NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDSENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Organization and Description of Business

NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary (collectively, referred to as the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel therapeutics based on our scientific understanding of key biological pathways underlying cardio-metabolic, liver, oncologic and ophthalmic diseases. The Company’s current most advanced portfolio is composed of six proprietary product candidates (aldafermin (NGM282), NGM313, NGM120, NGM217, NGM621 and NGM395) focused on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (“NASH”), diabetes, oncology, age-related macular degeneration (“AMD”) and metabolic disease.

The Company was incorporated in Delaware in December 2007 and commenced operations in 2008. Its headquarters are located at 333 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, California 94080.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and Regulation S-X for interim consolidated financial information. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 17, 2020 (the “Annual Report”). These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments that management believes are necessary for a fair presentation of the periods presented. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature and are not necessarily indicative of results expected for the full fiscal year or for any subsequent interim period.

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the consolidated accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned foreign subsidiary in Australia. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Specific accounts that require management estimates include, but are not limited to, the valuation of common stock and the associated stock-based compensation expense, contract manufacturing accruals, clinical trial accruals and revenue recognition in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 606 (“ASC 606”). Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Need for Additional Capital

Since inception, the Company has incurred net losses and negative cash flow from operations. During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company incurred net losses of $19.1 million and $8.3 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $215.3 million and does not expect to experience positive cash flows from operations in the near future. The Company had $328.5 million of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of March 31, 2020, and therefore the Company expects that its cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund its operations for a period of at least one year from the date these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are available for issuance. To fully implement the Company’s business plan and fund its operations, the Company will need to raise additional capital through the issuance of equity securities or debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements, government or other third-party funding or a combination of these.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, receivables from collaborations, the related party receivables from collaboration and other current assets and liabilities approximate their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. Fair value accounting is applied to the convertible preferred stock warrant liabilities that are recorded at their estimated fair value in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are stated at fair value. Cash equivalents are securities with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase. The Company limits its credit risk associated with cash and cash equivalents by placing its investments with a bank it believes is highly creditworthy and with highly rated money market funds. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, cash and cash equivalents consisted of bank deposits and investments in money market funds.

Marketable Securities

The appropriate classification of the Company’s marketable securities is determined at the time of purchase and such designations are re-evaluated at each balance sheet date. All of the Company’s securities are considered as available-for-sale and carried at estimated fair values and reported in cash equivalents, short-term marketable securities or long-term marketable securities. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are excluded from net loss and reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Other income (expense), net, includes interest, amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of purchase discounts, realized gains and losses on sales of securities and other-than-temporary declines in the fair value of securities, if any. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.

The Company’s investments are regularly reviewed for other-than-temporary declines in fair value. This review includes the consideration of the cause of the impairment, including the creditworthiness of the security issuers, the number of securities in an unrealized loss position, the severity and duration of the unrealized losses, whether the Company has the intent to sell the securities and whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the securities before the recovery of their amortized cost basis. When the Company determines that the decline in fair value of an investment is below its carrying value and this decline is other-than-temporary, the Company reduces the carrying value of the security it holds and records a loss for the amount of such decline. As of March 31, 2020, the Company did not record any impairment related to other-than-temporary declines in the fair value of securities.

Restricted Cash

The Company’s restricted cash represents collateral in connection with the lease on the Company’s headquarters entered into in 2015 and is classified as a non-current asset on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as the collateral will not be returned to the Company in less than 12 months (Note 6).

Concentration of Credit and Other Risks

Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities from the Company’s available-for-sale and marketable security portfolio potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk. The Company is invested in money market funds and marketable securities through custodial relationships with major U.S. and Australian banks. Under its investment policy, the Company limits amounts invested in such securities by credit rating, maturity, industry group, investment type and issuer, except for securities issued by the U.S. government.

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Related party receivables from collaborations (Note 5) are typically unsecured. Accordingly, the Company may be exposed to credit risk generally associated with its current Collaboration Agreement with Merck (“Collaboration Agreement”) and any future collaboration agreements with other collaboration partners. To date, the Company has not experienced any losses related to these receivables.

Merck accounted for 100% of the Company’s revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment is recorded at cost and consists of computer equipment, laboratory equipment and office furniture and leasehold improvements. Maintenance and repairs, and training on the use of equipment, are expensed as incurred. Costs that improve assets or extend their economic lives are capitalized. Depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method based on an estimated useful life of the asset, which is as follows:

Leases

The Company’s lease agreements for its laboratory and office facilities are classified as operating leases. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Incentives granted under the Company’s facilities leases, including allowances to fund leasehold improvements and rent holidays, are capitalized and are recognized as reductions to rental expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, no revision to the remaining useful lives or write-down of long-lived assets was required.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and the operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the balance sheet date using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period such tax rate changes are enacted.

Revenue Recognition

The Company adopted Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), and subsequent amendments, on January 1, 2019. ASC 606 requires an entity to recognize revenue upon the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company applies the following five-step revenue recognition model outlined in ASC 606 to adhere to this core principle: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

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All of the Company’s revenue to date has been generated from its collaboration agreements, primarily with Merck. The terms of these agreements generally require the Company to provide (i) license options for its compounds, (ii) research and development services and (iii) non-mandatory services in connection with participation in research or steering committees. Payments received under these arrangements may include non-refundable upfront license fees, partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs, contingent consideration payments based on the achievement of defined collaboration objectives and royalties on sales of commercialized products. In some agreements, the collaboration partner is solely responsible for meeting defined objectives that trigger contingent or royalty payments. Often the partner only pursues such objectives subsequent to exercising an optional license on compounds identified as a result of the research and development services performed under the collaboration agreement.

The Company assesses whether the promises in its arrangements, including any options provided to the customer, are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately. Judgment is required to determine whether the license to a compound is distinct from research and development services or participation in research or steering committees, as well as whether options create material rights in the contract.

The transaction price in each arrangement is generally comprised of a non-refundable upfront fee and unconstrained variable consideration related to the performance of research and development services. The Company typically submits a budget for the research and development services to the customer in advance of performing the services. The transaction price is allocated to the identified performance obligations based on the standalone selling prices (“SSP”) of each distinct performance obligation. Judgment is required to determine SSP. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when a license or service is not sold separately, SSP is determined using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs. The Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of its performance obligations to determine whether they are satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress toward completion. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

The Company’s collaboration agreements may include contingent payments related to specified development and regulatory milestones or contingent payments for royalties based on sales of a commercialized product. Milestones can be achieved for such activities in connection with progress in clinical trials, regulatory filings in various geographical markets and marketing approvals from regulatory authorities. Sales-based royalties are generally related to the volume of annual sales of a commercialized product. At the inception of each agreement that includes such payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being achieved and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price by using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the Company’s or its customer’s control, such as those related to regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation based on a relative SSP basis. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of each such milestone and any related constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Pursuant to the guidance in ASC 606, sales-based royalties are not included in the transaction price. Instead, royalties are recognized at the later of when the performance obligation is satisfied or partially satisfied, or when the sale that gives rise to the royalty occurs.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses primarily include salaries and benefits for medical, clinical, quality, preclinical, manufacturing and research personnel, costs related to research activities, preclinical studies, clinical trials, drug manufacturing expenses and allocated overhead and facility occupancy costs. The Company accounts for non-refundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the goods have been received or when the service has been performed rather than when the payment is made.

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Clinical trial costs are a component of research and development expenses. The Company expenses costs for its clinical trial activities performed by third parties, including clinical research organizations (“CROs”) and other service providers, as they are incurred, based upon estimates of the work completed over the life of the individual study in accordance with associated agreements. The Company uses information it receives from internal personnel and outside service providers to estimate the clinical trial costs incurred.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company’s stock-based compensation programs include stock options and shares that will be issued under the Company’s 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). Stock-based compensation to employees is valued on the grant date of each award using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, and its estimated fair value is recognized over the period during which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which is generally the vesting period of each award. Stock-based compensation expense for non-employee stock-based awards is also measured based on the fair value on grant date with its estimated fair value recorded over the period for which the non-employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award. As non-cash stock-based compensation expense is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it is reduced by an estimate for future forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures materially differ from estimates.

Foreign Currency Transactions

The functional currency of NGM Biopharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary, is the U.S. Dollar. Accordingly, all monetary assets and liabilities of the subsidiary are remeasured into U.S. Dollars at the current period-end exchange rates and non-monetary assets are remeasured using historical exchange rates. Income and expense elements are remeasured to U.S. Dollars using the average exchange rates in effect during the period. Remeasurement gains and losses are recorded as other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company is subject to foreign currency risk with respect to its clinical and manufacturing contracts denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, primarily British Pounds, Swiss Francs, Australian Dollars and the Euro. Payments on contracts denominated in foreign currencies are made at the spot rate on the day of payment. Changes in the exchange rate between billing dates and payment dates are recorded within other income (expense), net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss is comprised of net loss and certain changes in equity that are excluded from net loss. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the difference between comprehensive loss and net loss consisted of changes in net unrealized loss on marketable securities of $0.1 million and changes in net unrealized gain on marketable securities of $0.2 million, respectively.

Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period, less shares subject to repurchase and excludes any dilutive effects of stock-based awards and warrants. Diluted net loss per share is computed giving effect to all potentially dilutive shares, including common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options, and unvested restricted common stock and stock units. As the Company had net losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, all potential common shares were determined to be anti-dilutive.

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The following table sets forth the computation of net loss per common share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

Potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows:

Segment and Geographical Information

The Company operates in one business segment. Substantially all of the Company’s long-lived assets, comprised of property and equipment, are based in the United States. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s revenues were entirely within the United States based upon the location of the customers.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

New accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements upon adoption. Under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (the “JOBS Act”), the Company meets the definition of an emerging growth company, and has elected the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards pursuant to Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement as part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project. This ASU modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement by removing the requirement to disclose amounts of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy for timing of transfers between levels and the valuation process for Level 3 fair value measurements. This ASU also modifies existing disclosure requirements by clarifying that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date, and it adds required disclosures for the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period, and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The Company adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2020, noting no material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which increases lease transparency and comparability among organizations. Under the new standard, lessees will be required to recognize right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities arising from lease arrangements on the consolidated balance sheets, with the exception of leases with a term of 12 months or less, which permits a lessee to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize the ROU assets and lease liabilities. In March 2018, the FASB approved an alternative transition method to the modified retrospective approach, which eliminates the requirement to restate prior period condensed consolidated financial statements and allows the cumulative effect of the retrospective allocation to be recorded as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at the date of adoption. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10, which defers the effective date for certain ASUs including ASU 2016-02. The new guidance is now effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021.

The Company plans to adopt the new lease standard using the optional transition method, which allows the Company to recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit at the date of adoption and apply the new disclosure requirements beginning in the period of adoption. The Company also plans to elect the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which, among other things, allows the Company to carryforward the historical lease classification and make an accounting policy election whereby ROU assets and lease liabilities associated with lease arrangements with terms less than one year will not be recognized. We will continue to evaluate the effect that this guidance will have on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The new standard amends guidance on reporting credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost basis, including accounts receivable, investments classified as available for sale, such as our debt securities, and unbilled related party revenue. Estimated credit losses will be recorded as an allowance rather than a write-down. This standard is effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2022. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company is currently assessing the timing of adoption and the impact that the adoption of ASU 2016-13 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (ASC 808): Clarifying the Interaction between ASC 808 and ASC 606, which clarifies that certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for as revenue under ASC 606 when the collaborative arrangement participant is a customer in the context of a unit of account. In those situations, all the guidance in ASC 606 should be applied, including recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure requirements. This ASU adds unit-of-account guidance in ASC 808 to align with the guidance in ASC 606 (that is, a distinct good or service) when an entity is assessing whether the collaborative arrangement or a part of the arrangement is within the scope of ASC 606, and requires that in a transaction with a collaborative arrangement participant that is not directly related to sales to third parties, presenting the transaction together with revenue recognized under ASC 606 is precluded if the collaborative arrangement participant is not a customer. This ASU will be effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this ASU on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The new guidance modifies ASC 740 to simplify several aspects of accounting for income taxes, including eliminating certain exceptions to the guidance in ASC 740 related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation. This ASU will be effective for the Company for fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2022, and is required to be adopted prospectively, with the exception of certain specific amendments. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this ASU on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

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3. Fair Value Measurements

Financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value. The carrying amount of certain financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, receivable from collaboration, related party receivable from collaboration and other current assets and liabilities approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair values. Fair value accounting is applied to the convertible preferred stock warrant liabilities that are recorded at their estimated fair value in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

The FASB has defined fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability, or an exit price, in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date, and established a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The FASB set forth three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability.

To date, the Company has not recorded any impairment charges on marketable securities other than temporary declines in market value. In determining whether a decline is other than temporary, the Company considers various factors including the length of time and extent to which the market value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and the Company’s intent and ability to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value.

The Company estimates the fair values of investments in corporate agency bond securities, commercial paper and government agencies securities using level 2 inputs, by taking into consideration valuations obtained from third-party pricing services. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of and broker/dealer quotes on the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads, benchmark securities, prepayment/default projections based on historical data and other observable inputs.

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Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities, all of which are classified as available-for-sale securities consisted of the following (in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents in the table above excludes cash on deposit with banks of $17.9 million and $0.6 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company’s marketable securities had remaining contractual maturities less than one year. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were four marketable securities in an unrealized loss position, all of which have been in an unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. The Company does not intend to sell the marketable securities that are currently in an unrealized loss position and it is highly unlikely that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be maturity.

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There were no transfers of assets or liabilities between the fair value measurement levels during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and year ended December 31, 2019.

4. Balance Sheet Components

Depreciation expense was approximately $1.7 million and $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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5. Research Collaboration and License Agreements

Merck

In February 2015, the Company entered into the Collaboration Agreement with Merck, covering the discovery, development and commercialization of novel therapies across a range of therapeutic areas. Pursuant to this agreement, the Company received an upfront payment of $94.0 million in April 2015. Concurrent with entry into the Collaboration Agreement, the parties entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement in which Merck agreed to purchase 8,833,333 shares of Series E convertible preferred stock at a price of $12.00 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $106.0 million. The Company considered the ASC 606 criteria for combining contracts and determined that the Collaboration Agreement and Stock Purchase Agreement should be combined into a single contract. The Company accounted for the overall agreement based on the fair values of the assets and services exchanged, resulting in $106.0 million allocated to the equity component and $94.0 million allocated to the revenue components.

The Collaboration Agreement became effective in March 2015 and has a non-cancellable five-year term running through March 16, 2020. The agreement included an exclusive worldwide license to our growth differentiation factor 15 (“GDF15”) receptor agonist program. In March 2019, Merck exercised its option to extend the research phase of the collaboration through March 16, 2022. Merck terminated its license to the GDF15 receptor agonist program in May 2019. The collaboration also includes a broad, multiyear drug discovery and early development program financially supported by Merck but scientifically directed by the Company with input from Merck. The Company determines the scientific direction and areas of therapeutic interest, with input from Merck, and is primarily responsible for the conduct of all research, preclinical and early clinical development activities, through human proof of concept. The Company makes the final determinations as to which compounds to advance into and through initial clinical trials, which to progress into human proof-of-concept studies and the design of any such studies, with input from Merck through various governance committees. The Company may terminate its participation in any of the governance committees by providing written notice to Merck of its intention to disband and no longer participate. Merck will fund both the internal and external costs of the Company’s research and early development activities up to $75.0 million each year of the initial five-year term and during the extended two-year research period.

Upon completion of a human proof-of-concept study for a particular compound, regardless of the results of such study, Merck has the one-time option, at a cost of $20.0 million, to obtain an exclusive, worldwide license, on specified terms, to that compound, as well as to other molecules that are directed against the same target in the same manner. If Merck exercises its option, Merck will be responsible, at its own cost, for any further development and commercialization activities for compounds within that licensed program. Upon such exercise by Merck, the Company in turn has the right, at the start of the first Phase 3 clinical study for that compound, to elect to participate in a worldwide cost and profit share with Merck, as well as the option to co-detail the compound in the United States, or the Company can elect instead to receive milestones and royalties from Merck based on Merck’s further development and commercialization of the compound. If the Company elects to participate in the cost and profit share, subject to certain limitations, Merck will provide the Company with financial assistance in the form of interest bearing advances of the Company’s share of the overall development costs, which Merck will recoup from the Company’s share of any profit ultimately resulting from sales of the compound and other compounds that reach commercialization. If the Company does not opt in to the cost and profit sharing option, then the Company is eligible to receive development and regulatory milestone payments upon the achievement of

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specific clinical development or regulatory events with respect to the licensed compound indications in the United States, European Union (“EU”) and Japan of up to an aggregate of $449.0 million. The Company may also receive commercial milestone payments up to $125.0 million and royalty payments of varying percentages based on the achievement of certain levels of net sales.

Under the Collaboration Agreement, the Company also granted Merck a worldwide, exclusive right to conduct research and development on small molecule compounds generated by Merck that have specified activity against any target that the Company is researching or developing under the research phase and about which the Company has generated unique biological insights. If Merck ultimately does not exercise its license option to the compound the Company has taken through a human proof-of-concept study that is directed to any such target, Merck’s research license for its own small molecule program will become non-exclusive, but it will retain an exclusive license to any small molecule compounds that it has, as of that time, identified and developed. Merck has sole responsibility for the research and development of any of these small molecule compounds, at its own cost. The Company is eligible to receive milestone and royalty payments on small molecule compounds that are developed by Merck under the Company’s license, in some cases at the same rates as those the Company is eligible to receive from Merck for a licensed program originating from the Company’s own research and development efforts, provided that, but for use of the Company’s proprietary information, Merck would not have discovered such small molecule compounds. However, the Company will not have the option to cost and profit share or the option to co-detail those small molecule products.

The research and early development program had an initial term of five years, until March 16, 2020. In March 2019, Merck exercised its option to extend the research phase of the collaboration through March 16, 2022. In connection with this extension, Merck agreed to continue to fund the Company’s research and development efforts during the two-year extension period at the same levels as during the initial term and, in lieu of a $20.0 million extension fee that would have otherwise been payable to the Company, Merck will make additional payments totaling up to $20.0 million in support of the Company’s research and development program activities across 2021 and the first quarter of 2022. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck is required to pay a $20.0 million extension fee if it elects to exercise its second option to extend the research phase of the collaboration through March 16, 2024.

At the end of the research phase, Merck has the right to either require the Company to continue to conduct research and development activities with respect to certain of the then-existing programs for up to three years, which we call the tail period, by agreeing to pay all its internal and external costs for related work, or to take over such selected programs and conduct such research and development activities itself, at its own cost.

The Company evaluated the Collaboration Agreement with Merck under ASC 606. The Company identified the following promised goods or services at the inception of the Collaboration Arrangement: (i) license to GDF15 receptor agonist program; (ii) license to pursue research and development and commercialization of small molecule compounds; (iii) performance of research and development services for five years; (iv) two options to extend performance of the research and development services, each for two additional years; and (v) options to obtain licenses to additional compounds after proof of concept trials. The Company determined the GDF15 receptor agonist program license and small molecule program license are not distinct from the research and development services, resulting in these items being combined into a single performance obligation.

The Company considered whether the options created material rights in the contract and concluded that the fee attached to the exercise of such options approximated the SSP of the promised goods or services included in the options. Therefore, the options do not give rise to material rights, are not performance obligations in the Collaboration Agreement and, if and when exercised, will be accounted for as separate arrangements under ASC 606.

The transaction price consists of the $94.0 million upfront fee and the potential funding amounts of up to $75.0 million per year for each of the first five years of the Collaboration Agreement. No milestones or other forms of consideration are included in the transaction price as those amounts are contingent upon Merck exercising an option for licenses on additional compounds and would, therefore, be pursuant to separate arrangements and are not part of the Collaboration Agreement estimated transaction price.

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Additionally, if a separate arrangement is created by the exercise of an option, such amounts would then be contingent on events outside of either party’s control, such as products proving to be commercially viable and governmental agencies granting regulatory approval. Such contingencies and uncertainties result in the amounts being constrained and withheld from inclusion in the estimated transaction price of a separate arrangement. Consequently, the estimated transaction price related to the Collaboration Agreement is comprised of the up-front payment and the ongoing research and development reimbursements.

Any fees associated with options, including upfront fees, funding fees, milestones, etc., are not included in the transaction price as they are associated with options that are not material rights and, thus, are not performance obligations within the Collaboration Agreement. This includes the $20.0 million license fee associated with Merck’s exercise of its option on NGM313. That amount was recognized in the period of exercise (i.e., fourth quarter of 2018) as the Company has no further obligations related to that license. Merck exercised its option on the NGM313 compound and paid the Company the $20.0 million option exercise fee in November 2018. The Phase 3 clinical study for NGM313 has not begun, and the Company has not made an election as to whether it will participate in the cost and profit share or receive milestone and royalty payments. The amounts do not impact the estimated transaction price associated with the single performance obligation identified in the Collaboration Agreement.

As there is only one performance obligation in the Collaboration Agreement, the transaction price was allocated entirely to that performance obligation. The Company uses a cost-based input method to measure proportional performance and calculate the corresponding amount of revenue to recognize. The Company believes this is the best measure of progress given that other measures do not reflect how the Company transfers its performance obligation to Merck. In applying the cost-based input measure of revenue recognition, the Company measures actual costs incurred relative to budgeted costs to fulfill the combined performance obligation. These costs consist of full-time equivalent hours plus allowable external (third-party) costs incurred. Revenue is recognized based on actual costs incurred as a percentage of total budgeted costs as the Company completes its performance obligation. The Company re-evaluates the estimate of expected costs to satisfy the performance obligation each reporting period and makes adjustments for any significant changes.

In May 2019, Merck terminated its license to the GDF15 receptor agonist program. The research and development services within the Collaboration Agreement are not affected by the GDF15 receptor agonist program license termination and are expected to continue through the remainder of the research program term.

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, deferred revenue related to the single performance obligation in the Collaboration Agreement was zero and $4.9 million, respectively. The remaining balance of $4.9 million in deferred revenue at the end of the prior reporting period was fully earned and recognized as of March 16, 2020. The Company has recognized revenue of approximately $388.1 million related to the single performance obligation in the Collaboration Agreement.

In connection with the Series E convertible preferred stock purchase agreement, the Company and Merck entered into an agreement whereby Merck agreed to purchase 4,121,683 shares of our common stock in a separate private placement concurrent with the completion of the Company’s IPO at a price per share equal to the public offering price of $16.00, resulting in Merck owning approximately 19.9% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock following the completion of the IPO.

The Company is also eligible to receive additional payments specific to Merck opting into a licensed program. Each licensed program is eligible to receive a one-time payment of $20.0 million upon Merck’s exercise of its one-time option to obtain an exclusive, worldwide license to a compound following its completion of a human proof-of-concept study. In addition, if the Company does not opt into the cost and profit sharing option, then the Company is eligible to receive an aggregate of $449.0 million in milestone payments, of which $77.7 million relates to the potential achievement of specific clinical development events and $371.3 million relates to the potential achievement of certain regulatory events with respect to the licensed compounds for the first three indications in the United States, EU and Japan.

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A breakout of the milestone payments in connection with the potential achievement of certain clinical development events is as follows (in thousands):

A breakout of the milestone payments in connection with the potential achievement of certain regulatory events for each of the three indications, for each of the three geographic areas, is as follows (in thousands):

Summary of Related Party Revenue

The Company recognized revenue from its collaboration and license agreements as follows (in thousands):

For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and March 31 2019, the Company recognized collaboration and license revenue under the Collaboration Agreement of $24.4 million and $25.6 million, respectively, of which $4.9 million and $5.7 million, respectively, were recognized from the upfront license fee by applying the cost-based input measure of revenue recognition in accordance with ASC 606 and the remaining balance related to research and development activities reimbursed by Merck provided under the Collaboration Agreement.

The Company is also eligible to receive commercial milestone payments of up to $125.0 million payable for each licensed product. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive royalties at ascending low-double digit to mid-teen percentage rates, depending on the level of net sales Merck achieves worldwide for each licensed compound.

There were no contract assets for all the periods presented.

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6. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Lease and Lease Guarantee

In September 2009, the Company entered into an operating lease for a corporate office space and laboratory facility at 630 Gateway Blvd, in South San Francisco, California (“630 Gateway”) for approximately 50,000 square feet, as amended in June 2014 (“2014 Lease Amendment”), which expires in November 2020. The 2014 Lease Amendment provided for tenant improvement allowances of $0.8 million. The 2014 Lease Amendment contains scheduled rent increases over the lease term and has an option for the Company to extend the lease for an additional three-year term.

In December 2015, the Company entered into a new operating lease for its corporate office space and laboratory facility at 333 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California (“333 Oyster Point”) for approximately 122,000 square feet that expires in December 2023. The lease provided a tenant improvement allowance of $15.2 million that the Company used in 2016 towards $22.3 million in total leasehold improvements that are amortized over the lease term of seven years.

The 333 Oyster Point lease agreement requires a letter of credit in the amount of $2.3 million as a security deposit to the lease, which the Company has recorded as long-term restricted cash on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company has the right to reduce the letter of credit amount by $0.4 million on each of the 3rd anniversary and 4th anniversary of the rent commencement date. In September 2019, the Company reduced its letter of credit by $0.4 million and reclassified from restricted cash to cash and cash equivalents on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In July 2016, the Company assigned its operating lease of 630 Gateway to Merck, a related party, as part of the Company’s relocation to 333 Oyster Point. As part of the assignment of the lease, the Company is liable to the lessor if Merck defaults on its lease obligations. Therefore, in substance, the Company has guaranteed the lease payments for 630 Gateway, including lease-related expenses such as utilities, property tax, and common area maintenance without any limitations. The Company assessed the need for a potential guarantee liability on the assigned lease, and concluded that the value of the guarantee was insignificant as of March 31, 2020 because of the short duration of the remaining lease term through November 2020, and Merck’s credit rating of AA/A1 and subsequent investment in tenant improvements to the facility. As of March 31, 2020 and 2019, the remaining lease payment obligations that are due for 630 Gateway were approximately $1.5 million and $3.5 million, respectively, which are to be paid directly from Merck to the lessor.

The Company recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease period with the difference recorded as deferred rent. In addition, tenant improvement allowances recorded are amortized as a reduction to rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Rent expense under these facility operating leases was approximately $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Future minimum payments under the unassigned lease obligations described above are as follows as of March 31, 2020 (in thousands):

Indemnification

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and may provide for indemnification of the counterparty. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against it in the future, but have not yet been made.

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In accordance with the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation and its amended and restated bylaws, the Company has indemnification obligations to its officers and directors, subject to some limits, with respect to their service in such capacities. The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and certain of its officers. To date, the Company has not been subject to any claims, and it maintains director and officer insurance that may enable it to recover a portion of any amounts paid for future potential claims.

The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against it in the future, but have not yet been made. The Company believes that the fair value of these indemnification obligations is minimal and, accordingly, it has not recognized any liabilities relating to these obligations for any period presented.

7. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company has 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized, which may be issued at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors. The board of directors may issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the number, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions. These rights, preferences and privileges could include dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences and sinking fund terms. As of March 31, 2020, the Company did not have any shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding.

Common Stock

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had 67,936,438 and 66,960,279 shares of common stock outstanding, respectively, which includes shares subject to repurchase of 53,437 and 74,454, respectively, as a result of early exercise of stock options not yet vested. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company reserved shares of common stock for issuance as follows:

Stock Option Plan

In 2018, the Company adopted the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) for eligible employees, officers, directors, advisors and consultants, which provides for the grant of incentive and non-statutory stock options, restricted stock awards and stock appreciation rights. The terms of the stock option agreements, including vesting requirements, are determined by the board of directors, subject to the provisions of the 2018 Plan. Options granted by the Company generally vest within four years and are exercisable from the grant date until ten years after the date of grant. Vesting of certain employee options may be accelerated in the event of a change in control of the Company. The Company’s 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2008 Plan”) expired at the beginning of 2018.

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The aggregate intrinsic values of options outstanding, exercisable, vested and expected to vest were calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the options and the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock.

The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 was $9.73 and $7.72 per share, respectively. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $12.8 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Due to the Company’s net operating losses, the Company did not realize any tax benefits from stock-based payment arrangements for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

Employee Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Employee and director stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, was calculated based on awards ultimately expected to vest and has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based payment awards previously granted to employees and directors for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, which was allocated as follows (in thousands):

Non-employee Stock-Based Compensation Expense and Grants

The Company grants stock options to non-employees in exchange for services performed for the Company. The Company did not grant stock options to non-employees during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and granted 25,000 options to non-employees during the three months ended March 31, 2019. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based payment awards to non-employees for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 was $28,000 and $32,000, respectively.

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8. Income Taxes

Since inception, the Company has incurred net losses and expects to record a net loss for the year ended December 31, 2020. Additionally, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. Therefore, the Company has not recorded a tax provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was enacted. Under U.S. GAAP, the Company is required to recognize the tax effects of new legislation in the reporting period in which the legislation was enacted. The CARES Act included changes to current U.S. tax provisions that benefit business entities and modified certain tax provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Tax Act”). The tax relief measures included a five-year net operating loss carryback, suspension of the annual deduction limitation of 80% of taxable income from net operating losses generated in a tax year beginning after December 31, 2017, changes in the deductibility of interest, acceleration of alternative minimum tax credit refunds, payroll tax relief and a technical correction to allow accelerated deductions for qualified improvement properties. The CARES Act also provided other non-tax benefits to assist business entities impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The Company has evaluated the CARES Act and concluded that it did not result in any material adjustments to the Company’s income tax provision or net deferred tax assets for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

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