NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.    Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Description of Business

NuVasive, Inc. (the “Company” or “NuVasive”) was incorporated in Delaware on July 21, 1997, and began commercializing its products in 2001. The Company’s principal product offering includes a minimally-disruptive surgical platform called Maximum Access Surgery, or MAS. The MAS platform combines three categories of solutions that collectively minimize soft tissue disruption during spine fusion surgery, provide maximum visualization and are designed to enable safe and reproducible outcomes for the surgeon and the patient. The platform includes the Company’s proprietary software-driven nerve detection and avoidance systems and Intraoperative Monitoring (“IOM”) services and support; MaXcess, an integrated split-blade retractor system; and a wide variety of specialized implants and biologics. To assist with surgical procedures the Company offers a technology platform called Integrated Global Alignment (“iGA”); in which products and computer assisted technology under the MAS platform help achieve more precise spinal alignment. The individual components of the MAS platform, and many of the Company’s products, can also be used in open or traditional spine surgery. The Company continues to focus research and development efforts to expand its MAS product platform and advance the applications of its unique technology into procedurally-integrated surgical solutions. The Company dedicates significant resources toward training spine surgeons on its unique technology and products.

The Company’s primary business model is to loan its MAS systems to surgeons and hospitals that purchase implants, biologics and disposables for use in individual procedures. In addition, for larger customers, the Company’s proprietary nerve monitoring systems, MaXcess and surgical instrument sets are placed with hospitals for an extended period at no up-front cost to them. The Company also offers a range of bone allograft in patented saline packaging, disposables and spine implants, which include its branded CoRoent products and fixation devices such as rods, plates and screws. The Company sells MAS instrument sets, MaXcess and nerve monitoring systems to hospitals, however, such sales are immaterial to the Company’s results of operations.

The Company also designs and sells expandable growing rod implant systems that can be non-invasively lengthened following implantation with precise, incremental adjustments via an external remote controller using magnetic technology called MAGnetic External Control, or MAGEC, which allows for the minimally invasive treatment of early-onset and adolescent scoliosis. This technology is also the basis for the Company’s PRECICE limb lengthening system, which allows for the correction of long bone limb length discrepancy, as well as enhanced bone healing in patients that have experienced traumatic injury.

The Company intends to continue development on a wide variety of projects intended to broaden surgical applications for greater procedural integration of its MAS techniques and additional applications of the MAGEC technology. Such applications include tumor, trauma, and deformity, as well as increased fixation options, sagittal alignment products, imaging and navigation. The Company also expects to continue expanding its other product and services offerings as it executes on its strategy to offer customers an end-to-end, integrated procedural solution for spine surgery. The Company intends to continue to pursue business and technology acquisition targets and strategic partnerships.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned or controlled subsidiaries, collectively referred to as either NuVasive or the Company. The Company translates the financial statements of its foreign subsidiaries using end-of-period exchange rates for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for results of operations. When there is a portion of equity in an acquired subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the respective parent entity, the Company records the fair value of the non-controlling interest at the acquisition date and classifies the amounts attributable to non-controlling interest separately in equity in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. Any subsequent changes in a parent's ownership interest while the parent retains its controlling financial interest in its subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Pursuant to these rules and regulations, the Company has condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures it normally includes in its annual Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year. These Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2017 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. In the opinion of management, the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto include all adjustments that are of a normal and recurring nature that are necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and of the results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

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The Company has reclassified historically presented revenue and cost of r evenue to conform to the current year presentation, which now reflects revenue and costs allocated to the Company’s product and service offerings. T hese reclassifications had no impact on previously reported results of operations. Additionally, as required by Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”) , on January 1, 2018 the Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) , electing full retrospective method of adoption.

Use of Estimates

To prepare financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management must make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases, which outlines a comprehensive lease accounting model and supersedes the current lease guidance. The new accounting standard requires lessees to recognize lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets for all leases with lease terms of greater than twelve months. It also changes the definition of a lease and expands the disclosure requirements of lease arrangements. The new accounting standard must be adopted using the modified retrospective approach and will be effective for the Company starting in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company believes the adoption will modify its analyses and disclosures of lease agreements considering operating leases are a significant portion of the Company’s total lease commitments. The Company is in the process of determining the impact the adoption will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses , which changes the accounting for recognizing impairments of financial assets. Under the new guidance, credit losses for certain types of financial instruments will be estimated based on expected losses. The new guidance also modifies the impairment models for available-for-sale debt securities and for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. The new guidance will be effective for the Company starting in the first quarter of fiscal 2021. Early adoption is permitted starting in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. The Company believes the adoption will modify the way the Company analyzes financial instruments, but it does not anticipate a material impact on results of operations. The Company is in the process of determining the effects the adoption will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements as well as whether to early adopt the new guidance.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04,  Intangibles – Goodwill and Other , which eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The standard has tiered effective dates, starting in 2020 for calendar-year public business entities that meet the definition of an SEC filer. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company is in the process of determining the effects the adoption will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements as well as whether to early adopt the new guidance.

