Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to our Operations and an Investment in our Securities

Our long term growth may depend on obtaining additional equity capital.  

In the past we relied on cash from the sale of our equity securities to fund the implementation of our business plan, including property acquisitions, building our staff and internal management and administrative capabilities. We terminated our private placement for common stock on December 31, 2011 and closed on a preferred stock financing in August 2014.  Our continued ability to fund real estate investments, our operations, and payment of regular dividends to our stockholders will likely be dependent upon our obtaining additional capital through the additional sales of our equity and/or debt securities. Without additional capital, we may not be able to grow our asset base to a size that is sufficient to support our planned growth, current operations, or to pay dividends to our stockholders at current rates or at the levels required to maintain our REIT status (see risk factor titled “ We may be forced to borrow funds on a short-term basis, to sell assets or to issue securities to meet the REIT minimum distribution requirement or for working capital purposes ”). There is no assurance as to when and under what terms we could successfully obtain additional funding through the sale of our equity and/or debt securities. Our access to additional equity or debt capital depends on a number of factors, including general market conditions, the market’s perception of our growth potential, our expected future earnings, and our debt levels.

We currently are wholly dependent on internal cash from our operations and debt financing to fund future property acquisitions, meet our operational costs and pay distributions to our stockholders.

To the extent the cash we receive from our real estate investments, preferred stock financing, and debt financing of unencumbered properties is not sufficient to pay our costs of operations, our acquisition of additional properties, or our payment of dividends to our stockholders, we would be required to seek capital through additional measures.  In addition, our debt and preferred stock require that we generate significant cash flow to satisfy the payment and other obligations under the terms of our debt and these securities.  We may incur additional debt or issue additional preferred stock for various purposes, including, without limitation, to fund future acquisition and development activities and operational needs.  Other measures of seeking capital could include decreasing our operational costs through reductions in personnel or facilities, reducing or suspending our acquisition of real estate, and reducing or suspending dividends to our stockholders.  See Risks Related to Our Debt and Preferred Stock .

Reducing or suspending our property acquisition program would prevent us from fully implementing our business plan and reaching our investment objectives. Reducing or suspending the payment of dividends to our stockholders would decrease our stockholders’ return on their investment and possibly prevent us from satisfying the minimum distribution requirements of the REIT provisions (see risk factor titled “ We may be forced to borrow funds on a short-term basis, to sell assets or to issue securities to meet the REIT minimum distribution requirement or for working capital purposes ”). Any of these measures would likely have a substantial adverse effect on our financial condition, the value of our common stock, and our ability to raise additional capital.

There can be no assurance that dividends will be paid or increase over time.

There are many factors that can affect the availability and timing of cash dividends to our stockholders. Dividends will be based principally on cash available from our real estate investments. The amount of cash available for dividends will be affected by many factors, such as our ability to acquire profitable real estate investments and successfully manage our real estate properties and our operating expenses. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to pay or maintain dividends or that dividends will increase over time.

If we are unable to find suitable investments, we may not be able to achieve our investment objectives or continue to pay dividends. 

Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay regular dividends is dependent upon our acquisition of suitable property investments and obtaining satisfactory financing arrangements. We cannot be sure that our management will be successful in finding suitable properties on financially attractive terms. If our management is unable to find such investments, we will hold the proceeds available for investment in an interest-bearing account or invest the proceeds in short-term, investment-grade investments. Holding such short-term investments will prevent us from making the long-term investments necessary to generate operating income to pay dividends.  As a result, we will need to raise additional capital to continue to pay dividends at the current level until such time as suitable property investments become available (see risk factor titled “ We may be forced to borrow funds on a short-term basis, to sell assets or to issue securities to meet the REIT minimum distribution requirement or for working capital purposes ”). In the event that we are unable to do so, our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders will be adversely affected.

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We depend on key personnel, and the loss of such persons could imp air our ability to achieve our business objectives.

Our success substantially depends upon the continued contributions of certain key personnel in evaluating and consummating our investments, selecting tenants and determining financing arrangements. Our key personnel include Mr. Jack K. Heilbron and Mr. Larry G. Dubose, each of whom would be difficult to replace. If any of our key employees were to cease their association with us, the implementation of our investment strategies could be delayed or hindered, and our operating results could suffer.

We also believe that our future success depends, in large part, upon our ability to hire and retain skilled and experienced managerial, operational and marketing personnel. Competition for skilled and experienced professionals is intense, and we cannot assure our stockholders that we will be successful in attracting and retaining such persons.

We may change our investment and business policies without stockholder consent, and such changes could increase our exposure to operational risks.

Our board of directors may change NetREIT’s investment and business policies, including our policies with respect to investments, acquisitions, growth, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and distributions, at any time without the consent of our stockholders. Although our independent directors review our investment policies at least annually to determine that the policies we are following are in the best interests of our stockholders, a change in such policies could result in our making investments different from, and possibly riskier than, investments made in the past. A change in our investment policies may, among other things, increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations, all of which could materially affect our ability to achieve our investment objectives.

The absence of a public market or redemption program for our common stock will make it difficult for our stockholders to sell their shares, which may have to be held for an indefinite period.

There is no public market for our common stock. Additionally, our articles of incorporation contain restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our common stock (see risk factor titled “ The stock ownership limit imposed by the Internal Revenue Code for REITs and our articles of incorporation may discourage a takeover that could otherwise result in a premium price to our stockholders” ). Further, we do not have a share redemption program, nor do we plan to adopt one in the near future, and any share redemption program we do adopt will be limited in terms of the amount of shares that may be annually redeemed. As a result, it will be difficult for our stockholders to sell their shares promptly or at all. If our stockholders are able to sell their shares, they likely will only be able to sell them at a substantial discount from the price they paid. Thus, our stockholders should consider their shares to be an illiquid and long-term investment, and they should be prepared to hold their shares for an indefinite length of time.

Certain conditions may challenge our ability to establish a stable secondary market for our common stock and to make future offerings of our equity securities.  

As of December 31, 2016, we had 17,502,673 shares of our common stock outstanding. Substantially all of these shares are freely tradable (subject to restrictions on the shares held by our directors, officers and other affiliates). Additionally, we intend to issue additional shares of our common stock in the future under our employee incentive plans and possibly in a public or private offering. Neither we nor any of our affiliates have any control, contractually or otherwise, on the amounts or frequency of trades the holders of these shares may make. The sale of a large amount of common stock in the secondary market could adversely affect the price of our stock in that market and impair our ability to raise capital through additional private placements.

If we seek to establish a public market for our common stock by listing on a national securities exchange, we may experience a number of challenges related to the secondary market for our shares. The presence of a large number of outstanding freely tradable shares of our common stock in the secondary market could discourage underwriters from participating in a public offering of our common stock and could place us at a disadvantage in negotiating a public offering price with underwriters who do choose to participate. The prices at which we have sold our common stock in the past were, in the absence of a public market, determined based on a number of objective and subjective factors. Accordingly, there is no assurance that the trading price of our common stock in a subsequent public market would correspond with our prior offering prices of common stock or that the trading price of our stock in a public market would reflect our financial condition or performance.

If we failed to comply with applicable exemption requirements in connection with our private placement offerings, we may be liable for damages to certain of our stockholders.

Prior to 2011, we conducted multiple private placement offerings in reliance upon the private placement exemptions from registration under Section 4(2) and Rule 506 of Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933 and various exemptions from registration under applicable state securities laws. Many requirements and conditions of these exemptions are subject to factual circumstances and subjective interpretation. There is no assurance that the SEC, any state securities law administrator, or a trier of fact in a court or arbitration proceeding would not determine that we failed to meet one or more of these requirements. In the event that we are found to

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have sold our securities without an applicabl e exemption from registration, we could be liable to the purchasers of our securities in that offering for rescission and possibly monetary damages. If a number of investors were successful in seeking one or more of these remedies, we could face severe fin ancial demands that would adversely affect our business and financial condition. 

Further, under applicable laws and regulations, our multiple offerings could be combined (or integrated) and treated as a single offering for federal and state securities law purposes. While we have structured each of our offerings individually so that if they are combined they would meet exemption requirements, the law related to integrated offerings remains somewhat unclear and has not been fully defined by the SEC or the courts. Thus, there is uncertainty as to our burden of proving that we have correctly relied on one or more of these private placement exemptions.

If we are deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act, our stockholders’ investment return may be reduced.

We are not registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“Investment Company Act”) based on exceptions we believe are available to us. If we were obligated to register as an investment company, we would have to comply with a variety of substantive requirements under the Investment Company Act that impose, among other things, limitations on capital structure, restrictions on specified investments, prohibitions on transactions with affiliates, and compliance with reporting, record keeping, voting, proxy disclosure and other rules and regulations that would significantly increase our operating expenses.

Our articles of incorporation permit our board of directors to issue stock with terms that may subordinate the rights of existing stockholders or discourage a third party from acquiring us in a manner that could result in a premium price to our stockholders.

Our board of directors has the authority to establish more than one series of preferred stock and to fix the relative preferences and rights regarding conversion, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, and terms of redemption without shareholder approval. Thus, our board could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock with terms and conditions that are more favorable that those of our outstanding common or preferred stock. Such series of stock could also have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might otherwise provide a premium price to holders of our stock, even if it would be in the best interest of our stockholders. 

In August 2014 we completed a preferred stock financing with PFP III Sub II, LLC, an affiliate of Prime Finance Partners III, Inc. (collectively, “Prime”) in which we issued 16,600 shares of Series B Preferred Stock and an additional 18,400 shares were issued during 2015. The Company redeemed 2,300 shares in 2016 and 32,700 shares are outstanding as of December 31, 2016.  This Preferred Stock ranks senior to our common stock with respect to dividend rights and rights upon the Company's liquidation, dissolution or winding up.  See Risks Related to Our Preferred Stock Offering.  

Maryland law prohibits certain business combinations, which may make it more difficult for us to be acquired.

Under Maryland law, “business combinations” between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the holder becomes an “interested stockholder.”  These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. The business combination statute may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer, including potential acquisitions that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

Our rights, and the rights of our stockholders, to recover claims against our officers and directors are limited. 

Our articles of incorporation eliminate the liability of our officers and directors for monetary damages to the fullest extent permissible under Maryland law. Maryland law provides that a director has no liability in that capacity if he performs his duties in good faith, in a manner he reasonably believes to be in our best interest, and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. Our articles of incorporation authorize us, and our bylaws require us, to indemnify our directors, officers, employees and agents to the maximum extent permitted under Maryland law. Because of these provisions, we and our stockholders may have more limited rights to monetary damages against our directors and officers than might otherwise be available under common law. In addition, we may be obligated to fund the defense costs incurred by our directors, officers, employees and agents in any legal actions to collect damages against them.

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Our management faces certai n conflicts of interest with respect to their positions and/or interests in NetREIT and its affiliates, which could hinder our ability to implement our business strategy and to generate returns to our stockholders.

We rely on our management, Messrs. Heilbron and Dubose, for implementation of our investment policies and our day-to-day operations. Mr. Heilbron is also an officer and director of NTR Property Management, Inc. and certain affiliated entities. Mr. Dubose, who we rely on for the day-to-day operations of NetREIT Advisors and our Model Homes Division, is also an executive officer of Dubose REIT and, like Mr. Heilbron, engages in other investment and business activities in which NetREIT has no economic interest. Their loyalties to these other entities could result in action or inaction that it detrimental to our business, which could harm the implementation of our business strategy. For instance, they may have conflicts of interest in making investment decisions regarding properties for us as opposed to other entities with similar investment objectives or in determining when to sell properties and with respect to which NTR Property Management Inc. is entitled to different amounts of fees and compensation. Additionally, they may face conflicts of interest in allocating their time among us, our property manager, Dubose REIT and their other real estate investment programs or business ventures and in meeting their obligations to us and those other entities. Their determinations in these situations may be more favorable to other entities than to NetREIT.

Possible future transactions with our executive management or their affiliates could create a conflict of interest, which could result in actions that are not in the long-term best interest of our stockholders.

Under prescribed circumstances, we may enter into transactions with affiliates of our management, including the borrowing and lending of funds, the purchase and sale of properties and joint investments. Currently, our policy is not to enter into any transaction involving sales or purchases of properties or joint investments with management or their affiliates, or to borrow from or lend money to such persons. However, our policies in each of these regards may change in the future.

We face system security risks as we depend on automated processes and the Internet.  

We are increasingly dependent on automated information technology processes.  While we attempt to mitigate this risk through offsite backup procedures and contracted data centers that include, in some cases, redundant operations, we could be severely impacted by a catastrophic occurrence, such as a natural disaster or a terrorist attack. 

In addition, an increasing portion of our business operations are conducted over the Internet, putting us at risk from cybersecurity attacks, including attempts to gain unauthorized access to our confidential data, viruses, ransomware, and other electronic security breaches. Such cyber-attacks can range from individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to our information technology systems to more sophisticated security threats that could impact day-to-day operations. While we employ a number of measures to prevent, detect and mitigate these threats, there is no guarantee such efforts will be successful at preventing a cyber-attack. Cybersecurity incidents could compromise confidential information of our tenants, employees and vendors and cause system failures and disruptions of operations. To further mitigate the risk of these threats, the Company migrated its files to Microsoft 365 cloud during 2016.

Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate

Conditions in the financial markets could affect our ability to obtain financing on reasonable terms and have other adverse effects on our operations.

The financial markets could tighten with respect to secured real estate financing. Lenders with whom we typically deal may increase their credit spreads resulting in an increase in borrowing costs. Higher costs of mortgage financing may result in lower yields from our real estate investments, which may reduce our cash flow available for distribution to our stockholders.  Reduced cash flow could also diminish our ability to purchase additional properties and thus decrease our diversification of real estate ownership.

Disruptions in the financial markets and uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect the value of our real estate investments.

Disruptions in the financial markets could adversely affect the value of our real estate investments. Such conditions could impact commercial real estate fundamentals and result in lower occupancy, lower rental rates, and declining values in our real estate portfolio and in the collateral securing our loan investments. As a result, the value of our property investments could decrease below the amounts paid for such investments, the value of collateral securing our loan investments could decrease below the outstanding principal amounts of such loans, and revenues from our properties could decrease due to fewer tenants or lower rental rates. These factors would significantly harm our revenues, results of operations, financial condition, business prospects and our ability to make distributions.

A decrease in real estate values could negatively affect our ability to refinance our properties and our existing mortgage obligations.

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A decrease in real estate values would decrease the principal amount of secured loans we can obtain on a specific property and our ability to refinance our existing mortgage loans. In some circumstances, a de crease in the value of an existing property which secures a mortgage loan may require us to prepay or post additional security for that mortgage loan. This would occur where the lender’s initial appraised value of the property decreases below the value req uired to maintain a loan-to-value ratio specified in the mortgage loan agreement. Thus, any sustained period of depressions in real estate prices would likely adversely affect our ability to finance our real estate investments.

We may be adversely affected by unfavorable economic changes in the geographic areas where our properties are located.

Adverse economic conditions in the areas where the properties securing or otherwise underlying our investments are located (including business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, changing demographics and other factors) and local real estate conditions (such as oversupply or reduced demand) may have an adverse effect on the value of the properties underlying our investments. The deterioration of any of these local conditions could hinder our ability to profitably operate a property and adversely affect the price and terms of a sale or other disposition of the property.

Competition for properties could negatively impact our profitability.

In acquiring real properties, we experience substantial competition from other investors, including other REITs and real estate investment programs. Many of these competitors are larger than we are and have access to greater financial resources. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments. Because of this competition, we may be limited in our ability to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities that are consistent with our objectives. Our inability to acquire the most desirable properties on favorable terms could adversely affect our financial condition, our operations and our ability to pay dividends.

Our inability to sell a property at the time and on the terms we desire could limit our ability to realize a gain on our investments and pay distributions to our stockholders.

Generally, we seek to sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of our properties when we determine such action to be in our best interests. Many factors beyond our control affect the real estate market and could affect our ability to sell properties for the price, on the terms or within the time frame that we desire. These factors include general economic conditions, the availability of financing, interest rates and supply and demand. Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, we have a limited ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic or other conditions. Therefore, our inability to sell properties at the time and on the terms we want could reduce our cash flow and limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

Lease default or termination by one of our major tenants could adversely impact our operations and our ability to pay dividends.

The success of our real estate investments depend on the financial stability of our tenants. A default or termination by a significant tenant on its lease payments could cause us to lose the revenue associated with such lease and seek an alternative source of revenue to meet mortgage payments and prevent a foreclosure, if the property is subject to a mortgage. In the event of a significant tenant default or bankruptcy, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment. Additionally, we may be unable to lease the property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss. These events could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions to our stockholders.

A property that incurs a vacancy could be difficult to sell or re-lease and could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

We expect our properties to periodically incur vacancies by reason of lease expirations, terminations, or tenant defaults. If a tenant vacates a property, we may be unable to re‑lease the property without incurring additional expenditures, or at all. If the vacancy continues for a long period of time, if the rental rates upon such re-lease are significantly lower than expected, or if our reserves for these purposes prove inadequate, we will experience a reduction in net income and may be required to reduce or eliminate distributions to our stockholders. In addition, because a property’s market value depends principally upon the value of the leases associated with that property, the resale value of a property with high or prolonged vacancies could suffer, which could further reduce our returns.

We may incur substantial costs in improving our properties.

In order to re-lease a property, substantial renovations or remodeling could be required. For instance, we expect that some of our properties will be designed for use by a particular tenant or business. Upon default or termination of the lease by such a tenant, the property might not be marketable without substantial capital improvements. The cost of construction in connection with any renovations and the time it takes to complete such renovations may be affected by factors beyond our control, including material and labor shortages, subcontractor defaults and delays, weather conditions, and changes in federal, state and local laws. If we experience

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cost overruns resulting from delays or other causes in any construction project, we may have to seek additional debt financing. Furthe r, delays in construction will cause a delay in our receipt of revenues from that property and could adversely affect our ability to meet our debt service obligations.

Uninsured losses may adversely affect returns to our stockholders.

Our policy is to obtain insurance coverage for each of our properties covering loss from liability, fire, and casualty in the amounts and under the terms we deem sufficient to insure our losses. Under tenant leases on our commercial and retail properties, we require our tenants to obtain insurance to cover casualty losses and general liability in amounts and under terms customarily obtained for similar properties in the area. However, in certain areas, insurance to cover some losses, generally losses of a catastrophic nature such as earthquakes, floods, terrorism and wars, is either unavailable or cannot be obtained at a reasonable cost. Consequently, we may not have adequate coverage for such losses. If any of our properties incurs a casualty loss that is not fully insured, we could lose some or all of our investment in the property. In addition, other than any working capital reserve or other reserves we may establish, we likely would have no source of funding to repair or reconstruct any uninsured property.

Because we are not required to maintain specific levels of cash reserves, we may have difficulty in the event of increased or unanticipated expenses.  

We do not currently have, nor do we anticipate that we will establish in the future, a permanent reserve for maintenance and repairs, lease commissions, or tenant improvements of real estate properties. To the extent that existing expenses increase or unanticipated expenses arise and accumulated reserves are insufficient to meet such expenses, we would be required to obtain additional funds through borrowing or the sale of property. There can be no guarantee that such additional funds will be available on favorable terms, or at all.

We may have to extend credit to buyers of our properties and a default by such buyers could have a material adverse effect on our operations and our ability to pay dividends.

In order to sell a property, we may lend the buyer all or a portion of the purchase price. When we provide financing to a purchaser, we bear the risk that the purchaser may default or that we may not receive full payment for the property sold. Even in the absence of a purchaser default, the distribution of the proceeds of the sale to our stockholders, or the reinvestment of the proceeds in other assets, will be delayed until the promissory note or other property we may accept upon a sale are actually paid, sold, refinanced or otherwise disposed.

We may acquire properties in joint ventures, partnerships or through limited liability companies, which could limit our ability to control or liquidate such holdings.

We may hold our investments indirectly with others as co-owners (a co-tenancy interest) or indirectly through an intermediary entity such as a joint venture, partnership or limited liability company. Also, we may on occasion purchase an interest in a long-term leasehold estate or we may enter into a sale-leaseback financing transaction (see risk factor titled “In a sale-leaseback transaction, we are at risk that our seller/lessee will default, which could impair our operations and limit our ability to pay dividends”). Such ownership structures allow us to hold a more valuable property with a smaller investment, but also reduce our ability to control such properties. In addition, if our co-owner in such arrangements experiences financial difficulties or is otherwise unable or unwilling to fulfill its obligations, we may be forced to find a new partner on less favorable terms or lose our interest in such property if no partner can be found.

As a general partner in DOWNREIT partnerships, we could be responsible for all liabilities of such partnership.

We own two of our properties indirectly through limited partnerships under a DOWNREIT structure. In a DOWNREIT structure, as well as some joint ventures or other investments we may make, we will employ a limited partnership as the holder of our real estate investment. We will likely acquire all or a portion of the interest in such investment as a general partner. As a general partner, we would be potentially liable for all of the liabilities of the partnership, even if we don’t have rights of management or control over its operation. Therefore, our liability could far exceed the amount or value of investment we initially made, or then had, in the partnership.

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We are subject to risks and u ncertainties associated with the internalization of management of our properties.

As of January 31, 2013, NTR Property Management, Inc., our wholly owned subsidiary serves as our primary property manager. We also retain external property managers for our properties located in Colorado Springs, Colorado and North Dakota. Realizing our business objectives depends in large part on the ability of NTR Property Management, Inc. to effectively manage the day-to-day operations of our assets and properties. We cannot assure you that our past performance with external management will be indicative of internal management’s ability to function effectively and successfully operate our company. We do not have an operating history with internal management and do not know if we will be able to successfully integrate our former external management. If NTR Property Management, Inc. is not successful in managing our properties to achieve the investment returns we anticipate, our operations may be adversely impacted.

Our ability to operate a property may be limited by contract, which could prevent us from obtaining the maximum value from such properties.

Some of our properties will likely be contiguous to other parcels of real property, for example, comprising part of the same shopping center development. In some cases, there could exist significant covenants, conditions and restrictions, known as CC&Rs, relating to such property and any improvements or easements related to that property. The CC&Rs would restrict our operation of that property which could adversely affect our operating costs and reduce the amount of funds that we have available to pay dividends.

We may acquire properties “AS IS,” which increases the risk that we will have to remedy defects or costs without recourse to the prior owner.

We may acquire real estate properties “as is,” with only limited representations and warranties from the property seller regarding matters affecting the condition, use and ownership of the property. If defects in the property or other matters adversely affecting the property are discovered, we may not be able to pursue a claim for any or all damage against the seller. Therefore we could lose some or all of our invested capital in the property as well as rental income. Such a situation could negatively affect our results of operations.

In a sale-leaseback transaction, we are at risk that our seller/lessee will default, which could impair our operations and limit our ability to pay dividends.

On occasion we may lease an investment property back to the seller for a certain period of time. When the seller/lessee subleases space to its tenants, the seller/lessee’s ability to meet any mortgage payments and its rental obligations to us will likely be subject to its subtenants’ ability to pay their rent on a timely basis. A default by the seller/lessee or other premature termination of its leaseback agreement with us and our subsequent inability to release the property could cause us to suffer losses and adversely affect our financial condition and ability to pay dividends.

We may be required under applicable accounting procedures and standards to make impairment charges against one or more of our properties.

Under current accounting standards, requirements, and procedures, we are required to periodically evaluate our real estate investments for impairment based on a number of indicators. Impairment indicators include real estate markets, leasing rates, occupancy levels, mortgage loan status, and other factors which directly or indirectly affect the value of a particular property. The properties acquired For example, a tenant’s default under a lease, the upcoming termination of a long-term lease, the pending maturity of a mortgage loan secured by a property, and the unavailability of replacement financing are all impairment indicators. The presence of any of these indicators may require us to make a material impairment charge against the property so affected. If we determine an impairment has occurred, we are required to make an adjustment to the net carrying value of the property which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition for the period in which the impairment charge is recorded.

Discovery of toxic mold on our properties may adversely affect our results of operation.

Litigation and concern about indoor exposure to certain types of toxic molds have been increasing as the public becomes aware that exposure to mold can cause a variety of health effects and symptoms, including allergic reactions. Toxic molds can be found almost anywhere; when excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth will often occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or unaddressed. We attempt to acquire properties where there is no toxic mold or where there has not been any proceeding or litigation with respect to the presence of toxic mold. However, we cannot provide assurances that toxic mold will not exist on any of our properties at acquisition or will not subsequently develop. The presence of significant mold at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected property. In addition, the presence of significant mold could expose us to liability from our tenants, employees of our tenants, and others if property damage or health concerns arise

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Risks Related to Debt and our Preferred Stock Financing

We have outstanding indebtedness and preferred stock, which requires that we generate significant cash flow to satisfy the payment and other obligations under the terms of our debt and these securities, and exposes us to the risk of default under the terms of our debt and these securities.

Our total gross indebtedness as of December 31, 2016 was $160.8 million. As of December 31, 2016, we also had outstanding, in the aggregate, $32.7 million of mandatorily redeemable Series B Preferred Stock. We may incur additional debt or issue additional preferred stock for various purposes, including, without limitation, to fund future acquisition and development activities and operational needs.

The terms of our outstanding indebtedness and preferred stock provide for significant interest and dividend payments.  Our ability to meet these and other ongoing payment obligations of our debt and preferred stock depends on our ability to generate significant cash flow in the future. Our ability to generate cash flow, to some extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory factors, as well as other factors that are beyond our control. We cannot assure you that our business will generate cash flow from operations, or that capital will be available to us, in amounts sufficient to enable us to meet our payment obligations under our loan agreements and our outstanding preferred stock and to fund our other liquidity needs. If we are not able to generate sufficient cash flow to service these obligations, we may need to refinance or restructure our debt, sell unencumbered assets subject to defeasance or yield maintenance costs (which we may be limited in doing in light of the relatively illiquid nature of our properties), reduce or delay capital investments, or seek to raise additional capital. If we are unable to implement one or more of these alternatives, we may not be able to meet these payment obligations, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity. Our outstanding indebtedness, and the limitations imposed on us by the agreements that govern our outstanding indebtedness, and the debt to equity ratio obligations under our outstanding preferred stock, could have significant adverse consequences, including the following:

If any one of these events was to occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially adversely affected.

Under the terms of our Series B Preferred Stock financing, if there is an event of default, the investor may exercise various remedies, including a change of control via replacing a majority of the Board of Directors.

If we fail to comply with the payment obligations, financial covenants, or restrictive covenants of the agreements governing our debt and our preferred stock, then we may trigger an event of default.  The terms of our Series B Preferred Stock financing provide that, upon the occurrence of an event of default, the investor will have the right to take the unilateral action to, or cause the Company to, among other things:

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The ability of our investor to replace a majority of our board of directors upon an event of default would give control of the Company to the investor.  Such a change of control, or the exercise of other rights upon an event of default, could result in a material adverse effect on us, including our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The documents that govern our outstanding indebtedness restrict our ability to engage in some business activities, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The documents that govern our outstanding indebtedness contain negative covenants and other financial and operating covenants that place restrictions on the Company and subsidiaries.  The Investor Agreement with Prime that was entered as part of the Series B Preferred Stock financing, grants to Prime, among other rights, certain board designation and observer rights, negative control rights, information rights and rights to indemnification for certain types of liabilities.  The Investor Agreement provides that Prime will have the right to consent to certain material actions by the Company, its affiliates and its subsidiaries, including, among others, the decision to:

In addition, covenants contained in the documents that govern our outstanding indebtedness require the Company and/or its subsidiaries to meet certain financial performance tests.

These restrictive operational and financial covenants reduce our flexibility in conducting our operations, limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry, and limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interest, including the ability to make acquisitions or take advantage of other business opportunities that may arise, any of which could materially adversely affect our growth prospects, future operating results and financial condition.

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Our failure to comply with these restrictive covenants could result in an event of default tha t, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of all or a substantial portion of our outstanding debt.  The documents that govern our outstanding indebtedness require that we maintain certain financial ratios and, if we fail to do so, we woul d be in default under the applicable debt instrument.

Mortgage indebtedness and other borrowings increase our operational risks.

Loans obtained to fund property acquisitions will generally be secured by mortgages on our properties. The more we borrow, the higher our fixed debt payment obligations will be and the greater the risk that we will not be able to timely meet these payment obligations. At December 31, 2016, we had a total of approximately $160.8 million of secured financing on our properties and we intend to continue to borrow funds through secured financings to acquire additional properties. If we are unable to make our debt payments as required, due to a decrease in rental or other revenues or an increase in our other costs, a lender could foreclose on the property or properties securing its debt. This could cause us to lose part or all of our investment, diminishing the value of our real estate portfolio. 

Our risk of losing property through a mortgage loan default is greater when the property is cross-collateralized.

In circumstances we deem appropriate, we may cross-collateralize two or more of our properties to secure a single loan or group of related loans, such as where we purchase a group of unimproved properties from a single seller or where we obtain a credit facility for general application from an institutional lender. Cross-collateralizing typically occurs where the lender requires a single loan to finance the group of properties, rather than allocating the larger loan to separate loans, each secured by a single property. Our default under a cross-collateralized obligation could result in the loss of all of the properties securing the loan. At December 31, 2016, we had two cross-collateralized mortgages between the Morena and Pacific Oaks office properties which terms contain a release clause for each property.

Lenders may require restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which may adversely affect our flexibility and our ability to achieve our investment objectives.

Some of our mortgage loans may impose restrictions that affect our distribution and operating policies, our ability to incur additional debt and our ability to resell interests in the property. Loan documents may contain covenants that limit our ability to further mortgage the property, discontinue insurance coverage, replace the property manager, or terminate certain operating or lease agreements related to the property. Such restrictions may limit our ability to achieve our investment objectives.

Financing arrangements involving balloon payment obligations may adversely affect our ability to pay dividends.

Some of our mortgage loans require us to make a lump-sum or “balloon” payment at maturity. And in the future, we may finance more properties in this manner. Our ability to make a balloon payment at maturity could be uncertain and may depend upon our ability to obtain additional financing, to refinance the debt or to sell the property. At the time the balloon payment is due, we may not be able to refinance debt on terms as favorable as the original loan or sell the property at a sufficient price. The effect of a refinancing or sale could affect the rate of return to stockholders and the projected time of disposition of our assets.

In addition, making a balloon payment may leave us with insufficient cash to pay the distributions that are required to maintain our qualification as a REIT.  At December 31, 2016, excluding our Model Home Division, we have no loans that require balloon payment in 2017. The Model Home Division pays off its mortgage loans out of proceeds from the sale of homes. Any deficiency in the sale proceeds would have to be paid out of existing cash, diminishing the amount available for dividends. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company redeemed 2,300 shares of its Series B preferred stock for $2.3 million. As of December 31, 2016, the remaining outstanding share balance was 32,700.  On August 1, 2017, the redemption date, $32.7 million is due with two one year options to extend the redemption date.   

Risks Related to our Status as a REIT and Related Federal Income Tax Matters

Failure to qualify as a REIT could adversely affect our operations and our ability to pay dividends.  

We expect to operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. However the federal income tax laws governing REITs are extremely complex, and interpretations of the federal income tax laws governing qualification as a REIT are limited. Qualifying as a REIT requires us to meet various tests regarding the nature of our assets and our income, the ownership of our outstanding stock, and the amount of our distributions on an ongoing basis.  In the Series B Preferred Stock financing, the Company granted a limited waiver to Prime from the 9.8% aggregate stock ownership limit under the Company's charter to permit Prime to purchase up to 40,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, subject to the accuracy of certain representations by Prime designed to ensure the Company's qualification as a REIT.  While we believe the investment by Prime does not change our status as a REIT, and we intend to continue to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, including the tax treatment of certain investments we may make,

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and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given that we will qualify for any particular year. If we lose our REIT qualification, we would be subject to federal corporate income taxation on our taxable income. Additionally we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to shareholders. And, unless we are entitled to relief under applicable statutory provisions, we could not elect to be taxed as a REIT for four taxable years following the year during which we were disqualified. The income tax consequences could be substantial and would reduce our cash available for distribution to stockholders and investments in additional ass ets. Further, we could be required to borrow funds or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax.

As a REIT, we may be subject to tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.

Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to federal and state taxes on our income or property, including the following:

We may be forced to borrow funds on a short-term basis, to sell assets, or to issue securities to meet the REIT minimum distribution requirement or for working capital purposes.

In order to maintain our REIT status or avoid the payment of income and excise taxes, we may need to borrow funds on a short-term basis to meet the REIT distribution requirements, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. To qualify as a REIT, in general, we must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our net taxable income each year, excluding capital gains. We have and intend to continue to make distributions to our stockholders, however, our ability to make distributions may be adversely affected by the risk factors described elsewhere in this Item 1A. In the event of a decline in our operating results and financial performance or in the value of our asset portfolio, we may not have cash sufficient for distribution. Therefore, to preserve our REIT status or avoid taxation, we may need to borrow funds, sell assets or issue additional securities, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable.

In addition, we require a minimum amount of cash to fund our daily operations. Due to the REIT distribution requirements, we may be forced to make distributions when we otherwise would use the cash to fund our working capital needs. Therefore, we may be forced to borrow funds, to sell assets or to issue additional securities at certain times for our working capital needs.

Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on us.

The rules dealing with federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Changes to the tax laws, with or without retroactive application, could adversely affect our investors or us. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect our investors or us. New legislation, Treasury Regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or the federal income tax consequences of such qualification, or the federal income tax consequences of an investment in us. Also, the law relating to the tax treatment of other entities, or an investment in other entities, could change, making an investment in such other entities more attractive relative to an investment in a REIT.

Legislative or regulatory action could adversely affect purchasers of our common stock.  

In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made in the provisions of the federal income tax laws applicable to investments similar to an investment in our common stock.  Changes are likely to continue to occur in the future, and these changes could adversely affect our stockholders’ investment in our common stock.  These changes include but are not

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limited to the reduction or elimination of the corporate income tax under the Code.  Any of these changes could have an adverse effect on an inv estment in our common stock or on the market value or resale potential of our common stock.  Stockholders are urged to consult with their own tax advisor with respect to the impact that recent legislation may have on their investment and the status of legi slative, regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on their investment in our stock.

The stock ownership limit imposed by the Internal Revenue Code for REITs and our articles of incorporation may discourage a takeover that could otherwise result in a premium price for our stockholders.

In order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT, no more than 50% of our outstanding stock may be beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (including certain types of entities) at any time during the last half of each taxable year. To ensure that we do not fail to qualify as a REIT under this test, our articles of incorporation restrict ownership by one person or entity to no more than 9.8% in value or number, whichever is more restrictive, of any class of our outstanding stock. This restriction may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price for holders of our common stock.

Ordinary dividends payable by REITs generally are taxed at the higher ordinary income rate, which could reduce the net cash received by stockholders and may be detrimental to our ability to raise additional funds through any future sale of our common shares.  

The maximum U.S. federal income tax rate for “qualifying dividends” payable by U.S. corporations to individual U.S. shareholders currently is 15.0%. However, ordinary dividends payable by REITs to its shareholders generally not eligible for the reduced rates for qualifying dividends and are taxed at ordinary income rates (the maximum individual income tax rate currently is 39.6%). This could reduce the net cash received by our stockholders as a result of their investment and could be detrimental to our ability to raise additional funds through the future sale of our common stock.

Tax-exempt stockholders will be taxed on our distributions to the extent such distributions are unrelated business taxable income.

Generally, neither ordinary nor capital gain distributions should constitute unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”) to tax-exempt entities, such as such as employee pension benefit trusts and individual retirement accounts.  Our payment of distributions to a tax-exempt stockholder will constitute UBTI, however, if the tax-exempt stockholder has incurred debt to acquire its shares. Therefore, tax-exempt shareholders are not assured all dividends received will be tax-free.

Our common stock may not be a suitable investment for qualified retirement plans. 

Investors who are qualified plans, such as a pension, profit sharing, 401(k), Keogh or other qualified retirement plan, or who are IRAs should satisfy themselves that:

We have not evaluated and will not evaluate whether an investment in our common stock is suitable for any particular plan.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Requirements

Costs of complying with governmental laws and regulations may reduce our net income and the cash available for distributions to our stockholders.

Our properties are subject to various local, state and federal regulatory requirements, including those addressing zoning, environmental and land use, access for disabled persons, and air and water quality. These laws and regulations may impose restrictions

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on the manner in which our properties may be used or business may be operated, and compliance with these standards may require us to make unexpected expenditures, some of which coul d be substantial. Additionally, we could be subject to liability in the form of fines, penalties or damages for noncompliance, and any enforcement actions could reduce the value of a property. Any material expenditures, penalties, or decrease in property v alue would adversely affect our operating income and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.

The costs of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of defending against claims of environmental liability could adversely affect our operating results.

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, an owner or operator of real property is responsible for the cost of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances on its property. Environmental laws also may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated.

For instance, federal regulations require us to identify and warn, via signs and labels, of potential hazards posed by workplace exposure to installed asbestos-containing materials (“ACMs”), and potential ACMs on our properties. Federal, state, and local laws and regulations also govern the removal, encapsulation, disturbance, handling and disposal of ACMs and potential ACMs, when such materials are in poor condition or in the event of construction, remodeling, renovation or demolition of a property. There are or may be ACMs at certain of our properties. As a result, we may face liability for a release of ACMs and may be subject to personal injury lawsuits by workers and others exposed to ACMs at our properties. Additionally, the value of any of our properties containing ACMs and potential ACMs may be decreased.

There are comprehensive regulatory programs governing underground storage tanks used in a convenience store-tenant’s gasoline operations. Compliance with existing and future laws regulating underground storage tanks may require significant capital expenditures, and the remediation costs and other costs required to clean up or treat contaminated sites could be substantial.

Although we have not been notified by any governmental authority and are not otherwise aware of any material noncompliance, liability or claim relating to hazardous substances in connection with our properties, we may be found noncompliant in the future. Environmental laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release of any hazardous substances. Therefore, we may be liable for the costs of removing or remediating contamination of which we had no knowledge. Additionally, future laws or regulations could impose an unanticipated material environmental liability on any of the properties that we purchase.

The presence of contamination, or our failure to properly remediate contamination of our properties, may adversely affect the ability of our tenants to operate the contaminated property, may subject us to liability to third parties, and may inhibit our ability to sell or rent such property or borrow money using such property as collateral. Any of these occurrences would adversely affect our operating income.

Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act may require us to make unintended expenditures that could adversely impact our results of operations. 

Our Properties are generally required to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, or the ADA. The ADA has separate compliance requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial facilities,” but generally requires that buildings be made accessible to people with disabilities. Compliance with ADA requirements could require removal of access barriers and non-compliance could result in imposition of fines by the U.S. government or an award of damages to private litigants. The parties to whom we lease properties are obligated by law to comply with the ADA provisions, and we believe that these parties may be obligated to cover costs associated with compliance. If required changes to our properties involve greater expenditures than anticipated, or if the changes must be made on a more accelerated basis than anticipated, our tenants may to be able to cover the costs and we could be required to expend our own funds to comply with the provisions of the ADA. Any funds used for ADA compliance will reduce our net income and the amount of cash available for distributions to our stockholders.