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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022

or

For the transition period from                      to

Commission File Number: 001-39845

SES AI Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (339) 298-8750

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).   Yes  ☒    No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of November 4, 2022, there were 305,943,955 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock and 43,881,251 shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock outstanding.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains statements that SES AI Corporation (the “Company”) believes are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements relating to expectations for future financial performance, business strategies or expectations for our business. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of the management of the Company. Although the Company believes that its plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by these forward-looking statements are reasonable, it cannot provide assurance that it will achieve or realize these plans, intentions or expectations. These statements constitute projections, forecasts and forward-looking statements, and are not guarantees of performance. Such statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. When used in this Quarterly Report, words such as “anticipate”, “believe”, “can”, “continue”, “could”, “estimate”, “expect”, “forecast”, “intend”, “may”, “might”, “plan”, “possible”, “potential”, “predict”, “project”, “seek”, “should”, “strive”, “target”, “will”, “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Should one or more of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, the Company’s actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Some factors that could cause actual results to differ include, but are not limited to the following risks:

The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are based on information available as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and should not be relied upon as representing the Company’s views as of any subsequent date. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SES AI Corporation

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Reclassification of Prior Period Amounts

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period financial statement presentation. Restricted cash and deferred offering costs have been combined with other assets and accrued compensation has been combined with accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The impact of these changes was an increase of $6.2 million to other assets and an increase of $2.1 million to accrued expenses and other current liabilities at December 31, 2021. In addition, the Company reclassified the change in other assets to the change in prepaids expenses and other assets in the amount of $0.5 million and the change in accrued compensation to the change in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the amount of $0.8 million in the prior year statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. There was no change to previously reported total assets, total liabilities, or net cash used in operating activities.

Impact of Novel Coronavirus (“COVID-19”)

COVID-19 has had, and continues to have, a significant impact around the world, including, but not limited to, an impact on general economic conditions, trade and financing markets, changes in customer behavior, and significant uncertainty in the overall continuity in business operations. COVID-19 has also disrupted the manufacturing, delivery and overall supply chain of manufacturers and suppliers of EVs and EV batteries. In particular, COVID-19 may cause an increase in costs resulting from the efforts of manufacturers of EVs or EV batteries to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 and delays in EV manufacturers’ schedules to full commercial production of EVs and disruptions to these supply chains, among other negative effects.

Previous spikes in COVID-19 cases in Shanghai resulted in government-mandated temporary shutdowns at our Shanghai facility in April 2022, causing a delay of over a month in our development, testing and manufacturing efforts and in our product schedule and our ability to obtain materials from our suppliers in the affected area. The government-mandated shutdown was lifted on June 1, 2022 and the Shanghai facility has reopened. If our workforce is unable to work effectively, including due to illness, quarantines, government actions or other restrictions in connection with COVID-19, our operations will be adversely affected. We continue to monitor closely the impact of COVID-19 on all aspects of our business and geographies, including its impact on our employees, suppliers, business partners and potential distribution channels and customers. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to affect our business will depend on continued developments, such as the emergence of new variants and status of governmental measures to combat it, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. Even as the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have subsided, we may continue to suffer an adverse effect on our business due to possible longer-term global economic effects of COVID-19, including any economic recession. If the immediate or prolonged effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have a significant adverse impact on government finances, it would create uncertainty as to the continuing availability of incentives related to EV purchases and other governmental support programs. In addition, a recurrence of COVID-19 cases or an emergence of additional variants or strains could cause other widespread or more severe impacts depending on where infection rates are highest.

Liquidity

Historically, the Company’s principal sources of liquidity have been the proceeds from a series of financing transactions with investors that have provided the Company with the necessary cash and cash equivalents to support its research and development activities. On February 3, 2022, as a result of the aforementioned Business Combination and PIPE Financing (as defined below), the Company received $282.9 million in net proceeds as more fully described in “Note 3 — Business Combination”.

Since inception, the Company has not achieved annual profitable operations or positive cash flows from operations, and it expects to incur losses in future periods. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $395.2 million and an accumulated deficit of $136.6 million. The Company’s ability to fund its ongoing efforts is dependent on its ability to continue to raise the necessary capital through future financing and capital transactions, on an as needed basis, as well as the success of the Company’s development and commercialization efforts and, ultimately, upon market acceptance of the Company’s products.

These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis. Management believes that the Company’s current cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2022 are adequate to meet its needs for the next twelve months from the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Significant Accounting Policies

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, there have been no significant changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies as disclosed in “Note 2 – Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in the Super 8-K Amendment, except as described below:

Use of estimates

The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Company’s consolidated financial statements, as well as the revenues, if any, and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Significant estimates include those related to the fair value of common stock prior to the Business Combination and other assumptions used to measure (i) stock-based compensation including certain restricted share awards with market conditions, (ii) term, volatility, risk-free interest rate and probability of change of control with respect to valuation of sponsor earn-out liability and (iii) valuation of deferred tax assets and uncertain income tax positions. The Company bases its estimates on available historical experience and on various other factors that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not apparent from other sources. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results for the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement includes a lease at inception. Lease arrangements generally have lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately. At the lease commencement date, the Company recognizes operating lease liabilities, equal to the present value of the lease payments, and operating lease assets, which represent the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term (the “ROU asset”). The Company assesses if it is reasonably certain to exercise lease options to extend or terminate the lease for inclusion or exclusion in the lease term when the Company measures the lease liability. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate estimates a secured rate that reflects the term of the lease, the nature of the underlying asset and the economic environment. The Company excludes leases with an expected term of one year or less from recognition on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Operating lease assets includes lease payments made prior to lease commencement and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease expenses, including common area maintenance, insurance, and property tax, are expensed as incurred.  See “Note 7 – Leases” for additional information about the Company’s leases.

Sponsor Earn-Out Liability

On February 2, 2022, in connection with the Domestication, 6,900,000 of Ivanhoe’s Class B ordinary shares held by Ivanhoe Capital Sponsor LLC (the “Sponsor”) converted into an equal number of shares of duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Class B Common Stock”), of the Company. At Closing, these 6,900,000 shares of Class B Common Stock converted into an equal number of shares of duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable Class A common stock par value $0.0001 per share (the “Class A Common Stock”, and together with the Class B Common Stock, “Common Stock”), of the Company (the “Sponsor Earn-Out Shares”). These Sponsor Earn-Out Shares are subject to certain transfer restrictions and forfeiture terms following the Closing, which will be released as follows:

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If there is a change in control of SES at a per share value of greater than $18.00, then 100% of the Sponsor Earn-Out Shares will be released from these transfer restrictions; however if the per share value is less than $18.00 upon a change in control, then the Sponsor Earn-Out Shares will be released pro rata based on the per share value of the change in control and the stock price thresholds for release specified above. Any Sponsor Earn-Out Shares not released will be forfeited and cancelled.

The Sponsor Earn-Out Shares in Tranche 1 are accounted for as equity instruments because they are legally owned by the Sponsor, cannot be forfeited and were subject only to transfer restrictions that lapsed 180 days after the Closing Date, which occurred on August 2, 2022, and as such meet the equity classification criteria in accordance with ASC 505, Equity. The Sponsor Earn-Out Shares under Tranche 2, Tranche 3, Tranche 4 and Tranche 5 are accounted for as a derivative liability measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss at each reporting period, because the earn-out triggering events that determine the number of Sponsor Earn-Out Shares to be earned back by the Sponsor include events that are not solely indexed to the shares of Class A Common Stock. The aggregate fair value of the Sponsor Earn-Out Shares on the Closing Date was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model and was determined to be $36.4 million. As of September 30, 2022, the Earn-Out Triggering Events were not achieved for any of Tranche 2 through Tranche 5, and as such the Company adjusted the carrying amount of the derivative liability to its estimated fair value of $20.0 million, as recorded within Sponsor Earn-Out liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The change in the fair value of ($4.9) million and $16.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, in the Sponsor Earn-Out liability is included within other income (expense) on the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. See “Note 6 – Sponsor Earn-Out Liability”, for more information on fair value.

Earn-Out Shares

In connection with the Business Combination, holders of Old SES common stock, redeemable convertible preferred stock, options and restricted shares received 29,999,947 earn-out shares of Common Stock, including (i) 23,691,182 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Earn-Out Shares”) issued for the benefit of the former holders of Old SES common and redeemable convertible preferred stock; (ii) 2,308,969 shares of restricted Class A Common Stock (the “Earn-Out Restricted Shares”) issued to Old SES option holders and pre-Closing recipients of Old SES restricted shares; and (iii) 3,999,796 shares of Class B Common Stock (“Founder Earn-Out Shares”) issued to the CEO and certain entities affiliated with the CEO (the “SES Founder Group”).