In July 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-11,  Earnings Per Share, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, Derivatives and Hedging , which changes the accounting treatment and the earnings per share calculation for certain instruments with down round features. The amendments in this update should be applied using a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption or retrospective adjustment to each period presented. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those periods and  early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of determining the impact the adoption will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements as well as whether to early adopt the new guidance.

In August 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-12,  Derivatives and Hedging , which is intended to more closely align hedge accounting with companies’ risk management strategies, simplify the application of hedge accounting and increase transparency as to the scope and results of hedging programs. The amendments in this update will be applied using a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those periods and early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of determining the impact the adoption will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements as well as whether to early adopt the new guidance.

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Recently Adopted Accounting Standards  

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update No. 2014-09  Revenue from Contracts with Customers  (“ASU 2014-09”), an updated standard on revenue recognition. The standard effectively replaces Accounting Standards Codification 605 Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”) with Accounting Standards Codification 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). In summary, the changes to the guidance in revenue recognition under ASC 606 focuses on the existence of a contract with the customer (whether written, oral, or implied by an entity’s customary business practices), the concept that the performance obligation is fulfilled when the customer obtains control of the asset/service, versus the transfer of risk and reward, and the requirement that variable consideration (including rebates, discounts, etc.) and incremental costs must be estimated and recognized in the amount that is expected or most likely to be realized over the term of the contract fulfillment.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, the Company recognized revenue in accordance with ASC 605 when all four of the following criteria were met: (i) persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery of the products and/or services has occurred; (iii) the selling price is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. Specifically, revenue from the sale of implants, biologics and disposables was generally recognized upon a purchase order from the hospital or acknowledgment from the hospital indicating product use or implantation or upon shipment to third-party customers who immediately accepted title. Revenue from the sale of instrument sets was recognized upon receipt of a purchase order and the subsequent shipment to customers who immediately accepted title. Revenue from neuromonitoring services was recognized in the period the service was performed for the amount of payment expected to be received.

The Company adopted ASC 606 as of January 1, 2018, electing full retrospective method of adoption, which resulted in a change in its accounting policy for revenue recognition and related adjustments to the Consolidated Financial Statements for all periods presented. The Company applied the practical expedients permitted under ASC 606 for which (i) contracts with customers originating prior to January 1, 2016 do not require disclosure for the amount of consideration allocated to remaining performance obligations or an explanation of when the Company expects to recognize that amount as revenue; (ii) contracts beginning and completing in the same annual reporting period need not be restated; and (iii) hindsight for estimating variable consideration for completed contracts is permitted.

The Company recognizes revenue from spinal surgery hardware and ancillary products at a point in time in two types of transactions: (i) procedural based transactions with products used during surgery defined as “charge sheet orders”, and (ii) shipping transactions which represent the stocking of product or the purchase of instrumentation to support future surgeries defined as “stocking and capital orders”. The Company also recognizes revenue at a point in time associated with surgical-related servicing procedures, including neuromonitoring services which are defined as “surgical-related services”. Other sources of revenue, such as leasing revenue and royalties, are immaterial to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

For charge sheet orders, the sale occurs when the surgery is performed and a charge sheet is submitted to the Company by its sales representative identifying the products consumed during the surgery. The Company obtains an authorization or acknowledgment from the hospital to complete the invoicing process. Under ASC 605, persuasive evidence of an arrangement and delivery of product was deemed to have occurred once the charge sheet was processed, and an associated authorization or acknowledgement from the customer was received. Under ASC 606, the Company’s charge sheet orders are considered to be a contract with a customer when the Company agrees to attend a scheduled surgery with its products as requested by the hospital or surgeon. The performance obligation is considered to be complete once the hospital takes control of the product, it is implanted into a patient and there is sufficient evidence regarding the specific usage and pricing of the product used. The scheduling of the surgery and the usage of Company products is determined to be a contract, and recognition of revenue under ASC 606 occurs upon the completion of the surgical event and consumption of product. In the event that information related to the surgical event and consumption of product is not readily available the Company recognizes revenue upon a purchase order from the hospital or acknowledgment from the hospital indicating product use.

For stocking and capital orders, under ASC 605, delivery was deemed to have occurred when the title, including all risks and rewards of ownership of the products specified in the sales agreement had passed to the buyer. Accordingly, title, including all risks and rewards of ownership, passed based on the shipping terms. Under ASC 606, the Company’s stocking and capital order performance obligation is considered to be satisfied when the hospital assumes control of the asset, either upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms, and ability to direct the use of the asset as appropriate without the Company’s consent.

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Under ASC 605, revenue from surgical-rela ted services, such as neuromonitoring services, was recognized in the period the service was performed based on the delivery of a services report to the customer. The Company recognized revenue for the amount of payment expected to be received. In accordan ce with ASC 606, the Company enters into a contract with a customer when the hospital or surgeon requests the Company to attend a scheduled surgery with its products and services. The Company recognizes revenue at the time of the surgical procedure (when s ervice and control is transferred to the customer), and bills either hospitals or insurance companies for different aspects of the service, as applicable. Revenue from insurance companies is recognized using the expected value method, as the Company bills at a gross rate which is generally not the rate ultimately collected. A contract is deemed to be in place for the expected amount of consideration to be received for the services with respect to hospitals and insurance companies, each of which are deemed t o have the ability to pay for the services rendered.

