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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-K

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For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

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For the transition period from             to            

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Commission file number: 1-34392

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968 ALBANY SHAKER ROAD, LATHAM, NEW YORK 12110

(Address of Principal Executive Offices, including Zip Code)

(518) 782-7700

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:    None

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐No ☒

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐ No ☒ 

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☐ No ☒

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

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The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $2,733,184,540 based on the last reported sale of the common stock on The NASDAQ Capital Market on June 30, 2020, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

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As of May 6, 2021, 568,317,504 shares of the registrant’s common stock were issued and outstanding.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

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INDEX TO FORM 10-K

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Explanatory Note

General

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References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “Plug Power,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” refer to Plug Power Inc., including as the context requires, its subsidiaries.

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In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company:

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Restatement Background

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As described in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 16, 2021, the Company and the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Audit Committee”) concluded that, because of errors identified in the Company’s previously issued financial statements, the Company is restating its financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for each of the quarterly periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, June 30, 2020 and 2019, September 30, 2020 and 2019, in its Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (collectively, the “Prior Period Financial Statements”). In addition, we have restated the statement of operations for the three months ended December 31, 2019, which was previously disclosed as a note in its form 10-K for  the year ended December 31, 2019.

These errors were identified after the Company reported its 2020 fourth quarter and year end results on February 25, 2021 during the course of the audit with respect to the Company’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020, as well as during preparation of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have determined that these errors were the result of a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting that is reported in management’s report on internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 in Part II, Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The restated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 correct the following errors (the “Restatement Items”) (for impacts to the quarterly periods, see Note 3, “Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data and Restatement of Previously Issued Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”):

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In addition to the errors described above, the Prior Period Financial Statements also include adjustments to correct certain other errors, including previously unrecorded immaterial adjustments identified in audits of prior years’ financial statements (the “Other Adjustments”).  The accounting for the Restatement Items and the Other Adjustments in this Annual Report on Form 10-K does not materially impact revenue and does not impact cash and cash equivalents or the economics of the Company’s existing or future commercial arrangements.

Restatement, Revision and Recasting of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements

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This Annual Report on Form 10-K restates and revises amounts included in the Company’s previously issued financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, and as of and for each of the quarterly periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, June 30, 2020 and 2019, September 30, 2020 and 2019 and December 31, 2019.

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See Note 2, “Restatement of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements,” and Note 3, “Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data and Restatement of Previously Issued Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements,” in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information.  To further review the effects of the accounting errors identified and the restatement adjustments, see Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Previously filed annual reports on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the periods affected by the restatement have not been amended. Accordingly, investors should no longer rely upon the Company’s previously

released financial statements for these periods and any earnings releases or other communications relating to these

periods, and, for these periods, investors should rely solely on the financial statements and other financial data for

the relevant periods included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See Note 3, “Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data and Restatement of Previously Issued Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements,” for the impact of these adjustments on each of the first three quarters of fiscal 2019 and fiscal 2020. In addition, we have restated the statement of operations for the three months ended December 31, 2019, which was previously disclosed as a note in Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Quarterly reports for fiscal 2021 will include restated results for the corresponding interim periods of fiscal 2020.

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Internal Control Considerations

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In connection with the restatement, our management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Based on this assessment, management identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, resulting in the conclusion by our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer that our internal control over financial reporting and our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2020.  Management is taking steps to remediate the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, as described in Part II, Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures.”

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See Part II, Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures,” for additional information related to the identified material weakness in internal control over financial reporting and the related remediation measures.

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Form 10-K and the following discussion contain statements that are not historical facts and are considered forward-looking within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements contain projections of our future results of operations or of our financial position or state other forward-looking information. In some cases you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “plan,” “projected” or the negative of such words or other similar words or phrases. We believe that it is important to communicate our future expectations to our investors. However, there may be events in the future that we are not able to accurately predict or control and that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations we describe in our forward-looking statements. Investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on forward-looking statements because they involve risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those discussed as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to:

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The risks included here are not exhaustive, and additional factors could adversely affect our business and financial performance, including factors and risks included in other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including under Item 1A, “Risk Factors”.  Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment.  New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from these contained in any forward-looking statements. While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, they are not guarantees of future performance. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which the statements were made. Except as may be required by applicable law, we do not undertake or intend to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Summary of Risk Factors

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The risk factors detailed in Item 1A titled “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the risks that we believe are material to our investors and a reader should carefully consider them. Those risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur. The following is a summary of the risk factors detailed in Item 1A:

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Our primary marketing strategy is to focus our resources on high growth markets such as on-road/e-mobility applications as well as material handling, supply chain/logistics and stationary power around the world. Through established customer relationships, we have proven ourselves as a trusted partner with a reliable hydrogen and fuel cell solution. Plug Power’s vertically integrated GenKey solution ties together all critical elements to power, fuel, and service customers such as Amazon, The Home Depot, The Southern Company, BMW, Carrefour, and Walmart. We have made significant progress in penetrating the material handling market, supported through the deployment of over 40,000 GenDrive units into commercial applications. We believe we have developed reliable products which allow the end customers to eliminate incumbent lead-acid battery power sources from their operations and realize their sustainability objectives through adoption of zero-emission clean energy alternatives. In addition, we have deployed our GenKey hydrogen and fuel cell solution to multiple customer sites.

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We have an established foundation as a major player in the green hydrogen economy – needing not only the fuel cell systems but the ability to generate green hydrogen. We expect that Plug Power green hydrogen generation plants will be among the first green hydrogen generation networks in North America, with plans to expand globally.

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We expect to leverage our manufacturing prowess at  our  Rochester Innovation Center, which is currently under development, and will serve as Plug Power's fuel cell and electrolyzer gigafactory, driving industry scale in manufacturing.

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Our operating strategy objectives include decreasing product and service costs, and expanding system reliability.

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Our longer-term strategic objectives are to deliver economic, social, and environmental benefits in terms of reliable, clean, cost-effective fuel cell solutions and, ultimately, productivity.

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We believe continued investment in research and development is critical to the development and enhancement of innovative products, technologies, and services. In addition to evolving our direct hydrogen fueled systems, we continue to capitalize on our investment and expertise in power electronics, controls, and software design.

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We continue to develop and monitor future fuel cell solutions that align with our evolving product roadmap. By leveraging our current GenDrive architecture, we are continuously evaluating adjacent markets such as ProGen electric vehicles, ground support equipment and further expansion in on-road fuel cell vehicles.

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Business Organization

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We manage our business as a single operating segment, emphasizing shared learning across end-user applications and common supplier/vendor relationships.

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Products and Services

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Plug Power is facilitating the paradigm shift to an increasingly electrified world by innovating cutting-edge hydrogen and fuel cell solutions.  In our core business, we provide and continue to develop commercially-viable hydrogen and fuel cell product solutions to replace lead-acid batteries in electric material handling vehicles and industrial trucks for some of the world’s largest retail-distribution and manufacturing businesses. We are focusing our efforts on industrial mobility applications, including  electric forklifts and electric industrial vehicles, at multi-shift high volume manufacturing and high throughput distribution sites where we believe our products and services provide a unique combination of productivity, flexibility, and environmental benefits. Additionally, we manufacture and sell fuel cell products to replace batteries and diesel generators in stationary backup power applications. These products have proven valuable with telecommunications, transportation, and utility customers as robust, reliable, and sustainable power solutions.

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Part of our long-term plan includes Plug Power penetrating the on-road vehicle market and large-scale stationary market. Plug Power’s announcements to form joint ventures with Renault in Europe and SK Group in Asia not only support this goal but are expected to provide us with a more global footprint. Plug has been successful with acquisitions, strategic partnerships and joint ventures, and we plan to continue this mix.  For example, we expect our relationships with Brookfield and Apex to provide us access to low-cost renewable energy, which is critical to low-cost green hydrogen.

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Our current products and services include:

GenDrive: GenDrive is our hydrogen fueled PEM fuel cell system providing power to material handling electric vehicles, including class 1, 2, 3 and 6 electric forklifts, Automated Guided Vehicles (“AGVs”) and ground support equipment;

GenFuel:  GenFuel is our liquid hydrogen fueling delivery, generation, storage, and dispensing system;

GenCare: GenCare is our ongoing ‘internet of things’-based maintenance and on-site service program for GenDrive fuel cell systems, GenSure fuel cell systems, GenFuel hydrogen storage and dispensing products and ProGen fuel cell engines;

GenSure:  GenSure is our stationary fuel cell solution providing scalable, modular PEM fuel cell power to support the backup and grid-support power requirements of the telecommunications, transportation, and utility sectors; GenSure High Power Fuel Cell Platform will support large scale stationary power and data center markets;

GenKey: GenKey is our vertically integrated “turn-key” solution combining either GenDrive or GenSure fuel cell power with GenFuel fuel and GenCare aftermarket service, offering complete simplicity to customers transitioning to fuel cell power;

ProGen:  ProGen is our fuel cell stack and engine technology currently used globally in mobility and stationary fuel cell systems, and as engines in electric delivery vans. This includes the Plug Power membrane electrode assembly (“MEA”), a critical component of the fuel cell stack used in zero-emission fuel cell electric vehicle engines; and

GenFuel Electrolyzers: GenFuel electrolyzers are modular, scalable hydrogen generators optimized for clean hydrogen production. Electrolyzers generate hydrogen from water using electricity and a special membrane and “green” hydrogen is generated by using renewable energy inputs, such as solar or wind power.

We provide our products worldwide through our direct product sales force, and by leveraging relationships with original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and their dealer networks. Plug Power is targeting Asia and Europe for expansion in adoption. Europe has rolled out ambitious targets for the hydrogen economy and Plug Power is executing on its strategy to become one of the European leaders. This includes a targeted account strategy for material handling as well as securing strategic partnerships with European OEMs, energy companies, utility leaders and accelerating our electrolyzer business. We manufacture our commercially viable products in Latham, New York, Rochester, New York and Spokane, Washington and support liquid hydrogen generation and logistics in Charleston, Tennessee.

Markets/Geography & Order Status

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The Company’s products and services predominantly serve the North American and European material handling markets, and primarily support large to mid-sized fleet, multi-shift operations in high-volume manufacturing and high-throughput distribution centers. Based on recent market experience, it appears there may be some seasonality to sales stemming from varied customer appropriation cycles.

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Orders for the Company’s products and services approximated $367.4 million at December 31, 2020. The Company’s orders at any given time are comprised of fuel cells, hydrogen installations, maintenance services, and hydrogen fuel deliveries. The specific elements of the orders will vary in terms of timing of delivery and can vary between 90 days to 10 years, with fuel cells and hydrogen installations being delivered near term and maintenance services and hydrogen fuel deliveries being delivered over a longer period of time. Historically, shipments made against product orders have generally occurred between ninety days and twenty-four months from the date of acceptance of the order.

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On December 31, 2020, the Company waived the remaining vesting conditions under the warrant that was issued to Amazon.com NV Investment Holdings LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Amazon.com Inc. (“Amazon”), in April 2017 (the “Amazon Warrant”), which resulted in a reduction to revenue of $399.7 million, resulting in negative consolidated revenue of $93.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. See Note 18, “Warrant Transaction Agreements” to the consolidated financial statements for further information. Total revenue in 2020 for this customer was negative $310.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2020, this customer accounted for (332.4)% of our total

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consolidated revenues which included a provision for warrant charge of $420.0 million, which was recorded as a reduction of revenue. Additionally, 156.2% of our total consolidated revenues were associated primarily with two other customers. For  the years ended 2019 and 2018, 49.7% and 66.8%, respectively, of our total consolidated revenues were associated primarily with two customers. For purposes of assigning a customer to a sale/leaseback transaction completed with a financial institution, the Company considers the end user of the assets to be the ultimate customer. A loss or decline in business with any of these customers could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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We assemble our products at our manufacturing facilities in Latham, New York, Rochester, New York and Spokane, Washington, and provide our services and installations at customer locations and service centers in Romeoville, Illinois and Dayton, Ohio. In addition, we have a hydrogen production plant in Charleston, Tennessee.

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Working Capital Items

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We currently maintain inventory levels adequate for our short-term needs based upon present levels of production.  We consider the component parts of our different products to be generally available and current suppliers to be reliable and capable of satisfying anticipated needs.

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Distribution, Marketing and Strategic Relationships

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We have developed strategic relationships with well-established companies in key areas including distribution, service, marketing, supply, technology development and product development. We sell our products worldwide, with a primary focus on North America, Europe, and Asia, through our direct product sales force, OEMs, and their dealer networks. We operate in Europe under the name HyPulsion, to develop and sell hydrogen fuel cell systems for the European material handling market.

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Environmental Issues

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No significant pollution or other types of hazardous emission result from the Company’s operations and it is not anticipated that our operations will be materially affected by federal, state, or local provisions concerning environmental controls.  Our costs of complying with environmental, health and safety requirements have not been material.

We do not believe that existing or pending climate change legislation, regulation, or international treaties or accords are reasonably likely to have a material effect in the foreseeable future on our business or markets that we serve, nor on our results of operations, capital expenditures or financial position. We will continue to monitor emerging developments in this area.

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Competition

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We experience competition in all areas of our business. The markets we address for motive and backup power are characterized by the presence of well-established battery and combustion generator products. We believe the principal competitive factors in the markets in which we operate include product features, including size and weight, relative price and performance, lifetime operating cost, including any maintenance and support, product quality and reliability, safety, ease of use, rapid integration with existing equipment and processes, customer support design innovation, marketing and distribution capability, service and support and corporate reputation.

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Intellectual Property

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We believe that neither we nor our competitors can achieve a significant proprietary position on the basic technologies currently used in PEM fuel cell systems. However, we believe the design and integration of our system and system components, as well as some of the low-cost manufacturing processes that we have developed, are intellectual property that can be protected. Our intellectual property portfolio covers, among other things: fuel cell components that reduce manufacturing part count; fuel cell system designs that lend themselves to mass manufacturing; improvements to fuel cell system efficiency, reliability and system life; and control strategies, such as added safety protections and operation under extreme conditions. In general, our employees are party to agreements providing that all inventions, whether patented or not, made or conceived while being our employee, which are related to or result from work or research that we perform, will remain our sole and exclusive property.

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We have a total of 120 issued patents currently active with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) and at the close of 2020, we had six U.S. patent applications pending. Additionally, we have 20 trademarks registered with the USPTO and two trademark applications pending.

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Government Regulation

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Our products, their installations and the operations at our facilities are subject to oversight and regulation at the federal, state and local level in accordance with statutes and ordinances relating to, among others, building codes, fire codes, public safety, electrical and gas pipeline connections and hydrogen siting. The level of regulation may depend, in part, upon where a system is located.

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In addition, product safety standards have been established by the American National Standards Institute (“ANSI”), covering the overall fuel cell system. The class 1, 2 and 3 GenDrive products are designed with the intent of meeting the requirements of UL 2267 “Fuel Cell Power Systems for Installation in Industrial Electric Trucks” and NFPA 505 “Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks.” The hydrogen tanks used in these systems have been either certified to ANSI/CSA NGV2-2007 “Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel Containers” or ISO/TS 15869 “Gaseous hydrogen and hydrogen blends—Land vehicle fuel tanks.” We will continue to design our GenDrive products to meet ANSI and/or other applicable standards. We certified several models of Class 1, 2 and 3 GenDrive products to the requirements of the CE mark with guidance from a European certified body. The hydrogen tanks used in these systems are certified to the Pressure Equipment Directive by a European certified body.

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The GenFuel hydrogen storage and dispensing products are designed with the intent of meeting the requirements of NFPA 2 “Hydrogen Technologies Code.”

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Other than these requirements, at this time we do not know what additional requirements, if any, each jurisdiction will impose on our products or their installation. We also do not know the extent to which any new regulations may impact our ability to distribute, install and service our products. As we continue distributing our systems to our target markets, the federal, state, local or foreign government entities may seek to impose regulations or competitors may seek to influence regulations through lobbying efforts.

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See Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for a discussion of these governmental regulations and other material risks to us, including, to the extent material, to our competitive position.

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Raw Materials and Suppliers

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Most components essential to our business are generally available from multiple sources.  We believe there are component suppliers and manufacturing vendors whose loss to us could have a material adverse effect upon our business and financial condition. We are mitigating these potential risks by introducing alternate system architectures which we expect will allow us to diversify our supply chain with multiple fuel cell stack and air supply component vendors. We are also working closely with these vendors and other key suppliers on coordinated product introduction plans, strategic inventories, and internal and external manufacturing schedules and levels. Historically, we have not experienced significant delays in the supply or availability of our key raw materials or components provided by our suppliers, nor have we experienced a significant price increase for raw materials or components.

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Research and Development

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Because the fuel cell industry is still in the early state of adoption, our ability to compete successfully is heavily dependent upon our ability to ensure a continual and timely flow of competitive products, services, and technologies to the marketplace. We continue to develop new products and technologies and to enhance existing products in the areas of cost, size, weight, and in supporting service solutions in order to drive further commercialization.

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We reviewed the composition of our research and development expenses and corrected errors in the presentation of these expenses (See Note 2, “Restatement of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements” and Note 3, “Unaudited Quarterly Financial data and Restatement of Previously Issued Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”). We may also expand the range of our product offerings and intellectual property through licensing and/or acquisition of third-party business and technology. Our research and development expense totaled $27.8 million,

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$15.1 million, and $12.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, as restated. We also had cost of research and development contract revenue of $0, $0.2 million, and $0 during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, as restated. These expenses represent the cost of research and development programs that are partially funded under cost reimbursement research and development arrangements with third parties and are reported within other cost of revenue on the consolidated statements of operations.

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Employees and Human Capital Resources

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As of December 31, 2020, we had 1,285 employees, with 1,253 located in the United States and 32 located outside of the United States, as well as 300 temporary employees. In order to facilitate talent attraction and retention, we strive to make Plug Power a safe, rewarding, and challenging workplace with competitive salaries.

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Our employees are critical to the Company’s growth, expansion and success, and we consider our relationship with our employees to be positive. The Company is dedicated to fostering a culture of diversity and committed to hiring talented individuals from all backgrounds and perspectives to which the Company’s ultimate success is linked.

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COVID 19 Health Measures

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In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented measures to help ensure the health, safety, and security of our employees, while constantly monitoring the rapidly evolving situation and adapting our efforts and responses.   We are endeavoring to follow guidance from authorities and health officials. This includes having the majority of our back-office employees work remotely, imposing travel restrictions and implementing safety measures for employees continuing critical on-site work including, but not limited to, social distancing practices, temperature checks, health symptoms attestations when entering our facilities, and the use of personal protective equipment as appropriate and in accordance with local laws and regulations. Our system and production facilities have also implemented additional cleaning and sanitization routines and split shifts to ensure that we can continue to keep our brands in supply.

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Diversity

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The Company is committed to promoting and supporting diversity. The Company believes that behaving inclusively is the right thing to do.  The Company also believes that hearing different voices, seeking different perspectives and ideas, leads to better results.  The Company stives to promote diversity on its Board of Directors (the “Board” or “Board of Directors”) and in leadership roles throughout the Company.  Currently, two of the Company’s 10 directors are female.  The Company’s commitment to diversity throughout the organization is further enhanced by policies related to various aspects of employment, including but not limited to, recruiting, selecting, hiring employment placement, job assignment, compensation, access to benefits, selection for training, use of facilities and participation in Company-sponsored employee activities.

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Performance Management and Incentives

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Our full-year performance management process begins with setting annual goals for the Company, which guide the development of functional and individual employee goals. Employees and their managers are accountable for goals and must review performance against the goals on an ongoing basis. We provide employee base wages that are competitive and consistent with employee positions, skill levels, experience, and location. Additionally, we believe that individual performance and the results of the Company are directly linked to payment of annual short-term incentive compensation. Employees may also be granted equity compensation awards with multi-year vesting for retention.

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Compensation and Benefits

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In addition to salaries, the Company also offers compensation and benefits programs such as: potential annual discretionary bonuses, stock awards, a 401(k) Savings & Retirement Plan, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off and flexible work schedules, among others. We offer comprehensive health, welfare and retirement benefit.  We also offer supplemental benefits programs designed to enhance the daily life and well-being of our employees, including wellness and paid time-off.  

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The Company believes that identifying and developing the next generation of business leaders is important to its long-term success, and is proud to support it employees in furthering their education with tuition reimbursement plans and training.

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Financial Information About Geographic Areas

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Please refer to our Geographic Information included in our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Available Information

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Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available free of charge, other than an investor’s own internet access charges, on the Company’s website at www.plugpower.com as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The SEC also maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The SEC’s website address is http://www.sec.gov.

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increase our cost of production. If we cannot obtain substitute materials or components on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, we could be prevented from delivering our products to our customers within required timeframes.  Any such delays could result in sales and installation delays, cancellations, penalty payments or loss of revenue and market share, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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We depend on a concentration of anchor customers for the majority of our revenues and the loss of any of these customers would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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We sell most of our products to a range of customers that include a few anchor customers, and while we are continually seeking to expand our customer base, we expect this will continue for the next several years. On December 31, 2020, the Company waived the vesting conditions under the Amazon Warrant, which resulted in a reduction in revenue of $399.7 million, resulting in negative consolidated revenue of $93.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. See Note 18, “Warrant Transaction Agreements” to the consolidated financial statements for further information. Total revenue in 2020 for this customer was negative $310.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2020, this customer accounted for (332.4)% of our total consolidated revenues which included a provision for warrant charge of $420.0 million, which was recorded as a reduction of revenue. Additionally, 156.2% of our total consolidated revenues were associated primarily with two other customers. For the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, 49.7% and 66.8% of our total consolidated revenues were associated primarily with two customers, respectively. Any decline in business with significant customers could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Our future success is dependent upon the continued purchases of our products by a small number of customers. If we are unable to broaden our customer base and expand relationships with potential customers, our business will continue to be impacted by demand fluctuations due to our dependence on a small number of customers. Demand fluctuations can have a negative impact on our revenues, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Our dependence on a small number of major customers exposes us to additional risks. A slowdown, delay or reduction in a customer’s orders could result in excess inventories or unexpected quarterly fluctuations in our operating results and liquidity.  Each of our major customers has significant purchasing leverage over us to require changes in sales terms including pricing, payment terms and product delivery schedules, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. At December 31, 2020, three customers comprised approximately 73.9% of the total accounts receivable balance. At December 31, 2019, two customers comprised approximately 62.6% of the total accounts receivable balance. If one of our major customers delays payment of or is unable to pay their receivables, that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Volatility in commodity prices and product shortages may adversely affect our gross margins.

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Some of our products contain commodity-priced materials. Commodity prices and supply levels affect our costs. For example, platinum is a key material in our PEM fuel cells. Platinum is a scarce natural resource, and we are dependent upon a sufficient supply of this commodity.

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Any shortages could adversely affect our ability to produce commercially viable fuel cell systems and significantly raise our cost of producing our fuel cell systems. While we do not anticipate significant near- or long-term shortages in the supply of platinum, a shortage could adversely affect our ability to produce commercially viable PEM fuel cells or raise our cost of producing such products. Our ability to pass on such increases in costs in a timely manner depends on market conditions, and the inability to pass along cost increases could result in lower gross margins.

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Our ability to source parts and raw materials from our suppliers could be disrupted or delayed in our supply chain which could adversely affect our results of operations.

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Our operations require significant amounts of necessary parts and raw materials. We deploy a continuous, companywide process to source our parts and raw materials from fewer suppliers, and to obtain parts from suppliers in low-cost countries where possible. If we are unable to source these parts or raw materials, our operations may be disrupted, or we could experience a delay or halt in certain of our manufacturing operations. We believe that our supply management and production practices are based on an appropriate balancing of the foreseeable risks and the costs of alternative practices. Nonetheless, reduced availability or interruption in supplies, whether resulting from more stringent regulatory requirements, supplier financial condition, increases in duties and tariff costs, disruptions in transportation, an outbreak of a severe public health pandemic, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, severe weather, or the occurrence or threat of wars or other conflicts, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Weakness in the economy, market trends and other conditions affecting the profitability and financial stability of our customers could negatively impact our sales growth and results of operations.

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The demand for our products and services is sensitive to the production activity, capital spending and demand for products and services of our customers. Many of our customers operate in markets that are subject to cyclical fluctuations resulting from market uncertainty, trade and tariff policies, costs of goods sold, currency exchange rates, central bank interest rate changes, foreign competition, offshoring of production, oil and natural gas prices, geopolitical developments, labor shortages, inflation, deflation, and a variety of other factors beyond our control. Any of these factors could cause customers to idle or close facilities, delay purchases, reduce production levels, or experience reductions in the demand for their own products or services.

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Any of these events could also reduce the volume of products and services these customers purchase from us or impair the ability of our customers to make full and timely payments and could cause increased pressure on our selling prices and terms of sale. Accordingly, a significant or prolonged slowdown in activity in the United States or any other major world economy, or a segment of any such economy, could negatively impact our sales growth and results of operations.

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We face risks associated with our plans to market, distribute and service our products and services internationally.

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We have begun to market, distribute, sell and service our product offerings internationally and expect to continue investing in our international operations. We have limited experience operating internationally, including developing and manufacturing our products to comply with the commercial and legal requirements of international markets. Our success in international markets will depend, in part, on our ability and that of our partners to secure relationships with foreign sub-distributors, and our ability to manufacture products that meet foreign regulatory and commercial requirements. Additionally, our planned international operations are subject to other inherent risks, including potential difficulties in enforcing contractual obligations and intellectual property rights in foreign countries, and could be adversely affected due to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, political and economic instability, acts or threats of terrorism, changes in governmental policies or policies of central banks, expropriation, nationalization and/or confiscation of assets, price controls, fund transfer restrictions, capital controls, exchange rate controls, taxes, unfavorable political and diplomatic developments, changes in legislation or regulations and other additional developments or restrictive  actions over which we will have no control.

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Doing business in foreign markets requires us to be able to respond to rapid changes in market, legal, and political conditions in these countries. As we expand in international markets, we may face numerous challenges, including unexpected changes in regulatory requirements; potential conflicts or disputes that countries may have to deal with; required compliance with anti-bribery laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or the UK Anti-Bribery Act of 2010, data privacy requirements, labor laws and anti-competition regulations; export or import restrictions; laws and business practices favoring local companies; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; longer payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivables; difficulties in managing international operations; potentially adverse tax consequences, tariffs, customs charges, bureaucratic requirements and other trade barriers; restrictions on repatriation of earnings and the burdens of complying with a wide variety of international laws. Any of these factors could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. The success of our international expansion will depend, in part, on our ability to succeed in navigating the different legal, regulatory, economic, social, and political environments. For example, in June 2016, voters in the United Kingdom approved a reference to withdraw the United Kingdom’s membership from the European Union, which is commonly known as “Brexit.”  The United Kingdom formally left the European Union on January 31, 2020, but the United Kingdom remained in the European Union’s customs union and single market for a transition period that expired on December 31, 2020.  On December 24, 2020, the United Kingdom and the European Union entered into a Trade and Cooperation Agreement which was applied on a provisional basis from January 1, 2021.  While the economic integration does not reach the level that existed during the time the United Kingdom was a member state of the European Union, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement sets out preferential arrangements in areas such as trade in goods and in services, digital trade and intellectual property. Negotiations between the United Kingdom and the European Union are expected to continue in relation to the relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union in certain other areas which are not covered by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement. The long term effects of Brexit will depend on the effects of the implementation and application of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement and any other relevant agreements between the United Kingdom and the European Union.  We cannot predict the effect of Brexit nor do we have control over whether and to which effect any other member state will decide to exit the European Union

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in the future. These developments, as well as potential crises and forms of political instability arising therefrom or any other as of yet unforeseen development, may harm our business.

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Our investments in joint ventures may involve numerous risks that may affect the ability of such joint ventures to make distributions to us.

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In the future we plan to conduct some of our operations through joint ventures in which we share control with our joint venture participants. Our joint venture participants may have economic, business or legal interests or goals that are inconsistent with ours, or those of the joint venture. Furthermore, our joint venture participants may be unable to meet their economic or other obligations, and we may be required to fulfill those obligations alone. Failure by us, or an entity in which we have a joint venture interest, to adequately manage the risks associated with such joint ventures could have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of our joint ventures and, in turn, our business and operations. In addition, should any of these risks materialize, it could have a material adverse effect on the ability of the joint venture to make future distributions to us.

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Our products and services face intense competition.

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The markets for energy products are intensely competitive. Some of our competitors in the motive power sector (predominantly incumbent technologies) are much larger than we are and may have the manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities to complete research, development, and commercialization of profitable, commercially viable products more quickly and effectively than we can. There are many companies engaged in all areas of traditional and alternative energy generation in the United States and abroad, including, among others, major electric, oil, chemical, natural gas, battery, generator and specialized electronics firms, as well as universities, research institutions and foreign government-sponsored companies. These firms are engaged in forms of power generation such as advanced battery technologies, generator sets, fast charged technologies and other types of fuel cell technologies. In addition, the primary current value proposition for our customers stems from productivity gains in using our solutions. Longer term, given evolving market dynamics and changes in alternative energy tax credits, if we are unable to successfully develop future products that are competitive with competing technologies in terms of price, reliability and longevity, customers may not buy our products. Technological advances in alternative energy products, battery systems or other fuel cell technologies may make our products less attractive or render them obsolete.

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B. FINANCIAL AND LIQUIDITY RISKS

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If we cannot obtain financing to support the sale of our products and service to our customers or our power purchase agreements with customers, such failure may adversely affect our liquidity and financial position.

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Customers representing most of our revenue access our products through Power Purchase Agreements (“PPAs”), rather than a direct purchase. These PPA arrangements require us to finance the purchase of such products, either ourselves or through third-party financing sources. To date, we have been successful in obtaining or providing the necessary financing arrangements. There is no certainty, however, that we will be able to continue to obtain or provide adequate financing for these arrangements on acceptable terms, or at all, in the future. Failure to obtain or provide such financing may result in the loss of material customers and product sales, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, if we are required to continue to pledge or restrict substantial amounts of our cash to support these financing arrangements, such cash will not be available to us for other purposes, which may have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and financial position. For example, as of December 31, 2020, approximately $321.4 million of our cash is restricted to support such leasing arrangements, which prevents us from using such cash for other purposes.

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We may require additional capital funding and such capital may not be available to us.

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As of December 31, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $1.3 billion, restricted cash of $321.9 million and net working capital of $1.4 billion (which is comprised of the net amount of current assets of $1.6 billion and current liabilities of $222.4 million). This compares to $139.5 million, $230.0 million, and $179.7 million, of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and net working capital (which is comprised of the net amount of current assets of $313.7 million and current liabilities of $134.0 million), respectively, on December 31, 2019, as restated.  

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Our cash requirements relate primarily to working capital needed to operate and grow our business, including funding operating expenses, growth in inventory to support both shipments of new units and servicing the installed base, growth in equipment leased and equipment related to PPAs for customers under long-term arrangements, funding the growth in our GenKey “turn-key” solution, which includes the installation of our customers’ hydrogen infrastructure as well as delivery of the hydrogen fuel, continued expansion of our markets, such as Europe and Asia, continued development and expansion of our products, such as ProGen, payment of lease obligations under sale/leaseback financings, mergers and acquisitions, liquid hydrogen plant construction, expanding production facilities and the repayment or refinancing of our long-term debt. Our ability to meet future liquidity needs and capital requirements will depend upon numerous factors, including the timing and quantity of product orders and shipments; attaining and expanding positive gross margins across all product lines; the timing and amount of our operating expenses; the timing and costs of working capital needs; the timing and costs of building a sales base; the ability of our customers to obtain financing to support commercial transactions; our ability to obtain financing arrangements to support the sale or leasing of our products and services to customers, including financing arrangements to repay or refinance our long-term debt, and the terms of such agreements that may require us to pledge or restrict substantial amounts of our cash to support these financing arrangements; the timing and costs of developing marketing and distribution channels; the timing and costs of product service requirements; the timing and costs of hiring and training product staff; the extent to which our products gain market acceptance; the timing and costs of product development and introductions; the extent of our ongoing and new research and development programs; and changes in our strategy or our planned activities. If we are unable to fund our operations with positive cash flows and cannot obtain external financing, we may not be able to sustain future operations.  As a result, we may be required to delay, reduce and/or cease our operations and/or seek bankruptcy protection.

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We cannot assure you that any necessary additional financing will be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. We believe that it could be difficult to raise additional funds and there can be no assurance as to the availability of additional financing or the terms upon which additional financing may be available. Additionally, even if we raise sufficient capital through additional equity or debt financings, strategic alternatives or otherwise, there can be no assurance that the revenue or capital infusion will be sufficient to enable us to develop our business to a level where it will be profitable or generate positive cash flow. If we incur additional debt, a substantial portion of our operating cash flow may be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on such indebtedness, thus limiting funds available for our business activities. The terms of any debt securities issued could also impose significant restrictions on our operations. Broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance, and may adversely impact our ability to raise additional funds. If we raise additional funds through collaborations and/or licensing arrangements, we might be required to relinquish significant rights to our technologies or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

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We have incurred losses and anticipate continuing to incur losses.

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We have not achieved operating profitability in any quarter since our formation and we will continue to incur net losses until we can produce sufficient revenue to cover our costs. Our net losses attributable to common stockholders were approximately $596.2 million in 2020, $85.6 million in 2019 and $85.7 million in 2018, as restated for 2019 and 2018. As of December 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.9 billion. We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses until we can produce and sell our products and services on a large-scale and cost-effective basis. We cannot guarantee when we will operate profitably, if ever. In order to achieve profitability, we must successfully execute our planned path to profitability in the early adoption markets on which we are focused. The profitability of our products depends largely on material and manufacturing costs and the market price of hydrogen. The hydrogen infrastructure that is needed to support our growth readiness and cost efficiency must be available and cost efficient. We must continue to shorten the cycles in our product roadmap with respect to improvement in product reliability and performance that our customers expect. We must execute on successful introduction of our products into the market. We must accurately evaluate our markets for, and react to, competitive threats in both other technologies (such as advanced batteries) and our technology field. Finally, we must continue to lower our products’ build costs and lifetime service costs. If we are unable to successfully take these steps, we may never operate profitably, and, even if we do achieve profitability, we may be unable to sustain or increase our profitability in the future.

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Our indebtedness could adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and our ability to fulfill our obligations and operate our business.

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At December 31, 2020, our total outstanding indebtedness was approximately $442.6 million, consisting of $127 thousand of the $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes due on March

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15, 2023 (the “5.5% Convertible Senior Notes”), $85.5 million of the $200.0 in aggregate principal amount of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due June 1, 2025 (the “3.75% Convertible Senior Notes”), $175.4 million of long-term debt primarily associated with our Term Loan Facility with Generate Lending, LLC, or the Term Loan Facility, and other long-term debt, and $181.6 million of finance obligations consisting primarily of debt associated with sale of future revenues and sale/leaseback financings.

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Our high level of indebtedness could have negative consequences on our future operations, including:

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Our level of indebtedness will require that we use a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to pay principal of, and interest on, our indebtedness, which will reduce the availability of cash to fund working capital requirements, capital expenditures, research and development and other general corporate or business activities.  Our ability to generate cash to repay our indebtedness is subject to the performance of our business, as well as general economic, financial, competitive and other factors that are beyond our control. If our business does not generate sufficient cash flow from operating activities or if future borrowings are not available to us in amounts sufficient to enable us to fund our liquidity needs, our operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected.

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The agreement governing our Term Loan Facility contains covenant restrictions that may limit our ability to operate our business.

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We may be unable to respond to changes in business and economic conditions, engage in transactions that might otherwise be beneficial to us, or obtain additional financing, because the agreement governing our Term Loan Facility contains covenant restrictions that limit our ability to, among other things: incur additional debt, create liens, make acquisitions, make loans, pay dividends, dissolve, or enter into leases and asset sale. In addition, the agreement requires that we comply with a collateral coverage covenant that was first measured on December 31, 2020. Our ability to comply with these covenants is dependent on our future performance, which will be subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including prevailing economic conditions. In addition, our failure to comply with this covenant could result in a default under our other debt instruments, which could permit the holders to accelerate such debt. If any of our debt is accelerated, we may not have sufficient funds available to repay such debt, which could materially and negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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Although we are currently in compliance with, or have obtained waivers for, the covenants contained in the agreement governing our Term Loan Facility, we cannot assure you that we will be able to remain in compliance with such covenants in the future. An event of default under the agreement governing our Term Loan Facility could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash could have a material effect on our reported financial results.

Under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, or ASC 470-20, an entity must separately account for the liability and equity components of the convertible debt instruments (such as the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes and the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the issuer’s economic interest cost. The effect of ASC 470-20 on the accounting for the convertible senior notes is that the equity component is required to be included in the additional paid-

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in capital section of stockholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet at the issuance date and the value of the equity component would be treated as debt discount for purposes of accounting for the debt component of the convertible senior notes. As a result, we are required to record a non-cash interest expense as a result of the amortization of the discounted carrying value of the convertible senior notes to their face amount over the term of the convertible senior notes. As a result, we report larger net losses (or lower net income) in our financial results because ASC 470-20 requires interest to include the amortization of the debt discount, which could adversely affect our reported or future financial results or the trading price of our common stock.

In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2020-06, “Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”).” This Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) simplifies the complexity associated with applying generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. More specifically, the amendments focus on the guidance for convertible instruments and derivative scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. Under ASU 2020-06, the embedded conversion features are no longer separated from the host contract for convertible instruments with conversion features that are not required to be accounted for as derivatives under Topic 815, or that do not result in substantial premiums accounted for as paid-in capital. Consequently, a convertible debt instrument, such as the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes and the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes, will be accounted for as a single liability measured at its amortized cost, as long as no other features require bifurcation and recognition as derivatives. The new guidance also requires the if-converted method to be applied for all convertible instruments and requires additional disclosures. This guidance is required to be adopted by January 1, 2022, and early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company has elected to early adopt this guidance on January 1, 2021 using the modified retrospective method. Under this transition method, the cumulative effect of accounting change will remove the impact of recognizing the equity component of the Company’s convertible notes (at issuance and the subsequent accounting impact of additional interest expense from debt discount amortization). The cumulative effective of the accounting change will increase the carrying amount of the convertible notes by $120.7 million, accumulated deficit will be reduced by $9.5 million and additional paid-in capital will be reduced by $130.2 million. Future interest expense of the convertible notes will be lower as a result of adoption of this guidance and net loss per share will be computed using the if-converted method for these securities.

The convertible note hedges may affect the value of our common stock.

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In conjunction with the pricing of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “3.75% Notes Capped Call”) with certain counterparties at a price of $16.3 million. The 3.75% Notes Capped Call cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, the aggregate number of shares of the Company’s common stock that underlie the initial 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes and is generally expected to reduce potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of the converted notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap based on the cap price. The cap price of the 3.75% Notes Capped Call is initially $6.7560 per share, which represents a premium of approximately 60% over the last then-reported sale price of the Company’s common stock of $4.11 per share on the date of the transaction and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the 3.75% Notes Capped Call. The 3.75% Notes Capped Call becomes exercisable if the conversion option is exercised.

The option counterparties and/or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes (and are likely to do so during any observation period related to a conversion of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes or following any repurchase of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes by us on any fundamental change repurchase date or otherwise). This activity could also cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock. In addition, if any such convertible note hedge transaction fails to become effective, the option counterparties may unwind their hedge positions with respect to our common stock, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock. The potential effect, if any, of these transactions and activities on the market price of our common stock will depend in part on market conditions and cannot be ascertained at this time. Any of these activities could adversely affect the value of our common stock.

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We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the convertible note hedge transactions.

The option counterparties are financial institutions or affiliates of financial institutions and are subject to the risk that one or more of such option counterparties may default under the convertible note hedge transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties is not secured by any collateral. If any option counterparty becomes subject to

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bankruptcy or other insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under our transactions with that option counterparty. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, an increase in our exposure will be correlated to an increase in our common stock market price and in the volatility of the market price of our common stock. In addition, upon a default by an option counterparty, we may suffer adverse tax consequences and dilution with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurance as to the financial stability or viability of any option counterparty.

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C. OPERATIONAL RISKS

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We may not be able to expand our business or manage our future growth effectively.

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We may not be able to expand our business or manage future growth. We plan to continue to improve our manufacturing processes and build additional manufacturing production over the next five years, which will require successful execution of:

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Ensuring delivery of our products is subject to many market risks, including scarcity, significant price fluctuations and competition. Maintaining adequate liquidity is dependent upon a variety of factors, including continued revenues from operations, working capital improvements, and compliance with our debt instruments.   We may not be able to achieve our growth strategy and increase production capacity as planned during the foreseeable future. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities, develop new products, satisfy customer requirements, execute our business plan, or respond to competitive pressures. For further information on risks associated with new business ventures, see Item I.3.E, “Risk Factors” (“Strategic Risks – We may be unable to successfully pursue new business ventures.”).

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Delays in or not completing our product development goals may adversely affect our revenue and profitability.

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If we experience delays in meeting our development goals, our products exhibit technical defects, or if we are unable to meet cost or performance goals, including power output, useful life and reliability, the profitable commercialization of our products will be delayed. In this event, potential purchasers of our products may choose alternative technologies and any delays could allow potential competitors to gain market advantages. We cannot assure that we will successfully meet our commercialization schedule in the future.

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Periodically, we may enter into contracts with our customers for certain products that have not been developed or produced. There can be no assurance that we will complete the development of these products and meet the specifications required to fulfill customer agreements and deliver products on schedule. Pursuant to such agreements, the customers would have the right to provide notice to us if, in their good faith judgment, we have materially deviated from such agreements. Should a customer provide such notice, and we cannot mutually agree to a modification to the agreement, then the customer may have the right to terminate the agreement, which could adversely affect our future business.

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Other than our current products, which we believe to be commercially viable at this time, we do not know when or whether we will successfully complete research and development of other commercially viable products that could be critical to our future. If we are unable to develop additional commercially viable products, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to become profitable. The profitable commercialization of our products depends on our ability to reduce the costs of our components and subsystems, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to sufficiently reduce these costs. In addition, the profitable commercialization of our products requires achievement and verification of their overall reliability, efficiency and safety targets, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to develop, acquire or license the technology necessary to achieve these targets. We must complete additional research and development to fill our product

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portfolios and deliver enhanced functionality and reliability in order to manufacture additional commercially viable products in commercial quantities. In addition, while we continue to conduct tests to predict the overall life of our products, we may not have run our products over their projected useful life prior to large-scale commercialization. As a result, we cannot be sure that our products will last as long as predicted, resulting in possible warranty claims and commercial failures.

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Certain component quality issues have resulted in adjustments to our warranty reserves and the accrual for loss contracts.

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In the past, quality issues have arisen with respect to certain components in certain products that are currently being used at customer sites. Under the terms of our extended maintenance contracts, we have had to retrofit units subject to component quality issues with replacement components to improve the reliability of our products for our customers. We recorded a provision for loss contracts related to service in the current and prior years. Though we continue to work with our vendors on these component issues to improve quality and reliability, unanticipated additional quality issues or warranty claims may arise, and additional material charges may be incurred in the future. Quality issues also could cause profitable maintenance contracts to become unprofitable.  

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In addition, from time to time we experience other unexpected design, manufacturing or product performance issues. We make significant investment in the continued improvement of our products and maintain appropriate warranty reserves for known and unexpected issues; however, unknown malfunctions or defects could result in unexpected material liabilities and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and prospects. For example, in 2019, we commenced a field replacement program for certain composite fuel tanks that did not meet the supply contract standard, as determined by us and the manufacturer. The manufacturer of the tanks is funding the entire incremental cost of the replacement program and we are working with our customers to ensure an efficient, minimally disruptive process for the exchange. In addition, an actual or perceived problem could adversely affect the market’s perception of our products resulting in a decline in demand for our products and could divert the attention of our management, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

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Our products use flammable fuels that are inherently dangerous substances.

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Our fuel cell systems use hydrogen gas in catalytic reactions. While our products do not use this fuel in a combustion process, hydrogen gas is a flammable fuel that could leak and combust if ignited by another source. Further, any such accidents involving our products or other products using similar flammable fuels could materially suppress demand for, or heighten regulatory scrutiny of, our products.

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The risk of product liability claims and associated adverse publicity is inherent in the development, manufacturing, marketing and sale of fuel cell products, including products fueled by hydrogen, a flammable gas. Any liability for damages resulting from malfunctions or design defects could be substantial and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, an actual or perceived problem with our products could adversely affect the market’s perception of our products resulting in a decline in demand for our products, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Our purchase orders may not ship, be commissioned or installed, or convert to revenue.

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Some of the orders we accept from customers require certain conditions or contingencies to be satisfied, or may be cancelled, prior to shipment or prior to commissioning or installation, some of which are outside of our control. Historically, shipments made against these orders have generally occurred between 90 days and 24 months from the date of acceptance of the order. Orders for the Company’s products and services approximated $367.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The time periods from receipt of an order to shipment date and installation vary widely and are determined by a number of factors, including the terms of the customer contract and the customer’s deployment plan. There may also be product redesign or modification requirements that must be satisfied prior to shipment of units under certain of our agreements. If the redesigns or modifications are not completed, some or all of our orders may not ship or convert to revenue. In certain cases, we publicly disclose anticipated, pending orders with prospective customers; however, those prospective customers may require certain conditions or contingencies to be satisfied prior to entering into a purchase order with us, some of which are outside of our control. Such conditions or contingencies that may be required to be satisfied before we receive a purchase order may include, but are not limited to, successful product demonstrations or field

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trials. Converting orders into revenue is also dependent upon our customers’ ability to obtain financing. Some conditions or contingencies that are out of our control may include, but are not limited to, government tax policy, government funding programs, and government incentive programs. Additionally, some conditions and contingencies may extend for several years. We may have to compensate customers, by either reimbursement, forfeiting portions of associated revenue, or other methods depending on the terms of the customer contract, based on the failure on any of these conditions or contingencies. While not probable, this could have an adverse impact on our revenue and cash flow.

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We are dependent on information technology in our operations and the failure of such technology may adversely affect our business.

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We may experience problems with the operation of our current information technology systems or the technology systems of third parties on which we rely, as well as the development and deployment of new information technology systems, that could adversely affect, or even temporarily disrupt, all or a portion of our operations until resolved. Inabilities and delays in implementing new systems can also affect our ability to realize projected or expected cost savings. Despite the implementation of network security measures, our information technology could be penetrated by outside parties (such as computer hackers or cyber terrorists) intent on extracting information, corrupting information or disrupting business processes. Such unauthorized access could disrupt our business and could result in a loss of assets or reputational damage. Additionally, any systems failures could impede our ability to timely collect and report financial results in accordance with applicable laws.

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Our future plans could be harmed if we are unable to attract or retain key personnel.

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We have attracted a highly skilled management team and specialized workforce, including scientists, engineers, researchers, manufacturing, marketing and sales professionals. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to attract and retain qualified management and technical personnel. We do not know whether we will be successful in hiring or retaining qualified personnel. Our inability to hire qualified personnel on a timely basis, or the departure of key employees, could materially and adversely affect our development and profitable commercialization plans and, therefore, our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

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We may not be able to protect important intellectual property and we could incur substantial costs defending against claims that our products infringe on the proprietary rights of others.

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PEM fuel cell technology was first developed in the 1950s, and fuel processing technology has been practiced on a large scale in the petrochemical industry for decades. Accordingly, we do not believe that we can establish a significant proprietary position in the fundamental component technologies in these areas. However, our ability to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary system-level technologies, systems designs and manufacturing processes. We rely on patents, trademarks, and other policies and procedures related to confidentiality to protect our intellectual property. However, some of our intellectual property is not covered by any patent or patent application. Moreover, we do not know whether any of our pending patent applications will issue or, in the case of patents issued or to be issued, that the claims allowed are or will be sufficiently broad to protect our technology or processes. Even if all of our patent applications are issued and are sufficiently broad, our patents may be challenged or invalidated. We could incur substantial costs in prosecuting or defending patent infringement suits or otherwise protecting our intellectual property rights. While we have attempted to safeguard and maintain our proprietary rights, we do not know whether we have been or will be completely successful in doing so. Moreover, patent applications filed in foreign countries may be subject to laws, rules and procedures that are substantially different from those of the United States, and any resulting foreign patents may be difficult and expensive to obtain and enforce. In addition, we do not know whether the USPTO will grant federal registrations based on our pending trademark applications. Even if federal registrations are granted to us, our trademark rights may be challenged. It is also possible that our competitors or others will adopt trademarks similar to ours, thus impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to customer confusion. We could incur substantial costs in prosecuting or defending trademark infringement suits.

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Further, our competitors may independently develop or patent technologies or processes that are substantially equivalent or superior to ours. If we are found to be infringing third party patents, we could be required to pay substantial royalties and/or damages, and we do not know whether we will be able to obtain licenses to use such patents on acceptable terms, if at all. Failure to obtain needed licenses could delay or prevent the development, manufacture or sale of our products, and could necessitate the expenditure of significant resources to develop or acquire non-infringing intellectual property.

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We may need to pursue lawsuits or legal action in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets and domain names, and to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. If third parties prepare and file applications for trademarks used or registered by us, we may oppose those applications and be required to participate in proceedings to determine the priority of rights to the trademark. Similarly, competitors may have filed applications for patents, may have received patents and may obtain additional patents and proprietary rights relating to products or technology that block or compete with ours. We may have to participate in interference proceedings to determine the priority of invention and the right to a patent for the technology. Litigation and interference proceedings, even if they are successful, are expensive to pursue and time consuming, and we could use a substantial amount of our management and financial resources in either case.

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Confidentiality agreements to which we are party may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. Our trade secrets may also be known without breach of such agreements or may be independently developed by competitors. Our inability to maintain the proprietary nature of our technology and processes could allow our competitors to limit or eliminate any competitive advantages we may have.

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We are subject to legal proceedings and legal compliance risks that could harm our business.

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We are currently, and in the future may continue to be, subject to commercial disputes and litigation. In connection with any disputes or litigation in which we are involved, we may incur costs and expenses in connection with defending ourselves or in connection with the payment of any settlement or judgment or compliance with any ruling in connection therewith. The expense of defending litigation may be significant. The amount of time to resolve lawsuits is unpredictable and defending ourselves may divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operations of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, an unfavorable outcome in any such litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. See Part I, Item 3, “Legal Proceedings.”

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Our financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

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GAAP is subject to interpretation by the FASB, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. See Note 4, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding the effect of new accounting pronouncements on our financial statements. Any difficulties in implementing these pronouncements could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and harm investors’ confidence in us. Further, the implementation of new accounting pronouncements or a change in other principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our financial results.

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If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies are based on assumptions that change or prove to be incorrect, our operating results could fall below expectations of investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price.

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In connection with our determination to restate certain of our previously issued consolidated financial statements, we determined that certain of the estimates and judgment underlying certain of the Restatement Items were in error. See Note 2, “Restatement of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements,” and Note 3, “Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data and Restatement of Previously Issued Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements,” to the consolidated financial statements. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. For example, our revenue recognition and impairment of long-lived assets policies are complex, and we often must make estimates and assumptions that could prove to be incorrect. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements include those related to revenue recognition, loss accrual for service, impairment of long-lived assets, leases and provision for common stock warrants. Our operating results may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our operating results to fall below the expectations of investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price.

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We recently identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to the accounting for the Restatement Items. If we do not effectively remediate the material weakness or if we otherwise fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.

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Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable and accurate financial reports and effectively prevent fraud.

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Management identified the following deficiency in internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020: the Company did not maintain a sufficient complement of trained, knowledgeable resources to execute their responsibilities with respect to internal control over financial reporting for certain financial statement accounts and disclosures. As a consequence, the Company did not conduct an effective risk assessment process that was responsive to changes in the Company's operating environment and did not design and implement effective process-level controls activities in the following areas: presentation of operating expenses; accounting for lease-related transactions; identification and evaluation of impairment, loss-contract accrual, certain expense accruals, and deemed dividends; and timely identification of adjustments to physical inventory in interim periods. See Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures,” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the identified material weakness and our actions to date to remediate the material weakness.  

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We reached a determination to restate certain of our previously issued consolidated financial statements as a result of the identification of accounting errors in previously issued financial statements, which resulted in unanticipated costs and may affect investor confidence and raise reputational issues.

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As discussed in the Explanatory Note above, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, we reached a determination to restate our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures for the periods disclosed in those notes after identifying accounting errors in connection with the Restatement Items. The restatement also included corrections for previously identified immaterial items in the Company’s previously issued financial statements and other financial data. As a result, we have incurred unanticipated costs for accounting and legal fees in connection with or related to the restatement and have become subject to a number of additional risks, uncertainties, and litigation (see Part I, Item 3, “Legal Proceedings”), which may affect investor confidence in the accuracy of our financial disclosures and may raise reputational risks for our business, both of which could harm our business and financial results.

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We are in the process of resolving SEC comments relating to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 and Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 9, 2020 regarding certain accounting and financial disclosure matters, which could possibly result in changes to our existing accounting and financial disclosure.

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We received comment letters from the staff of the SEC's Division of Corporation Finance (the "Staff") relating to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 (the “2019 10-K”) and the Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 9, 2020.  Until these comments are resolved, or until any additional comments raised by the Staff during this process are resolved, we cannot provide assurance that we will not be required to amend the 2019 Form 10-K, the Form 8-K or make any material changes to the accounting or financial disclosures contained in the 2019 Form 10-K, the Form 8-K or similar disclosures made in our other filings, including this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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D. REGULATORY RISKS

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The reduction or elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives for alternative energy technologies, or the failure to renew such subsidies and incentives, could reduce demand for our products, lead to a reduction in our revenues and adversely impact our operating results and liquidity.

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We believe that the near-term growth of alternative energy technologies is affected by the availability and size of government and economic incentives. Many of these government incentives expire, phase out over time, may exhaust the allocated funding, or require renewal by the applicable authority. In addition, these incentive programs could be reduced or discontinued for other reasons. The investment tax credit under the U.S. tax code was renewed in February 2018. The renewal allows for a 30% investment tax credit which declines to 26% for 2021 and 2022, 22% in 2023, and zero for 2024 and later. The reduction, elimination, or expiration of the investment tax credit or other government subsidies and

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economic incentives, or the failure to renew such tax credit, governmental subsidies, or economic incentives, may result in the diminished economic competitiveness of our products to our customers and could materially and adversely affect the growth of alternative energy technologies, including our products, as well as our future operating results and liquidity.

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We are subject to various federal, state and local environmental and human health and safety laws and regulations that could impose significant costs and liabilities on us.

Our operations are subject to federal, state, and local environmental and human health and safety laws and regulations, including laws and regulations relating to the use, handling, storage, transportation, disposal and human exposure to hazardous substances and wastes, product safety, emissions of pollution into the environment and human health and safety. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur, costs to comply with these laws and regulations.  Violation of these laws or regulations or the occurrence of an explosion or other accident in connection with our fuel cell systems at our properties or at third party locations could lead to substantial liabilities and sanctions, including fines and penalties, cleanup costs or the requirement to undertake corrective action. Further, environmental laws and regulations, and the administration, interpretation and enforcement thereof, are subject to change and may become more stringent in the future, each of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, certain environmental laws impose liability, which can be joint, several and strict, on current and previous owners and operators of real property for the cost of removal or remediation of hazardous  substances and damage to natural resources. These laws often impose liability even if the owner or operator did not know of, or was not responsible for, the release of such hazardous substances. They can also assess liability on persons who arrange for hazardous substances to be sent to disposal or treatment facilities when such facilities are found to be contaminated, and such persons can be responsible for cleanup costs even if they never owned or operated the contaminated facility. Our liabilities arising from past or future releases of, or exposure to, hazardous substances may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Trade policies, treaties and tariffs could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our business is dependent on the availability of raw materials and components for our products, particularly electrical components common in the semiconductor industry. There is currently significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and various other countries, most significantly China, with respect to trade policies, treaties, tariffs and taxes. The new U.S. presidential administration and U.S. Congress is in the process of revisiting and, in some cases, reversing changes made by the prior U.S. presidential administration. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, could have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and could significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the United States.

This uncertainty includes the possibility of imposing tariffs or penalties on products manufactured outside the United States, including the U.S. government’s institution of a 25% tariff on a range of products from China and subsequent tariffs imposed by the United States as well as tariffs imposed by trading partners on U.S. goods. The institution of trade tariffs both globally and between the United States and China specifically carries the risk of negatively affecting the overall economic conditions of both China and the United States, which could have a negative impact on us.

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We cannot predict whether, and to what extent, there may be changes to international trade agreements or whether quotas, duties, tariffs, exchange controls or other restrictions on our products will be changed or imposed. Although we currently maintain alternative sources for raw materials,, if we are unable to source our products from the countries where we wish to purchase them, either because of regulatory changes or for any other reason, or if the cost of doing so increases, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Disruptions in the supply of raw materials and components could temporarily impair our ability to manufacture our products for our customers or require us to pay higher prices to obtain these raw materials or components from other sources, which could affect our business and our results of operations. Furthermore, the imposition of tariffs on items imported by us from China or other countries could increase our costs and could have a material adverse effect on our business and our results of operations.

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Our business may become subject to increased government regulation.

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Our products are subject to certain federal, local, and non-U.S. laws and regulations, including, for example, state and local ordinances relating to building codes, public safety, electrical and gas pipeline connections, hydrogen transportation and siting and related matters. See Item 1, “Business—Government Regulations” for additional information. In certain jurisdictions, these regulatory requirements may be more stringent than those in the United States. Further, as products are introduced into the market commercially, governments may impose new regulations. We do not know the extent to which any such regulations may impact our ability to manufacture, distribute, install and service our products. Any regulation of our products, whether at the federal, state, local or foreign level, including any regulations relating to the production, operation, installation, and servicing of our products may increase our costs and the price of our products, and noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations could subject us to investigations, sanctions, enforcement actions, fines, damages, civil and criminal penalties or injunctions. If any governmental sanctions are imposed, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and an increase in professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

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Changes in tax laws or regulations or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

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We are subject to income taxes in the United States and various foreign jurisdictions. A number of factors may adversely affect our future effective tax rates, such as the jurisdictions in which our profits are determined to be earned and taxed; changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; adjustments to estimated taxes upon finalization of various tax returns; changes in available tax credits, grants and other incentives; changes in stock-based compensation expense; the availability of loss or credit carryforwards to offset taxable income; changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles or interpretations thereof; or examinations by US federal, state or foreign jurisdictions that disagree with interpretations of tax rules and regulations in regard to positions taken on tax filings. A change in our effective tax rate due to any of these factors may adversely affect the carrying value of our tax assets and our future results from operations.

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In addition, as our business grows, we are required to comply with increasingly complex taxation rules and practices. We are subject to tax in multiple U.S. tax jurisdictions and in foreign tax jurisdictions as we expand internationally. The development of our tax strategies requires additional expertise and may impact how we conduct our business. If our tax strategies are ineffective or we are not in compliance with domestic and international tax laws, our financial position, operating results and cash flows could be adversely affected.

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The changes in the carryforward/carryback periods as well as the new limitation on use of net operating losses (“NOLs”) may significantly impact our valuation allowance assessments for NOLs.

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As of December 31, 2020, we had federal NOL carryforwards of $464.3 million, which begin to expire in various amounts and at various dates in 2032 through 2037 (other than federal NOL carryforwards generated after December 31, 2017, which are not subject to expiration). As of December 31, 2020, we also had federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of $4.4 million as restated, which begin to expire in 2033. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), changes in our ownership may limit the amount of our NOL carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards that could be utilized annually to offset our future taxable income, if any. This limitation would generally apply in the event of a cumulative change in ownership of the Company of more than 50 percentage points within a three-year period. Based on studies of the changes in ownership of the Company, it has been determined that a Section 382 ownership change occurred in 2013 that limited the amount of pre-change NOLs that can be used in future years. NOLs incurred after the most recent ownership change are not subject to Section 382 of the Code and are available for use in future years. If we undergo an ownership change, our ability to utilize our NOL carryforwards or research and development tax credit carryforwards could be further limited by Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. In addition, future changes in our stock ownership, many of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. Any such limitation may significantly reduce our ability to utilize our NOL carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards before they expire. Our NOL carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards may also be impaired under state law. Accordingly, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our NOL carryforwards or research and development tax credit carryforwards.

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The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act modifies, among other things, rules governing NOLs. NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 are subject to an 80% of taxable income limitation (as calculated before taking the NOLs into account) for tax years beginning after December 31, 2020. In addition, NOLs arising in tax years 2018, 2019, and 2020 are subject to a five year carryback and indefinite carryforward, while NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2020 also are subject to indefinite carryforward but cannot be carried back. In future years, if and when the valuation allowance related to our NOLs is partially or fully released, the changes in the carryforward/carryback periods as well as the new limitation on use of NOLs may significantly impact our valuation allowance assessments for NOLs generated after December 31, 2017.

E. STRATEGIC RISKS

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We may be unable to establish or maintain relationships with third parties for certain aspects of continued product development, manufacturing, distribution and servicing and the supply of key components for our products.

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We will need to maintain and may need to enter into additional strategic relationships in order to complete our current product development and commercialization plans. We may also require partners to assist in the sale, servicing and supply of components for our current products and anticipated products, which are in development. If we are unable to identify, enter into, and maintain satisfactory agreements with potential partners, including those relating to the supply, distribution, service and support of our current products and anticipated products, we may not be able to complete our product development and commercialization plans on schedule or at all. We may also need to scale back these plans in the absence of needed partners, which could adversely affect our future prospects for development and commercialization of future products. While we have entered into relationships with suppliers of some key components for our products, we do not know when or whether we will secure supply relationships for all required components and subsystems for our products, or whether such relationships will be on terms that will allow us to achieve our objectives. Our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed if we fail to secure relationships with entities that can develop or supply the required components for our products and provide the required distribution and servicing support. Additionally, the agreements governing our current relationships allow for termination by our partners under certain circumstances, some of which are beyond our control. If any of our current strategic partners were to terminate any of its agreements with us, there could be a material adverse impact on the continued development and profitable commercialization of our products and the operation of our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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We may be unable to make attractive acquisitions or successfully integrate acquired businesses, assets or properties, and any ability to do so may disrupt our business and hinder our ability to grow, divert the attention of key personnel, disrupt our business and impair our financial results.

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As part of our business strategy, we intend to consider acquisitions of companies, technologies and products. We may not be able to identify such attractive acquisition opportunities. Acquisitions, involve numerous risks, any of which could harm our business, including, among other things:

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In addition, if we finance acquisitions by issuing equity securities, our existing stockholders may be diluted. As a result, if our forecasted assumptions for these acquisitions and investments are not accurate, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any such acquisitions, and we may incur costs in excess of what we had anticipated.

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We may be unable to successfully pursue new business ventures.

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We have recently begun pursuing the development of hydrogen production plants across the United States and building relationships with green hydrogen suppliers. In June 2020, we acquired UHG, one of the largest privately held hydrogen producers in North America. There can be no assurances that we will be able to successfully implement our new business ventures or successfully operate within this industry. For further information on risks associated with acquisitions, see Item I.3.F “Risk Factors (“Strategic Risks – We may be unable to make attractive acquisitions or successfully integrate acquired businesses, assets or properties, and any ability to do so may disrupt our business and hinder our ability to grow, divert the attention of key personnel, disrupt our business and impair our financial results”).

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F.  RISKS RELATED TO THE OWNERSHIP OF OUR COMMON STOCK

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Our stock price and stock trading volume have been and could remain volatile, and the value of your investment could decline.

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The market price of our common stock has historically experienced and may continue to experience significant volatility. In 2020, the sales price of our common stock fluctuated from a high of $37.51 per share to a low of $2.53 per share, and closed as high as $73.18 in January 2021. Our progress in developing and commercializing our products, our quarterly operating results, announcements of new products by us or our competitors, our perceived prospects, changes in securities analysts’ recommendations or earnings estimates, changes in general conditions in the economy or the financial markets, adverse events related to our strategic relationships, significant sales of our common stock by existing stockholders, including one or more of our strategic partners, events relating to our determination to restate certain of our previously issued consolidated financial statements, and other developments affecting us or our competitors could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially. In addition, in recent years, the stock market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has affected the market prices of securities issued by many companies for reasons unrelated to their operating performance and may adversely affect the price of our common stock. Such market price volatility could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital. Furthermore, technical factors in the public trading market for our common stock may produce price movements that may or may not comport with macro, industry or company-specific fundamentals, including, without limitation, the sentiment of retail investors (including as may be expressed on financial trading and other social media sites), the amount and status of short interest in our securities, access to margin debt, trading in options and other derivatives on our common stock and any related hedging or other technical trading factors.  In addition, we are subject to securities class action litigation filed after a drop in the price in our common stock in March 2021, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources and could harm our stock price, business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

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Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales might occur, could reduce the price that our common stock might otherwise attain and may dilute your voting power and your ownership interest in us.

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Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for you to sell your common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. As of December 31, 2020, there were approximately 42,186,802 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes at a conversion price of $5.03 per share. In addition, as of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding options exercisable for an aggregate of 10,284,498 shares of common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $5.78 per share and 104,753,740 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants, 68,380,913 of which were vested as of December 31, 2020.

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Moreover, subject to market conditions and other factors, we may conduct future offerings of equity or debt securities.  Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could reduce the market price of our common stock to decline.  In addition, the conversion of the notes or preferred stock or the exercise of outstanding options and warrants and future equity issuances will result in dilution to investors. The market price of our common stock could fall as a result of resales of any of these shares of common stock due to an increased number of shares available for sale in the market.

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If securities analysts do not publish research or reports or if they publish unfavorable or inaccurate research about our business and our stock, the price of our stock and the trading volume could decline.

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We expect that the trading market for our common stock will be affected by research or reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. There are many large, well-established companies active in our industry and portions of the markets in which we compete, which may mean that we receive less widespread analyst coverage than our competitors. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades their evaluations of our company or our stock, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company, our stock may lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

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Provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law may discourage or delay an acquisition of the Company by a third party that stockholders may consider favorable.

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Our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, and Delaware corporate law contain provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect and make it harder for a third party to acquire us without the consent of our Board. These provisions may also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for our stockholders to take some corporate actions, including the election of directors.  These provisions include: the ability of our Board to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to determine the terms of those shares, including preference and voting rights, without a stockholder vote; the exclusive right of our Board to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our Board or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our Board; the inability of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders; the prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders; advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us; the ability of our Board of Directors, by majority vote, to amend the bylaws, which may allow our Board to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend the bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; and staggered terms for our directors, which effectively prevents stockholders from electing a majority of the directors at any one annual meeting of stockholders.

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In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. These provisions may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a certain period of time.

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We do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock.

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We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. If we do not pay cash dividends, you would receive a return on your investment in our common stock only if the market price of our common stock is greater at the time you sell your shares than the market price at the time you bought your shares.

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Our amended and restated bylaws provide for an exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, and the exclusive forum in the Delaware federal courts for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware  will be the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claims for: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of, or a claim based on, a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or the Company’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or (iv) any other action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The amended and restated bylaws further provide that unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act and any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of capital stock of the Company will be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions.

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We believe these provisions may benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law and federal securities laws by chancellors and judges, as applicable, particularly experienced in resolving corporate disputes, efficient administration of cases on a more expedited schedule relative to other forums and protection against the burdens of multi-forum litigation. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision that is contained in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. For example, Section 22 of the Securities Act provides that state and federal courts have concurrent jurisdiction over claims to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Accordingly, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such a forum selection provision as written in connection with claims arising under the Securities Act.  

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Because the choice of forum provisions in our amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of severing certain causes of action between federal and state courts, stockholders seeking to assert claims against us or any of our current or former director, officer, other employee, agent, or stockholder, may be discouraged from bringing such claims due to a possibility of increased litigation expenses arising from litigating multiple related claims in two separate courts. The choice of forum provisions may therefore limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our current or former director, officer, other employee, agent, or stockholder.

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the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Company, Plug Chief Executive Officer Andrew Marsh, and Plug Chief Financial Officer Paul Middleton (together, the “Defendants”), captioned Dawn Beverly et al. v. Plug Power Inc. et al., Case No. 1:21-cv-02004 (S.D.N.Y.) (the “Class Action Complaint”).  The Class Action Complaint includes two claims, for (1) violation of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b5 promulgated thereunder (against all Defendants); and (2) violation of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act (against Mr. Marsh and Mr. Middleton).  The Class Action Complaint alleges that Defendants failed to disclose that the Company (i) “would be unable to timely file its 2020 annual report due to delays related to the review of classification of certain costs and the recoverability of the right to use assets with certain leases”; and (ii) “was reasonably likely to report material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting[.]”  The Class Action Complaint alleges that, a result, “positive statements about the Company’s business, operations, and prospects were materially misleading and/or lacked a reasonable basis,” causing Class members losses and damages.  The Class Action Complaint seeks compensatory damages “in an amount to be proven at trial, including interest thereon”; “reasonable costs and expenses incurred in th[e] action”; and “[s]uch other and further relief as the [c]ourt may deem just and proper.”

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On March 18, 2021, Company stockholder Branislav Smolíček, individually and on behalf of all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired Plug securities between November 9, 2020 and March 1, 2021, filed in U.S. District Court for the Central District of California a complaint captioned Smolíček v. Plug Power Inc. et al., Case No. 2:21-cv-02402 (C.D. Cal.) (the “Smolíček Complaint”).  The Smolíček Complaint is substantially similar to the Class Action Complaint, asserting the same claims, for the same damages, against the same Defendants as the Class Action Complaint. The Company anticipates that the Smolíček Complaint will be consolidated with the Class Action Complaint under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

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On March 31, 2021, Company stockholder Junwei Liu, derivatively and on behalf of nominal defendant Plug, filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against certain Company directors and officers (the “Derivative Defendants”), captioned Liu v. Marsh et al., Case No. 1:21-cv-02753 (S.D.N.Y.) (the “Liu Derivative Complaint”). The Liu Derivative Complaint alleges that, between November 9, 2020 and March 1, 2021, the Derivative Defendants “made, or caused the Company to make, materially false and misleading statements concerning Plug Power’s business, operations, and prospects” by “issu[ing] positive financial information and optimistic guidance, and made assurances that the Company’s internal controls were effective,” when, “[i]n reality, the Company’s internal controls suffered from material deficiencies that rendered them ineffective.” The Liu Derivative Complaint asserts claims for (1) breach of fiduciary duties, (2) unjust enrichment, (3) abuse of control, (4) gross mismanagement, (5) waste of corporate assets, and (6) contribution under Sections 10(b) and 21D of the Exchange Act (as to the named officer defendants). The Liu Derivative Complaint seeks a judgment “[d]eclaring that Plaintiff may maintain this action on behalf of Plug”; “[d]eclaring that the [Derivative] Defendants have breached and/or aided and abetted the breach of their fiduciary duties”; “awarding to Plug Power the damages sustained by it as a result of the violations” set forth in the Liu Derivative Complaint, “together with pre-judgment and post-judgment interest thereon”; “[d]irecting Plug Power and the [Derivative] Defendants to take all necessary actions to reform and improve Plug Power’s corporate governance and internal procedures to comply with applicable laws”; and “[a]warding Plaintiff the costs and disbursements of this action, including reasonable attorneys’ and experts’ fees, costs, and expenses”; and “[s]uch other and further relief as the [c]ourt may deem just and proper.”

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On April 5, 2021, Company stockholders Elias Levy and Camerohn X. Withers, derivatively and on behalf of nominal defendant Plug, filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Derivative Defendants named in the Liu Derivative Complaint, captioned Levy et al. v. McNamee et al., Case No. 1:21-cv-02891 (S.D.N.Y.) (the “Levy Derivative Complaint”). The Levy Derivative Complaint alleges that, from November 9, 2020 to April 5, 2021, the Derivative Defendants “breached their duties of loyalty and good faith” by failing to disclose “(1) that the Company would be unable to timely file its 2020 annual report due to delays related to the review of classification of certain costs and the recoverability of the right to use assets with certain leases; (2) that the Company was reasonably likely to report material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting; and (3) that, as a result of the foregoing, Defendants’ positive statements about the Company’s business, operations, and prospects were materially misleading and/or lacked a reasonable basis.”  The Levy Derivative Complaint asserts claims for (1) breach of fiduciary duty (as to the named director defendants), (2) unjust enrichment (as to certain named director defendants), (3) waste of corporate assets (as to the named director defendants), and (4) violations of Sections 10(b) and 21D of the Exchange Act (as to the named officer defendants). The Levy Derivative Complaint seeks a judgment “declaring that Plaintiffs may maintain this action on behalf of the Company”; finding the Derivative Defendants “liable for breaching their fiduciary duties owed to the Company”; directing the Derivative Defendants “to take all necessary actions to reform and improve the Company’s corporate governance, risk management, and internal operating procedures to comply with applicable

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laws”; “awarding damages to the Company for the harm the Company suffered as a result of Defendants’ wrongful conduct”; “awarding damages to the Company for [the named officer Derivative Defendants’] violations of Sections 10(b) and 21D of the Exchange Act”; “awarding Plaintiffs the costs and disbursements of this action, including attorneys’, accountants’, and experts’ fees”; and “awarding such other and further relief as is just and equitable.”

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On May 4, 2021, Company stockholder Laxman Tank, individually and on behalf of all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired Plug securities between November 9, 2020 and March 16, 2021, filed in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York a complaint captioned Tank v. Plug Power Inc. et al., Case No. 1:21-cv-03985 (S.D.N.Y.) (the “Tank Complaint”).  The Tank Complaint is substantially similar to the Class Action Complaint, asserting the same claims, for the same damages, against the same Defendants as the Class Action Complaint. The Company anticipates that the Tank Complaint will be consolidated with the Class Action Complaint under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

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ProGen:  ProGen is our fuel cell stack and engine technology currently used globally in mobility and stationary fuel cell systems, and as engines in electric delivery vans. This includes the Plug Power MEA, a critical component of the fuel cell stack used in zero-emission fuel cell electric vehicle engines; and

GenFuel Electrolyzers: GenFuel electrolyzers are modular, scalable hydrogen generators optimized for clean hydrogen production. Electrolyzers generate hydrogen from water using electricity and a special membrane and “green” hydrogen is generated by using renewable energy inputs, such as solar or wind power.

We provide our products worldwide through our direct product sales force, and by leveraging relationships with OEMs and their dealer networks. Plug Power is targeting Asia and Europe for expansion in adoption. Europe has rolled out ambitious targets for the hydrogen economy and Plug Power is executing on its strategy to become one of the European leaders. This includes a targeted account strategy for material handling as well as securing strategic partnerships with European OEMs, energy companies, utility leaders and accelerating our electrolyzer business. We manufacture our commercially viable products in Latham, New York, Rochester, New York and Spokane, Washington and support liquid hydrogen generation and logistics in Charleston, Tennessee.

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Recent Developments

COVID-19 Update

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, state governments—including those in New York and Washington, where our manufacturing facilities are located—have issued orders requiring businesses that do not conduct essential services to temporarily close their physical workplaces to employees and customers. We are currently deemed an essential business and, as a result, are exempt from these state orders, in their current form. In March 2020, we put in place a number of protective measures in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. These measures include the canceling of all commercial air travel and all other non-critical travel, requesting that employees limit non-essential personal travel, eliminating all but essential third-party access to our facilities, enhancing our facilities’ janitorial and sanitary procedures, encouraging employees to work from home to the extent their job function enables them to do so, encouraging the use of virtual employee meetings, and providing staggered shifts and social distancing measures for those employees associated with manufacturing and service operations.

We cannot predict at this time the full extent to which COVID-19 will impact our business, results and financial condition, which will depend on many factors. We are staying in close communication with our manufacturing facilities, employees, customers, suppliers and partners, and acting to mitigate the impact of this dynamic and evolving situation, but there is no guarantee that we will be able to do so. Although as of the date hereof, we have not observed any material impacts to our supply of components, the situation is fluid. Many of the parts for our products are sourced from suppliers in China and the manufacturing situation in China remains variable. Supply chain disruptions could reduce the availability of key components, increase prices or both. Certain of our customers, such as Walmart, significantly increased their use of units and hydrogen fuel consumption as a result of COVID-19.  In the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, our services and PPA margins were negatively impacted by incremental service costs associated with increased usage of units at some of our primary customer sites. In addition, future changes in applicable government orders or regulations, or changes in the interpretation of existing orders or regulations, could result in further disruptions to our business that may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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Borrowings, Capital Raises and Strategic Investments

On February 24, 2021, the Company completed the previously announced sale of its common stock in connection with a strategic partnership with SK Holdings Co., Ltd. (“SK Holdings”) to accelerate the use of hydrogen as an alternative energy source in Asian markets. The Company sold  54,966,188 shares of its common stock to a subsidiary of SK Holdings  at a purchase price of $29.2893 per share, or an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.6 billion.

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In January and February 2021, the Company issued and sold in a registered equity offering an aggregate of 32.2 million shares of its common stock at a purchase price of $65.00 per share for net proceeds of approximately $1.8 billion.

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In November 2020, the Company issued and sold in a registered equity offering an aggregate of 43,700,000 shares of its common stock at a purchase price of $22.25 per share for net proceeds of approximately $927.3 million.

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In each of July and September 2020, the Company borrowed an additional $25.0 million under an amended loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Generate Lending, LLC (“Generate Capital”).

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In August 2020, the Company issued and sold in a registered equity offering an aggregate of 35,276,250 shares of its common stock at a purchase price of $10.25 per share for net proceeds of approximately $344.4 million.

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In May 2020, the Company issued $212.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes. The total net proceeds from this offering after deducting costs of the issuance were $205.1 million. See Note 15, “Convertible Senior Notes, as restated” for more details. The Company used $90.2 million of the net proceeds to purchase $66.3 million of its 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes.

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Governance

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On February 18, 2021, the Company’s Board appointed Kimberly A. Harriman as a director and as a member of the Audit Committee of the Board.  On February 24, 2021, in connection with the closing of the SK Holdings investment, the Board appointed Kyungyeol Song as a director of the Company.  Each of Ms. Harriman and Mr. Song has been designated as a Class III director to serve until the Company's 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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On May 13, 2021, the Board amended and restated the Company’s Third Amended and Restated Bylaws in order to clarify and update certain provisions as well as to (i) expressly provide for virtual stockholder meetings by remote communication (Article I, Section 4), (ii) eliminate the requirement to provide notice of any adjourned meeting of the Board (Article II, Section 9), (iii) provide that shares of all classes or series of the Company’s stock may be uncertificated (Article IV, Section 1), and (iv) designate the federal district courts of the United States of America as the exclusive jurisdiction for any litigation arising under the Securities Act (Article VI, Section 8) (the “Amended and Restated Bylaws”). The Board approved the Amended and Restated Bylaws, among other reasons, to align them with current governance practices and, in respect of the exclusive federal forum provision, in order to seek to reduce any potential expenses that the Company may incur in connection with any actions or proceedings by seeking to avoid the Company being required to defend any such potential actions or proceedings in multiple jurisdictions and in parallel proceedings in federal and state courts simultaneously.

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Amazon Warrant

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In 2017, the Company issued the Amazon Warrant to acquire up to 55,286,696 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Amazon Warrant Shares”). On December 31, 2020, the Company waived the remaining vesting conditions under the Amazon Warrant, which resulted in the immediate vesting of the 20,368,784 unvested third tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares and recognition of a $399.7 million reduction to revenue associated with 18,085,395 of the third tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares for which reduction of revenue had not been previously recognized as a reduction of revenue.  

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The $399.7 million reduction to revenue resulting from the December 31, 2020 waiver was determined based upon a probability assessment of whether the Amazon Warrant Shares would vest under the terms of the original Amazon Warrant. Based upon the Company’s projections of probable future cash collections from Amazon (i.e., a Type I share based payment modification), a reduction of revenue of $56.6 million associated with 5,354,905 Amazon Warrant Shares was recognized at their previously measured November 2, 2020 fair value of $10.57 per share. A reduction of revenue of $343.1 associated with the remaining 12,730,490 Amazon Warrant Shares was recognized at their December 31, 2020 fair value of $26.95 each, based upon the Company’s assessment that associated future cash collections from Amazon were not deemed probable (i.e., a Type III share based payment modification).

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The $399.7 million reduction to revenue was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020 because the Company concluded such amount was not recoverable from the margins expected under probable future revenues attributable to Amazon, and no exclusivity or other rights were conferred to the Company in connection with the December 31, 2020 waiver. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a reduction to the provision for warrants of $12.8 million in connection with the release of the service loss accrual.  

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Provision for Common Stock Warrants

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In 2017, in separate transactions, the Company issued to each of Amazon.com NV Investment Holdings LLC and Walmart, Inc. (“Walmart”) warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company recorded a portion

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of the estimated fair value of the warrants as a reduction of revenue based upon the projected number of shares of common stock expected to vest under the warrants, the proportion of purchases by Amazon, Walmart and their affiliates within the period relative to the aggregate purchase levels required for vesting of the respective warrants, and the then-current fair value of the warrants. During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2019-08, with retrospective adoption as of January 1, 2019.  As a result, the amount recorded as a reduction of revenue was measured based on the grant-date fair value of the warrants. Previously, this amount was measured based on vesting date fair value with estimates of fair value determined at each financial reporting date for unvested warrant shares considered to be probable of vesting. Except for the third tranche, all existing unvested warrants are measured using a measurement date of January 1, 2019, the adoption date, in accordance with ASU 2019-08. For the third tranche of the shares under Walmart’s warrant, the exercise price will be determined once the second tranche vests. For the third tranche of the Amazon Warrant Shares, see above for the exercise price and measurement dates used.

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The amount of provision for common stock warrants recorded as a reduction of revenue during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 respectively, is shown in the table below (in thousands):

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Net revenue, cost of revenue, gross profit/(loss) and gross margin for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 as restated, and 2018, as restated, were as follows (in thousands):

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Net Revenue

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Revenue – sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure.  Revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure represents revenue from the sale of our fuel cells, such as GenDrive units and GenSure stationary backup power units, as well as hydrogen fueling infrastructure referred to at the site level as hydrogen installations. Revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased $244.2 million, or 162.9%, to ($94.3) million from $149.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as restated for 2019. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of $331.1 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The main driver for the decrease in revenue was the increase in provision for common stock warrants which resulted from the accelerated vesting of the third tranche of the Amazon Warrant Shares. See “Amazon Transaction Agreement”, below. This increased level of provision for common stock warrants is not expected to continue because the Amazon Warrant is fully vested. Offsetting the decrease in revenue was an increase in hydrogen installations related to one significant customer. There were 27 hydrogen fueling infrastructure sites during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to four in 2019. Also partially offsetting the revenue decrease was an increase in GenDrive units recognized as revenue. There were 9,418 GenDrive units recognized as revenue in 2020 as compared to 6,058 in 2019. We continue to enhance our GenDrive units, resulting in lower maintenance costs, higher run times, and greater efficiency. These enhancements have resulted in higher demand for our GenDrive product as well as higher sales prices. In addition, the Company continues to broaden its customer portfolio. Pricing varies amongst customers depending on application and in general the Company has been able to increase average selling prices for GenDrive units by broadening small to medium size customers, resulting in fewer volume discounts.

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Revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $42.7 million (as restated), or 39.9% (as restated), to $149.9 million (as restated) from $107.2 million (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of $2.0 million and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The main drivers for the increase in revenue were the increase in GenDrive units recognized as revenue, change in product mix and variations in customer programs, as well as a decrease in the aforementioned provision for common stock warrants. There were 6,058 GenDrive units

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recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to 4,426 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in GenDrive revenue was partially offset by a decrease in hydrogen fueling infrastructure installations. There were four sites associated with hydrogen fueling infrastructure revenue during the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to 17 during the year ended December 31, 2018.

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Revenue – services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure.  Revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure represents revenue earned on our service and maintenance contracts and sales of spare parts. Revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased $35.0 million, or 138.9%, to ($9.8) million from $25.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as restated for 2019. Included within revenue from services was provision for common stock warrants of $36.0 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The main driver for the decrease in revenue was the increase in provision for common stock warrants which resulted from the accelerated vesting of the third tranche of the Amazon Warrant Shares. See “Amazon Transaction Agreement” below. This increased level of provision for common stock warrants is not expected to continue because the Amazon Warrant is fully vested. Partially offsetting the decrease in revenue was an increase in average number of GenDrive units under maintenance contracts. The average number of GenDrive units under maintenance contracts during the year ended December 31, 2020 was 12,417 compared to 11,485 in 2019. We continue to enhance our GenDrive units, which has resulted in higher demand for our GenDrive product, as well as higher sales prices.

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Revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $3.2 million, or 14.6%, to $25.2 million (as restated) from $22.0 million (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018. Included within revenue from services was provision for common stock warrants of $0.8 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, contributing to the increase in revenue. The average number of units under extended maintenance contracts during the year ended December 31, 2019 was 11,485, compared to 11,035 during the year ended December 31, 2018. This increase in the average number of units serviced in 2019 coupled with favorable changes in mix drove the increase in revenue during the period.

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Revenue – Power Purchase Agreements.  Revenue from PPAs represents payments received from customers for power generated through the provision of equipment and service. Revenue from PPAs for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $1.1 million, or 4.2%, to $26.6 million from $25.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 (as restated). Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of $2.8 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase in revenue was a result of an increase in the average number of units and customer sites party to these agreements. There was an average of 15,469 units under PPAs generating revenue in 2020, compared to 10,478 in 2019. The average number of sites under PPA arrangements was 39 in 2020, compared to 33 in 2019. The revenue increase from additional units and sites was partially offset by the increase in provision for common stock warrants. We continue to enhance our GenDrive units, which has resulted in higher demand for our GenDrive product. In addition, the Company continues to broaden its customer portfolio. We added a significant customer that uses PPA for our equipment in the second half of 2020, also contributing to an increase in revenue year over year.

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Revenue from PPAs for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $3.0 million (as restated), or 13.2% (as restated), to $25.6 million (as restated) from $22.6 million (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of $1.5 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase in revenue from PPAs for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018 was attributable to the increase in the number of units under PPA arrangements, partially offset by the increase in provision for common stock warrants. The remaining increase was due to the increased number of sites the Company had deployed under PPA arrangements. The average number of sites under PPA arrangements was 39 in 2019, as compared to 30 in 2018. The 18.2% increase in the average number of sites under PPA arrangements for the year December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018 was relatively consistent with the increase in revenue during the same period, partially offset by the increase in provision for common stock warrants.

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Revenue – fuel delivered to customers.  Revenue associated with fuel delivered to customers represents the sale of hydrogen to customers that has been purchased by the Company from a third party or generated on site. Revenue associated with fuel delivered to customers for the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased $45.2 million, or 155.2%, to ($16.1) million from $29.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 (as restated). Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of $55.2 million and $2.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019,

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respectively. The main driver for the decrease in revenue was the increase in provision for common stock warrants which resulted from the accelerated vesting of the third tranche of the Amazon Warrant Shares. See “Amazon Warrant Transaction Agreement” above. This increased level of provision for common stock warrants is not expected to continue because the Amazon Warrant is fully vested. Partially offsetting the provision of common stock warrants was an increase in fueling sites under contracts.  There were 103 sites associated with fuel contracts at December 31, 2020, compared to 76 at December 31, 2019. This is consistent with the increased sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure sales as well as increases in the level of deployment of PPA sites.  

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Revenue associated with fuel delivered to customers for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $6.6 million, or 29.5%, to $29.1 million (as restated) from $22.5 million (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of $2.2 million and $3.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, contributing to the increase in revenue. The remaining increase in revenue was primarily due to an increase in sites taking fuel deliveries in 2019, compared to 2018, as well as an increase in the price of fuel. The average number of sites receiving fuel deliveries was 76 for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared to 62 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

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Cost of Revenue

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Cost of revenue – sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure.  Cost of revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure includes direct materials, labor costs, and allocated overhead costs related to the manufacture of our fuel cells such as GenDrive units and GenSure stationary backup power units, as well as hydrogen fueling infrastructure referred to at the site level as hydrogen installations.

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Cost of revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $73.5 million, or 75.1%, to $171.4 million, compared to $97.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 (as restated). This increase was primarily driven by an increase in the number of GenDrive units recognized as revenue, as well as an increase in hydrogen infrastructure installations recognized as revenue. There were 9,418 GenDrive units recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 6,058 for the year ended December 31, 2019. There were 27 sites associated with hydrogen fueling infrastructure revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 4 for the year ended December 31, 2019. Gross margin generated from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure was (281.8)% for the year ended December 31, 2020, down from 34.7% for the year ended December 31, 2019 (as restated), due primarily to the increase in provision for common stock warrants which resulted from  the accelerated vesting of the third tranche of the Amazon Warrant Shares. See “Amazon Transaction Agreement” below. This increased level of provision for common stock warrants is not expected to continue because the Amazon Warrant is fully vested.

Cost of revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $12.7 million (as restated), or 14.9% (as restated), to $97.9 million (as restated), compared to $85.2 million (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in the number of GenDrive units recognized as revenue, partially offset by the decrease in hydrogen infrastructure installations recognized as revenue. There were 6,058 GenDrive units recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to 4,426 for the year ended December 31, 2018. There were 4 sites associated with hydrogen fueling infrastructure revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 17 for the year ended December 31, 2018. Gross margin generated from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure was 34.7% (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2019, up from 20.5% (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily due to an increase in GenDrive units recognized as revenue and decrease in the number of hydrogen infrastructure sites deployed, as well as a reduction of provision for common stock warrants.

Cost of revenue – services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure. Cost of revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure includes the labor, material costs and allocated overhead costs incurred for our product service and hydrogen site maintenance contracts and spare parts. Cost of revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $7.9 million, or 23.0%, from $34.6 million to $42.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 (as restated) primarily due to an increase in the number of units under maintenance contracts. There were 12,417 units under maintenance contracts generating revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 11,485 for the year ended December 31, 2019, on average. Gross margin declined to (533.9)% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to (37.1)% for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily due to the increase in provision for common stock warrants which resulted from  the

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accelerated vesting of the third tranche of the Amazon Warrant Shares. See “Amazon Transaction Agreement” below. This increased level of provision for common stock warrants is not expected to continue because the Amazon Warrant is fully vested. Additionally, there were increased costs as a result of additional usage due to COVID-19 run hour requirements at customer sites, as well as increased costs due to investments related to stack performance. These stack enhancements are expected to decrease service costs in the future.

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Cost of revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $2.3 million, or 7.2% (as restated), from $32.3 million (as restated) to $34.6 million (restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018. Gross margin improved to (37.1%) (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to (46.7%) (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to program investments targeting performance improvement and variation in maintenance cycles.

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Cost of revenue – provision for loss accrual.  The Company recorded a provision for loss accrual during 2020 of $35.5 million, an increase of $35.9 million over the net benefit for loss contracts related to service recorded in 2019 of $394 thousand (as restated).  The increase in the provision for loss accrual during 2020 was driven primarily by an increase in estimated projected costs to service units and an increase in the number of service contracts during 2020.  The Company determined during 2020, based on historical experience, that certain cost down initiatives were taking longer to achieve than originally estimated.  As a result, the Company increased its estimated projected costs to service fuel cell systems and related infrastructure.  Additionally, the Company determined during the third quarter of 2020 that the projected provision for the Amazon Warrant would be significantly higher than previously experienced (see discussion of the Amazon Transaction Agreement). Lastly, the Company entered into 19 new service contracts during 2020, compared to one new service contract in 2019.  

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The Company recorded a net benefit for loss accrual during 2019 of $394 thousand (as restated), a decrease of $5.7 million (as restated) over the provision recorded in 2018 of $5.3 million (as restated).  The decrease in the provision for loss accrual during 2019 was driven primarily by the passage of time on the contract portfolio and limited number of new contracts in 2019. The Company entered into one new service contract during 2019, compared to five new service contracts in 2018.

Cost of revenue – Power Purchase Agreements. Cost of revenue from PPAs includes depreciation of assets utilized and service costs to fulfill PPA obligations and interest costs associated with certain financial institutions for leased equipment. Cost of revenue from PPAs for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $22.9 million, or 54.7%, to $64.6 million from $41.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as restated. The increase in cost was a result of an increase in the average number of units and customer sites party to these agreements. There was an average of 15,469 units under PPAs recognized as revenue in 2020, compared to 10,478 in 2019. The average number of sites under PPA arrangements was 39 in 2020, compared to 33 in 2019. Gross margin declined to (142.8)% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to (63.5)% for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to the increase in provision for common stock warrants and increase in costs related to greater utilization of GenDrive units at a significant customer site, due to higher demand on customer warehouse equipment as a result of COVID-19.

Cost of revenue from PPAs for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $0.4 million (as restated), or 1.0% (as restated), to $41.8 million (as restated) from $41.4 million (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was a result of an increase in the number of customer sites party to these agreements. Gross margin improved to (63.5%) (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to (83.3%) (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily due to reliability improvements and increased labor leverage on a growing fleet, which resulted in improved service cost per unit.

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Cost of revenue – fuel delivered to customers.  Cost of revenue from fuel delivered to customers represents the purchase of hydrogen from suppliers that ultimately is sold to customers.  Cost of revenue from fuel delivered to customers for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $16.6 million, or 36.6%, to $61.8 million from $45.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as restated. The increase was due primarily to higher volume of liquid hydrogen delivered to customer sites as a result of an increase in the number of hydrogen installations completed under GenKey agreements and higher fuel costs. There were 103 sites associated with fuel contracts at December 31, 2020, compared to 76 at December 31, 2019. Gross margin declined to (484.6)% during the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to (55.5)% during the year ended December 31, 2019 (as restated), primarily due to the increase in provision for common stock warrants which resulted from the accelerated vesting of the third tranche of the Amazon Warrant Shares. See “Amazon Transaction Agreement” below. This increased level of provision for common stock warrants is not expected to continue because the Amazon Warrant is fully vested. The Company also experienced an increase in the cost of fuel purchased during the second

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half of 2020 given issues with a particular supplier.  This trend is not expected to continue beyond 2021 as the Company transitions to its own hydrogen production capabilities.

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Cost of revenue from fuel delivered to customers for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $9.2 million (as restated), or 25.6% (as restated), to $45.2 million (as restated) from $36.0 million (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018.  The increase was due primarily to higher volume of liquid hydrogen delivered to customer sites as a result of an increase in the number of hydrogen installations completed under GenKey agreements and higher fuel costs. Gross margin improved to (55.5%) (as restated) during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to (60.4%) (as restated) during the year ended December 31, 2018 given certain efficiency investments and reduction in customer warrant provisions offset somewhat by increases in fuel costs and incremental depreciation on tanks and related fuel equipment stemming from investments made to improve fuel system efficiency.

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Expenses

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Research and development expense. Research and development expense includes: materials to build development and prototype units, cash and non-cash compensation and benefits for the engineering and related staff, expenses for contract engineers, fees paid to consultants for services provided, materials and supplies consumed, facility related costs such as computer and network services, and other general overhead costs associated with our research and development activities.

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Research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $12.8 million, or 84.9%, to $27.8 million from $15.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as restated. The increase was primarily due to additional research and development for improvement of fuel efficiency, GenDrive unit performance, and new product development such as on-road delivery trucks, and drone applications. 

Research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $2.3 million (as restated), or 18.1% (as restated), to $15.1 million (as restated)  from $12.8 million (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase was primarily due to additional research and development for fuel efficiency, GenDrive unit performance, and new product development such as on-road delivery trucks, drone applications. 

Selling, general and administrative expenses.  Selling, general and administrative expenses includes cash and non-cash compensation, benefits, amortization of intangible assets and related costs in support of our general corporate functions, including general management, finance and accounting, human resources, selling and marketing, information technology and legal services.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $36.1 million, or 83.7%, to $79.3 million from $43.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 (as restated).  This increase was primarily related to acquisition and debt restructuring charges in addition to increases in compensation and headcount.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $5.5 million (as restated), or 14.6% (as restated), to $43.2 million (as restated) from $37.7 million (as restated) for the year ended December 31, 2018. This increase was primarily related to an increase in performance and stock-based compensation during the year ended December 31, 2019, offset by a decrease in a certain legal accrual recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018.

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Contingent Consideration.  In the second quarter of 2020, the Company recorded on its consolidated balance sheet a liability of $8.9 million representing the fair value of contingent consideration issued in the acquisitions of Giner ELX and UHG.  The fair value of this contingent consideration was remeasured as of December 31, 2020 and was estimated to be $10.2 million. This change in fair value of $1.2 million was recorded as an expense in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020.  See Note 5, “Acquisitions,” to the consolidated financial statements for further details.

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Interest and other expense, net. Interest and other expense, net consists of interest and other expenses related to our long-term debt, convertible senior notes, obligations under finance leases and our finance obligations, as well as foreign currency exchange losses, offset by interest and other income consisting primarily of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, foreign currency exchange gains and other income. The Company entered into a series of finance leases with Generate  Capital during 2018. Approximately $50.0 million of these finance leases were terminated and replaced with long-term debt with Generate Capital in March 2019. Additionally, in September of 2019 and March of

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2018, the Company issued convertible senior notes in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act. Since December 31, 2019, the Company assumed approximately $100 million of additional long-term debt at 9.50% interest, issued $212.5 million convertible senior notes at 3.75% interest, and entered into additional sale/leaseback finance obligation arrangements at an incremental borrowing rates ranging from 10.75% to 12.00%.

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Net interest and other expense for the year ended December 31, 2020, increased $24.8 million or 69.5%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 (as restated).  This increase was attributable to an increase in interest expense associated with the Company’s increased finance obligations, long-term debt and the issuance of the convertible senior notes, as mentioned above.

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Net interest and other expense for the year ended December 31, 2019, increased $12.9 million (as restated) or 56.9% (as restated), as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018 (as restated).  This increase was attributed to the increase in finance leases and long-term debt during 2019 and the issuance of convertible senior notes in September 2019 and March 2018, as mentioned above.

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Common Stock Warrant Liability

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The Company accounts for certain common stock warrants, other than the Amazon Warrant and the warrant issued to Walmart, as common stock warrant liability with changes in the fair value reflected in the consolidated statement of operations as change in the fair value of common stock warrant liability.

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All remaining common stock warrants were fully exercised in the fourth quarter of 2019. As such, there was no change in fair value of common stock warrant liability for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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The change in fair value of common stock warrant liability for the year ended December 31, 2019 resulted in a decrease in the associated warrant liability of $79 thousand as compared to a decrease of $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. These variances were primarily due to changes in the average remaining term of the warrants, an increase in Company’s common stock price, and changes in volatility of our common stock, which are significant inputs to the Black-Scholes valuation model used to calculate the fair value of these warrants at each financial reporting date. All of these warrants were exercised on October 15, 2019 for net proceeds of $14.1 million.

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Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt

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During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company issued an aggregate of 14,615,615 shares in connection with the conversion of approximately $33.5 million of its 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes. The resulting gain of approximately $4.5 million is reflected in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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In May 2020, the Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes to repurchase approximately $66.3 million of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes which resulted in a $13.2 million gain on early debt extinguishment.

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In March 2019, the Company restructured its long-term debt with NY Green Bank, a Division of the New York State Energy Research & Development Authority (“NY Green Bank”), which resulted in a loss on early debt extinguishment of $0.5 million.

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Income Tax

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The Company recognized an income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2020 of $30.8 million resulting from a source of future taxable income attributable to the net credit to additional paid-in capital of $25.6 million related to the issuance of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes, offset by the partial extinguishment of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes and $5.2 million of income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2020 related to the recognition of net deferred tax liabilities in connection with the acquisition of Giner ELX. This resulted in a corresponding reduction in our deferred tax asset valuation allowance. The Company has not changed its overall conclusion with respect to the need for a valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets, which remain fully reserved.

The net deferred tax asset generated from the Company’s current period NOL has been offset by a full valuation allowance because it is more likely than not that the tax benefits of the NOL carry forward will not be realized. The

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Company recognizes interest and penalties on the Interest and other expense, net line in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

The Company recognized an income tax benefit for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 of $0 and $9.3 million (as restated), respectively. The 2018 income tax benefit resulted from a source of future taxable income attributable to the net credit to additional paid-in capital related to the issuance of the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes discussed in Note 15, “Convertible Senior Notes, as restated.” The Company has not changed its overall conclusion with respect to the need for a valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets, which remain fully reserved.

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Public and Private Offerings of Equity and Debt

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Common Stock Issuances

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In February 2021, the Company completed the previously announced sale of its common stock in connection with a strategic partnership with SK Holdings to accelerate the use of hydrogen as an alternative energy source in Asian markets. The Company sold 54,966,188 shares of its common stock to a subsidiary of SK Holdings at a purchase price of $29.2893 per share, or an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.6 billion

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In January and February 2021, the Company issued and sold in a registered equity offering an aggregate of 32,200,000 shares of its common stock at a purchase price of $65.00 per share for net proceeds of approximately $1.8 billion. See Note 23, “Subsequent Events.”

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In November 2020, the Company issued and sold in a registered direct offering an aggregate of 43,700,000 shares of its common stock at a purchase price of $22.25 per share for net proceeds of approximately $927.3 million.

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In August 2020, the Company issued and sold in a registered direct offering an aggregate of 35,276,250 shares of its common stock at a purchase price of $10.25 per share for net proceeds of approximately $344.4 million.

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On April 13, 2020, the Company entered into the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement with B. Riley Financial (“B. Riley”), as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through B. Riley, shares of Company common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million.  As of the date of this filing, the Company has not issued any shares of common stock pursuant to the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement.

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In December 2019, the Company issued and sold in a registered public offering an aggregate of 46 million shares of its common stock at a purchase price of $2.75 per share for net proceeds of approximately $120.4 million.

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In March 2019, the Company issued and sold in a registered direct offering an aggregate of 10 million shares of its common stock at a purchase price of $2.35 per share. The net proceeds to the Company were approximately $23.5 million.

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Prior to December 31, 2019, the Company entered into a previous At Market Issuance Sales Agreement with B. Riley, which was terminated in the fourth quarter of 2019. Under this At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, for the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company issued 6.3 million shares of common stock, resulting in net proceeds of $14.5 million and for the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company issued 3.8 million shares of common stock, resulting in net proceeds of $7.0 million.

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Convertible Senior Notes

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In May 2020, the Company issued $212.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes. The total net proceeds from this offering, after deducting costs of the issuance, were $205.1 million. The Company used $90.2 million of the net proceeds from the offering of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes to repurchase $66.3 million of the $100 million in aggregate principal amount of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes. In addition, the Company used approximately $16.3 million of the net proceeds from the offering of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes to enter into privately negotiated capped called transactions.  In the fourth quarter of 2020, $33.5 million of the remaining 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes were converted into 14.6 million shares of common stock, resulting in a gain of approximately $4.5 million which was recorded on the consolidated statement of operations on the gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt line. As of December 31, 2020, approximately $160 thousand aggregate principal amount of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes remained outstanding, all of which were  converted to common stock in January 2021.

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In September 2019, the Company issued $40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.5% convertible senior note due 2023, which we refer to herein as the 7.5% Convertible Senior Note. The Company’s total obligation, net of interest accretion, due to the holder was $48.0 million. The total net proceeds from this offering, after deducting costs of the issuance, were $39.1 million. On July 1, 2020, the note automatically converted fully into 16.0 million shares of common stock.

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Secured Debt

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In March 2019, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement, as amended (the “Loan Agreement”), with Generate Lending, LLC (“Generate Capital”), providing for a secured term loan facility in the amount of $100 million (the “Term Loan Facility”). The Company used the proceeds to pay off in full the Company’s previous loan with NY Green Bank a Division of the New York State Energy Research & Development (“Green-Bank Loan”) and terminate and re-purchase certain equipment leases with Generate Plug Power SLB II, LLC. In connection with this transaction, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. This loss was recorded in gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt, in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. The Company borrowed an incremental $20 million in November 2019.

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Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company, under another series of amendments to the Loan Agreement, borrowed an incremental $100 million. As part of the amendment to the Loan Agreement, the Company’s  interest rate on the secured term loan facility was reduced to 9.50% from 12.00% per annum, and  the maturity date was extended to October 31, 2025 from October 6, 2022. On December 31, 2020, the outstanding balance under the Term Loan Facility was $165.8 million.

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The Loan Agreement includes covenants, limitations, and events of default customary for similar facilities. Interest and a portion of the principal amount is payable on a quarterly basis. Principal payments are funded in part by releases of restricted cash, as described in Note 22, “Commitments and Contingencies, as restated.” Based on the amortization schedule as of December 31, 2020, the loan balance under the Term Loan Facility will be fully paid by October 31, 2025. 

The Term Loan Facility is secured by substantially all of the Company’s and the guarantor subsidiaries’ assets, including, among other assets, all intellectual property, all securities in domestic subsidiaries and 65% of the securities in foreign subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions and exclusions.

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The Loan Agreement provides that if there is an event of default due to the Company’s insolvency or if the Company fails to perform in any material respect the servicing requirements for fuel cell systems under certain customer agreements, which failure would entitle the customer to terminate such customer agreement, replace the Company or withhold the payment of any material amount to the Company under such customer agreement, then Generate Capital has the right to cause Proton Services Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, to replace the Company in performing the maintenance services under such customer agreement.

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Additionally, $1.75 million was paid to an escrow account related to additional fees due in connection with the GreenBank Loan if the Company does not meet certain New York State employment and fuel cell deployment targets by March 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company received $250 thousand from escrow related to the New York state employment targets. The Company received an additional $700 thousand in March 2021 for meeting the employment targets and this amount was recorded in short-term other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020. The Company did not meet the deployment targets and charged-off the balance of  $800 thousand to interest expense as of December 31, 2020.

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As of December 31, 2020 the Term Loan Facility requires the principal balance as of each of the following dates not to exceed the following (in thousands):

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Several key indicators of liquidity are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

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3.75% Convertible Senior Notes

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On May 18, 2020, the Company issued $200.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes, in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act. On May 29, 2020, the Company issued an additional $12.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes.

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At issuance in May 2020, the total net proceeds from the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes were as follows:

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The 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes bear interest at a  rate of 3.75% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2020.  The notes will mature on June 1, 2025, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms.

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The 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of the Company and rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the notes, equal in right of payment to any of the Company’s existing and future liabilities that are not so subordinated, including the Company’s $100 million in aggregate principal amount of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (the “5.5% Convertible Senior Notes”), effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness, and structurally subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities, including trade payables, of its current or future subsidiaries.  

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Holders of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes may convert their notes at their option at any time prior to the close of the business day immediately preceding December 1, 2024 in the following circumstances:

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On or after December 1, 2024, the holders of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes may convert all or any portion of their notes at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date regardless of the foregoing conditions.

The initial conversion rate for the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes is 198.6196 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $5.03 per share of the Company’s common stock, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of specified events. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as applicable, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election. During January and February of 2021, $15.2 million of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes were converted and the Company has issued 3.0 million shares in conjunction with these conversions.

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In addition, following certain corporate events or following issuance of a notice of redemption, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its notes in connection with such a corporate event or convert its notes called for redemption during the related redemption period in certain circumstances.

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The 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part, at the Company’s option at any time, and from time to time, on or after June 5, 2023 and before the 41^st scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, at a cash redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, but only if the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive), including at least one of the three trading days immediately preceding the date the Company sends the related redemption notice, during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company sends such redemption notice.

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If the Company undergoes a “fundamental change” (as defined in the Indenture), holders may require the Company to repurchase their notes for cash all or any portion of their notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

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In accounting for the issuance of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes, the Company separated the notes into liability and equity components. The initial carrying amount of the liability component of approximately $75.2 million, net of costs incurred, was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component of approximately $130.3 million, net of costs incurred, representing the conversion option, was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes. The difference between the principal amount of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes and the liability component (the debt discount) is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes. The effective interest rate is approximately 29.0%.  The equity component of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes is included in additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheets and is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

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We incurred transaction costs related to the issuance of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes of approximately $7.0 million, consisting of initial purchasers’ discount of approximately $6.4 million and other issuance costs of $0.6 million. In accounting for the transaction costs, we allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components using the same proportions as the proceeds from the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component were approximately $2.6 million, were recorded as debt issuance cost (presented as contra debt in the consolidated balance sheets) and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes. The transaction costs attributable to the equity component were approximately $4.4 million and were netted with the equity component in stockholders’ equity.

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The 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes consisted of the following (in thousands):

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Based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock of $33.91 on December 31, 2020, the if-converted value of the notes was greater than the principal amount. The estimated fair value of the note at December 31, 2020 was approximately $1.3 billion. Fair value estimation was primarily based on a stock exchange, active trade on December 29, 2020 of the 3.75%  Senior Convertible Note. The Company considers this a Level 1 fair value measurement. Refer to Note 4, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

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Capped Call

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In conjunction with the pricing of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “3.75% Notes Capped Call”) with certain counterparties at a price of $16.3 million. The 3.75% Notes Capped Call covers, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, the aggregate number of shares of the Company’s common stock that underlie the initial 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes and is generally expected to reduce potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of the converted notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap based on the cap price. The cap price of the 3.75% Notes Capped Call is initially $6.7560 per share, which represents a premium of approximately 60% over the last then-reported sale price of the Company’s common stock of $4.11 per share on the date of the transaction and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the 3.75% Notes Capped Call. The 3.75% Notes Capped Call becomes exercisable if the conversion option is exercised.

The net cost incurred in connection with the 3.75% Notes Capped Call has been recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheet.

7.5% Convertible Senior Note

In September 2019, the Company issued $40.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.5%  Convertible Senior Note, in exchange for net proceeds of $39.1 million, in a private placement to an accredited investor pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act. There were no required principal payments prior to the maturity of the 7.5% Convertible Senior Note. Upon maturity of the 7.5% Convertible Senior Note, the Company was required to repay 120% of $40.0 million, or $48.0 million. The 7.5% Convertible Senior Note bore interest at 7.5% per year, payable quarterly in arrears on January 5, April 5, July 5 and October 5 of each year beginning on October 5, 2019 and was to mature on January 5, 2023 unless earlier converted or repurchased in accordance with its terms. The 7.5% Convertible Senior Note was unsecured and did not contain any financial covenants or any restrictions on the payment of dividends, or the issuance or repurchase of common stock by the Company.

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On July 1, 2020, the 7.5% Convertible Senior Note automatically converted into 16.0 million shares of common stock.

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5.5% Convertible Senior Notes

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In March 2018, the Company issued $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes due on March 15, 2023 in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act.

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In May 2020, the Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes to finance the cash portion of the partial repurchase of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes, which consisted of a repurchase of approximately $66.3 million in aggregate principal amount of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes in privately-negotiated transactions for aggregate consideration of $128.9 million, consisting of approximately $90.2 million in cash and approximately 9.4 million shares of the Company’s common stock. Of the $128.9 million in aggregate consideration, $35.5 million and $93.4 million were allocated to the debt and equity components, respectively, utilizing an effective discount rate of 29.8% to determine the fair value of the liability component. As of the repurchase date, the carrying value of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes that were repurchased, net of unamortized debt discount and issuance costs, was $48.7 million. The partial repurchase of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes resulted in a $13.2 million gain on early debt extinguishment. In the fourth quarter of 2020, $33.5 million of the remaining 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes converted into 14.6 million shares of common stock which resulted in a gain of approximately $4.5 million which was recorded on the consolidated statement of operations on the gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt line. As of December 31, 2020, approximately $160 thousand aggregate principal amount of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes remained outstanding,  all of which were converted to common stock in January 2021.

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Capped Call

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In conjunction with the pricing of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes, the Company entered into the 5.5% Notes Capped Call with certain counterparties at a price of $16.0 million to reduce the potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of the converted 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes, as the case may be. The net cost incurred in connection with the 5.5% Notes Capped Call has been recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheets.

In conjunction with the partial repurchase of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes, the Company terminated 100% of the 5.5% Notes Capped Call on June 5, 2020. As a result of the termination, the Company received $24.2 million which was recorded in additional paid-in capital.

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Common Stock Forward

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In connection with the issuance of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes, the Company also entered into a forward stock purchase transaction, or the Common Stock Forward, pursuant to which the Company agreed to purchase 14,397,906 shares of its common stock for settlement on or about March 15, 2023. In connection with the issuance of the 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes and the partial payoff of the 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes, the Company amended and extended the maturity of the Common Stock Forward to June 1, 2025. The number of shares of common stock that the Company will ultimately repurchase under the Common Stock Forward is subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments. The Common Stock Forward is subject to early settlement or settlement with alternative consideration in the event of certain corporate transactions.

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The net cost incurred in connection with the Common Stock Forward of $27.5 million has been recorded as an increase in treasury stock in the consolidated balance sheets during 2018. The related shares were accounted for as a repurchase of common stock.

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The book value of the Common Stock Forward is not remeasured.

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During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Common Stock Forward was partially settled and, as a result, the Company received 4.4 million shares of its common stock.

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Amazon Transaction Agreement

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On April 4, 2017, the Company and Amazon entered into a Transaction Agreement (the “Amazon Transaction Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to Amazon.com NV Investment Holdings LLC, a wholly

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owned subsidiary of Amazon, a warrant (the “Amazon Warrant”) to acquire up to 55,286,696 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Amazon Warrant Shares”), subject to certain vesting events described below. The Company and Amazon entered into the Amazon Transaction Agreement in connection with existing commercial agreements between the Company and Amazon with respect to the deployment of the Company’s GenKey fuel cell technology at Amazon distribution centers. The existing commercial agreements contemplate, but do not guarantee, future purchase orders for the Company’s fuel cell technology. The vesting of the Amazon Warrant Shares was conditioned upon payments made by Amazon or its affiliates (directly or indirectly through third parties) pursuant to the existing commercial agreements.

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Under the terms of the original Amazon Warrant, the first tranche of 5,819,652 of the Amazon Warrant Shares vested upon execution, and the remaining Amazon Warrant Shares vest based on Amazon’s payment of up to $600.0 million to the Company in connection with Amazon’s purchase of goods and services from the Company. The $6.7 million fair value of the first tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares, was recognized as selling, general and administrative expense upon execution of the Amazon Warrant during 2017.

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Provision for the second and third tranches of Amazon Warrant Shares is recorded as a reduction of revenue, because they represent consideration payable to a customer.

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The fair value of the second tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares was measured at  January 1, 2019, upon adoption of ASU 2019-08. The second tranche of 29,098,260 Amazon Warrant Shares cliff-vested in four equal installments, as Amazon or its affiliates, directly or indirectly through third parties, made an aggregate of $50.0 million in payments for goods and services to the Company, up to payments totaling $200.0 million in the aggregate. The last installment of the second tranche vested on November 2, 2020.  Revenue reductions of $9.0 million, $4.1 million and $9.8 million associated with the second tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares were recorded in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, under the terms of the original Amazon Warrant.  

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Under the terms of the original Amazon Warrant, the third tranche of 20,368,784 Amazon Warrant Shares vests in eight equal installments, as Amazon or its affiliates, directly or indirectly through third parties, make an aggregate of $50.0 million in payments for goods and services to the Company, up to payments totaling $400.0 million in the aggregate. The measurement date for the third tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares was November 2, 2020, when their exercise price was determined, as discussed further below. The fair value of the third tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares on that date was determined to be $10.57 each. During 2020, revenue reductions of $24.1 million associated with the third tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares were recorded under the terms of the original Amazon Warrant, prior to the December 31, 2020 waiver described below.  

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On December 31, 2020, the Company waived the remaining vesting conditions under the Amazon Warrant, which resulted in the immediate vesting of the 20,368,784 unvested third tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares and recognition of an additional $399.7 million reduction to revenue.  

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The $399.7 million reduction to revenue resulting from the December 31, 2020 waiver was determined based upon a probability assessment of whether the underlying shares would have vested under the terms of the original Amazon Warrant. Based upon the Company’s projections of probable future cash collections from Amazon (i.e., a Type I share based payment modification), a reduction of revenue associated with 5,354,905 Amazon Warrant Shares was recognized at their previously measured November 2, 2020 fair value of $10.57 per warrant.  A reduction of revenue associated with the remaining 12,730,490 Amazon Warrant Shares was recognized at their December 31, 2020 fair value of $26.95 each, based upon the Company’s assessment that associated future cash collections from Amazon were not deemed probable (i.e., a Type III share based payment modification).

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The $399.7 million reduction to revenue was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020 because the Company concluded such amount was not recoverable from the margins expected from probable future revenues attributable to Amazon, and no exclusivity or other rights were conferred to the Company in connection with the December 31, 2020 waiver.  

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At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, 55,286,696 and 20,368,782 of the Amazon Warrant Shares had vested, respectively. The total amount of provision for common stock warrants recorded as a reduction of revenue for the Amazon Warrant during the years ended December 31, 2020, and 2019 and 2018 was $420.0 million, $4.1 million, and $9.8 million, respectively.

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The exercise price for the first and second tranches of Amazon Warrant Shares is $1.1893 per share.  The exercise price of the third tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares is $13.81 per share, which was determined pursuant to the terms of the Amazon Warrant as an amount equal to ninety percent (90%) of the 30-day volume weighted average share price of the Company’s common stock as of November 2, 2020, the final vesting date of the second tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares. The Amazon Warrant is exercisable through April 4, 2027. The Amazon Warrant provides for net share settlement that, if elected by the holder, will reduce the number of shares issued upon exercise to reflect net settlement of the exercise price. The Amazon Warrant provides for certain adjustments that may be made to the exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise due to customary anti-dilution provisions based on future events. The Amazon Warrant is classified as an equity instrument.  

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Walmart Transaction Agreement

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On July 20, 2017, the Company and Walmart entered into a Transaction Agreement (the “Walmart Transaction Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to Walmart a warrant (the “Walmart Warrant”) to acquire up to 55,286,696 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to certain vesting events (the “Walmart Warrant Shares”). The Company and Walmart entered into the Walmart Transaction Agreement in connection with existing commercial agreements between the Company and Walmart with respect to the deployment of the Company’s GenKey fuel cell technology across various Walmart distribution centers. The existing commercial agreements contemplate, but do not guarantee, future purchase orders for the Company’s fuel cell technology. The vesting of the Walmart Warrant Shares is conditioned upon payments made by Walmart or its affiliates (directly or indirectly through third parties) pursuant to transactions entered into after January 1, 2017 under existing commercial agreements.

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The majority of the Walmart Warrant Shares will vest based on Walmart’s payment of up to $600.0 million to the Company in connection with Walmart’s purchase of goods and services from the Company. The first tranche of 5,819,652 Walmart Warrant Shares vested upon the execution of the Walmart Transaction Agreement and was fully exercised as of December 31, 2020.  Accordingly, $10.9 million, the fair value of the first tranche of Walmart Warrant Shares, was recorded as a provision for common stock warrants and presented as a reduction to revenue on the consolidated statements of operations during 2017. All future provision for common stock warrants is measured based on their grant-date fair value and recorded as a charge against revenue. The second tranche of 29,098,260 Walmart Warrant Shares  vests in four installments of 7,274,565 Walmart Warrant Shares each time Walmart or its affiliates, directly or indirectly through third parties, make an aggregate of $50.0 million in payments for goods and services to the Company, up to payments totaling $200.0 million in the aggregate. The exercise price for the first and second tranches of Walmart Warrant Shares is $2.1231 per share. After Walmart has made payments to the Company totaling $200.0 million, the third tranche of 20,368,784 Walmart Warrant Shares will vest in eight installments of 2,546,098 Walmart Warrant Shares each time Walmart or its affiliates, directly or indirectly through third parties, make an aggregate of $50.0 million in payments for goods and services to the Company, up to payments totaling $400.0 million in the aggregate. The exercise price of the third tranche of Walmart Warrant Shares will be an amount per share equal to ninety percent (90%) of the 30-day volume weighted average share price of the common stock as of the final vesting date of the second tranche of Walmart Warrant Shares, provided that, with limited exceptions, the exercise price for the third tranche will be no lower than $1.1893. The Walmart Warrant is exercisable through July 20, 2027.

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The Walmart Warrant provides for net share settlement that, if elected by the holder, will reduce the number of shares issued upon exercise to reflect net settlement of the exercise price. The Walmart Warrant provides for certain adjustments that may be made to the exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise due to customary anti-dilution provisions based on future events. The Walmart Warrant is classified as an equity instrument.

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At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, 13,094,217 and 5,819,652 of the Walmart Warrant Shares had vested, respectively.  The total amount of provision for common stock warrants recorded as a reduction of revenue for the Walmart Warrant during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $5.0 million, $2.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

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Lessee Obligations

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As of December 31, 2020, the Company had operating leases, as lessee, primarily associated with sale/leaseback transactions that are partially secured by restricted cash, security deposits and pledged escrows (see also Note 1, “Nature of Operations”) as summarized below.  These leases expire over the next one to nine years. Minimum rent payments under operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.  

Table of Contents

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Leases contain termination clauses with associated penalties, the amount of which cause the likelihood of cancellation to be remote.  At the end of the lease term, the leased assets may be returned to the lessor by the Company, the Company may negotiate with the lessor to purchase the assets at fair market value, or the Company may negotiate with the lessor to renew the lease at market rental rates.  No residual value guarantees are contained in the leases.  No financial covenants are contained within the lease, however there are customary operational covenants such as assurance the Company properly maintains the leased assets and carries appropriate insurance, etc.  The leases include credit support in the form of either cash, collateral or letters of credit.  See Note 22, “Commitments and Contingencies, as restated,” for a description of cash held as security associated with the leases.    

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The Company has finance leases associated with its property and equipment in Latham, New York and at fueling customer locations.  The fair value of this finance obligation approximated the carrying value as of December 31, 2020.

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Future minimum lease payments under operating and finance leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) as of December 31, 2020 were as follows (in thousands):

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