The Earn-Out Shares and the Founder Earn-Out Shares (collectively, the “Escrowed Earn-Out Shares”) were placed into escrow at the Closing and shall vest on the date that the closing price of shares of Class A Common Stock is equal to or greater than $18.00 during the period beginning on the date that is one year following the Closing and ending on the date that is five years following the Closing. The Earn-Out Restricted Shares are subject to vesting based on the same terms as the Escrowed Earn-Out Shares and are also subject to forfeiture if such recipient’s service with the Company terminates prior to vesting. If, during the earn-out period of five years, there is a change in control transaction at a per share price of greater than or equal to $18.00 per share, then all 29,999,947 earn-out shares will vest immediately prior to the consummation of such change in control.

The Escrowed Earn-Out Shares to be released upon achievement of the vesting condition are classified as equity instruments and recorded at fair value in stockholders’ equity as vesting is indexed to the common stock of the Company. The Earn-Out Restricted Shares are accounted for as equity awards issued to employees subject to time and market vesting conditions. See “Note 10 – Stock-Based Compensation”, for more information on fair value of the Earn-Out Restricted Shares.

Common Stock Warrants

Prior to the Business Combination, Ivanhoe had issued 9,200,000 public warrants (“Public Warrants”) and 5,013,333 private placement warrants (“Private Warrants” and collectively with the Public Warrants, the “Warrants”) which were assumed by the Company at Closing. On February 1, 2022, prior to Closing, the Ivanhoe warrant holders approved certain amendments to the terms of the Warrants such that the Warrants met the derivative scope exception for contracts in the Company’s own stock and were recorded in stockholders’ equity. Prior to the amendment, the Warrants were accounted for as derivative liabilities measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss at each reporting period. Each whole Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share. Pursuant to the Warrant agreement, a Warrant holder may exercise its Warrants only for a whole number of shares of Class A Common Stock. This means only a whole Warrant may be exercised at a given time by a warrant holder. 

The amendments, among other things, include the following:

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Subsequent to the Closing, the Company registered 14,213,280 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Warrants.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees, directors, and non-employees, including stock options and restricted share awards based on estimated fair values as of the grant date.

Awards with only service vesting conditions:

The fair value of stock options granted is estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model, which requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation, including the fair value of the underlying common stock, the expected term of the stock option (weighted-average period of time that the options granted are expected to be outstanding), the expected volatility of the price of the Company’s common stock, the expected risk-free interest rate and the expected dividend yield of the Company’s common stock. The fair value of restricted share awards (“RSAs”) and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) are determined based upon the fair value of the underlying common stock at the date of grant. The Company expenses stock-based compensation using the straight-line method over the requisite service period of all awards, which generally is the same as the vesting term. The Company accounts for forfeitures when they occur. Changes in the assumptions can materially affect the fair value and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop.

Awards with service vesting and market conditions:

In connection with the Business Combination, Old SES option holders and Old SES restricted shareholders received 2,308,969 Earn-Out Restricted Shares. In addition, under the SES AI Corporation 2021 Incentive Award Plan, we are authorized to issue equity incentive awards in the form of performance compensation awards (“PSUs”). The Earn-Out Restricted Shares are accounted for as a single tranche equity award issued to employees subject to time and market vesting conditions, while the PSUs are subject to service and market vesting conditions. The market vesting conditions are based on the Company’s stock price. The estimated fair value of the Earn-Out Restricted Shares and PSUs are determined using the Monte Carlo simulation model and the effect of the market vesting condition is reflected in the grant date fair value of the award. Monte Carlo simulations are a class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to compute their results. This approach allows the calculation of the value of such equity awards based on a large number of possible stock price path scenarios. The Company expenses stock-based compensation using the straight-line method over the requisite service period of all awards, which is 1.45 years for the Earn-Out Restricted Shares and generally 2 to 3 years for the PSUs, irrespective of whether the market vesting condition is satisfied. The Company accounts for forfeitures when they occur. Changes in the assumptions can materially affect the fair value and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop.

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Upon recapitalization, net loss per share calculations for all periods prior to the Business Combination have been retrospectively restated to the equivalent number of shares reflecting the Exchange Ratio established in the Business Combination, including the issuance of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock to Old SES common stockholders. Under the two-class method, the net loss attributable to common stockholders was not allocated to the redeemable convertible preferred stock as the holders of its redeemable convertible preferred stock do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company’s losses. As the liquidation and dividend rights of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock are identical, the net loss attributable to common stockholders is allocated on a proportionate basis, and the resulting net loss per share is identical for Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock under the two-class method.