Under ASC 605, the Company has historically estimated the amounts of returns, trade-ins, discounts, rebates, credits or incentives as offsets to the total transaction price or revenue associated with the sale. In limited situations, when historical information was not available or reliable, the Company would defer revenue recognition until completion of all performance obligations. Under ASC 606, the Company analyzes sales that could include variable consideration, and estimates the expected or most likely amount of revenue after returns, trade-ins, discounts, rebates, credits, and incentives. In making these estimates, the Company considers whether the amount of variable consideration is constrained and is included in revenue only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of the revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

The Company earns sales-based royalty revenue over time from sales of products using existing biologics intellectual property (“IP”) that is out-licensed to certain companies. Under ASC 605, royalty revenue was recognized as earned and when collection was reasonably assured and was generally estimated and recorded in the same period as the sales that generated the royalty obligation. ASC 606 provides an exception for sales or usage-based royalties from the guidance for accounting for variable consideration, allowing the royalty revenue from the license of IP to be recognized when the performance obligation has been satisfied and the subsequent sale has occurred. Therefore, the Company estimates monthly royalty revenue as its performance obligation is satisfied. The Company does not expect a significant impact to royalty revenue under the adoption of ASC 606 as it has historically estimated and accrued royalty revenue in the period earned.

The Company historically expensed incremental costs, such as commissions associated with sales contracts, as incurred. Under ASU 2014-09, ASC 340-40 Other Assets and Deferred Costs was added along with ASC 606 to codify accounting guidance for the incremental costs to obtain or fulfill a contract with a customer. Under the guidance, the incremental costs must be deferred and recorded over the period in which the contract revenue is recognized. The Company typically does not associate quarterly or annual sales bonuses directly with a sale or master contract; however, commissions are directly associated with individual sales and expensed in the same period as the related contract revenue. The associated commissionable sales would not typically have a future benefit unless the revenue is recognized over time. The Company does not typically have situations where revenue is deferred in excess of one year. Given the practical expedient for contracts completing within one year, the Company does not expect these capitalized costs to be material in a given period.

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The cumulative effect of the change on retained earnings for the full retrospective method of adoption of ASC 606 was $0.3 million as of December 31, 2017 . The following tables summarize in a condensed presentation the impact of the adoption of ASC 606 on the Company’s previously reported Consolidated Balance Sh eet as of December 31, 2017 and the Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income and the Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

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In January 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-01,  Financial Instruments-Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities  (“ASU 2016-01”), which requires that (i) all equity investments, other than equity-method investments, in unconsolidated entities generally be measured at fair value through earnings and (ii) wh en the fair value option has been elected for financial liabilities, changes in fair value due to instrument-specific credit risk will be recognized separately in other comprehensive income. Additionally, ASU 2016-01 changes the disclosure requirements for financial instruments. ASU 2016-01 provides a practicability exception for investments that do not have readily determinable fair values, which allows investments to be measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. The Company adopted ASU 2016-01 as of January 1, 2018 and elected to apply the practicability exception for measuring equity investments that do not have read ily determinable fair market . The adoption did not have any impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-15,  Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments  (“ASU 2016-15”), which eliminates the diversity in practice related to the classification of certain cash receipts and payments for debt prepayment or extinguishment costs, the maturing of a zero coupon bond, the settlement of contingent liabilities arising from a business combination, proceeds from insurance settlements, distributions from certain equity method investees and beneficial interests obtained in a financial asset securitization. ASU 2016-15 designates the appropriate cash flow classification, including requirements to allocate certain components of these cash receipts and payments among operating, investing and financing activities. The retrospective transition method, requiring adjustment to all comparative periods presented, is required unless it is impracticable for some of the amendments, in which case those amendments would be made prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. The Company adopted ASU 2016-15 as of January 1, 2018. The adoption did not have any significant impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-18,  Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. As a result, entities will no longer present transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this update will be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. The Company adopted ASU 2016-18 as of January 1, 2018 and adjusted the presentation of its Statement of Cash Flows for the periods presented. The adoption did not have any significant impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-01,  Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-01”), which clarifies and provides a more robust framework to use in determining when a set of assets and activities is a business. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively on or after the effective date. The Company adopted ASU 2017-01 as of January 1, 2018.

In February 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-05,  Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (“ASU 2017-05”), which clarifies the scope of asset derecognition and adds guidance for partial sales and nonfinancial assets. An entity is required to apply the amendments in this update at the same time that it applies the amendments in ASU 2014-09. The Company adopted ASU 2017-05 as of January 1, 2018. The adoption did not have any significant impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-09,  Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASU 2017-09”), which clarifies when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as a modification. Entities will apply the modification accounting guidance if the value, vesting conditions, or classification of the award changes. The Company adopted ASU 2017-09 as of January 1, 2018. The adoption did not have any significant impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Revenue Recognition

In accordance with ASC 606 guidance, the Company recognizes revenue upon the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the expected consideration to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The principles in ASC 606 are applied using the following five steps: (i) i dentify the contract with a customer ; (ii) i dentify the performance obligation(s) in the contract ; (iii) d etermine the transaction price ; (iv) a llocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) r ecognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies its performance obligation(s) . Specifically, revenue from the sale of implants and disposables is generally recognized at an amount that reflects the expected consideration upon notice that the Company’s products have been used in a surgical procedure or upon shipment to a third-party customer assuming control of the products.  Revenue from neuromonitoring services is recognized in the period the service is performed for the amount of consideration expected to be received.  Revenue from the sale of instrument sets is generally recognized upon receipt of a purchase order and the subsequent shipment to a customer who assumes control. In certain cases, the Company does offer the ability for customers to lease instrumentation primarily on a non-sales type basis. Instrument sales and leasing revenue represent an immaterial amount of the Company’s total revenue in all periods presented. Revenue associated with products holding rights of return or trade-in are recognized when the Company concludes there is not a risk of significant revenue reversal in future periods for the expected consideration in the transaction. Costs incurred by the Company associated with sales contracts with customers are deferred over the performance obligation period and recognized in the same period as the related revenue, with the exception of contracts that complete within one year or less, in which case the associated costs are expensed as incurred.

Inventory

Net inventory primarily consisted of $245.1 million of finished goods, $8.0 million of work in progress and $4.9 million of raw materials as of March 31, 2018. Net inventory as of December 31, 2017 consisted of $232.4 million of finished goods, $9.8 million of work in progress and $5.0 million of raw materials. Finished goods include specialized implants and disposables and are stated at the lower of cost or market determined by utilizing a standard cost method, which includes assessment of capitalized variances, which approximates the weighted average cost. Work in progress and raw materials represent the underlying material, and labor for work in progress, that ultimately yield finished goods upon completion and are subject to lower of cost or market. The Company reviews the components of its inventory on a periodic basis for excess and obsolescence and adjusts inventory to its net realizable value as necessary.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Comprehensive income includes net of tax, unrealized gains or losses on the Company’s marketable securities and foreign currency translation adjustments. The cumulative translation adjustments included in accumulated other comprehensive loss were $4.4 million and $6.9 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Product Shipment Costs

Product shipment costs, included in sales, marketing and administrative expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations, were $5.9 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017. The majority of the Company’s shipping costs are related to the loaning of instrument sets, which are not typically sold as part of the Company’s core sales offering. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling of products are reflected in revenues and are not material for any period presented .

Business Transition Costs

The Company incurs certain costs related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which include severance, relocation, consulting, leasehold exit costs, third-party merger and acquisition costs, contingent consideration fair value adjustments and other costs directly associated with such activities.

During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company incurred $2.3 million of such costs, which consisted primarily of acquisition, integration and business transition activities, and $0.1 million of fair value adjustments on contingent consideration liabilities associated with the Company’s 2017 and 2016 acquisitions. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the business transition costs were immaterial to the results of operations.

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2.    Net (Loss) Income Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net (loss) income per share attributable to the Company:

The following weighted-average outstanding common stock equivalents were not included in the calculation of net (loss) income per diluted share because their effects were anti-dilutive: 

3.    Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Foreign Currency and Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company translates the financial statements of its foreign subsidiaries using end-of-period exchange rates for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for results of operations.

Some of the Company’s reporting entities conduct a portion of their business in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency. These transactions give rise to receivables and payables that are denominated in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency. The value of these receivables and payables is subject to changes in currency exchange rates from the point at which the transactions are originated until the settlement in cash. Both realized and unrealized gains and losses in the value of these receivables and payables are included in the determination of net income.  Net currency exchange (losses) gains, which include gains and losses from derivative instruments, were $(0.3) million and $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, respectively, and are included in other (expense) income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

To manage foreign currency exposure risks, the Company uses derivatives for activities in entities that have short-term intercompany receivables and payables denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency. The fair value is based on a quoted market price (Level 1). A s of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 a notional principal amount of $11.7 million and $ 14.3 million, respectively, was outstanding to hedge currency risk relative to the Company’s foreign receivables and payables . Derivative instrument net losses on the Company’s forward exchange contracts were $0.4 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017 and are included in other (expense) income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of the forward contract exchange derivative instrument liability was de minimis as of March 31, 2018 and $(0.1) million as of December 31, 2017. The derivative instruments are recorded in other current assets or other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets commensurate with the nature of the instrument at period end.

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Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures certain assets and liabilities in accordance with authoritative guidance which requires fair value measurements be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Observable prices that are based on inputs not quoted on active markets, but corroborated by market data.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available.

Assets and liabilities are classified based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. The Company reviews the fair value hierarchy classification on a quarterly basis. Changes in the ability to observe valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels for certain assets or liabilities within the fair value hierarchy. The Company did not have any transfers of assets and liabilities between the levels of the fair value measurement hierarchy during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

The fair values of the Company’s assets and liabilities, including cash equivalents, marketable securities, restricted investments, derivatives, and contingent obligations are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company held investments in securities classified as cash equivalents. During the periods presented, the Company did not hold any investments that were in a significant unrealized loss position and no impairment charges were recorded. Realized gains and losses and interest income related to marketable securities were immaterial during all periods presented. Cash equivalents are determined under the fair value categories as follows:

The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments such as cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 approximate their related fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

The fair value of certain financial instruments was measured and classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy based on quoted prices. Certain financial instruments classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy include the types of instruments that trade in markets that are not considered to be active, but are valued based on quoted market prices, broker or dealer quotations, or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency.

Fair Value of Senior Convertible Notes

The fair value, based on a quoted market price (Level 1), of the Company’s outstanding Senior Convertible Notes due 2021 at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, was $716.3 million and $779.5 million, respectively. See Note 6 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion on the carrying value of the notes.

Contingent Consideration Liabilities

The fair value of contingent consideration liabilities assumed in business combinations is recorded as part of the purchase price consideration of the acquisition, and is determined using a discounted cash flow model or probability simulation model. The significant inputs of such models are not observable in the market, such as certain financial metric growth rates, volatility rates, projections associated with the applicable milestone, the interest rate, and the related probabilities and payment structure in the contingent consideration arrangement. Fair value adjustments to contingent consideration liabilities are recorded through operating expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Contingent consideration arrangements assumed by an asset purchase will be measured and accrued when such contingency is resolved.

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Contingent consideration liabilities were $65.8 million and $67.9 milli on as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and were recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet commensurate with the respective payment terms. The following table sets forth the changes in the estimated fair value of the Company’s liabili ties measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3): 

Non-financial assets and liabilities measured on a nonrecurring basis

Certain non-financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value, usually with Level 3 inputs including the discounted cash flow method or cost method, on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with authoritative guidance. These include items such as non-financial assets and liabilities initially measured at fair value in a business combination and non-financial long-lived assets measured at fair value for an impairment assessment. In general, non-financial assets, including goodwill, intangible assets and property and equipment, are measured at fair value when there is an indication of impairment and are recorded at fair value only when any impairment is recognized. The carrying values of the Company’s capital lease obligations approximated their estimated fair value as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $9.0 million on a strategic investment. The impairment was recorded in other (expense) income, net in the Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Operations.

4.    Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets consisted of the following:

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The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying value of the Company’s goodwill:

Total expense related to the amortization of intangible assets, which is recorded in both cost of revenue and operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations depending on the functional nature of the intangible asset, was $13.3 million and $13.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, respectively.

Total future amortization expense related to intangible assets subject to amortization at March 31, 2018 is set forth in the table below:

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5.    Business Combinations

The Company recognizes the assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest at fair value at the date of acquisition. Certain acquisitions contained contingent consideration arrangements that required the Company to assess the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities, which was recorded as part of the purchase price allocation of the acquisition, with subsequent fair value adjustments to the contingent consideration recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 3 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion on contingent consideration liabilities.

Acquisitions

In January 2018, the Company acquired SafePassage, a privately-held provider of IOM services, which now operates as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. The acquisition was not considered material to the overall Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company’s NuVasive Clinical Services division (including SafePassage) represents the reported service revenue on the Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The Company has completed other acquisitions that were not considered material to the overall Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements during the periods presented. These acquisitions have been included in the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements from the respective dates of acquisition. The Company does not believe that collectively the acquisitions made during the periods presented are material to the overall financial statements.

For certain acquisitions completed during the periods presented, the Company is still in the process of finalizing the purchase price allocation given the timing of the acquisitions and the size and scope of the assets and liabilities subject to valuation. While the Company does not expect material changes in the valuation outcome, certain assumptions and findings that were in place at the date of acquisition could result in changes in the purchase price allocation.

Variable Interest Entities

Progentix Orthobiology B.V.

In 2009, the Company purchased forty percent (40%) of the capital stock of Progentix Orthobiology B.V. (“Progentix”), a company organized under the laws of the Netherlands, from existing shareholders pursuant to a Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement for $10.0 million in cash (the “Initial Investment”). The Company also loaned Progentix cumulatively a total of $5.3 million at an interest rate of 6% per year (the “Loan”) . Concurrently, with the Initial Investment, the Company and Progentix entered into a Distribution Agreement (as amended, the “Distribution Agreement”) for a term of ten years, whereby Progentix appointed the Company as its exclusive distributor for certain Progentix products.

Following the Initial Investment, in accordance with authoritative guidance, the Company determined that Progentix was a variable interest entity (“VIE”), as it did not have the ability to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support and its equity investors would not absorb their proportionate share of expected losses and would be limited in the receipt of the potential residual returns of Progentix.

In January 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of the remaining 60% of the capital stock of Progentix (the “Non-Controlling Interest Acquisition”). Subsequent to the Non-Controlling Interest Acquisition, the Company owns 100% of the capital stock of Progentix, which now operates as its wholly-owned subsidiary and is no longer accounted for as a VIE or a separate reporting unit as of the date of the Non-Controlling Interest Acquisition. In accordance with authoritative guidance, the non-controlling interest associated with Progentix was reclassified to additional paid-in capital, including the difference between the non-controlling interest and consideration paid. The Loan plus accrued interest and the related receivable between the Company and Progentix is still outstanding as of March 31, 2018.

The following is a reconciliation of equity (net assets) attributable to the non-controlling interest:

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Total assets and liabilities of Progentix as a VIE included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows:

NuVasive Clinical Services and Physician Practices

The Company’s NuVasive Clinical Services division (including SafePassage), which provides IOM services to surgeons and healthcare facilities across the U.S., maintain contractual relationships with several physician practices (“PCs”). In accordance with authoritative guidance, the Company has determined that the PCs are VIEs and therefore, the accompanying Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the PCs from the date of acquisition. During the periods presented, the results of the PCs were immaterial to the Company’s financials. The creditors of the PCs have claims only on the assets of the PCs, which are not material, and the assets of the PCs are not available to the Company.

6.    Indebtedness

The carrying values of the Company’s Senior Convertible Notes due 2021 are as follows:

2.25% Senior Convertible Notes due 2021

In March 2016, the Company issued $650.0 million principal amount of unsecured Senior Convertible Notes with a stated interest rate of 2.25% and a maturity date of March 15, 2021 (the "2021 Notes"). The net proceeds from the offering, after deducting initial purchasers' discounts and costs directly related to the offering, were approximately $634.1 million. The 2021 Notes may be settled in cash, stock, or a combination thereof, solely at the Company's discretion. It is the Company's current intent and policy to settle all conversions through combination settlement, which involves satisfying the principal amount outstanding with cash and any note conversion value over the principal amount in shares of the Company's common stock. The initial conversion rate of the 2021 Notes is 16.7158 shares per $1,000 principal amount, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $59.82 per share, subject to adjustments. The Company uses the treasury share method for assumed conversion of the 2021 Notes to compute the weighted average shares of common stock outstanding for diluted earnings per share. The Company also entered into transactions for a convertible note hedge (the "2021 Hedge") and warrants (the "2021 Warrants") concurrently with the issuance of the 2021 Notes.

The cash conversion feature of the 2021 Notes required bifurcation from the notes and was initially accounted for as an equity instrument classified to stockholders’ equity, which resulted in recognizing $84.8 million in additional paid-in-capital during 2016.

The interest expense recognized on the 2021 Notes during the three months ended March 31, 2018 includes $3.7 million, $4.1 million and $0.7 million for the contractual coupon interest, the accretion of the debt discount and the amortization of the debt issuance costs, respectively. The interest expense recognized on the 2021 Notes during the three months ended March 31, 2017 includes $3.7 million, $3.9 million and $0.6 million for the contractual coupon interest, the accretion of the debt discount and the amortization of the debt issuance costs, respectively. The effective interest rate on the 2021 Notes is 5.8%, which includes the interest on the notes, amortization of the debt discount and debt issuance costs. Interest on the 2021 Notes began accruing upon issuance and is payable semi-annually.

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Prior to September 15, 2020, holders may convert their 2021 Notes only under the following conditions: (a) during any calendar quarter beginning June 30, 2016, if the reported sale price of the Company's common stock for at least 20 days out of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding cale ndar quarter is greater than 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (b) during the five business day period in which the trading price of the 2021 Notes falls below 98% of the product of (i) the last reported sale price of the Company 's common stock and (ii) the conversion rate on that date; and (c) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events, as defined in the 2021 Notes. From September 15, 2020 and until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately prec eding March 15, 2021, holders may convert their 2021 Notes at any time (regardless of the foregoing circumstances). The Company may not redeem the 2021 Notes prior to March 20, 2019. The Company may redeem the 2021 Notes, at its option, in whole or in part on or after March 20, 2019 until the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 15, 2020 if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company delivers written notice of a redemption. The redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal am ount of such 2021 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date . No principal payments are due on the 2021 Notes prior to maturity. Other than restrictions relating to certain fundamental changes and consolida tions, mergers or asset sales and customary anti-dilution adjustments, the 2021 Notes do not contain any financial covenants and do not restrict the Company from paying dividends or issuing or repurchasing any of its other securities. The Company is unawar e of any current events or market conditions that would allow holders to convert the 2021 Notes.

2021 Hedge

In connection with the offering of the 2021 Notes, the Company entered into the hedge transaction with the initial purchasers of the 2021 Notes and/or their affiliates (the "2021 Counterparties") entitling the Company to purchase up to 10,865,270 shares of the Company's common stock at an initial stock price of $59.82 per share, each of which is subject to adjustment. The cost of the 2021 Hedge was $111.2 million and accounted for as an equity instrument by recognizing $111.2 million in additional paid-in-capital during 2016. The 2021 Hedge will expire on March 15, 2021. The 2021 Hedge is expected to reduce the potential equity dilution upon conversion of the 2021 Notes if the daily volume-weighted average price per share of the Company's common stock exceeds the strike price of the 2021 Hedge. An assumed exercise of the 2021 Hedge by the Company is considered anti-dilutive since the effect of the inclusion would always be anti-dilutive with respect to the calculation of diluted earnings per share.

2021 Warrants

The Company sold warrants to the 2021 Counterparties to acquire up to 10,865,270 shares of the Company’s common stock. The 2021 Warrants will expire on various dates from June 2021 through December 2021 and may be settled in cash or net shares. It is the Company's current intent and policy to settle all conversions in shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company received $44.9 million in cash proceeds from the sale of the 2021 Warrants, which was recorded in additional paid-in-capital. The 2021 Warrants could have a dilutive effect on the Company's earnings per share to the extent that the price of the Company's common stock during a given measurement period exceeds the strike price of the 2021 Warrants, which is $80.00 per share. The Company uses the treasury share method for assumed conversion of its 2021 Warrants to compute the weighted average common shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share.

2.75% Senior Convertible Notes due 2017

In June 2011, the Company issued $402.5 million principal amount of the unsecured Senior Convertible Notes with a stated interest rate of 2.75% and a maturity date of July 1, 2017 (the “2017 Notes”) . The 2017 Notes provided for settlement in cash, stock, or a combination thereof, solely at the Company’s discretion. The initial conversion rate of the 2017 Notes was 23.7344 shares per $1,000 principal amount, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $42.13 per share, subject to adjustments. The Company used the treasury share method for assumed conversion of the 2017 Notes to compute the weighted average shares of common stock outstanding for diluted earnings per share.

During 2016, the Company repurchased a majority of the 2017 Notes, which resulted in a cumulative loss of approximately $19.1 million recorded in other expense on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. In July 2017, the Company settled the remaining 2017 Notes upon maturity via combination settlement, which involved satisfying the principal amount outstanding with cash and any note conversion value over the principal amount in shares of the Company’s common stock .

The interest expense recognized on the 2017 Notes during the three months ended March 31, 2017 includes $0.4 million, $0.7 million and $0.1 million for the contractual coupon interest, the accretion of the debt discount and the amortization of the debt issuance costs, respectively. The effective interest rate on the 2017 Notes was 8.0%, which includes the interest on the notes, amortization of the debt discount and debt issuance costs. Interest on the 2017 Notes began accruing upon issuance and was payable semi-annually.

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Concurrently, with the offering of the 2017 Notes the Company also entered into transactions for a convertible note hedge (the “2017 Hedge”) and warrants (the “2017 Warrants”).  The 2017 Hedge entitled the Company to purchase up to 9,553,096 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial price of $42.13 per share. Prior to its maturity, an assumed exercise of the 2017 Hedge by the Company was considered anti-dilutive since the effect of inclusion would always be anti-dilutive with respect to the cal culation of diluted earnings per share. The 2017 Warrants entitled its holders to acquire up to 477,654 shares of the Company’s Series A Participating Preferred Stock at an initial strike price of $988.51 per share. Each share of Series A Participating Preferred Stock was convertible into 20 shares of the Company’s common stock, or up to 9,553,080 common shares in total. The 2017 Warrants were scheduled to expire on various dates from September 2017 throug h January 2018 with settlement in cash or net shares. The Company used the treasury share method for assumed conversion of its 2017 Warrants to compute the weighted average common shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share. In 2017, the Company exer cised the 2017 Hedge and also entered into warrant termination agreements which settled the 2017 Warrants on a net share basis.

Revolving Senior Credit Facility

In April 2017, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “2017 Credit Agreement”) for a revolving senior credit facility (the “2017 Facility”), which replaced the previous Credit Agreement the Company had entered into in February 2016.  The 2017 Credit Agreement provides for secured revolving loans, multicurrency loan options and letters of credit in an aggregate amount of up to $500.0 million. The 2017 Credit Agreement also contains an expansion feature, which allows the Company to increase the aggregate principal amount of the 2017 Facility provided the Company remains in compliance with the underlying financial covenants, including but not limited to, compliance with the consolidated interest coverage ratio and certain consolidated leverage ratios. The 2017 Facility matures in April 2022 (subject to an earlier springing maturity date),  and includes a sublimit of $100.0 million for multicurrency borrowings, a sublimit of $50.0 million for the issuance of standby letters of credit, and a sublimit of $5.0 million for swingline loans. All assets of the Company and its material domestic subsidiaries are pledged as collateral under the 2017 Facility (subject to customary exceptions) pursuant to the term set forth in the Amended and Restated Security and Pledge Agreement (the “2017 Security Agreement”) executed in favor of the administrative agent by the Company. Each of the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries guarantees the 2017 Facility. In connection with the 2017 Facility, the Company incurred issuance costs which will be amortized over the term of the 2017 Facility. As of March 31, 2018, the Company had $55.0 million outstanding under the 2017 Facility, at an interest rate of 3.44% (one month LIBOR plus 1.75%).

Borrowings under the 2017 Facility are used by the Company to provide financing for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including potential mergers and acquisitions. Borrowings under the 2017 Facility bear interest, at the Company’s option, at a rate equal to an applicable margin plus: (a) the applicable Eurocurrency Rate (as defined in the 2017 Credit Agreement), or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (2) the Bank of America prime rate, and (3) LIBOR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%. The margin for the 2017 Facility ranges, based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio, from 0.00% to 1.00% in the case of base rate loans and from 1.00% to 2.00% in the case of Eurocurrency Rate loans. The 2017 Facility includes an unused line fee ranging, based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio, from 0.20% to 0.35% per annum on the revolving commitment.

The 2017 Credit Agreement contains affirmative, negative, permitted acquisition and financial covenants, and events of default customary for financings of this type. The financial covenants require the Company to maintain ratios of consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) in relation to consolidated interest expense and consolidated debt, respectively, as defined in the 2017 Credit Agreement. The 2017 Facility grants the lenders preferred first priority liens and security interests in capital stock, intercompany debt and all of the present and future property and assets of the Company and each guarantor. The Company is currently in compliance with the 2017 Credit Agreement covenants.

7.   Stock-Based Compensation

The compensation cost that has been included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for all stock-based compensation arrangements was as follows: 

At March 31, 2018, there was $39.6 million of unamortized compensation expense for restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.

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Restricted Stock Units

The Company issued approximately 112,000 shares of common stock, before net share settlement, upon vesting of RSUs (including PRSUs) during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and issued approximately 359,000 shares of common stock in settlement of RSUs (including PRSUs) upon their vesting during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Under the terms of the ESPP, the Company’s employees (referred to as “shareowners”) can elect to have up to 15% of their annual compensation, up to a maximum of $21,250 per year, withheld to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock for a purchase price equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value per share (at closing) of the Company’s common stock on (i) the commencement date of the  six-month offering period, or (ii) the respective purchase date.

The Company has not granted any options since 2011. The Company issued approximately 59,000 shares of common stock, before net share settlement, upon the exercise of outstanding stock options during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and issued approximately 232,000 shares of common stock, before net share settlement, upon the exercise of outstanding stock options during the year ended December 31, 2017.

8.    Income Taxes

Income taxes are determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate applied against income, and then adjusted for the tax impacts of certain significant and discrete items. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company treated the tax impact of the following as discrete events for which the tax effect was recognized separately from the application of the annual effective tax rate: tax expense related to shortfalls on share-based payments, return to provision adjustments, and limitations on certain officer’s compensation. The Company’s effective tax rate recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was 27%.

On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed U.S. tax reform legislation, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”), which became effective January 1, 2018. Due to insufficient guidance on certain aspects of the Act, such as officer’s compensation, as well as uncertainty around the GAAP treatment associated with many other parts of the Act, such as the implementation of certain international provisions, the Company recorded certain provisional amounts related to the revaluation and realization of its deferred taxes in its December 31, 2017 tax provision. In the first quarter of 2018, the Company further analyzed the impact of the Act on certain executive compensation related deferred taxes and determined that a write-down of approximately $0.2 million was required, which would have increased the full year effective tax rate by 0.3% and the fourth quarter effective tax rate by 1.1%. This Company is continuing to analyze the impact of the Act during which adjustments to the 2017 year-end provisional calculation will be subject to change during the Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 measurement period. As the Company finalizes its analysis and adjusts its tax balances accordingly, it will describe the issue and impact on previously recorded provisional amounts. At March 31, 2018, the Company has not completed its accounting for the tax effects of the global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”), foreign derived intangible income (“FDII”), and base erosion and anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) provisions of the Act on current year tax expense; however, the Company has made a reasonable estimate and determined that these provisions will have no impact on its 2018 results. Because the Company continues to evaluate the impact of the Act’s GILTI provisions, it has yet to elect an accounting policy to treat the tax impact as either a future period charge or as a current component of deferred taxes.

In accordance with the disclosure requirements as described in ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, the Company has classified unrecognized tax benefits as non-current income tax liabilities, or a reduction in deferred tax assets, unless expected to be paid within one year. The Company’s continuing practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company had an increase in gross unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $0.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018, primarily related to research and development credits. The Company believes it is reasonably possible that approximately $6.5 million of its remaining unrecognized tax positions may be recognized within the next twelve months as certain statute of limitations expire, the amount of which is primarily attributable to tax positions involving the valuation of intercompany transactions.

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The Company is subject to routine compliance reviews on various tax matters around the world in th e ordinary course of business. Currently, income tax audits are being conducted in the state of New York, the state of Louisiana, and Germany. U.S. and most foreign jurisdictions remain subject to examination in all years due to prior year net operating lo sses and R&D credits.

9.    Business Segment, Product and Geographic Information

The Company operates in one segment based upon the Company’s organizational structure, the way in which the operations and investments are managed and evaluated by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) as well as the lack of availability of discrete financial information at a lower level. The Company’s CODM reviews revenue at the product line offering level, and manufacturing, operating income and expenses, and net income at the Company wide level to allocate resources and assess the Company’s overall performance. The Company shares common, centralized support functions, including finance, human resources, legal, information technology, and corporate marketing, all of which report directly to the CODM. Accordingly, decision-making regarding the Company’s overall operating performance and allocation of Company resources is assessed on a consolidated basis. As such, the Company operates as one reporting segment. The Company has disclosed the revenues for each of its product line offerings to provide the reader of the financial statements transparency into the operations of the Company.

The Company reports under two distinct product lines; spinal hardware and surgical support. The Company’s spinal hardware product line offerings include implants and fixation products. The Company’s surgical support product offerings include IOM services, disposables and biologics, all of which are used to aid spinal surgery.

The Company has reclassified historically presented product line revenue to conform to the current period presentation.  The reclassification had no impact on previously reported results of operations .

Revenue by product line was as follows: