase agreement with Giaconda Limited, an Australian company. See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Acquisition, Commercialization and License Agreements – Acquisition of Talicia®, RHB‑104, and RHB‑106.”

We continue to pursue the development program for a companion diagnostic for the detection of MAP bacteria in Crohn’s disease patients in collaboration with U.S. universities and diagnostic companies. These efforts are in part based on detecting the presence of MAP bacterial DNA in the blood, the rights for which we acquired from the University of Central Florida and the University of Minnesota. We do not know if or when such a diagnostic test would become available.

Market and Competition

According to GlobalData, a provider of market intelligence for the pharmaceutical sector, there were approximately 1.8 million diagnosed prevalent cases of Crohn’s disease in the seven major markets (U.S., France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Japan) in 2019. This number of prevalent cases is expected to increase to 1.9 million by 2022.

Therapeutic interventions in Crohn’s disease patients are based on the disease location, severity, and associated complications. Therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Crohn’s disease are individualized according to the patient’s symptomatic response and tolerance to the prescribed treatment. Since the existing treatments are not curative, the current therapeutic approaches are sequential and involve treatment of an acute disease or inducing clinical remission followed by maintenance of the response or remission to improve the patient’s quality of life.

Currently, available drugs on the market for the treatment of Crohn’s disease offer symptomatic relief, the effects of which are largely temporary or partial and are accompanied by numerous adverse effects. The most commonly prescribed drugs for treatment of Crohn’s disease include 5 Aminosalicylates (5‑ASA, such as mesalamine), corticosteroids (such as

prednisone), immunosuppressant drugs (such as azathioprine and methotrexate) and biologic agents, including TNF-α inhibitors (such as Remicade®, Humira®_,  and Cimzia®), integrin inhibitors (such as Tysabri® and Entyvio®) and an IL 12 and IL23 antagonist (such as Stelara®). Additionally, several companies have developed for approval, or are in the process of developing, biosimilar drugs to compete with the approved biologic agents once their patent has expired. Salix Pharmaceuticals (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Bausch Health) also announced in January 2020 that they will initiate a Phase 2/3 study with the antibiotic rifaximin (Xifaxan®) for the treatment of Crohn’s disease.

There are other companies currently conducting clinical trials with drug candidates in Crohn’s disease. We may also be exposed to potentially competitive products, which may be under development to treat Crohn’s disease, including new biological therapies and other new therapies.

Unlike drugs currently on the market for the treatment of Crohn’s disease, which are immunosuppressive agents, RHB‑104 is intended to address the suspected cause of the disease - MAP bacterial infection. To the best of our knowledge, there are no drugs approved for marketing that target infections caused by MAP bacteria in Crohn’s disease patients.

Clinical Development

A Phase 3 clinical trial for RHB‑104 was conducted in Australia, sponsored by Pharmacia, a Swedish company (which merged with Pfizer), with the primary endpoint of evaluating the ratio of patients with recurrent symptoms of Crohn’s disease following the initial induction of remission with 16 weeks of treatment with prednisolone initiated at 40 mg / day and weaned over the 16‑week period. Subjects were subsequently assessed at 52, 104 and 156 weeks. The main secondary objective was the percentage of patients who achieved clinical remission at 16 weeks. The results of the trial were published by Professor Warwick Selby et al. in 2007 in the medical journal Gastroenterology. Although the study did not meet the main objective of showing a difference in relapse rate with long-term treatment, there was a statistically significant difference between the treatment groups in the percentage of subjects in remission at week 16. Professor Marcel Behr and Professor James Hanley from McGill University published a re-analysis of the study in The Lancet Infectious Diseases in June 2008, based on the intent-to-treat (ITT) principle and found that there was a significant statistical advantage for the active therapy over the placebo throughout the two-year period of administration that disappeared once the active therapy was discontinued.

In June 2011, we entered into an agreement with our Canadian service provider, which entered into a back-to-back agreement with PharmaNet Canada Inc. for the provision of clinical trial services for the RHB‑104 adult studies in North America and Europe. PharmaNet was subsequently acquired by inVentiv Health which became Syneos Health (“Syneos”), and our agreements were transferred to Syneos. See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Acquisition, Commercialization and License Agreements – Master Service Agreement with Loonhills R&D Inc. (formerly 7810962 Canada Inc.)” and see also "Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Acquisition, Commercialization and License Agreements – Clinical Services Agreement – Clinical Services Agreement related to RHB‑104."

In October 2012, we entered into an agreement with our Canadian service provider, which, in turn, entered into a back-to-back agreement with a Canadian manufacturer to complete the manufacturing and supply of RHB‑104 for our clinical trials. In addition, we entered into additional manufacturing agreements directly with the Canadian manufacturer.

In July 2018, we announced positive top-line results from the first Phase 3 study with RHB‑104 for Crohn’s disease (the “MAP US study”), a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled first Phase 3 study with RHB‑104 for Crohn’s disease. The Phase 3 study enrolled 331 subjects with moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease (defined as Crohn’s Disease Active Index (“CDAI”) between 220 and 450) in the U.S., Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Israel. Subjects were randomized 1:1 to receive RHB‑104 or placebo as an add-on therapy to baseline standard-of-care medications, including 5‑ASAs, corticosteroids, immunomodulators or anti-TNF agents.

Our MAP US study successfully met its primary endpoint, as well as key secondary endpoints. Top-line results in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population demonstrated superiority of RHB‑104 over placebo in achieving remission at week 26, defined as CDAI value of less than 150, the primary endpoint of the study. The proportion of patients meeting the primary endpoint was significantly greater in the RHB‑104 group compared to placebo at week 26 (37% vs. 23%, p= 0.007).

Moreover, while the secondary endpoints were not powered for significance in this induction of remission trial, key secondary endpoints were nevertheless met with statistically and clinically meaningful outcomes, demonstrating consistent benefit to Crohn’s disease patients treated with RHB‑104. RHB‑104 was found to be generally safe and well tolerated.

In October 2018, we reported additional positive data from the MAP US study, including subgroup analysis of treatment with and without anti-TNF agents, presented at the United European Gastroenterology Week 2018.

In October 2019, we announced full week 52 results of blinded treatment in the MAP US study at the American College of Gastroenterology, which were consistent with the previously reported interim positive outcomes from the study. The study continued to meet its primary endpoint of clinical remission, defined as CDAI value of less than 150, at week 26 (36.7% vs. 22.4%, p=0.0048), key secondary endpoints of maintenance of remission at weeks 16 and 52 (25.9% vs. 12.1%, p=0.0016) and, notably, durable clinical remission on all visits, week 16 through 52 (18.7% vs. 8.5%, p=0.0077) (in all cases, data presented as RHB‑104 vs. placebo).

RHB‑104 was found to be generally safe and well tolerated, with an overall balance in the type and frequency of adverse events between RHB‑104 and placebo. RHB‑104 was associated with a lower incidence of Clostridiodies (Clostridium) difficile infections compared with placebo. In the analysis of the complete safety information for the study, a top-line electrocardiogram monitoring report for the MAP US study, which was shared with the FDA, demonstrated evidence of progressive prolongation of the QTcF (corrected QT interval by Frederica’s formula) interval across visits, with the largest mean placebo-corrected ΔQTcF (∆∆QTcF) of 30.6ms at week 52 of treatment. Clofazimine, as well as clarithromycin (another active component of RHB‑104), are known to be associated with QT prolongation. We continue to analyze the data from the RHB‑104 studies, including QT prolongation findings and various pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models and, as previously announced, intend to meet with the FDA again in the coming months to discuss the RHB‑104 program, including these data.

In October 2019, we also announced supportive top-line results from an open-label extension Phase 3 study (the “MAP US2 study”), which was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of RHB‑104 in subjects who remain with active Crohn’s disease (CDAI ≥ 150) after 26 weeks of blinded study therapy in the Phase 3 MAP US study. These subjects had the opportunity to receive treatment with RHB‑104 for a 52‑week period in the open-label MAP US2 study. A total of 54 subjects entered the open-label extension study in the U.S., Canada, Europe, Israel, and New Zealand, and 30 subjects completed 52 weeks of treatment with RHB‑104. The MAP US2 study’s primary endpoint is disease remission at week 16, defined as CDAI of less than 150. Top-line results from the MAP US2 study demonstrated 28% clinical remission with RHB‑104 at week 16 and 22% remission at week 52. Of the MAP US2 subjects who were previously randomized to the placebo arm (as an add-on to standard-of-care therapies) in the MAP US study and treated with RHB‑104 for the first time in the MAP US2 study, 32% achieved remission at week 16. The top-line results and subsequent analyses were provided to us by an independent third party following an independent analysis and remain subject to completion of the independent review and analysis of the underlying data, including all safety, secondary and other outcome measures, and completion of the Clinical Study Report.

We further announced in September 2019 that following additional guidance received from the FDA on the path for potential approval of RHB‑104 for the treatment of Crohn’s disease, we have intensified our collaborations with leading laboratories in the field of detection of MAP bacteria in Crohn’s disease patients, including Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Central Florida’s College of Medicine. We do not know if and when a diagnostic test for MAP would become available. Additional FDA guidance on the potential path to approval of RHB‑104 is to be obtained prior to initiation of further clinical studies.

We continue to assess additional exploratory endpoints as data becomes available.

We have conducted several supportive studies with the current formulation of RHB‑104, including a population pharmacokinetic study that was conducted as part of the Phase 3 MAP US study.

We believe that additional clinical studies will most likely be required to support an NDA for RHB‑104, if filed.

The following chart summarizes the clinical trial history and status of RHB‑104 studies and its earlier individual active agents: