The following risk factors and other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be carefully considered.  The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face.  Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we presently deem less significant may also impair our business operations.  Please see pages 3 and 4 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of some of the forward-looking statements that are qualified by these risk factors.  If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected. All references and risks related to the launch, commercialization or sale of injectable meloxicam or any of our other product candidates are predicated on such product candidates receiving the requisite marketing and regulatory approval in the United States and applicable foreign jurisdictions.

Risks Related to Our Finances and Capital Requirements

Our business has incurred significant losses and we anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. We have never generated revenue and may never be profitable.

Our business has incurred operating losses due to costs incurred in connection with our research and development activities and general and administrative expenses associated with our operations. Our net losses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $32.6 million and $73.7 million, respectively. We expect to incur significant losses for at least the next few years, as we continue our research activities and conduct development of, seek regulatory approval for, and prepare for the launch and potential commercialization of our lead product candidate, IV meloxicam. The size of our future net losses and our ability to achieve profitability will depend, in part, on the rate of future expenditures and our ability to obtain regulatory approval of IV meloxicam, successfully commercialize IV meloxicam, if approved, and successfully commercialize our other current or future product candidates.  To date, none of our product candidates have been commercialized.  Our ability to generate future revenues depends heavily on our success in:

In addition, as a result of the most recent CRL we received in March 2019 with respect to IV meloxicam, we have incurred additional expenses, including increased legal and consulting fees associated with addressing the CRL, and we expect to continue to incur substantial and increased expenses as we continue to pursue regulatory approval of IV meloxicam, continue to prepare for the potential launch and commercialization of IV meloxicam, expand our research and development activities and advance our clinical programs for our other product candidates. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product

27

development and commercialization, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, and when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability.

If IV meloxicam or our other product candidates are not successfully developed or commercialized, or if revenues are insufficient following marketing approval, we will not achieve profitability and our business may fail. Even if we successfully obtain regulatory approval for IV meloxicam in the United States, our revenues are also dependent upon the size of the markets outside of the United States, as well as our ability to obtain market approval for IV meloxicam and achieve commercial success outside of the United States on our own or with a collaboration partner. As a result of the foregoing, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing losses from operations for the foreseeable future. Even if we are able to generate revenues from the sale of our products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

We will need to raise additional funding to advance our product candidates, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.

As of December 31, 2019, our cash and cash equivalents were approximately $17.7 million. Our management believes that such cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through at least February 14, 2021.  

Developing and commercializing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials and ramping up commercial manufacturing activities, is expensive.  We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we continue our ongoing clinical and pre-commercialization activities in anticipation of a potential commercial launch of IV meloxicam, advance our other clinical programs and, if IV meloxicam is approved, scale up our commercialization activities.  If we obtain regulatory approval for IV meloxicam, we anticipate incurring significant costs of sales and general and commercialization expenses in connection with its launch and commercialization. In addition, we will need to raise additional funds to support our future product development operations.  Such financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

While we believe that the NDA we resubmitted in December 2019 for IV meloxicam addresses the concerns raised by the FDA and the FDA has set a PDUFA goal date of February 20, 2020, the FDA may not approve the amended NDA, may require additional information, may require the completion of additional clinical trials, preclinical studies and/or chemistry, manufacturing and controls, or CMC, work to resolve issues raised by the FDA in the CRLs for IV meloxicam or may raise additional issues with regard to regulatory approval of IV meloxicam.  If this were to occur, we will need to raise additional funding for the costs of conducting such clinical trials, preclinical studies and CMC work.  Further, if IV meloxicam is ultimately approved by the FDA, we will need to raise additional funding to implement our commercial launch plans for IV meloxicam and to satisfy the milestone payments due to Alkermes following FDA approval of IV meloxicam.  We may also require additional funding to finance the acquisition or in-license of new product candidates.  In addition, changing circumstances beyond our control may cause us to consume capital more rapidly than we currently anticipate.  For example, our pre-commercialization and commercialization activities for IV meloxicam may lead to additional, unexpected costs related to the commercial manufacture of IV meloxicam or the build-out of our commercial sales organization.  We may also encounter technical, enrollment or other difficulties that could increase our development costs more than we expect for our other product candidates.  Additional funding will be needed to develop our other product candidates.

Raising funds in the current economic environment may present substantial challenges, and future financing may not be available in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on reasonable terms, we may curtail, delay or discontinue our research or development programs, scale back or cease any commercialization efforts or wind down our business. In addition, such additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may impede our ability to develop and commercialize IV meloxicam or our other product candidates and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.

Raising additional capital may dilute our existing shareholders, restrict our operations or cause us to relinquish valuable rights.

We may seek to raise such capital through public or private equity or debt financings. The terms of any financing may harm existing shareholders, and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our shares to decline. The sale of additional equity or convertible securities may dilute the ownership of existing shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations, and we may agree to restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt or limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights that could impede our ability to conduct our business.

28

We may also seek funds through collaborations, strategic alliances, or licensing arrangements with third parties, and such agreements may involve relinquishing rights to our product candidates or technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or products candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. Such arrangements will limit our participation in the success of any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval.

Our recurring losses from operations may raise doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our continuing existence will be dependent upon the timing regulatory approval of IV meloxicam and our ability to raise capital to sustain our business, which could raise doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If an explanatory paragraph is included in the report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our financial statements stating that there is doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, such an opinion could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through an issuance of debt or equity securities or otherwise. There is no assurance that sufficient financing will be available when needed to allow us to continue as a going concern. In addition, if an explanatory paragraph is included in the report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our financial statements, the perception that we may not be able to continue as a going concern may cause others to choose not to deal with us due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations.

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval and Commercialization of IV Meloxicam

Considering our receipt of a second CRL from the FDA regarding our NDA for IV meloxicam, the U.S. regulatory pathway for IV meloxicam is uncertain, and we will need to successfully address deficiencies raised by the FDA in order to obtain regulatory approval and successfully commercialize IV meloxicam.

In July 2017, we submitted an NDA for IV meloxicam to the FDA. On May 23, 2018, we received a CRL from the FDA regarding the NDA, which stated that the FDA determined it could not approve the NDA in its present form. Following a Type A End-of-Review meeting with the FDA to discuss the topics covered in the CRL, we resubmitted the NDA for IV meloxicam in September 2018. In March 2019, we received a second CRL from the FDA regarding our NDA for IV meloxicam which stated that the FDA determined it could not approve the NDA in its present form. The second CRL focused on onset and duration of IV meloxicam, noting that the delayed onset fails to meet the prescriber expectations for IV drugs. The CRL also cited regulatory concerns about the role of IV meloxicam as a monotherapy in acute pain, as well as how it would meet patient and prescriber needs in that setting, given the FDA’s interpretation of the clinical trials data.  We are engaged in resolution of the second CRL, and in October 2019, we received written notification from the FDA that our appeal relating to the NDA seeking approval for IV meloxicam was granted.  The FDA’s letter stated that the NDA provides sufficient evidence of effectiveness and safety to support approval and that before IV meloxicam can be approved and legally marketed, agreed upon labeling (prescribing information) must be negotiated with the FDA.  We resubmitted our NDA in December 2019 and the FDA has set a date of decision on the NDA, or PDUFA date, of February 20, 2020. The review process and the PDUFA date may be extended if the FDA requests or the NDA sponsor otherwise provides additional information or clarification regarding information already provided in the submission. We intend to address the deficiencies identified by the FDA in the CRLs and obtain FDA approval, but there can be no guarantee that we will be able to do so in a timely manner, or at all. We intend to work closely with the FDA to determine the best path forward to obtain approval for IV meloxicam, but we cannot guarantee that these efforts will be successful.  

Our anticipated commercialization of IV meloxicam has been delayed by the CRLs and we have incurred additional costs, including increased legal and consulting fees, and devoted additional resources to address the FDA’s concerns raised in the CRLs. Our receipt of the CRLs and delay in the commercialization of IV meloxicam has adversely affected our business. While we believe that the NDA we resubmitted in December 2019 for IV meloxicam addresses the concerns raised by the FDA and the FDA has set a PDUFA goal date of February 20, 2020, the FDA may not approve the amended NDA, may require additional information, may require the completion of additional clinical trials, preclinical studies and/or CMC work or may raise additional issues with regard to regulatory approval of IV meloxicam. Any of these items could further delay or prevent the approval or limit the product labeling claims for IV meloxicam.

In addition, either the substance of the items identified by the FDA in the CRLs, or the CRLs themselves, could have an adverse impact on future efforts to obtain marketing authorization for IV meloxicam from the EMA and other foreign regulatory authorities, or on our future efforts to commercialize IV meloxicam and gain acceptance of IV meloxicam from third-party payers.

Should we fail to obtain regulatory approval of IV meloxicam, we may be forced to rely on our other product candidates, which are at an earlier development stage and will require significant additional time and resources to obtain regulatory approval and proceed with commercialization which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

29

We are substantially dependent on the success of our lead product candidate, IV meloxicam, which is in a later stage of development than our other product candidates. To the extent regulatory approval of IV meloxicam is delayed or not granted, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected, and the price of our common stock may decline.

We currently have no product candidates approved for sale, and we may never be able to develop marketable products. We are focusing a significant portion of our activities and resources on our lead product candidate, IV meloxicam, and we believe our prospects are highly dependent on, and a significant portion of the value of our company relates to, our ability to successfully obtain regulatory approval for, and successfully commercialize, IV meloxicam. The regulatory approval of IV meloxicam is subject to many risks, including the risks discussed in other risk factors, and IV meloxicam may not receive marketing approval from any regulatory agency. If the results or timing of regulatory filings, the regulatory process, regulatory developments, clinical trials or preclinical studies, or other activities, actions or decisions related to IV meloxicam do not meet our or others’ expectations, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly.

We have resubmitted the NDA for IV meloxicam in December 2019 and the FDA has set a PDUFA date of February 20, 2020.  If the FDA requires us to conduct additional clinical trials, preclinical studies and/or CMC work in connection with our resubmitted NDA, our timeline for commercialization of IV meloxicam will be further delayed and we will incur additional costs.  Further, there can be no assurance that we will complete any additional required clinical and non-clinical studies in a manner that is acceptable to the FDA.  In addition, we are evaluating the results of Phase IIIb clinical trials for IV meloxicam in colorectal surgery patients and orthopedic surgery patients, and those clinical trials could produce results that are adverse or inconclusive, which could have a negative impact on regulatory approval. This is a time-consuming and expensive process and does not guarantee approval from the FDA or successful commercialization.

Any further delay or setback in the development or regulatory approval of IV meloxicam could adversely affect our business and cause our stock price to decline. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain approval for IV meloxicam from the FDA. Should we fail to obtain regulatory approval of IV meloxicam, we may be forced to rely on our other product candidates, which are at an earlier development stage and will require significant additional time and resources to obtain regulatory approval and proceed with commercialization, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to obtain approval for the product labeling requested in our NDA for IV meloxicam, our ability to successfully market IV meloxicam may be adversely affected.

If we obtain approval of IV meloxicam and such approval is for a more limited indication than anticipated or different dosing interval our target markets that we are able to market to may be limited. Depending upon the product label, if approved, we may need to significantly revise our launch and commercialization strategy, which could delay our planned commercial launch of IV meloxicam, if approved and could significantly limit our ability to realize the full market potential of IV meloxicam. The approved labeling could decrease the target market to a point where we would be unable to achieve profitability from IV meloxicam, in which case we may be forced to limit or discontinue the commercialization of IV meloxicam, or seek a collaboration partner for the commercialization of IV meloxicam, all of which would have an adverse impact on our business.

In addition, the labeling approved by the FDA in respect to IV meloxicam could also significantly limit the approved indications for use, require that precautions, contraindications or warnings be included on the product labeling, including black box warnings, require expensive and time-consuming post-approval clinical trials, Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, or surveillance as conditions of approval, or, through product labeling limit the claims that we may make, any of which may also impede the successful commercialization of IV meloxicam, which would have an adverse impact on our business.

Our development of IV meloxicam depends, in part, on published scientific literature and the FDA’s prior findings regarding the safety and efficacy of approved products containing meloxicam based on data not developed by us, but upon which the FDA may rely in reviewing our NDA.

Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, permits the filing of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from investigations that were not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference or use from the person by or for whom the investigations were conducted. The FDA interprets Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA, for purposes of approving an NDA, to permit the applicant to rely, in part, upon published literature or the FDA’s previous findings of safety and efficacy for an already-approved reference product. The FDA may also require companies to perform additional clinical trials or measurements to support any deviation from the reference product. The FDA may then approve the new product candidate for all or some of the label indications for which the reference product has been approved, as well as for any new indication sought by the Section 505(b)(2) applicant. The label, however, may require all or some of the limitations, contraindications, warnings or precautions included in the reference product’s label, including a black box warning, or

30

may require additional limitations, contraindications, warnings or precautions. Our NDA for IV meloxicam was submitted under Section 505(b)(2) and as such the NDA relies, in part, on the FDA’s previous findings of safety and efficacy from investigations for approved products containing meloxicam and published scientific literature for which we have not received a right of reference. Even though we may be able to take advantage of Section 505(b)(2) to support potential U.S. approval for IV meloxicam, the FDA may require us to perform additional clinical trials or measurements to support approval. In addition, notwithstanding the approval of many products by the FDA pursuant to Section 505(b)(2), if the FDA changes its interpretation of Section 505(b)(2), or if the FDA’s interpretation is successfully challenged in court, this could delay or even prevent the FDA from approving our NDA for IV meloxicam or any other Section 505(b)(2) NDAs that we submit. Such a result could require us to conduct additional testing and costly clinical trials, which could substantially delay or prevent the approval and launch of IV meloxicam, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

IV meloxicam, if approved, may require REMS, which may significantly increase our costs.

IV meloxicam, if approved, may require REMS. The REMS may include requirements for special labeling or medication guides for patients, special communication plans to health care professionals and restrictions on distribution and use. We cannot predict the specific scope or magnitude of REMS that may be required as part of the FDA’s approval of IV meloxicam. Depending on the extent of the REMS requirements, our costs to commercialize IV meloxicam may increase significantly and distribution restrictions could limit sales, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Similar obstacles may arise in countries outside of the United States.

IV meloxicam may cause adverse events or other safety concerns or have other properties that could delay or prevent its regulatory approval or limit the scope of any approved label or market acceptance.

Adverse effects, or AEs, caused by IV meloxicam could cause us, other reviewing entities, clinical study sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical studies and could result in the denial of regulatory approval. Clinical studies conducted with IV meloxicam have generated some AEs, and in some cases serious adverse effects, or SAEs, as those terms are defined by the FDA in its regulations. During the Study REC-15-015 trial, four treatment-related SAEs were observed in one IV meloxicam-treated patient and three placebo-treated patients. The IV meloxicam-treated patient experienced a post-procedural hemorrhage that was determined to be related to the surgical procedure but was not viewed by the investigator as attributable to the drug. The other SAEs occurred in placebo-treated patients and were therefore not attributable to the drug. During the Safety Study two SAEs occurred in a single placebo-treated patient and were therefore not attributable to the drug.  Additional AEs or SAEs could be generated during ongoing and future clinical trials.  Although the CRLs for IV meloxicam did not raise any safety concerns, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for IV meloxicam could be adversely impacted by these AEs, SAEs or other safety concerns.

Further, if IV meloxicam causes serious or unexpected side effects after receiving market approval, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of IV meloxicam and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing IV meloxicam, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We will need to obtain approval for any proposed names for IV meloxicam, and any delay associated with doing so could delay commercialization of IV meloxicam, and adversely impact our business.

The proprietary name we propose to use with IV meloxicam in the United States must be reviewed and accepted by the FDA, regardless of whether we have registered it, or applied to register it, as a trademark. The FDA reviews any proposed product name, including an evaluation of the potential for confusion with other product names. The FDA may also object to a product name if it believes the name inappropriately implies medical claims or contributes to an overstatement of efficacy. Although the FDA has conditionally accepted our proposed proprietary product name for IV meloxicam, it may still object to the proposed proprietary product name at the time of any NDA approval, which would require us to expend significant additional resources in an effort to

31

identify a suitable proprietary product name that would qualify under applicable laws, not infringe the existing rights of third parties and be acceptable to the FDA, all of which could delay commercialization of IV meloxicam, and adversely impact our business.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for IV meloxicam, we will still face extensive regulatory requirements and IV meloxicam may face future regulatory difficulties.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval in the United States or other countries, the FDA and state regulatory authorities and the equivalent regulatory authorities in other countries may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of IV meloxicam, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-marketing surveillance. If approved, IV meloxicam will also be subject to ongoing FDA requirements governing the labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, advertising, promotion, record-keeping and reporting of safety and other post-marketing information. The holder of an approved NDA is obligated to monitor and report AEs and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA. The holder of an approved NDA must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and are subject to FDA review, in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws. The applicable regulations in countries outside the United States grant similar powers to the competent authorities and impose similar obligations on companies.

In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to payment of substantial user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities, including equivalent regulatory authorities in other countries, for compliance with current good manufacturing practice, or cGMP, regulations and adherence to commitments made in the NDA or the application for marketing authorization. If we, or a regulatory authority, discover previously unknown problems with IV meloxicam, such as AEs of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with a facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions relative to IV meloxicam or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market, suspension of manufacturing, or other FDA action or other action by the equivalent regulatory authorities in other countries.

If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of IV meloxicam, a regulatory authority may:

If any of the above were to occur, our ability to successfully commercialize IV meloxicam and achieve profitability could be negatively impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to successfully commercialize IV meloxicam, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected and the price of our common stock may decline.

Even if we receive regulatory approval from the FDA for the labeling that we request, our ability to successfully commercialize IV meloxicam will depend on many factors, including but not limited to:

32

Many of these matters are beyond our control and are subject to other risks described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section. Accordingly, we cannot assure that we will be able to successfully commercialize or generate revenue from IV meloxicam, even if we receive regulatory approval for the labeling that we have requested. If we cannot do so or are significantly delayed in doing so, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected and the price of our common stock may decline.

Manufacturing issues may arise that could increase product and regulatory approval costs or delay commercialization of IV meloxicam.

As we scale up manufacturing of IV meloxicam and conduct required stability testing, issues may arise involving product-packaging and third-party equipment malfunctions.  These issues may require refinement or resolution in order to proceed with commercial scale manufacturing of IV meloxicam.  In addition, quality issues may arise during scale-up and validation of commercial manufacturing processes.  Any issues in IV meloxicam manufacturing could result in increased scrutiny by regulatory authorities, delays in our regulatory approval process, increases in our operating expenses, or failure to obtain or maintain approval for IV meloxicam.

If we fail to supply IV meloxicam in sufficient quantities and at acceptable quality and pricing levels, we may face delays in the commercialization of IV meloxicam, if approved, or be unable to meet market demand, and may lose potential revenues.

Our ability to supply sufficient quantities of IV meloxicam is substantially dependent on the performance of third-party manufacturers. We do not own facilities with capabilities for clinical-scale or commercial manufacturing of injectable meloxicam and we rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-party suppliers and contract manufacturers to manufacture injectable meloxicam.  Alkermes is currently our sole supplier of bulk injectable meloxicam formulation and is the only established supplier of bulk injectable meloxicam formulation. We have committed to purchase our current requirements of injectable meloxicam formulation from Alkermes, and we have commissioned dedicated space in Alkermes’ manufacturing facility for the production of bulk injectable meloxicam. Patheon UK Limited, or Patheon, provides sterile fill and finish services, and we have committed to purchase a certain percentage of our annual requirements of sterile fill and finish services from Patheon. Our agreement with Patheon also obligates us to a minimum annual order quantity, which, if higher than the commercial demand for IV meloxicam, if approved, could expose us to increased costs.

Although our supply agreement and manufacturing agreements for IV meloxicam allow us to qualify and purchase from an alternative supplier or manufacturer in certain circumstances, it would be time-consuming and expensive for us to do so, and there can be no assurance that an alternative supplier could be found oon terms that are acceptable to us or at all.  The number of potential manufacturers that have the necessary equipment, expertise and governmental licenses to produce IV meloxicam is limited.  If we encounter any issues with our contract manufacturers or choose to engage a new supplier or contract manufacturer for IV meloxicam, we would need to qualify and obtain FDA approval for another contract manufacturer or supplier as an alternative source, which could be costly and cause significant delays. Such delay could in turn delay the marketing and commercialization of IV meloxicam, if approved, which would materially and adversely affect our business.

Our reliance on a limited number of vendors to manufacture IV meloxicam exposes us to risks, any of which could delay commercialization of our products, result in higher costs, or deprive us of potential revenues. Our contract manufacturers may encounter difficulties in achieving the volume of production needed to satisfy our demand for commercial launch and ongoing commercial demand (even after accounting for the increased capacity to be provided by the dedicated space at the Alkermes facility), may experience technical issues that impact quality or compliance with applicable and strictly enforced regulations governing the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, may be affected by natural disasters that interrupt or prevent manufacturing of our products,

33

may experience shortages of qualified personnel to adequately staff production operations, may experience shortages of raw materials and may have difficulties finding replacement parts or equipment. In addition, our contract manufacturers could default on their agreement with us to meet our requirements for commercial supplies of IV meloxicam and/or Alkermes could fail to deliver the dedicated space according to the currently agreed timeline.

We and our contract manufacturers must comply with federal, state and foreign regulations, including FDA’s regulations governing current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, enforced by the FDA through its facilities inspection program and by similar regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions where we do business. These requirements include, among other things, quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation. The FDA or similar foreign regulatory authorities at any time may implement new standards, or change their interpretation and enforcement of existing standards for manufacture, packaging or testing of our products. Our contract manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, or DEA, and corresponding state agencies to ensure strict compliance with these regulations. We do not have control over third-party manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards and our manufacturers may be found to be in noncompliance with certain regulations, which may impact our ability to manufacture our drug product candidates and may impact the regulatory status of our product candidate.  Any failure to comply with applicable regulations may result in fines and civil penalties, suspension of production, product seizure or recall, imposition of a consent decree, or withdrawal of product approval, and would limit the availability of IV meloxicam. Any manufacturing defect or error discovered after IV meloxicam has been produced and distributed also could result in significant consequences, including costly recall procedures, re-stocking costs, damage to our reputation and potential for product liability claims. In addition, our contract manufacturers could default on their agreement with us to meet our requirements for commercial supplies of IV meloxicam and/or Alkermes could fail to deliver the dedicated space according to the currently agreed timeline.

While we have scaled up our commercial manufacturing of IV meloxicam in anticipation of a potential commercial launch, due to the delay in our anticipated commercial launch of IV meloxicam as a result of the two CRLs, we have launch stock of IV meloxicam that, depending on the approved expiration date, could be unable to be sold or could be sold but returned by our wholesalers if expired prior to final sale. A significant amount of expired product or returned product could impact the success of our commercial launch of IV meloxicam, if approved and result in additional costs to manufacture additional product.

If, as a result of any of these issues, we are unable to supply the required commercial quantities of IV meloxicam to support commercial launch and meet market demand for IV meloxicam, if approved, on a timely basis or at all, we may suffer damage to our reputation and commercial prospects and we will lose potential revenues.

If third-party service providers, including carriers, logistics providers and distributors, fail to devote sufficient time and resources to IV meloxicam or their performance is substandard, our product launch may be delayed and our costs may be higher than expected.

Our reliance on third-party service providers, including carriers, logistics providers and distributors, exposes us to risks which could delay or impair the commercialization of IV meloxicam, result in higher costs, or deprive us of potential product revenues. Our carriers may experience technical issues relating to the timing and shipment of IV meloxicam, may encounter issues in connection with transporting our products internationally, or may become subject to other transit difficulties that could cause loss or damage to IV meloxicam, some of which may not be adequately covered under our insurance policies. Our third-party logistic providers may experience difficulty in providing key services relating to customer service, warehousing, inventory management, distribution services, contract management, chargeback processing, accounts receivable management, cash application and financial management. Our distributors could become unable to sell and deliver IV meloxicam for regulatory, compliance and other reasons. Our carriers, logistics providers, distributors and other third-party service providers may not perform as agreed or may not remain in business for the time required to successfully ship, store, deliver, sell and distribute IV meloxicam and we may incur additional cost. Any of our vendors could also default on or terminate their agreements with us, which could delay or impair the commercialization of IV meloxicam, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Even if we obtain FDA approval for IV meloxicam in the United States, we may never obtain approval for or commercialize IV meloxicam outside of the United States, which would limit our ability to realize its full market potential.

In order to market IV meloxicam outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding quality, safety and efficacy. Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additional administrative review periods. Seeking foreign regulatory approval could result in difficulties and costs for us and require additional non- clinical studies or clinical trials, which could be costly and time-consuming. Regulatory requirements

34

can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of IV meloxicam in those countries. While our management has experience in obtaining foreign regulatory approvals, we do not have any product candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we, as a company, do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approval in international markets is delayed, our target market will be reduced, and our ability to realize the full market potential of IV meloxicam will be adversely affected.

For example, in the European Union, similar to the United States regulation scheme, both marketing authorization holders and manufacturers of medicinal products are subject to comprehensive regulatory oversight by the EMA and the competent authorities of the individual European Union member states both before and after grant of the manufacturing and Marketing Authorizations. This includes control of compliance with cGMP rules, which govern quality control of the manufacturing process and require documentation policies and procedures. We and our third-party manufacturers are required to ensure that all of our processes, methods, and equipment are compliant with cGMP. Failure by us or by any of our third-party partners, including suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors to comply with European Union laws and the related national laws of individual European Union member states governing the conduct of clinical trials, manufacturing approval, marketing authorization of medicinal products, both before and after grant of marketing authorization, and marketing of such products following grant of authorization may result in administrative, civil, or criminal penalties. These penalties could include delays in or refusal to authorize the conduct of clinical trials or to grant Marketing Authorization, product withdrawals and recalls, product seizures, suspension, or variation of the marketing authorization, total or partial suspension of production, distribution, manufacturing, or clinical trials, operating restrictions, injunctions, suspension of licenses, fines, and criminal penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.  

We have no history of commercializing drugs, which may make it difficult to predict our ability to commercialize IV meloxicam, if approved, and our future performance or evaluate our business and prospects.

Our operations have been primarily limited to developing our technology and undertaking non-clinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates and we have not yet obtained regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. To date, we have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully manufacture at commercial scale or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales, marketing and distribution activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Because our success is dependent on our ability to commercialize IV meloxicam, any predictions about our ability to do so and our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer history of successfully developing and commercializing drugs.

The commercial success of IV meloxicam will depend upon the acceptance of IV meloxicam by the medical community, including physicians, patients, health care payers and hospital formularies.

Physicians may not prescribe IV meloxicam if approved by the FDA, in which case we would not generate the revenues we anticipate. The degree of market acceptance of IV meloxicam will depend on a number of factors, including:

In addition, market acceptance of IV meloxicam could be negatively impacted by any negative perception physicians may have of IV meloxicam following announcement of the two CRLs received from the FDA for IV meloxicam, even if subsequently

35

resolved. If IV meloxicam is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, patients and healthcare payers, we may not generate sufficient revenue and we may not become or remain profitable.

Our anticipated commercial launch of IV meloxicam has been significantly delayed, which has changed our commercialization strategy and could adversely impact our ability to successfully commercialize IV meloxicam.

Due to receipt of the CRLs from the FDA regarding IV meloxicam, our anticipated commercial launch of IV meloxicam has been delayed from 2019 to 2020, if approved. Our initial commercial launch plans have changed. We now intend to initially launch with a sales team of approximately 50 sales representatives and/or collaborate with third parties who would market IV meloxicam to health care professionals at our called-on institutions. This will require us to hire more sales force members, which will increase our costs. In addition, we may face challenges when recruiting a sufficient number of sales representatives. If we are unable to hire the planned sales team for the commercial launch of IV meloxicam, our commercialization of IV meloxicam may be adversely impacted.

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or, with respect to markets outside of the United States, identify a strategic partner with appropriate sales and marketing capabilities, to sell IV meloxicam and enter into a strategic partnership on commercially acceptable terms with such partner, we may be unable to generate any revenue for IV meloxicam.

In anticipation of the approval and commercialization of IV meloxicam, we have begun to build out our sales, marketing and distribution capabilities in the United States, and will need to continue to do so.  Our sales force expansion was negatively impacted by our receipt of the most recent CRL with respect to IV meloxicam and the delay in potential commercialization of IV meloxicam to 2020.  We were forced to withdraw many of the offers of employment we had made to sale force representatives in anticipation of an earlier commercial launch.  We are looking to hire additional sales personnel; however, due to the CRLs and other market dynamics, this recruitment and hiring may be more difficult.  

In addition, we may discover that the cost of continuing to establish, expand and maintain such sales force may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market IV meloxicam, if approved, we must continue to build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services.

In the United States, our strategy for IV meloxicam is to develop a specialty sales force to promote the product to healthcare professionals and third-party payers in the United States. To date, we have not entered into any strategic partnerships for IV meloxicam; however, we may enter into a strategic partnership to commercialize IV meloxicam, if approved, outside of the United States.  We face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners, and these strategic partnerships can be intricate and time-consuming to negotiate and document. We may not be able to negotiate strategic partnerships on acceptable terms, or at all. We are unable to predict when, if ever, we will enter into any strategic partnerships because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with establishing strategic partnerships.  In addition, our future collaboration partners, if any, may not dedicate sufficient resources to the commercialization of IV meloxicam or may otherwise fail in their commercialization due to factors beyond our control. If we are unable to establish effective collaborations to enable the sale of IV meloxicam to healthcare professionals in geographic regions that will not be covered by our own marketing and sales force, or if our potential future collaboration partners do not successfully commercialize IV meloxicam, our ability to generate revenues from IV meloxicam will be adversely affected.

If we are unable to obtain additional financial resources for IV meloxicam, we may be forced to curtail the development, delay potential commercialization, reduce the scope of our sales or marketing activities or undertake all development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities ourselves, we will need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to bring IV meloxicam to market or generate product revenue from it, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to intense competition and, if we are unable to compete effectively, IV meloxicam may not reach its commercial potential.

The market for IV meloxicam is characterized by intense competition and rapid technological advances. If IV meloxicam obtains FDA approval, it will compete with a number of existing and future pharmaceuticals and drug delivery devices developed, manufactured and marketed by others. We will compete against fully integrated pharmaceutical companies and smaller companies that are collaborating with larger pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations.

In the post-operative pain relief setting, we believe patients are prescribed injectable acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, sodium channel blockers and opioids, depending on the severity of pain. Specifically, acetaminophen, NSAIDs and sodium channel blockers, we believe, are prescribed for mild to moderate pain relief, whereas we believe

36

opioids are prescribed for moderate to severe pain relief. While we will compete with all of these compounds in the post-operative pain setting, we believe IV meloxicam will be prescribed for moderate to severe pain, competing with opioids and other non-opioid pain treatments. There are a number of pharmaceutical companies that currently market and/or manufacture therapeutics in the pain relief area, including Johnson & Johnson, Mallinckrodt plc, and Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Mallinckrodt commercializes an injectable formulation of acetaminophen. Pacira commercializes an intraoperative formulation of bupivacaine, a sodium channel blocker. Additionally, companies such as Adynxx, Inc., Durect Corporation, Heron Therapeutics, Inc., Innocoll Holdings plc, Sandoz AG, Trevena, Inc., Avenue Therapeutics, Inc., Neumentum Inc. and Cara Therapeutics, Inc. are currently developing post-operative pain therapeutics that could compete with IV meloxicam in the future.

More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their greater size, cash flows and institutional experience. Compared to us, many of our competitors may have significantly greater financial, technical and human resources. As a result of these factors, our competitors may have an advantage in marketing their approved products and may obtain regulatory approval of their product candidates before we are able to do so, which may limit our ability to develop or commercialize IV meloxicam. Our competitors may also develop drugs that are safer, more effective, more widely used and less expensive than ours, and our competitors may also be more successful than we are in manufacturing and marketing their products. These advantages could materially impact our ability to develop and commercialize IV meloxicam successfully.

Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller and early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, management and commercial personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and subject registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as new drugs enter the market and additional technologies become available in the pain management and relief space. Finally, the development of different methods for the treatment of acute pain following surgery could render injectable meloxicam non-competitive or obsolete. These and other risks may materially adversely affect our ability to attain or sustain profitable operations.

If third-party payers do not reimburse physicians or patients for IV meloxicam or if reimbursement levels are, or pricing pressures cause the sales price to be, set too low for us to sell IV meloxicam at a profit, our ability to successfully commercialize IV meloxicam and our results of operations will be harmed.

Our ability to commercialize IV meloxicam successfully will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for IV meloxicam, once approved, will be available in a timely manner from third-party payers, including governmental healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, commercial health insurers and managed care organizations and other pricing limitations such as mandatory rebates or discounts. Reimbursement and pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in IV meloxicam, even if approved.

Government authorities and other third-party payers, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, determine which medications they will cover and establish reimbursement levels. Reimbursement decisions by particular third-party payers depend upon a number of factors, including each third-party payer’s determination that use of a product is:

Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval for IV meloxicam from government authorities or other third-party payers may be a time consuming and costly process that could require us to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data, including expensive pharmacoeconomic studies beyond the data required to obtain marketing approval, for the use of IV meloxicam to each government authority or other third-party payer. For example, if our completed Phase IIIb clinical trials for IV meloxicam in colorectal surgery patients and orthopedic surgery patients do not show improved outcomes relative to the current standard of care, obtaining payer coverage could be more difficult. We may not be able to provide data sufficient to gain acceptance with respect to coverage and reimbursement. In addition, acceptance by third-party payers could be negatively impacted by any negative perception third-party payers may have of IV meloxicam as a result of our receipt of two CRLs received from the FDA for IV meloxicam, and the resulting labeling, despite subsequent FDA approval.

Third-party payers may deny reimbursement for covered products if they determine that a medical product was used for an unapproved indication. Third-party payers may also limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, or formulary, which might

37

not include all of the FDA-approved products for a particular indication. Failure to obtain timely hospital formulary approval will limit our commercial success, and obtaining such approval can be an expensive and time-consuming process. We cannot be certain if and when we will obtain the formulary approvals to allow us to sell IV meloxicam into our target markets, nor, if formulary approval is obtained, at what price IV meloxicam will be accepted for sale and reimbursement.

Increasingly, third-party payers are also requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. These third-party payers could also impose price controls restricting the prices at which the products will be reimbursed and other conditions that must be met by patients prior to providing coverage for the use of IV meloxicam.

Third-party payers are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for medical products and services, which can impact the demand for, or the price of, such products and services. The process for determining whether a payer will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price or reimbursement rate that the payer will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Levels of reimbursement may also decrease in the future, due to the availability of numerous generic pain medications available at lower costs or future legislation, regulation or reimbursement policies of third-party payers which may adversely affect the demand for and reimbursement available for IV meloxicam, which in turn, could negatively impact pricing. If patients are not adequately reimbursed for IV meloxicam, they may reduce or discontinue purchases of it, which could result in a significant shortfall in achieving revenue expectations, prevent us from achieving profitability and negatively impact our business, prospects and financial condition.

Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may only be temporary. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payers and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payers for IV meloxicam, if approved, could result in a significant shortfall in achieving revenue expectations, prevent us from achieving profitability and negatively impact our business, prospects and financial condition.

If we obtain approval to commercialize IV meloxicam outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could materially adversely affect our business.

If IV meloxicam is approved for commercialization, we may enter into agreements with third parties to market IV meloxicam outside the United States. We expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:

The realization of any of these risks would negatively affect our ability to attain or sustain profitability.

Our relationships with physicians, patients and payers in the U.S. are subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse laws and regulations. Our failure to comply with these laws could expose us to criminal, civil and administrative sanctions, reputational harm, and could harm our results of operations and financial conditions.

38

Our current and future operations with respect to the commercialization of IV meloxicam are subject to various U.S. federal and state healthcare laws and regulations. These laws impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing, support and education programs and constrain our business and financial arrangements and relationships with third-party payers, healthcare professionals and others who may prescribe, recommend, purchase or provide IV meloxicam, and other parties through which we will market, sell and distribute IV meloxicam. Finally, our current and future operations are subject to additional healthcare-related statutory and regulatory requirements and enforcement by foreign regulatory authorities in jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The laws are described in greater detail in the section below under “Business Government Regulation — Other Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements,” and include, but are not limited to:

The shifting commercial compliance environment and the need to build and maintain robust and expandable systems to comply with different compliance or reporting requirements in multiple jurisdictions increases the possibility that a healthcare or pharmaceutical company may fail to comply fully with one or more of these requirements. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations may involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations or guidance. In addition, the complex framework of laws and regulations at the federal and state law are subject to change, which could lead to non-compliance or additional costs in updating our compliance mechanism to reflect these changes. For example, several states have enacted laws or regulations affecting or restricting payments that pharmaceutical manufacturers or distributors can make to physicians and other drug prescribers. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional oversight and reporting requirements if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians or other

39

providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to the same criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs. Even if we are not determined to have violated these laws, government investigations into these issues typically require the expenditure of significant resources and generate negative publicity, which could harm our financial condition and divert resources and the attention of our management from operating our business.

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity in addition to the aforementioned potential regulatory actions. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize IV meloxicam and generate revenues which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are able to successfully commercialize IV meloxicam and if we participate in but fail to comply with our reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, or other governmental pricing programs, we could be subject to additional pricing pressures and controls, reimbursement requirements, penalties, sanctions and fines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

If we participate in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, and other governmental pricing programs, we will be obligated to pay certain specified rebates and report pricing information with respect to IV meloxicam. Pricing and rebate calculations are complex and are often subject to interpretation by us, governmental or regulatory agencies and the courts. We cannot assure you that our submissions will not be found by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, to be incomplete or incorrect. Governmental agencies may also make changes in program interpretations, requirements or conditions of participation, some of which may have implications for amounts previously estimated or paid. The Medicaid rebate amount is computed each quarter based on our submission to CMS of our current average manufacturer price, or AMP, and best price for the quarter. If we become aware that our reporting for a prior quarter was incorrect, or has changed as a result of recalculation of the pricing data, we are obligated to resubmit the corrected data for a period not to exceed twelve quarters from the quarter in which the data originally were due, and CMS may request or require restatements for earlier periods as well. Such restatements and recalculations increase our costs for complying with the laws and regulations governing the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. Any corrections to our rebate calculations could result in an overage or underage in our rebate liability for past quarters, depending on the nature of the correction. Price recalculations also may affect the ceiling price at which we are required to offer our products to certain covered entities, such as safety-net providers, under the 340B program, and other similar government pricing programs. These programs are described in greater detail in the section titled “Business — Government Regulation — Formulary Approvals and Third-Party Payer Coverage and Reimbursement.”

We will also be liable for errors associated with our submission of pricing data. In addition to retroactive rebates and the potential for 340B program refunds, if we are found to have knowingly submitted false AMP, or best price information to the government, we may be liable for civil monetary penalties in the amount of $181,071 per item of false information. If we are found to have made a misrepresentation in the reporting of our average sales price, we may be liable for civil monetary penalties of up to $13,066 for each misrepresentation for each day in which the misrepresentation was applied. Our failure to submit monthly/quarterly AMP and best price data on a timely basis could result in a civil monetary penalty of $18,107 per day for each day the information is late beyond the due date. Such failure also could be grounds for CMS to terminate our Medicaid drug rebate agreement, pursuant to which we participate in the Medicaid program. In the event that CMS terminates our rebate agreement, federal payments may not be available under Medicaid for IV meloxicam. A final regulation imposes a civil monetary penalty of up to $5,000 for each instance of knowingly and intentionally charging a 340B covered entity more than the 340B ceiling price.

Federal law requires that a company must participate in the Federal Supply Schedule, or FSS, pricing program to be eligible to have its products paid for with federal funds. As part of this program, we would be obligated to make IV meloxicam available for procurement on an FSS contract, under which we must comply with standard government terms and conditions and charge a price that is no higher than the statutory Federal Ceiling Price to four federal agencies (Department of Veterans Affairs, or VA, Department of Defense, or DOD, Public Health Service, and U.S. Coast Guard). The Federal Ceiling Price is based on the Non-Federal Average Manufacturer Price, which we calculate and report to the VA on a quarterly and annual basis. If we overcharge the government in connection with our FSS contract or Section 703 Agreement, whether due to a misstated Federal Ceiling Price or otherwise, we are required to refund the difference to the government. Failure to make necessary disclosures and/or to identify contract overcharges can result in allegations against us under the U.S. civil False Claims Act and other laws and regulations. Unexpected refunds to the government, and responding to a government investigation or enforcement action, would be expensive and time-consuming and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The Affordable Care Act and any changes in healthcare law may increase the difficulty and cost for us to commercialize IV meloxicam and affect the prices we may obtain.

40

The United States and many foreign jurisdictions have enacted or proposed legislative and regulatory changes affecting the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of IV meloxicam or restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell IV meloxicam, if approved. The United States government, state legislatures and foreign governments also have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs to limit the growth of government-paid healthcare costs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded prescription drugs.

The Affordable Care Act was intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add transparency requirements for the healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. These intended reforms are described in greater detail in the section below under “Business — Government Regulation — United States Healthcare Reform.”

Among the provisions of the Affordable Care Act that have been implemented since enactment and are of importance to the commercialization of IV meloxicam are the following:

There have been significant ongoing efforts to modify or eliminate the Affordable Care Act. For example, the Tax Act enacted on December 22, 2017, repealed the shared responsibility payment for individuals who fail to maintain minimum essential coverage under section 5000A of the Internal Revenue Code, commonly referred to as the individual mandate. Further legislative changes to and regulatory changes under the Affordable Care Act remain possible. It is unknown what form any such changes or any law proposed to replace the Affordable Care Act would take, and how or whether it may affect our business in the future.

We expect that the Affordable Care Act, as well as other healthcare reform measures that have and may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for IV meloxicam, if approved, and could seriously harm our future revenues. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid, or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize IV meloxicam.

Legislative or regulatory programs that may influence prices of prescription drugs could have a material adverse effect on our ability to successfully commercialize IV meloxicam.

Current or future federal or state laws and regulations may influence the prices of drugs and, therefore, could adversely affect the prices that we receive for IV meloxicam, if approved. Programs in existence in certain states seek to set prices of all drugs sold within those states through the regulation and administration of the sale of prescription drugs. Expansion of these programs, in particular, state Medicaid programs, or changes required in the way in which Medicaid rebates are calculated under such programs, could adversely affect the price we receive for IV meloxicam, if approved, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

41

Further, the pharmaceutical industry has in recent years been the subject of significant publicity regarding the pricing of pharmaceutical products, including publicity and pressure resulting from prices charged by pharmaceutical companies for new products as well as price increases by pharmaceutical companies on older products that the public has deemed excessive. Any downward pricing pressure on the price of IV meloxicam, if approved, arising from social or political pressure to lower the cost of pharmaceutical products could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. As a result, pharmaceutical product prices have been the focus of increased scrutiny by the government, including certain state attorneys general, members of Congress and the United States Department of Justice. Decreases in health care reimbursements or prices of IV meloxicam, if approved, could limit our ability to sell IV meloxicam, if approved, or decrease our revenues, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business, financial condition, and results of operations are subject to risks arising from the international scope of our manufacturing and supply relationships.

Some of the contract manufacturers of IV meloxicam manufacture and source raw materials outside the United States and we may, in the future, use manufacturers outside the United States for our other product candidates, including IV meloxicam. As such, we are subject to risks associated with such international manufacturing relationships, including:

Additionally, we are subject to periodic reviews and audits by governmental authorities responsible for administering import/export regulations. To the extent that we are unable to successfully defend against an audit or review, we may be required to pay assessments, penalties, and increased duties on products imported into the United States.

Risks Related to Clinical Development and Regulatory Approval of our Other Product Candidates

The regulatory approval processes of the FDA are lengthy, time-consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business will be substantially harmed.

The time required to obtain approval by the FDA is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any product candidate, and it is possible that none of our existing product candidates or any product candidates we may seek to develop in the future will ever obtain regulatory approval. Our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:

42

We cannot be certain that any of our other product candidates will receive regulatory approval. If we do not receive regulatory approval or any of our product candidates, we may not be able to continue our operations. Even if we successfully obtain regulatory approval to market one of our product candidates, our revenue will be dependent, to a significant extent, upon the size of the markets in the territories for which we gain regulatory approval. If the markets for patients or indications that we are targeting are not as significant as we estimate, we may not generate significant revenue from sales of such products, if approved, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our product candidates may cause adverse events or other safety concerns or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or limit the scope of any approved label or market acceptance.

AEs caused by our product candidates could cause us, reviewing entities, clinical study sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical studies and could result in the denial of regulatory approval.  Clinical studies conducted with our product candidates have generated some AEs, and in some cases SAEs, as those terms are defined by the FDA in its regulations, and AEs or SAEs could be generated during our on-going and future clinical trials.  Our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates may be adversely impacted by these AEs, SAEs or other safety concerns.  

Clinical development is a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results. Clinical failure can occur at any stage of clinical development.

Clinical trials are expensive, can take many years to complete and have highly uncertain outcomes. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process as a result of inadequate study design, inadequate performance of a drug, inadequate adherence by patients or investigators to clinical trial protocols, or other factors. New drugs in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through earlier clinical trials. Some of our pipeline product candidates are in early stages of development, and positive preclinical and Phase I clinical trials for those product candidates may not necessarily be predictive of the results of later stage clinical trials. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials as a result of a lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, despite promising results in earlier trials. Our clinical trials may not be successful or may be more expensive or time-consuming than we currently expect. If clinical trials for any of our product candidates fail to demonstrate safety or efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA or the equivalent regulatory authorities in other countries, the FDA or the equivalent regulatory authorities in other countries will not approve that drug and we would not be able to commercialize it, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Delays in clinical trials are common and have many causes, and any delay could result in increased costs to us and jeopardize or delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval and commence product sales.

We may experience delays in clinical trials of our product candidates or the time required to complete clinical trials for our product candidates may be longer than anticipated. Our planned clinical trials may not begin on time, have an effective design, enroll a sufficient number of patients, or be completed on schedule, if at all. Our clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including, but not limited to:

43

If clinical trials for any of our product candidates are delayed for any of the above reasons or other reasons, our development costs may increase, our approval process could be delayed and our ability to commercialize our product candidates could be materially harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We rely on limited sources of supply and manufacturing for our product candidates, and if we encounter any issues with our contract manufacturers or suppliers, we may need to qualify alternative manufacturers or suppliers, which could impair our ability to sufficiently and timely manufacture and supply our product candidates.

We do not own facilities for clinical-scale or commercial manufacturing of our product candidates. We rely on third-party suppliers and contract manufacturers to manufacture clinical supplies of our products candidates, and intend to rely on third-party suppliers and contract manufactures for commercial supplies of any approved product candidates.  The number of potential manufacturers that have the necessary equipment, expertise and governmental licenses to produce our product candidates is limited.  If we encounter any issues with our contract manufacturers or choose to engage a new supplier or contract manufacturer for any of our product candidates for which we seek regulatory approval, we would need to qualify and obtain FDA approval for another contract manufacturer or supplier as an alternative source for these products and services, which could be costly and cause significant delays.

We rely on third‑party manufacturers and suppliers to produce preclinical and clinical supplies, and, if approved, intend to rely on third-party manufacturers for commercial supplies, of our product candidates.

We rely on third parties to supply the materials for, and manufacture, our research and development, and preclinical and clinical trial APIs. There can be no assurance that our supply of research and development, preclinical and clinical development drugs and other materials will not be limited, interrupted, restricted in certain geographic regions or of satisfactory quality or continue to be available at acceptable prices. In particular, any replacement of our API manufacturer could require significant effort and expertise because there may be a limited number of qualified manufacturers.

We expect to continue to rely on third‑party manufacturers if we receive regulatory approval for any product candidate. To the extent that we have existing, or enter into future, manufacturing arrangements with third parties, we will depend on these third parties to perform their obligations in a timely manner consistent with contractual and regulatory requirements, including those related to quality control and assurance. If we are unable to obtain or maintain third‑party manufacturing for product candidates, or to do so on commercially reasonable terms, we may not be able to develop and commercialize our product candidates successfully. Our or a third party’s failure to execute on our manufacturing requirements could adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including:

In addition, our ability to obtain materials from these suppliers could be disrupted if the operations of these manufacturers are affected by earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or man‑made disasters or business interruptions. If their facilities are unable to operate because of an accident or incident, even for a short period of time, some or all of our research and development programs may be harmed or delayed and our operations and financial condition could suffer. Our third‑party manufacturers also may use hazardous materials, including chemicals and compounds that could be dangerous to human health and safety or the environment, and their operations may also produce hazardous waste products. In the event of contamination or injury, our third‑party manufacturers could be held liable for damages or be penalized with fines in an amount exceeding their resources, which could result in our clinical trials or regulatory approvals being delayed or suspended.

We use third parties to assist with conducting, supervising and monitoring portions of our nonclinical and clinical studies, and if those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business.

We use third parties to provide certain manufacturing and operational support and for assistance with clinical trials, data management and statistical support. While we have agreements governing their activities, we have limited influence over certain of these third parties’ actual performance. We have previously relied upon such third parties and plan to continue to use third parties to assist with monitoring and managing data for our ongoing clinical programs for IV meloxicam and our other product candidates, as well as the execution of nonclinical studies. We control only certain aspects of our third parties’ activities.

44

We and our contractors are required to comply with Good Laboratory Practices, or GLPs, and Good Clinical Practices, or cGCPs, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and equivalent regulatory authorities in other countries for all of our product candidates in development. The FDA and the equivalent regulatory authorities in other countries enforce these GLPs and cGCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or our contractors fail to comply with applicable GLPs and cGCPs, the data generated in our nonclinical studies and clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA may require us to perform additional studies or clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. In addition, our clinical trials for our product candidates will require a sufficiently large number of test subjects to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of each product candidate. Accordingly, if our contractors fail to comply with these regulations or fail to recruit a sufficient number of patients, we may be required to repeat the clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

These contractors may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical studies or other drug development activities that could harm our competitive position. While we take steps to protect our intellectual property, we face the risk of potential unauthorized disclosure or misappropriation of our intellectual property by our contractors, which may allow our potential competitors to access our proprietary technology. If our contractors do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or fail to meet expected deadlines for items within their purview, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they oversee is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize IV meloxicam or our other product candidates. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for IV meloxicam and any future product candidates that we develop would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Industry

We may be subject to litigation or government investigations for a variety of claims, which could adversely affect our operating results, harm our reputation or otherwise negatively impact our business.

We may be subject to litigation or government investigations. These may include claims, lawsuits, and proceedings involving securities laws, product liability, labor and employment, wage and hour, commercial and other matters. For example, on May 31, 2018, a securities class action lawsuit, or the Securities Litigation, was filed against Recro and certain of its officers, and we have agreed to assume all of Recro’s obligations and indemnify Recro for all liabilities related to the Securities Litigation. See “ — Risks Related to the Separation — We have assumed Recro’s obligations in connection with its ongoing securities class action lawsuit, which, if resolved unfavorably, could expose us to significant liabilities” for more information.  

The outcome of any litigation or government investigation, regardless of its merits, is inherently uncertain. Any lawsuits or government investigations, and the disposition of such lawsuits and government investigations, could be time-consuming and expensive to resolve and divert management attention and resources. Any adverse determination related to litigation or government investigations could adversely affect our operating results, harm our reputation or otherwise negatively impact our business. In addition, depending on the nature and timing of any such dispute, a resolution of a legal matter or government investigation could materially affect our future operating results, our cash flows or both.

Issues with product quality could have a material adverse effect upon our business, subject us to regulatory actions and cause a loss of customer confidence in us or our products.

Our success depends upon the quality of our products. Quality management plays an essential role in meeting customer requirements, preventing defects, improving our product candidates and services and assuring the safety and efficacy of our product candidates. Our future success depends on our ability to maintain and continuously improve our quality management program. A quality or safety issue may result in adverse inspection reports, warning letters, product recalls or seizures, monetary sanctions, injunctions to halt manufacture and distribution of products, civil or criminal sanctions, costly litigation, refusal of a government to grant approvals and licenses, restrictions on operations or withdrawal of existing approvals and licenses. An inability to address a quality or safety issue in an effective and timely manner may also cause negative publicity, a loss of customer confidence in us or our future products, which may result in difficulty in successfully launching product candidates and the loss of sales, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our future success depends on our ability to retain and have the full attention of our key executives as well as to attract, retain and motivate other qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on the principal members of our executive team and, in particular, the services of Gerri A. Henwood, our President and Chief Executive Officer, and Ryan D. Lake, our Chief Financial Officer, the loss of whose services would adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Ms. Henwood also currently serves as the President and Chief Executive

45

Officer of Recro and Mr. Lake also currently serves as the Chief Financial Officer of Recro. This may at times adversely affect their ability to devote time, attention, and effort to us. Recruiting and retaining qualified employees for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. There is currently a shortage of skilled executives in our industry, which is likely to continue. As a result, competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical companies for individuals with similar skill sets. In addition, failure to succeed in clinical studies may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified personnel. The inability to recruit or loss of the services of any executive or key employee could impede the progress of our research, development and commercialization objectives.

We will need to continue to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

We have begun to grow the size of our managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial and other resources as we prepare for the potential approval and commercialization of IV meloxicam and the ongoing development of our other product candidates.  However, our management, personnel and systems currently in place may not be adequate to support this growth or assist us with the potential growth into a commercial stage pharmaceutical company.  As we continue to expand, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees.  Additional future growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of our existing or future product candidates.  Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:

As our operations expand, we will need to manage additional relationships with various collaboration partners, suppliers and other third parties.  Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates and to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth effectively.  To that end, we must be able to manage our development efforts and clinical trials effectively and hire, train and integrate additional management, administrative and sales and marketing personnel.  We may not be able to accomplish these tasks, and our failure to accomplish any of them could prevent us from successfully growing our company.

We may acquire other assets or businesses, or form collaborations or make investments in other companies or technologies, that could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, dilute our shareholders’ ownership, increase our debt or cause us to incur significant expense.

A key aspect of our business strategy is seeking in-license or acquisition opportunities to add commercial or near-commercial products to our portfolio. We may not identify or complete these transactions in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, or at all, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any such transaction, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates, and if we make any acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business and we may incur additional debt or assume unknown or contingent liabilities in connection therewith. Integration of an acquired company or assets may also disrupt ongoing operations, require the hiring of additional personnel and the implementation of additional internal systems and infrastructure, especially the acquisition of commercial assets, and require management resources that would otherwise focus on developing our existing business.

To finance any acquisitions or collaborations, we may choose to issue debt or shares of our common or preferred stock as consideration. Any such issuance of shares would dilute the ownership of our shareholders. If the price of our common stock is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire other assets or companies or fund a transaction using our stock as consideration. Alternatively, it may be necessary for us to raise additional funds for acquisitions through public or private financings. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.

46

Our employees, partners, independent contractors, principal investigators, consultants, vendors and contract research organizations may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, partners, independent contractors, principal investigators, consultants, vendors and CROs may engage in fraudulent or other illegal activity with respect to our business. Misconduct by these employees could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or unauthorized activity that violates: (1) FDA or DEA regulations, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to the FDA; (2) manufacturing standards; (3) federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations; or (4) laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, or illegal misappropriation of drug product, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. Any incidents or any other conduct that leads to an employee receiving an FDA debarment could result in a loss of business from our partners and severe reputational harm. We have adopted adopt a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business, operating results and financial condition.

We face potential product liability claims, and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability.

The use of our product candidates in clinical studies and the sale of any products for which we obtain marketing approval exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by consumers, health care providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our products. If we cannot successfully defend against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liability and costs. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

Our product liability insurance coverage may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and, in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. If and when we obtain marketing approval for our product candidates, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may be unable to obtain product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or in adequate amounts.

On occasion, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated AEs. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of operations and business.

We incur increased costs and demands upon our management as a result of complying with the laws and regulations affecting public companies. If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, which could result in sanctions or other penalties that would harm our business.

47

We are a public company and, as such, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements.  We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act and we incur costs associated with current corporate governance requirements, including certain of the requirements under Section 404 and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as other rules implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Capital Market, or Nasdaq, the stock exchange on which our common stock is listed.  If we fail to comply with current corporate governance requirements, our business may be negatively affected, including by having our common stock delisted from Nasdaq.

The expenses incurred by public companies for reporting and corporate governance purposes have increased dramatically in recent years.  We expect these rules and regulations to continue to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly.  We are unable to currently estimate these costs with any degree of certainty.  We also expect that these rules and regulations may make it difficult and expensive for us to continue to maintain director and officer liability insurance, and if we are able to maintain such insurance, we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage available to privately-held companies.  As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors, or the board, or as our executive officers.

The JOBS Act allows us to postpone the date by which we must comply with certain laws and regulations and reduce the amount of information provided in reports filed with the SEC.  We cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act.  In addition, we qualify as a “smaller reporting company.” For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we will be exempt from Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires auditor attestation to the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. We will cease to be an emerging growth company on the date that is the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total gross annual revenues of $1.07 billion or more; (ii)  the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the Distribution; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a smaller reporting company, which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements, including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on the exemptions available to us as an emerging growth company and/or smaller reporting company. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

We are, however, subject to Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires, among other things, annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning in our second annual report filed after the Distribution. As of the expiration of our emerging growth company status, we will be broadly subject to enhanced reporting and other requirements under the Exchange Act and Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This will require, among other things, annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and a report by our independent registered public accounting firm addressing these assessments. These and other obligations could place significant demands on our management, administrative and operational resources, including accounting and information technology resources and our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

We may discover weaknesses in our system of internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If that were to happen, our investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, the market price of our stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

48

The security of our information technology systems may be compromised in the event of system failures, unauthorized access, cyberattacks or a deficiency in our cybersecurity, and confidential information, including non-public personal information that we maintain, could be improperly disclosed.

We rely extensively on information technology and systems including internet sites, data hosting, physical security, and software applications and platforms. Despite our security measures, our information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, may be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, power outages, user errors or catastrophic events. A significant breakdown, invasion, corruption, destruction or interruption of critical information technology systems, by our employees, others with authorized access to our systems or unauthorized persons could negatively impact or interrupt operations. For example, the loss of data from completed or ongoing clinical trials for our product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. The use of technology, including cloud-based computing, creates opportunities for the unintentional dissemination or intentional destruction of confidential information stored in our systems or our third-party systems. We could also experience a business interruption, theft of confidential information or reputational damage from malware or other cyberattacks, which may compromise our systems or lead to data leakage, either internally or at our third-party providers.

As part of our business, we maintain large amounts of confidential information, including non-public personal information on patients and our employees. The maintenance of such information is governed by various rules and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business, including by the General Data Privacy Regulation, or GDPR, in the European Union. Breaches in security, either internally or at our third-party providers, could result in the loss or misuse of this information, which could, in turn, result in potential regulatory actions or litigation, including material claims for damages, interruption to our operations, damage to our reputation or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. Although we believe we have appropriate information security policies and systems in place in order to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of confidential information, including non-public personal information, there can be no assurance that such use or disclosure will not occur.

Any such business interruption, theft of confidential information or reputational damage from malware or other cyberattacks, or violation of personal information laws, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we fail to comply with data protection laws and regulations, we could be subject to government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation and/or adverse publicity, which could negatively affect our operating results and business.

We are subject to laws and regulations that address privacy and data security of patients who use our product candidates in the United States and in states in which we conduct our business. In the United States, numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including state data breach notification laws, state health information privacy laws, and federal and state consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act) govern the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of health-related and other personal information. For instance, HIPAA imposes certain obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information and imposes notification obligations in the event of a breach of the privacy or security of individually identifiable health information on entities subject to HIPAA and their business associates that perform certain activities that involve the use or disclosure of protected health information on their behalf. Certain of these laws and regulations are described in greater detail in the section below under “Business - Government Regulation - Other Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements.” Failure to comply with applicable data protection laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions and create liability for us, which could include civil and/or criminal penalties, as well as private litigation and/or adverse publicity that could negatively affect our operating results and business.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

We own or license numerous pending patent applications and issued patents in the United States. If our pending patent applications fail to issue or if our issued patents are not sufficiently broad, expire or are successfully opposed, invalidated, or rendered unenforceable, our business will be adversely affected.

Our commercial success will depend in part on obtaining and maintaining patent protection for our product candidates, as well as successfully defending our current and future patents against third-party challenges. To protect our proprietary technology, we intend to rely on patents, and we may also rely on other intellectual property protections, including trade secrets, nondisclosure agreements and confidentiality provisions.

49

There can be no assurance that our pending patent applications will result in issued patents. We own patents and patent applications for injectable meloxicam that cover pharmaceutical compositions, including compositions produced using NanoCrystal^® technology, a method of making IV meloxicam and method of treating pain with IV meloxicam. These issued patents expire in 2022 and 2024 in the United States. We also exclusively in-license from Alkermes, on a perpetual royalty-free basis i) composition and methods of making patents, ii) several patents (specifically directed to methods of reducing flake-like aggregates in injectable nanoparticulate active agent compositions, and directed to injectable nanoparticulate active agent compositions produced by methods for reducing flake-like aggregates), which expire in 2030, and an application directed to injectable, nanoparticulate meloxicam compositions, which, if issued, would expire in 2030 to manufacture and commercialize IV, intramuscular and parenteral meloxicam. As of February 11, 2020, we own six issued U.S. patents and four U.S. pending patent applications, and 43 issued foreign patents (including European validation countries) and six pending PCT or foreign applications related to meloxicam, IV meloxicam, formulations of meloxicam, and methods of using meloxicam.  As of February 11, 2020, we exclusively license eleven issued U.S. patents and one U.S. pending patent application, and 45 issued foreign patents (including European validation countries) and three pending foreign applications relating to IV meloxicam, formulations of meloxicam and methods of manufacturing meloxicam to manufacture and commercialize IV meloxicam, intramuscular meloxicam and parenteral meloxicam.  As of February 11, 2020, we own one issued U.S. patent, 1 pending U.S. application and 28 issued foreign patents, including European validation countries, and six pending foreign applications to Dex. In addition, we have licensed four patent families containing several U.S. and foreign issued patents and one pending application related to neuromuscular blocking agents from Cornell University. The patent applications that we have filed and have not yet been granted may fail to result in issued patents in the United States or foreign countries. Even if the patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge the patents or the inventorship thereof, which can lead to an issued patent being found invalid, unenforceable or can otherwise alter the ownership of the patents.

The issuance of any patent is not a certainty. Unless and until our pending applications issue, their protective scope is impossible to determine. It is impossible to predict whether or how many of these applications will result in issued patents and patents that issue may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of patent exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which may limit our ability to prevent others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. In addition, upon expiration of a patent, we may be limited in our ability to prevent others from using or commercializing subject matter covered by the expired patents. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours. The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, including us, generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States law does. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after the first filing, or in some cases at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we or our licensors were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we or our licensors were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. In addition, we may not be aware of particular prior art publications that may have an impact on patentability or enforceability. Further, the examination process may require us or our licensors to narrow the claims for our pending patent applications due to, for example, such prior art publications, which may limit the scope of patent protection that may be obtained if these applications issue. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Furthermore, our pending applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless and until a patent issues from such applications. Because the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, issued patents that we own or have licensed from third parties may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the U.S. and abroad. Such challenges may result in the loss of patent protection, the narrowing of claims in such patents, and/or the invalidity or unenforceability of such patents, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection for our technology and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of patents or narrow the scope of patent protection.

Patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. The Leahy Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy Smith Act, enacted in September 2011, brought significant changes to the U.S. patent system. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. The United States Patent Office continues to develop and implement new regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy Smith Act became effective on March 16, 2013. The Leahy Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patent, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

50

Litigation involving patents, patent applications and other proprietary rights is expensive and time-consuming. If we are involved in such litigation, it could cause delays in bringing our product candidates to market and interfere with our business.

Our commercial success depends in part on not infringing patents and proprietary rights of third parties. Although we are not currently aware of litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement related to our product candidates, the pharmaceutical industry is characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights.

In a patent infringement claim against us, we may assert, as a defense, that we do not infringe the relevant patent claims, that the patent is invalid or both. The strength of our defenses will depend on the patents asserted, the interpretation of these patents and/or our ability to invalidate the asserted patents. However, we could be unsuccessful in advancing non-infringement and/or invalidity arguments in our defense. In the United States, issued patents enjoy a presumption of validity, and the party challenging the validity of a patent claim must present clear and convincing evidence of invalidity, which is a high burden of proof. Conversely, the patent owner need only prove infringement by a preponderance of the evidence, which is a low burden of proof.

If we were found by a court to have infringed a valid third party patent claim, we could be prevented from using the patented technology or be required to pay the owner of the patent for the right to license the patented technology or other compensatory damages. If we decide to pursue a license to one or more of these patents, we may not be able to obtain a license on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, or the license we obtain may require us to pay substantial royalties or grant cross licenses to our patent rights. For example, if the relevant patent is owned by a competitor, that competitor may choose not to license patent rights to us. If we decide to develop alternative technology, we may not be able to do so in a timely or cost-effective manner, if at all.

In addition, because patent applications can take years to issue and are often afforded confidentiality for some period of time, there may currently be pending applications, unknown to us, that later result in issued patents that could cover one or more of our products.

It is possible that we may in the future receive, particularly as a public company, communications from competitors and other companies alleging that we may be infringing their patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property rights, offering licenses to such intellectual property or threatening litigation. In addition to patent infringement claims, third parties may assert copyright, trademark or other proprietary rights against us. We may need to expend considerable resources to counter such claims and may not be able to be successful in our defense. Our business may suffer if a finding of infringement is established.

Generic competitors can challenge the U.S. patents protecting our product candidates by filing an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA for a generic or a modified version of our product candidates and negatively affect our competitive position.

Separate and apart from the protection provided under the U.S. patent laws, drug candidates may be subject to the provisions of the Hatch-Waxman Act, which may provide drug candidates with either a three- or five-year period of marketing exclusivity following receipt of FDA approval. The Hatch-Waxman Act prohibits the FDA from accepting the filing of an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, (for a generic product) or a 505(b)(2) NDA (for a modified version of the product) for three years for active drug ingredients previously approved by the FDA or for five years for active drug ingredients not previously approved by the FDA.

There is an exception, however, for newly approved molecules that allows competitors to challenge a patent beginning four years into the five-year exclusivity period by alleging that one or more of the patents listed in the FDA’s list of approved drug products are invalid, unenforceable and/or not infringed and submitting an ANDA for a generic version of a drug candidate. This patent challenge is commonly known as a Paragraph IV certification.  If we have an Orange Book listed patent and a third party submits a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, a notice of the Paragraph IV certification must also be sent to us once the third party’s ANDA is accepted for filing by the FDA. We may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of receipt of the notice and we will be entitled to a 30 month stay running from the end of the 5 year new chemical entity, or NCE, exclusivity period.  If we do not file a patent infringement lawsuit within the required 45-day period, the third party’s ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA will not be subject to the 30-month stay and the FDA could approve the ANDA or 505(b)(2) application after expiration of any applicable marketing exclusivity, such as the 5 year NCE exclusivity period or 3 year clinical investigation exclusivity. Within the past several years, the generic industry has aggressively pursued approvals of generic versions of innovator drugs at the earliest possible point in time.

If a generic company is able to successfully challenge the patents covering drug candidates or design around our patents and obtain FDA approval for an ANDA or 505(b)(2) application, the generic company may choose to launch a generic or modified version of our drug candidate. Any launch of a generic or modified version of our drug candidates prior to the expiration of patent protection will have a material adverse effect on our revenues and our results of operations.

It is difficult and costly to protect our proprietary rights, and we may not be able to ensure their protection.

51

The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in pharmaceutical patents has emerged in the United States to date. The pharmaceutical patent situation outside of the United States is even more uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in the patents that may be issued from the applications we currently or may in the future own or license from third parties. Further, if any patent license we obtain is deemed invalid and/or unenforceable, it could impact our ability to commercialize or partner our technology.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:

If we do not adequately protect our proprietary rights, competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may possess, which could materially harm our business, negatively affect our position in the marketplace, limit our ability to commercialize our product candidates and delay or render impossible our achievement of profitability.

We may be unable to adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

In the future, we may rely on trade secrets to protect our proprietary know-how and technological advances, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights. Failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could enable competitors to use our proprietary information to develop products that compete with our products or cause additional, material adverse effects on our competitive business position.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to be paid to the United States Patent and Trademark Office and various foreign governmental patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and/or applications.

We have systems in place to remind us to pay periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other patent and application fees, and we employ an outside law firm to pay these fees. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ an outside law firm and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If this occurs, our competitors may be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of some countries, particularly developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, especially those relating to life sciences. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or the misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights. For example, many foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the

52

enforceability of patents against third parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit.

Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the United States and foreign countries may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our technology and the enforcement of intellectual property. If we are unable to adequately enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Risks Related to the Separation From Recro

We may not achieve some or all of the expected benefits of the Separation, and the Separation could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to achieve some or all of the anticipated strategic, financial, operational, marketing or other benefits expected to result from the Separation, or such benefits may be delayed or not occur at all. These actions may not provide the benefits we currently expect, and could lead to disruption of our operations, loss of or inability to recruit key personnel needed to operate and grow our businesses following the Separation, weakening of our internal standards, controls or procedures and impairment of our key collaborations and supplier relationships. In addition, completion of the Separation has required and will continue to require significant amounts of management’s time and effort, which may divert management’s attention from operating and growing our businesses.

By separating from Recro, we may have become more susceptible to market fluctuations and other adverse events than we would have been if we were still a part of the current Recro organizational structure. As part of Recro, we were able to enjoy certain benefits from Recro’s operating diversity, purchasing power and opportunities to pursue integrated strategies with Recro’s other business activities.  As an independent, publicly traded company, we do not have, and may never develop, a comparable market reputation, performance or brand identity of our own, which may limit our ability to recruit and retain personnel, pursue and negotiate strategic transactions, and access the capital markets to finance our operations. As an independent, publicly traded company, we do not have the same historical market reputation and performance or brand identity as Recro.  If we fail to achieve some or all of the benefits that we expect to achieve as an independent company, or do not achieve them in the time we expect, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be materially harmed.

We may be unable to make, on a timely or cost-effective basis, the changes necessary to operate as an independent company, and we will be reliant on Recro for the provision of certain services for a period of time.

We have historically operated as part of Recro’s corporate organization, and Recro has assisted us by providing various corporate and other business functions. As a result of the Separation, Recro has no obligation to assist our operations or growth strategy, other than providing certain services or rights pursuant to agreements described under Note 15 to the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We are and for a period of time will be, substantially reliant on Recro to provide these limited services, and if Recro is unable or unwilling to satisfy its obligations under these agreements, we could incur operational difficulties or losses that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Furthermore, the services provided by Recro under these agreements do not include every service or all of the information and technology systems that we have received from Recro in the past or that are necessary to successfully operate our business, and Recro is only obligated to provide these services for limited periods of time from the date of the Distribution. Accordingly, we must develop internal capabilities to perform these services, or obtain from other third parties services we currently receive from Recro. If we are unable to efficiently implement our own systems and services, or if we are unable to negotiate agreements with third-party providers of these services in a timely manner or on terms and conditions as favorable as those we receive from Recro, we may not be able to operate our business effectively and our financial condition may decline. Furthermore, if we fail to develop high-quality internal capabilities, or obtain comparable services from third-party providers, in a cost-effective manner, we may be unable to operate our existing business or execute our strategic priorities successfully and efficiently, and our operating results and financial condition may be materially harmed.

We have only operated as an independent company since November 22, 2019 and we expect to incur increased administrative and other costs following the Separation by virtue of our status as an independent public company. Our historical financial

53

information is not necessarily representative of the results that we would have achieved as a separate, publicly traded company and should not be relied upon as an indicator of our future results.

Our historical information provided in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refers to our business as operated by and integrated with Recro. Our historical financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, prior to the Separation, is derived from the consolidated financial statements and accounting records of Recro. Accordingly, the historical financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K does not necessarily reflect the operating results, financial condition or cash flows that we would have achieved as a separate, publicly traded company during the periods presented, or the financial results we will achieve in the future. In particular, our future financial results may vary from the historical financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as a result of the following factors, among others:

Our financial condition and future results of operations, after giving effect to the Separation, are materially different from amounts reflected in our historical financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As a result of the Separation, it may be difficult for investors to compare our future results to historical results or to evaluate our relative performance or trends in our business.  

Operating as an independent company may result in disruptions to, and in our relationships with, our strategic business partners.

As we begin our operations as an independent company, the suppliers, licensors, research organizations, and other parties with which we currently do business or may do business in the future may terminate or attempt to negotiate changes in our existing business relationships, or delay entering into business relationships with us or consider entering into business relationships with parties other than us. These disruptions could have a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

In connection with the Separation, we assumed and agreed to indemnify Recro for certain liabilities. If we are required to make payments pursuant to these indemnities to Recro, we may need to divert cash to meet those obligations and our financial results could be harmed.

Pursuant to the Separation Agreement and certain other agreements we intend to enter into with Recro, we assumed and agreed to indemnify Recro for certain liabilities for uncapped amounts, which may include, among other items, associated defense costs, settlement amounts and judgments, as discussed further in Note 15 to the Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Payments pursuant to these indemnities may be significant and could harm our business. Third parties could also seek to hold us responsible for any of the liabilities of the Recro business. Recro agreed to indemnify us for liabilities of the Recro business, but such indemnity from Recro may not be sufficient to protect us against the full amount of such liabilities, and Recro may not fully satisfy its indemnification obligations. Moreover, even if we ultimately succeed in recovering from Recro any amounts for which we are held liable, we may be temporarily required to bear these losses ourselves. Each of these risks could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We have assumed Recro’s obligations in connection with its ongoing securities class action lawsuit, which, if resolved unfavorably, could expose us to significant liabilities.

On May 31, 2018, the Securities Litigation was filed against Recro and certain of its officers and directors in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (Case No. 2:18-cv-02279-MMB) and purported to state a claim for alleged violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, based on statements made by Recro concerning the NDA for IV meloxicam. The complaint seeks unspecified damages, interest, attorneys’ fees and other costs. On December 10, 2018, lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint that asserted the same claims and sought the same relief but included

54

new allegations and named additional officers as defendants. On February 8, 2019, Recro filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint in its entirety, which the lead plaintiff opposed on April 9, 2019. On May 9, 2019, Recro filed its response and briefing was completed on the motion to dismiss. In response to questions from the Judge, the parties submitted supplemental briefs with regard to the motion to dismiss the amended complaint during the fall of 2019.  There has been no decision on the motion.

In connection with the Separation, we accepted assignment by Recro of all of Recro’s obligations in connection with the Securities Litigation and agreed to indemnify Recro for all liabilities related to the Securities Litigation. We believe that the lawsuit is without merit and we intend to vigorously defend against it. The lawsuit is in the early stages and, at this time, no assessment can be made as to its likely outcome or whether the outcome will be material to us. This litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s resources and attention. In addition, any adverse determination could expose us to significant liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our agreements with Recro may not reflect terms that would have resulted from negotiations with unaffiliated third parties.

The agreements related to the Separation, including, among others, the Separation Agreement, the transition services agreement, the tax matters agreement and the employee matters agreement, were negotiated in the context of the Separation while we were still controlled by Recro. Until the Distribution occurred, Recro effectively had the sole and absolute discretion to determine and change the terms of the Separation, including the terms of any agreements between Recro and us and the establishment of the record date. As a result, any changes could be unfavorable to us and may not reflect terms that would have resulted from negotiations between unaffiliated third parties.

Certain of our directors and officers may have actual or potential conflicts of interest because of their former or current positions with Recro.

Certain of our directors and officers may own shares of Recro common stock or other equity awards as a result of their prior or concurrent service as directors or officers of Recro. For certain of these individuals, their holdings of Recro common stock or equity awards may be significant compared to their total assets. In addition, our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer currently hold the same positions at Recro. This may at times adversely affect their ability to devote time, attention, and effort to us. The ownership of any Recro equity or equity awards, and our executive officers’ positions at Recro, creates, or may create the appearance of, conflicts of interest when these directors or officers are faced with decisions that could have different implications for Recro than for us. These potential conflicts could arise, for example, over matters such as the desirability of changes in our business and operations, funding and capital matters, regulatory matters, matters arising with respect to the Separation Agreement and other agreements with Recro relating to the Separation or otherwise, employee retention or recruiting, or our dividend policy.

Risks Relating to Our Securities

An active trading market may not develop for our shares and the market price of these shares may fluctuate widely.

Prior to the first trading day following the Distribution, there had been no public market for our shares of common stock. Although our common stock has been approved for listing on Nasdaq, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for our shares of common stock will develop or be sustained in the future.

We cannot predict the prices at which our shares of common stock may trade. The market price of our shares of common stock may fluctuate widely, depending upon many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the following:

55

These broad market and industry factors may decrease the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. When the market price of a company’s common stock drops significantly, shareholders often institute securities class action litigation against the company. A lawsuit against us could cause us to incur substantial costs and could divert the time and attention of our management and other resources.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, which could harm our operating results, our ability to operate our business and investors’ views of us.

Our financial results previously were included within the consolidated results of Recro, and we believe that our reporting and control systems were appropriate for those of divisions of a public company. We are now directly subject to substantial reporting and other obligations under the Exchange Act. These reporting and other obligations will place significant demands on our management and administrative and operational resources, including accounting resources. We may not have sufficient time to meet these obligations by the applicable deadlines.

In addition, ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place so that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that will need to be frequently evaluated. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires public companies to conduct an annual review and evaluation of their internal controls and attestations of the effectiveness of internal controls by independent auditors (the latter requirement does not apply to smaller reporting companies-we qualify as a smaller reporting company). Our failure to maintain the effectiveness of our internal controls in accordance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements or insufficient disclosures due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

If securities or industry analysts fail to initiate or maintain coverage of our stock, publish a negative report or change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If securities or industry analysts fail to initiate coverage of our stock, the lack of exposure to the market could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. If any of the analysts who cover us or may cover us in the future publish a negative report or change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If any analyst who covers us or may

56

cover us in the future were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Our shareholders may experience dilution in the future.

In the future, our shareholders’ percentage ownership in the company may be diluted because of equity issuances for acquisitions, capital market transactions or otherwise, including equity awards that we plan to grant to our directors, officers and employees. Such awards will have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. From time to time, we expect to issue stock options or other share-based awards to employees under our employee benefits plans.

In addition, our amended and restated articles of incorporation will authorize us to issue, without the approval of our shareholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such designation, powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, including preferences over our common stock with respect to dividends and distributions, as our board of directors may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of our common stock. For example, we could grant the holders of preferred stock the right to elect some number of directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we could assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of the common stock.

We do not expect to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

We do not anticipate that we will pay any cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. Instead, we plan to retain any earnings to maintain and expand our operations. In addition, any future debt financing arrangement may contain terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any return on their investment. As a result, investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock.

Some provisions of our charter documents and Pennsylvania law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our shareholders, and may prevent attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us or increase the cost of acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our shareholders, or remove our current management. These include provisions that:

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for shareholders to replace members of our board of directors, who are responsible for appointing the members of our management. Because we are incorporated in Pennsylvania, we are governed by the provisions of the Pennsylvania Business Corporation Law of 1988, or PBCL, which may discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring us or merging with us whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our shareholders. Under Pennsylvania law, a corporation may not, in general, engage in a business combination with any holder of 20% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for five years or, among other things, the board of directors has approved the transaction. Any provision of our amended and restated articles of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws or Pennsylvania law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our shareholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

57

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation will designate the state and federal courts located within the County of Philadelphia in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our shareholders, which could discourage lawsuits against us and our directors and officers.

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, a state or federal court located within the County of Philadelphia in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees or our shareholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of PBCL, or (iv) any action asserting a claim peculiar to the relationships among or between our company and our officers, directors and shareholders. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the provisions of our amended and restated articles of incorporation described above. This choice of forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for the types of claims listed above, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.