Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

Vivint Solar, Inc. and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Company.” The Company primarily offers solar energy to residential customers through long-term customer contracts, such as power purchase agreements (“PPAs”) and legal-form leases (“Solar Leases”). The Company also offers its customers the option to purchase solar energy systems (“System Sales”) through third-party loan offerings or a cash purchase. The Company enters into customer contracts primarily through a sales organization that uses a direct-to-home sales model. The long-term customer contracts under PPAs and Solar Leases are typically for 20 years and require the customer to make monthly payments to the Company.

The Company has formed various investment funds and entered into long-term debt facilities to monetize the recurring customer payments under its long-term customer contracts and the investment tax credits, accelerated tax depreciation and other incentives associated with residential solar energy systems. The Company uses the cash received from the investment funds, long-term debt facilities and cash generated from operations to finance a portion of the Company’s variable and fixed costs associated with installing solar energy systems.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission regarding interim financial reporting. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. As such, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K dated as of March 16, 2017. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments (all of which were considered of normal recurring nature) considered necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial results. The results of the three months ended March 31, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2017 or for any other interim period or other future year.

The condensed consolidated financial statements reflect the accounts and operations of the Company and those of its subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. The Company uses a qualitative approach in assessing the consolidation requirement for variable interest entities (“VIEs”). This approach focuses on determining whether the Company has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance and whether the Company has the obligation to absorb losses, or the right to receive benefits, that could potentially be significant to the VIE. All of these determinations involve significant management judgments and estimates. The Company has determined that it is the primary beneficiary in the operational VIEs in which it has an equity interest. The Company evaluates its relationships with the VIEs on an ongoing basis to ensure that it continues to be the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. For additional information, see Note 12—Investment Funds.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company regularly makes significant estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, estimates that affect the Company’s principles of consolidation; investment tax credits (“ITCs”); revenue recognition; solar energy systems, net; the impairment analysis of long-lived assets; stock-based compensation; the provision for income taxes; the valuation of derivative financial instruments; the recognition and measurement of loss contingencies; and non-controlling interests and redeemable non-controlling interests. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

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Stock-Based Compensation

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-09, which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions. The resulting changes were as follows:

Amendments related to the timing of when excess tax benefits are recognized, minimum statutory withholding requirements and forfeitures were adopted using a modified retrospective transition method by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment, resulting in a net $1.2 million reduction to retained earnings as of January 1, 2017.

Amendments related to the presentation of employee taxes paid on the statements of cash flows when an employer withholds shares for tax withholding purposes was adopted using the retrospective method, but had no impact on prior periods.

Amendments related to the recognition of excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies in the condensed consolidated income statements and the presentation of excess tax benefits on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows were adopted prospectively. No prior periods were adjusted.

Inventory

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2015-11, which simplifies the measurement of inventory by changing the measurement principle for inventories valued under the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) or weighted-average methods from the lower of cost or market to the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. The Company adopted this ASU prospectively. No prior periods were adjusted.

Liquidity

In order to grow, the Company requires cash to finance the deployment of solar energy systems. As of the date of this filing, the Company will require additional sources of cash beyond current cash balances, and currently available financing facilities to fund long-term planned growth. If the Company is unable to secure additional financing when needed, or upon desirable terms, the Company may be unable to finance installation of customers’ systems in a manner consistent with past performance, cost of capital could increase, or the Company may be required to significantly reduce the scope of operations, any of which would have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. While the Company believes additional financing is available and will continue to be available to support current levels of operations, the Company believes it has the ability and intent to reduce operations to the level of available financial resources for at least the next 12 months from the date of this report, if necessary.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

New Revenue Guidance

From March 2016 through December 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASU 2016-20, ASU 2016-12, ASU 2016-11, ASU 2016-10 and ASU 2016-08. These updates all clarify aspects of the guidance in ASU 2014-09,  Revenue from Contracts with Customers  (Topic 606), which represents comprehensive reform to revenue recognition principles related to customer contracts .  Additionally, per ASU 2015-14, the effective date of these updates for the Company was deferred to January 1, 2018. Adoption of this ASU is either full retrospective to each prior period presented or retrospective with a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings or accumulated deficit as of the adoption date. The Company is currently considering adopting the standard using the full retrospective method and is still evaluating the impact of the new standard on its accounting policies, processes and system requirements.

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Under the current accounting guidance, the Company accounts for PPAs and Solar Leases as operating leases. The Company has determined that these agreements do not meet the definition of a lease under ASC 842,  Leases,  and will be accounted for in accordance with Topi c 606. The Company is still evaluating the impact of Topic 606 on the condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company currently accounts for certain Solar Leases, rebates and incentives as minimum lease payments under ASC 840,  Leases,  and the Comp any is currently evaluating the accounting for these revenues under Topic 606 .  The Company is also evaluating the accounting for incremental costs of obtaining a contract, which under current accounting policies are capitalized as initial direct costs and amortized over the lease term.

The Company is in the final stages of analyzing the impact of Topic 606 on System Sales and has preliminarily concluded that it will not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company is assessing the impact of Topic 606 as it relates to other revenue streams such as sales of ITCs through its lease pass-through fund arrangement and sales of photovoltaic installation and software products.

While the Company continues to assess all potential impacts under the new standard, including the areas described above, the Company does not know or cannot reasonably estimate quantitative information related to the impact of the new standard on the condensed consolidated financial statements at this time.

New Lease Guidance

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02,  Leases  (Topic 842). The objective of this update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This update primarily changes the recognition by lessees of lease assets and liabilities for leases currently classified as operating leases. Lessor accounting remains largely unchanged. This update is effective in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 for public business entities and early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied using a modified retrospective approach. Due to the Company’s determination that its PPAs and Solar Leases do not meet the definition of a lease pursuant to ASC 842,  Leases , the Company is currently considering early adopting ASC 842 to coincide with the adoption of ASC 606, however a decision to early adopt is not final. The Company has operating leases that will be affected by this update and is still evaluating the impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Other Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18,  Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issued Task Force).  This update clarifies that transfers between cash and restricted cash are not part of the entity’s operating, investing and financing activities, and details of those transfers are not reported as cash flow activities in the statements of cash flows. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 for public business entities. The amendments in this update should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. The Company is evaluating this update but currently anticipates it will have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures as changes in restricted cash will no longer be presented as cash flows from investing activities.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16,  Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory.  Current GAAP prohibits the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer until the asset has been sold to an outside party. This update will require an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 for public business entities and early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied using a modified retrospective approach. The Company is evaluating this update but currently anticipates it will have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures as the Company will no longer record prepaid tax assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and will record the income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers through income tax expense (benefit) on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15,  Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.  This update clarifies how certain cash flows should be classified with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 for public business entities and early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied using a retrospective transition method and must all be applied in the same period. The Company is evaluating the impact of this update on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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The Company measures and reports its cash equivalents at fair value. The following tables set forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

The interest rate swaps (Level II) were valued using a discounted cash flow model which incorporates an assessment of the risk of non-performance by the interest rate swap counterparties and the Company. The valuation model uses various observable inputs including contractual terms, interest rate curves, credit spreads and measures of volatility.

Time deposits (Level II) approximate fair value due to their short-term nature (30 days) and, upon renewal, the interest rate is adjusted based on current market rates. The Company’s outstanding principal balance of long-term debt is carried at cost and was $884.4 million and $771.9 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The Company estimated the fair values of long-term debt to approximate its carrying values as interest accrues at floating rates based on market rates for all but one of the Company’s long-term debt facilities. The Company entered a fixed-rate debt facility during the three months ended March 31, 2017. The Company estimates the fair value of this fixed-rate debt facility to approximate its carrying value due to the short term that it has been outstanding. The Company did not realize gains or losses related to financial assets for any of the periods presented.

Solar energy systems held for sale are solar energy systems under construction that have yet to be interconnected to the power grid and that will be sold to customers. Solar energy systems held for sale are stated at the lower of cost, on a FIFO basis, or net realizable value. Photovoltaic installation devices and software products are stated at the lower of cost, on an average cost basis, or net realizable value.

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Solar energy systems, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

Solar energy system inventory represents the solar components and materials used in the installation of solar energy systems prior to being installed on customers’ roofs. As such, no depreciation is recorded related to this line item. The Company recorded depreciation and amortization expense related to solar energy systems of $12.8 million and $8.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. 

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

The Company recorded depreciation and amortization related to property and equipment of $2.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 .

The Company leases fleet vehicles that are accounted for as capital leases and are included in property and equipment, net. Of total property and equipment depreciation and amortization, depreciation on vehicles under capital leases of $1.1 million and $1.7 million was capitalized in solar energy systems, net for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.

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The Company recorded amortization expense of $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, which was included in amortization of intangible assets.

Goodwill Impairment

The Company’s market capitalization decreased significantly during the first quarter of 2016 from $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2015 to $283.0 million as of March 31, 2016 in conjunction with the Company’s determination to terminate an agreement and plan of merger with SunEdison, Inc. (“SunEdison”) and SEV Merger Sub Inc. The Company considered this significant decrease in market capitalization to be an indicator of impairment and the Company performed a goodwill impairment test as of March 31, 2016. The impairment test determined that there was no implied value of goodwill, which resulted in an impairment charge of $36.6 million. This charge was recorded in impairment of goodwill for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Accrued compensation consisted of the following (in thousands):

Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

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Debt obligations consisted of the following as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands, except interest rates):

2017 Term Loan Facility

On January 5, 2017, the Company entered into a long-term fixed rate credit agreement (the “2017 Term Loan Facility”) pursuant to which the Company borrowed $203.8 million with certain financial institutions for which Wells Fargo Bank, National Association is acting as administrative agent. The borrower under the 2017 Term Loan Facility is Vivint Solar Financing III, LLC, a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of the Company. Proceeds of the 2017 Term Loan Facility were used to (1) repay existing indebtedness of $140.3 million under the Aggregation Facility with respect to the portfolio of projects being used as collateral for the 2017 Term Loan Facility (the “2017 Term Loan Portfolio”), (2) fund a debt service reserve account and other agreed reserves of $20.1 million, (3) pay transaction costs and fees in connection with the 2017 Term Loan Facility of $5.5 million, (4) pay the ITC insurance premium of $2.0 million on behalf of one of the Company’s investment funds, and (5) distribute $35.9 million to the Company as reimbursement for capital costs associated with deployment of the 2017 Term Loan Portfolio.

Interest on borrowings accrues at an annual fixed rate equal to 6.0% and is payable in arrears. Certain principal payments are due on a quarterly basis, subject to the occurrence of certain events. The Company’s first principal and interest payment was made in April 2017. Principal and interest payable under the 2017 Term Loan Facility will be paid over the term of the loan until the final maturity date of January 5, 2035. Optional prepayments are permitted under the 2017 Term Loan Facility without premium or penalty.

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The 2017 Term Loan Facility includes customary events of default, conditions to borrowing and covenants, including negative covenants tha t restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the borrower’s and guarantors’ ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, make fundamental changes to their respective businesses, make certain types of restricted payments and investments or enter into certain t ransactions with affiliates. The borrower is required to maintain an average debt service coverage ratio of 1.20 to 1. As of March 31, 2017, the Company was in compliance with such covenants.

The obligations of the borrower are secured by a pledge of the membership interests in the borrower, all of the borrower’s assets, and the assets of the borrower’s directly owned subsidiaries acting as managing members of the 2017 Term Loan Portfolio. In addition, the Company shall guarantee certain obligations of the borrower under the 2017 Term Loan Facility.

Interest expense for the 2017 Term Loan Facility was approximately $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. No interest expense was incurred for the three ended March 31, 2016. A $10.0 million debt service reserve and $10.1 million in supplemental reserves were deposited in collateral accounts with the administrative agent and were included in restricted cash and cash equivalents.

2016 Term Loan Facility

In August 2016, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “2016 Term Loan Facility”) pursuant to which it may borrow up to $313.0 million aggregate principal amount of term borrowings and letters of credit from certain financial institutions for which Investec Bank PLC is acting as administrative agent. The borrower under the 2016 Term Loan Facility is Vivint Solar Financing II, LLC, a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of the Company.

For the initial four years of the term of the 2016 Term Loan Facility, interest on borrowings accrues at an annual rate equal to the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 3.00%. Thereafter interest accrues at an annual rate equal to LIBOR plus 3.25%. In the third quarter of 2016, the Company entered into an interest rate swap hedging arrangement such that 90% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding term loan is subject to a fixed interest rate. See Note 11—Derivative Financial Instruments. Certain principal payments are due on a quarterly basis subject to the occurrence of certain events, including proceeds received by the borrower or subsidiary guarantors in respect of casualties, proceeds received for purchased systems, and failure to meet certain distribution conditions. Estimated principal payments due in the next 12 months are classified as the current portion of long-term debt, net of the related unamortized debt issuance costs. Optional prepayments, in whole or in part, are permitted under the 2016 Term Loan Facility, without premium or penalty apart from any customary LIBOR breakage provisions.  

The 2016 Term Loan Facility includes customary events of default, conditions to borrowing and covenants, including negative covenants that restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the borrower’s and guarantors’ ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, make fundamental changes to their respective businesses, make certain types of restricted payments and investments or enter into certain transactions with affiliates. A debt service reserve account was funded with the outstanding letters of credit under the 2016 Term Loan Facility. As such, the debt service reserve is not classified as restricted cash and cash equivalents on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The borrower is required to maintain an average debt service coverage ratio of 1.55 to 1. As of March 31, 2017, the Company was in compliance with such covenants.

Prior to the maturity of the 2016 Term Loan Facility, a fund investor could exercise a put option in two of the Company’s investment funds and require the Company to purchase the fund investor’s interest in those investment funds . As such, the Company was required to establish a $2.9 million reserve at the inception of the 2016 Term Loan Facility in order to pay the fund investor if either of the put options is exercised prior to the maturity of the 2016 Term Loan Facility. In addition, a $2.4 million escrow account was established with respect to those systems in the 2016 Term Loan Portfolio that had not been placed in service as of the closing date, with a single disbursement of this amount to occur once such systems have been placed in service, subject to compliance with the 2016 Term Loan Portfolio concentration restrictions and limitations related to the 2016 Term Loan Portfolio. These reserves are classified as restricted cash and cash equivalents.

The obligations of the borrower are secured by a pledge of the membership interests in the borrower, all of the borrower’s assets, and the assets of the borrower’s directly owned subsidiaries acting as managing members of the underlying investment funds. In addition, the Company guarantees certain obligations of the borrower under the 2016 Term Loan Facility.

Interest expense for the 2016 Term Loan Facility was approximately $3.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. No interest expense was incurred for the three ended March 31, 2016.

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Subordinated HoldCo Facility

In March 2016, the Company entered into a financing agreement (the “Subordinated HoldCo Facility”) pursuant to which it may borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of $200.0 million of term loan borrowings from investment funds and accounts advised by HPS Investment Partners. The borrower under the Subordinated HoldCo Facility is Vivint Solar Financing Holdings, LLC, one of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries. Borrowings under the Subordinated Holdco Facility mature in March 2020. The Company may not prepay any borrowings outside of required prepayments until March 2018, and any subsequent prepayments of principal are subject to a 3.0% fee. Borrowings under the Subordinated HoldCo Facility were used for the construction and acquisition of solar energy systems.

Interest accrues at a floating rate of LIBOR  plus 8.0%. Certain principal payments are due on a quarterly basis. Estimated principal payments due in the next 12 months are classified as the current portion of long-term debt, net of the related unamortized debt issuance costs.

The Subordinated HoldCo Facility includes customary events of default, conditions to borrowing and covenants, including covenants that restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the borrower’s, and the guarantors’ ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, make investments, make fundamental changes to their business, dispose of assets, make certain types of restricted payments or enter into certain related party transactions. These restrictions do not impact the Company’s ability to enter into investment funds, including those that are similar to those entered into previously. Additionally, the parties to the Subordinated HoldCo Facility must maintain certain consolidated and project subsidiary loan-to-value ratios and a consolidated debt service coverage ratio, with such covenants to be tested as of the last day of each fiscal quarter and upon each incurrence of borrowings. As of March 31, 2017, the Company was in compliance with such covenants. Each of the parties to the Subordinated HoldCo Facility has pledged assets not otherwise pledged under another existing debt facility as collateral to secure their obligations under the Subordinated HoldCo Facility. Vivint Solar Financing Holdings Parent, LLC, another of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries and the parent company of the borrower, and certain other of the Company’s subsidiaries guarantee the borrower’s obligations under the financing agreement.

Interest expense for the Subordinated HoldCo Facility was approximately $4.5 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.   A $10.0 million interest reserve amount was deposited in an interest reserve account with the administrative agent and is included in restricted cash and cash equivalents.

Credit Agreement

In February 2016, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) pursuant to which Goldman Sachs, through GSUIG Real Estate Member LLC, committed to lend an aggregate principal amount of up to $3.0 million upon the satisfaction of certain conditions and the approval of the lenders . Proceeds from the Credit Agreement were used for the deployment of certain solar energy systems. Principal and interest payments under the Credit Agreement will be paid quarterly over the term of the loan until the final maturity date of February 2023. The Company did not draw upon the full borrowing capacity of the Credit Agreement, and no borrowing capacity remained as of March 31, 2017. Interest accrues on borrowings at a rate of 6.50%. Interest expense under the Credit Agreement was de minimis for the three month ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.

Aggregation Facility

In September 2014, the Company entered into an aggregation credit facility (as amended, the “Aggregation Facility”), pursuant to which the Company may borrow up to an aggregate of $375.0 million and, upon the satisfaction of certain conditions and the approval of the lenders , up to an additional aggregate of $175.0 million in borrowings with certain financial institutions for which Bank of America, N.A. is acting as administrative agent.

In March 2017, the Company amended the Aggregation Facility, and the parties agreed to (1) extend the date through which the Company may incur borrowings under the Aggregation Facility to March 31, 2020 (“Availability Period”), with an option to extend such period by an additional 12 months to the extent the lenders agree to such extension; (2) extend the maturity date for the initial loans under the Aggregation Facility from March 2018 to September 2020; and (3) increase the “Applicable Margin” used to determine the applicable interest rate on outstanding borrowings after the Availability Period from 3.50% to 3.75%. The “Applicable Margin” used to determine the applicable interest rate on outstanding borrowings during the Availability Period remains unchanged at 3.25%.

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In addition, the amendments to the Aggregation Facility ( 1) allow the Company to satisfy concentration covenants by maintaining insurance policies with respect to certain tax equity funds for the benefit of the lenders to cover any indemnification payments the Company may be required to make to certain of its ta x equity investors in connection with the loss of ITCs, and (2) modify the customer FICO score requirement thresholds to enable the Company to borrow more against certain solar energy systems. The amendments to the Aggregation Facility also provide the abi lity for the Company to enter into forward-starting interest rate hedges and require no less than 75% of outstanding loan balances to be hedged at all times. As of March 31, 2017, the Company was in compliance with this requirement. See Note 11—Derivative Financial Instruments.

Prepayments are permitted under the Aggregation Facility, and the principal and accrued interest on any outstanding loans mature in September 2020. Under the Aggregation Facility, interest on borrowings accrues at a floating rate equal to either (1)(a) LIBOR or (b) the greatest of (i) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5%, (ii) the administrative agent’s prime rate and (iii) LIBOR plus 1% and (2) a margin that varies between 3.25% during the period during which the Company may incur borrowings and 3.75% after such period. Interest is payable at the end of each interest period that the Company may elect as a term of either one, two or three months.

The borrower under the Aggregation Facility is Vivint Solar Financing I, LLC, one of the Company’s indirect wholly owned subsidiaries, which in turn holds the Company’s interests in the managing members in certain of the Company’s investment funds. These managing members guarantee the borrower’s obligations under the Aggregation Facility. In addition, Vivint Solar Financing I Parent, LLC, has pledged its interests in the borrower, and the borrower has pledged its interests in the guarantors as security for the borrower’s obligations under the Aggregation Facility. The related solar energy systems are not subject to any security interest of the lenders, and there is no recourse to the Company in the case of a default.

The Aggregation Facility includes customary covenants, including covenants that restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the borrower’s, and the guarantors’ ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, make investments, make fundamental changes to their business, dispose of assets, make certain types of restricted payments or enter into certain related party transactions. Among other restrictions, the Aggregation Facility provides that the borrower may not incur any indebtedness other than that related to the Aggregation Facility or in respect of permitted swap agreements, and that the guarantors may not incur any indebtedness other than that related to the Aggregation Facility or as permitted under existing investment fund transaction documents. These restrictions do not impact the Company’s ability to enter into investment funds, including those that are similar to those entered into previously. As of March 31, 2017, the Company was in compliance with such covenants.

The Aggregation Facility also contains certain customary events of default. If an event of default occurs, lenders under the Aggregation Facility will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the Aggregation Facility and foreclosure on the interests of the borrower and the guarantors that have been pledged to the lenders.

Interest expense was approximately $1.9 million and $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.    As of March 31, 2017, the current portion of debt issuance costs of $2.6 million was recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets, and the long-term portion of debt issuance costs of $6.4 million was recorded in other non-current assets, net. In addition, a $1.1 million interest reserve is maintained in an account with the administrative agent and is included in restricted cash and cash equivalents. The interest reserve increases as borrowings increase under the Aggregation Facility.

Working Capital Facility

In March 2015, the Company entered into a revolving credit agreement (the “Working Capital Facility”) pursuant to which the Company may borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of $150.0 million from certain financial institutions for which Goldman Sachs Lending Partners LLC is acting as administrative agent and collateral agent. Available borrowings under the Working Capital Facility are subject to a borrowing base tied to the (1) level of PPA and Solar Lease systems under development and (2) combined future available tax equity fund commitments and available borrowing capacity under the Company’s back-leverage facilities. To the extent that outstanding borrowings exceed the borrowing base, the Company would be required to repay borrowings under the Working Capital Facility. Loans under the Working Capital Facility will be used to pay for the costs incurred in connection with the design and construction of solar energy systems, and letters of credit may be issued for working capital and general corporate purposes. In addition to the outstanding borrowings as of March 31, 2017, the Company had established letters of credit under the Working Capital Facility for up to $13.5 million related to insurance contracts.

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T he Company has pledged the interests in the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries, excluding the Company’s existing investment funds, their managing members, the Term Loan Facility, the Subordinated HoldCo Facility, the Aggr egation Facility and Solmetric Corporation, as security for its obligations under the Working Capital Facility. Prepayments are permitted under the Working Capital Facility, and the principal and accrued interest on any outstanding loans mature in March 20 20. Interest accrues on borrowings at a floating rate equal to, dependent on the type of borrowing, (1) a rate equal to the Eurodollar Rate for the interest period divided by one minus the Eurodollar Reserve Percentage, plus a margin of 3.25%; or (2) the h ighest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%, (b) the Citibank prime rate and (c) the one-month interest period Eurodollar rate plus 1.00%, plus a margin of 2.25%. Interest is payable dependent on the type of borrowing at the end of (1) the interest per iod that the Company may elect as a term and not to exceed three months, (2) quarterly or (3) at maturity of the Working Capital Facility.

The Working Capital Facility includes customary covenants, including covenants that restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company’s ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, make investments, make fundamental changes to its business, dispose of assets, make certain types of restricted payments or enter into certain related party transactions. Among other restrictions, the Working Capital Facility provides that the Company may not incur any indebtedness other than that related to the Working Capital Facility or permitted swap agreements. These restrictions do not impact the Company’s ability to enter into investment funds, including those that are similar to those entered into previously. The Company is also required to maintain $25.0 million in cash and cash equivalents and certain investments as of the last day of each quarter. As of March 31, 2017, the Company was in compliance with such covenants.

The Working Capital Facility also contains certain customary events of default. If an event of default occurs, lenders under the Working Capital Facility will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts then outstanding.

Interest expense for this facility was approximately $1.6 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.   As of March 31, 2017, the current portion of debt issuance costs of $0.5 million was recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets, and the long-term portion of debt issuance costs of $1.1 million was recorded in other non-current assets, net.

Interest Expense and Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs

For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, total interest expense incurred under all debt obligations was approximately $14.5 million and $5.7 million, of which $1.9 million and $1.2 million was amortization of debt issuance costs.

Derivative financial instruments consisted of the following at fair value (in thousands):

The Company is exposed to interest rate risk relating to its outstanding debt facilities that have variable interest rates. In connection with the 2016 Term Loan Facility, the Company entered into interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $270.0 million to offset changes in the variable interest rate for a portion of the Company’s LIBOR-indexed floating-rate loans. The notional amount of the interest rate swaps decreases through July 31, 2028 to match the Company’s estimated monthly and quarterly principal payments on its loans through that date. The interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges, and unrealized gains or losses on the effective portion are recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). The amount of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) expected to be reclassified to interest expense within the next 12 months is approximately $0.6 million. The Company will discontinue the hedge accounting designation of these derivatives if interest payments on LIBOR-indexed floating rate loans compared to the payments under the derivatives are no longer highly effective.

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In connection with the March 2017 amendment of the Aggregation Facility, the Compan y entered into interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $47.0 million. The Company is required to maintain interest rate swaps such that at least 75% of the outstanding loan balance of the Aggregation Facility is hedged at all times. The in terest rate swaps terminate when the Aggregation Facility matures in September 2020. The Company did not designate these interest rate swaps as hedge instruments and will account for any changes in fair value in other expense, net.

The Company records derivatives at fair value. The effect of derivative financial instruments on the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income and the condensed consolidated statements of operations, before tax effect, consisted of the following (in thousands):

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Under the fund agreements, cash distributions of income and other receipts by the funds, net of agreed-upon expenses and estimated expenses, tax benefits and detriments of income and loss, and tax benefits of tax credits, are assigned to the fund investors and the Company’s subsidiaries as specified in contractual arrangements. As such, the cash held in investment funds is not readily available to the Company due to the timing of distributions. Certain of these fund arrangements have call and put options to acquire the investor’s equity interest as specified in the contractual agreements.

Fund investors for three of the funds are managed indirectly by The Blackstone Group L.P. (the “Sponsor”) and are considered related parties. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the cumulative total of contributions into the VIEs by all investors was $1,109.9 million and $1,050.9 million. Of these contributions, a cumulative total of $110.0 million was contributed by related parties in prior periods. A third-party provider has agreed to perform backup maintenance services for all funds, if necessary.

Lease Pass-Through Financing Obligation

During 2015, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company entered into a lease pass-through fund arrangement under which the Company contributed solar energy systems and the investor contributed cash. The net carrying value of the related solar energy systems was $60.0 million and $60.5 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

Under the arrangement, the fund investor made large upfront payments to one of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries and is obligated to make subsequent periodic payments. The Company allocated a portion of the aggregate payments received from the fund investor to the estimated fair value of the assigned ITCs, and the balance to the future customer lease payments that were also assigned to the investor. The fair value of the ITCs was estimated by multiplying the ITC rate of 30% by the fair value of the systems that were sold to the lease pass-through fund. The fair value of the systems was determined by independent appraisals. The Company’s subsidiary has an obligation to ensure the solar energy systems are in service and operational for a term of five years to avoid any recapture of the ITCs. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue as the recapture provisions lapse assuming all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. The amounts allocated to the ITCs were initially recorded as deferred revenue, and subsequently, one-fifth of the amounts allocated to the ITCs is recognized as revenue from operating leases and solar energy systems incentives based on the anniversary of each solar energy system’s placed in service date.

The Company accounts for the residual of the large upfront payments, net of amounts allocated to the ITCs, and subsequent periodic payments received from the fund investor as a borrowing by recording the proceeds received as a lease pass-through financing obligation, which will be repaid through customer payments that will be received by the investor. Under this approach, the Company continues to account for the arrangement with the customers in its condensed consolidated financial statements, whether the cash generated from the customer arrangements is received by the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary or paid directly to the fund investor. A portion of the amounts received by the fund investor from customer payments is applied to reduce the lease pass-through financing obligation, and the balance is allocated to interest expense. The customer payments are recognized into revenue based on cash receipts during the period as required by GAAP. Interest is calculated on the lease pass-through financing obligation using the effective interest rate method. The effective interest rate is the interest rate that equates the present value of the cash amounts to be received by a fund investor over the master lease term with the present value of the cash amounts paid by the investor to the Company, adjusted for any payments made by the Company. Any additional master lease prepayments by the investor would be recorded as an additional lease pass-through financing obligation, while any refunds of master lease prepayments would reduce the lease pass-through financing obligation.

The lease pass-through financing obligation is nonrecourse. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had recorded financing liabilities of $38.1 million and $40.4 million related to this fund arrangement, of which $31.8 million and $34.2 million was deferred revenue and $6.3 million and $6.2 million was the lease pass-through financing obligation recorded in other liabilities.

  Guarantees

With respect to the investment funds, the Company and the fund investors have entered into guaranty agreements under which the Company guarantees the performance of certain financial obligations of its subsidiaries to the investment funds. These guarantees do not result in the Company being required to make payments to the fund investors unless such payments are mandated by the investment fund governing documents and the investment fund fails to make such payment. Each of the Company’s investment funds and financing subsidiaries maintains separate books and records from each other and from the Company. The assets of each investment fund are not available to satisfy the debts or obligations of any other investment fund, subsidiary or the Company.

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The Company is contractually obligated to make certain VIE investors whole for losses that the investors may suffer in certain li mited circumstances resulting from the disallowance or recapture of investment tax credits. The Company has concluded that the likelihood of a significant recapture event is remote and consequently has not recorded any liability in the consolidated financi al statements for any potential recapture exposure. The maximum potential future payments that the Company could have to make under this obligation would depend on the IRS successfully asserting upon audit that the fair market values of the solar energy sy stems sold or transferred to the funds as determined by the Company exceeded the allowable basis for the systems for purposes of claiming ITCs. The fair market values of the solar energy systems and related ITCs are determined and the ITCs are allocated to the fund investors in accordance with the funds’ governing agreements. Due to uncertainties associated with estimating the timing and amounts of distributions, the likelihood of an event that may trigger repayment, forfeiture or recapture of ITCs to such investors, and the fact that the Company cannot determine how the IRS will evaluate system values used in claiming ITCs, the Company cannot determine the potential maximum future payments that are required under these guarantees.

From time to time, the Company incurs penalties for non-performance, which non-performance may include delays in the installation process and interconnection to the power grid of solar energy systems and other factors. Based on the terms of the investment fund agreements, the Company will either reimburse a portion of the fund investor’s capital or pay the fund investor a non-performance fee. Distributions paid to reimburse fund investors totaled $7.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2017. As of March 31, 2017, the Company also accrued an estimated $0.5 million in distributions to reimburse fund investors a portion of their capital contributions primarily due to delays in solar energy systems being interconnected to the power grid.

As a result of the guaranty arrangements in certain funds, the Company was required to hold a minimum cash balance of $10.0 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, which is classified as restricted cash and cash equivalents.

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The changes in stockholders’ equity and non-controlling interests were as follows (in thousands):

Non-Controlling Interests and Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests

Six of the investment funds include a right for the non-controlling interest holder to require the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary to purchase all of its membership interests in the fund (each, a “Put Option”). The purchase price for the fund investor’s interest in the six investment funds under the Put Options is the greater of fair market value at the time the option is exercised and a specified amount, ranging from $0.7 million to $4.1 million. The Put Options for these six investment funds are exercisable beginning on the date that specified conditions are met for each respective fund. None of the Put Options are expected to become exercisable prior to 2019.

Because the Put Options represent redemption features that are not solely within the control of the Company, the non-controlling interests in these investment funds are presented outside of permanent equity. Redeemable non-controlling interests are recorded using th e greater of their carrying value at each reporting date (which is impacted by attribution under the hypothetical liquidation at book value (“HLBV”) method) or their estimated redemption value in each reporting period.

In all investment funds except one, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary has the right to require the non-controlling interest holder to sell all of its membership units to the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary (each, a “Call Option”). The purchase price for the fund investors’ interests under the Call Options varies by fund, but is generally the greater of a specified amount, which ranges from approximately $0.7 million to $7.0 million, the fair market value of such interest at the time the option is exercised, or an amount that causes the fund investor to achieve a specified return on investment. The Call Options are exercisable beginning on the date that specified conditions are met for each respective fund. None of the Call Options are expected to become exercisable prior to 2019.

Equity Incentive Plans

2014 Equity Incentive Plan

The Company adopted the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”) in September 2014. Under the 2014 Plan, the Company may grant stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance units, performance shares and performance awards to its employees, directors and consultants, and its parent and subsidiary corporations’ employees and consultants.

As of March 31, 2017, a total of 16.1 million shares of common stock were available to grant under the 2014 Plan, subject to adjustment in the case of certain events. The number of shares available to grant under the 2014 Plan is subject to an annual increase on the first day of each year. In accordance with the annual increase, an additional 4.4 million shares became available to grant at the beginning of 2017 under the 2014 Plan.

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Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, for time-based stock options, RSUs and PSUs as of March 31, 2017 was as follows (in thousands, except years):

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The income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was calculated on a discrete basis resulting in a consolidated quarterly effective income tax rate of (20.4)% and (5.1)%. The variations between the consolidated effective income tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017 were primarily attributable to the effect of non-controlling interests and redeemable non-controlling interests, federal investment tax credits and amortization of the prepaid tax asset. The variations between the consolidated effective income tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory rate for the three months ended March 31, 2016 were primarily attributable to the effect of non-controlling interests and redeemable non-controlling interests and the goodwill impairment charge.

The Company sells solar energy systems to the investment funds for income tax purposes. As the investment funds are consolidated by the Company, the gain on the sale of the solar energy systems is eliminated in the condensed consolidated financial statements. However, this gain is recognized for tax reporting purposes. Since these transactions are intercompany sales for GAAP purposes, any tax expense incurred related to these intercompany sales is deferred and amortized over the estimated useful life of the underlying solar energy systems, which has been estimated to be 30 years. Accordingly, the Company has recorded a prepaid tax asset, net, of $443.7 million and $419.5 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

Uncertain Tax Positions

As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits. There was no interest or penalties accrued for any uncertain tax positions as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The Company does not have any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible the total amount of gross unrecognized benefits will increase or decrease within the next 12 months. The Company is subject to taxation and files income tax returns in the United States, and various state and local jurisdictions. Due to the Company’s net losses, substantially all of its federal, state and local income tax returns since inception are still subject to audit.

The Company’s operations included the following related party transactions (in thousands):

Vivint Services

The Company has negotiated and entered into a number of agreements with its sister company, Vivint, Inc. (“Vivint”), related to services and other support that Vivint provides to the Company. Under the terms of these agreements, Vivint provides the Company with certain information technology and infrastructure services, though the Company’s usage of such services continues to decline. Vivint also sells the Company certain consumer equipment as part of the Marketing and Customer Relations Agreement, and under this agreement, the parties have also entered into cross-marketing initiatives. The Company incurred fees under these agreements of $0.7 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, which reflect the amount of services provided by Vivint on behalf of the Company.

Payables to Vivint recorded in accounts payable—related party were $0.5 million and $0.2 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. These payables include amounts due to Vivint related to the services agreements and other miscellaneous intercompany payables.

Advances Receivable — Related Party

Net amounts due from direct-sales personnel were $4.0 million and $3.7 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The Company provided a reserve of $0.5 million and $1.3 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 related to advances to direct-sales personnel who have terminated their employment agreement with the Company.

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Investment Funds

Fund investors for three of the investment funds are indirectly managed by the Sponsor and accordingly are considered related parties. The Company accrued equity distributions to these entities of $1.2 million and $1.6 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, included in distributions payable to non-controlling and redeemable non-controlling interests. See Note 12—Investment Funds.

Non-Cancellable Operating Leases

The Company has entered into operating lease agreements for corporate and operating facilities, warehouses and related equipment in states in which the Company conducts operations. The aggregate expense incurred under these operating leases was $4.3 million and $4.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.