Basic net income or loss per share attributable to Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock stockholders is computed by dividing the net income or loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The diluted net income or loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by giving effect to all potentially dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities consist of redeemable convertible preferred

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stock, Warrants, Sponsor Earn-Out Shares, Escrowed Earn-Out Shares, Earn-Out Restricted Shares, stock options, RSAs, RSUs, and PSUs, as more fully described in “Note 12 – Net Income (Loss) Per Share”.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (the “FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), and has since issued several updates, amendments, and technical improvements to ASU 2016-02. Topic 842 generally requires that lessees recognize operating and financing liabilities for the obligation to make lease payments and a right-to-use asset for the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term.

Topic 842 also requires additional disclosures about leasing arrangements related to discount rates, lease terms, and the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. Topic 842 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2022 utilizing the modified retrospective transition method through a cumulative-effect adjustment at the beginning of 2022. The Company has elected the package of practical expedients, that allows the Company not to reassess prior conclusions of (i) whether any expired or existing contracts as of the adoption date are or contain a lease, (ii) lease classification for any expired or existing leases as of the adoption date and (iii) initial direct costs for any existing leases as of the adoption date. The Company has also elected to account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component and not to recognize ROU assets and liabilities for short-term leases with terms of twelve months or less.

The adoption of Topic 842 on January 1, 2022 resulted in the Company’s recognition of ROU assets of approximately $11.9 million, adjusted for deferred rent and lease incentives as of the adoption date, and lease liabilities for operating leases of approximately $12.6 million on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, with no material impact to the condensed consolidated statements of operations and cash flows.

In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832), Disclosures by Business Entities About Government Assistance, which requires entities to provide disclosures on material government transactions for annual reporting periods. The disclosures include information around the nature of the assistance, the related accounting policies used to account for government assistance, the effect of government assistance on the entity’s financial statements, and any significant terms and conditions of the agreements, including commitments and contingencies. The Company’s adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2022 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

The Company has reviewed all other accounting pronouncements issued during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and concluded they were either not applicable or not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Note 3.  Business Combination

On  February 3, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), Ivanhoe Capital Acquisition Corp. (“Ivanhoe”), a Cayman Islands exempted company, and Wormhole Amalgamation Sub Pte. Ltd., a Singapore private company limited by shares and a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Ivanhoe (“Amalgamation Sub”), consummated the previously announced business combination (the “Business Combination”) pursuant to which, among other things, Amalgamation Sub merged with and into Old SES, with Old SES surviving the Business Combination as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ivanhoe. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), Ivanhoe migrated out of the Cayman Islands and domesticated as a Delaware corporation prior to the Closing (the “Domestication”) and changed its name to “SES AI Corporation.”

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization. Under this method of accounting, Ivanhoe was treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the financial statements of the Company represent a continuation of the financial statements of Old SES with the Business Combination treated as the equivalent of Old SES issuing stock for the net assets of Ivanhoe, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Ivanhoe are stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Business Combination are those of Old SES. As a result, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report reflect (i) the historical operating results of Old SES prior to the Business Combination; (ii) the combined results of the Company and Old SES following the Closing; (iii) the assets and liabilities of Old SES at their historical cost; and (iv) the Company’s equity structure for all periods presented as discussed below.

In connection with the Business Combination, the Company received $326.1 million in gross proceeds, including a contribution of $51.6 million of cash held in Ivanhoe’s trust account net of redemption of Ivanhoe Class A common stock held by Ivanhoe’s public

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stockholders and a $274.5 million private investment in public equity (the “PIPE Financing”) at $10.00 per share of Class A Common Stock, prior to the payment of transaction costs and other amounts.  

At Closing, the following occurred:

Additionally, (i) in connection with the Domestication on February 2, 2022, 6,900,000 shares of Ivanhoe’s Class B ordinary shares held by the Sponsor converted, on a one-for-one basis, into shares of Class B Common Stock and at Closing converted into an equal number of Class A Common Stock and (ii) at Closing, holders of Old SES common stock, redeemable convertible preferred stock, options and restricted shares received 29,999,947 earn-out shares of the Company’s common stock.

In connection with the Business Combination, the Company incurred $46.3 million of transaction costs, consisting of underwriting, legal, and other professional fees, of which $41.6 million was recorded to additional paid-in capital as a reduction of proceeds and the remaining $4.7 million was expensed immediately. Subsequent to the date of closing, $6.2 million of transaction costs recorded to additional paid-in capital related to the Business Combination and PIPE Financing was released.

The following table reconciles the elements of the Business Combination to the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows and the condensed consolidated statements of redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity as of the date of closing:

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The number of shares of common stock issued immediately following the consummation of the Business Combination:

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⁽¹⁾ As of September 30, 2022, all cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

⁽²⁾ As of December 31, 2021, all cash and cash equivalents were Level 1 and all restricted cash was Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Note 6.  Sponsor Earn-Out Liability

The Sponsor Earn-Out liability has been measured at its estimated fair value using Level 3 inputs in a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model. Inherent in the valuation model are assumptions related to expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate, expected life, and dividend yield. The Company estimates the volatility of its common stock by using an average of historical volatilities of select peer companies’ common stock that matches the expected remaining term of the awards. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities corresponding to the expected remaining life of the awards, which is

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assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend rate is based on the historical rate, which the Company anticipates remaining at zero.

The key inputs into the Monte Carlo simulation model for the Sponsor Earn-Out liability were as follows at their measurement dates:

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The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the Sponsor Earn-Out liability:

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There was no transfer in or out of Level 3 measurements during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

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Note 7.  Leases

The Company’s operating leases consist primarily of leases for office and plant spaces. Certain of the Company’s operating leases include escalating rental payments, some of which include the option to extend the lease term for up to 5 years, and some include options to terminate the lease at certain times within the lease term. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

The Company’s total operating lease cost was $0.6 million and $1.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, total rental expense was $0.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities was $2.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

The following table summarizes the future minimum undiscounted lease payments under operating leases as of September 30, 2022:

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As of September 30, 2022, the weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 6.6 years and the weighted average discount rate used to determine the operating lease liability was 6.2%.

In October 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the operating lease agreement for its Boston facility to add additional space. Pursuant to the amendment, the landlord has agreed to construct an addition to the existing facility for such additional space, which the Company anticipates will be completed in the third quarter of 2023, triggering the commencement of the amended lease. The additional space will consist of approximately 5,000 square feet and the total base rent payments for the addition through the expected 8 year term will be approximately $1.5 million.

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Note 8.  Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

The Company has entered into multiple Joint Development Agreements (each a “JDA” and collectively referred to as the “JDAs”) with strategic original equipment manufacturers of automotives (“OEM Partners”) to develop A-Sample battery cells over the next two to three years. Under the terms of the JDAs, the Company is committed to undertake certain research and development activities to the benefit of both itself and its OEM Partners which involves expenditures related to engineering efforts and purchases of related equipment with an agreed-upon value of up to $50 million.

On September 13, 2022, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”), to purchase a minority interest in a supply chain partner. The transaction is expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Legal Contingencies

From time-to-time, the Company may be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of business or become involved in litigation or other legal proceedings. While the outcome of such claims or other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company’s management expects that any such liabilities, to the extent not provided for by insurance or otherwise, would not have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Indemnifications

The Company enters into indemnification provisions under agreements with other companies in the ordinary course of business, including, but not limited to, partnerships, landlords, vendors, and contractors. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Company agrees to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless the indemnified party for certain losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party as a result of the Company’s activities. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable. The Company has never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions. In addition, the Company indemnifies its officers, directors, and certain key employees against claims made with respect to matters that arise while they are serving in their respective capacities as such, subject to certain limitations set forth under applicable law, and applicable indemnification agreements. The Company maintains insurance, including commercial general liability insurance, product liability insurance, and directors and officers insurance to offset certain potential liabilities under these indemnification provisions. To date, there have been no claims under these indemnification provisions.

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Note 9.   Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was (0.50)% and (0.74)%, respectively, compared with (0.04)% and (0.12)% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 respectively. The difference between the provision for income taxes and the income tax determined by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% principally results from income taxes on earnings from its foreign tax jurisdictions offset by losses generated in the U.S. where no benefit was recorded because the Company had fully reserved its deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and the recording of uncertain tax positions and interest expense.

The Company’s deferred tax assets principally result from U.S. net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credits. Utilization of these attributes is dependent upon future levels of taxable income and may be subject to annual limitation due to the “change in ownership provisions” under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Such limitations may result in the expiration of these attributes before their utilization. The Company is evaluating the impact of the equity transactions that have occurred during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, however it does not believe there will be a material impact to the attributes.

As of September 30, 2022, there were no significant changes to the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits.

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Note 10.  Stock-Based Compensation

Old SES established its initial share incentive plan in 2013 (the “2013 Plan”), which was subsequently replaced with a new share incentive plan in 2018 (the “2018 Plan”). Under the terms of the 2013 Plan and 2018 Plan certain shares were reserved for the issuance of incentive stock options (“ISOs”) and non-statutory stock options (“NSOs”) to employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors. On March 30, 2021, the Company amended the 2018 Plan with the SES Holdings Pte. Ltd. 2021 Share Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) and increased the