ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. Selected Financial Data

The following selected consolidated statement of operations data for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of March 31, 2019 and 2020, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected consolidated statement of operations data for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2016 and 2017 and selected consolidated balance sheet data as of March 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements of the respective periods not included in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historical results do not necessarily indicate our results expected for any future period.

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The following information should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this annual report.

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The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated statement of financial position as of March 31, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020:

Notes:

Note: There may be differences due to rounding

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable

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D. Risk Factors

If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our equity shares could decline, and you may lose part or all of your investment. This annual report also contains forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including the risks described below and elsewhere in this annual report

Risks to our Business related to the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic’s adverse impacts on our business, financial position, results of operations, and prospects could be significant.

The COVID-19 pandemic is creating extensive disruptions to the global economy and to the lives of individuals throughout the world. Governments, businesses, and the public are taking unprecedented actions to contain the spread of COVID-19 and to mitigate its effects, including quarantines, travel bans, shelter-in-place orders, closures of businesses and schools, fiscal stimulus, and other regulatory changes. A number of governments and organizations have revised Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”) growth forecasts for 2020 downward in response to the economic slowdown caused by the spread of COVID-19, and it is possible that the COVID-19 outbreak will cause a prolonged global economic crisis or recession. While the scope, duration and full effects of COVID-19 are rapidly evolving and not fully known, the pandemic and related efforts to contain it have disrupted global economic activity, adversely affected the functioning of financial markets, impacted interest rates, increased economic and market uncertainty, and disrupted trade and supply chains. If these effects continue for a prolonged period or result in sustained economic stress or recession, many of the risk factors identified in our Form 20-F could be exacerbated and such effects could have a material adverse impact on us in a number of ways related to liquidity, operations, customer demand, interest rate risk, and human capital, as described in more detail below.

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Moreover, we rely on many suppliers and contractors in our business operations, many of which have issued or may issue in future, force majeure notices requesting an extension of time for their performance resulting in our disruption of supply chain. To mitigate our risk of delay penalties on our customer contracts due the force majeure notice from our suppliers, we have already issued force majeure notices to our off takers including SECI, PGCIL and APDC. We also rely on local and federal government agencies, offices, and other third parties in obtaining permits, conducting construction of our projects and transporting our solar products. In light of the developing measures responding to the pandemic, many of these entities may limit the availability and access of their services. For example, we rely on frequent facility upkeep and improvement through operation and maintenance (“O&M”) activities to maintain an efficient operation of our facilities. The COVID-19 pandemic could potentially limit our O&M activities due to the labor shortage and limited availability of third-party service providers, resulting in an adverse impact of our revenues which may not be covered through insurance, as the COVID-19 related risks are not covered under our existing insurance policies. If the suppliers and the third-party service providers continue to have limited capacities for a prolonged period or if additional limitations or potential disruptions in these services materialize, it may negatively affect our operations. Further, we may have disputes with suppliers, contractors or customers that could lead to litigation or arbitration due to contractual force majeure notices.

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Because there have been no comparable recent global pandemics that resulted in a similar global impact, we do not yet know the full extent of COVID-19’s effects on our business, operations, or the global economy as a whole. The extent to which the COVID-19 outbreak impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, including the timeliness and effectiveness of actions taken or not taken to contain and mitigate the effects of COVID-19 both in India and internationally by governments, central banks, healthcare providers, health system participants, other businesses and individuals, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. The uncertain future development of this crisis could materially and adversely affect our business, operations, operating results, financial condition, liquidity or capital levels.

Risks Related to our Business and Our Industry

Our long-term growth depends in part on the Indian government’s continued commitment to solar and renewable energy.

The Indian government has a 2022 target for solar capacity of 100 GWs under the NSM. However, actual capacity additions historically were lower than the Indian government’s announced targeted capacity additions. (Source: https://pib.gov.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=28). As per MNRE, the installed capacity as of March 31, 2020 is approximately 87% of the target renewable energy capacity. This includes approximately 35 GW of solar capacity. As per the three-year action agenda for the period 2017 to 2020, a target of 100 GW of renewable energy has been set at March 31, 2020 with the objective of achieving 175 GW renewable energy capacity by 2022. Any failure to meet the Indian government’s targeted solar capacity may result in a slowdown in our growth opportunities and adversely affect our ability to achieve our long-term business objectives, targets and goals. The government may come up with more tenders such as hybrid or manufacturing wherein we may venture into domains which are not core to our business or business strategy.  

The reduction, modification or elimination of central and state government incentives may reduce the economic benefits of our existing solar projects and our opportunities to develop or acquire suitable new solar projects.

The development and profitability of renewable energy projects in the locations in which we operate are dependent on policy and regulatory frameworks that support such developments. Further, the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961 as amended, provides for certain tax benefits, including 100% tax deductions of the profits derived from generation of power for any 10 consecutive years, out of the first 15 years, beginning from the year in which project is completed. However, the exemption was only available to the projects completed on or before March 31, 2017. In addition, certain state policies also provide economic incentives like single window clearance system and setting up of solar parks. In addition, the Government has reduced corporate taxes for certain companies to 25%, and for newly incorporated manufacturing companies incorporated after October 1, 2019, the rate has been reduced to 15%. Further, there is also a reduction in the Minimum Alternate Tax (“MAT”). However, income tax rules are subject to change and such benefits may not be available in the future.

The availability and size of such incentives depend, to a large extent, on political and policy developments relating to environmental concerns in India and are typically available only for a specified time. Generally, the amount of government incentives for solar projects has been decreasing as the cost of producing energy has approached grid parity. None of the projects we have won in the last two fiscal years have received direct incentives or subsidies.

Changes in central and state policies could lead to a significant reduction in or a discontinuation of the support for renewable energies. Reductions in economic incentives that apply to future solar projects could diminish the availability of our opportunities to continue to develop or acquire suitable newly developed solar projects. Such reductions may also apply retroactively to existing solar projects, which could significantly reduce the economic benefits we receive from our existing solar projects. Moreover, some of the solar program incentives expire or decline over time, are limited in total funding, require renewal from regulatory authorities or require us to meet certain investment or performance criteria. In addition, although various SERCs have specified Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPOs) for their distribution companies, the implementation of RPO schemes has not been uniform across Indian states.  

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Additionally, we may not continue to qualify for such incentives. We may choose to implement other solar power projects that are outside the scope of such incentives. Further, increased emphasis on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the possibility of trading carbon dioxide emission quotas has led to extra duties being levied on sources of energy, primarily fossil fuels, which cause carbon dioxide pollution. The imposition of these duties has indirectly supported the expansion of power generated from renewable energy and, in turn, solar projects in general. If such direct and indirect government support for renewable energy were terminated or reduced, it would make producing electricity from solar projects less competitive and may reduce demand for new solar projects.

A significant reduction in the scope or discontinuation of government incentive programs in our markets could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

Our operations are subject to governmental, health, safety and environmental regulations, which require us to obtain and comply with the terms of various approvals, licenses and permits. Any failure to obtain, renew or comply with the terms of such approvals, licenses and permits in a timely manner or at all may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

The power generation business in India is subject to a broad range of environmental, health, safety and other laws and regulations. These laws and regulations require us to obtain and maintain a number of approvals, licenses, registrations and permits for developing and operating power projects. Additionally, we may need to apply for more approvals in the future, including renewal of approvals that may expire from time to time. For example, we require various approvals during construction of our solar projects and prior to the commissioning certificate is issued, including capacity allocation and capacity transfer approvals, approvals from the local pollution control boards, evacuation and grid connectivity approvals and approval from the chief electrical inspector for installation and energization of electrical installations at the solar project sites. In addition, we are required to comply with state-specific requirements. Certain approvals may not be obtained in a timely manner, as a global crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to limited operations or no operations at Government offices, resulting in delays in obtaining approvals. Certain approvals may also be granted on a provisional basis or for a limited duration and require renewal. If the conditions specified therein are not satisfied at a later date, we may not be able to evacuate power from these projects.

In addition, we could be affected by the adoption or implementation of new safety, health and environmental laws and regulations, new interpretations of existing laws, increased governmental enforcement of environmental laws or other similar developments in the future. For instance, we currently fall under an exemption granted to solar photovoltaic projects that exempts us from complying with the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006, issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. While we are not required to obtain consents under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008, certain procedural requirements, such as informing the Pollution Control Board, exists. However, there can be no assurance that we will not be subject to any such consent requirements in the future, and that we will be able to obtain and maintain such consents or clearances in a timely manner, or at all, or that we will not become subject to any regulatory action on account of not having obtained or renewed such clearances in any past periods. Furthermore, our government approvals and licenses are subject to numerous conditions, some of which are onerous and require us to make substantial expenditure. We may incur substantial costs, including clean up or remediation costs, fines and civil or criminal sanctions, and third-party property damage or personal injury claims, as a result of any violations of or liabilities under environmental or health and safety laws or noncompliance with permits and approvals, which, as a result, may have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition. In addition, during a global crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, we may be required to obtain special permits from Government authorities to start construction at project sites, and we may not be able to obtain such consents or clearances in a timely manner leading to an adverse impact on us.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to apply for or renew any approvals, licenses, registrations or permits in a timely manner, or at all, and that the relevant authorities will issue any of such approvals, licenses, registrations or permits in the time frames anticipated by us. Further, we cannot assure you that the approvals, licenses, registrations and permits issued to us would not be subject to suspension or revocation for non-compliance or alleged non-compliance with any terms or conditions thereof, or pursuant to any regulatory action. Any failure to apply for,

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renew and obtain the required approvals, licenses, registrations or permits, or any suspension or revocation of any of the approvals, licenses, registrations and permits that have been or may be issued to us, or any onerous conditions made applicable to us in terms of such approvals, licenses, registrations or permits may impede the successful commissioning and operations of our power projects, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.

The generation of electricity from solar sources depends on suitable meteorological conditions. If solar conditions are unfavorable, our electricity generation, and therefore revenue from our solar projects, may be below our expectations.

The electricity produced and revenues generated by our solar projects are highly dependent on suitable solar conditions and associated weather conditions and air pollution, which are beyond our control. Furthermore, components of our systems, such as solar panels and inverters, could be damaged by severe weather, such as dust-storms, tornadoes or lightning strikes. We generally will be obligated to bear the expense of repairing the damaged solar energy systems that we own, and replacement and spare parts for key components may be difficult or costly to acquire or may be unavailable. Unfavorable weather, high levels of air pollution and atmospheric conditions could impair the effectiveness of our assets or reduce their output beneath their rated capacity or require shutdown of key equipment, impeding operation of our solar assets and our ability to achieve certain performance guarantees pursuant to our PPAs, forecasted revenues and cash flows. Sustained unfavorable weather could also unexpectedly delay the installation of solar energy systems, which could result in a delay in us acquiring new projects or increase the cost of such projects. We guarantee the performance of our solar power plants and could suffer monetary consequences if our plants do not produce to our contracted levels. Generally, our plants are in remote locations, that are far from densely populated and polluted areas; however, such areas may be subject to pollution from sources for which we may not have the visibility at the time of setting up of plants.

We base our investment decisions with respect to each solar project on the findings of related solar studies conducted on-site prior to construction. However, actual climatic conditions at a project site may not conform to the findings of these studies and therefore, our facilities may not meet anticipated production levels or the rated capacity of our generation assets, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our limited operating history, especially with large-scale solar projects or managing such a large portfolio, may not serve as an adequate basis to judge our future prospects, results of operations and cash flows.

We began our business in 2008 and have a limited operating history. We established our first utility scale solar plant in India in 2009. As of March 31, 2020, we operated 43 utility scale projects and several commercial rooftop projects with a combined rated capacity of 1,808 MWs. As of March 31, 2020, we were also constructing a combined rated capacity of 707 MWs comprising utility scale projects of 90 MWs of Assam 1 and 600 MWs of Rajasthan 6 and several rooftop projects and had an additional 4,600 MWs committed, bringing our total portfolio capacity to 7,115 MWs. 2,000 MWs of Committed Capacity is a greenshoe option that has been exercised by the Company as part of an auction that was won but this capacity has yet to receive a Letter of Award. Accordingly, our relatively limited operating history, especially with large-scale projects, or managing such a large portfolio may not be an adequate basis for evaluating our business prospects and financial performance and makes it difficult to predict the future results of our operations. Period-to-period comparisons of our operating results, and our results of operations for any period should not be relied upon as an indication of our performance for any future period. In particular, our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and future success depend, to a significant extent, on our ability to continue to identify suitable sites, acquire land for solar projects, obtain required regulatory approvals, arrange financing from various sources, construct solar projects in a cost-effective and timely manner, expand our project pipeline and manage and operate solar projects that we develop. If we cannot do so, we may not be able to expand our business at a profit or at all, maintain our competitive position, satisfy our contractual obligations, or sustain growth and profitability.

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The delay between making significant upfront investments in our solar projects and receiving revenue could materially and adversely affect our liquidity, business, results of operations and cash flows.

There are generally several months between our initial bid in renewable energy auctions to build solar projects and the date on which we begin to recognize revenue from the sale of electricity generated by such solar projects. Our initial investments include, without limitation, legal, accounting and other third-party fees, costs associated with project analysis and feasibility study, payments for land rights, payments for interconnection and grid connectivity arrangements, government permits, engineering and procurement of solar panels, balance of system costs or other payments, which may be non-refundable. Our projects may not be fully monetized for 25 years given the average length of our PPAs, but we bear the costs of our initial investment upfront. Furthermore, we have historically relied on our own equity contribution, international lenders and bank loans to pay for costs and expenses incurred during project development. Solar projects typically generate revenue only after becoming commercially operational and starting to sell electricity to the power grid through offtakers. There may be long delays from the initial bid to projects becoming shovel-ready, due to the timing of auctions, obtaining permits and the grid connectivity process. Between our initial investment in the development of permits for solar projects and their connection to the transmission grid, there may be adverse developments, such as unfavorable environmental or geological conditions, pandemics, labor strikes, panel shortages or monsoon weather. Furthermore,

we may not be able to obtain all of the permits as anticipated, permits that were obtained may expire or become ineffective and we may not be able to obtain project level debt financing as anticipated. In addition, the timing gap between our upfront investments and actual generation of revenue, or any added delay due to unforeseen events, such as delays associated with COVID-19 in 2019-20 could put strains on our liquidity and resources, and materially and adversely affect our profitability, results of operations and cash flows. For a full discussion of the risks to our business associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see “Risks to our Business related to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

Solar project development is challenging, and our growth strategy may ultimately not be successful, which can have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The development and construction of solar projects involve numerous risks and uncertainties and require extensive research, planning and due diligence. As a result, we may be required to incur significant capital expenditures for land and interconnection rights, regulatory approvals, preliminary engineering, permits, and legal and other expenses before we can determine whether a solar project is economically, technologically or otherwise feasible. The projects which are now awarded may not be viable in the future.

We may expand our business significantly with a number of new projects in both new and existing jurisdictions in the future. As we adopt new projects, we expect to encounter additional challenges to our internal processes, external construction management, capital commitment process, project funding infrastructure, financing capabilities and regulatory approvals and compliance. Our existing operations, personnel, systems and internal controls may not be adequate to support our growth and expansion and may require us to make additional unanticipated investments in our infrastructure. To manage the future growth of our operations, we will be required to improve our administrative, operational and financial systems, procedures and controls, and maintain, expand, train and manage our growing employee base. We will need to hire and train project development personnel to expand and manage our project development efforts. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities, execute our business strategies successfully or respond to competitive pressures. As a result, our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.

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Success in executing our growth strategy is contingent upon, among others:

We may not be able to find suitable sites for the development of solar projects.

Solar projects require solar and geological conditions that are not available in all areas. Further, large, utility scale solar projects must be interconnected to the power grid in order to deliver electricity, which requires us to find suitable sites with capacity on the power grid available. We may encounter difficulties registering certain leasehold interest in such sites. Even when we have identified a desirable site for a solar project, our ability to obtain site control with respect to the site is subject to growing competition from other solar power producers that may have better access to local government support or financial or other resources. If we are unable to find or obtain site control for suitable sites on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to develop new solar projects on a timely basis or at all might be harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, our land leases for projects are typically for 30 to 35 years, but our PPAs are generally for a term of 25 years. If we are not able to sell the power produced by our systems after the initial PPA has expired, our liquidity and financial condition may be harmed.

We may incur unexpected cost overruns and expenses if the suppliers of components in our solar projects default in their warranty obligations or delay in the delivery of products and services for any reason including force majeure related to COVID-19

We enter into contracts with our suppliers to supply components in our solar projects. If our suppliers do not perform their obligations, we may have to enter into new contracts with other suppliers at a higher cost or may suffer schedule disruptions. In addition, our suppliers may have difficulty fulfilling our orders and incur delivery delays, or charge us higher prices, higher up-front payments and deposits, which would result in higher than expected prices or less favorable payment terms to develop our projects. Delays in the delivery of ordered components in our solar projects could delay the completion of our under-construction projects. In addition, our relationship with our suppliers may worsen or lead to disagreements or litigation which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our contracts with our suppliers and contractors all contain provisions for force majeure. Due to the impact of COVID -19 and related lockdowns in India and other parts of the world most of our suppliers have issued force majeure notices to us requesting a suitable time extension for delivery. In case the situation continues for a long period of time we may have to terminate these contracts. We also have issued force majeure notices to our off takers including SECI, PGCIL and APDC. For a full discussion of the risks to our business associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see “Risks to our Business related to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

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Furthermore, the solar panels, inverters and other system components utilized in our solar projects are generally covered by manufacturers’ warranties, which are typically for 5 to 25 years. In the event any such components fail to operate as required, we may be able to make a claim against the applicable warranty to cover all or a portion of the expense or losses associated with the faulty component. However, the warranties may not be sufficient to cover all of our expense and losses. In addition, these suppliers could cease operations and no longer honor the warranties, which would leave us to cover the expense and losses associated with the faulty component. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected if we cannot recover the expense and losses associated with the faulty component from these warranty providers.

Our construction activities may be subject to cost overruns or delays and, in particular, may incur delays due to COVID-19 and related lockdowns.

Construction of our solar projects may be adversely affected by circumstances outside of our control, including inclement weather, adverse geological and environmental conditions, failure to receive regulatory approvals on schedule or third-party delays in providing supplies and other materials. Changes in project plans or designs, or defective or late execution may increase our costs from our initial estimates and cause delays. Increases in the prices of our materials may increase procurement costs. In particular, we have not yet placed orders for all equipment required to construct and operate all of our power projects that are presently committed and under construction. There can be no assurance that the prices of the equipment required for our power projects that are presently committed and under construction will not change, which may cause the economic returns available from these projects to differ from our initial projections. For example, our project cost per megawatt in fiscal year 2018 was marginally higher than the prior fiscal year due to the use of higher-cost domestic modules as required by PPAs. If we experience unexpected increases in procurement costs, our forecasted revenues and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Labor shortages, work stoppages, labor disputes or disruptions in transportation bringing in labor for projects could also significantly delay a project, increase our costs or cause us to breach our performance guarantees under our PPAs, particularly because strikes and labor transportation disruptions are not considered a force majeure event under many of our PPAs. Moreover, local political changes and delays, for instance, caused by state and local elections, as well as demonstrations or protests by local communities and special interest groups could result in, or contribute to, project time and cost overruns for us.

The Government of India imposed a nationwide lockdown in India on March 25, 2020 which continued until May 31, 2020, while gradually relaxing restriction during the period. Due to this lockdown, construction work on our solar projects stopped for a few weeks. After the lockdown is lifted, we are uncertain in relation to speedy normalization process for our projects, and easy availability of labor, components and materials, over a period of time. We may also lose key workers due COVID-19 related illness and related issues. In response to the force majeure notice from our suppliers, we have already issued force majeure notices to our offtakers including SECI, PGCIL and APDC. For a full discussion of the risks to our business associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see “Risks to our Business related to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

In addition, we sometimes utilize and rely on third-party sub-contractors to construct and install portions of our solar projects. If our sub-contractors do not satisfy their obligations or do not perform work that meets our quality standards or if there is a shortage of third-party sub-contractors or if there are labor strikes that interfere with the ability of our employees or contractors to complete their work on time or within budget, we could experience significant delays or cost overruns.

We may not be able to recover any of these losses in connection with construction cost overruns or delays. Certain PPAs require that we connect to the transmission grid by a certain date. If the solar project is significantly delayed, such PPAs may be terminated or require us to pay liquidated damages computed based on number of days of delay in commissioning of the projects or reduction in the PPA tariff. In addition, if we are unable to meet our performance guarantees, most of our PPAs require us to pay liquidated damages to the offtaker in proportion to the amount of power not supplied, and also grant the offtaker a right to draw on bank guarantees posted by us, including up to 100% of certain bank guarantees. Also, certain PPAs provide that we are liable for government fines and penalties if we fail to deliver electricity required by the offtakers to meet their RPO requirements. Furthermore, in the case of projects with viability gap funding (“VGF”), 50% of which is paid out in the first year with the remaining 50% paid out over the course of next five years, if the project fails to generate power for a long period of time, the government agency can suspend the VGF and demand repayment of previously paid sums.

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Any of the contingencies discussed above could lead us to fail to generate our expected return from our solar projects and result in unanticipated and significant revenue and earnings losses.

Our operating results may fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which could make our future performance difficult to predict and could cause our operating results for a particular period to fall below expectations, which may result in a severe decline in the price of our equity shares.

Our quarterly operating results are difficult to predict and may fluctuate significantly in the future. We have experienced seasonal and quarterly fluctuations in the past, especially in the winter months and we may experience similar fluctuations in the future. However, given that we are a rapidly growing industry, those fluctuations may be masked by our recent growth rates and thus may not be readily apparent from our historical operating results. As such, our past quarterly operating results may not be good indicators of future performance.

In addition to the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, the following factors could cause our operating results to fluctuate:

For these or other reasons, the results of any prior quarterly or annual periods should not be relied upon as indications of our future performance. In addition, with respect to the above factors our actual revenue, key operating and financial metrics and other operating results in future quarters may fall short of the expectations of investors and financial analysts, which could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our equity shares.

Counterparties to our PPAs may not fulfill their obligations which could result in a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We generate electricity income primarily pursuant to PPAs entered into with central and state government-run utilities. Some of the customers may become subject to insolvency or liquidation proceedings during the term of the relevant contracts, such as in our rooftop businesses where we have private PPA’s, there has been one instance where the counterparty became insolvent, though our exposure to the counterparty was not material, and the credit support received from such customers may not be sufficient to cover our losses in the event of a failure to perform. There may also be delays associated with collection of receivables from government owned or controlled entities on account of the financial condition of these entities that deteriorated significantly in the past. Where we are selling power to non-governmental entities, as in our rooftop portfolio, we take into account the credit ratings assigned by rating

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agencies and our ability to collect when assessing the counterparties’ creditworthiness. The Governmental entities to which we sell power generally may not have credit ratings for us to consider. For illustrative purposes, Moody’s Investor Services Inc. and Standard and Poor’s Financial Services LLC have rated the Indian government Baa2 and BBB-, respectively. As a result, many of the state governments in India, if rated, would likely rate lower than the Indian government. Although the central and state governments in India have taken steps to improve the liquidity, financial condition and viability of state electricity distribution utility companies, there can be no assurance that the utility companies that are currently our customers will have the resources to pay on time or at all.

In addition, our PPA customers may, for any reason, become unable or unwilling to fulfil their related contractual obligations, refuse to accept delivery of power delivered thereunder or otherwise terminate such agreements prior to the expiration thereof. If such events occur, our assets, liabilities, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. For instance, Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited had filed a petition with the Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission, seeking recalculation of the tariff under its PPA on the basis of actual cash flow required for development of solar projects and consequent revision of the tariff payable by it, in relation to certain solar power projects including our 10 MWs Gujarat 1 project. While the Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission and the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity dismissed the claims made by Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited, an appeal filed by Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited is pending before the Supreme Court of India. Further, On July 7, 2019, the Government of Andhra Pradesh vide an order bearing no. GO RT No 63 (“Order”), constituted a High-Level Negotiation Committee to revisit and review PPAs for solar & wind projects in the state of Andhra Pradesh with a view to bring down the tariffs. Pursuant to the same, a letter dated July 12, 2019, was issued by Andhra Pradesh Distribution Company to the developers to reduce the quoted tariff to INR 2.43 per unit for wind projects for the pending bills, and INR 2.44 per unit for solar projects from the date of commissioning, and threatened termination of the PPA in case of refusal of the developers to accede to such reduction (“Letter”). The developers challenged both the Order and the Letter in the High Court at Vijayawada. The High Court vide order dated September 24, 2019, set aside both the Order and the Letter. However, as an interim measure, until the issue of possibility of reduction of existing tariff is decided by the Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission (“APERC”), directed to honor the outstanding and future bills of the developers and pay at an interim rate of INR 2.43 and INR 2.44 per unit for wind and solar projects, respectively. This order of the single judge has been challenged in an appeal filed by the developers including Azure Power. The matter is listed for further hearing in the court and matter has been adjourned until disposal of the writ appeals before Vijayawada.

For instance, in connection with an extension of the date of commissioning of the 40 MWs project in Karnataka of one of our subsidiaries, our distribution company customer reduced its payable tariff under the PPA. After certain litigation, the subsidiary executed a supplementary PPA with the customer allowing extension of time without reducing the PPA tariff, however when the supplementary PPA went for the approval of the Karnataka Regulatory Commission (“KERC”) the KERC, pursuant to an order directed our customer to retrospectively withdraw the extensions, and to enforce a reduced tariff and recover liquidated damages due to delay based on “actual commercial operation date”. Against the order of the KERC, we filed an appeal before the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (“APTEL”). The matter is pending adjudication before the apex court. Although, in a similar matter, pertaining to the same issue, we have received a favorable order from APTEL vide order dated February 28, 2020, where APTEL set aside the order of KERC, wherein the KERC had reduced the extension of time and reduced the tariff and imposed liquidated damages. We cannot provide any assurances, however, that our appeal to the APTEL will ultimately be decided in our favor. Further, the commissioning of a 10 MWs project in Punjab by another of our subsidiaries faced delays due to a delay by the customer, and our subsidiary had sought an extension of the commercial operation date at the same tariff rate as per the PPA. This matter is also currently pending before the APTEL. We cannot provide assurances, however, that such proceedings will ultimately be decided in our favor.

Furthermore, to the extent any of our customers are, or are controlled by, governmental entities, bringing actions against them to enforce their contractual obligations is often difficult. Also, our counterparties may be subject to legislative or other political action that may impair their contractual performance.

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Our obligations under our PPAs and the tariffs set under our PPAs may expose us to certain risks that may affect our future results of operations and cash flows.

Our profitability is largely a function of our ability to manage our costs during the terms of our PPAs and operate our power projects at optimal levels. If we are unable to manage our costs effectively or operate our power projects at optimal levels, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. In the event we default in fulfilling our obligations under the PPAs, such as supplying the minimum amount of power specified in some of the PPAs or failing to obtain regulatory approvals, licenses and clearances with respect to our solar projects, we may be liable for penalties and in certain specified events, customers may also terminate such PPAs. Further, any failure to supply power from the scheduled commercial operation date my result in levy of liquidated damages and encashment of bank guarantees provided by us under the terms of certain PPAs. The termination of any of our projects by our customers would adversely affect our reputation, business, results of operations and cash flows.

Further, the recent tender which involves manufacturing of solar modules, wherein we have entered into a joint venture agreement with a local solar panel manufacturer, to set up a new facility in accordance with the terms of the contract. Any deviation from the contract terms, or non-performance by the joint venture partner could cause adverse impact to us financially as well as reputationally.

Under a long-term PPA, we typically sell power generated from a power plant to state distribution companies at pre-determined tariffs. Our PPAs are generally not subject to downward revisions unless we elect to utilize accelerated rate of depreciation or if there is a delay in commissioning our projects, although we have entered into contracts that provide for downward adjustments in the past and may do so in the future. Accordingly, if there is an industry-wide increase in tariffs or if we are seeking an extension of the term of the PPA, we will not be able to renegotiate the terms of the PPA to take advantage of the increased tariffs. In addition, in the event of increased operational costs, we will not have the ability to reflect a corresponding increase in our tariffs. Further, any delay in commissioning projects or supplying electricity during the term of the PPA may result in reduction in tariffs, based on the terms of the PPA. Therefore, the prices at which we supply power may have little or no relationship with the costs incurred in generating power, which may lead to fluctuations in our margins. The above factors all limit our business flexibility, expose us to an increased risk of unforeseen business and industry changes and could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

The term of most of our PPAs are also less than the life of the power projects they are tied to. We will need to enter into other offtake agreements, or seek renewals or extensions of the existing PPAs, for the balance of the life of those power projects. Moreover, there are often other restrictions on our ability to, among other things, sell power to third parties and undertake expansion initiatives with other consumers. Failure to enter into or renew offtake arrangements in a timely manner and on terms that are acceptable to us could adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows. There could also be negative accounting consequences if we are unable to extend or replace expiring PPAs, including writing down the carrying value of assets at such power project sites.

The Government also provides Viability Gap Funding (“VGF”) to various companies to support infrastructure projects that are economically justified but fall short of financial viability. Benefits under VGF are linked to certain conditions as set by the Government like achievement of minimum Capacity Utilization Factor (“CUF”) during the fiscal year. We have obtained VGF benefits in some of our projects. During fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, we could not avail the VGF for our Uttar Pradesh 40 MWs project due to our inability to meet the conditions. Further, there can be no assurance that we will be able to perform at a level that we are able to claim VGF in the future for our projects.

Additionally, under the PPAs, our remedies in case of delays in payment by our customers may also be limited. For example, certain PPAs only permit us to terminate the PPA on account of non-payment of dues upon 90 days of our inability to recover such dues. Such risks limit our business flexibility, expose us to an increased risk of unforeseen business and industry changes and could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

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In addition, most of the government agencies we enter into PPAs with under the NSM or the relevant state policies require us to agree to their standard form contracts and we cannot negotiate for commercial terms or other terms of funding that are more favorable to us.

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

As of March 31, 2020, we had INR 5,947 million (US$ 78.9 million) in current liabilities, excluding the current portion of long-term debt and short-term debt, and INR 89,864 million (US$1,192.0 million) in outstanding long-term borrowings, including the current portion of long-term debt and short-term debt. Generally, these borrowings relate to the financing for our projects and are secured by project assets.

Our debt could have significant consequences on our operations, including:

In addition, our borrowings under certain project-specific financing arrangement have floating rates of interest. Therefore, an increase or decrease in interest rates will increase or decrease our interest expense associated with such borrowing. A significant increase in interest expense could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows impacting our ability to meet our payment obligations under our debt.

Any of these factors and other consequences that may result from our substantial indebtedness could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows impacting our ability to meet our payment obligations under our debt. Our ability to meet our payment obligations under our outstanding debt depends on our ability to generate significant cash flow in the future. This, to some extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory factors as well as other factors that are beyond our control. In addition, US$850.0 million of our debt is in the form of bonds, which may be subject to refinancing risk, when they become due, as market conditions may not be possible to refinance the bonds at all or to refinance the bonds on favorable terms. In addition, our hedges on these bonds are covered up to INR 90.0/US$ and INR 93.0/US$ for the US$ 500.0 million and US$ 350.0 million bonds, respectively, which may expose us to additional hedging costs in the future. Furthermore, the recent rating downgrade of the Government of India by Moody’s, a first in over two decades, as well as a negative outlook for the Government of India, may make global access to funds difficult.

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Our growth prospects and future profitability depend to a significant extent on global liquidity and the availability of additional funding options with acceptable terms.

We require a significant amount of cash to fund the installation and construction of our projects and other aspects of our operations, and expect to incur additional borrowings in the future, as our business and operations grow. We may also require additional cash due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue in order to remain competitive.

Historically, we have used loans, equity contributions, and government subsidies to fund our project development. We expect to expand our business with proceeds from third-party financing options, including any bank loans, equity partners, financial leases and securitization. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in locating additional suitable sources of financing in the time periods required or at all, or on terms or at costs that we find attractive or acceptable, which may render it impossible for us to fully execute our growth plan. In addition, rising interest rates could adversely impact our ability to secure financing on favorable terms. In addition, a global economic crisis such as the current crisis related to the COVID-19 pandemic, can cause a global recession or could adversely impact our ability to secure financing on favorable terms. Exchange rate fluctuations impact our ability to import capital goods as per the budget cost or on favorable terms. For a full discussion of the risks to our business associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see “Risks to our Business related to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

Installing and constructing solar projects requires significant upfront capital expenditure and there may be a significant delay before we can recoup our investments through the long-term recurring revenue of our solar projects. Our ability to obtain external financing is subject to a number of uncertainties, including:

Any additional equity financing may be dilutive to our Company’s shareholders and any debt financing may contain restrictive covenants that limit our flexibility going forward. Furthermore, our credit ratings may be downgraded, which would adversely affect our ability to refinance debt and increase our cost of borrowing. Failure to manage discretionary spending and raise additional capital or debt financing as required may adversely impact our ability to achieve our intended business objectives.

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If we fail to comply with financial and other covenants under our loan agreements, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and business prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We expect to continue to finance a significant portion of our project development and construction costs with project financing. The agreements with respect to our existing project-level indebtedness contain financial and other covenants that require us to maintain certain financial ratios or impose certain restrictions on the disposition of our assets or the conduct of our business. In addition, we typically pledge our solar project assets or account or trade receivables, and in certain cases, shares of the special purpose vehicles, to raise debt financing, and we are restricted from creating additional security over our assets. Such account or trade receivables generally includes all income generated from the sale of electricity in the solar projects.

Our financing agreements also include certain restrictive covenants whereby we may be required to obtain approval from our lenders to, among other things, incur additional debt, undertake guarantee obligations, enter into any scheme of merger, amalgamation, compromise, demerger or reconstruction, change our capital structure and controlling interest, dispose of or sell assets, transfer shares held by major shareholders to third parties, invest by way of share capital, lend and advance funds, make payments, declare dividends in the event of any default in repayment of debts or failure to maintain financial ratios, place deposits and change our management structure. Most of our lenders also impose significant restrictions in relation to our solar projects, under the terms of the relevant project loans taken by our respective subsidiaries. For example, we are required to obtain lenders’ consent to make any changes to, or terminate, project documents, waive any material claims or defaults under the project documents, make any changes to financing plans relating to our projects, and replace suppliers or other material project participants. There can be no assurance that such consent will be granted in a timely manner, or at all. In the event that such lender consents are granted, they may impose certain additional conditions on us, which may limit our operational flexibility or subject us to increased scrutiny by the relevant lenders. The time required to secure consents may hinder us from taking advantage of a dynamic market environment. These agreements also grant certain lenders the right to appoint nominee directors on the Board of Directors of AZI or its subsidiaries and require us to maintain certain ratings or other levels of credit worthiness. If we breach any financial or other covenants contained in any of our financing arrangements, we may be required to immediately repay our borrowings either in whole or in part, together with any related costs.

Our failure to comply with financial or restrictive covenants or periodic reporting requirements or to obtain our lenders’ consent to take restricted actions in a timely manner or at all may result in the declaration of an event of default by one or more of our lenders, which may accelerate repayment of the relevant loans or trigger cross defaults under other financing agreements. We cannot assure you that, in the event of any such acceleration or cross-default, we will have sufficient resources to repay these borrowings. Failure to meet our obligations under the debt financing agreements could have an adverse effect on our cash flows, business and results of operations. Furthermore, a breach of those financial and other covenants or a failure to meet certain financial ratios under these financing agreements could also restrict our ability to pay dividends.

We have issued two Solar Green Bonds, consisting of 5.65% Solar Green Bonds for US$ 350.0 million in September 2019 and 5.5% Solar Green Bonds for US$ 500.0 million in August 2017, collectively (“the Green Bonds”). If we are unable to comply with the covenants as per the Green Bond indentures, or future debt obligations and other agreements, there could be a default under the terms of these agreements. In the event of a default under these agreements, the holders of the debt could accelerate repayment of the principal and interest accrued on the outstanding debt and declare all outstanding amounts due and payable or terminate the agreements, as the case may be. Furthermore, some of our debt agreements, including the Indenture for the green bonds, contain cross-acceleration provisions. As a result, our default under one debt agreement may cause the acceleration of repayment of not only such debt but also other debt or result in a default under our other debt agreements. If any of these events occur, our assets and cash flow may not be sufficient to repay in full all of our indebtedness, and we may not be able to find alternative financing on terms that are favorable or acceptable to us.

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Although we had a net profit for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, we were not profitable in the current fiscal year or for the fiscal years prior to March 31, 2019 and we may not be able to continue to be profitable in the foreseeable future.

We have incurred losses since our inception. Although we had a net profit for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, we were not profitable in the current fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 or for the fiscal years prior to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. During, the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, we had a net loss of INR 2,337 million (US$ 30.9 million). Although we achieved net profit of INR 138 million (US$2.0 million) for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, we may not be profitable in future periods. Our costs may increase in the future, reducing our margins for our significant future investment in solar projects.

A significant number of power projects are presently committed and under construction, and we may be only able to monetize them, if at all, after each project is completed, which is subject to several factors, including receiving regulatory approvals, obtaining project funding, entering into transmission arrangements with the central or state transmission utilities, and acquiring land for projects. In addition, even after a project is operational, the monetization process may be quite long term with contracts running up to 25 years. Moreover, we may not succeed in addressing certain risks, including our ability to successfully develop or supervise the commissioning, operations and maintenance of our projects or maintain adequate control of our costs and expenses. Also, we may find that our growth plans are costlier than we anticipate and that they do not ultimately result in commensurate increases in revenue. Our results of operations will depend upon numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the availability of other subsidies, global liquidity and competition. In addition, the global crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, could hamper growth, increase our costs, and may result in losses. As a result, we may not continue to be profitable in the foreseeable future. For a full discussion of the risks to our business associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see “Risks to our Business related to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

We face uncertainties in our ability to acquire the rights to develop and generate power from new solar projects due to highly competitive PPA auctions and possible changes in the auction process.

We acquire the rights to develop and generate power from new solar projects through a competitive bidding process, in which we compete for project awards based on, among other things, pricing, technical and engineering expertise, financial conditions, including specified minimum net worth criteria, availability of land, financing capabilities and track record. The bidding and selection processes are also affected by a number of factors, including factors which may be beyond our control, such as market conditions or government incentive programs. If we misjudge our competitiveness when submitting our bids or if we fail to lower our costs to submit competitive bids, we may not acquire the rights on new solar projects. Furthermore, we have expected prices for system components to decline as part of our bidding process, and if that does not occur, our project economics may be harmed, and we may not remain economically viable.

In addition, rules of the auction process may change. Each state in India has its own regulatory framework and several states have their own renewable energy policy. The rules governing the various regional power markets may change from time to time, in some cases, in a way that is contrary to our interests and adverse to our financial returns. For example, most national auctions currently use the reverse auction structure, in which several winners take part in the same project. There can be no assurance that the central and state governments will continue to allow us to utilize such bidding structures and any shift away from the current structures, such as to a Dutch auction, could increase the competition and adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.

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We face significant competition from traditional and renewable energy companies.

We face significant competition in the markets in which we operate. Our primary competitors are local and international developers and operators of solar projects and other renewable energy sources. We also compete with utilities generating power from conventional fossil fuels. Recent deregulation of the Indian power sector and increased private sector investment have intensified the competition we face. The Electricity Act, 2003, or the Electricity Act, removed certain licensing requirements for power generation companies, provided for open access to transmission and distribution networks and also facilitated additional capacity generation through captive power projects. These reforms provide opportunities for increased private sector participation in power generation. Specifically, the open access reform enables private power generators to sell power directly to distribution companies and, ultimately, to the end consumers, enhancing the financial viability of private investment in power generation. Competitive bidding for power procurement further increases competition among power generators and there have been bids that were less than INR 2.48 per kWh, the lowest tariffs for which we have entered into a PPA. Furthermore, given the decline in electricity demand related to the COVID-19 pandemic in India, there will likely be surplus power capacity. In addition, the recent collapse of global oil prices may increase pricing pressure on producers of renewable power. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete effectively, and our failure to do so could result in an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Furthermore, our competitors may have greater operational, financial, technical, management or other resources than we do and may be able to achieve better economies of scale and lower cost of capital, allowing them to bid in the same auction at more competitive rates. Our competitors may also have a more effective or established localized business presence or a greater willingness or ability to operate with little or no operating margins for sustained periods of time. Our market position depends on our financing, development and operation capabilities, reputation and track record. Any increase in competition during the bidding process or reduction in our competitive capabilities could have a significant adverse impact on our market share and on the margins, we generate from our solar projects.

Our competitors may also enter into strategic alliances or form affiliates with other competitors to our detriment. As our competitors grow in scale, they may establish in-house engineering, procurement and construction (“EPC”), and O&M capabilities, which may offset a current advantage we may have over them. Moreover, suppliers or contractors may merge with our competitors which may limit our choices of suppliers or contractors and hence the flexibility of our overall project execution capabilities. For example, some of our competitors may have their own internal solar panel manufacturing capabilities. As the solar energy industry grows and evolves, we may also face new competitors who are not currently in the market. There can be no assurance that our current or potential competitors will not win bids for solar projects or offer services comparable or superior to those that we offer at the same or lower prices or adapt to market demand more quickly than we do. Increased competition may result in price reductions, reduced profit margins and loss of market share.

In addition, we face competition from developers of other renewable energy facilities, including wind, biomass, nuclear and hydropower. If these non-solar renewable sources become more financially viable, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected. Competition from such producers may increase if the technology used to generate electricity from these other renewable energy sources becomes more sophisticated, or if the Indian government elects to further strengthen its support of such renewable energy sources relative to solar energy. As we also compete with utilities generating power from conventional fossil fuels, a reduction in the price of coal or diesel would make the development of solar energy less economically attractive and we would be at a competitive disadvantage. Hence, we cannot guarantee that some of our competitors do not or will not have advantages over us in terms of larger size, internal access to solar panels and greater operational, financial, technical, management, lower cost of capital or other resources.

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We face significant risk of curtailment/refusal to take electricity by DISCOMs

Certain DISCOMs has been curtailing/refusing to take electricity from renewable electricity generation companies on the pretext of grid security whereas during the same duration they are buying cheap electricity from conventional sources. In this regard, we have experienced such curtailments in our Andhra Pradesh projects. We have challenged these curtailments and have filed a petition in Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission which is currently pending adjudication. We have also filed a contempt petition on illegal curtailment in the Andhra Pradesh High Court since the single judge had in it its order dated September 24, 2019 stated that curtailment should happen only upon prior notice and only for reasons strong and germane. Our contempt petition is pending adjudication.

Any constraints in the availability of the electricity grid, including our inability to obtain access to transmission lines in a timely and cost-efficient manner could adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Distributing power to our power purchasing customer is our responsibility. We generally rely on transmission lines and other transmission and distribution facilities that are owned and operated by the respective state governments or public entities. Where we do not have access to available transmission and distribution networks, we may engage contractors to build transmission lines and other related infrastructure. In such a case, we will be exposed to additional costs and risks associated with developing transmission lines and other related infrastructure, such as the ability to obtain right of way from land owners for the construction of our transmission lines, which may delay and increase the costs of our projects. We may not be able to secure access to the available transmission and distribution networks at reasonable prices, in a timely manner or at all.

In addition, India’s physical infrastructure, including its electricity grid, is less developed than that of many developed countries. As a result of grid constraints, such as grid congestion and restrictions on transmission capacity of the grid, the transmission and dispatch of the full output of our projects may be curtailed, particularly because we are required to distribute power to customers across long distances from our project sites. We may have to stop producing electricity during the period when electricity cannot be transmitted. Such events could reduce the net power generation of our projects. If construction of renewable energy projects outpaces transmission capacity of electricity grids, we may be dependent on the construction and upgrade of grid infrastructure by the Indian government or public entities. We cannot assure you that the relevant government or public entities will do so in a timely manner, or at all. The curtailment of our power projects’ output levels will reduce our electricity output and limit operational efficiencies, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

There are a limited number of strong credit purchasers of utility scale quantities of electricity which exposes us, and our utility scale projects to risk.

In fiscal year 2019 and 2020, we derived 75.9% and 72.2%, respectively, of our revenue from our top five customers. Since the transmission and distribution of electricity are either monopolized or highly concentrated in most jurisdictions, there are a limited number of possible purchasers for utility scale quantities of electricity in a given geographic location, including transmission grid operators and central and state-run utilities. For instance, for projects established pursuant to the NSM, solar project developers are required to enter into PPAs with specified implementation agencies/DISCOMs. As a result, there is a concentrated pool of potential buyers for electricity generated by our plants and projects, which may restrict our ability to negotiate favorable terms under new PPAs and could impact our ability to find new customers for the electricity generated by our generation facilities should this become necessary.  

Furthermore, if the financial condition of these utilities and/or power purchasers deteriorate or the NSM or other solar policy to which they are currently subject and that compel them to source renewable energy supplies change, demand for electricity produced by our plants could be negatively impacted.

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Land title in India can be uncertain and we may not be able to identify or correct defects or irregularities in title to the land which we own, lease or intend to acquire in connection with the development or acquisition of our power projects. Additionally, certain land on which our power projects are located may be subject to onerous conditions which may adversely affect its use.

There is no central title registry for real property in India and the documentation of land records in India has not been fully computerized. Property records in India are generally maintained at the state and district level and in local languages and are updated manually through physical records. Therefore, property records may not be available online for inspection or updated in a timely manner, may be illegible, untraceable, incomplete or inaccurate in certain respects, or may have been kept in poor condition, which may impede title investigations or our ability to rely on such property records. In addition, there may be a discrepancy between the duration of the principal lease under different orders issued by state governments in respect of a particular parcel of revenue land. Furthermore, title to land in India is often fragmented, and in many cases, land may have multiple owners. Title may also suffer from irregularities, such as non-execution or non-registration of conveyance deeds and inadequate stamping and may be subjected to encumbrances of which we are unaware. Any defects in, or irregularities of, title may result in a loss of development or operating rights over the land, which may prejudice the success of our power projects and require us to write off substantial expenditures in respect of our power projects. For instance, a portion of land leased from the government of Rajasthan for our projects in Nagaur, Rajasthan, is presently disputed by third parties claiming mining rights through the Mining Department of the State of Rajasthan. We have filed a petition with the High Court of Rajasthan to disallow the renewal of such mining lease and the High Court of Rajasthan has issued an injunction over the alleged claims on this land for mining. Further, the lease for our Andhra Pradesh 3 project is pending completion of formalities for development of the land.

Further, improperly executed, unregistered or insufficiently stamped conveyance instruments in a property’s chain of title, unregistered encumbrances in favor of third parties, rights of adverse possessors, ownership claims of family members of prior owners or third parties, or other defects that a purchaser may not be aware of can affect title to a property. As a result, potential disputes or claims over title to the land on which our power projects are or will be constructed may arise. However, an adverse decision from a court or the absence of an agreement with such third parties may result in additional costs and delays in the construction and operating phases of any solar projects situated on such land. Also, such disputes, whether resolved in our favor or not, may divert management’s attention, harm our reputation or otherwise disrupt our business.

In addition, some properties used for our solar projects are subject to other third-party rights such as right of passage and rights to place cables and other equipment on the properties, which may result in certain interferences with our use of the properties. Our rights to the properties used for our solar projects may be challenged by property owners and other third parties for various other reasons as well. For example, we do not always have the exclusive right to use a given site. Any such challenge, if successful, could impair the development or operations of our solar projects on such properties.

In the case of land acquired from private parties, which may be agricultural land, the transfer of such land from agriculturalists to non-agriculturalists such as us and the use of such land for non-agricultural purposes may require an order from the relevant state land or revenue authority allowing such transfer or use. For instance, for our Gujarat 2 projects, we are awaiting approval for use of land for industrial/non-agricultural purposes. Similarly, for revenue land, we obtain a lease from the relevant government authority.

Additionally, the power projects that we may develop or acquire in the future may be located on land that may be subject to onerous conditions under the lease agreements through which we acquire rights to use such land and rights of way. Furthermore, the government may exercise its rights of eminent domain, or compulsory acquisition in respect of land on which our projects are or will be located. Any of this may adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows in the future.

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A certain portion of the land on which our solar projects are or will be located, are not owned by us. In the event we are unable to purchase the land, or enter into or renew lease agreements, our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Some of our solar projects are located, or will be located, on land that is owned by the state governments or on land acquired/leased or to be acquired/leased from private parties. The timeline for transfer of title in the land is dependent on the type of land on which the power projects are, or will be, located, and the policies of the relevant state government in which such land is located.

We cannot assure you that the outstanding approvals would be received, or that lease or sub-lease deeds would be executed in a timely manner, such that the operation of our solar projects will continue unaffected. In certain cases, any delay in the construction or commissioning of a solar project may result in termination of the lease. Further, the terms of lease and sub-lease agreements may also not be co-terminus with the lifetime of the power projects, taken together with the period of time required for construction and commissioning of the project. Accordingly, we will have to obtain extensions of the terms of such leases and sub-leases for the remainder of the terms of the corresponding PPAs. In the event that the relevant state authorities do not wish to renew the lease or sub-lease agreements, we may be forced to remove our equipment at the end of the lease, and we may not be able to find an alternative location in the short term or at all. Any of the foregoing factors could lead to a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

If there is insufficient demand for solar projects or demand takes longer to develop than we anticipate, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

The solar power market is at a relatively early stage of development in many of the markets that we have entered or intend to enter. This is especially true in the rooftop and micro-grid solar markets. The solar energy industry continues to experience improved efficiency and higher electricity output. However, trends in the solar energy industry are based only on limited data and may not be reliable. Many factors may affect the demand for solar projects in India, including:

If market demand for solar projects fails to develop sufficiently, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

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If we are unsuccessful in our efforts to establish and/or maintain our compliance with the local content requirements in certain states, our financial results could be adversely affected.

In some cases, we are required by the central government in national auctions to procure solar panels solely from Indian manufacturers. Certain states or others may, in the future, require us to procure a defined portion of our solar system components from their designated geographical locales. Such requirements are commonly referred to as “local content requirements.” In order to satisfy these local content requirements, we may need to undertake localization initiatives in such geographical locale. Some of our competitors with more significant capital resources may implement or expedite their own localization efforts in these geographical locales, and those efforts may result in competitive advantages for them. We may be faced with shortages or quality issues if projects we bid on impose local content requirements. Our costs may also be higher as a result of these requirements. Our failure to successfully implement appropriate localization initiatives, or otherwise acquire and maintain the capability to satisfy applicable local content requirements, could result in our losing business to our competitors and/or our breaching the terms of agreements, potentially resulting in damages, including monetary penalties. Depending on the value to us of lost business or the amounts of any contractual penalties, these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.

Operation of power generation facilities involves significant risks and hazards that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We may not have adequate insurance to cover these risks and hazards.

Power generation involves hazardous activities, including delivering electricity to transmission and distribution systems. In addition to natural risks such as earthquake, flood, lightning, hurricane and wind, other hazards, such as fire, structural collapse and machinery failure are inherent risks in our operations. These and other hazards can cause significant personal injury or loss of life, severe damage to and destruction of property, plant and equipment and contamination of, or damage to, the environment and suspension of operations. The occurrence of any one of these events may result in our being named as a defendant in lawsuits asserting claims for substantial damages, including for environmental cleanup costs, personal injury and property damage and fines and/or penalties. We maintain an amount of insurance protection that we consider adequate, but we cannot provide any assurance that our insurance will be sufficient or effective under all circumstances and against all hazards or liabilities to which we may be subject. Furthermore, our insurance coverage is subject to deductibles, caps, exclusions and other limitations. A loss for which we are not fully insured could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Further, due to rising insurance costs and changes in the insurance markets, we cannot provide any assurance that our insurance coverage will continue to be available at all or at rates or on terms similar to those presently available. Any losses not covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Maintenance and expansion of power generation facilities involve significant risks that could result in reduced power generation and financial results.

Our facilities may require periodic upgrading and improvement. Any unexpected operational or mechanical failure, including failure associated with breakdowns and forced outages, and any decreased operational or management performance, could reduce our facilities’ generating capacity below expected levels and reduce our revenues as a result of generating and selling less power. Degradation of the performance of our solar facilities above levels provided for in the related PPAs may also reduce our revenues. Unanticipated capital expenditures associated with maintaining, upgrading or repairing our facilities may also reduce profitability, especially because our costs are fixed in the PPAs and we may not be able to pass through any unexpected costs in relation to the projects to our customers. Furthermore, we are not able to mitigate such project risks by shifting some or all of the risk to a third-party EPC or O&M contractor since we provide most of these services in-house. A global crisis such as the recent

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COVID-19 pandemic has caused the lock downs ordered by the Ministry of Home Affairs, which has impacted the free movement of goods and services. This has impacted some of our O&M activities, and adversely affected our revenues. This impact we may not be able to recover through insurance. If the situation worsens there could be a further adverse impact on our revenues.

Changes in technology may require us to make additional capital expenditures to upgrade our facilities. The development and implementation of such technology entails technical and business risks and significant costs of employee implementation.

Our ability to implement our strategy and our future success depend significantly on the continued service of our senior management team and our ability to attract, train and retain qualified personnel.

Our future success depends on the continued services and performances of the members of our management in our business for project implementations, management and running of our daily operations and the planning and execution of our business strategy. We depend on our experienced management team, and the loss of one or more key executives could have a negative impact on our business. We also depend on our ability to retain and motivate key employees and attract qualified new employees. Other than our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Operating Officer (“COO”), none of our executive officers nor our key employees are bound by employment agreements for any specific term, and we may be unable to replace key members of our management team and key employees in the event we lose their services. There is intense competition for experienced management personnel with technical and industry expertise in the renewable energy business and if we lose the services of any of these individuals and are unable to find suitable replacements in a timely manner, our ability to realize our strategic objectives could be impaired. Integrating new employees into our management team could prove disruptive to our operations, require substantial resources and management attention and ultimately prove unsuccessful. On July 17, 2019, Mr. Inderpreet Singh Wadhwa, retired as Chief Executive Officer and director from the Board of Directors of our Company and its subsidiaries. However, he continued as an external advisor to our Company and its subsidiaries until December 31, 2019. Mr. Ranjit Gupta was appointed as our Company’s new Chief Executive Officer with effect from July 18, 2019 in replacement of Mr. Inderpreet Singh Wadhwa. Also, Mr. Murali Subramanian joined as President of our Company with effect from July 18, 2019. With the resignation of Mr. Harkanwal Singh Wadhwa as COO and Director of our Company and its subsidiaries, Mr. Murali Subramanian took over as COO of our Company with effect from April 04, 2020. An inability to attract and retain sufficient managerial personnel who have critical industry experience and relationships could limit or delay our strategic efforts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may negatively affect our revenue, cost of sales and gross margins and could result in exchange losses.

As the functional currency of our Indian subsidiaries is the Indian rupee, our operating expenses are denominated primarily in Indian rupees. However, some of our capital expenditures, and particularly those for equipment imported from international suppliers, such as solar panels, are denominated in foreign currencies. To the extent that we are unable to match revenue received in our functional currency with costs paid in foreign currencies, exchange rate fluctuations in any such currency could have an adverse effect on our profitability. Substantially all of our cash flows are generated in Indian rupees and, therefore, significant changes in the value of the Indian rupee relative to the other foreign currencies could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to meet interest and principal payments on debts. In addition to currency translation risks, we incur currency transaction risks whenever we or one of our projects enter into a purchase or sales transaction using a currency other than the Indian rupee. We expect our future capital expenditures in connection with our proposed expansion plans to include significant expenditures in foreign currencies for imported equipment and machinery.

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A significant fluctuation in the Indian rupee to U.S. dollar or other foreign currency exchange rates therefore could have a significant impact on our other results of operations. The exchange rate between the Indian rupee and these currencies, primarily the U.S. dollar, has fluctuated in the past and any appreciation or depreciation of the Indian rupee against these currencies can impact our profitability and results of operations. Our results of operations have been impacted by such fluctuations in the past and may be impacted by such fluctuations in the future. For example, the Indian rupee has depreciated against the U.S. dollar in four of the last five years, which may impact our results of operations in future periods. Such depreciation impacts the value of your investment. Furthermore, we have borrowings denominated in U.S. dollars and, as such, an annual decline in the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar effectively adds to the functional interest rate of our borrowings and the INR equivalent needed to repay the borrowings, when they fall due. Any amounts we spend in order to hedge the risks to our business due to fluctuations in currencies may not adequately hedge against any losses we incur due to such fluctuations. Also, during March, April and May 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the collapse of world oil prices, the Indian Rupee to U.S. dollar exchange rate has experienced significant fluctuation and generally, the US dollar appreciated significantly against the Indian rupee, primarily due to the worldwide economic halt that was caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, depreciation of the Indian rupee to the U.S. dollar, could result an increase in foreign currency related transaction and translation losses.

The accounting treatment for many aspects of our solar projects is complex and any changes to the accounting interpretations or accounting rules governing our solar projects could have a material adverse effect on our U.S. GAAP reported results of operations and financial condition.

The accounting treatment for many aspects of our solar projects is complex, and our future results could be adversely affected by changes in the accounting treatment applicable to our solar projects. In particular, any changes to the accounting rules regarding the following matters may require us to change the manner in which we operate, finance and account for our solar projects:

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Our international corporate structure and operations require us to comply with anti-corruption laws and regulations of the United States government and various non-U.S. jurisdictions. If we are not in compliance with applicable legal requirements, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties and other remedial measures.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, which prohibits, in relevant part, U.S. nationals, companies that have securities registered in the U.S. and any officer, director, employee, or agent of such issuer or any shareholder thereof acting on behalf of such issuer from bribing foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment and imposes obligations to keep accurate books and records and maintain appropriate internal controls. We have been and will continue to be subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-facilitation payment legislation in other jurisdictions, which in certain circumstances go beyond the scope of the FCPA rules and regulations, including in India.

The current and future jurisdictions in which we operate our business may have experienced governmental corruption to some degree, and in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery and anti-facilitation payment laws may conflict with local customs and practices, which is likely to negatively impact our results of operations. We have developed and implemented formal controls and procedures to ensure that we are in compliance with the FCPA as well as anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-facilitation payment laws. However, compliance with these new controls and procedures could make it more difficult for us to obtain timely permits or otherwise complete our projects on schedule in jurisdictions where strict compliance with anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices.

Any historic or future violations of these laws, regulations and procedures by our employees, independent contractors, subcontractors and agents could be costly and time-consuming to investigate and expose us to administrative, civil or criminal penalties or fines (including under U.S. and Indian laws and regulations as well as foreign laws). If we were to be investigated for, charged with, or convicted of, violating these laws and regulations, our reputation could be harmed and it could cause some of our investors to sell their interests in our company to be consistent with their internal investment policies or to avoid reputational damage, and some investors might forego the purchase of our equity shares, all of which may negatively impact the trading prices of our equity shares. In addition, any administrative, civil or criminal penalties or fines could have a material adverse effect on our business results of operations and cash flows.

We may become involved in costly and time-consuming litigation and other regulatory proceedings, which require significant attention from our management.

We may, in the ordinary course of our business, become involved in litigation, administrative or arbitral proceedings. For example, we are, and may become subject to additional demands from Indian governmental or tax authorities, including, but not limited to, on account of differing interpretations of central and state tax statutes in India, which are extensive and subject to change from time to time. Changes in regulations or tax policies, or adoption of differing interpretations of existing provisions, and enforcement thereof by governmental, taxation or judicial authorities in India may become the subject of legal proceedings involving us from time to time.

Additionally, claims may be brought against or by us from time to time regarding, for example, defective or incomplete work, defective products, personal injuries or deaths, damage to or destruction of property, breach of warranty, late completion of work, delayed payments, intellectual property rights or regulatory compliance labor issues, land ownership rights, and may subject us to litigation, arbitration and other legal proceedings, which may be expensive, lengthy, disruptive to normal business operations and require significant attention from our management.

If we were found to be liable on any of the claims against us, we would incur a charge against earnings to the extent a reserve had not been established for coverage. If amounts ultimately realized from the claims by us were materially lower than the balances included in our financial statements, we would incur a charge against earnings to the extent profit had already been accrued. Charges and write-downs associated with such legal proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Moreover, legal proceedings, particularly those resulting in judgments or findings against us, may harm our reputation and competitiveness in the market.

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For example, Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited has filed a petition with the Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission, seeking recalculation of the tariff under the PPA on the basis of actual cash flow required for development of solar projects and consequent revision of the tariff payable by it, in relation to certain solar power projects including our 10 MWs Gujarat 1 project. While the Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission and the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity dismissed the claims made by Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited, an appeal filed by Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited is pending before the Supreme Court of India. An unfavorable outcome in this appeal will result in significant cost to us.

Further, in Andhra Pradesh, on July 7, 2019, the Government of Andhra Pradesh vide an order set up a High-Level Negotiation Committee to revisit and review PPAs for solar and wind projects in the state of Andhra Pradesh with a view to reduce tariffs in these PPAs. A letter dated July 12, 2019, was issued by Andhra Pradesh Distribution Company to developers to reduce tariffs to INR 2.43 per unit for wind projects, and INR 2.44 per unit for solar projects from the date of commissioning, and threatened termination of the PPA in the case of the refusal of the developers to accede to the reduction.

The developers challenged both the order and the letter in the High Court at Vijayawada. The High Court vide order dated September 24, 2019, set aside both the order and the letter and as an interim measure until the issue is decided by the APERC, directed the Andhra Pradesh Distribution Company to honor outstanding and future bills of the developers and pay at an interim rate of INR 2.43 and INR 2.44 per unit for wind and solar projects respectively. This above-mentioned Court order of single judge has been challenged in an appeal filed by the developers including Azure Power. The matter is listed for further hearing in the court and matter adjourned till disposal of writ appeals before Vijayawada. An unfavorable outcome could potentially result in a significant expense to us. Further, other states might also violate binding contractual PPA tariffs following the unfavorable outcome.

Rising employee costs may harm our business and increase our operation costs.

As of March 31, 2020, we employed 605 persons to perform a variety of functions in our daily operations. Failure to obtain stable and dedicated employee support may cause disruption to our business that harms our operations. Furthermore, employee costs have increased in India in recent years and may continue to increase in the near future. To remain competitive, we may need to increase the salaries of our employees to attract and retain them. Further, to optimize costs, we have right-sized our employee strength, in the current period. Our employee payroll and related costs amounted to INR 702 million, INR 871 million and INR 1,034 million (US$ 13.7 million) for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Any future increase in employee costs may harm our operating results, cash flows and financial condition. During the year we performed a review of our employee strength and took steps to right size the organization, but these actions did not have a material impact on the loss for the year. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns may impact the availability of skilled labor at a reasonable cost, as there have been mass movements of labor during the period. For a full discussion of the risks to our business associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see “Risks to our Business related to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

Any damages caused by fraud or other misconduct by our employees could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are exposed to operational risk arising from inadequacy or failure of internal processes or systems or from fraud. In the past five fiscal years our Company has not experienced any fraud or misconduct by employees which has materially affected our business, results of operations or financial condition. However, we may not be safeguarded against all fraud or misconduct by employees or outsiders, unauthorized transactions by employees and operational errors. Employee or executive misconduct could also involve the improper use or disclosure of confidential information or data breach, which could result in regulatory sanctions and reputational or financial harm, including harm to our brand. Our management information systems and internal control procedures are designed to monitor our operations and overall compliance. However, they may not be able to identify non-compliance and/or suspicious

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transactions in a timely manner or at all. In addition, certain internal control processes are carried out manually, which may increase the risk that human error, tampering or manipulation will result in losses that may be difficult to detect. As a result, we may suffer monetary losses, including contractual liabilities and penalties, which may not be covered by our insurance and may thereby adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Such a result may also adversely affect our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.  

Weaknesses, disruptions, failures of cyber security events in our IT systems could adversely impact our business.

We rely on IT systems in connection with financial controls, risk management and transaction processing. We may be subject to disruptions of our IT systems, arising from events that are wholly or partially beyond our control (for example, damage or incapacitation by human error, natural disasters, electrical or telecommunication outages, sabotage, computer viruses, or loss of support services from third parties such as internet backbone providers). We may also be subject to attempted hacking or phishing incidents. In the past five fiscal years, we have not had incidents of system failures, cyber-attacks and frauds, hacking, phishing, trojans and theft of data with a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. In the event we experience systems interruptions, errors, downtime, incidents of hacking, phishing, or breaches of our data security systems, this may give rise to deterioration in customer service and loss or liability to us and it may materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.  

Further, we are dependent on various external vendors for certain elements of our operations and are exposed to the risk that external vendors or service providers may be unable to fulfil their contractual obligations to us (or will be subject to the same risk of operational errors by their respective employees) and the risk that their (or their vendors) business continuity and data security systems prove to be inadequate. If our external vendors or service providers fail to perform any of these functions, it could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We rely on the security of such platforms for the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential information. Examples of significant cyber security events are unauthorized access, computer viruses, deceptive communications (phishing), ransom ware, malware or other malicious code or cyber-attack, catastrophic events, system failures and disruptions and other events that could have security consequences (each, a “Cyber Security Event”). A Cyber Security Event could materially impact our ability to adequately manage and value our loan portfolio, provide efficient and secure services to our customers, and regulators, and to timely and accurately report our financial results. Although we have implemented controls and have taken protective measures to reduce the risk of Cyber Security Events, we cannot reasonably anticipate or prevent rapidly evolving types of cyber-attacks and such measures may be insufficient to prevent a Cyber Security Event. Cyber Security Events could expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of our information, litigation, reputational damage, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, fines, penalties or losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered by insurance maintained. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities. Further, on account of COVID-19, our offices are closed, and we have implemented a plan whereas between 50 to 100% of all employees of the Company work remotely from their homes. Moreover, technology in employees’ homes may not be as robust as in our offices and could cause additional operational risk, especially including increased cybersecurity risk. For a full discussion of the risks to our business associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see “Risks to our Business related to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

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The global economy may be adversely affected by economic developments and major events in some markets.

The global financial and securities markets, and also the global economy, are influenced by economic and market conditions in some markets worldwide. The global economy may be influenced by shocks from some markets. Although economic conditions vary from country to country, investors’ reactions to events occurring in one country sometimes demonstrate a “contagion” effect in which an entire region or class of investment is avoided by international investors. Consequently, there can be no assurance that the global and India’s financial system and securities markets will not continue to be adversely affected by events in developed countries’ economies or events in other emerging markets, which could in turn, adversely affect the global and India’s economy and, indirectly, our business, financial condition and results of operations, and the market value of our equity shares. Furthermore, global events like the COVID-19 pandemic or the recent collapse in world oil prices can materially impact the global economic conditions and reduce the flow of funds through equity or debt in India. For a full discussion of the risks to our business associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see “Risks to our Business related to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

Our Company largest shareholder currently owns 50.91% of our Company and may exercise control of our Company.

As of March 31, 2020, our Company’s largest shareholder is CDPQ Infrastructures Asia Pte Ltd., owned 50.91% of our Company’s equity shares. CDPQ Infrastructures Asia Pte Ltd is a Company organized and existing under the laws of Singapore and is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, a body constituted by the Act Respecting the Caisse De Dépôt Et Placement Du Québec (“CDPQ”). Consequently, CDPQ Infrastructures Asia Pte Ltd. has the ability to exercise control over our Company and may have the power to elect and remove the Directors and may determine the outcome proposals for corporate action requiring ordinary resolution of our Company’s equity shareholders. The interests of CDPQ Infrastructures Asia Pte Ltd., may be different from our interests or the interests of other shareholders of our Company. As a result, CDPQ Infrastructures Asia Pte Ltd., may delay or defer or initiate a change of control of our Company or a change in our capital structure, delay or defer a merger, sale of assets, or consolidation, or delay or defer the payment of dividends. At present, CDPQ Infrastructures Asia Pte Ltd. has two members of our Company’s Board of Directors. Refer exhibit 4.30 of this document.

We are subject to claims, arbitration claims and other legal proceedings pertaining to executive compensation or other stock-related matters in addition to other litigation in the ordinary course of business.

As further discussed under Item 8 of this Annual Report, we are involved in two arbitration proceedings concerning matters of executive compensation and stock purchase with former chief executive officer. Our Company and our subsidiary, Azure Power India Private Limited, are respondents in two arbitration proceedings initiated by former Chairman, CEO and Managing Director of the Company, Mr. Inderpreet Singh Wadhwa (“IW”) and erstwhile COO Mr. H.S Wadhwa (“HSW”), in relation to certain claims made by IW pursuant to IW’s transition agreement and the purchase of IW and HSW’s shares in Azure Power India Private Limited under the shareholders agreement.

Regardless of the scope or validity of these claims in these arbitration proceedings, or the merits of any claims by other future potential or actual litigants, we may have to engage in protracted arbitration or litigation that can be expensive, time‑consuming, disruptive to our operations and distracting to management. If the arbitral tribunals grant awards to IW and HSW, we may be required to pay the amounts as claimed to the claimants. We believe in the merits of our case in both disputes; however, an unfavorable outcome in the share purchase proceedings could potentially have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

In addition to the arbitration proceedings pertaining to executive compensation and the stock purchase, we are regularly involved in other litigation matters in the ordinary course of business. While we believe that these litigation matters should not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or future prospects, we may be unable to successfully defend or resolve any current or future litigation matters.

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Our Company may not be able to successfully complete asset sales.

We intend to sell assets when suitable opportunities arise to recycle capital for future growth. However, our ability to consummate divestitures is subject to various risks and uncertainties, including:

Risks Related to Operations in India

Substantially all of our business and operations are located in India and we are subject to regulatory, economic, social and political uncertainties in India.

Substantially all of our business and employees are located in India, and we intend to continue to develop and expand our business in India. Consequently, our financial performance will be affected by changes in exchange rates and controls, interest rates, changes in government policies, including taxation policies, social and civil unrest and other political, social and economic developments in or affecting India.

The Indian government has exercised and continues to exercise significant influence over many aspects of the Indian economy. The Indian governments have generally pursued policies of economic liberalization and financial sector reforms, including by significantly relaxing restrictions on the private sector. Nevertheless, the role of the Indian central and state governments in the Indian economy as producers, consumers and regulators has remained significant and we cannot assure you that such liberalization policies will continue. The rate of economic liberalization could change, and specific laws and policies affecting solar power producers, foreign investments, currency exchange rates and other matters affecting investments in India could change as well, including exposure to possible expropriation, nationalization or other governmental actions.

A significant change in India’s policy of economic liberalization and deregulation or any social or political uncertainties could significantly harm business and economic conditions in India generally and our business and prospects. Recently, there were mass protests related to the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019, which provided citizenship to certain illegal migrants in India. The introduction of the law caused protests in several parts of the country. In case there are mass protests leading to civil unrest, such incidents could impact both our construction as well as operations and maintenance activities.

The extent and reliability of Indian infrastructure could significantly harm our results of operations, cash flows and financial conditions.

India’s physical infrastructure is less developed than that of many developed nations. Any congestion or disruption with respect to communication systems or any public facility, including transportation infrastructure, could disrupt our normal business activity. Any deterioration of India’s physical infrastructure would harm the national economy, disrupt the transportation of people, goods and supplies, and add costs to doing business in India. These disruptions could interrupt our business operations and significantly harm our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. For the risk of congestion or disruption with respect to India’s electricity grid and transmission lines, see “— Risks Relating to Us and Our Industry — Any constraints in the availability of the electricity grid, including our inability to obtain access to transmission lines in a timely and cost-efficient manner, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.” Further, on account of COVID-19, a number of Government and state government offices are closed. Due to the COVID-19 crisis, there also may be a delay in the receipt of cash from the Government or state governments, which could potentially impact our operations and cash flows. Although, we have been successful in collecting a large part of our receivables so far, there can be no assurance that we will continue to successfully collect the receivables in the future. For a full discussion of the risks to our business associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see “Risks to our Business related to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

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A decline in India’s foreign exchange reserves may adversely affect liquidity and interest rates in the Indian economy.

According to the weekly statistical supplement of the Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, India’s foreign exchange reserves totaled US$ 475.6 billion as of March 27, 2020. A sharp decline in these reserves could result in reduced liquidity and higher interest rates in the Indian economy. Reduced liquidity or an increase in interest rates in the economy following a decline in foreign exchange reserves could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and ability to obtain financing to fund our growth on favorable terms or at all.

A slowdown in economic growth in India could cause our business to suffer.

Since inception, all of our revenue has been derived directly from sales in India. The performance and growth of our business are necessarily dependent on economic conditions prevalent in India, which may be significantly harmed by political instability or regional conflicts, a general rise in interest rates, inflation and economic slowdown elsewhere in the world or otherwise. The Indian economy also remains largely driven by the performance of the agriculture sector which depends on the quality of monsoon, which is difficult to predict. Although the Indian economy has continued to grow in the past few years, any future slowdown in the Indian economy or a further increase in inflation could have a material adverse effect on the demand for power and, as a result, on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

India’s trade relationships with other countries and its trade deficit may significantly harm Indian economic conditions. If trade deficits increase or are no longer manageable, the Indian economy, and therefore our business and our financial performance could be significantly harmed.

India also faces major challenges in sustaining its growth, which include the need for substantial infrastructure development and improving access to healthcare and education. If India’s economic growth cannot be sustained or otherwise slows down significantly, our business and prospects could be significantly harmed.

Stringent labor laws may harm our ability to have flexible human resource policies and labor union problems could negatively affect our processing capacity, construction schedules, cash flows and overall profitability.

India has stringent labor legislation that protects the interests of workers, including legislation that sets forth detailed procedures for dispute resolution and employee removal, imposes financial obligations on employers upon employee layoffs and regulates contract labor. These laws may restrict our ability to have human resource policies that would allow us to react swiftly to the needs of our business, discharge employees or downsize. We may also experience labor unrest in the future, which may delay our construction schedules or disrupt our operations. If such delays or disruptions occur or continue for a prolonged period of time, our processing capacity and overall profitability could be negatively affected. We also depend on third party contract labor. It is possible under Indian law that we may be held responsible for wage payments to these laborers if their contractors’ default on payment. We may be held liable for any non-payment by contractors and any such order or direction from a court or any other regulatory authority may harm our business, results of our operations and cash flows.

Foreign investment laws in India include certain restrictions, which may affect our future assets sales, acquisitions or investments in India.

India regulates ownership of Indian companies by non-residents, although some restrictions on foreign investment have been relaxed in recent years. Pursuant to the Foreign Direct Investment (“FDI”) Policy, investments can be made by non-residents in Indian companies to the extent of the percentage of the total capital of the Indian company specified in the FDI Policy. At present, the FDI Policy permits 100% foreign direct investment in Indian companies engaged in the solar power sector. Under current Indian regulations, transfers of shares between non-residents and residents are permitted (subject to certain exceptions) if they comply with, among other things, the guidelines specified by the Reserve Bank of India in relation to pricing and valuation of such shares and certain reporting requirements for such transactions specified by the Reserve Bank of India. If the transfer of shares is not in compliance with such pricing guidelines or reporting requirements or falls under any of the exceptions specified by the Reserve Bank of India, the prior approval of the Reserve Bank of India will be required before any such transfer may

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be consummated. We may not be able to obtain any required approval from the Reserve Bank of India or any other Indian regulatory authority on any particular terms or at all.

For example, under its consolidated foreign direct investment policy, the Indian government has set out additional requirements for foreign investments in India, including requirements with respect to downstream investments by Indian companies owned or controlled by non-resident entities and the transfer of ownership or control, from resident Indian persons or entities to non-residents, of Indian companies in sectors with limits on foreign investment. As substantially all of AZI’s equity shares are directly held by Azure Power Global Limited, it would be considered an entity owned and controlled by non-residents under applicable Indian laws. Accordingly, any downstream investment by AZI into another Indian company will have to be in compliance with conditions applicable to such Indian entity, in accordance with the consolidated foreign direct investment policy. In addition, there may be investors who may not be able to buy assets we wish to sell in future. There are guidelines in relation to pricing and valuation of shares and restrictions on sources of funding for such investments. While these guidelines currently do not materially limit our planned investments or asset sales in our Indian subsidiaries, to the extent they become more restrictive, they may restrict our ability to make further equity investments in India, including through Azure Power Global Limited.

Further, India’s Foreign Exchange Management Act (“FEMA”), 1999, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder prohibit us from borrowing from our Indian subsidiaries. We are permitted to lend to our Indian subsidiaries subject to compliance with India’s policy on external commercial borrowings as notified by the Reserve Bank of India from time to time, which specifies certain conditions, including in relation to eligible lenders and borrowers, permitted end use and limits on the all-in-cost.

Our ability to raise foreign capital may be constrained by Indian law.

Our Indian subsidiaries are subject to exchange controls that regulate borrowing in foreign currencies. Such regulatory restrictions limit our financing sources and hence could constrain our ability to obtain financings on competitive terms and refinance existing indebtedness. In addition, we cannot assure you that the required approvals will be granted to us without onerous conditions, or at all. Limitations on raising foreign debt may have an adverse impact on our business growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Imposition of anti-dumping, safeguard duties or basic custom duties on solar equipment imports may increase our costs and adversely impact our margins.

The Ministry of Finance of the Indian government imposed a 25% safeguard duty on import of solar panels from July 30, 2018 to July 29, 2019, which lowered to 20% for the ensuing six months, 15% for the six months thereafter and nil after July 29, 2020. While certain solar power producers approached the High Court of Orissa and obtained an interim stay in July 2018, the Supreme Court of India overturned the stay order on September 11, 2018. Although the issue on the validity of the imposition of this safeguard duty is pending in Supreme Court of India, the safeguard duty continues to be in effect. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry has issued a notification dated March 3, 2020, whereby the Director General, has initiated a review investigation, for examining the need for continued imposition of safeguard duty on solar cells whether or not assembled in modules or panels.

The Finance Act, 2020, enacted by the parliament of India, implemented a Basic Custom Duty on imports of solar cells and modules as a replacement for the safeguard duty. The Finance Act, 2020, levied a tax of 20% on the import of Solar Modules, which has been exempted for Solar Modules through till March 31, 2021. While we seek clarity on date of implementation of the duty, the Basic Custom Duty may increase our costs and reduce our margins on future projects. Our PPAs typically contain change-in-law provisions which permit us to pass on such increases to our offtakers with an upward revision of tariff by obtaining an order to this effect from the relevant electricity regulatory commissions. We have filed change-in-law petitions before relevant electricity regulatory commissions, and we have also received favorable orders allowing our change in law petitions from some of the electricity regulatory commissions. However, we cannot assure you that the offtaker/ electricity regulatory commissions will revise relevant tariffs or allow lump sum payment along with late payment surcharge, sufficiently to cover our increased expenses from the tariffs. To the extent we are unable to pass on the impact of the imposition of safeguard

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duty to our offtakers in part or in whole under any of our PPAs, our increased costs of purchase of solar panels could adversely affect our operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Further, with the objective of building energy security for the country and ensuring reliability of Solar PV Cells and Modules, the MNRE had issued Order dated January, 2 2020, regarding an approved list of Models & Manufacturers (ALMM) for Solar PV cells & modules, providing for enlistment of models and manufacturers of solar PV cells and modules, complying with the BIS Standards. The ALMM Order stipulates that after effective date, all Solar PV Power Projects which are Government owned /Government assisted/bid out as per Central Govt’s Standard Bidding Guidelines, shall mandatorily procurer solar PV cells and modules for such projects from the manufacturers approved and included in the ALMM Lists after effective date. The compliance with the rule may limit the options of imported modules, increasing costs which are not determinable at this point.

Investors may not be able to enforce a judgment of a foreign court against our Indian subsidiaries, certain of our Company’s directors, or our key management, except by way of a suit in India on such judgment.

All of our operating subsidiaries are incorporated under the laws of India. In addition, certain of our Company’s directors and substantially all of our key management personnel reside in India, and all or a substantial portion of our assets and such persons are located in India. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process upon such persons outside India, or to enforce judgments obtained against such parties outside India. In India, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under Section 13 and Section 44A of the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (the “Civil Code”) on a statutory basis. Section 13 of the Civil Code provides that a foreign judgment shall be conclusive regarding any matter directly adjudicated upon, except: (i) where the judgment has not been pronounced by a court of competent jurisdiction; (ii) where the judgment has not been given on the merits of the case; (iii) where it appears on the face of the proceedings that the judgment is founded on an incorrect view of international law or a refusal to recognize the law of India in cases to which such law is applicable; (iv) where the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were opposed to natural justice; (v) where the judgment has been obtained by fraud; and (vi) where the judgment sustains a claim founded on a breach of any law then in force in India.

Under the Civil Code, a court in India shall, upon the production of any document purporting to be a certified copy of a foreign judgment, presume that the judgment was pronounced by a court of competent jurisdiction unless the contrary appears on record.

India is not a party to any international treaty in relation to the recognition or enforcement of foreign judgments. Section 44A of the Civil Code provides that where a foreign judgment has been rendered by a superior court, within the meaning of such section, in any country or territory outside India, which the Indian government has by notification declared to be a reciprocating territory, it may be enforced in India by proceedings in execution as if the judgment had been rendered by the relevant court in India. However, Section 44A of the Civil Code is applicable only to monetary decrees not being in the nature of any amounts payable in respect of taxes, other charges of a like nature or in respect of a fine or other penalty and does not apply to arbitration awards. Further, the execution of the foreign decree under Section 44A of the Civil Code is also subject to the exceptions under Section 13 of the Civil Code.

The United Kingdom, Singapore and Hong Kong (among others) have been declared by the Indian government to be reciprocating territories for the purposes of Section 44A. However, the United States has not been declared by the Indian government to be a reciprocating territory for the purposes of Section 44A of the Civil Code. Accordingly, a judgment of a court in a country which is not a reciprocating territory may be enforced in India only by a fresh proceeding suit instituted in a court of India and not by proceedings in execution. Such a suit has to be filed in India within three years from the date of the judgment in the same manner as any other suit filed in India to enforce a civil liability in India. It is unlikely that a court in India would award damages on the same basis as a foreign court would, if an action were brought in India. Further, it is unlikely that an Indian court would enforce foreign judgments if that court were of the view that the amount of damages awarded was excessive or inconsistent with Indian public policy. A party seeking to enforce a foreign judgment in India is required to obtain approval from the RBI to repatriate outside India any amount recovered pursuant to the execution of such judgment and such amount may be subject to income tax in accordance with applicable laws. In addition, any judgment awarding damages in a foreign currency would be converted into Indian Rupees on the date of the judgment and not the date of payment. We cannot predict whether a suit instituted in an Indian court will be disposed of in a timely manner or be subject to considerable delay.

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Changing laws, rules and regulations and legal uncertainties, including adverse application of corporate and tax laws, may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

The regulatory and policy environment in which we operate is evolving and subject to change. Such changes, including the instances mentioned below, may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects, to the extent that we are unable to suitably respond to and comply with any such changes in applicable law and policy.

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Uncertainty in the applicability, interpretation or implementation of any amendment to, or change in, governing law, regulation or policy in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including by reason of an absence, or a limited body, of administrative or judicial precedent may be time consuming as well as costly for us to resolve and may impact the viability of our current business or restrict our ability to grow our business in the future.

Natural calamities could have a negative impact on the Indian economy and adversely affect our business and project operations.

India has experienced natural calamities such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods and drought in the past few years. In February 2019, massive forest fires broke out in numerous places across the Bandipur National Park of the Karnataka state in India and due to heavy rain in July–August 2019, the city of Vadodara and its administrative district in the Indian state of Gujarat were affected by severe flooding. The extent and severity of these natural disasters determines their impact on the Indian economy. If climatic conditions or natural disasters occur in areas where our solar projects and project teams are located, project development, connectivity to the power grid and the provision of O&M services may be adversely affected. In particular, materials may not be delivered as scheduled and labor may not be available. Substantially all of our operations and employees are located in India and there can be no assurance that we will not be adversely affected by natural disasters in the future. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impaired the Indian and world economy. For a full discussion of the risks to our business associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, see “Risks to our Business related to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

War, terrorist acts and other acts of violence involving India or other neighboring countries could significantly harm our operations directly or may result in a more general loss of customer confidence and reduced investment in these countries that causes significant harm to our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war involving India or other neighboring countries may significantly harm the Indian markets and the worldwide financial markets. The occurrence of any of these events may result in a loss of business confidence, which could potentially lead to economic recession and generally cause significant harm to our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. In addition, any deterioration in international relations may result in investor concern regarding regional stability, which could decrease the price of our equity shares.

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South Asia has also experienced instances of civil unrest and hostilities among neighboring countries from time to time. There have also been incidents in and near India such as terrorist attacks in Mumbai, Delhi and on the Indian Parliament, troop mobilizations along the Pakistan and Chinese borders and an aggravated geopolitical situation in the region. Such military activity or terrorist attacks in the future could significantly harm the Indian economy by disrupting communications and making travel more difficult. Resulting political tensions could create a greater perception that investments in Indian companies involve a high degree of risk. Furthermore, if India were to become engaged in armed hostilities, particularly hostilities that were protracted or involved the threat or use of nuclear weapons, we might not be able to continue our operations. Our insurance policies for a certain part of our business do not cover terrorist attacks or business interruptions from terrorist attacks or for other reasons.

Risks Related to Investments in Mauritian Companies

As a shareholder in our Company, you may have greater difficulties in protecting your interests than as a shareholder of a United States corporation.

Our Company is incorporated under the laws of Mauritius. The laws generally applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders may provide shareholders of United States corporations with rights and protection for which there may be no corresponding or similar provisions under the Companies Act 2001 of Mauritius, as amended, or the Mauritius Companies Act. As such, being shareholder of our Company’s equity shares, you may or may not be accorded the same level of shareholder rights and protection that a shareholder of a United States corporation may be accorded under the laws generally applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Taken together with the provisions of our Company’s constitution, which our Company adopted with effect upon completion of its public offering in October 2016, or Constitution, some of these differences may result in you having greater difficulties in protecting your interests as our Company’s shareholder than you would have as a shareholder of a United States corporation. This affects, among other things, the circumstances under which transactions involving an interested director are voidable, whether an interested director can be held accountable for any benefit realized in a transaction with us, what rights you may have as a shareholder to enforce specified provisions of the Mauritius Companies Act or our Company’s Constitution, and the circumstances under which we may indemnify our Company’s directors and officers.

Our Company may become subject to unanticipated tax liabilities that may have a material adverse effect on our Company’s results of operations.

Our Company is structured as a Global Business Company (“GBC”) in Mauritius. A GBC must at all times:

- employing either directly or indirectly a reasonable number of qualified persons to carry out the core activities, and

- having a minimum level of expenditure, which is proportionate to its level of activities

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In a circular addressed to Management Companies dated October 12, 2018, the Financial Services Commission in Mauritius have advised that going forward, in assessing the exact substance requirements to be met by a GBC, they shall consider the nature and level of core income generating activities conducted (including the use of technology) by the GBC and taking into account the circumstances of each GBC, based on the following indicative guidelines:

After 30 June 2021, the Deemed Tax Credit will not be applicable to our Company and will be replaced with a new tax regime. The income tax rate for GBCs is at 15%, but subject to meeting certain prescribed conditions, and meeting the substance requirements issued by the Financial Services Commission for a GBC, our Company may benefit from a partial exemption of 80% on certain types of income such as foreign source dividend and interest. Where our Company derives income, which is subject to foreign tax, and where the said partial exemption has not been applied, the amount of foreign tax paid may be allowed as a credit against income tax payable in Mauritius in respect of that income.

Anti-takeover provisions in our Company’s constitutional documents and under Mauritius law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our Company’s shareholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our Company’s shareholders to replace or remove our Company’s current management and limit the market price of our Company’s equity shares.

Provisions in our Company’s Constitution may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control or changes in our management. Our Company’s Constitution includes the following provisions which may be regarded as defensive measures:

These provisions may restrict or prevent any attempts by our Company’s shareholders to replace or remove our Company’s current management by making it more difficult for shareholders to replace members of our Company’s Board of Directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our Company’s management team. The provisions could also deprive our shareholders of the opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over the prevailing market price by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our Company in a tender offer or similar transactions.

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Risks Related to Our Company’s Equity Shares

An active or liquid trading market for our Company’s equity shares may not be maintained.

Our Company’s shares have low trading volumes and an active, liquid trading market for our Company’s equity shares may not be maintained in the long term and we cannot be certain that any trading market for our Company’s equity shares will be sustained or that the present price will correspond to the future price at which our Company’s equity shares will trade. Loss of liquidity could increase the price volatility of our Company’s equity shares.

Any additional issuance of equity shares or other equity-related securities would dilute the positions of existing investors in the equity shares and could adversely affect the market price of our Company’s equity shares. We cannot assure you that our Company’s equity shares will not decline below their prevailing market price. You may be unable to sell your equity shares at a price that is attractive to you.

The market price of our Company’s equity shares has been and may continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our Company’s equity shares has been volatile since our Company’s initial public offering and is likely to continue to be volatile. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the market price of our Company’s equity shares include — trading volume, prices of other securities, market trends, growth of other comparable companies, changes in operating performance, sale of additional shares in the market by us or by other investors, coverage by security analysts, changes in financial estimates, failure to meet analyst or market expectations, press releases by us or our competitors, market speculations, changes in tax and other incentives, regulatory and policy changes, litigations, business acquisitions, changes in accounting standards and economic conditions.

Further, in recent years the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In addition, the stock prices of many renewable energy companies have experienced wide fluctuations that have often been unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, government shutdowns, interest rate changes, or international currency fluctuations, may cause the market price of our Company’s equity shares to decline. Furthermore, the COVID-19 crisis has resulted in frequent share market price drops and price volatility in all parts of the world and has impacted the share price of our Company. Any such crisis in future can also significantly impair the share price of our Company.

Sales of a substantial number of our Company’s equity shares in the public market, including by our Company’s existing shareholders, could cause our Company’s share price to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of our equity shares in the public market, or the perception that the sales might occur, could depress the market price of our Company’s equity shares and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities of our Company. We are unable to predict the effect that these sales and others may have on the prevailing market price of our Company’s equity shares.

In addition, certain of our Company’s shareholders can require us to register shares owned by them for public sale in the United States. Our Company also has filed a registration statement to register our Company’s equity shares reserved for future issuance under our Company’s equity compensation plans. Subject to the satisfaction of applicable exercise periods and applicable volume and restrictions that apply to affiliates, our Company’s equity shares issued upon exercise of outstanding options will become available for immediate resale in the public market upon issuance.

Future sales of our Company’s equity shares may make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. These sales also could cause the market price of our Company’s equity shares to decline and make it more difficult for you to sell our Company’s equity shares.

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You may have difficulty enforcing judgments against our Company, our Company’s directors and management.

Our Company is incorporated under the laws of Mauritius. Further, we conduct substantially all of our operations in India through our key operating subsidiary in India. The majority of our Company’s directors and officers reside outside the United States, and a majority of our assets and some or all of the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible to effect service of process within the United States upon our Company or those persons, or to recover against our Company or them on judgments of United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws. An award of punitive damages under a United States court judgment based upon United States federal securities laws is likely to be construed by Mauritian and Indian courts to be penal in nature and therefore unenforceable in both Mauritius and India. Further, no claim may be brought in Mauritius or India against our Company or our Company’s directors and officers in the first instance for violation of United States federal securities laws because these laws have no extraterritorial application under Mauritian or Indian law and do not have force of law in Mauritius or India. However, a Mauritian or Indian court may impose civil liability, including the possibility of monetary damages, on our Company or our Company’s directors and officers if the facts alleged in a complaint constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Mauritian or Indian law. Moreover, it is unlikely that a court in Mauritius or India would award damages on the same basis as a foreign court if an action were brought in Mauritius or India or that a Mauritian or Indian court would enforce foreign judgments if it viewed the amount of damages as excessive or inconsistent with Mauritius or Indian practice or public policy.

The courts of Mauritius or India would not automatically enforce judgments of United States courts obtained in actions against our Company or our Company’s directors and officers, predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws, or entertain actions brought in Mauritius or India against our Company or such persons predicated solely upon United States federal securities laws. Further, there is no treaty in effect between the United States and Mauritius providing for the enforcement of judgments of United States courts in civil and commercial matters and the United States has not been declared by the Indian government to be a reciprocating territory for the purposes of enforcement of foreign judgments, and there are grounds upon which Mauritian or Indian courts may decline to enforce the judgments of United States courts. Some remedies available under the laws of United States jurisdictions, including remedies available under the United States federal securities laws, may not be allowed in Mauritian or Indian courts if contrary to public policy in Mauritius or India. Because judgments of United States courts are not automatically enforceable in Mauritius or India, it may be difficult for you to recover against us or our Company’s directors and officers based upon such judgments. In India, prior approval of the Reserve Bank of India is required in order to repatriate any amount recovered pursuant to such judgments.

Our Company does not expect to pay any cash dividends on our Company’s equity shares.

Our Company has not paid dividends on any of our Company’s equity shares to date and our Company currently intends to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our Company’s business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our Company’s equity shares are likely to be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Consequently, you will likely only experience a gain from your investment in our Company’s equity shares if the price of our Company’s equity shares increases.

In addition, our Company’s ability and decisions whether to pay dividends in the future will depend on our earnings, financial condition and capital requirements. Dividends to U.S. holders may be negatively affected by foreign currency fluctuations. We may not generate sufficient income to cover our operating expenses and pay dividends to our Company’s shareholders, or at all. Our Company’s ability to pay dividends also could be restricted under financing arrangements that our Company may enter into in the future and our Company may be required to obtain the approval of lenders in the event it is in default of its repayment obligations. Our Company may be unable to pay dividends in the near or medium term, and our Company’s future dividend policy will depend on our capital requirements, financing arrangements, results of operations and financial condition. Dividends distributed by our Company’s will attract dividend distribution tax at rates applicable from time to time.

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Our Company will have to rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by its operating subsidiaries and limitations on their ability to pay dividends to our Company could adversely impact your ability to receive dividends on our Company’s equity shares.

Since our Company cannot borrow from our Indian subsidiaries, dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our operating subsidiaries will be our Company’s principal source for cash in order for it to fund its operations including corporate expenses. Accordingly, our Company may need to issue additional equity or borrow funds, either of which may be unavailable on attractive terms, if at all.

If our Company’s operating subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to our Company. As our key operating subsidiary is established in India, it is also subject to certain limitations with respect to dividend payments. As of the date of this annual report, AZI has not paid any cash dividends on its equity shares and does not intend to pay dividends to its equity shareholders, including our Company, in the foreseeable future. Moreover, as our Company does not own 100% of AZI, any dividend payment made by AZI to our Company will also involve a payment to the other shareholders of AZI.

As a foreign private issuer, our Company is permitted to, and it will, follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain requirements applicable to U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of our Company’s equity shares.

As a foreign private issuer listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, our Company permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain NYSE requirements. A foreign private issuer must disclose in its annual reports filed with the SEC, each NYSE requirement with which it does not comply followed by a description of its applicable home country practice. As a company incorporated in Mauritius and which is listed on the NYSE, our Company may follow its home country practice with respect to the composition of its Board of Directors and executive sessions. Unlike the requirements of the NYSE, the corporate governance practice and requirements in Mauritius do not require our Company as a Global Business Company to have the majority of its Board of Directors be independent or to hold regular executive sessions where only independent directors shall be present. Such Mauritian home country practices may afford less protection to holders of our Company’s equity shares than would be available to the shareholders of a U.S. corporation.

If our Company ceases to qualify as a foreign private issuer, our Company would be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and our Company could incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses that our Company would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, our Company is exempt from a number of rules and regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including the furnishing and content of proxy statements, compliance with the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act applicable to executive officers, directors and principal shareholders. Our Company is not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic issuers, and we are not required to disclose in our periodic reports all of the information that U.S. domestic issuers are required to disclose. If our Company does not qualify as a foreign private issuer, our Company will be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and our Company will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that our Company would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

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For as long as our Company is an “emerging growth company,” our Company will not be required to comply with certain reporting requirements that apply to other public companies.

Our Company is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, enacted on April 5, 2012. For as long as our Company continues to be an emerging growth company, our Company may choose to take advantage of certain exemptions from reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These include: (1) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (2) not being required to comply with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer, (3) not being required to comply with any new audit rules adopted by the PCAOB after April 5, 2012 unless the SEC determines otherwise, and (4) not being required to provide certain disclosure regarding executive compensation required of larger public companies. Our Company could be an emerging growth company for up to five years from the end of fiscal year 2017, although, if the market value of our common equity shares that is held by non-affiliates (referred as “Public Float”) exceeds US$ 700.0 million as of any September 30 before the end of that five-year period, our Company would cease to be an emerging growth company as of the following April 1. During the previous year, our Company has early adopted certain new accounting pronouncements that were applicable for public companies and irrevocably elected to follow the public company accounting requirements. This will result in adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”)’s Accounting Standard Updates (“ASU”), as it would be applicable for other public companies. We cannot predict if investors will find our equity shares less attractive if we choose to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our equity shares less attractive as a result of any choices to reduce future disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our equity shares and our share price may be more volatile. Further, as a result of these scaled regulatory requirements, our disclosure may be more limited than that of other public companies and you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of such companies.

You may be subject to Indian taxes on income arising through the sale of our equity shares.

Pursuant to recent amendments to the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961, as amended, income arising directly or indirectly through the sale of a capital asset, including any share or interest in a company or entity registered or incorporated outside of India, will be liable to tax in India, if such share or interest derives, directly or indirectly, its value substantially from assets (whether tangible or intangible) located in India and whether or not the seller of such share or interest has a residence, place of business, business connection, or any other presence in India. The share or interest of the company or entity registered or incorporated outside of India is deemed to derive its value substantially from the assets located in India if the value of such Indian assets exceeds INR 100 million and represents at least 50% of the value of all the assets owned by the company or entity registered or incorporated outside of India. Substantially all of our assets are located in India.

However, if the transferor of share or interest in a company or entity registered or incorporated outside of India (along with its associated enterprises), neither holds the right of management or control in the company or entity registered or incorporated outside of India nor holds voting power or share capital or interest exceeding 5% of the total voting power or total share capital or interest in the company or entity registered or incorporated outside of India, at any time during the twelve months preceding the date of transfer, such small shareholders are exempt from the indirect transfer provisions mentioned above. The amendments also do not deal with the interplay between the amendments to the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961, as amended, and the existing Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements that India has entered into with countries such as the United States in case of an indirect transfer. Accordingly, the implications of the recent amendments are presently unclear. If it is determined that these amendments apply to a holder of our equity shares, such holder could be liable to pay taxes in India on such income.

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If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our equity shares adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our equity shares is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who cover us or may cover us in the future change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If any analyst who covers us or may cover us in the future were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Future issuances of any equity securities may cause a dilution in your shareholding, decrease the trading price of our equity shares, and restrictions agreed to as part of debt financing arrangements may place restrictions on our operations.

Any issuance of equity securities after our initial offering could dilute the interests of our shareholders and could substantially decrease the trading price of our equity shares. our Company may issue equity or equity-linked securities in the future for a number of reasons, including to finance our operations and business strategy (including in connection with acquisitions and other transactions), to adjust our ratio of debt to equity, to satisfy our obligations upon the exercise of then-outstanding options or other equity-linked securities, if any, or for other reasons. Issuance of such additional securities may significantly dilute the equity interests of investors, since initial offering who will not have pre-emptive rights with respect to such an issuance, subordinate the rights of holders of equity shares if preferred shares are issued with rights senior to those afforded to our Company’s equity shares, or harm prevailing market prices for our Company’s equity shares.

Our Company may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to certain U.S. investors of our Company’s equity shares.

Our Company believes that it was not a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for our taxable year ending March 31, 2020 and that, based on the present composition of its income and assets and the manner in which it conduct its business, our Company will not be a PFIC in our Company’s current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. Whether our Company is a PFIC is a factual determination made annually, and our Company’s status could change depending, among other things, upon changes in the composition and amount of our gross income and the relative quarterly average value of its assets. In particular, if our Company generate a small amount of gross income that is attributable to passive income in a taxable year, then there is a risk that our Company may be a PFIC for that year. If our Company was a PFIC for any taxable year in which you hold our Company’s equity shares, you generally would be subject to additional taxes on certain distributions and any gain realized from the sale or other taxable disposition of our equity shares regardless of whether our Company continued to be a PFIC in any subsequent year, unless you mark your equity shares to market for tax purposes on an annual basis. You are encouraged to consult your own tax advisor as to our Company’s status as a PFIC and the tax consequences to you of such status. A U.S. Holder will not be able to elect to treat us as a qualified electing fund (“QEF”) because we do not intend to prepare the information needed to make a QEF election. See “Item 10. Additional Information — E. Taxation — U.S. Federal Income Taxation — Passive Foreign Investment Company Status.”

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If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of our equity shares, the holder may be required to include amounts in its U.S. taxable income even if our Company does not make distributions to its shareholders.

If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly, or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our Company's equity shares, that person may be required to include certain amounts in its U.S. taxable income even if our Company make no distributions to our Company’s shareholders. A United States person that is treated as owning (directly, indirectly, or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our Company’s equity shares will be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation” in our Group. As a result of tax legislation enacted in 2017, it is not certain under what circumstances our non-U.S. subsidiaries will be treated as controlled foreign corporations. However, because our Group includes U.S. subsidiaries, our non-U.S. subsidiaries could be treated as controlled foreign corporations with respect to any United States shareholders (regardless of whether or not our Company are treated as a controlled foreign corporation). A United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation in our Group would be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income”, “global intangible low-taxed income,” and investments in United States property, if any, related to that controlled foreign corporation, regardless of whether our Company make any distributions. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject a United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to such shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Because our Company does not maintain U.S. tax books and records, our Company does not expect to be able to furnish to any United States shareholders the information that may be necessary to comply with the shareholder’s reporting and taxpaying obligations under these rules. A U.S. investor should consult its advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to an investment in our Company’s equity shares, including the possibility that the investor may be treated as a “United States shareholder” as a result of direct, indirect or constructive ownership of our Company’s equity shares.