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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-K

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(Mark One)

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OR

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

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Indicate by checkmark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☐         NO ⌧

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Indicate by checkmark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐         NO ⌧

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ⌧        NO ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ⌧        NO ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ☐       NO ☒

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Based on the closing price on The Nasdaq Capital Market on March 31, 2022, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $483,066,000.

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As of December 30, 2022, 25,606,636 of registrant’s common shares were outstanding.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) not later than 120 days after September 30, 2022, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. With the exception of the portions of the 2023 Proxy Statement expressly incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference, such document shall not be deemed filed as part of this Form 10-K.

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RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

Our business is subject to many risks and uncertainties, which may affect our future financial performance or condition. If any of the events or circumstances described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K occur, our business and financial performance or condition could be adversely affected, our actual results could differ materially from our expectations and the market value of our stock could decline. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones we face. There may be additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material that may adversely affect our business and financial performance. We have provided a summary of some of these risks below.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains "forward-looking statements," within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and/or Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We use words such as anticipates, believes, expects, future, intends, and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Those statements may include, but are not limited to, discussions regarding our intent, belief or current expectations with respect to (i) our strategic plans; (ii) trends in the demand for our services and products; (iii) trends in the industries that consume our services and products; (iv) our ability to develop new services and products; (v) our ability to source animal research models from Asia; (vi) our ability to make capital expenditures and finance operations; (vii) global economic conditions, especially as they impact our markets; (viii) our cash position; (ix) our ability to successfully integrate the operations and personnel related to recent acquisitions; (x) our ability to effectively manage current expansion efforts or any future expansion or acquisition initiatives undertaken by us; (xi) our ability to develop and build infrastructure and teams to manage growth and projects; (xii) our ability to continue to retain and hire key talent; (xiii) our ability to market our services and products under our corporate name and relevant brand names; (xiv) our ability to service our outstanding indebtedness; (xv) our expectations regarding the volume of new bookings, pricing, gross margins and liquidity; (xvi) our ability to manage recurring and non-recurring costs; (xvii) our ability to execute on our restructuring and site optimization plans; and (xviii) the impact of public health emergencies, including COVID-19, on the economy, demand for our services and products and our operations, including the measures taken by governmental authorities to address such public health emergencies, which may precipitate or exacerbate other risks and/or uncertainties. Investors in our common shares are cautioned that reliance on any forward-looking statement involves risks and uncertainties, including the risk factors in Item 1A of this Report. Although we believe that the assumptions on which the forward-looking statements contained herein are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove inaccurate and, as a result, the forward-looking statements based upon those assumptions could be significantly different from actual results. In light of the uncertainties inherent in any forward-looking statement, the inclusion of a forward-looking statement herein should not be regarded as a representation by us that our plans and objectives will be achieved. We do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statement, except as required by law.

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As a result of our strategic acquisition of Envigo RMS Holding Corp. (“Envigo”) in November 2021, which added a complementary research model platform, our full spectrum solutions now span two segments: Discovery and Safety Assessment (“DSA”) and Research Models and Services (“RMS”).

Through our DSA segment, we support the discovery, nonclinical development and clinical development needs of researchers and clinicians for primarily small molecule drug candidates, as well as biotherapeutics and biomedical devices. Our scientists have skills in analytical instrumentation development, chemistry, computer software development, histology, pathology, physiology, surgery, analytical chemistry, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology to make the services and products we provide increasingly valuable to our current and potential clients. Our principal clients are companies whose scientists are engaged in analytical chemistry, drug safety evaluation, clinical trials, drug metabolism studies, pharmacokinetics and basic research, from small start-up biotechnology companies to some of the largest global pharmaceutical companies.

During the twelve months ended September 30, 2022, we continued our momentum building Inotiv into a comprehensive provider of preclinical drug discovery and safety assessment services through our strategic acquisitions of Plato BioPharma, Inc. (“Plato”), Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC (“ILS”), Histion, LLC (“Histion”), and Protypia, Inc. (“Protypia”) and through our collaboration with Synexa Life Sciences. Plato brings us important new in vivo pharmacology capabilities, and ILS complements our BioReliance® genetic toxicology assets and accelerates the buildout of our genetic toxicology offerings as well as expands our general rodent toxicology capacity. In addition, ILS allows us to provide a computational toxicology service to provide predictive toxicology assessments. Histion accelerates our development and growth into the highly-specialized plastics and medical device histopathology business and Protypia enhances our ability to support clients in the development of safe and effective medicines, particularly in the areas of immuno-oncology and cell and gene therapy by bringing bioanalytical capability to solid tissue specimens. The partnership with Synexa Life Sciences enhances our large molecule bioanalysis and biomarker platform. Over the last few years, we’ve significantly broadened and scaled our DSA business, enabling one-stop-shop preclinical programs and quicker speed to market, positioning Inotiv as a primary contract research provider for our growing client base.

Through our RMS segment, we offer access to a wide range of small and large research models for basic research and drug discovery and development, as well as specialized models for specific diseases and therapeutic areas. We combine deep animal husbandry expertise and expanded access to scientists across the discovery and preclinical continuum, which reduces nonclinical lead times and provides enhanced project delivery. In conjunction with our CRO business, we have the ability to run selected nonclinical studies directly on-site at closely located research model facilities and provide access to innovative genetically engineered models and services solutions. Our principal clients include biopharmaceutical companies, CROs, and academic and government organizations.

During the twelve months ended September 30, 2022 and following the Envigo acquisition (the “Envigo acquisition”), we took steps to leverage our RMS capacity with the acquisition of Robinson Services Inc.’s (“RSI”) rabbit breeding business and we acquired Orient BioResource Center, Inc. (“OBRC”), which provided access to additional non-human primate facilities.

Discovery and Safety Assessment

The DSA segment is comprised of two principal areas of services: Discovery Services (“Discovery”) and Safety Assessment.

Discovery Services

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Safety Assessment

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New Service Offerings

During the twelve months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we spent $5.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively, on startup costs for new service offerings that we are building internally such as: mechanistic pharmacology and toxicology, safety pharmacology; juvenile toxicology; SEND (Standard for the Exchange of Nonclinical Data) data reporting; clinical pathology; biotherapeutics; histopathology for devices; genetic toxicology; and cardiovascular safety pharmacology. We hired key leaders during 2021 to assist with these initiatives. In July 2021, we purchased key genetic toxicology assets from MilliporeSigma’s BioReliance® portfolio, which will help accelerate the startup of our genetic toxicology business. Also, in July 2021, we acquired modern cell and molecular biology instrumentation from a Tennessee-based laboratory that ceased operations to facilitate entry into biotherapeutics service offerings. We have made significant capital investments in laboratory buildings and instrumentation as well as created alliances with partners to further support our emerging biotherapeutics business. 

Research Models and Services

The RMS segment is comprised of (1) Research Models, (2) Diets and Bedding, and (3) Research Model Services.

Research Models: Our research models business is comprised of the commercial production and sale of laboratory animals and research models, principally purpose-bred rats and mice and large animal models (non-human primates (“NHP”) and rabbits) for use by researchers. We provide these models to numerous customers around the world, including many academic institutions, government agencies, biopharmaceutical companies, and CROs, and we have a global footprint with production facilities strategically located in six countries. Our operations are located in close proximity to our customers, enabling us to provide a high level of customer service with a focus on animal welfare.

Our research models include standard stocks and strains, immunocompromised models (which are useful for oncology research), disease models (which are in demand as early-stage research tools) and genetically-engineered models (“GEMS”, which are often created for specific research projects).

RMS rodent research models include:

Certain of our models are proprietary, disease-specific rodent models used to research treatments for diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular and kidney disease.

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Diets and Bedding: Through its Teklad product line (“Teklad”), RMS produces and sells laboratory animal diets, bedding, and enrichment products. With primary manufacturing operations in the U.S. and a primarily company-owned and/or managed distribution network throughout the U.S., U.K. and Europe, we distribute Teklad products globally. We also maintain contract-manufacturing relationships with companies in the U.K. and Italy.

Teklad offers a full line of off-the-shelf formulations as well as custom diets to meet our customers’ specific research needs. A team of nutritionists, including several PhDs, work with our customers to determine the best diet for their research objectives. If a custom diet is required, our nutritionists define the appropriate formula and our custom diet manufacturing line produces the feed. Our manufacturing facilities are ISO 9001:2015 certified.

Teklad diets are manufactured from natural ingredients and use fixed formulas. In conjunction with strict quality standards for raw materials, this approach helps to ensure quality and consistency by minimizing variability of both nutrients and certain natural chemicals in the diet which might affect a research study. Teklad offers a variety of bedding and enrichment products to support model breeding, weaning, and holding.

Research Model Services: We also offer a variety of services designed to support our customers' use of research models in basic research and product development. These services include specialized surgical modifications such as cannulation, implants, and the creation of surgically derived disease state models. We also provide contract breeding, contract colony management, health monitoring, quarantine, cryopreservation, rederivation and revitalization services, as well as antibody development and production. Lastly, through the GEMS business, we offer the creation of new transgenic research models specific to individual customers’ needs.

The Company’s Role in the Drug Development Process

Inotiv provides research support, through provision of its products and services, for the identification and development of new chemical and biological entities from discovery through clinical development. Our DSA segment provides services related to the efficacy and safety evaluations and our RMS segment offers animal research models for use in efficacy and safety evaluations.

In addition to generation of new models for studying potential pharmacokinetics and efficacy at the request of our customers, Inotiv also has a broad range of off-the-shelf standard, and disease-bearing models, that may be used for the same purposes. Our discovery services group uses these animals, and other model systems, to perform a range of early discovery tests to better characterize potential new therapeutic molecules for mode of action, potential efficacy, and predicted safety and metabolism profiles.

Clients work with our nonclinical services group to establish initial pharmacology, pharmacokinetics (“PK”), pharmacodynamics (“PD”) and safety characteristics of the drug candidate. The safety studies range from dose ranging studies, that involve acute safety evaluation of drug candidates and medical devices to chronic, multi-year oncogenicity and reproductive toxicity studies. Dose formulation analysis is provided by our pharmaceutical

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analysis group. Bioanalyses of blood sampled under these protocols by our bioanalytical services group provide pharmacokinetic and metabolism data that is used with the safety and toxicity information to determine the exposure required to demonstrate toxicity. A no observable adverse effect level is then established for the drug and sets the basis for future safety testing and clinical Phase I studies. Upon successful completion of nonclinical safety studies, an IND submission is made by the sponsor and must be approved by FDA prior to initiation of human clinical trials.

Our bioanalytical services group utilizes our depth of expertise in liquid chromatography with detection by mass spectrometry to support research, nonclinical and clinical programs. We also offer bioanalytical services that utilize electrochemistry, spectrophotometric (UV/Vis or fluorescence) and Corona Discharge detection as options. We have invested in robotics and mass spectrometry systems. Application of this technology allows us to rapidly develop and validate methods for new compounds and obtain information suitable for regulatory submission.

Exhaustive safety, tolerability and dosing regimens are established in patients in Phase II trials. Phase III clinical trials verify efficacy and safety. After successful completion of Phase III trials, the sponsor of the new drug submits a New Drug Application ("NDA") or Biologics License Application ("BLA") to the FDA requesting that the product be approved for marketing. Early manufacturing demonstrates production of the substance in accordance with FDA Good Manufacturing Practices ("GMP") guidelines. The bioanalytical sample count per study grows rapidly from Phase I through Phase III. Phase II and III studies may take several years to complete, and must be supported by well-proven and consistently applied analytical methods.

In parallel with the conduct of Phase II and Phase III clinical development, additional nonclinical animal studies (including sub-chronic and chronic toxicology studies, carcinogenicity studies and reproductive toxicology studies) are performed to allow the drug to proceed through clinical development and to support product registration.

Our services supporting clinical development include evaluation of bioequivalence and bioavailability to monitor the rate and extent to which a drug is available in the body and to demonstrate that the availability is consistent between formulations. We also offer in-vitro bioequivalence testing for poorly absorbed topical and oral drugs. We offer support and testing services in clinical sample development, release and stability.

We also provide services during the post-approval phase, including bioequivalence studies of new formulations, line extensions, new disease indications and drug interaction studies. Our ability to offer GMP electrochemical detection services has provided increased business opportunities for release testing.

Increases in our services offerings have resulted in our ability to provide a broader range of services to our clients, often using combined services of several disciplines to address program needs. Our ability to solve problems by combining our knowledge base, services and products has been a factor in our selection by small startup biotechnology companies and major pharmaceutical companies to assist in several preclinical through post-approval phases.

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Clients

We provide our services and products to organizations engaged in basic research, biomedical device and pharmaceutical research and development. During the twelve months ended September 30 2022, we had sales to over 2500 companies, ranging from emerging biopharmaceutical companies up to some of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. We discuss client concentration and geographic information related to our business in Note 5.

Recurring business from existing clients is important to ongoing operations. Our clients’ needs for our services and products increase and decrease depending on the stage of their research activities, so we experience some client turnover. Our business development efforts focus on both expanding existing client relationships and acquiring new clients. Our RMS segment has stable, long-term relationships with a majority of our clients due to their overarching need for consistency in the products they use to conduct their studies. Our DSA segment, due to its broad menu of services and flexibility in study design, is well positioned to serve the emerging biopharmaceutical segment during the discovery and development phases. We discuss customer concentration of revenue in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Contractual Arrangements

Our DSA contracts typically establish an estimated fee to be paid for a proposed set of services designed in consultation with the client. In most cases, some percentage of the contract fee is paid in advance. While we are performing a contract, clients often adjust the scope of services to be provided based on interim project results. Fees are adjusted accordingly. Generally, our fee-for-service contracts are terminable by the client upon written notice of 30 days or less for a variety of reasons, including the client’s decision to forego a particular study, the failure of product prototypes to satisfy safety requirements, and unexpected or undesired results of product testing. Cancellation or delay of ongoing contracts may result in fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results. We are generally able to recover, at minimum, our invested costs when contracts are terminated.

Our RMS product contracts are generally short-term in nature and based upon purchase orders submitted for specific customer requirements. Pricing is based upon list prices, which are market-adjusted. In addition, prior to Inotiv’s acquisition of Envigo, Envigo entered into a five-year supplier agreement with a key strategic partner that includes minimum purchase commitments and preferred pricing (equal to best price extended to similar customers). Contract breeding and client-owned animal colony care contracts are generally billed as per diems over the contract period.

Sales and Marketing

We promote our services through concentrated business development efforts, scientist-to-scientist communications, centralized corporate marketing programs and social media to both pharmaceutical and medical device companies, as well as academic and government research institutions. We recognize that our growth depends upon our ability to continually improve client satisfaction in order to deepen existing, and establish new client relationships.

In November of 2019, the Company rebranded its contract research services business as “Inotiv.” Adoption of the tradename Inotiv symbolized the expansion and supplementation of the Company’s legacy contract research service operations through significant business acquisitions as well as internal growth. Since the rebranding, the Company has marketed and otherwise managed its contract research services operations under the name Inotiv. On March 18, 2021, the Company changed its corporate name from Bioanalytical Systems, Inc. to Inotiv, Inc. Our research equipment manufacturing division continues to operate under the name BASi Research Products.

The Company acquired Envigo RMS Holding Corp in November of 2021. Since this acquisition, the research models business of Envigo has continued to operate under the Envigo brand as “an Inotiv Company” and comprises the majority of the RMS segment of Inotiv.

Our commercial initiatives include integrated campaigns designed to help differentiate and promote our products and services. Through trade events, digital and print advertising, direct communication, newsletters, social media, virtual exhibit space and our website, we provide our perspective on current industry challenges and developments to create an

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ongoing dialogue with our clients and to promote our industry expertise, quality, technology and innovation. Historically, we have reinforced key messages and selling points through client visits, presentations, corporate material and at trade events and industry conferences. While trade events were almost entirely virtual during 2020 and 2021, most have returned to being hosted in-person.

We encourage and sponsor the participation of our scientific and technical personnel in a variety of professional endeavors, including in-person (seminar) and virtual (webinar) speaking engagements, the presentation of papers at national and international professional trade meetings and the publication of scientific articles in medical and pharmaceutical journals. Through these endeavors we seek to emphasize our reputation for both scientific depth and operational excellence.

As of September 30, 2022, in addition to our leadership team and scientists, we had 125 employees on our commercial team supporting sales, marketing, client experience, customer service and program management for both our DSA and RMS clients. These resources are located in both North America and UK/Europe to serve the major research markets.

Competition

Our two operating segments compete with other businesses, which range in size and capabilities, both financial and operational. In addition to competing companies in both industries, we compete with internal research and development teams at our client companies. There is competition for customers on the basis of many factors, including scientific and technological expertise, quality, reputation, responsiveness, price, scope of product and related service offerings, and geographic presence. Further, specific to the RMS segment, we believe there are significant barriers to becoming a global provider including the construction of bio-secure barrier production facilities, flexible-film isolator production facilities and the population of these facilities with over 175 species and strains of animal models (including over 80 genetically engineered rodent models), which requires years of investment and strict operating procedures.

For DSA, we have many competitors, including three public companies in the U.S. and one public company in China.

For RMS, there are five main competitors, including one public company in the U.S., two privately-held companies in the U.S., one government-funded, not-for-profit entity in the U.S., and one privately-held company in Europe.

Industry Support and Animal Welfare

Inotiv is committed to delivering high-level health and genetic quality, operational performance and customer service. High standards of animal welfare are vital to delivering on each of these objectives and are a principal focus of Inotiv.

Inotiv is an advocate for implementation of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (“3Rs”). Members of Inotiv's scientific and technical care staff undertake continuing professional development in the field of laboratory animal science, with special focus on animal welfare and the 3Rs, and they are encouraged to publish and present within the scientific community.

Inotiv has formed internal Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees, comprising staff from many disciplines within the DSA and RMS segments, in addition to external representation, to implement applicable regulations and provide strict oversight of animal welfare matters. Inotiv’s animal production facilities in the U.K. and the Netherlands, and the majority of such facilities in the U.S., are accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (“AAALAC”), a private, non-profit, international accrediting organization that promotes the humane treatment of animals in science through voluntary accreditation and assessment programs. Our RMS facilities are also routinely inspected by government agencies tasked with enforcing animal welfare regulations.

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Inotiv is firmly committed to the 3Rs and to reducing the number of animals used in research by emphasizing health and genetic integrity to decrease study data variability. Whenever possible, technological advances, such as new diagnostic tests for screening pathogens in laboratory rodents, micro-sampling and in vitro assays, are used.

Laboratory animals remain an essential component in the research and development that our clients and customers conduct. They further our knowledge of living systems and help in the discovery and development of products that can save or enhance people’s lives. The Company works with the scientific community to improve our understanding and promote best practice in the care and welfare of research animals. As providers of research models to the research community and scientists conducting experiments to help discover and develop new medicines on behalf of our customers, Inotiv is responsible to our clients and the public for the health and well-being of the animals in our care.

Human Capital Management

As of September 30, 2022, we had 2,099 full-time employees and 105 part-time employees. All employees enter into confidentiality agreements intended to protect our proprietary information. We believe that our relations with our employees are good. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. Our performance depends on our ability to attract and retain qualified professional, scientific and technical staff. The level of competition among employers for skilled personnel is high. We believe that our employee benefit plans enhance employee morale, professional commitment and work productivity and provide an incentive for employees to remain with the Company.

Our primary objectives and philosophy of our compensation programs are to (i) drive leadership behaviors that maximize long-term stockholder value creation and (ii) attract and retain talented colleagues with the skills necessary to successfully manage and grow our business.

Attracting, retaining, and developing talent is a core principle of our talent management and total rewards strategy. Compensation and benefit programs are an important part of our employment relationship, which also includes challenging and rewarding work, growth and career development opportunities and being part of a leading CRO with a diverse and talented workforce that helps customers develop life-changing therapies. We strive to have the following features as part of our compensation and benefits:

Compensation is used to attract, retain, and motivate employees and to reward the achievement of business results through the delivery of competitive pay and discretionary incentive programs. Benefits provide employees with income security and protection from catastrophic loss. We will continue to evaluate and develop affordable, competitive benefit programs that meet these objectives. No one element is more important than any other, and business judgement is used to balance them to ensure our compensation and benefits strategy is effective in supporting our overall business strategy.

Our Guiding Principles consist of:

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Attracting, retaining, and developing world class talent that is empowered to work together to compete and win is a fundamental aspect of our corporate strategy. A foundational principle of our talent management strategy is an unwavering commitment to equal opportunity in all aspects of employment, including the way we compensate and reward our employees.

Regulatory Matters

We are subject to various federal, state, and local laws and regulations and inspections designed to promote compliance therewith. We strive to conduct our business in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Violations of these laws and regulations may result in sanctions, including substantial fines, warning letters that require corrective action (including potential facilities improvement requirements), revocation of approvals, exclusion from future participation in government healthcare programs and grants, criminal prosecution and even the denial or debarment of the right to conduct business. We hold a range of permits and licenses, related to our activities.

We are subject to extensive regulatory requirements designed to ensure the quality and integrity of our data and products and to government inspections and audits related thereto. These regulations include those promulgated under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended from time to time, and include GLP, GMP, Bioequivalence regulations (“BE”) and Good Clinical Practices ("GCP"). These requirements demand rigorous attention to research; development; safety; manufacturing quality control; employee training; detailed documentation; equipment and computer validation; promotion and advertising; careful tracking of changes and routine auditing of compliance. Noncompliance with these standards could result in disqualification of project data collected by the Company, which would substantially impact our ability to meet our obligations to clients, and, in severe cases, discontinuance of selected operations. The products and services we offer to international clients are also subject to foreign regulatory requirements, which vary from country to country. Since our formation, we have been inspected, on a routine basis, by the FDA at each of our locations.

We are subject to federal, state and foreign healthcare and other regulations, including anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws (such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977), and could face substantial penalties if we fail to comply with such regulations and laws. In particular, the relationships that we, and third parties that market and/or sell our products, have with purchasers of our products, are subject to scrutiny under various state and federal laws, including those referred to collectively as healthcare fraud and abuse laws.

Our facilities and operations are subject to various federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to protection of human health and the environment, including those governing the discharge of pollutants into the environment and the storage, handling, use, treatment, disposal, and recycling of hazardous substances and wastes, as further described below. Such laws include, without limitation, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. As environmental laws and regulations continue to evolve, it is likely we will be subject to increasingly stringent environmental standards in the future, particularly under air and water quality laws and standards related to climate change issues. Environmental laws are complex, change frequently and have tended to become increasingly stringent over time.

Analytical Services

Laboratories that provide information included in INDs, NDAs and BLAs must conform to regulatory requirements that are designed to ensure the quality and integrity of the testing process. Most of our contract research services are subject to government standards for laboratory practices that are embodied in regulations for GLP, GMP, BE and GCP. The FDA, Environmental Protection Agency and other regulatory authorities require that test results submitted to such authorities be based on studies conducted in accordance with the regulations listed above. These requirements include but are not restricted to the following areas:

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We must also maintain reports for each study for specified periods for auditing by the study sponsor and by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities in other parts of the world. Regulatory monitoring authorities such as the FDA, have indicated an increased emphasis on the management of electronic records generated by computerized systems to ensure data integrity. Noncompliance with these regulations can result in the disqualification of data collected during the preclinical trial, which would substantially impact our ability to meet our obligations to clients, and, in severe cases, discontinuance of selected operations.

Nonclinical Services

Our animal research facilities are subject to a variety of federal and state laws and regulations, including The Animal Welfare Act (“AWA”) and the rules and regulations enforced by the United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") and the National Institutes of Health ("NIH"). These regulations establish the standards for the humane treatment, care and handling of animals by breeders, dealers and research facilities. Our animal research facilities maintain detailed standard operating procedures and other documentation necessary to comply with applicable regulations for the humane treatment of the animals in our custody. If the USDA determines that our equipment, facilities, laboratories or processes do not comply with applicable AWA standards, it may issue an inspection report documenting the deficiencies and setting deadlines for any required corrective actions. For continued noncompliance, the USDA may impose fines, suspend and/or revoke animal research licenses or confiscate research animals. In addition to being licensed by the USDA as a research facility where applicable, we have registered assurances with the NIH.

Research Models and Services

As the RMS segment operates in a number of distinct environments and in a variety of locations worldwide, the RMS segment is subject to numerous, and sometimes overlapping, regulatory environments.

The AWA governs the care and use of certain species of animals used for research in the U.S. other than certain laboratory rats, mice and birds. For regulated species, the AWA and the associated animal care regulations require producers and users of regulated species to provide veterinary care and to utilize specific husbandry practices such as cage size, shipping conditions, sanitation and environmental enrichment to assure the welfare of these animals. Separately, facilities using live vertebrate animals in research funded by the U.S. Public Health Service (“PHS”) must also adhere to the PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and follow the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals produced by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research.

The RMS segment is subject to licensing and registration requirement standards set by the USDA and similar agencies in other countries for the care and use of regulated species. Our operations in Europe follow the standards as stipulated by Directive 2010/63/EU on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes. Stipulations within that Directive were transposed into national legislations within the EU (including the U.K.) in 2013. We are regularly consulted and inspected by the relevant national authorities in order to ensure continued compliance with the legal requirements in each nation in which it operates.

The RMS segment's import and export of animals and its operations in foreign countries are subject to international agreements and conventions, as well as a variety of national, regional, and local laws and regulations, which establish the standards for the humane treatment, care, handling and transport of animals by breeders, dealers and research facilities.

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In addition, the specific activities of some of RMS lines of business require RMS entities to hold specialized licenses for the conduct, manufacture, and distribution of particular products and services.

All of RMS’s sites are subject to licensing and regulation under international treaties and conventions, including national, regional and local laws relating to:

To meet these compliance obligations, Inotiv has established quality assurance procedures and functions. The quality assurance function operates independently from those individuals that manage RMS production.

Quality Assurance and Information Technology

To promote compliance with applicable regulations, we have established quality assurance programs at our facilities, which include auditing of test data, personnel training, review of procedures and regular inspection of facilities. Regulatory guidelines serve as a basis for our Standard Operating Procedures (“SOPs”) where applicable. On an ongoing basis, we endeavor to standardize SOPs across all relevant operations. We have both developed and purchased software to ensure compliant documentation, handling and reporting of laboratory-generated study data.

We adhere to 21 CFR Part 11 (FDA regulations on electronic records and electronic signatures that define the criteria under which electronic records and electronic signatures are considered to be trustworthy, reliable and equivalent to paper records). Our contract research operations were compliant with applicable U.S. FDA regulations (including 21 CFR Part 11) in our analytical, bioanalytical, toxicology, laboratory information management, and document management systems. Systems compliant with 21 CFR Part 11 were formally validated and released for use in regulated studies.

We manage our business systems through the use of an Enterprise Resource Planning ("ERP") system. We are continually refining and adjusting our ERP system to improve efficiency, provide better management tools and address changes in our business. Management’s assessment and report on disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting is included in Item 9A.

Controlled, Hazardous, and Environmentally Threatening Substances

Some of our development and testing activities are subject to the Controlled Substances Act administered by the Drug Enforcement Agency ("DEA"), which strictly regulates all narcotic and habit-forming substances. We maintain restricted-access facilities and heightened control procedures for projects involving such substances due to the level of security and other controls required by the DEA.

Our laboratories are subject to licensing and regulation under federal, state and local laws relating to hazard communication and employee right-to-know regulations, the handling and disposal of medical specimens and hazardous waste, as well as the safety and health of laboratory employees. All of our laboratories are subject to applicable federal and state laws and regulations relating to the storage and disposal of laboratory specimens, including regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Transportation, the National Fire Protection Agency and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. We may incur liability for alleged environmental damages associated with the off-site transportation and disposal of hazardous substances. Generators of hazardous substances which are transported to disposal sites where environmental problems are alleged to exist are subject to claims under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”), and state counterparts. CERCLA imposes strict, joint and several liabilities for investigatory and cleanup costs upon hazardous substance generators, site owners and operators, and other potentially responsible parties. We may be held liable for all costs arising out of any release of hazardous substances and for consequences arising out of human exposure to such substances, which costs may

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be material. In addition, changes in any environmental laws may increase costs of compliance and liabilities arising from any past or future releases of, or exposures to, hazardous substances and may materially adversely affect the business.

The regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, the PHS and the U.S. Postal Service apply to the surface and air transportation of laboratory specimens. Our laboratories must also comply with the International Air Transport Association regulations which govern international shipments of laboratory specimens. Furthermore, when materials are sent to a foreign country, the transportation of such materials becomes subject to the laws, rules and regulations of such foreign country.

Safety

In addition to comprehensive regulation of safety in the workplace generally, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has established extensive requirements relating to workplace safety for health care employers, whose workers may be exposed to blood-borne pathogens such as HIV and the hepatitis B virus, chemicals and drugs, and respiratory hazards. These regulations, among other things, require work practice controls, protective clothing and equipment, training, medical follow-up, vaccinations and other measures designed to minimize exposure to chemicals, transmission of blood-borne and airborne pathogens, and other potential hazards. Relevant employees receive initial and periodic training focusing on compliance with applicable hazardous materials regulations and health and safety guidelines.

HIPAA

Under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA"), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulates the disclosure of confidential medical information in the United States. We have had a global privacy policy in place since January 2001 and believe that we are in compliance with HIPAA and current European Union requirements regarding confidential medical information. We continue to monitor our compliance with these regulations, and we intend to take appropriate steps to promote compliance as these and other privacy regulations are revised or additional regulations come into effect.

Trends Affecting the Drug Discovery and Development Industry

Our services and products are primarily marketed globally to pharmaceutical, medical research and biotechnology companies and institutions (academic and governmental) engaged in drug research and development. The research services industry is highly fragmented among many niche vendors as well as a small number of consolidating larger companies; the latter offer an ever-growing portfolio of start-to-finish pharmaceutical development services. Our services and products may have distinctly different clients (including separate divisions in a single large pharmaceutical company) and requirements. We believe that market trends in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries demonstrate an increasing emphasis towards outsourcing, as companies seek to maintain reduced internal resources in favor of variable cost models that offer high quality and higher accountability alternatives to meet their drug discovery, development and manufacturing needs. We believe that our clients are facing increased pressure to outsource facets of their research and development activities and that the following factors are the main contributors to client outsourcing.

Limited Research Model Availability

During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, researchers and CRO’s have experienced significant limitations in their access to animal research models, specifically including a sharp reduction in the availability of NHPs originating from breeding farms in Southeast Asia and limited access to the generation of genetically-modified rodent models used in efficacy evaluations. Prior to the pandemic, China was the leading exporter of NHP’s employed in basic and applied research; however, early in 2020, China ceased exportation of cynomolgus monkeys, the species most commonly involved in pharmaceutical product development. This change in the world supply of a critical research model has resulted in increased demand from breeding farms principally located in Cambodia, Vietnam, and Mauritius Island, with a resultant marked increase in unit pricing. We do not expect China’s internal consumption of its domestically-produced research models to decrease, nor do we anticipate a loosening of its embargo on their exportation in the future.

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On November 16, 2022, the Company became aware that the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of Florida (“USAO-SDFL”) criminally charged employees of the principal supplier of NHPs to the Company, along with two Cambodian government officials, with conspiring to illegally import NHPs into the United States from December 2017 through January 2022 and in connection with seven specific imports between July 2018 and December 2021. This indictment has further jeopardized the domestic supply of these critical animal models. According to CDC statistics, Cambodia accounted for greater than 60% of the NHPs imported by the US through September 30, 2022.

The limited NHP supply initially brought on by halting of Chinese exports and exacerbated by recent events in Cambodia has also resulted in a dramatic increase in the cost of these animals, which limits the ability of small innovator companies to conduct the initial safety evaluation of new product candidates.

Accelerated Drug Development

Clients continue to demand faster, more efficient, more selective development of an increasing pool of drug and device candidates. Consequently, our clients require fast, high-quality service in order to make well-informed decisions to quickly exclude poor candidates and speed development of promising ones. The need for additional development capacity to exploit more opportunities, accelerate development, extend market exclusivity and increase profitability drives the demand for outsourced services.

Increase in Potential New Drug Candidates

The time and cost required to develop a new drug or device candidate have generally increased. Many small and virtual pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies do not have sufficient internal resources to pursue development of all of the new drug and device candidates on their own. Consequently, these companies are looking to the drug discovery and development services industry for cost-effective, innovative and rapid means of developing new drugs.

Cost Pressures of Introducing New Drugs

Market forces, healthcare reform and other governmental initiatives place significant pressures on pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to reduce drug prices. In addition, increased competition as a result of patent expiration, market acceptance of generic drugs, and governmental and privately managed care organization efforts to reduce healthcare costs have added to drug pricing pressures. The pharmaceutical industry is responding by consolidating, streamlining operations, decentralizing internal discovery and development processes, and minimizing fixed costs. In addition, increased pressures to differentiate products and justify drug pricing are resulting in an increased focus on healthcare economics, safety monitoring and commercialization services. Moreover, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are attempting to increase the speed and efficiency of internal new drug discovery and development processes.

Patent Expiration

As exclusivity ends with patent expiration, drug companies defend their proprietary positions against generic competition with various patent extension strategies. Both the drug company pursuing these extensions and the generic competitors provide additional opportunities for the Company.

Alliances

Strategic alliances allow pharmaceutical companies to share research know-how and to develop and market new drugs faster in more diverse, global markets. We believe that such alliances will lead to a greater number of potential drugs in testing, many under study by small and virtual companies lacking broad technical resources. These small and virtual companies can seek to add shareholder value by further developing new products through outsourcing, reducing risk for potential allies. Clients seek realistic business partnerships with their service provider in an effort to ensure that costs are controlled and scientific continuity is maintained as their development programs progress. We have long-standing business relationships with many pharmaceutical companies, continue to offer flexible services and aim to adapt to our clients’ requirements.

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Mergers and Acquisitions

Consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry as well as its supporting contract research industry is commonplace. As pharmaceutical industry firms blend personnel, resources and business activities, we believe they will continue to streamline operations and minimize staffing, which will lead to more outsourcing and a dependence on small and virtual drug discovery efforts to feed their pipelines. Consolidation may result in a disruption in the progress of drug development programs as merging companies rationalize their respective drug development pipelines. In addition, we believe that recent consolidation within the contract research industry has created a unique opportunity for the emergence of mid-market CRO providers who can offer clients a high degree of “touch” not only in study execution, but in program design and regulatory agency interactions.

Biotechnology Industry and Virtual Drug Company Growth

The U.S. biotechnology industry has grown rapidly over the last two decades and has emerged as a key client segment for the drug discovery and development services industry. In recent years, this industry has generated significant numbers of new drug candidates that will require development and regulatory approval. Many biotechnology drug developers do not have sufficient in-house resources to conduct early stage drug development. Many new companies choose only to carry a product to a development stage sufficient to attract a partner who will manufacture and market the drug. Because of the time and cost involved, these companies typically rely heavily on CROs to conduct research for their drug candidates.

Specialized Technical Expertise

The increasing complexity of new drug candidates requires highly specialized, innovative, solution-driven research not available in all client labs. We believe that this need for specialized technical expertise will increasingly lead to outsourcing of research activity. We believe further that the reliance of the pharmaceutical industry on small innovative drug discovery companies, which are often overlooked by large CROs, creates an opportunity for strategic partnership with small, consulting-based and innovative CROs such as ours.

Data Management and Quality Expertise

Our clients and worldwide regulatory authorities require more data, greater access to that data, consistent and auditable management of that data, and greater security and control of that data. We have made investments in software throughout our contract services groups to optimize efficiency and promote compliance with regulations and market expectations.

Globalization of the Marketplace

Foreign firms rely on independent development companies like ours with experience in the U.S. to provide integrated services through all phases of product development and to assist in preparing complex regulatory submissions. Domestic drug firms are broadening product availability globally, which increases demand for local regulatory approval. We believe that we and other domestic service providers with global reach, established regulatory expertise, and a broad range of integrated development services and products will benefit from this trend.

Our Solution

We address the needs of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, as well as academic, non-profit and government organizations, for drug discovery and development by providing integrated products and services to help our clients maximize the return on their research and development investments. We have focused on stabilizing critical supply chain issues particularly related to research models. We believe our application of innovative technologies and products and our commitment to quality throughout the drug discovery and development process offer our clients a way to identify and develop successful drugs and devices more quickly and cost-effectively. We have obtained significant drug development expertise from more than 48 years of operation, and during 2022 we added to our CRO service offerings through expansion of current facilities, acquisitions and startup initiatives to build new service offerings internally.

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Product Liability and Insurance

We maintain product liability and professional errors and omissions liability insurance, providing coverage on a claims-made basis. Additionally, in certain circumstances, we seek to manage our liability risk through contractual provisions to be indemnified by the client or covered by the client’s liability insurance policies. Also, in certain types of engagements, we seek to limit our contractual liability to clients to the amount of fees received. Our client contractual arrangements are subject to negotiation, and the terms and scope of indemnification, liability limitation and insurance coverage vary by client and project.

Intellectual Property

We believe that our patents, trademarks, copyrights and other proprietary rights are important to our business. Accordingly, we actively seek protection for those rights both in the United States and abroad. Where we deem it to be an appropriate course of action, we will vigorously prosecute patent infringements. The loss of any one or more of our patents, trademarks, copyrights or other proprietary rights could impact our consolidated revenues or earnings.

We currently hold three U.S. federally registered trademarks and one pending federal trademark application. We also have two issued U.S. patents on the Dried Blood Spot (DBS) sampling card for the Culex® Automated Blood Sampling Instrumentation. There are also 12 issued international patents for this technology in Japan, Canada, Europe, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Additionally, we have three issued U.S. patents for the Empis Automated Drug Infusion technology for the Culex® instrument. There are 14 issued international patents for this technology in Europe, Japan, Canada, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden, and Turkey. There is one additional issued U.S. patent and 13 issued international patents in Belgium, Canada, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Europe, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands and Sweden relating to the No Blood Waste technology for the Culex® instrument. There is also one issued U.S. patent relating to pinch valve technology.

Our issued patents are protected for durations ranging from July of 2023 to February of 2034. We also hold various U.S. registered copyrights. In addition to these formal intellectual property rights, we rely on trade secrets, unpatented know-how and continuing applications research which we seek to protect through means of reasonable business procedures, such as confidentiality agreements.

Raw Materials

There are no specialized raw materials that are particularly essential to our business. We have a variety of alternative suppliers for the components in our diets and bedding products.

Information about our Executive Officers

Below are the names, ages and positions of each of our current executive officers.

Robert W. Leasure, Jr., age 63, joined the Company as President and Chief Executive Officer on January 12, 2019. Mr. Leasure serves as the managing partner and president of LS Associates LLC (“LS”), a management and turnaround firm formed in 2002. From September 2016 until Mr. Leasure’s employment, the Company engaged LS as a financial consultant. Mr. Leasure’s experience working with management teams in areas including strategic planning and implementation, problem solving, operations, mergers and acquisitions and financial transactions, and in particular Mr. Leasure’s experience leading the Company’s turnaround and current growth, well situate him for his role as President and Chief Executive Officer and as a director. Mr. Leasure’s current term on the board expires at the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

John E. Sagartz, DVM, Ph.D., DACVP, age 56, joined the Company as part of the Company’s acquisition of Seventh Wave Laboratories on July 2, 2018. Following the acquisition, Dr. Sagartz has served as the Company’s Chief Strategy Officer and joined Inotiv’s Board of Directors to help guide strategy in order to provide broader solutions and greater scientific expertise to the Company’s clients. Dr. Sagartz began his career as a toxicologic pathologist at

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Searle/Monsanto in 1996, and held positions of increasing responsibility as section head, director, preclinical development site head, and fellow, following Monsanto’s merger with Pharmacia. After Pfizer’s acquisition of Pharmacia in 2003, Dr. Sagartz founded Seventh Wave Laboratories where he served as President and Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Strategy Officer. Dr. Sagartz is an adjunct associate professor of Comparative Medicine at St. Louis University’s College of Medicine and serves on the Board of Directors of the Missouri Biotechnology Association. He received his Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degrees from Kansas State University and, after completing residency training in anatomic pathology, earned his Doctor of Philosophy from The Ohio State University. Dr. Sagartz has the education and experience to provide strategic insight and industry knowledge to serve as Chief Strategy Officer for the Company and serve as a director. Dr. Sagartz’s current term on the board expires at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

Beth A. Taylor, age 57, joined the Company as Chief Financial Officer on March 9, 2020. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Taylor held financial positions of Vice President of Finance and Chief Accounting Officer at Endocyte, Inc. from 2011-2019, VP of Finance and Corporate Controller at Author Solutions, Inc., Harlan Laboratories, Inc. and Republic Airways Holdings and Finance Director at Rolls-Royce Corporation. Ms. Taylor started her career in audit assurance with Deloitte and received a B.S. in Accounting from Kelley School of Business, Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana.

Brennan Freeman, age 35, joined the Company as Corporate Controller on July 12, 2021. On October 25, 2022, the Board of Directors appointed Mr. Freeman as Vice President – Finance and Corporate Controller of the Company. Mr. Freeman also serves as the Company’s principal accounting officer. Mr. Freeman began his career at Ernst & Young LLP, where he held various positions, including most recently as Manager – Global Life Sciences Assurance Resident from July 2018 to September 2018, Senior Manager – Global Life Sciences Assurance Resident from October 2018 – June 2020 and Senior Manager – Assurance Services from July 2020 – July 2021 and received a Bachelor of Science in Business, majoring in Finance & Accounting from Indiana University/Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana

William D. Pitchford, age 68, joined the Company as Chief Human Resources Officer on August 28, 2019. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Pitchford held senior level positions within the human resources functions at Ford Motor Company, Rio Tinto Alcan Corporation and, most recently, at Wabash National Corporation as Senior Vice President of Human Resources. Mr. Pitchford received his undergraduate degree in Criminology & Sociology at Indiana State University, and his Master of Arts in Human Resources Management at Central Michigan University.

John Gregory Beattie, age 56, joined the Company in February 2021 as the Chief Operating Officer. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Beattie held Corporate Vice President positions at Charles River Laboratories, a contract research organization, where he led business units within all three of their segments. In these roles, Mr. Beattie was responsible for driving operational performance. Mr. Beattie holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from McGill University and a Master of Science degree in Experimental Health Sciences from Université du Quebéc, and graduated from the Kellogg Management Institute program at Northwestern University.

Michael Garrett, age 55, joined the Company as Chief Commercial Officer upon the closing of the Envigo Acquisition on November 5, 2021. Mr. Garrett served as Senior Vice President of Commercial for Envigo since June 2019, having joined the company in 2018 as Head of New Service Development. Prior to joining Envigo, he was Vice President of Commercial for MPI Research, a non-clinical contract research organization. From 2008 to 2016, he was Senior Director of Marketing and Strategy for the Life Science Services business (BioReliance) of MilliporeSigma (Merck KGaA). He has been in the life sciences industry for 29 years, having held leadership positions in Sales, Marketing and Strategic Planning at BioReliance (Merck KGaA), Serologicals Corp. (Millipore), and Life Technologies. Mr. Garrett has a Masters in Experimental Pathology from the University of Washington (Seattle) and a Bachelor of Science degree from Duke University.

Fernanda Beraldi, age 42, joined the Company as General Counsel and Corporate Secretary on March 31, 2022. Prior to joining Inotiv, Ms. Beraldi served most recently as Senior Director, Global Ethics and Compliance for Cummins Inc, and in other progressive roles with Cummins Inc. for the past six years as Director, International Ethics and Compliance and Corporate Counsel, and before that, as Director, Ethics and Compliance for Latin America and Corporate Counsel. Prior to her roles at Cummins Inc., Ms. Beraldi served as a Senior Counsel for Embraer SA for six years. Ms.

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Beraldi received her Master of Laws degree from Indiana University McKinney School of Law, and her Bachelor of Laws degree from Mackenzie University in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Available Information

Our Internet address is www.inotivco.com. We routinely post important information for investors on our website in the “Investors” section. We use this website as a means of disclosing material information in compliance with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Accordingly, investors should monitor the “Investors” section of our website, in addition to following our press releases, Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings, public conference calls, presentations and webcasts. Investors can easily find or navigate to pertinent information about us, free of charge, on our website, including:

The information available on our website is not incorporated by reference in, or a part of, this or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC. The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.

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not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial.

Risks Related to the Industries we Serve

We are substantially dependent on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

Our revenues depend greatly on the expenditures made by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in research and development, including their decisions to outsource drug development services to providers like us, rather than handling such services in-house. In some instances, companies in these industries are reliant on their ability to raise capital in order to fund their research and development projects and to compensate us for services rendered.

Fluctuations in the research and development budgets of researchers and their organizations could have a significant effect on the demand for our products and services. Research and development budgets fluctuate due to changes in available resources, mergers of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, spending priorities and institutional budgetary policies, among other reasons. Accordingly, economic factors and industry trends that affect our clients in these industries also affect our business. Our ability to continue to grow and win new business depends in large part upon the ability and willingness of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries to continue to spend on research and development and to purchase the products and outsource the services we provide. If companies in these industries were to reduce the number or scope of research and development projects they conduct or outsource, our business could be materially adversely affected.

Risks Related to our Operations

We rely on a limited number of key clients, the importance of which may vary dramatically from year to year, and a loss of one or more of these key clients may adversely affect our operating results.

One client related to the RMS segment accounted for approximately 28.2% of our total revenue during the fiscal year 2022. Five clients of the DSA segment in the aggregate accounted for approximately 7.2% and 20.5% of our total revenue during fiscal years 2022 and 2021, respectively. The loss of a significant amount of business from one or more of our major clients would materially and adversely affect our results of operations until such time, if ever, as we are able to replace the lost business. Significant clients or projects in any one period may not continue to be significant clients or projects in other periods. In any given year, there is a possibility that a single client may account for a significant percentage of our total revenue or that our business may depend on one or more large projects. Since we do not have long-term contracts with most of our clients, the importance of a single client may vary dramatically from year to year as projects end and new projects begin. To the extent that we are meaningfully dependent on any single client, we are indirectly subject to risks related to that client, including if such risks impede the client’s ability to stay in business or otherwise to make timely payments to us.

We operate in a highly competitive industry.

The CRO services industry is highly competitive. We often compete for business not only with other CROs, but also with internal discovery and development departments within our client companies. Several of our competitors have significantly greater financial, marketing, technical or other resources and a larger global footprint than we have. The industry has historically been diverse with more than 1,000 CROs around the globe, ranging from small, regional niche laboratories up to global comprehensive service providers with tens of thousands of employees.

The CRO industry has experienced consolidation in recent years. This trend is likely to produce more competition among the larger companies for both clients and acquisition candidates. Offshore CROs have provided increasing competitive pressures, although we believe the pandemic and other factors have made Asian CROs a less attractive option for many western clients.

The RMS industry is highly competitive. Competition ranges from academics and large biopharmaceutical companies, that derive and maintain their own rodent colonies, to commercial competitors that may offer a similar or overlapping range of products and/or services. Some of these competitors have greater capital, technical and other resources than we have, while other competitors that are smaller specialized companies might compete effectively against us based on price and their concentrated size and focus.

If we do not compete successfully, our business will suffer. Increased competition might lead to price and other concessions that could adversely affect our operating results.

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The majority of our clients’ contracts and orders can be terminated upon short notice.

Most of our contracts for CRO services are terminable by the client upon 30 days’ notice and these clients terminate or delay their contracts for a variety of reasons. Further, in general, our customers order research models on an as-needed basis. The size and frequency of those orders can be reduced or eliminated with little or no notice.

Customer contracts and orders may be negatively impacted for various reasons, including:

Although our CRO contracts frequently entitle us to receive the costs of winding down the terminated projects, as well as all fees earned by us up to the time of termination, and some of our contracts entitle us to a termination fee, the loss, reduction in scope or delay of a large contract or order, or the loss or delay of multiple contracts or orders, could materially adversely affect our business.

We may bear financial risk if we underprice our contracts or overrun cost estimates.

Since some of our contracts are structured as fixed price or fee-for-service, we bear the financial risk if we initially underprice our contracts or otherwise overrun our cost estimates. Significant underpricing or cost overruns could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Providing CRO services creates a risk of liability.

We could be held liable for errors and omissions in connection with the services we perform. In certain circumstances, we seek to manage our liability risk through contractual provisions with clients requiring indemnification by the clients or coverage under the clients’ product liability insurance policies. The financial performance of our client indemnifying parties is not secured. Therefore, we bear the risk that the indemnifying party may not have the financial ability, or may otherwise fail, to fulfill its indemnification obligations or that the liability could exceed the amount of applicable client insurance, if any. In the event that we are unable to reach indemnification or insurance coverage arrangements with our clients to appropriately cover our potential losses, our insurance coverage may not adequately cover such losses. Relevant insurance coverage may also not always be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

Our business uses biological and hazardous materials, which could injure people or violate laws, resulting in liability that could adversely impact our financial condition and business.

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Our activities involve the controlled use of potentially harmful biological materials, as well as hazardous materials, chemicals and various radioactive compounds. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from the use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages that result, and any liability could exceed our insurance coverage and ability to pay. Any contamination or injury could also damage our reputation, which is critical to obtaining new business. In addition, we are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations is significant and if changes are made to impose additional requirements, these costs could increase and have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our animal populations may suffer diseases that can damage our inventory, harm our reputation, result in decreased sales of our services or research products or result in other liability.

It is important that our animal populations be free of diseases, including infectious diseases. The presence and prevalence of diseases can distort or compromise the quality of research results, can cause substantial loss of animals in our inventory, can result in harm to humans or outside animal populations if the disease is not contained to animals in inventory, or can result in other losses.

These risks may differ substantially according to species. In rodents, most infections are without any apparent clinical signs and therefore pose a risk to the scientific quality of the research performed on the animals rather than to humans. The same applies to primates, where all animals are serologically tested for specific diseases in our facilities and at our suppliers. The main concern in this species is the potential for zoonotic infectious disease-causing harm to humans. We seek to minimize the risk of these species being infected by stringent biohazard management protocols and health monitoring programs in place in our facilities. Nevertheless, we have in the past suffered disease in our animal populations and may suffer outbreaks in the future.

If disease or contamination occurs in our animal population, it typically requires remediation and cleanup activities that are costly and time consuming. In certain circumstances, it can require the temporary or permanent closure of an affected facility. We have experienced such closures in the past and may do so again in the future.

Any significant disease outbreak has the potential to harm our reputation or have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. There is also the risk that disease from research models we produce may affect our customers’ facilities and may result in an affected customer requesting compensation for damages.

While we endeavor to include provisions in our sale and supply contracts which entitle us to be indemnified or entitle us to a limitation of liability, these provisions do not uniformly protect us against liability arising from certain of our own actions, such as negligence or misconduct. Moreover, in certain circumstances, we may agree to use contracts drafted by our customers, which may not contain clauses that indemnify us or limit our liability. We could be materially adversely affected if we were required to pay damages or bear the costs of defending any claim which is not covered by a contractual indemnification provision or in the event that a party who must indemnify us does not fulfill its indemnification obligations or which is beyond the level of our insurance coverage or for which insurance coverage is not available. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain insurance coverage on terms acceptable to us.

Our DSA products component depends on our intellectual property.

Our DSA products component depends, in part, on our ability to obtain patents in various jurisdictions on our current and future technologies and products, to defend our patents and protect our trade secrets and to operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others. Our patents may be challenged by third parties and, if challenged, may not be held valid. In addition, technologies or products developed by us may be challenged by third parties owning relevant patent rights and, if challenged, could be found to infringe on those patent rights. The expense involved in patent litigation can be significant, even where challenges may lack merit. We also rely on unpatented proprietary technology, which subjects us to risk that others may independently develop or obtain similar products or technologies.

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New technologies may be developed, validated and increasingly used in biomedical research that could reduce demand for some of our products and services.

For many years, groups within the scientific and research communities have attempted to develop models, methods and systems that would replace or supplement the use of living animals as test subjects in biomedical research. In addition, technological improvements to existing or new processes, such as imaging and biomarker technology, could result in a refinement in the number of animal research models necessary to conduct the required research. Alternative research methods could decrease the need for research models, and we may not be able to develop new products effectively or in a timely manner to replace any lost sales. In addition, other companies or entities may develop research models with characteristics different than the ones that we produce, and which may be viewed as more desirable by our customers.

Our non-U.S. locations account for a significant percentage of our revenues, exposing us to risks associated with operating internationally.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, 13.8% of our revenues were generated by our facilities outside the U.S. As a result of these sales from foreign entities and facilities located outside the U.S., our operations are subject to a variety of risks unique to international operations, including the following:

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Failure to manage our growth effectively could cause our business to suffer and have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

We have experienced significant growth in a short period of time, including as a result of the Envigo Acquisition. To manage our growth effectively, we must continually evaluate and evolve our organization. We must also manage our employees, operations, finances, technology and development and capital investments efficiently. Our efficiency, productivity and the quality of our products and services may be adversely impacted if we do not train our new personnel quickly and effectively, or if we fail to appropriately coordinate across our organization.

Additionally, our rapid growth may place a strain on our resources, infrastructure and ability to maintain the quality of our products and services. You should not consider our revenue growth and levels of profitability in recent periods as indicative of future performance. In future periods, our revenue or profitability could decline or grow more slowly than we expect. Failure to manage our growth effectively could cause our business to suffer and have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Some of our customers depend on government funding of research and development and a reduction in that funding may adversely affect our business.

A significant portion of sales are derived from customers at academic institutions and research laboratories whose funding is partially dependent on funding from government sources, including the NIH and U.K./E.U. equivalents. Such funding can be difficult to forecast as it may be subject to the political process. Our sales may be adversely affected if our customers delay purchases as a result of uncertainties surrounding the approval of government budget proposals. There can be no certainty that government research funding that is approved will be directed towards projects and studies that require use of our products and services. A reduction in government funding for the NIH or other government research agencies could adversely affect our business and our financial results.

Risks Related to our Financial Activities

We have experienced periods of losses and financial insecurity.

Throughout our history we have experienced periods of financial losses and financial hardship. Our current efforts may not result in profitability, or if our efforts result in profits, such profits may not continue for any meaningful period of time. In order to finance various acquisitions and the expansion of several DSA and RMS facilities, we have significantly increased our leverage. Sustained losses may result in our inability to service our financial obligations as they come due, including the additional indebtedness we have incurred to support our growth initiatives, or to meaningfully invest in our business.

We have incurred significant additional indebtedness during recent periods, which may impair our ability to raise further capital or impact our ability to service our debt.

We have incurred significant additional indebtedness during recent periods, Our additional indebtedness may impair our ability to raise further capital, including to expand our business, pursue strategic investments, and take advantage of financing or other opportunities that we believe to be in the best interests of the Company and our shareholders.

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Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not continue to generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, curtailing spend, restructuring debt, or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Our additional indebtedness may also impact our ability to service our debt and to comply with financial covenants and the other terms of our relevant credit arrangements, in which case our lenders might pursue available remedies up to and including terminating our credit arrangements and foreclosing on available collateral.

Our credit agreement contains covenants that restrict our business and financing activities. All of our assets secure our obligations under the credit agreement and may be subject to foreclosure.

We are party to a Credit Agreement with Jefferies Finance LLC, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement contains various covenants, restrictions, and events of default. Among other things, these provisions require us to maintain certain financial ratios, including a secured leverage ratio and a fixed charge coverage ratio, and impose certain limits on our ability to engage in certain activities. The Third Amendment to the Credit Agreement that we entered into on January 9, 2023, imposes additional limitations on us through the date that we deliver financial statements for the quarter ending March 31, 2024, including restrictions on permitted asset sales, a prohibition on making permitted acquisitions, and significant limitations on the ability to incur additional debt, make investments and make restricted payments. Further during that time, we can only use borrowings under the revolving credit facility to fund operational expenses in the ordinary course.

The restrictions in the Credit Agreement, including under the Third Amendment, impose operating and financial restrictions on us and may limit our ability to compete effectively, take advantage of new business opportunities, or take other actions that may be in our, or our shareholders’, best interests. Further, various risks and uncertainties, including those arising as a result of the USAO-SDFL criminally charging employees of the Company’s principal supplier of NHPs, along with two Cambodian government officials, may impact our ability to comply with our obligations under the Credit Agreement.

Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by all secured by all assets (other than certain excluded assets) of the Company and each of the subsidiary guarantors.

Our inability to comply with any of the provisions of the Credit Agreement could result in a default under it. If such a default occurs, the lenders may elect to declare all borrowings outstanding, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable, and they would have the right to terminate any commitments to provide further funds. If we are unable to repay outstanding borrowings when due, the lenders also have the right to proceed against the collateral. The occurrence of any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Our failure to comply with the terms of our existing credit agreement could result in an event of default that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If there were an event of default under our existing credit agreement, all amounts outstanding under that agreement could be due and payable immediately, which may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. An event of default may occur should our assets or cash flow be insufficient to fully repay borrowings under our existing credit agreement, whether paid in the ordinary course or accelerated, or if we are unable to maintain compliance with relevant obligations thereunder, including financial and other covenants. Various risks and uncertainties, including those arising as a result of the USAO-SDFL criminally charging employees of the principal supplier of non-human primates to the Company, along with two Cambodian government officials. a, may impact our ability to comply with our obligations under the existing credit agreement. Should the pandemic or other factors continue to negatively impact our business, those developments might cause us to fail to comply with the covenants under our existing credit agreement.

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In connection with our acquisition of Seventh Wave Laboratories, LLC’s, Smithers Avanza’s, Preclinical Research Service’s, HistoTox Laboratories’, Bolder BioPATH’s, Plato’s, Envigo’s, ILS and OBRC’s businesses and the expansion of several DSA and RMS facilities, we have significantly increased our level of indebtedness, as well as our ability to incur further indebtedness under relevant lines of credit. Our ability to service this indebtedness will depend, in part, on the success of our operations and our ability to generate sufficient cash flow therefrom.

Our management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting were not effective as of September 30, 2022 due to material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate these material weaknesses and maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and materially and adversely affect our business and financial results.

Management and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors concluded that it was appropriate to restate the Company’s previously issued unaudited interim financial statements included in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021, filed with the SEC on August 13, 2021, due to an error in accounting for certain tax attributes related to an acquisition completed by the Company in the third quarter of fiscal year 2021. As part of such process, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, solely related to our accounting for the tax impact of acquisitions that qualify as stock transactions for tax purposes. This material weakness remains unremediated as of September 30, 2022.

In addition, our management concluded that we had the following additional material weaknesses as of September 30, 2022:

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. We expect to take steps to remediate the material weaknesses, but there is no assurance that any remediation efforts will ultimately have the intended effects.

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If we identify any new material weaknesses in the future, any such newly identified material weakness could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements. In such case, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and our stock price may decline as a result. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, or any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

Risks Related to Regulation and Legal Matters

Changes in government regulation or in practices relating to the pharmaceutical industry could change the demand for the services we provide.

Governmental agencies throughout the world, but particularly in the United States, strictly regulate the drug development process. Our business involves helping pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies comply with the regulatory drug approval process. Changes in regulation, such as a relaxation in regulatory requirements or the introduction of simplified drug approval procedures, or an increase in regulatory requirements that we may have difficulty satisfying, or that make our services less competitive, could substantially change the demand for our services and products. Also, if governments increase efforts to contain drug costs and pharmaceutical and biotechnology company profits from new drugs, or if governments impose new regulatory requirements demanding restricted use of research models for biomedical research, our clients may spend less, or slow the pace of increased spending, on research and development.

Any failure by us to comply with existing regulations could harm our reputation and operating results.

Any failure on our part to comply with existing regulations could result in the termination of ongoing research or the disqualification of data for submission to regulatory authorities. For example, if we were to fail to properly monitor compliance with study protocols, the data collected could be disqualified. Under such circumstances, we may be contractually required to repeat a study at no further cost to the client, but at substantial cost to us. That development would harm our reputation, our prospects for future work and our operating results. Furthermore, the issuance of a notice from the FDA or the USDA, or other relevant authorities, based on a finding of a material violation by us of good clinical practice, good laboratory practice or good manufacturing practice requirements, animal welfare laws and regulations, or other applicable regulations could materially and adversely affect our business and financial performance.

We are involved in legal proceedings that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are involved in legal proceedings related to various matters, including employment and securities litigation, and may become involved in other legal proceedings that arise from time to time in the future. For example, as discussed further in Note 16 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, a putative securities class action and derivative securities lawsuits have been filed against the Company and certain officers and directors, alleging violations of the Exchange Act related to the Company’s disclosures concerning its acquisitions of Envigo and OBRC and their regulatory compliance.

Any claims against us, whether meritorious or not, can be time-consuming, result in costly litigation, be harmful to our reputation, require significant management attention, and divert significant resources. In addition, the expense of litigation and the timing of this expense from period to period are difficult to estimate and subject to change. Litigation and other claims are subject to inherent uncertainties and management’s view of these matters may change in the future. Given the uncertain nature of legal proceedings generally, we are not able in all cases to estimate the amount or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome. We could incur judgments or enter into settlements of claims that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in any particular period.

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Privacy regulations could increase our costs or limit our services.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations under the HIPAA demand compliance with patient privacy and confidentiality requirements. In addition, some state governments are considering more stringent regulations. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which became effective in May 2018, imposes heightened obligations on businesses that control and manage the personal data of U.K. and E.U. citizens. These and similar regulations might require us to increase our investment in security or limit the services we offer. We could be found liable if we fail to meet existing or proposed regulations on privacy and security of health information.

We are subject to environmental, health and safety requirements and risks as a result of which we may incur significant costs, liabilities and obligations.

We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws, regulations, initiatives and permits that govern, among other things: the emission and discharge of materials, including greenhouse gases, in air, land and water; the remediation of soil, surface water and groundwater contamination; the generation, storage, handling, use, disposal and transportation of regulated materials and wastes, including biomedical and radioactive wastes; and health and safety. Failure to comply with these laws, regulations or permits could result in fines or sanctions, obligations to investigate or remediate existing or potential contamination, third-party property damage claims, personal injury claims, natural resource damages claims or modification or revocation of operating permits and may lead to temporary or permanent business interruptions. Pursuant to certain environmental laws, we may be held strictly, and under certain circumstances jointly and severally liable for costs of investigation and remediation of contaminated sites which we currently own or operate, or sites we or our predecessors have owned or operated in the past. Further, we could be held liable at sites where we have sent waste for disposal.

Environmental laws, regulations and permits, and the enforcement thereof, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. Compliance with the requirements of laws and regulations may increase capital costs and operating expenses or necessitate changes to our production processes.

We use, and in the past have used, hazardous materials and generate, and in the past have generated, hazardous wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of such an accident, we could be held liable for any resulting damages and incur liabilities which could exceed our resources. Our costs, liabilities and obligations relating to environmental matters may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects, results of operations and cash flows.

We are subject to inspections, investigations and enforcement actions by regulatory authorities, which could lead to penalties, including substantial fines, warning letters, a temporary restraining order or injunction, civil and/or criminal penalties, and/or license suspension or revocation.

We are subject to periodic inspections by regulatory authorities, including the FDA, the USDA and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. As part of these inspections, the regulatory authorities seek to determine whether our facilities, operations and animal research model importation practices comply with applicable laws and regulations. Adverse findings as a result of these inspections could lead to enforcement actions, including substantial fines, warning letters that require corrective action (including potential facilities improvement requirements), revocation of approvals, exclusion from future participation in government healthcare programs, criminal prosecution and even the denial of the right to conduct business. Envigo’s Cumberland, VA facility, which was closed as of September 30, 2022, had been the subject of inspections by the USDA, a search and seizure warrant executed by the U.S. Department of Justice (the “DOJ”) and federal and state law enforcement agents, and a civil action by the DOJ that was subsequently settled with no finding of liability. Further, certain employees also received a grand jury subpoena requested by the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Western District of Virginia, and the Company has received additional subpoenas related to this matter. For further information on these and other actions, see Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements.

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Inspections, investigations and/or other actions could result in penalties that could include a temporary restraining order or injunction, civil and/or criminal penalties, and/or license suspension or revocation. The imposition of any of these penalties or other restrictions on our business could adversely affect our business reputation and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and stock price.

Risks Related to Research and Development

Our future success depends on our ability to keep pace with rapid technological changes that could make our services and products less competitive or obsolete.

The biotechnology, pharmaceutical and medical device industries generally, and contract research services more specifically, are subject to increasingly rapid technological changes. Our competitors or others might develop technologies, services or products that are more effective or commercially attractive than our current or future technologies, services or products, or that render our technologies, services or products less competitive or obsolete. If competitors introduce superior technologies, services or products and we cannot make enhancements to our counterparts to remain competitive, our competitive position, and in turn our business, revenues and financial condition, would be materially and adversely affected. Many of our competitors have superior financial and human resources deployed toward research and development efforts. Our relatively constrained financial and human resources may limit our ability to effectively keep pace with relevant technological changes.

Actions of animal rights activists may affect our business.

Products and services of the type we provide are required for the registration of pharmaceutical products under regulatory auspices in the United States, Europe and other countries. Many CROs, animal breeders, biopharmaceutical companies and other research organizations have been targeted by animal rights activists that oppose all testing on animals, for whatever purpose, including the animal testing activities in support of safety and efficacy testing for drug development. These groups, which include groups directed at the industry and us, have publicly stated that the goal of their campaign is to stop animal testing. Acts of vandalism and other acts by animal rights activists who object to the use of animals in product development could have a material adverse effect on our business. These groups have historically targeted CROs, animal breeders, academic institutions and biopharmaceutical companies, but also third parties that do business with those organizations, including customers, suppliers, advisors, financial advisors, lenders and investors.

Risks Related to Technology and Cybersecurity

We are at risk of cyber-attacks or other security breaches that could compromise sensitive business information, undermine our ability to operate effectively and expose us to liability, which could cause our business and reputation to suffer.

Cyber-attacks or security breaches could compromise confidential client information, cause a disruption in our operations, harm our reputation and expose us to liability, which in turn could negatively impact our business and the value of our common shares. As a routine element of our business, we collect, analyze, and retain substantial amounts of data pertaining to the clinical and non-clinical studies we conduct for our clients. We also maintain other sensitive client information, information regarding intellectual property related to certain of our products and other business-critical information, including personally identifiable information of our employees. Our employees, some of whom have access to such information, have and will likely continue to receive “phishing” e-mails intended to trick recipients into surrendering their usernames and passwords and/or inadvertently installing malicious software onto their computers or networks they are connected to. We cannot completely protect against the possibility that sensitive information may be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen, via phishing attempts or other circumstances.

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We utilize cybersecurity technologies, processes and practices which are designed to protect our networks, computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access, but they may not be effective or work as designed. Our contracts with our clients typically contain provisions that require us to keep confidential the information generated from our studies. A cyber-attack could result in a breach of those provisions or other negative outcomes, including legal claims or proceedings, investigations, potential liabilities under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, delays and other impediments to our clients’ discovery and development efforts, ransomware demands and related delays, damage to our reputation and a negative impact on our financial results and the value of our common shares.

Hardware or software failures, delays in the operations of our computer and communications systems or the failure to implement system enhancements could harm our business.

We operate large and complex computer systems that contain significant amounts of client data. Our success depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our computer and communications systems. A failure of our network or data gathering procedures could impede the processing of data, delivery of databases and services, client orders, product shipments and day-to-day management of our business and could result in the corruption or loss of data. While we have disaster recovery plans in place for our operations, they might not adequately protect us. Damage from fire, floods, hurricanes, power loss, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, break-ins and similar events at our facilities could result in interruptions in the flow of data to our servers and from our servers to our clients. In addition, any failure by our computer environment to provide our required data communications capacity could result in interruptions in our service. In the event of a delay in the delivery of data, we could be required to transfer our data collection operations to an alternative provider of server hosting services. Such a transfer could result in delays in our ability to deliver our products and services to our clients. Additionally, significant delays in the planned delivery of system enhancements, improvements and inadequate performance of the systems once they are completed could harm our business. Finally, long-term disruptions in our computer and communications infrastructure caused by events such as natural disasters, the outbreak of war, the escalation of hostilities and acts of terrorism, particularly involving cities in which we have offices, could adversely affect our businesses. Our property and business interruption insurance coverage might not be adequate to compensate us for all losses that may occur.

Risks Related to Share Ownership

Our share price could continue to be volatile and our trading volume may fluctuate substantially.

The market price of our common shares has historically been and might continue to be volatile. Many factors may have a significant impact on the future price of our common shares, including:

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Factors which may impact the price of our common shares include influences beyond our control, such as market conditions and changes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries we serve. The stock market, and in particular the market for pharmaceutical and biotechnology company stocks, has experienced periods of significant price and volume fluctuations, including as a result of the COVID 19 pandemic and recent increases in interest rates and inflation. Volatility and valuation decline have affected the market prices of securities issued by many companies, often for reasons unrelated to their operating performance, and might adversely affect the price of our common shares.

Following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation and derivative securities litigation have often been instituted against that company, as has been the case with us. Such occurrences of litigation could result in very substantial costs, divert management’s attention and resources and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our principal shareholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exercise significant influence over matters subject to shareholder approval.

As of December 30, 2022, our executive officers, directors and 5% shareholders beneficially owned approximately 22.2% of our outstanding shares of capital stock. In addition, as of December 30, 2022, our executive officers and directors held options to purchase an aggregate of 581,428 of our common shares at a weighted-average exercise price of $8.17 per share and an aggregate of 515,619 restricted stock units. Therefore, these shareholders will have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. The interests of this group of shareholders may not coincide with the interests of other shareholders.

The resale of certain shares issued in the Envigo Acquisition and covered by a resale registration statement could adversely affect the market price of our common shares, which result could in turn negatively affect our ability to raise additional equity capital.

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Pursuant to the Shareholders Agreement which we entered with certain former shareholders of Envigo in connection with the Envigo Acquisition, we filed a registration statement registering the resale of 6,964,728 of our common shares held by the shareholders who are parties to the Shareholders Agreement. The resale registration statement permits the resale of these shares at any time and without restriction. The sale, or availability for sale, of our common shares in the public market may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common shares and may impair our ability to raise additional equity capital. The resale of a substantial number of our common shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price for our common shares and make it more difficult for you to sell our common shares at times and prices that you feel are appropriate. Furthermore, because there are a large number of shares registered pursuant to the resale registration statement, the selling shareholders named in such registration statement may continue to offer shares covered by the resale registration statement for a significant period of time, the precise duration of which cannot be predicted. Accordingly, the adverse market and price pressures resulting from an offering pursuant to the resale registration statement may continue for an extended period of time and continued negative pressure on the market price of our common shares could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional equity capital.

Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and under Indiana law may discourage or prevent a change in control, even if a sale of us would benefit our shareholders, which could cause our stock price to decline and prevent attempts by shareholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Third Amended and Restated Bylaws contain provisions that may delay or prevent a change in control, discourage bids at a premium over the market price of our common shares, harm the market price of our common shares, and diminish the voting and other rights of the holders of our common shares. These provisions include:

Our board of directors also has the ability to adopt a shareholder rights agreement, sometimes called a “poison pill,” providing for the issuance of a new series of preferred stock to holders of common shares. In the event of a takeover attempt, this preferred stock would give rights to holders of common shares (other than the potential acquirer) to buy additional common shares at a discount, leading to the dilution of the potential acquirer’s stake. The board’s ability to adopt a poison pill may discourage potential takeover offers, particularly by suitors the board may view as unfavorable transaction partners.

As an Indiana corporation, we are governed by the Indiana Business Corporation Law (as amended from time to time, the “IBCL”). Under specified circumstances, certain provisions of the IBCL related to control share acquisitions, business combinations, and constituent interests may delay, prevent, or make more difficult unsolicited acquisitions or changes of control. These provisions may also have the effect of preventing changes in our management. It is possible that these provisions could make it more difficult to accomplish Company transactions that shareholders might deem to be in their best interest.

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If we are unable to maintain listing of our securities on The Nasdaq Capital Market or another reputable stock exchange, it may be more difficult for our shareholders to sell their securities.

Nasdaq requires listed issuers to comply with certain standards in order to remain listed on its exchange. If, for any reason, Nasdaq should delist our securities from trading on its exchange and we are unable to obtain listing on another reputable national securities exchange, a reduction in some or all of the following may occur, each of which could materially adversely affect our shareholders:

We have never paid cash dividends and currently do not intend to do so.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common shares. We currently plan to retain any earnings to finance the growth of our business rather than to pay cash dividends. Potential payments of any cash dividends in the future will depend on our financial condition, results of operations and capital requirements, limitations in our debt agreements, as well as other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors.

Risks Related to our Merger and Acquisition Activities

We have and may further expand our business through acquisitions, which exposes us to various risks. Our recent acquisitions pose certain incremental risks to the Company.

We have recently completed several acquisitions and continue to review acquisition candidates as part of our continuing business strategy. Factors which may affect our ability to effectively pursue acquisition targets or to grow successfully through completed acquisitions, including our recent acquisitions, include:

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We may need additional capital, and any additional capital we seek may not be available in the amount or at the time we need it.

Successful execution of our growth plans will require that we have access to capital. Our expected financing needs are based upon management’s estimates as to future revenue and expense. Our business plan and financing needs are subject to change based upon, among other factors, our ability to increase revenues and manage expenses and the timing and extent of our future capital expenditures and acquisition activity. If our estimates of our financing needs change, we may need additional capital more quickly than we expect or we may need a greater amount of capital.

In general, additional capital may be raised through the sale of common shares, preferred equity or convertible debt securities, entry into debt facilities or other third-party funding arrangements. The sale of equity and convertible debt securities may result in dilution to our shareholders and those securities may have rights senior to those of our common shares. Agreements entered into in connection with such capital raising activities could contain covenants that would restrict our operations or require us to relinquish certain rights. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. If we cannot timely raise any needed funds, we may be forced to reduce our operating expenses, which could adversely affect our ability to implement our long-term strategic roadmap and grow our business.

The Company may fail to realize anticipated strategic and financial benefits from recent acquisitions.

We may not realize all of the anticipated benefits of our recent business acquisitions. These acquisitions may not further our business strategy as we expect, we may fail to successfully integrate the acquired operations as planned or to realize the synergies and other benefits we expected from the acquisitions, we may experience unexpected adverse impacts on the acquired businesses, or we may otherwise not realize the expected return on our investments, any of which could adversely affect our business or operating results and potentially cause impairment to assets that we record as a part of the acquisitions, including intangible assets and goodwill. We may have difficulties managing the acquired businesses or retaining key personnel of the acquired companies.

Our operating results or financial condition also may be adversely impacted by (i) claims or liabilities related to the acquired companies’ businesses including, among others, claims from U.S. regulatory or other governmental agencies, terminated employees, current or former customers or business partners, or other third parties; (ii) pre-existing contractual relationships of the acquired companies that we would not have otherwise entered into, the termination or modification of which may be costly or disruptive to our business; (iii) unfavorable accounting treatment as a result of the acquired companies' practices; and (iv) intellectual property claims or disputes.

Certain of the companies we have acquired were not required to maintain an internal control infrastructure that would meet the standards of a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and we may acquire similar companies in the future. The costs to implement such controls and procedures may be substantial and we could encounter unexpected delays and challenges in this implementation. In addition, we may discover significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the quality of an acquired company's financial and disclosure controls and procedures which could result in additional costs or adversely affect our business or operating results, and, as has occurred with us, the accounting for acquisitions can be complex and may lead to material weaknesses. For further information related to management’s assessment of internal controls, refer to Item 9A within this Report.

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Our due diligence of our recent or future acquisitions may not have identified all pertinent risks, or the full magnitude of such risks, which could materially affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

As part of our merger and acquisition due diligence, we utilize information provided by relevant sellers. As is true with any merger and acquisition transaction, we may not be aware of all liabilities, or the full magnitude of liabilities, of the acquired business at the time of acquisition. Potential incremental liabilities and additional risks and uncertainties related to our recent or future acquisitions not known or fully appreciated by us could negatively and materially impact our future business, financial condition and results of operations.

General Risk Factors

The loss of key personnel could adversely affect our business.

Our success depends to a significant extent upon the efforts of our senior management team and other key personnel. The loss of the services of such personnel could adversely affect our business. Also, because of the nature of our business, our success depends upon our ability to attract, train, manage and retain qualified personnel. There is substantial competition for qualified personnel, and an inability to recruit or retain qualified personnel may impact our ability to grow our business and compete effectively in our industry.

We rely on third parties for important services.

We have historically depended on third parties to provide us with services critical to our business, including without limitation transportation services. The failure of third parties to adequately provide needed services or our determination to forgo non-critical services, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Unfavorable general economic conditions may materially adversely affect our business.

While it is difficult for us to predict the impact of general economic conditions on our business, these conditions could reduce client demand for some of our products or services, which could cause our revenue to decline. Also, our clients, particularly smaller biotechnology companies which are especially reliant on the credit and capital markets, may not be able to obtain adequate access to credit or equity funding, which could affect their ability to timely pay us. Moreover, we rely on credit facilities to provide working capital to support our operations and regularly evaluate alternative financing sources. Changes in the commercial credit market or in the financial stability of our creditors may impact the ability of our creditors to provide additional financing. In addition, the financial condition of our credit facility providers, which is beyond our control, may adversely change. Any decrease in our access to borrowings under our credit facility or successor facilities (if any), tightening of lending standards and other changes to our sources of liquidity could adversely impact our ability to obtain the financing we need to continue operating our business in the current manner. For these reasons, among others, if economic conditions stagnate or decline, our operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

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Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, as amended, all owned properties are provided as collateral.

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During the twelve months ended September 30, 2022 and following the Envigo acquisition, we took steps to leverage our existing RMS capacity with the acquisition of Robinson Services Inc.’s (“RSI”) rabbit breeding business and we acquired Orient BioResource Center, Inc. (“OBRC”), which provided access to additional non-human primate facilities. In an environment during which global research model demand outstrips supply, these moves mitigate potential supply bottlenecks as we pursue a multitude of cross-selling and growth opportunities across our integrated services.

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Expansions of Existing and Acquired Businesses

During the twelve months ended September 30, 2022, we initiated a facility expansion to our facility in Boulder, Colorado (“Boulder facility”), which was completed in December 2022, we invested in infrastructure, equipment and facility upgrades to increase revenue capacity at our facility in Morrisville, North Carolina (“Morrisville facility”), which was complete in December 2022; and we invested in a buildout of a newly leased 48,000 square foot facility in Rockville, Maryland (“Rockville facility”) to support biotherapeutics and genetic toxicology growth, which is expected to be complete by March 2023. In addition, we made significant investments in upgrading facilities and equipment across the facilities that serve the RMS segment in order to implement planned and proposed site optimizations and enhance animal welfare. Further, we have filled critical leadership and scientific positions.

New Service Offerings

We announced new service offerings which we are building internally and startup operations, including mechanistic pharmacology and toxicology, safety pharmacology, juvenile toxicology, SEND (Standard for the Exchange of Nonclinical Data) data reporting; clinical pathology; biotherapeutics; histopathology for devices; genetic toxicology; and cardiovascular safety pharmacology. In fiscal years 2022 and 2021, we incurred start up costs of $5.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

Restructurings and Site Optimization Plans

In addition to two sites that Envigo announced closing prior to our acquisition of Envigo, we announced in June 2022 that we were closing a purpose-bred canine facility in Cumberland, Virgina and a rodent breeding facility in Dublin, Virginia as part of restructuring activities. The rodent breeding operations were consolidated into an existing, recently renovated site. The Cumberland facility closure was completed in September 2022 and the Dublin facility closure was completed in November 2022. On November 29, 2022, the Company announced additional site consolidation plans in the U.S., intent to consult with employee representatives for a proposed consolidation of certain European and U.K. sites, and provided an update on site optimization plans in process. The site optimization plans are intended to allow us to reduce overhead and create efficiencies through scale.

Over the last year, we have continued to improve our infrastructure and platform to support future growth and additional potential acquisitions. These improvements included investments in our information technology platforms, building program management functions to enhance management and communication with clients and multi-site programs, further enhancing client services and improving the client experience. We believe the actions taken and investments made in recent periods form a solid foundation upon which we can continue to build.

FY 2022 Highlights

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Inotiv is a leading contract research organization dedicated to providing nonclinical and analytical drug discovery and development services to the pharmaceutical and medical device industries and selling a range of research-quality animals and diets to the same industries as well as academia and government clients. Our products and services focus on bringing new drugs and medical devices through the discovery and preclinical phases of development, all while increasing efficiency, improving data, and reducing the cost of discovering and taking new drugs to market. Inotiv is committed to supporting discovery and development objectives as well as helping researchers realize the full potential of their critical research and development projects, all while working together to build a healthier and safer world. We are dedicated to practicing high standards of laboratory animal care and welfare.

Through our DSA segment, we support the discovery, nonclinical development and clinical development needs of researchers and clinicians for primarily small molecule drug candidates, as well as biotherapeutics and biomedical devices. Our scientists have skills in analytical instrumentation development, chemistry, computer software development, histology, pathology, physiology, surgery, analytical chemistry, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology to make the services and products we provide increasingly valuable to our current and potential clients. Our principal clients are companies whose scientists are engaged in analytical chemistry, drug safety evaluation, clinical trials, drug metabolism studies, pharmacokinetics and basic research from small start-up biotechnology companies to some of the largest global pharmaceutical companies.

Through our RMS segment, we offer access to a wide range of high-quality small and large research models for basic research and drug discovery and development, as well as specialized models for specific diseases and therapeutic areas. We combine deep animal husbandry expertise and expanded access to scientists across the discovery and preclinical continuum, which reduces nonclinical lead times and provides enhanced project delivery. In conjunction with our contract research organization (“CRO”) business, we have the ability to run selected nonclinical studies directly on-site at closely located research model facilities and access to innovative genetically engineered models and services solutions. We have long-standing relationships with our principal clients, which include biopharmaceutical companies, CROs, and academic and government organizations.

Overview of Financial Information

Revenue for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, increased to $547.7 million from $89.6 million in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021. Acquired businesses contributed approximately $317.2 million of the increased revenue, while the remainder was from organic growth.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, operating loss increased to $(263.5) million from $(5.6) million in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021, most significantly driven by a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $236.0 million related to our RMS segment and an increase of amortization of intangible assets to $30.9 million from $1.8 million in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021.

Net loss attributable to common shareholders in fiscal year 2022 decreased to $(337.0) million from net income of $10.9 million in fiscal year 2021 due to the increase in operating loss described above, as well as $56.7 million of fair value remeasurement on the embedded derivative component of the convertible notes issued in September 2021 and $23.0 million of post combination stock compensation expense relating to the adoption of the Envigo Equity Plan recognized in connection with the Envigo acquisition.

During fiscal year 2022, our cash flows used in operations was $5.2 million compared to $10.7 million in cash flows provided by operations in fiscal year 2021. Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources section for analysis of changes.

As of September 30, 2022, the Company had $18.5 million in cash and cash equivalents, a $15.0 million balance on a $15.0 million revolving credit facility, and a $0 balance on a $35.0 million Delay Draw Term Loan (“Additional

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DDTL”). The $35 million Additional DDTL was drawn on October 12, 2022, and a portion of the proceeds were used to repay the $15.0 million balance on the revolving credit facility while the remaining was drawn to fund some of the Company’s capital expenditures in 2022 and those planned for 2023. Total debt, net of debt issuance costs, as of September 30, 2022 was $353.7 million, including the balance on the revolving credit facility. We were in compliance with our debt covenants as of September 30, 2022.

For a detailed discussion of our revenue, operating loss, net loss/income and other financial results for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, see “Results of Operations” below.

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combination stock compensation expense relating to the adoption of the Envigo Equity Plan recognized in connection with the Envigo acquisition of $23.0 million.

Other Expense

Other (expense) income decreased by $73.9 million for fiscal year 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021. The decrease is primarily due to the loss of $(56.7) million in fiscal year 2022 of fair value remeasurement of the embedded derivative component of the convertible notes issued in September 2021 compared to the gain of $8.4 million in fiscal year 2021 of fair value remeasurement of the embedded derivative component of the convertible notes issued in September 2021. For additional information, see “Capital Resources – Convertible Senior Notes” below. There was also an increase in interest expense of $28.0 million in fiscal year 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021 as a result of the increased debt balance as a result of the additional debt obtained in connection with the acquisitions of Envigo, ILS and OBRC.

Income Taxes

Our effective income tax rates for fiscal year 2022 and 2021 were 4.3% and (78.0)%, respectively. The benefit recorded for each period was $15.2 million and $4.8 million, respectively. The benefit from income taxes for fiscal year 2022 primarily relates to deferred tax benefits on the pre-tax loss, off set primarily by the impact on tax expense of certain non-deductible permanent book to tax differences related to goodwill impairment, loss on fair value remeasurement of the embedded derivative component of the convertible notes, compensation, and other permanent items. The benefit from income taxes for fiscal year 2021 related primarily to a change in valuation allowance resulting from the Bolder BioPATH acquisition on May 3, 2021.

Consolidated net (loss) income

As a result of the above described factors, we had a consolidated net loss of $337.3 million for the twelve months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to consolidated net income of $10.9 million during the twelve months ended September 30, 2021.

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Company’s liquidity needs thereafter will depend, among other things, on the timing of NHP shipments, its ability to import NHPs and its ability to generate cash from operations.

Comparative Cash Flow Analysis

As of September 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash, of $19.0 million compared to $156.9 million as of September 30, 2021. As of September 30, 2022, we had a $15 million balance on our revolving credit facility. In addition, as of September 30, 2021, we had $5.0 million available on our general line of credit and $1.3 million available on our capex line of credit.

Net cash used by operating activities was $(5.2) million for the year ended September 30, 2022, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $10.7 million for the year ended September 30, 2021. Contributing factors to our cash used by operations for fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 were consolidated net loss of $(337.3) million, noncash charges of $236.0 million for goodwill impairment loss, $56.7 million for loss on fair value remeasurement of embedded derivative, $49.3 million for depreciation and amortization, $24.2 million for stock compensation expense, $10.2 million for amortization of inventory fair value step-up, $5.3 million of non-cash interest and accretion expense, and $8.5 million for other non-cash operating charges, partially offset by $(17.8) million for changes in deferred taxes and $(40.3) million for changes in operating assets and liabilities. Refer to the Statement of Cash Flows within this Report for further details of net cash used by operating activities.

Investing activities used $(333.7) million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 compared to net cash used by investing activities of $(54.1) million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021. Contributing factors to our cash used by investing activities for fiscal year ended were capital expenditures of $(36.3) million, $0.3 million of proceeds from the sale of equipment and $(297.7) million of cash paid in acquisitions, net of cash acquired.

Capital expenditures for the DSA segment relate to infrastructure, equipment and facility upgrades to provide expanded capacity for our Boulder and Morrisville facilities, the buildout of our new Rockville facility to support biotherapeutics and genetic toxicology growth. Further, we made significant investments in upgrading facilities and equipment across the facilities that serve the RMS segment in order to implement planned and proposed site optimizations and enhance animal welfare.

Financing activities provided $203.2 million during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 compared to $198.8 million during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021. Contributing factors included $240.0 million in borrowings on senior term notes and delayed draw term loans, $34.0 million in borrowings on the revolving credit facility, partially offset by $(36.8) million in payments of long-term debt related to the extinguishment of the FIB Term Loans, $(19.0) million in payments on the revolving credit facility, $(10.1) million in payments of debt issuance costs, $(2.2) million in payments on promissory notes, $(1.8) million in payments on senior term notes and delayed draw term loans and $(1.1) of other financing activities, net.

Capital Resources

Credit Facility

On November 5, 2021, the Company, certain of the subsidiaries of the Company (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”), the lenders party thereto, and Jefferies Finance LLC, as administrative agent, entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a term loan facility in the original principal amount of $165.0 million, a delayed draw term loan facility in the original principal amount of $35.0 million (available to be drawn up to 18 months from the date of the Credit Agreement), and a revolving credit facility in the original principal amount of $15.0 million. On November 5, 2021, the Company borrowed the full amount of the term loan facility, but did not borrow any amounts on the delayed draw term loan facility or the revolving credit facility.

Prior to the Second Amendment and Third Amendment (as defined below), the Company may elect to borrow on each of the loan facilities at either an adjusted LIBOR rate of interest or an adjusted prime rate of interest. Adjusted LIBOR rate loans shall accrue interest at an annual rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus a margin of between 6.00% and 6.50%,

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depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The LIBOR rate must be a minimum of 1.00%. The initial adjusted LIBOR rate of interest is the LIBOR rate plus 6.25%. Adjusted prime rate loans shall accrue interest at an annual rate equal to the prime rate plus a margin of between 5.00% and 5.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio. The initial adjusted prime rate of interest is the prime rate plus 5.25%. Interest expense was accrued at an effective rate of 9.83% through September 30, 2022.

The Company must pay (i) a fee based on a percentage per annum equal to 0.50% on the average daily undrawn portion of the commitments in respect of the revolving credit facility and (ii) a fee based on a percentage per annum equal to 1.00% on the average daily undrawn portion of the commitments in respect of the delayed draw loan facility. In each case, such fee shall be paid quarterly in arrears.

Each of the term loan facility and delayed draw term loan facility require annual principal payments in an amount equal to 1.0% of their respective original principal amounts. The Company shall also repay the term loan facility on an annual basis in an amount equal to a percentage of its Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Credit Agreement), which percentage will be determined by its then current Secured Leverage Ratio. Each of the loan facilities may be repaid at any time with premium or penalty.

The Company is required to maintain an initial Secured Leverage Ratio of not more than 4.25 to 1.00. The maximum permitted Secured Leverage Ratio shall reduce to 3.75 to 1.00 beginning with the Company’s fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2023 and to 3.00 to 1.00 beginning with the Company’s fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2025. The Company is required to maintain a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement), which ratio shall be 1.00 to 1.00 during the first year of the Credit Agreement and shall be 1.10 to 1.00 from and after the Credit Agreement’s first anniversary.

Each of the loan facilities is secured by all assets (other than certain excluded assets) of the Company and each of the Subsidiary Guarantors. Repayment of each of the loan facilities is guaranteed by each of the Subsidiary Guarantors.

Utilizing proceeds from the Credit Agreement on November 5, 2021, the Company repaid all indebtedness and terminated the credit agreement related to the First Internet Bank of Indiana (“FIB”) credit facility and recognized an $0.9 million loss on debt extinguishment.

On January 7, 2022, the Company drew $35.0 million on the delayed draw term loan facility. The delayed draw term loan facility in the original principal amount of $35.0 million is referred to herein as the “Initial DDTL”. Amounts outstanding under the Initial DDTL accrue interest at an annual rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus a margin of between 6.00% and 6.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The initial adjusted LIBOR rate of interest is the LIBOR rate of 1.00% plus 6.25% for a total rate of 7.25%. Interest expense was accrued at an effective rate of 9.89% through September 30, 2022.

As of September 30, 2022, the Company had an outstanding balance of $15.0 million on the revolving credit facility.

First Amendment to Credit Agreement

On January 27, 2022, the Company, Subsidiary Guarantors, the lenders party thereto, and Jefferies Finance LLC, as administrative agent, entered into a First Amendment (the “Amendment”) to the existing Credit Agreement. The Amendment provides for, among other things, an increase to the existing term loan facility in the amount of $40.0 million (the “Incremental Term Loans”) and a new delayed draw term loan facility in the original principal amount of $35.0 million, which amount is available to be drawn up to 24 months from the date of the Amendment (the “DDTL”). The Incremental Term Loans and any amounts borrowed under the DDTL are referred to herein as the “Additional Term Loans”. On January 27, 2022, the Company borrowed the full amount of the Incremental Term Loans, but did not borrow any amounts under the DDTL.

Amounts outstanding under the Additional Term Loans will accrue interest at an annual rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus a margin of between 6.00% and 6.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio (as

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defined in the Credit Agreement). The initial adjusted LIBOR rate of interest is the LIBOR rate of 1.00% plus 6.25% for a total rate of 7.25%. Actual interest accrued at 9.83% through September 30, 2022. .

The Additional Term Loans require annual principal payments in an amount equal to 1.0% of the original principal amount. Voluntary prepayments of the Additional Term Loans will be subject to a 2% prepayment premium if made on or prior to November 5, 2022 and a 1% prepayment premium if made on or prior to November 5, 2023. Voluntary prepayments made after November 5, 2023 are not subject to a prepayment premium.

Each of the Additional Term Loans require annual principal payments in an amount equal to 1.0% of its respective original principal amounts. The Company shall also repay the term loans on an annual basis in an amount equal to a percentage of its Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Credit Agreement), which percentage will be determined by its then current Secured Leverage Ratio.

The Additional Term Loans are secured by all assets (other than certain excluded assets) of the Company and each of the Subsidiary Guarantors. Repayment of the Additional Term Loans is guaranteed by each of the Subsidiary Guarantors.

The Additional Term Loans will mature on November 5, 2026.

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Long term debt as of September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021 is detailed in the table below.

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Refer to Note 7 – Debt for the combined aggregate amount of maturities over the next five years.

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Acquisition-related Debt

In addition to the indebtedness under the Credit Agreement, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries have issued unsecured notes as partial payment of the purchase prices of certain acquisitions as described herein. Each of these notes is subordinated to the indebtedness under the Credit Agreement.

As part of the acquisition of Plato, which is a part of the Company’s Inotiv Boulder subsidiary, Inotiv Boulder, LLC, the Company issued unsecured subordinated promissory notes payable to the former shareholders of Plato in an aggregate principal amount of $3.0 million. The promissory notes bear interest at a rate of 4.5% per annum, with monthly payments of principal and interest and a maturity date of June 1, 2023.

As part of the acquisition of OBRC, the Company agreed to leave in place a payable owed by OBRC to the seller in the amount of $3.7 million, which the Company determined to have a fair value of $3.3 million as of January 27, 2022. The payable does not bear interest and is required to be paid to seller on the date that is 18 months after the closing date of January 27, 2022. The Company has the right to set off against the payable any amounts that become payable by the seller on account of indemnification obligations under the purchase agreement.

As part of the acquisition of Histion, LLC (“Histion”) which is a part of the Company’s subsidiary, Bronco Research Services, LLC, the Company issued unsecured subordinated promissory notes payable to the former shareholders of Histion in an aggregate principal amount of $0.4 million. The promissory notes bear interest at a rate of 4.5% per annum, with monthly payments of principal and interest and a maturity date of April 1, 2025.

As part of the acquisition of Protypia, Inc. (“Protypia”), the Company issued unsecured subordinated promissory notes payable to the former shareholders of Protypia in an aggregate principal amount of $0.6 million. The promissory notes bear interest at a rate of 4.5% per annum, with monthly payments of principal and interest and a maturity date of January 7, 2024.

Convertible Senior Notes

On September 27, 2021, the Company issued $140.0 million principal amount of its 3.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2027 (the “Notes”). The Notes were issued pursuant to, and are governed by, an indenture, dated as of September

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27, 2021, among the Company, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, BAS Evansville, Inc., as guarantor (the “Guarantor”), and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (the “Indenture”). Pursuant to the purchase agreement between the Company and the initial purchaser of the Notes, the Company granted the initial purchaser an option to purchase, for settlement within a period of 13 days from, and including, the date the Notes were first issued, up to an additional $15.0 million principal amount of the Notes. The Notes issued on September 27, 2021 included $15,000 principal amount of the Notes issued pursuant to the full exercise by the initial purchaser of such option. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering of the Notes, together with borrowings under a new senior secured term loan facility, to fund the cash portion of the purchase price of the Envigo acquisition and related fees and expenses.

The Notes are the Company’s senior, unsecured obligations and are (i) equal in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future senior, unsecured indebtedness; (ii) senior in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Notes; (iii) effectively subordinated to the Company’s existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness; and (iv) structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities, including trade payables, and (to the extent the Company is not a holder thereof) preferred equity, if any, of the Company’s non-guarantor subsidiaries. The Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a senior, unsecured basis, by the Guarantor.

The Notes accrue interest at a rate of 3.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, beginning on April 15, 2022. The Notes will mature on October 15, 2027, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. Before April 15, 2027, noteholders have the right to convert their Notes only upon the occurrence of certain events. From and after April 15, 2027, noteholders may convert their Notes at any time at their election until the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date. The Company will settle conversions by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, its common shares or a combination of cash and its common shares, at the Company’s election. The initial conversion rate is 21.7162 common shares per $1 thousand principal amount of Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $46.05 per common share. The conversion rate and conversion price are subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition, if certain corporate events that constitute a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change” (as defined in the Indenture) occur, then the conversion rate will, in certain circumstances, be increased for a specified period of time.

As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, there are $5,060 and $5,909 in unamortized debt issuance costs related to the Convertible Senior Notes, respectively. For the year ended September 30, 2022, the total interest expense was $10,624, including coupon interest expense of $4,613, accretion expense of $5,162, and the amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $849.

The Notes are redeemable, in whole and not in part, at the Company’s option at any time on or after October 15, 2024 and on or before the 40th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, but only if the last reported sale price per common share of the Company exceeds 130% of the conversion price on (i) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice; and (ii) the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends such notice. The redemption price is a cash amount equal to the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. In addition, calling the Notes for redemption pursuant to the provisions described in this paragraph will constitute a Make-Whole Fundamental Change, which will result in an increase to the conversion rate in certain circumstances for a specified period of time.

If certain corporate events that constitute a “Fundamental Change” (as defined in the Indenture) occur, then noteholders may require the Company to repurchase their Notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the Fundamental Change repurchase date. The definition of Fundamental Change includes certain business combination transactions involving the Company and certain de-listing events with respect to the Company’s common shares.

The Notes have customary provisions relating to the occurrence of “Events of Default” (as defined in the Indenture), which include the following: (i) certain payment defaults on the Notes (which, in the case of a default in the payment of interest on the Notes, are subject to a 30-day cure period); (ii) the Company’s failure to send certain notices under the Indenture within specified periods of time; (iii) the failure by the Company or the Guarantor to comply with

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certain covenants in the Indenture relating to the ability of the Company or the Guarantor to consolidate with or merge with or into, or sell, lease or otherwise transfer, in one transaction or a series of transactions, all or substantially all of the assets of the Company or the Guarantor, as applicable, and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, to another person; (iv) a default by the Company or the Guarantor in its other obligations or agreements under the Indenture or the Notes if such default is not cured or waived within 60 days after notice is given in accordance with the Indenture; (v) certain defaults by the Company, the Guarantor or any of their respective subsidiaries with respect to indebtedness for borrowed money of at least $20.0 million; (vi) the rendering of certain judgments against the Company, the Guarantor or any of their respective subsidiaries for the payment of at least $20.0 million, where such judgments are not discharged or stayed within 60 days after the date on which the right to appeal has expired or on which all rights to appeal have been extinguished; (vii) certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization involving the Company, the Guarantor or any of their respective significant subsidiaries; and (viii) the guarantee of the Notes ceases to be in full force and effect (except as permitted by the Indenture) or the Guarantor denies or disaffirms its obligations under its guarantee of the Notes.

If an Event of Default involving bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization events with respect to the Company or the Guarantor (and not solely with respect to a significant subsidiary of the Company or the Guarantor) occurs, then the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Notes then outstanding will immediately become due and payable without any further action or notice by any person. If any other Event of Default occurs and is continuing, then, the trustee, by notice to the Company, or noteholders of at least 25% of the aggregate principal amount of Notes then outstanding, by notice to the Company and the trustee, may declare the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Notes then outstanding to become due and payable immediately. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company may elect, at its option, that the sole remedy for an Event of Default relating to certain failures by the Company to comply with certain reporting covenants in the Indenture consists exclusively of the right of the noteholders to receive special interest on the Notes for up to 180 days at a specified rate per annum not exceeding 0.50% on the principal amount of the Notes.

In accordance with ASC 815, at issuance, the Company evaluated the convertible feature of the Notes and determined it was required to be bifurcated as an embedded derivative and did not qualify for equity classification. The convertible feature of the Notes is subject to fair value remeasurement as of each balance sheet date or until it meets equity classification requirements and is valued utilizing Level 3 inputs as described below. The discount resulting from the initial fair value of the embedded derivative will be amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method. Non-cash interest expense during the period primarily related to this discount.

In the first quarter of 2022, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) ASU 2020-06, Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) (“ASU 2020-06”). The update simplifies the accounting for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred shares by reducing the number of accounting models and limiting the number of embedded conversion features separately recognized from the primary contract. As a result of the approval of the increase in authorized shares on November 4, 2021 (see Note 13 – Equity), the Note conversion rights met all equity classification criteria in ASC 815. As a result, the derivative liability was remeasured as of November 4, 2021 and reclassified out of long-term liabilities and into additional paid-in capital.

Based upon the above, the Company remeasured the fair value of the embedded derivative as of November 4, 2021 which resulted in a fair value measurement of $88.6 million and a loss on remeasurement included in other income (loss) for the twelve months ended September 30, 2022 of $56.7 million. The embedded derivative liability of $78.3 million was then reclassified to additional paid-in capital in accordance with ASC 815.

Inflation

We do not believe that inflation has had a material adverse effect on our business, operations or financial condition.

Events Subsequent to September 30, 2022

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Temporarily Suspended or Limited Operations

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On November 16, 2022, the Company became aware that the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of Florida (“USAO-SDFL”) had criminally charged employees of the principal supplier of NHPs to the Company, along with two Cambodian government officials, with conspiring to illegally import NHPs into the U.S. from December 2017 through January 2022 and in connection with seven specific imports between July 2018 and December 2021. Also as previously disclosed, two of the Company’s subsidiaries, Orient BioResource Center and Envigo Global Services, Inc., companies acquired by the Company on January 27, 2022 and November 5, 2021, respectively, had received grand jury subpoenas from USAO-SDFL requiring the production of documents and information related to their importation of NHPs into the U.S. The Company has been fully cooperating, and will continue to cooperate, with USAO-SDFL.

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The Company has not been directed to refrain from selling the Cambodian NHPs in its possession in the U.S. However, due to the allegations contained in the indictment involving the Supplier and the Cambodian government officials, the Company believed that it was prudent, at the time and through the date of its Annual Report on Form 10-K, to refrain from selling or delivering any of its Cambodian NHPs held in the U.S. until the Company’s staff and external experts can evaluate what additionally could be done to satisfy itself that the NHPs in inventory from Cambodia can be reasonably determined to be purpose-bred. Historically, the Company has relied on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (“CITES”) documentation and related processes and procedures, including release of each import by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Company has continued to sell NHPs from other suppliers. The Company has shipments of its Cambodian NHP inventory scheduled, which will be resumed once existing inventory can be reasonably determined to be purpose-bred.

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Of the Company’s total revenue of $547.7 million in fiscal 2022, approximately $140 million was from NHPs that it had imported from Cambodia. Refer to the Liquidity section below and Note 18 – Subsequent Events for further discussion of anticipated impacts.

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Liquidity

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As of September 30, 2022, the Company has cash and cash equivalents of approximately $18.5 million. The November 16, 2022 event and subsequent decision to refrain from selling or delivering Cambodian NHPs held in the U.S., triggered a material adverse event clause in our Credit Agreement discussed in Note 7 to these consolidated financial statements resulting in, among other things a limitation of our ability to draw on our revolving credit facility. The loss of access to our revolving credit facility and reduced liquidity resulting from the decision to refrain from selling Cambodian NHPs held in the U.S. resulted in reduced forecasted liquidity. As a result of these events, we took steps to improve our liquidity, which included negotiating an amendment to our Credit Agreement to reinstate our ability to borrow under our revolving credit facility. Without the amendment, the Company was at risk of not having the revolving credit facility available. During the three months ended December 31, 2022, the Company announced the completion of the closure of the Cumberland and Dublin, Virginia facilities and announced further intended site optimizations plans for 2023 and 2024, including two U.S. facilities, which have been approved, and two European facilities, which are subject to approval. Further, the Company has communicated price increases that will begin in January 2023. The Company also took steps in reducing our 2023 budgeted capital expenditures and certain forecasted expenses, including a reduction of nonessential travel and employee-related expenses among other efficiency-based reductions. As a result, the Company believes its existing cash and cash equivalents, together with cash generated from operations, will be sufficient to fund its operations, satisfy its obligations, including cash outflows for planned targeted capital expenditures, and comply with minimum liquidity and financial covenant requirements under its debt covenants related to borrowings pursuant to its Credit Agreement for at least the next twelve months. In order to achieve the forecasted operating cash flows, the Company believes it will need to begin shipping its existing Cambodian NHP inventory. See Note 7- Debt and Note 18 – Subsequent Events for further information about the Company’s existing credit facilities and requirements under its debt covenants. The Company’s liquidity needs and compliance with covenants thereafter will depend, among other things, on the timing of NHP shipments and its ability to generate cash from operations.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

"Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Liquidity and Capital Resources" is based upon our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (U.S.). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods and related disclosures. These estimates and assumptions are monitored and analyzed by us for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future. We base our estimates on our historical experience, trends in the industry, and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from our estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe that the application of our accounting policies, each of which require significant judgments and estimates on the part of management, are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We believe the following represent our critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements:

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Revenue Recognition

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, the Company disaggregates its revenue from clients into two revenue streams, service revenue and product revenue. At contract inception the Company assesses the services promised in the contract with the clients to identify performance obligations in the arrangements. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company determines appropriate revenue recognition by completing the following steps: (i) identifiying the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identifying the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determining the transaction price; (iv) allocating of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognizing revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Service revenue

DSA

The Company enters into contracts with clients to provide drug discovery and development services. The Company also offers archive storage services to its clients. The Company’s fixed fee arrangements may involve nonclinical research services (e.g., toxicology, pathology, pharmacology), bioanalytical, and pharmaceutical method development and validation, nonclinical research services and the analysis of bioanalytical and pharmaceutical samples. For bioanalytical and pharmaceutical method validation services and nonclinical research services, revenue is recognized over time using the input method based on the ratio of direct costs incurred to total estimated direct costs. For contracts that involve in-life study conduct, method development or the analysis of bioanalytical and pharmaceutical samples, revenue is recognized over time when samples are analyzed or when services are performed. In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to recognize over time, the Company forecasts remaining costs related to the contracts with customers. In order to forecast the remaining costs, the Company reviews the billings compared to original cost estimates, meets with project managers and updates cost estimates in relation to any scope changes requested by the client.

The Company generally bills for services on a milestone basis. These contracts represent a single performance obligation and due to the Company’s right to payment for work performed, revenue is recognized over time. Research services contract fees received upon acceptance are deferred until earned and classified within fees invoiced in advance on the consolidated balance sheets. Unbilled revenues represent revenues earned under contracts in advance of billings and classified within trade receivables and contract assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Our service contracts typically establish an fixed fee to be paid for identified services. In most cases, some percentage of the contract costs is paid in advance. While we are performing a contract, clients often adjust the scope of services to be provided based on interim project results. Fees are adjusted accordingly. Generally, our fee-for-service contracts are terminable by the client upon written notice of 30 days or less for a variety of reasons, including the client’s decision to forego a particular study, the failure of product prototypes to satisfy safety requirements, and unexpected or undesired results of product testing. Cancellation or delay of ongoing contracts may result in fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results. We are generally able to recover, at minimum, our invested costs plus an appropriate margin when contracts are terminated.

RMS

The Company provides GEMS, which includes the performance of contract breeding and other services associated with genetically engineered models, client-owned animal colony care, and health monitoring and diagnostics services related to research models. For contracts that involve creation of a specific type of animal, revenue is recognized over time with each milestone as a separate performance obligation. The Company is due payment for work performed even if subsequent milestones are unable to be met. Contract breeding revenue and client-owned animal colony care revenue are recognized over time and are billed as per diems. Health monitoring revenue and diagnostic services revenue are recognized once the service is performed.

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Product revenue

DSA

DSA product revenue includes internally-manufactured scientific instruments for life sciences research and the related software for use by pharmaceutical companies, universities, government research centers and medical research institutions under the Company’s BASi product line. These products can be sold to multiple clients and have alternative use. Both the transaction sales price and shipping terms are agreed upon in the client order. For these products, all revenue is recognized at a point in time, generally when title of the product and control is transferred to the client based upon shipping terms. These arrangements typically include only one performance obligation.

RMS

Product revenue included research models, diets and bedding and bioproducts. Research models revenue represents the commercial production and sale of research models, principally purpose-bred rats and mice for use by researchers, and large-animal models. Diets and bedding revenue represents laboratory animal diets, bedding, and enrichment products under the Company’s Teklad product line. Bioproducts revenue represents the sale of serum and plasma, whole blood, tissues, organs and glands, embryo culture serum and growth factors. Product revenue is recognized at the point in time when the Company’s performance obligations with the applicable customers have been satisfied. Revenue is recorded at the transaction price, which is the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products to a customer. The performance obligations, including associated freight to deliver products, are met based agreed upon terms, which are generally upon delivery (destination point) and transfer of title. The Company determines the transaction price based on fixed consideration in its contractual agreements. In determining the transaction price, a significant financing component does not exist since the timing from when the Company delivers product to when the customers pay for the product is less than one year.

Income Taxes

The Company uses the asset and liability approach for financial accounting and reporting of income taxes. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Deferred taxes are measured using rates expected to apply to taxable income in years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent that it believes that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If the Company determines that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, the Company would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

The Company uses a two-step process for the measurement of uncertain tax positions that have been taken or are expected to be taken in a tax return. The first step is a determination of whether the tax position should be recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The second step determines the measurement of the tax position. The Company records potential interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.

As of November 5, 2021, with the acquisition of Envigo, the Company adopted an accounting policy regarding the treatment of taxes due on future inclusion of non-U.S. income in U.S. taxable income under the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income provisions as a current period expense when incurred.

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets

We use assumptions and estimates in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. The determination of the fair value of intangible assets, which represent a significant portion of the purchase price in many of our acquisitions, requires the use of significant judgment with regard to the fair value. We utilize commonly accepted valuation techniques, such as the income, cost and market approaches, as appropriate, in establishing the fair value of intangible assets. Typically, key assumptions include projections of cash flows that arise from identifiable intangible assets of acquired businesses as well as discount rates based on an analysis of the weighted average cost of capital, adjusted for specific risks associated with the assets. Customer relationship intangible assets are the most significant identifiable definite-lived asset acquired. To determine the fair value of the acquired customer relationships, the Company typically utilizes the multiple period excess earnings model (a commonly accepted valuation technique), which relies on the following key assumptions: projections of cash flows from the acquired entities, which includes future revenue growth rates, operating income margins, and customer attrition rates; as well as discount rates based on an analysis of the acquired entities’ weighted average cost of capital.

Goodwill represents the difference between the purchase price and the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed when accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Goodwill is not amortized, but reviewed for impairment on an annual basis, utilizing an assessment date of September 30th, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of the Company's reporting units below their carrying amounts.

The Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test. If the Company elects this option and believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more-likely-than-not that the carrying value of goodwill is not recoverable, the quantitative impairment test is required; otherwise, no further testing is required. Alternatively, the Company may elect to not first assess qualitative factors and immediately perform the quantitative impairment test. In the quantitative test, the Company compares the fair value of its reporting units to their carrying values. The estimated cash flows used to determine the fair value of the reporting units used in the impairment test requires significant judgment with respect to revenue growth, gross margin, EBITDA margin, and weighted average cost of capital. If the carrying values of the net assets assigned to the reporting units exceed the fair values of the reporting units an impairment loss equal to the difference would be recorded. See Note 6 for further discussion related to goodwill impairment charges during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.

Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are utilized and qualitatively reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets or asset group may not be recoverable. If quantitative determination of recoverability is required, recoverability of assets to be held and used is determined by the Company at the level for which there are identifiable cash flows by comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows before interest expense and income taxes expected to be generated by the assets. If the carrying amount exceeds the outcome of the analysis of undiscounted cash flows, impairment is measured through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values, and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. In the event that such cash flows are not expected to be sufficient to recover the carrying amount of the definite-lived intangible assets, the definite-lived intangible assets are written-down to their fair values.

Long-lived Tangible Assets

Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets or asset group may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. In the event that such cash flows are not expected to be sufficient to recover the carrying amount of the assets, the assets are written-down to their fair values. Long-lived assets to be disposed of are carried at fair value less costs to sell.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The provisions of the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure Topic defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and provides the disclosure requirements about fair value measurements. This Topic also establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s judgment about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the inputs as follows:

Pension Costs

As a result of the Envigo acquisition, the Company has a defined benefit pension plan for one of its U.K. subsidiaries.

The projected benefit obligation and funded position of the defined benefit plan is estimated by actuaries and the Company recognizes the funded status of its defined benefit plan on its consolidated balance sheets and recognizes gains, losses and prior service costs or credits that arise during the period that are not recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. The Company measures plan assets and obligations as of the date of the Company’s year-end consolidated balance sheet, using assumptions to anticipate future events.

The expected return on plan assets is determined using the fair value or calculated value of plan assets.

Additional information about certain effects on net periodic benefit cost for the next fiscal year that arise from delayed recognition of the gains or losses, prior service costs or credits, and transition assets or obligations are disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements (see Note 9 – Post-employment Benefits).

Our significant accounting policies, including new accounting pronouncements, are described in more detail in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in response to Item 8 of this Report.

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Valuation of Intangible Assets Acquired in Envigo Business Combination

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Valuation of Goodwill – RMS Reporting Unit

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/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

Indianapolis, IN

January 12, 2023

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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