Vroom, Inc. (Form: 10-Q, Received: 08/13/2020 06:03:39)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-39315

VROOM, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

901112566

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification Number)

1375 Broadway, Floor 11

New York, New York 10018

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(855) 524-1300

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value		VRM		Nasdaq Global Select

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 12, 2020, 119,336,588 shares of the registrants’ common stock were outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS




		Page
Part I - Financial Information		5
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020 (unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2020 (unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2020 (unaudited)	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2020 (unaudited)	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	9
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	53
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	53
Part II - Other Information		56
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	56
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	56
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	84
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	85
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	85
Item 5.	Other Information	85
Item 6.	Exhibits	86
	Signatures	88

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "Exchange Act"), about us and our industry that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial condition, business strategy, and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as "anticipate," "believe," “contemplate,” "continue," "could," "design," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "plan," "potentially," "predict," "project," "should," “target,” "will," “would,” or the negative of these terms or other similar terms or expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.

The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are only predictions. Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including risks described in the section titled "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, regarding, among other things:

•

the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus;

•

we have a history of losses and we may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future;

•

we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to generate positive cash flow on a sustained basis, and our revenue growth rate may decline;

•

we have a limited operating history and are still building out our foundational systems;

•

our recent, rapid growth may not be indicative of our future growth and, if we continue to grow rapidly, we may not be able to manage our growth effectively;

•

our business is subject to certain risks related to the operation of, and concentration of our revenues and gross profit from, Texas Direct Auto;

•

we have entered into outsourcing arrangements with a third party related to our customer experience team, and any difficulties experienced in these arrangements could result in an interruption of our ability to sell our vehicles and value-added products;

•

we face a variety of risks associated with the operation of our proprietary vehicle reconditioning centers by us and our third-party service providers, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations;

•

we rely on third-party carriers to transport our vehicle inventory throughout the United States. Thus, we are subject to business risks and costs associated with such carriers and with the transportation industry, many of which are out of our control;

•

the current geographic concentration where we provide reconditioning services and store inventory creates an exposure to local and regional downturns or severe weather or catastrophic occurrences that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations; and

•

if we sustain cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents that result in security breaches, we could suffer a loss of sales and increased costs, exposure to significant liability, reputational harm and other negative consequences.

We caution you that the foregoing list does not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Other sections of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include additional factors that could harm our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ from those contained in, or implied by, any forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We cannot assure you that the events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this report or to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations. You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and have filed as exhibits to this report with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance, and achievements may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

VROOM, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

	As of December 31,			As of June 30,
	2019			2020
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	217,734		$	651,035
Restricted cash		1,853			21,853
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $789 and $1,135, respectively		30,848			15,287
Inventory		205,746			141,063
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		9,149			17,808
Total current assets		465,330			847,046
Property and equipment, net		7,828			9,783
Intangible assets, net		572			297
Goodwill		78,172			78,172
Operating lease right-of-use assets		—			15,437
Other assets		11,485			12,472
Total assets	$	563,387		$	963,207
LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	18,987		$	20,133
Accrued expenses		38,491			40,898
Vehicle floorplan		173,461			109,783
Deferred revenue		17,323			15,488
Operating lease liabilities, current		—			4,640
Other current liabilities		11,572			13,115
Total current liabilities		259,834			204,057
Operating lease liabilities, excluding current portion		—			11,750
Other long-term liabilities		3,073			1,965
Total liabilities		262,907			217,772
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 86,123,364 and 10,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, respectively; 83,568,628 and zero shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, respectively		874,332			—
Stockholders’ (deficit) equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 113,443,854 and 500,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, respectively; 8,650,922 and 119,336,588 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, respectively		8			119
Additional paid-in-capital		—			1,424,675
Accumulated deficit		(573,860	)		(679,359	)
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity		(573,852	)		745,435
Total liabilities, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ (deficit) equity	$	563,387		$	963,207

See accompanying notes to these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

VROOM, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2020			2019			2020
Revenue:
Retail vehicle, net	$	200,402		$	196,150		$	379,152		$	504,862
Wholesale vehicle		54,531			50,921			106,651			106,497
Product, net		5,491			5,736			9,236			16,780
Other		473			286			917			726
Total revenue		260,897			253,093			495,956			628,865
Cost of sales		247,052			245,486			470,099			602,871
Total gross profit		13,845			7,607			25,857			25,994
Selling, general and administrative expenses		43,692			47,911			80,275			106,291
Depreciation and amortization		1,501			1,083			3,034			2,049
Loss from operations		(31,348	)		(41,387	)		(57,452	)		(82,346	)
Interest expense		3,388			1,297			6,106			4,123
Interest income		(1,415	)		(715	)		(3,264	)		(2,671	)
Revaluation of preferred stock warrant		60			21,260			142			20,470
Other income, net		(12	)		(53	)		(31	)		(86	)
Loss before provision (benefit) for income taxes		(33,369	)		(63,176	)		(60,405	)		(104,182	)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		(29	)		52			74			105
Net loss	$	(33,340	)	$	(63,228	)	$	(60,479	)	$	(104,287	)
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock		(25,879	)		—			(43,843	)		—
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(59,219	)	$	(63,228	)	$	(104,322	)	$	(104,287	)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(6.90	)	$	(2.00	)	$	(12.16	)	$	(5.21	)
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted		8,580,150			31,599,497			8,579,539			20,035,476

See accompanying notes to these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

VROOM, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE

PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY

(in thousands, except share amounts)

(unaudited)

	Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock				Common Stock					Additional Paid-in			Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount		Capital			Deficit			(Deficit) Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018		66,825,300	$	519,100		8,571,386		$	8	$	—		$	(296,874	)	$	(296,866	)
Stock-based compensation		—	$	—		—		$	—	$	869		$	—		$	869
Exercise of stock options		—		—		101,950			—		347			—			347
Repurchase of common stock		—		—		(93,186	)		—		(1,216	)		674			(542	)
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock		—		17,964		—			—		—			(17,964	)		(17,964	)
Net loss		—		—		—			—		—			(27,139	)		(27,139	)
Balance at March 31, 2019		66,825,300	$	537,064		8,580,150		$	8	$	—		$	(341,303	)	$	(341,295	)
Stock-based compensation		—	$	—		—		$	—	$	667		$	—		$	667
Exercise of stock options		—		—		—			—		—			—			—
Repurchase of common stock		—		—		—			—		(667	)		667			—
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock		—		25,879		—			—		—			(25,879	)		(25,879	)
Net loss		—		—		—			—		—			(33,340	)		(33,340	)
Balance at June 30, 2019		66,825,300	$	562,943		8,580,150		$	8	$	—		$	(399,855	)	$	(399,847	)

	Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock						Common Stock					Additional Paid-in			Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount		Capital			Deficit			(Deficit) Equity
Balance at December 31, 2019		83,568,628		$	874,332			8,650,922		$	8	$	—		$	(573,860	)	$	(573,852	)
Stock-based compensation		—		$	—			—		$	—	$	600		$	—		$	600
Exercise of stock options		—			—			2,774			—		6			—			6
Repurchase of common stock		—			—			(200,000	)		—		(606	)		(1,212	)		(1,818	)
Issuance of Series H redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs		1,964,766			26,714			—			—		—			—			—
Net loss		—			—			—			—		—			(41,059	)		(41,059	)
Balance at March 31, 2020		85,533,394		$	901,046			8,453,696		$	8	$	—		$	(616,131	)	$	(616,123	)
Issuance of common stock		—		$	—			183,870		$	—	$	2,127		$	—		$	2,127
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to common stock		(85,533,394	)		(901,046	)		85,533,394			86		900,960			—			901,046
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant to common stock warrant		—			—			—			—		21,873			—			21,873
Issuance of common stock in IPO, net of offering costs		—			—			24,437,500			24		496,486			—			496,510
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			—		4,100			—			4,100
Exercise of stock options		—			—			500			—		7			—			7
Exercise of common stock warrants		—			—			636,112			1		—			—			1
Vesting of restricted stock units		—			—			133,334			—		—			—			—
Common stock shares withheld to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations		—			—			(41,818	)		—		(878	)		—			(878	)
Net loss		—			—			—			—		—			(63,228	)		(63,228	)
Balance at June 30, 2020		—		$	—			119,336,588		$	119	$	1,424,675		$	(679,359	)	$	745,435

See accompanying notes to these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

VROOM, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2020
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(60,479	)	$	(104,287	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		3,146			2,059
Amortization of debt issuance costs		179			375
Stock-based compensation expense		1,536			4,700
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		764			—
Provision for inventory obsolescence		1,889			(1,564	)
Revaluation of preferred stock warrant		142			20,470
Other		—			632
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(14,544	)		14,863
Inventory		(76,209	)		66,247
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(1,814	)		(7,909	)
Other assets		(1,488	)		(1,285	)
Accounts payable		6,501			919
Accrued expenses		7,224			4,714
Deferred revenue		2,664			(1,835	)
Other liabilities		2,592			1,905
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities		(127,897	)		4
Investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment		(794	)		(3,128	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(794	)		(3,128	)
Financing activities
Repayments of long-term debt		(3,340	)		—
Proceeds from vehicle floorplan		420,518			465,663
Repayments of vehicle floorplan		(349,545	)		(529,341	)
Payment of vehicle floorplan upfront commitment fees		—			(1,125	)
Proceeds from the issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock, net		—			21,694
Repurchase of common stock		(542	)		(1,818	)
Common stock shares withheld to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations		—			(878	)
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with IPO, net of underwriting discount		—			504,023
Payments of costs related to IPO		—			(1,740	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		347			13
Other financing activities		268			(66	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		67,706			456,425
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(60,985	)		453,301
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of period		163,509			219,587
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of period	$	102,524		$	672,888
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	5,176		$	2,743
Cash paid for income taxes	$	209		$	—
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock	$	43,843		$	—
Costs related to IPO included in accrued expenses and accounts payable	$	—		$	5,051
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant to common stock warrant	$	—		$	21,873
Issuance of common stock as upfront payment to nonemployee	$	—		$	2,127
Accrued property and equipment expenditures	$	101		$	611

See accompanying notes to these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

1. Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Description of Business and Organization

Vroom, Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively “the Company”) is an innovative, end-to-end ecommerce platform that is transforming the used vehicle industry by offering a better way to buy and a better way to sell used vehicles.

In December 2015, the Company acquired Houston-based Left Gate Property Holding, LLC (d/b/a Texas Direct Auto and herein referred to as “TDA”) which is the Company’s sole physical retail location.

The Company currently is organized into three reportable segments: Ecommerce, TDA, and Wholesale. The Ecommerce reportable segment represents retail sales of used vehicles through the Company’s ecommerce platform and fees earned on sales of value-added products associated with those vehicles sales. The TDA reportable segment represents retail sales of used vehicles from TDA and fees earned on sales of value-added products associated with those vehicles sales. The Wholesale reportable segment represents sales of used vehicles through wholesale auctions.

The Company was incorporated in Delaware on January 31, 2012 under the name BCM Partners III, Corp. On June 25, 2013, the Company changed its name to Auto America, Inc. and on July 9, 2015, the Company changed its name to Vroom, Inc.

Stock Split

In connection with the closing of the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”) on June 11, 2020, the Company effected a 2-for-1 forward stock split of the Company’s common stock, which became effective immediately prior to the consummation of the IPO. All shares of the Company’s common stock, stock-based instruments, and per-share data included in these condensed consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted as though the stock split has been effected prior to all periods presented.

Initial Public Offering

The Company closed its IPO on June 11, 2020 in which it sold 24,437,500 shares of common stock at the public offering price of $22.00 per share, including 3,187,500 shares sold pursuant to exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares. The Company received proceeds of $504.0 million from the IPO, net of the underwriting discount and before deducting offering expenses of $7.5 million. In addition, in accordance with their terms and consistent with the conversion rates discussed in Note 10 - Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity, all shares of the Company’s outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock were automatically converted into common stock upon the closing of the IPO.

Basis of Presentation

The interim condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") regarding interim financial reporting. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019, included herein, was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Therefore, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in the final prospectus dated June 8, 2020 and filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the "Securities Act"), on June 9, 2020 (the "Prospectus").

The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements, and in management’s opinion, include all adjustments, which consist of only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2020 and its results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the current fiscal year or any other future periods. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Except as described elsewhere in Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, there have been no material changes to the Company's significant accounting policies as described in the Prospectus.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including, among others, those related to income taxes, the realizability of inventory, stock-based compensation, contingencies, revenue-related reserves, fair value measurements, goodwill, and useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, market conditions, and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Beginning in the first quarter of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus has negatively impacted, and may continue to negatively impact, the macroeconomic environment in the United States and globally, as well as the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Due to the evolving and uncertain nature of COVID-19, it is reasonably possible that it could materially impact the Company’s estimates, particularly those noted above that require consideration of forecasted financial information, in the near to medium term. The ultimate impact will depend on numerous evolving factors that the Company may not be able to accurately predict, including the duration and extent of the pandemic, the impact of federal, state, local and foreign governmental actions, consumer behavior in response to the pandemic and other economic and operational conditions the Company may face.

Comprehensive Loss

The Company did not have any other comprehensive income or loss for three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. Accordingly, net loss and comprehensive loss are the same for the periods presented.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020 includes cash deposits required under letter of credit agreements as explained in Note 8 – Commitments and Contingencies. Restricted cash as of June 30, 2020 also includes a $20.0 million cash deposit required under the Company’s 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility as explained in Note 7 – Vehicle Floorplan Facilities.

Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included within “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Advertising expenses were $12.7 million and $11.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and $19.8 million and $29.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

Shipping and Handling

The Company’s logistics costs related to transporting its used vehicle inventory primarily include third-party transportation fees. The portion of these costs related to inbound transportation from the point of acquisition to the relevant reconditioning facility is included in cost of sales when the related used vehicle is sold. Logistics costs not included in cost of sales are accounted for as costs to fulfil contracts with customers and are included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and were $2.7 million and $5.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and $4.9 million and $11.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

The Company’s principal financial instruments subject to potential concentration of credit risk are cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable, which are unsecured. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are maintained at various large financial institutions. Deposits held with financial institutions may at times exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and, therefore, management believes they bear minimal risk. Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is generally mitigated by a large customer base.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, no customer represented 10% or more of the Company’s revenues and no customer represented more than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020.

Liquidity

The Company has had negative cash flows and losses from operations since inception which it has funded primarily through issuances of common and preferred stock. The Company has historically funded vehicle inventory purchases through its vehicle floorplan facility (refer to Note 7 – Vehicle Floorplan Facilities). As further discussed in Note 7, the Company entered into a new vehicle floorplan facility in March 2020 which increased the borrowing capacity up to $450.0 million and extended the term through March 2021.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), the Company has evaluated whether there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to meet its obligations within one year from the financial statement issuance date. In connection with the previous issuance of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019, uncertainties relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, combined with the Company’s losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception, and the fact that management’s plan to obtain additional capital had not yet been completed, raised substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. However, following the successful completion of the Company’s IPO in June 2020, in which it raised proceeds of $504.0 million from the IPO, net of the underwriting discount and before deducting offering expenses of $7.5 million as described above, management completed an updated evaluation of the Company’s ability to continue as going concern and has concluded the factors that previously raised substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as going concern no longer exist as of the issuance date of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Nonemployee Share-Based Payments

On May 15, 2020, the Company entered into an agreement with Rocket Auto LLC and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Rocket”) providing for the launch of an ecommerce platform under the “Rocket Auto” brand for the marketing and sale of vehicles directly to consumers (the “RA Agreement”). The Company will list its used vehicle inventory for sale on the Rocket Auto platform, but all sales of the Company’s inventory will be conducted through the Company’s platform. Rocket Auto is expected to launch publicly during the second half of the year ending December 31, 2020 and, during the term of the RA Agreement, Rocket has agreed to ensure that not less than a minimum percentage of all used vehicles sold or leased through the platform on a monthly basis will be Vroom inventory. The Company has agreed to pay Rocket a combination of cash and stock for vehicle sales made through the platform, including upfront equity consisting of 183,870 shares of the Company’s common stock that were issued upon execution of the RA Agreement, and the potential issuance to Rocket of up to an additional 8,641,914 shares of common stock, over a four-year period based upon sales volume of Vroom inventory through the Rocket Auto platform.

The Company accounts for the issuance of its common stock under the RA agreement in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, including the provisions that apply to share-based payments issued to nonemployees for goods or services. The Company determined that the grant date was May 15, 2020 for both the upfront shares issued and the additional shares that potentially are to be issued based on sales volume through the Rocket Auto platform. The fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date was determined to be $11.57 per share. The grant date fair value of the upfront shares issued was initially recognized as an asset within “Other assets” in the condensed consolidated balance sheet, which will subsequently be amortized within “Selling, general and administrative expenses” over the term of the RA agreement commencing on the launch date. The grant date fair value of the potential shares to be issued will be recognized within “Selling, general and administrative expenses” as sales of Vroom’s inventory associated with the Rocket Auto platform occur and such shares are earned.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Accounting Standards Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued, ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which amends the accounting guidance on leases. The new standard requires a lessee to recognize right-of-use assets and lease obligations on the balance sheet for most lease agreements. Leases are classified as either operating or finance, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the statement of operations. The FASB also subsequently issued amendments to the standard to provide additional practical expedients and an additional transition method option.

The Company adopted Topic 842 as of January 1, 2020 using the modified retrospective approach with a cumulative-effect adjustment to opening retained earnings (accumulated deficit) with no restatement of comparative periods. Upon adoption, the Company recognized $18.4 million of operating lease liabilities and $17.4 million of operating lease right-of-use assets. The adoption of Topic 842 did not result in a cumulative effect adjustment to accumulated deficit.

Topic 842 provides various optional practical expedients for transition. The Company elected to utilize the package of practical expedients for transition which permitted the Company to not reassess its prior conclusions regarding whether a contract is or contains a lease, lease classification and initial direct costs. The Company did not elect the hindsight practical expedient to determine lease terms.

Topic 842 also provides optional practical expedients for an entity’s ongoing lease accounting. The Company elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify and the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components of leases.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, related to updated requirements over the disclosures of fair value measurements. Under ASU 2018-13, certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements were eliminated, modified or added to facilitate better disclosure regarding recurring and non-recurring fair value measurements. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2020 which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial instruments, Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which amends the guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by requiring measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for most financial assets, including trade receivables, and other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2020 which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

The Company previously qualified as an “emerging growth company” (“EGC”) as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) and it had elected to delay adoption of new or revised accounting standards until those standards apply to private companies. The Company ceased to qualify as an EGC because its annual revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 exceeded $1.07 billion. The Company continued to be treated as an EGC through June 11, 2020, which was the date the Company consummated the IPO. Accordingly, since the Company can no longer be treated as an EGC, effective dates included in these condensed consolidated financial statements reflect the effective dates that apply to public companies.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which enhances and simplifies various aspects of the income tax accounting guidance including the elimination of certain exceptions related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The guidance will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

3. Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company may collect sales taxes and other taxes from customers on behalf of governmental authorities at the time of sale as required. These taxes are accounted for on a net basis and are not included in revenues or cost of sales.

The Company’s revenue is disaggregated within the condensed consolidated statements of operations and is generated from customers throughout the United States. The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time as described below.

Retail Vehicle Revenue

The Company sells used vehicles to its retail customers through its ecommerce platform and TDA retail location. The transaction price for used vehicles is a fixed amount as set forth within the customer contract at the time of sale. Customers frequently trade-in their existing vehicle to apply toward the transaction price of a used vehicle. Trade-in vehicles represent non-cash consideration which the Company measures at fair value based on external and internal market data for each specific vehicle. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenue for used vehicle sales generally at a point in time when the vehicles are delivered to the customer for ecommerce sales or picked up by the customer for TDA sales. The revenue recognized by the Company includes the agreed upon transaction price, including any delivery charges stated within the customer contract. Revenue excludes any sales taxes, title and registration fees, and other government fees that are collected from customers.

The Company receives payment for used vehicle sales directly from the customer at the time of sale or from third-party financial institutions within a short period of time following the sale if the customer obtains financing. Payments received prior to delivery or pick-up of used vehicles are recorded as “Deferred revenue” within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company offers a return policy for used vehicle sales and establishes a provision for estimated returns based on historical information and current trends. The reserve for estimated returns is presented gross on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, with an asset recorded in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and a refund liability recorded in “Other current liabilities.”

Wholesale Vehicle Revenue

The Company sells vehicles that do not meet its retail sales criteria through third-party wholesale auctions. Vehicles sold at auction are acquired from customers who trade-in their vehicles when making a purchase from the Company and also from customers who sell their vehicles to the Company in direct-buy transactions. The transaction price for wholesale vehicles is a fixed amount that is determined at the auction. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenue for wholesale vehicle sales at a point in time when the vehicle is sold at auction. The transaction price is typically due and collected within a short period of time following the vehicle sales.

Product Revenue

The Company’s product revenue consists of fees earned on selling extended warranty contracts, guaranteed asset protection (“GAP”) and wheel and tire coverage. The Company sells these products pursuant to arrangements with the third parties that provide these products and are responsible for their fulfillment. The Company concluded that it is an agent for these transactions because it does not control the products before they are transferred to the customer. The Company recognizes product revenues on a net basis when the customer enters into an arrangement for the products, which is typically at the time of a used vehicle sale.

Customers may enter into a retail installment sales contract to finance the purchase of used vehicles. The Company sells these contracts on a non-recourse basis to various financial institutions. The Company receives a fee from the financial institution based on the difference between the interest rate charged to the customer that purchased the used vehicle and the interest rate set by the financial institution. These fees are recognized upon sale and assignment of the installment sales contract to the financial institution, which occurs concurrently at the time of a used vehicle sale.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

A portion of the fees earned on these products is subject to chargebacks in the event of early termination, default, or prepayment of the contracts by end-customers. The Company’s exposure for these events is limited to the fees that it receives. An estimated refund liability for chargebacks against the revenue recognized from sales of these products is recorded in the period in which the related revenue is recognized and is based primarily on the Company’s historical chargeback experience. The Company updates its estimates at each reporting date. As of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, the Company’s reserve for chargebacks was $3.3 million and $4.1 million, respectively, of which $1.8 million and $2.2 million, respectively, are included within “Accrued expenses” and $1.5 million and $1.9 million, respectively, are included in “Other long-term liabilities.”

The Company also is contractually entitled to receive profit-sharing revenues based on the performance of the extended warranty policies once a required claims period has passed. The Company recognizes profit-sharing revenues to the extent it is probable that it will not result in a significant revenue reversal. The Company estimates the revenue based on historical claims and cancellation data from its customers, as well as other qualitative assumptions. The Company reassesses the estimate at each reporting period with any changes reflected as an adjustment to revenues in the period identified. As of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, the Company recognized $6.9 million and $8.5 million, respectively, related to cumulative profit-sharing payments to which it expects to be entitled, of which $0.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, are included within “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and $6.6 million and $7.7 million, respectively, are included within “Other assets.”

Other Revenue

Other revenue primarily consists of labor and parts revenue earned by the Company for vehicle repair services at TDA.

Contract Costs

The Company has elected, as a practical expedient, to expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been less than one year. These costs are recorded within “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

4. Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,		June 30,
	2019		2020
Vehicles	$	203,290	$	140,111
Parts and accessories		2,456		952
Total inventory	$	205,746	$	141,063

As of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, “Inventory” includes an adjustment of $6.3 million, and $4.8 million, respectively, to record the balances at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

5. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,			June 30,
	2019			2020
Equipment	$	930		$	991
Furniture and fixtures		1,725			1,725
Company vehicles		1,151			1,151
Leasehold improvements		6,556			6,584
Internal-use software		4,406			8,012
Other		2,580			2,624
		17,348			21,087
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(9,520	)		(11,304	)
Property and equipment, net	$	7,828		$	9,783

Depreciation and amortization expense was $0.6 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and $1.3 million and $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense of $0.1 million was included within “Cost of sales” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, depreciation and amortization expense included within “Cost of sales” was immaterial.

6. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

The Company’s accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,		June 30,
	2019		2020
Accrued marketing expenses	$	3,158	$	6,488
Vehicle related expenses		8,923		8,234
Sales taxes		7,455		11,304
Accrued compensation and benefits		3,386		2,654
Accrued professional services		2,964		5,537
Accrued Series H preferred stock issuance costs		5,020		—
Other		7,585		6,681
Total accrued expenses	$	38,491	$	40,898

The Company’s other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,		June 30,
	2019		2020
Vehicle payable	$	8,904	$	10,493
Other		2,668		2,622
Total other current liabilities	$	11,572	$	13,115

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

7. Vehicle Floorplan Facilities

In March 2020, the Company entered into a new vehicle floorplan facility with Ally Bank and Ally Financial (the “2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility”), which replaced the Company’s previous vehicle floorplan facility. The 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility provides a committed credit line of up to $450.0 million which expires in March 2021. The amount of credit available is determined on a monthly basis based on a calculation that considers average outstanding borrowings and vehicle units paid off by the Company within the immediately preceding three-month period. The Company may elect to increase its monthly credit line availability by an additional $25.0 million during any three months of each year. As of June 30, 2020, the borrowing capacity of the 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility was $200.0 million, of which $90.2 million was unutilized.

Outstanding borrowings related to the 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility are due as the vehicles financed are sold, or in any event, on the maturity date. The 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility bears interest at a rate equal to the 1-Month LIBOR rate applicable in the immediately preceding month plus a spread of 425 basis points. The 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility is collateralized by the Company’s vehicle inventory and certain other assets and the Company is subject to covenants that require it to maintain a certain level of equity in the vehicles that are financed, to maintain at least 10% of the outstanding borrowings in cash and cash equivalents, to maintain 10% of the monthly credit line availability on deposit with Ally Bank and to maintain a minimum tangible adjusted net worth of $167.0 million, which is defined as shareholder (deficit) equity plus redeemable convertible preferred stock as determined under U.S. GAAP. The Company was required to pay an upfront commitment fee of $1.1 million upon execution of the 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility.

The Company previously entered into a vehicle floorplan (the “2016 Vehicle Floorplan Facility”) with Ally Bank and Ally Financial in April 2016, as subsequently amended. The 2016 Vehicle Floorplan Facility consisted of a revolving line of credit with a borrowing capacity of $220.0 million as of December 31, 2019, which could be used to finance the Company’s vehicle inventory.

The interest rate on the 2016 Vehicle Floorplan Facility was equal to the 1-Month LIBOR rate applicable in the immediately preceding month plus a spread of 425 basis points and was payable on a monthly basis.

As of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, outstanding borrowings on the vehicle floorplan facilities were $173.5 million and $109.8 million, respectively.

Interest expense incurred by the Company for the vehicle floorplan facilities was $2.5 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and $4.4 million and $3.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively, which are recorded within “Interest expense” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The weighted average interest rate on the vehicle floorplan borrowings was 6.00% and 4.49% as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all covenants related to the vehicle floorplan facilities.

In connection with the vehicle floorplan facilities, the Company entered into credit balance agreements with Ally Bank and Ally Financial that permits the Company to deposit cash with the bank for the purpose of reducing the amount of interest payable for borrowings. Interest credits earned by the Company were $1.3 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and $2.8 million and $2.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively, which are recorded within “Interest income” in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is involved in various claims and legal actions that arise in the ordinary course of business. We accrue a liability when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible but not probable, we do not record a liability, but instead disclose the nature and the amount of the claim, and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such an estimate can be made. Legal fees are expensed as incurred. As of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, the Company was not a party to any legal proceedings that, individually or in the aggregate, are reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. However, the results of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, and an unfavorable resolution of one or more matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Letters of Credit

The Company has obtained stand-by letters of credit totaling $1.9 million to satisfy conditions under two lease agreements. The Company is required to maintain a cash deposit of $1.9 million with the financial institution that issued the stand-by letters of credit, which is classified as “Restricted cash” within the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, respectively.

Other Matters

The Company enters into agreements with third parties in the ordinary course of business that may contain indemnification provisions. In the event that an indemnification claim is asserted, the Company’s liability, if any, would be limited by the terms of the applicable agreement. Historically, the Company has not incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to indemnification provisions.

9. Leases

The Company’s leasing activities primarily consist of real estate leases for its operations, including office space, the Company’s reconditioning facility, the TDA retail location, the Company’s Sell Us Your Car centers, parking lots and other facilities. The real estate leases have terms ranging from six months to eight years. The Company also has leases for various types of equipment, which are not material, individually or in the aggregate. The Company assesses whether each lease is an operating or finance lease at the lease commencement date. The Company does not have any material leases, individually or in the aggregate, classified as a finance leasing arrangement.

The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Company does not have any significant leases that have not yet commenced but that create significant rights and obligations for the Company.

The Company’s real estate leases often require it to make payments for maintenance in addition to rent as well as payments for real estate taxes and insurance. Maintenance, real estate taxes, and insurance payments are generally variable costs which are based on actual expenses incurred by the lessor. Therefore, these amounts are not included in the consideration of the contract when determining the right-of-use asset and lease liability but are reflected as variable lease expenses.

Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and expense for these leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Options to extend or terminate leases

Certain of the Company’s real estate leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to five years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company’s sole discretion. If it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options, the periods covered by such options are included in the lease term and are recognized as part of the Company’s right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise.

Lease term and discount rate

As of June 30, 2020, the weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate for the Company’s operating leases were 4.0 years and 3.4%, excluding short-term operating leases.

As the rate implicit in the lease is generally not readily determinable for the Company’s operating leases, the discount rates used to determine the present value of the Company’s lease liabilities are based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date and commensurate with the remaining lease term. The incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term for an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The Company determines its incremental borrowing rate based on a synthetic credit rating that was developed with the assistance of a third-party specialist.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Lease costs and activity

The Company’s lease costs and activity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 were as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,			Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2020
Lease Cost
Operating lease cost	$	1,369		$	2,767
Short-term lease cost		634			1,518
Variable lease cost		437			966
Sublease income		(100	)		(337	)
Net lease cost	$	2,340		$	4,914

	Three Months Ended June 30,			Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2020
Other information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	1,399		$	2,826
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities	$	—		$	521

Maturity of Lease Liabilities

The maturity of the Company’s lease liabilities on an undiscounted cash flow basis and a reconciliation to the operating lease liabilities recognized on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2020 were as follows (in thousands):


For remainder of 2020	$	2,591
2021		5,022
2022		3,291
2023		3,138
2024		2,858
Thereafter		724
Total lease payments		17,624
Less: interest		(1,234	)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	16,390

Operating lease liabilities, current	$	4,640
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent		11,750
Total operating lease liabilities	$	16,390

Future minimum payments under non-cancelable operating leases with initial terms of one year or more consisted of the following as of December 31, 2019 in accordance with ASC Topic 840 (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31,
2020	$	5,509
2021		4,909
2022		3,204
2023		3,026
2024		2,746
Thereafter		699
Total future minimum lease payments	$	20,093

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

In accordance with ASC Topic 840, rent expense was $1.9 million and $3.4 million for three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Certain of the Company’s lease agreements contain escalation clauses, and accordingly, the Company records the rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Deferred rent under ASC Topic ASC 840 is recorded within “Accrued expenses” in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

10. Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had eight outstanding series of redeemable convertible preferred stock (collectively the “Series Preferred”). The Company classified its Series B through H Preferred Stock (collectively the “Senior Preferred Stock”) as temporary equity within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 because the instruments contained redemption rights. The Company concluded that the Senior Preferred Stock were considered probable of becoming redeemable through November 2019 and therefore recorded accretion to their redemption values of $132.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. During December 2019, the Company ceased accretion of the Senior Preferred Stock to their redemption values due to a sufficiently high likelihood of an IPO requiring a conversion of the instruments into common stock.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company classified its Series A Preferred Stock as temporary equity within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets because the instrument contained liquidation features, including a liquidation preference in the event of a deemed liquidation event, that were not solely within the Company’s control. The Company did not adjust the carrying value of the Series A Preferred Stock to its redemption value because it was not probable that the Series A Preferred Stock would become redeemable.

On January 8, 2020, the Company completed an additional closing of its Series H Preferred Stock whereby it sold and issued an aggregate of 1,964,766 shares of Series H Preferred Stock in exchange for gross proceeds of $26.7 million. The proceeds were used for general corporate purposes and business development.

Immediately upon closing of the IPO, the Company’s outstanding preferred stock was automatically converted into an aggregate of 85,533,394 shares of the Company’s common stock. On June 11, 2020, the Company amended its certificate of incorporation to authorize the issuance of up to 10,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock. As of June 30, 2020, there was no preferred stock issued or outstanding.

The authorized, issued and outstanding shares, issue price, conversion price, liquidation preference, and carrying value of the Series Preferred as of December 31, 2019 were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2019
	(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
	Shares authorized		Shares issued and outstanding		Issue price		Per share conversion price		Liquidation preference		Carrying value
Series A		3,983,996		3,983,996	$	1.61	$	1.61	$	6,419	$	6,167
Series B		4,716,484		4,716,484		2.48		2.48		11,709		42,425
Series C		9,134,242		9,134,242		5.93		5.93		54,209		88,739
Series D		14,431,136		14,431,136		6.58		6.58		95,000		142,724
Series E		6,163,792		6,163,792		8.11		8.11		50,000		64,042
Series F		12,705,580		12,115,610		8.53		8.53		103,346		127,820
Series G		16,280,040		16,280,040		8.98		8.98		146,113		174,764
Series H		18,708,094		16,743,328		13.60		13.60		227,651		227,651
		86,123,364		83,568,628					$	694,447	$	874,332

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Common Stock

On June 11, 2020, the Company amended its certificate of incorporation to effect a 2-for-1 forward stock split of shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock, such that each share of common stock, $0.001 par value became two shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share. The shares of common stock authorized for issuance was increased to 500,000,000. Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders.

Warrants

In connection with the offering of shares of Series B Preferred Stock, the Company issued warrants to an investor in return for providing ongoing advisory services (“Series B Warrants”). The Series B Warrants allowed the investor to purchase up to 161,136 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.72 per share. The Series B Warrants vested in equal monthly installments through October 1, 2017. Upon the closing of the IPO, all of the Series B Warrants were exercised cashless by the holder which resulted in the net issuance of 155,862 shares of the Company’s common stock.

In August 2017, the Company issued a warrant (the “Series F Preferred Stock Warrant”) which allowed the holders to purchase up to 589,970 shares of the Company’s Series F Preferred Stock, or common stock upon conversion of the Company’s preferred stock into common stock, with an exercise price of $8.53 per share. The holders exercised the warrant on June 23, 2020 cashless, which resulted in the net issuance of 480,250 shares of the Company’s common stock. Prior to the conversion of the Company’s preferred stock into common stock, the Series F Preferred Stock Warrant was classified as a liability due to the contingent redemption features of the Series F Preferred Stock and was measured at fair value at each reporting date. Refer to Note 12 – Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements.

11. Stock-based Compensation

On May 28, 2020, the Company adopted the 2020 Incentive Award Plan (“the 2020 Plan”), which authorized the issuance of (i) up to 3,019,108 shares of the Company’s common stock, (ii) up to 4% of an annual increase on the first day of each year beginning on January 1, 2022 and ending on January 1, 2030, and (iii) any shares of the Company’s common stock subject to awards under the 2014 Plan which are forfeited or lapse unexercised and which following the effective date are not issued under the 2014 Plan. Awards may be issued in the form of restricted stock units, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, and stock options. As of June 30, 2020, there were 3,093,498 shares available for future issuance under the 2020 Plan.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2020:

	Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019		6,340,000		$	3.92		8.22
Granted		420,500			10.46
Exercised		(3,274	)		4.21
Forfeited / cancelled		(417,150	)		4.30
Outstanding as of June 30, 2020		6,340,076		$	4.33		7.79
Vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2019		2,684,160		$	3.58		7.41
Vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2020		3,451,864		$	3.63		7.05

The Company recognized $0.7 million and $0.6 million of stock-based compensation expense related to stock options for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and $1.5 million and $1.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, the Company had $5.2 million, and $4.7 million, respectively, of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.6 years, and 2.7 years, respectively.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

The grant date fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was estimated at the time of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and utilized the following weighted average assumptions:

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Fair value of common stock (per share)	$	10.46
Expected term (in years)	5.9 — 6.3
Risk-free interest rate	1.7%
Expected volatility	36.3% — 36.6%
Dividend yield	—%

The weighted average fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was estimated to be $3.97 per share. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was immaterial, and the aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and options exercisable as of June 30, 2020 was $303.1 million and $167.5 million, respectively.

RSUs

The following table summarizes activity for restricted stock units (“RSUs”) for the six months ended June 30, 2020:

	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Unvested and outstanding as of December 31, 2019		408,000		$	4.01
Granted		2,214,276			11.28
Vested		(133,334	)		3.60
Forfeited / cancelled		(540	)		11.57
Unvested and outstanding as of June 30, 2020		2,488,402		$	10.50

The Company recognized $0.0 million and $3.3 million of stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and $0.0 million and $3.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, the Company had $1.3 million and $20.9 million, respectively, of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years and 1.9 years, respectively.

As a result of completing its IPO in June 2020, the Company commenced the recognition of compensation expense for 510,278 RSUs that vest upon the occurrence of a liquidity event, which includes an IPO, and continuous service that generally ranges from 12 to 48 -months.

In February 2020, the Company granted 367,782 RSUs to its chief executive officer that vest upon the achievement of performance-based conditions, which includes Revenue and EBITDA targets for fiscal year 2022, and the achievement of a liquidity event, which includes a change of control or an IPO. As a result of completing its IPO in June 2020, and the probability of achieving the performance-based conditions, the Company commenced recognition of compensation expense. Accordingly, $0.5 million of stock-based compensation expense was recorded for these RSUs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020.

Certain of the Company’s RSU grants are subject to acceleration upon a change of control and termination within 12 months, and upon death, disability, retirement and certain “good leaver” circumstances.

RSAs

During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Company granted awards of 4,751,874 shares of restricted common stock (the “RSAs”).

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company’s RSAs for the six months ended June 30, 2020:

	Shares
Unvested at December 31, 2019		272,868
Vested		(272,868	)
Unvested at June 30, 2020		—

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the expense related to the RSAs was immaterial. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the expense related to the RSAs was $0.2 million. As of June 30, 2020, there was no remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the RSAs.

12. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

U.S. GAAP defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of judgment, and therefore cannot be determined with precision. U.S. GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value and establishes the following three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted market prices in markets that are not active; or model-derived valuations or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables present the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

`	As of December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	70,059	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total financial assets	$	70,059	$	—	$	—	$	—
Financial Liabilities
Other long-term liabilities:
Series F Preferred Stock Warrant		—		—		1,403		1,403
Total financial liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	1,403	$	1,403

`	As of June 30, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	100,016	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total financial assets	$	100,016	$	—	$	—	$	—

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Series F Preferred Stock Warrant, which is measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs:

	Series F Preferred Stock Warrant
	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	1,403
Change in fair value		20,470
Conversion to common stock warrant		(21,873	)
Balance as of June 30, 2020	$	—

Prior to the closing of the IPO on June 11, 2020 and the related conversion of the Company’s preferred stock into common stock, the Company estimated the fair value of the Series F Preferred Stock Warrant based on the Black-Scholes option-pricing model which utilized the value of shares sold in the Company’s latest preferred stock financing and allocated the estimated equity value of the Company to each class of the Company’s outstanding securities using an option-pricing back-solve model. Upon the closing of the IPO, the Series F Preferred Stock Warrant converted into a common stock warrant and the warrant liability was remeasured at fair value for the last time based on the quoted price of the Company’s publicly traded common stock. On June 23, 2020, the holders exercised the Series F Preferred Stock Warrant.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. The carrying value of the Vehicle Floorplan Facility was determined to approximate fair value due to its short-term duration and variable interest rate that approximates prevailing interest rates as of each reporting period.

13. Segment Information

The Company has three reportable segments: Ecommerce, TDA, and Wholesale. No operating segments have been aggregated to form the reportable segments. The Company determined its operating segments based on how the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) reviews the Company’s operating results in assessing performance and allocating resources. The CODM reviews revenue and gross profit for each of the reportable segments. Gross profit is defined as revenue less cost of sales incurred by the segment. The CODM does not evaluate operating segments using asset information as these are managed on an enterprise wide group basis. Accordingly, the Company does not report segment asset information. As of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, the Company did not have any assets located outside of the United States.

The Ecommerce reportable segment represents retail sales of used vehicles through the Company’s ecommerce platform and fees earned on sales of value-added products associated with those vehicle sales. The TDA reportable segment represents retail sales of used vehicles from TDA and fees earned on sales of value-added products associated with those vehicle sales. The Wholesale reportable segment represents sales of used vehicles through wholesale auctions.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Information about the Company’s reportable segments are as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Ecommerce		TDA		Wholesale			Consolidated
Revenues from external customers	$	120,953	$	85,413	$	54,531		$	260,897
Gross profit	$	7,295	$	6,101	$	449		$	13,845

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Ecommerce		TDA		Wholesale			Consolidated
Revenues from external customers	$	175,568	$	26,604	$	50,921		$	253,093
Gross profit (loss)	$	7,219	$	931	$	(543	)	$	7,607

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Ecommerce		TDA		Wholesale			Consolidated
Revenues from external customers	$	210,808	$	178,497	$	106,651		$	495,956
Gross profit	$	13,049	$	12,179	$	629		$	25,857

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Ecommerce		TDA		Wholesale			Consolidated
Revenues from external customers	$	408,740	$	113,628	$	106,497		$	628,865
Gross profit (loss)	$	21,486	$	6,346	$	(1,838	)	$	25,994

The reconciliation between reportable segment gross profit to consolidated loss before provision for income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2020			2019			2020
Segment gross profit	$	13,845		$	7,607		$	25,857		$	25,994
Selling, general and administrative expenses		43,692			47,911			80,275			106,291
Depreciation and amortization		1,501			1,083			3,034			2,049
Interest expense		3,388			1,297			6,106			4,123
Interest Income		(1,415	)		(715	)		(3,264	)		(2,671	)
Revaluation of preferred stock warrant		60			21,260			142			20,470
Other income, net		(12	)		(53	)		(31	)		(86	)
Loss before provision (benefit) for income taxes	$	(33,369	)	$	(63,176	)	$	(60,405	)	$	(104,182	)

14. Income Taxes

The Company computes income taxes using the liability method. This method requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities, measured by enacted rates, attributable to temporary differences between the financial statements and the income tax basis of assets and liabilities. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that certain deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income in those specific jurisdictions prior to the dates on which such net operating losses expire. The Company maintained a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets because the Company has determined that is it more likely than not that these assets will not be fully realized based on a current evaluation of expected future taxable income and the Company is in a cumulative loss position.

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020 was (0.12)% and 0.09% respectively. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020 was (0.10)% and (0.12)% respectively.

The Company is subject to tax in the United States and many state and local jurisdictions. The Company, with certain exceptions, is no longer subject to income tax examinations by U.S. federal, state and local for tax years 2015 and prior.

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

The Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 382 provides for a limitation of the annual use of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards following certain ownership changes (as defined by the IRC Section 382) that limits the Company’s ability to utilize these carryforwards. The Company completed a Section 382 study to determine the applicable limitation, if any. It was determined that the Company has undergone three ownership changes. There were ownership changes in July 2013, November 2014 and July 2015 which substantially limit the use of the net operating losses generated before the change in control.

The Company has not identified any uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2019 or June 30, 2020.

15. Net Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)	2019			2020			2019			2020
Net loss	$	(33,340	)	$	(63,228	)	$	(60,479	)	$	(104,287	)
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock		(25,879	)		—			(43,843	)		—
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(59,219	)	$	(63,228	)	$	(104,322	)	$	(104,287	)
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted		8,580,150			31,599,497			8,579,539			20,035,476
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(6.90	)	$	(2.00	)	$	(12.16	)	$	(5.21	)

The following potentially dilutive shares were not included in the calculation of diluted shares outstanding for the periods presented as the effect would have been anti-dilutive:

	As of June 30,
	2019		2020
Redeemable convertible preferred stock		66,825,300		—
Warrants		161,136		—
Stock options		5,985,508		6,340,076
Restricted stock awards		3,873,214		3,249,382
Restricted stock units		408,000		2,488,402
Total		77,253,158		12,077,860

VROOM, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

16. Related Party Transactions

Management Services Agreement

In July 2015, the Company entered into a management services agreement (“MSA”) with Catterton Management Company, L.L.C. (“Catterton Management”), an affiliate of L Catterton (“Catterton”), a holder of more than 5% of the Company’s outstanding capital stock, pursuant to which Catterton Management agreed to provide consulting services on certain business and financial matters. Under the MSA, the Company agreed to pay Catterton Management an annual fee of $0.3 million until the expiration of the MSA upon the earlier of (i) termination by mutual consent of the parties and (ii) such time that Catterton and/or its affiliates cease to be one of the Company’s stockholders. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, payments of the annual fees were waived. In May 2020, the MSA was terminated.

AutoNation Reconditioning Agreement

In January 2019, the Company entered into a vendor agreement (“Vendor Agreement”) with AutoNation, Inc. (“AutoNation”), an affiliate of Auto Holdings, Inc., a holder of more than 5% of the Company’s outstanding capital stock, pursuant to which AutoNation agreed to provide certain reconditioning and repair services for vehicles owned by the Company. Amounts due under the Vendor Agreement for parts supplied and services performed by AutoNation become due and payable as they accrued. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company incurred $0.4 million of costs under the Vendor Agreement. The Vendor Agreement was terminated in February 2020.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our interim condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. As discussed in the section titled "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the section titled "Risk Factors" in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Additionally, our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

Overview

Vroom is an innovative, end-to-end ecommerce platform that is transforming the used vehicle industry by offering a better way to buy and a better way to sell used vehicles. We are deeply committed to creating an exceptional experience for our customers.

We are driving enduring change in the industry on a national scale. We take a vertically integrated, asset-light approach that is reinventing all phases of the vehicle buying and selling process, from discovery to delivery and everything in between. Our platform encompasses:

•

Ecommerce: We offer an exceptional ecommerce experience for our customers. In contrast to legacy dealerships and the peer-to-peer market, we provide consumers with a personalized and intuitive ecommerce interface to research and select from thousands of fully reconditioned vehicles. Our platform is accessible at any time on any device and provides transparent pricing, real-time financing and nationwide contact-free delivery right to a buyer’s driveway. For consumers looking to sell or trade in their vehicles, we provide attractive market-based pricing, real-time, guaranteed purchase offers and convenient, contact-free at-home vehicle pick-up.

•

Vehicle Operations: Our scalable and vertically integrated operations underpin our business model. We strategically source inventory from auctions, consumers, rental car companies, Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEMs”) and dealers. We improve our ability to acquire high-demand vehicles through enhanced supply science across all our sourcing channels and we are expanding our national marketing efforts to drive consumer sourcing. In our reconditioning and logistics operations, we deploy an asset-light strategy that optimizes a combination of ownership and operation of assets by us with strategic third-party partnerships. This hybrid approach provides flexibility, agility and speed without taking on unnecessary risk and capital investment, and drives improved unit economics and operating leverage.

•

Data Science and Experimentation: Data science and experimentation are at the core of everything we do. We rely on data science, machine learning and A/B and multivariate testing to continually drive optimization and operating leverage across our ecommerce and vehicle operations. We leverage data to increase the effectiveness of our national brand and performance marketing, enhance the customer experience, analyze market dynamics at scale, calibrate our vehicle pricing and optimize our overall inventory sales velocity. On the operations side, data science and experimentation enables us to fine tune our supply, sourcing and logistics models and to streamline our reconditioning processes.

The U.S. used automotive market is the largest consumer product category, generating approximately $841 billion from sales of approximately 40 million units in 2019. The industry is highly fragmented with over 42,000 dealers and millions of peer-to-peer transactions. It also is ripe for disruption as an industry that is notorious for consumer dissatisfaction and has one of the lowest levels of ecommerce penetration at only 0.9%. Industry reports estimate that ecommerce penetration will grow to as much as half of all used vehicle sales by 2030. Our platform, coupled with our national presence and brand, provides a significant competitive advantage versus local dealerships and regional players that lack nationwide reach and scalable technology, operations and logistics. The traditional auto dealers and peer-to-peer market do not and cannot offer consumers what we offer.

In December 2015, we acquired Houston-based Texas Direct Auto, or TDA, which included our proprietary vehicle reconditioning center, or Vroom VRC, our sole physical retail location and our Sell Us Your Car^® centers. From the launch of our combined operations in January 2016, our business has grown significantly as we have scaled our operations, developed our ecommerce platform and leveraged the network effects inherent in our model.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we generated $253.1 million and $628.9 million in total revenue, respectively, representing a 3.0% decrease and a 26.8% increase, respectively, over $260.9 million and $496.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Our business generated a net loss of $33.3 million and $63.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, and a net loss of $60.5 million and $104.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively. We intend to continue to invest in growth to scale our company responsibly and drive towards profitability.

Our Model

We generate revenue through the sale of used vehicles and value-added products. We sell vehicles directly to consumers primarily through our Ecommerce segment. As the largest segment in our business, Ecommerce revenue grew 45.2% from the three months ended June 30, 2019 to the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 93.9% from the six months ended June 30, 2019 to the six months ended June 30, 2020, and we expect Ecommerce to continue to outgrow our other segments as it is the core focus of our growth strategy.

We also sell vehicles through wholesale auctions, which provide a revenue source for vehicles that do not meet our Vroom retail sales criteria. Additionally, we generate revenue through the retail sale of used vehicles and value-added products at Houston-based Texas Direct Auto, or TDA.

For the three months ended June 30, 2020, our Ecommerce, TDA and Wholesale segments represented 69.4%, 10.5% and 20.1% of our total revenue, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, our Ecommerce, TDA and Wholesale segments represented 65.0%, 18.1% and 16.9% of our total revenue, respectively.

Our retail gross profit consists of two components: Vehicle Gross Profit and Product Gross Profit. Vehicle Gross Profit is calculated as the aggregate retail sales price for all vehicles sold to customers along with delivery fee revenue and document fees received from customers, less the aggregate cost to acquire such vehicles, the aggregate cost of inbound transportation for such vehicles to our vehicle reconditioning centers, which we refer to as VRCs, and the aggregate cost of reconditioning such vehicles for sale. Product Gross Profit consists of fees earned on any value-added products sold as part of a vehicle sale. Because we are paid fees on the value-added products we sell, our gross profit on such products is equal to the revenue we generate. See “—Key Operating and Financial Metrics.”

Below is an explanation of how we calculate vehicle gross profit per unit and product gross profit per unit:

Our profitability depends primarily on increasing unit sales and operating leverage, as well as improving unit economics. We deploy an asset-light strategy that optimizes a combination of ownership and operation of assets by us with strategic third-party partnerships. Our hybrid approach also applies to the third-party value-added products we sell to customers, which enables us to generate additional revenue streams without taking on the risk associated with underwriting vehicle financing or protection products. As we scale, we expect to benefit from efficiencies and operating leverage across our business, including our marketing and technology investments, and our inventory procurement, logistics, reconditioning and sales processes.

Inventory Sourcing

We source our vehicle inventory from a variety of channels, including auctions, consumers, rental car companies, OEMs and dealers. Because the quality of vehicles and associated gross margin profile vary across each channel, the mix of inventory sources has an impact on our profitability. We continually evaluate the optimal mix of sourcing channels to generate the highest sales margins and shortest inventory turns, both of which contribute to increased gross profit per unit. We generate a vast set of data derived from market demand, pricing dynamics, vehicle acquisitions and subsequent sales, and we leverage that data to optimize future vehicle acquisitions. As we scale, we expect to continue to leverage the data at our disposal to optimize and enhance the volume and selection of vehicles in our inventory and, in turn, drive revenue growth and profitability. We also have begun to offer third party inventory listings that will expand our sourcing channels through third party sellers while offering us attractive revenue models in an asset light, debt free structure. See “—Key Factors and Trends Affecting our Operating Results—Ability to drive growth by cost effectively increasing the volume and selection of vehicles in our inventory.”

Vehicle Reconditioning

Before a vehicle is listed for retail sale on our platform, it undergoes a thorough reconditioning process in order to meet our Vroom retail sales criteria. The efficiency of this reconditioning process is a key element in our ability to profitably grow. To recondition vehicles, we rely on a combination of our Vroom VRC along with a network of VRCs owned and operated by third parties. We intend to continue to expand our network of third-party VRCs and going forward intend to make capital investments in additional Vroom VRCs. Utilizing this hybrid approach, we have increased our total reconditioning capacity from 223 units per day as of June 30, 2019, to 313 units per day as of June 30, 2020, including an increase from 78 units per day to 169 units per day at our third-party VRCs. As we increase the number of vehicles in our inventory and expand our reconditioning capacity, we expect that reconditioning costs per unit will decrease as we benefit from economies of scale and operating leverage in reconditioning costs. See “—Key Factors and Trends Affecting our Operating Results—Ability to expand and optimize our reconditioning capacity to satisfy increasing demand.”

Logistics Network

For our logistics operations, we primarily use our strategic carrier arrangements with national haulers, which allows us to efficiently deliver vehicles to customers throughout the United States while focusing on expanding other critical components of our business, such as the volume and selection of vehicles in our inventory. This strategy enhances the flexibility, agility and speed of our growth while reducing the need for additional capital commitments as we scale. In addition, by strategically partnering with third party carriers with widely dispersed locations, we are able to quickly expand our last mile delivery hubs and enhance our customer experience. By leveraging the experience and data at our disposal from the tens of thousands of deliveries we have completed, we are finding ways to enhance the efficiencies in our logistics network, and we are developing our hybrid strategy with the intent to build out our proprietary logistics network. See “—Key Factors and Trends Affecting our Operating Results—Ability to expand and develop our logistics network.”

Value-Added Products

We generate revenue by earning fees for selling value-added products to customers in connection with vehicle sales. Currently, our third-party value-added product offering consists of finance and protection products, including financing from third-party lenders for our customers’ vehicle purchases, as well as sales of extended warranty contracts, GAP products and wheel and tire coverage. As we scale our business, we intend to introduce additional value-added products that will be attractive to our customers and drive revenue and profitability growth. We expect that both expanded product offerings and increased attachment rates in value-added product sales will have a positive impact on our profitability. See “—Key Factors and Trends Affecting our Operating Results—Ability to increase and better monetize value-added products.”

Our Segments

We manage and report operating results through three reportable segments:

•

Ecommerce (69.4% and 65.0% of revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively): The Ecommerce segment represents retail sales of used vehicles through our ecommerce platform and fees earned on sales of value-added products associated with those vehicle sales.

•

TDA (10.5% and 18.1% of revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively): The TDA segment represents retail sales of used vehicles from TDA and fees earned on sales of value-added products associated with those vehicle sales.

•

Wholesale (20.1% and 16.9% of revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively): The Wholesale segment represents sales of used vehicles through wholesale auctions.

Gross profit is defined as revenue less cost of sales for each segment. Reflected below is a summary of reportable segment revenue and reportable segment gross profit for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2020			2019		2020
	(in thousands)					(in thousands)
Revenue:
Ecommerce	$	120,953	$	175,568		$	210,808	$	408,740
TDA		85,413		26,604			178,497		113,628
Wholesale		54,531		50,921			106,651		106,497
Total revenue	$	260,897	$	253,093		$	495,956	$	628,865
Gross profit:
Ecommerce	$	7,295	$	7,219		$	13,049	$	21,486
TDA		6,101		931			12,179		6,346
Wholesale		449		(543	)		629		(1,838	)
Total gross profit	$	13,845	$	7,607		$	25,857	$	25,994

Key Operating and Financial Metrics

We regularly review a number of metrics, including the following key operating and financial metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends in our business, prepare financial forecasts and make strategic decisions. We believe these operational measures are useful in evaluating our performance, in addition to our financial results prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or U.S. GAAP. You should read the key operating and financial metrics in conjunction with the following discussion of our results of operations and together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We focus heavily on metrics related to unit economics as improved gross profit per unit is a key element of our growth and profitability strategies.

The calculation of our key operating and financial metrics is straightforward and does not rely on significant projections, estimates or assumptions. Nevertheless, each of our key operating and financial metrics has limitations because each focuses specifically on only one standard by which to evaluate our business, without taking into account other applicable standards, performance measures or operating trends by which our business could be evaluated. Accordingly, no single metric should be viewed as the bellwether by which our business should be measured. Rather, each key operating and financial metric should be considered in conjunction with other metrics and components of our results of operations, such as each of the other key operating and financial metrics and our revenues, inventory, loss from operations and segment results.

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2020		2019		2020
Ecommerce units sold		3,856		6,713		7,043		14,643
Vehicle Gross Profit per ecommerce unit	$	1,274	$	314	$	1,340	$	602
Product Gross Profit per ecommerce unit		618		761		512		866
Total Gross Profit per ecommerce unit	$	1,892	$	1,075	$	1,852	$	1,468
Average monthly unique visitors		628,659		999,899		520,074		973,457
Listed Vehicles		4,550		5,745		4,550		5,745
Ecommerce average days to sale		64		66		64		67

Ecommerce Units Sold

Ecommerce units sold is defined as the number of vehicles sold and shipped to customers through our ecommerce platform, net of returns under our Vroom 7-Day Return Policy. Ecommerce units sold excludes sales of vehicles through the TDA and Wholesale segments. As we continue to expand our ecommerce business, we expect that ecommerce units sold will be the primary driver of our revenue growth. Additionally, each vehicle sale through our ecommerce platform also creates the opportunity to leverage such sale to sell value-added products. Continued ecommerce growth will also increase the number of trade-in vehicles acquired from our customers, which we can either recondition and add to our inventory or sell at wholesale auctions.

Vehicle Gross Profit per Ecommerce Unit

Vehicle Gross Profit per ecommerce unit, which we refer to as Vehicle GPPU, for a given period is defined as the aggregate retail sales price and delivery charges for all vehicles sold through our Ecommerce segment less the aggregate costs to acquire those vehicles, the aggregate costs of inbound transportation to the VRCs and the aggregate costs of reconditioning those vehicles in that period, divided by the number of ecommerce units sold in that period. As we continue to expand our ecommerce business, we believe Vehicle GPPU will be a key driver of our long-term profitability.

Product Gross Profit per Ecommerce Unit

Product Gross Profit per ecommerce unit, which we refer to as Product GPPU, for a given period is defined as the aggregate fees earned on sales of value-added products in that period, net of the reserves for chargebacks on such products in that period, divided by the number of ecommerce units sold in that period. Because we are paid fees on the value-added products we sell, our gross profit is equal to the revenue we generate from the sale of value added products. We plan to introduce initiatives to increase the attachment rates of value-added products and expand our offerings of value-added products which will grow our Product GPPU.

Total Gross Profit per Ecommerce Unit

Total Gross Profit per ecommerce unit, which we refer to as Total GPPU, for a given period is calculated as the sum of Vehicle GPPU and Product GPPU. We view Total GPPU as a key metric of the profitability of our Ecommerce segment.

Average Monthly Unique Visitors

Average monthly unique visitors is defined as the average number of individuals who access our ecommerce platform within a calendar month. We calculate the average monthly unique visitors over any period by dividing the aggregate monthly unique visitors during such period by the number of months in that period. We use average monthly unique visitors to measure the quality of our customer experience, the effectiveness of our marketing campaigns and customer acquisition as well as the strength of our brand and market penetration.

Average monthly unique visitors is calculated using data provided by Google Analytics. The computation of average monthly unique visitors excludes individuals who access our platform multiple times within a calendar month, counting such individuals only one time for purposes of the calculation. If an individual accesses our ecommerce platform using different devices or different browsers on the same device within a given month, the first access through each such device or browser is counted as a separate monthly unique visitor.

Listed Vehicles

We define listed vehicles as the aggregate number of vehicles listed on our platform at any given point in time. Vehicles available for sale is a key indicator of our performance because we believe that the number of vehicles listed on our platform is a key driver of vehicle sales and revenue growth. Increasing the number of vehicles listed on our platform results in a greater selection of vehicles for our customers, creating demand and increasing conversion.

Ecommerce Average Days to Sale

We define ecommerce average days to sale as the average number of days between our acquisition of vehicles and the final delivery of such vehicles to customers through our ecommerce platform. We calculate average days to sale for a given period by dividing the aggregate number of days between the acquisition of all vehicles sold through our ecommerce platform during such period and final delivery of such vehicles to customers by the number of ecommerce units sold in that period. Average days to sale excludes vehicles sold through the TDA and Wholesale segments. Average days to sale is an important metric because a reduction in the number of days between the acquisition of a vehicle and the delivery of such vehicle typically results in a higher gross profit per unit.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe the following non-GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating our operating performance: EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted loss from operations, Non-GAAP net loss, Non-GAAP net loss per share and Non-GAAP net loss per share, as adjusted. These non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools in that they do not reflect all of the amounts associated with our results of operations as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Because of these limitations, these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered along with other operating and financial performance measures presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, financial information prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We have reconciled all non-GAAP financial measures with the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

We calculate EBITDA as net loss before interest expense, interest income, income tax expense and depreciation and amortization expense and we calculate Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted to exclude the one-time, IPO related acceleration of non-cash stock-based compensation expense and the one-time, IPO related non-cash revaluation of a preferred stock warrant. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are supplemental performance measures that our management uses to assess our operating performance and the operating leverage in our business. Because EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA facilitate internal comparisons of our historical operating performance on a more consistent basis, we use these measures for business planning purposes. The following table presents a reconciliation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, which is the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2020			2019			2020
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Net loss	$	(33,340	)	$	(63,228	)	$	(60,479	)	$	(104,287	)
Adjusted to exclude the following:
Interest expense		3,388			1,297			6,106			4,123
Interest income		(1,415	)		(715	)		(3,264	)		(2,671	)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		(29	)		52			74			105
Depreciation and amortization expense		1,557			1,089			3,146			2,059
EBITDA	$	(29,839	)	$	(61,505	)	$	(54,417	)	$	(100,671	)
One-time, IPO related acceleration of non-cash stock-based compensation		—			1,262			—			1,262
One-time, IPO related non-cash revaluation of preferred stock warrant		—			21,260			—			20,470
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(29,839	)	$	(38,983	)	$	(54,417	)	$	(78,939	)

Adjusted loss from operations

We calculate Adjusted loss from operations as loss from operations adjusted to exclude the one-time, IPO related acceleration of non-cash stock-based compensation expense. The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted loss from operations to loss from operations, which is the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2020			2019			2020
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Loss from operations	$	(31,348	)	$	(41,387	)	$	(57,452	)	$	(82,346	)
Add: One-time IPO related acceleration of non-cash stock based compensation		—			1,262			—			1,262
Adjusted loss from operations	$	(31,348	)	$	(40,125	)	$	(57,452	)	$	(81,084	)

Non-GAAP net loss, Non-GAAP net loss per share and Non-GAAP net loss per share, as adjusted

We calculate Non-GAAP net loss as net loss adjusted to exclude the one-time, IPO related acceleration of non-cash stock-based compensation expense and the one-time, IPO related non-cash revaluation of a preferred stock warrant. We calculate Non-GAAP net loss per share as Non-GAAP net loss divided by weighted average number of shares outstanding. The following table presents a reconciliation of Non-GAAP net loss and Non-GAAP net loss per share to net loss and net loss per share, which are the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2020			2019			2020
	(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Net loss	$	(33,340	)	$	(63,228	)	$	(60,479	)	$	(104,287	)
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock		(25,879	)		—			(43,843	)		—
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(59,219	)	$	(63,228	)	$	(104,322	)	$	(104,287	)
Add: One-time IPO related acceleration of non-cash stock based compensation		—			1,262			—			1,262
Add: One-time IPO related non-cash revaluation of preferred stock warrant		—			21,260			—			20,470
Non-GAAP net loss	$	(59,219	)	$	(40,706	)	$	(104,322	)	$	(82,555	)

Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted		8,580,150			31,599,497			8,579,539			20,035,476

Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(6.90	)	$	(2.00	)	$	(12.16	)	$	(5.21	)
Impact of one-time IPO related acceleration of non-cash stock based compensation		-			0.04			-			0.07
Impact of one-time IPO related non-cash revaluation of preferred stock warrant		-			0.67			-			1.02
Non-GAAP net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(6.90	)	$	(1.29	)	$	(12.16	)	$	(4.12	)
Non-GAAP net loss per share, as adjusted, basic and diluted^(a)	$	(0.28	)	$	(0.34	)	$	(0.51	)	$	(0.70	)

^(a⁾Non-GAAP net loss per share, as adjusted has been computed to give effect to, as of the beginning of each period presented, (i) the shares of common stock issued in connection with our IPO and (ii) the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock into shares of common stock that occurred upon the consummation of our IPO. The computation of Non-GAAP net loss per share, as adjusted is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2020			2019			2020
	(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Non-GAAP net loss	$	(59,219	)	$	(40,706	)	$	(104,322	)	$	(82,555	)
Add: Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock		25,879			—			43,843			—
Non-GAAP net loss, as adjusted	$	(33,340	)	$	(40,706	)	$	(60,479	)	$	(82,555	)

Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted		8,580,150			31,599,497			8,579,539			20,035,476
Add: unweighted adjustment for common stock issued in connection with IPO		24,437,500			24,437,500			24,437,500			24,437,500
Add: unweighted adjustment for conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock in connection with IPO		85,533,394			85,533,394			85,533,394			85,533,394
Less: Adjustment for the impact of the above items already included in weighted-average number of shares outstanding for the periods presented		—			(22,960,956	)		—			(11,480,478	)
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share, as adjusted, basic and diluted		118,551,044			118,609,435			118,550,433			118,525,892

Non-GAAP net loss per share, as adjusted, basic and diluted	$	(0.28	)	$	(0.34	)	$	(0.51	)	$	(0.70	)

Recent Events

Initial Public Offering

On June 11, 2020, we completed an initial public offering “IPO” in which we sold 24,437,500 shares of common stock, which included 3,187,500 shares sold pursuant to the exercise by the underwriters of an option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $22.00 per share. We received proceeds of approximately $504.0 million, net of underwriting discount and before deducting offering expenses of $7.5 million, from sales of our shares in the IPO. Prior to the completion of the IPO, we effected a 2-for-1 forward stock split of all the issued and outstanding shares of our common stock the (“Stock Split”). As a result of the Stock Split and the completion of the IPO, all of our redeemable convertible preferred stock outstanding automatically converted into an aggregate of 85,533,394 shares of our common stock.

Rocket Agreement

On May 15, 2020, we entered into an agreement with Rocket Auto LLC and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Rocket”) providing for the launch of an e-commerce platform under the “Rocket Auto” brand for the marketing and sale of vehicles directly to consumers (the “RA Agreement”). We will list our used vehicle inventory for sale on the Rocket Auto platform, but all sales of the inventory will be conducted through our platform. Rocket Auto is expected to launch publicly during the second half of 2020 and, during the term of the RA Agreement, Rocket has agreed to ensure that not less than a minimum percentage of all used vehicles sold or leased through the platform on a monthly basis will be Vroom inventory. We will pay Rocket a combination of cash and stock for vehicle sales made through the platform, including upfront equity consisting of 183,870 shares of our common stock that were issued upon execution of the RA Agreement, and the potential issuance to Rocket of up to an additional 8,641,914 shares of common stock, over a four-year period based upon sales volume of Vroom inventory through the Rocket Auto platform.

Impact of COVID-19

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic related to the rapidly growing outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus known as COVID-19. In the following weeks, many states and counties across the United States responded by implementing a number of measures designed to prevent its spread, including stay-at-home or shelter-in-place orders, quarantines and closure of all non-essential businesses.

Impact on our operations

The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly escalated in the United States, creating significant uncertainty and economic disruption, and leading to record levels of unemployment nationally. Due to the evolving nature of the COVID-19 crisis, we continue to monitor the situation closely and assess the impact on our business. We expect our operations will continue to be adversely impacted throughout at least 2020, however, the magnitude and duration of the ultimate impact is impossible to predict with certainty due to:

•

uncertainties regarding the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the length of time over which the disruptions caused by COVID-19 will continue;

•

the impact of governmental orders and regulations that have been, and may in the future be, imposed in response to the pandemic;

•

the impact of COVID-19 on VRCs, wholesale auctions, state DMV titling and registration services, third party vehicle carriers and other third parties on which we rely;

•

uncertainty as to the impact future increases in transmission could have on our ability to fully staff portions of our business;

•

the deterioration of economic conditions in the United States, as well as record high unemployment levels, which could have an adverse impact on discretionary consumer spending; and

•

uncertainty regarding the potential for and timing of a “second wave” of the COVID-19 crisis to occur in the future.

Impact on ecommerce operations

The COVID-19 pandemic began to have an impact on our ecommerce operations during the last three weeks of March 2020. Between March 11, 2020 and March 31, 2020, we experienced an approximate 15% decrease in total ecommerce revenue due to a decrease in consumer demand as compared to the 20 days prior to March 11, 2020.

In March 2020, due to the drop in demand in the early days of the pandemic, as well as uncertainty regarding future vehicle pricing in both the retail and wholesale markets, we made the strategic decision to quickly reduce our exposure to inventory risk and floorplan liabilities. Commencing in late March 2020, we reduced vehicle prices in order to drive vehicle sales and quickly reduce the amount of inventory that was purchased pre-COVID-19. We also paused all vehicle acquisitions other than trade-ins, and we sold at wholesale auctions many units that had not yet been reconditioned. As a result of these strategic decisions, our total inventory levels went from approximately 8,500 retail and wholesale units as of the beginning of March 2020 to approximately 2,500 retail and wholesale units at the end of April 2020. In late April 2020, we started to rebuild our inventory levels.

Due to the inventory price reductions that began in late March, our demand returned to pre-COVID-19 levels, and we experienced robust ecommerce vehicle sales; however, those sales were at a reduced gross profit per unit. During April and May 2020, we sold 2,880 and 1,934 ecommerce units, respectively, and gross profit per unit was $1,236 and $191, respectively, as compared to the 2,771 units we sold at $1,769 gross profit per unit in March 2020. In late April 2020, we began to acquire new inventory, with a primary focus on high-demand models. In June 2020, we sold 1,899 ecommerce units and our gross profit per unit increased to $1,714. As of June 30, 2020, we had an inventory of 6,811 retail and wholesale units. We intend to continue to build our inventory levels strategically.

Impact on our vehicle reconditioning and our logistics network

The COVID-19 pandemic and the actions taken in response have had a significant impact on our VRC operations. In April 2020, six of our thirteen third-party VRCs that we had operating at the time were either partially closed or completely closed, which initially resulted in approximately 500 vehicles left either with incomplete reconditioning or no reconditioning across these third-party VRCs. As a result of these closures at our third-party VRCs, we prioritized the reconditioning of vehicles that were near completion, relocated vehicles to third-party VRCs that remained open and listed such vehicles for sale, or sold vehicles at wholesale to minimize the risk of price deterioration. As of June 30, 2020, we were able to successfully access and sell all these stranded vehicles. We began purchasing vehicles again on April 20, 2020 and as of June 30, 2020 our Vroom VRC and third party VRCs collectively returned to pre-COVID-19 capacity.

As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we continue to experience disruption across our logistics network due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a limited number of third-party providers available to deliver our vehicles, which has resulted in a slowdown of inventory being picked up and delivered to our VRCs and in sold units being delivered to customers. In addition, our transportation costs have increased as the remaining carriers have increased prices.

Impact on TDA

Commencing on March 24, 2020, counties in the Houston area began to implement stay-at-home or shelter-in-place orders with limited exceptions for essential businesses. Both TDA and our back-office facility in Houston qualified as essential businesses under the relevant ordinances and remained open. However, as a result of these orders, as well as continuous impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Houston area, we saw a significant reduction in foot traffic that caused us to experience an approximate 63.4% decrease in unit sales for the second quarter of 2020 as compared to the first quarter of 2020. These conditions continue in the Houston area and as a result we are unsure when TDA will return to normal operations.

Impact on our administrative functions

Most of our corporate, engineering and back-office operations have been able to successfully transition to a remote working environment. However, we have experienced certain productivity challenges with remote work and the various shut-down orders have had a significant effect on certain of our back-office functions, such as the titling and registration of vehicles sold to customers, which has been challenged by the temporary closure of state division of motor vehicle offices across the United States.

As a result of these developments, we have experienced an adverse impact on our revenue, gross profit, results of operations and cash flows. The situation is fluid and additional impacts to our business may arise.

Management actions in response to the COVID-19 disruptions

In response to the COVID-19 disruptions, in addition to managing our inventory exposure, we have implemented a number of measures to protect the health and safety of our workforce. These measures include restrictions on non-essential business travel, the institution of work-from-home policies wherever feasible and the implementation of strategies for workplace safety at our facilities. We are following the guidance from public health officials and government agencies, including implementation of enhanced cleaning measures, social distancing guidelines, wearing of masks, eliminating non-essential vendor / guest visitation, and requiring temperature checks and health attestations prior to entering buildings. Seating, signage, and cleaning materials have been added to ensure adherence to best practices for employee health and safety during this pandemic. Where feasible, we operate on a rotating team schedule to reduce exposure and also require

any diagnosed or exposed employees to self-isolate for up to two weeks. Effective May 3, 2020, approximately one-third of our workforce was placed on furlough. The majority of employees furloughed were in reconditioning, logistics, acquisitions and TDA sales, which were the positions most affected by the reduction in unit volume. However, since we restarted vehicle acquisitions and increased our Vroom VRC operations, as of the beginning of August 2020, most of the previously furloughed employees have returned to work. Additionally, we instituted an across-the-board salary reduction for our non-furloughed salaried employees. All salaries were reinstated to pre-COVID-19 levels by July 2020. In the second quarter of 2020, we also took measures to reduce operating expenses by negotiating reductions and deferrals in payments to landlords, vehicle listing sites, service providers and commercial vendors, and we significantly reduced marketing expenditures through May 2020.

We have taken several precautionary measures to enhance our customer experience during the pandemic, such as increasing the level of cleaning and sanitation of vehicles prior to making delivery to our customers. Additionally, we adjusted our delivery protocols to provide contact-free delivery and pick up of vehicles.

While our ecommerce business, including contact-free delivery, is continuing to operate nationwide, the COVID-19 crisis has had a significant impact on our business operations. We are unable to accurately predict the ultimate impact that the COVID-19 disruptions will have on our business and financial results going forward due to the uncertainties surrounding the extent, duration and risk of recurrence of such disruptions. Nevertheless, we believe the measures we have taken and will continue to take will position Vroom to emerge from the crisis in a healthy financial position, and that our business model and years of experience with ecommerce vehicle sales and home delivery enable us to be highly responsive to increased consumer desire for ecommerce solutions and contact-free delivery.

Other Key Factors and Trends Affecting our Operating Results

Our financial condition and results of operations have been, and will continue to be, affected by a number of factors and trends, including the following:

Ability to drive revenue growth by cost effectively increasing the volume and selection of vehicles in our inventory

Our growth is primarily driven by vehicle sales. Vehicle sales growth, in turn, is largely driven by the volume of inventory and the selection of vehicles listed on our platform. Accordingly, we believe that having the appropriate volume and mix of vehicle inventory is critical to our ability to drive growth.

The continued growth of our vehicle inventory requires a number of important capabilities, including the ability to finance the acquisition of inventory at competitive rates, source high quality vehicles across various acquisition channels nationwide, secure adequate reconditioning capacity and execute effective marketing strategies to increase consumer sourcing. In addition, our ability to accurately forecast pricing and consumer demand for specific types of vehicles is critical to sourcing high quality, high-demand vehicles. This ability is enabled by our data science capabilities that leverage the growing amount of data at our disposal and fine-tune our supply and sourcing models. As we continue to invest in our operational efficiency and data analytics, we expect that we will continue to cost effectively increase the volume and optimize the selection of our ecommerce inventory.

Ability to capitalize on the continued migration of vehicle purchasers to ecommerce platforms through data-driven marketing efforts

While the overall ecommerce penetration rate in used vehicle sales remains low, over the last several years, ecommerce used vehicle sales have experienced significant growth. There has been a shift in consumer buying patterns towards more convenient, personalized, and on-demand purchases, as well as a demand for ecommerce across more diverse categories, including the used vehicle market. We expect that the ecommerce model for buying and selling used vehicles will continue to grow and such growth may be accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our ability to continue to benefit from this trend will be an important driver of our future performance.

We seek to improve our brand awareness among consumers through national marketing campaigns in order to strengthen our customer acquisition funnel. We also use digital performance marketing such as search engine marketing, automotive aggregator sites and social media to acquire customers more cost effectively. Our aggregate marketing spend has increased over time, with our first national brand marketing campaign commencing in the first quarter of 2019, and we expect to continue to invest in both national brand marketing and performance marketing efforts. As we leverage our national brand, we believe this investment in marketing spend will drive additional demand and sales. We also believe that we have the ability to drive down the cost of acquisition per unit sold by increasing the efficiency of our marketing spend.

Ability to convert visitors to our platform into customers

The quality of the customer experience on our ecommerce platform is critical to our ability to attract new visitors to our platform, convert such visitors into customers and increase repeat customers. Our ability to drive higher customer conversion depends on our ability to make our platform a compelling choice for consumers based on our functionalities and consumer offerings.

Data analytics and experimentation drive decision making across all of our conversion efforts. By analyzing the data generated by the millions of visitors and tens of thousands of transactions on our platform, and continually testing strategies to maximize conversion rates, we form a better understanding of consumer preferences and try to create a more tailored ecommerce experience. As we continue to invest in our brand and improve the customer experience, we expect that we will attract more visitors, improve conversion and drive greater sales.

Ability to optimize the mix of inventory sources to drive increased gross profit and improvements to our unit economics

We strategically source inventory from auctions, consumers, rental car companies, OEMs and dealers. Auctions, consumers, and rental car companies represent the vast majority of our inventory sources, accounting for approximately 55%, 28%, and 15% of our retail inventory sold for the three months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and 51%, 34%, and 14% for the six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively. Because the quality of vehicles and associated gross margin profile vary across each channel, the mix of inventory sources has an impact on our profitability. We continually evaluate the optimal mix of sourcing channels and will source vehicles in a way that maximizes our average gross profit per unit and improves our unit economics. For example, purchasing vehicles at third-party auctions is competitive and, consequently, vehicle prices at third-party auctions tend to be higher than vehicle prices for vehicles sourced directly from consumers. Accordingly, as part of our sourcing strategy, we seek to increase the percentage of vehicle sales that we source from consumers.

Our ability to increase the percentage of inventory sourced directly from consumers will depend on the popularity and success of our ecommerce platform. In order to continue to increase the percentage of vehicles that we source directly from consumers, we are expanding our national marketing efforts that are focused on our Sell Us Your Car^® proposition, which we believe will result in more customers gaining familiarity with our platform. We expect that, as consumers experience the convenience of our platform to sell or trade in their used vehicles, the percentage of inventory we source directly from consumers will continue to grow.

We have begun to pursue third party inventory listings that will expand our sourcing channels through third party sellers while offering us attractive revenue models in an asset light, debt free structure.

Ability to expand and optimize our reconditioning capacity to satisfy increasing demand

Our ability to recondition purchased vehicles to our quality standards is a critical component of our business. Historically, we have successfully increased our reconditioning capacity as our business has grown, and our future success will depend on our ability to expand and optimize our reconditioning capacity to satisfy increasing customer demand. We employ a hybrid approach that combines the use of our Vroom VRC and third-party VRCs to best meet our reconditioning needs.

In 2019, we significantly increased our reconditioning capacity within our Vroom VRC by overhauling our operations and applying lean manufacturing techniques and other software-enabled technological advances. As we continue to grow our business, we intend to continue to invest in increased reconditioning capacity and operational efficiency through third-party VRC locations and going forward we expect to invest in additional proprietary reconditioning capacity to provide added scale with reduced lead-time and greater flexibility. Additionally, our use of third-party VRCs to recondition vehicles allows us to avoid additional capital expenditures, quickly increase capacity, maintain greater operational flexibility and broaden our geographic footprint to drive lower logistics costs. In 2019 and through early August 2020, we expanded our third-party VRC operations by adding fifteen additional VRCs across the nation for a current total of sixteen. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

We leverage our data analytics and deep industry experience to strategically select both Vroom VRCs and third-party VRCs in locations where we believe there is the highest supply and demand for our vehicles. We expect that our continued investment in reconditioning capacity and technology will lower our reconditioning costs per unit and drive greater operational efficiency, higher gross profit per unit and improved unit economics.

Ability to expand and develop our logistics network

We primarily use third-party carriers and are developing a hybrid strategy to build out our proprietary logistics network. We are in the process of optimizing our third-party logistics network nationally through the development of strategic carrier arrangements with national haulers. As we continue to grow, we plan to significantly consolidate our carrier base into dedicated operating regions. We expect that these enhanced logistics operations, combined with the expansion of strategically located VRCs, will drive lower inbound and outbound logistics costs, thus lowering costs per unit. Our VRCs also serve as pooling points to aggregate acquired vehicles and can serve as hubs for staging vehicles for last-mile delivery to customers, which we expect will result in an improved experience for customers. We recently launched a number of enhancements to our last-mile delivery service to enrich our customer experience. We expect that these enhancements will result in an increase in outbound shipping costs, thereby increasing our SG&A expenses. However, we expect any such increase to be offset by certain cost efficiencies gained from improvements in our reconditioning and logistics operations, which will ultimately lead to reduced total costs per unit. Consistent with our hybrid strategy, we also intend to build out our proprietary logistics network. Over time, we expect that optimizing our logistics network will result in improved unit economics, increased profitability and an enhanced customer experience.

Ability to increase and better monetize value-added products

Our offering of value-added products is an integral part of providing a seamless vehicle-buying experience to our customers. These products provide added revenue streams for us as well as offering convenience, assurance and efficiency for our customers. We sell our third-party value-added products through our strategic relationships with multiple lenders and other third parties who bear the incremental risks associated with the underwriting of finance and protection products. In the fourth quarter of 2019 and first quarter of 2020, we entered into strategic partnerships with lenders such as Chase and Santander which have contributed to improvements in Product GPPU. Additionally, through our on-going data analytics, experimentation and further development of our ecommerce technology, we expect to increase attachment rates of our existing value-added products while finding new opportunities to include additional finance and protection and other value-added products. Because we are paid fees on value-added products we sell, our gross profit is equal to the revenue we generate on such sales. As a result, such sales help drive total gross profit per unit. We expect that, as we scale our business, we will increase the breadth and variety of value-added products offered to customers and improve attachment rates to our vehicle sales, which in turn will grow revenue and drive profitability.

Seasonality

Used vehicle sales are seasonal. The used vehicle industry typically experiences an increase in sales early in the calendar year and reaches its highest point late in the first quarter and early in the second quarter. Vehicle sales then level off through the rest of the year, with the lowest level of sales in the fourth quarter. This seasonality has historically corresponded with the timing of income tax refunds, which are an important source of funding for vehicle purchases. Additionally, used vehicles depreciate at a faster rate in the last two quarters of each year and a slower rate in the first two quarters of each year. In line with these macro trends, our gross profit per unit has historically been higher in the first half of the year when compared to the second half of the year. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We may experience seasonal and other fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations, which may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.”

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

Retail vehicle revenue

We sell vehicles through both our ecommerce platform and TDA. Revenue from vehicle sales, including any delivery charges, are recognized when vehicles are delivered to the customers or picked up at our TDA retail location, net of a reserve for estimated returns. The number of units sold and the average selling price per unit are the primary factors impacting our retail revenue stream.

The number of units sold depends on the volume of inventory and the selection of vehicles listed on our ecommerce platform, our ability to attract new customers, our brand awareness and our ability to expand our reconditioning operations and logistics network.

Average selling price per unit sold depends primarily on our pricing strategy, retail used car market prices, our average days to sale and our reconditioning and logistics costs.

Historically, we have focused our inventory on low-mileage, high-demand vehicles with average selling prices of approximately $30,000. As we ramp up our vehicle acquisitions following our strategic decision to reduce inventory in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and as we scale our business going forward, we have begun to strategically take advantage of a broader portion of the used vehicle market by adding more lower priced vehicles to our inventory. This will allow us to expand our vehicle selection, while potentially decreasing the average selling price per unit in any given period. See “—Impact of COVID-19”.

Wholesale vehicle revenue

We sell vehicles that do not meet our Vroom retail sales criteria through third-party wholesale auctions. Vehicles sold at auction are acquired from customers who trade-in their vehicles when making a purchase from us and also from customers who sell their vehicle to us in direct-buy transactions. The number of wholesale vehicles sold and the average selling price per unit are the primary drivers of wholesale revenue. The average selling price per unit is affected by the mix of the vehicles we acquire and general supply and demand conditions in the wholesale market.

Product revenue

We generate revenue by earning fees on sales of value-added products to our customers in connection with vehicle sales, including fees earned on customer vehicle financing from third-party lenders and fees earned on sales of other value-added products, such as extended warranty contracts, GAP products and wheel and tire coverage. We earn fees on these products pursuant to arrangements with the third parties that sell and administer these products. For accounting purposes, we are an agent for these transactions and, as a result, we recognize fees on a net basis when the customer enters into an arrangement to purchase these products or obtain third-party financing, which is typically at the time of a vehicle sale. Our gross profit on product revenue is equal to the revenue we generate.

Product revenue is affected by the number of vehicles sold, the attachment rate of value-added products and the amount of fees we receive on each product. Product revenue also consists of estimated profit-sharing amounts to which we are entitled based on the performance of third-party protection products once a required claims period has passed.

A portion of the fees we receive is subject to chargeback in the event of early termination, default, or prepayment of the contracts by our customers. We recognize product revenue net of reserves for estimated chargebacks.

Other revenue

Other revenue consists of labor and parts revenue earned by us for vehicle repair services at TDA.

See “Note 3—Revenue Recognition” to our condensed consolidated interim financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales primarily includes the costs to acquire vehicles, inbound transportation costs and direct and indirect reconditioning costs associated with preparing vehicles for sale. Costs to acquire vehicles are primarily driven by the inventory source, vehicle mix and general supply and demand conditions of the used vehicle market. Inbound transportation costs include costs to transport the vehicle to our VRCs. Reconditioning costs include parts, labor and third-party reconditioning costs directly attributable to the vehicle and allocated overhead costs. Cost of sales also includes any accounting adjustments to reflect vehicle inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

Total gross profit

Total gross profit is defined as total revenue less costs associated with such revenue.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Our selling, general, and administrative expenses, which we refer to as SG&A expenses, consist primarily of advertising and marketing expenses, outbound transportation costs, employee compensation, occupancy costs of our facilities and professional fees for accounting, auditing, tax, legal and consulting services.

We expect that our SG&A expenses will increase in the future as we expand our operations, hire additional employees and continue to increase our marketing spend to build brand awareness and increase consumer traffic on our platform. We also expect to incur increased expenses associated with being a public company, including costs of accounting, audit, legal, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with SEC and stock exchange requirements, director and officer insurance costs, and investor and public relations costs.

Depreciation and amortization

Our depreciation and amortization expense primarily includes depreciation related to our leasehold improvements, as well as amortization related to intangible assets acquired in the TDA acquisition and capitalized internal use software costs incurred in the development of our platform and website applications. Depreciation expense related to our Vroom VRC is included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations.

Interest expense

Our interest expense includes interest expense related to our Vehicle Floorplan Facility, which is used to finance our inventory, as well as interest expense on our term loan facility, which was repaid in full in December 2019.

Interest Income

Interest income primarily represents interest credits earned on cash deposits maintained in relation to our Vehicle Floorplan Facility.

Results of Operations

The following table presents our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated:

		Three Months Ended June 30,										Six Months Ended June 30,
		2019				2020			% Change				2019				2020			% Change
		(in thousands)											(in thousands)
Revenue:
Retail vehicle, net	$		200,402		$		196,150			(2.1	)%	$		379,152		$		504,862			33.2	%
Wholesale vehicle			54,531				50,921			(6.6	)%			106,651				106,497			(0.1	)%
Product, net			5,491				5,736			4.5	%			9,236				16,780			81.7	%
Other			473				286			(39.5	)%			917				726			(20.8	)%
Total revenue			260,897				253,093			(3.0	)%			495,956				628,865			26.8	%
Cost of sales			247,052				245,486			(0.6	)%			470,099				602,871			28.2	%
Total gross profit			13,845				7,607			(45.1	)%			25,857				25,994			0.5	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses			43,692				47,911			9.7	%			80,275				106,291			32.4	%
Depreciation and amortization			1,501				1,083			(27.8	)%			3,034				2,049			(32.5	)%
Loss from operations			(31,348	)			(41,387	)		32.0	%			(57,452	)			(82,346	)		43.3	%
Interest expense			3,388				1,297			(61.7	)%			6,106				4,123			(32.5	)%
Interest income			(1,415	)			(715	)		(49.5	)%			(3,264	)			(2,671	)		(18.2	)%
Revaluation of stock warrant			60				21,260			35,333.3	%			142				20,470			14,315.5	%
Other income, net			(12	)			(53	)		341.7	%			(31	)			(86	)		177.4	%
Loss before provision (benefit) for income taxes			(33,369	)			(63,176	)		89.3	%			(60,405	)			(104,182	)		72.5	%
Provision (benefit) for income taxes			(29	)			52			(279.3	)%			74				105			41.9	%
Net loss	$		(33,340	)	$		(63,228	)		89.6	%	$		(60,479	)	$		(104,287	)		72.4	%

Segments

We manage and report operating results through three reportable segments:

•

Wholesale (20.1% and 16.9% of revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively): The Wholesale segment represents sales of used vehicles through wholesale auctions.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2020

Ecommerce

The following table presents our Ecommerce segment results of operations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2020			Change			% Change
	(in thousands, except unit data and average days to sale)
Ecommerce units sold		3,856		6,713			2,857			74.1	%
Ecommerce revenue:
Vehicle revenue	$	118,569	$	170,460	$		51,891			43.8	%
Product revenue		2,384		5,108			2,724			114.3	%
Total ecommerce revenue	$	120,953	$	175,568	$		54,615			45.2	%
Ecommerce gross profit:
Vehicle gross profit	$	4,911	$	2,111	$		(2,800	)		(57.0	)%
Product gross profit		2,384		5,108			2,724			114.3	%
Total ecommerce gross profit	$	7,295	$	7,219	$		(76	)		(1.0	)%
Average vehicle selling price per ecommerce unit	$	30,749	$	25,393	$		(5,356	)		(17.4	)%
Gross profit per ecommerce unit:
Vehicle gross profit per ecommerce unit	$	1,274	$	314	$		(960	)		(75.4	)%
Product gross profit per ecommerce unit		618		761			143			23.1	%
Total gross profit per ecommerce unit	$	1,892	$	1,075	$		(817	)		(43.2	)%
Ecommerce average days to sale		64		66			2			3.1	%

Ecommerce units

Ecommerce units sold increased 2,857, or 74.1%, from 3,856 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to 6,713 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. This increase was driven by process improvements in our ecommerce platform, our national advertising campaign which continues to strengthen our national brand awareness as well as greater consumer acceptance of our business model as a result of disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Average monthly unique visitors to our website grew from 628,659 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to 999,899 for the three months ended June 30, 2020, representing year over year growth of 59.1%. We expect ecommerce units sold to continue to grow in the future as we increase our inventory selection and marketing efforts and improve conversion.

Vehicle Revenue

Ecommerce vehicle revenue increased $51.9 million, or 43.8%, from $118.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $170.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase in ecommerce vehicle revenue was primarily attributable to the 2,857 increase in ecommerce units sold, which increased vehicle revenue by $87.9 million, partially offset by a lower average selling price per unit, which decreased from $30,749 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $25,393 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and decreased vehicle revenue by $36.0 million. The decrease in average selling price per unit was driven by our strategic decision to reduce vehicle pricing in order to sell pre-COVID-19 inventory and our focus on acquiring high-demand vehicles. We expect ecommerce vehicle revenue will continue to grow driven by increases in ecommerce units sold.

In the three months ended June 30, 2020, the escalation of the COVID-19 pandemic within the United States initially negatively impacted consumer demand and ecommerce revenue growth. However, due to our strategic decision to reduce vehicle pricing in order to sell pre-COVID-19 inventory, we were able to maintain the number of ecommerce units sold at pre-COVID levels, through April 30, 2020. The significant reduction in our inventory and pause in vehicle acquisitions negatively impacted our unit sales for the remainder of the three months ended June 30, 2020. In late April 2020, we started gradually rebuilding our inventory levels. Due to greater customer acceptance of our business model and focus on contact-free delivery, we expect sales to return to pre-COVID levels in the near future.

Product Revenue

Ecommerce product revenue increased $2.7 million, or 114.3%, from $2.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $5.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase in ecommerce product revenue was primarily attributable to the 2,857 increase in ecommerce units sold, which increased product revenue by $1.8 million and a

$143 increase in product revenue per unit which increased product revenue by $0.9 million. Product revenue per unit increased by $143 from $618 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $761 for the three months ended June 30, 2020, which was primarily due to higher attachment rates, improved financing features in our ecommerce platform and our strategic partnerships. We expect ecommerce product revenue will continue to grow in the future driven by increases in ecommerce units sold, new product offerings, initiatives to improve product attachment rates and increases in per unit profit.

Vehicle Gross Profit

Ecommerce vehicle gross profit decreased $2.8 million, or 57.0%, from $4.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $2.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in vehicle gross profit was primarily attributable to a $960 decrease in vehicle gross profit per unit, which decreased vehicle gross profit by $6.4 million, partially offset by the 2,857 increase in ecommerce units sold, which increased vehicle gross profit by $3.6 million . Vehicle gross profit per unit decreased by $960 from $1,274 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $314 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 primarily attributable to our strategic decision to reduce vehicle pricing in order to drive vehicle sales in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. In late April 2020, due to the increase in consumer demand and pricing becoming more stable, we started to rebuild our inventory focusing on higher margin vehicles and our gross profit per unit began to approach pre-COVID levels in June 2020.

As we continue to mature our infrastructure, increase the number of VRCs and optimize our network of VRCs, we expect ecommerce vehicle gross profit per unit to increase in the future driven by reduced costs across acquisitions, logistics and reconditioning.

Product Gross Profit

Ecommerce product gross profit increased $2.7 million, or 114.3%, from $2.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $5.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase in ecommerce product gross profit was primarily attributable to the 2,857 increase in ecommerce units sold which increased product gross profit by $1.8 million and a $143 increase in product gross profit per unit which increased product gross profit by $0.9 million . The increase in product gross profit per unit was primarily attributable to higher attachment rates, improved financing features in our ecommerce platform and our strategic partnerships. The increase was partially offset by the lower average selling price per unit which reduced the fees we earned on our financing products. We expect ecommerce product gross profit will continue to grow in the future driven by increases in ecommerce units sold, new product offerings, initiatives to improve product attachment rates and increases in per unit profit.

TDA

The following table presents our TDA segment results of operations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2020			Change			% Change
	(in thousands, except unit data and average days to sale)
TDA units sold		2,792		1,110			(1,682	)		(60.2	)%
TDA revenue:
Vehicle revenue	$	81,833	$	25,690	$		(56,143	)		(68.6	)%
Product revenue		3,107		628			(2,479	)		(79.8	)%
Other		473		286			(187	)		(39.5	)%
Total TDA revenue	$	85,413	$	26,604	$		(58,809	)		(68.9	)%
TDA gross profit:
Vehicle gross profit	$	2,723	$	236	$		(2,487	)		(91.3	)%
Product gross profit		3,107		628			(2,479	)		(79.8	)%
Other gross profit		271		67			(204	)		(75.3	)%
Total TDA gross profit	$	6,101	$	931	$		(5,170	)		(84.7	)%
Average vehicle selling price per TDA unit	$	29,310	$	23,144	$		(6,166	)		(21.0	)%
Gross profit per TDA unit:
Vehicle gross profit per TDA unit	$	975	$	212	$		(763	)		(78.2	)%
Product gross profit per TDA unit		1,113		566			(547	)		(49.2	)%
Total gross profit per TDA unit	$	2,088	$	778	$		(1,310	)		(62.7	)%
TDA average days to sale		45		44			(1	)		(2.2	)%

TDA units

TDA units sold decreased 1,682, or 60.2%, from 2,792 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to 1,110 for the three months ended June 30, 2020. Although our physical retail location remained open, consumer demand for vehicles at TDA declined significantly due to government mandated “stay-at-home” orders and other disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We expect our TDA units sold will continue to be negatively impacted by the COVID-19 crisis, but the ultimate extent and duration of the impact is uncertain at this time.

Vehicle Revenue

TDA vehicle revenue decreased $56.1 million, or 68.6%, from $81.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $25.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in TDA vehicle revenue was primarily due to the 1,682 decrease in TDA units sold which decreased TDA vehicle revenue by $49.3 million and a lower average selling price per unit, which decreased from $29,310 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $23,114 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and decreased revenue by $6.8 million . We expect our TDA vehicle revenue will continue to be negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, but the ultimate extent and duration of the impact is uncertain at this time.

Product Revenue

TDA product revenue decreased $2.5 million, or 79.8% from $3.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $0.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in TDA product revenue was primarily attributable to the 1,682 decrease in TDA units sold, which decreased TDA product revenue by $1.9 million and the decrease in product revenue per unit of $547 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2019 which decreased revenue by $0.6 million .

Other Revenue

TDA other revenue decreased $0.2 million, or 39.5% from $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020.

Vehicle Gross Profit

TDA vehicle gross profit decreased $2.5 million, or 91.3%, from $2.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to the 1,682 decrease in TDA units sold, which decreased TDA vehicle gross profit by $1.6 million and a $763 decrease in TDA vehicle gross profit per unit for the three months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2019, which decreased vehicle gross profit by $0.9 million. We expect our TDA vehicle gross profit to continue to be negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and limited consumer demand at TDA, but the ultimate extent and duration of the impact is uncertain at this time.

Product Gross Profit

TDA product gross profit decreased $2.5 million, or 79.8%, from $3.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $0.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in TDA product gross profit was primarily attributable to the 1,682 decrease in TDA units sold, which decreased TDA product gross profit by $1.9 million and the decrease in product gross profit per unit of $547 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2019, which decreased product gross profit by $0.6 million .

Other gross profit

TDA other gross profit decreased $0.2 million, or 75.3%, from $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020.

Wholesale

The following table presents our Wholesale segment results of operations for the periods indicated:

		Three Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2020				Change			% Change
	(in thousands, except unit data)
Wholesale units sold			5,396		3,259				(2,137	)		(39.6	)%
Wholesale revenue	$		54,531	$	50,921		$		(3,610	)		(6.6	)%
Wholesale gross profit (loss)	$		449	$	(543	)	$		(992	)		(220.9	)%
Average selling price per unit	$		10,106	$	15,625		$		5,519			54.6	%
Wholesale gross profit (loss) per unit	$		83	$	(167	)	$		(250	)		(301.2	)%

Units

Wholesale units sold decreased 2,137, or 39.6%, from 5,396 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to 3,259 for the three months ended June 30, 2020, primarily driven by a reduction in wholesale units purchased from customers as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Revenue

Wholesale revenue decreased $3.6 million, or 6.6%, from $54.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $50.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to the 2,137 decrease in wholesale units sold which decreased wholesale revenue by $21.6 million, partially offset by a higher average selling price per wholesale units which increased from $10,106 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $15,625 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and increased wholesale revenue by $18.0 million. The increase in average selling price per unit was primarily driven by the sale of retail quality vehicles through the wholesale auctions as we initially reduced our inventory levels in order to respond to the decreased consumer demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Gross Profit (Loss)

Wholesale vehicle gross profit decreased $1.0 million, or 220.9% from gross profit of $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to a loss of $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $250 decrease in wholesale gross profit per unit for the three months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2019 which decreased wholesale gross profit by $0.8 million and the 2,137 decrease in wholesale units sold which decreased wholesale gross profit by $0.2 million.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

		Three Months Ended June 30,
		2019		2020		Change			% Change
		(in thousands)
Compensation & benefits	$		17,476	$	20,618	$	3,142			18.0	%
Marketing expense			12,736		11,573		(1,163	)		(9.1	)%
Outbound logistics			2,650		5,470		2,820			106.4	%
Occupancy and related costs			2,985		2,267		(718	)		(24.1	)%
Professional fees			3,227		1,465		(1,762	)		(54.6	)%
Other			4,618		6,518		1,900			41.1	%
Total selling, general & administrative expenses	$		43,692	$	47,911	$	4,219			9.7	%

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $4.2 million, or 9.7%, from $43.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $47.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was primarily due to a $3.4 million increase in stock-based compensation included within compensation and benefits, and a $2.8 million increase in outbound logistics costs attributable to the growth in ecommerce units sold and increases in market rates of logistics providers. These increases were offset by a $1.8 million decrease in professional services due to higher accounting assistance costs incurred in the prior period and a $1.2 million decrease in advertising and marketing costs due to the reduction of marketing spend during our initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $0.4 million, or 27.8%, from $1.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $1.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to reduced amortization expense as certain intangible assets were fully amortized.

Interest expense

Interest expense decreased $2.1 million, or 61.7%, from $3.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to the lower outstanding balance of the Vehicle Floorplan Facility due to reduction in vehicles inventory levels as a result of our initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the repayment of our term loan facility in December 2019.

Interest income

Interest income decreased $0.7 million, or 49.5%, from $1.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 to $0.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in interest income was primarily driven by lower interest earned on cash deposits maintained with Ally Bank as a result of the lower outstanding balance of the Vehicle Floorplan Facility.

Revaluation of preferred stock warrant

The increase in revaluation of preferred stock warrant of $21.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2019 was related to the revaluation of the warrant to purchase Series F preferred stock which was converted to a warrant to purchase common stock upon the IPO and subsequently exercised in June 2020.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2020

Ecommerce

The following table presents our Ecommerce segment results of operations for the periods indicated:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2020			Change			% Change
	(in thousands, except unit data and average days to sale)
Ecommerce units sold		7,043		14,643			7,600			107.9	%
Ecommerce revenue:
Vehicle revenue	$	207,199	$	396,065	$		188,866			91.2	%
Product revenue		3,609		12,675			9,066			251.2	%
Total ecommerce revenue	$	210,808	$	408,740	$		197,932			93.9	%
Ecommerce gross profit:
Vehicle gross profit	$	9,440	$	8,811	$		(629	)		(6.7	)%
Product gross profit		3,609		12,675			9,066			251.2	%
Total ecommerce gross profit	$	13,049	$	21,486	$		8,437			64.7	%
Average vehicle selling price per ecommerce unit	$	29,419	$	27,048	$		(2,371	)		(8.1	)%
Gross profit per ecommerce unit:
Vehicle gross profit per ecommerce unit	$	1,340	$	602	$		(738	)		(55.1	)%
Product gross profit per ecommerce unit		512		866			354			69.1	%
Total gross profit per ecommerce unit	$	1,852	$	1,468	$		(384	)		(20.7	)%
Ecommerce average days to sale		64		67			3			4.7	%

Ecommerce units

Ecommerce units sold increased 7,600, or 107.9%, from 7,043 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to 14,643 for the six months ended June 30, 2020, driven by our increased inventory levels, process improvements in our ecommerce platform and our national advertising campaign which has strengthened our national brand awareness as well as greater consumer acceptance of our business model as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Average monthly unique visitors to our website increased from 520,074 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to 973,457 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. We expect ecommerce units sold to continue to grow in the future as we increase our inventory selection and marketing efforts and improve conversion.

Vehicle Revenue

Ecommerce vehicle revenue increased $188.9 million, or 91.2%, from $207.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $396.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase in ecommerce vehicle revenue was primarily attributable to the 7,600 increase in ecommerce units sold, which increased revenue by $223.6 million, partially offset by a lower average selling price per unit, which decreased from $29,419 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $27,048 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and decreased revenue by $34.7 million. The decrease in average selling price per unit was driven by our strategic decision to reduce vehicle pricing in order to sell pre-COVID-19 inventory and our focus on acquiring high-demand vehicles. We expect ecommerce vehicle revenue will continue to grow driven by increases in ecommerce units sold.

Product Revenue

Ecommerce product revenue increased $9.1 million, or 251.2%, from $3.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $12.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was attributable to the increase in product revenue per unit of $354, which increased product revenue by $5.2 million, and the 7,600 increase in ecommerce units sold which increased revenue by $3.9 million. Product revenue per unit increased $354 from $512 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $866 for the six months ended June 30, 2020, which was primarily due to higher attachment rates, improved financing features in our ecommerce platform and our strategic partnerships. We expect ecommerce product revenue will continue to grow in the future driven by increases in ecommerce units sold, new product offerings, initiatives to improve product attachment rates and increases in per unit profit.

Vehicle Gross Profit

Ecommerce vehicle gross profit decreased $0.6 million, or 6.7%, from $9.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $8.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was attributable to lower vehicle gross profit per unit, which decreased vehicle gross profit by $10.8 million partially offset by the 7,600 increase in ecommerce units sold which increased vehicle gross profit by $10.2 million. Vehicle gross profit per unit decreased by $738 from $1,340 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $602 for the six months ended June 30, 2020, primarily attributable to our strategic decision to reduce vehicle pricing in order to drive vehicle sales in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. In late April 2020, due to the increase in consumer demand and pricing becoming more stable, we started to rebuild our inventory focusing on higher margin vehicles and our gross profit per unit began to approach pre-COVID levels in June 2020.

Product Gross Profit

Ecommerce product gross profit increased $9.1 million, or 251.2%, from $3.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $12.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was attributable to higher product gross profit per unit, which increase product gross profit by $5.2 million, and the 7,600 increase in ecommerce units sold which increased product gross profit by $3.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to June 30, 2019. We expect ecommerce product gross profit will continue to grow in the future driven by increases in ecommerce units sold, new product offerings, initiatives to improve product attachment rates and increases in per unit profit.

TDA

The following table presents our TDA segment results of operations for the periods indicated:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2020			Change			% Change
	(in thousands, except unit data and average days to sale)
TDA units sold		6,162		4,145			(2,017	)		(32.7	)%
TDA revenue:
Vehicle revenue	$	171,952	$	108,797	$		(63,155	)		(36.7	)%
Product revenue		5,628		4,105			(1,523	)		(27.1	)%
Other		917		726			(191	)		(20.8	)%
Total TDA revenue	$	178,497	$	113,628	$		(64,869	)		(36.3	)%
TDA gross profit:
Vehicle gross profit	$	6,125	$	2,019	$		(4,106	)		(67.0	)%
Product gross profit		5,628		4,105			(1,523	)		(27.1	)%
Other gross profit		426		222			(204	)		(47.9	)%
Total TDA gross profit	$	12,179	$	6,346	$		(5,833	)		(47.9	)%
Average vehicle selling price per TDA unit	$	27,905	$	26,248	$		(1,657	)		(5.9	)%
Gross profit per TDA unit:
Vehicle gross profit per TDA unit	$	994	$	487	$		(507	)		(51.0	)%
Product gross profit per TDA unit		913		990			77			8.4	%
Total gross profit per TDA unit	$	1,907	$	1,477	$		(430	)		(22.5	)%
TDA average days to sale		49		47			(2	)		(4.1	)%

TDA units

TDA units sold decreased 2,017, or 32.7%, from 6,162 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to 4,145 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Although our physical retail location remained open, consumer demand for vehicles at TDA declined significantly due to government mandated “stay-home” orders and other disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We expect our TDA units sold will continue to be negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, but the ultimate extent and duration of the impact is uncertain at this time.

Vehicle Revenue

TDA vehicle revenue decreased $63.2 million, or 36.7%, from $172.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $108.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was driven by the 2,017 decrease in TDA units sold, which decreased vehicle revenue by $56.3 million and the lower average selling price per unit, which decreased from $27,905 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $26,248 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and decreased vehicle revenue by $6.9 million.

Product Revenue

TDA product revenue decreased $1.5 million, or 27.1% from $5.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $4.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily driven by the 2,017 decrease in TDA units sold in the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019.

Other Revenue

TDA other revenue decreased $0.2 million, or 20.8%, from $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $0.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Vehicle Gross Profit

TDA vehicle gross profit decreased $4.1 million, or 67.0%, from $6.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to 2.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was attributable to a decrease in TDA vehicle gross profit per unit of $507, which decreased vehicle gross profit by $2.1 million and the 2,017 decrease in TDA units sold in the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to June 30, 2019, which decreased vehicle gross profit by $2.0 million. We expect our vehicle gross profit to continue to be negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and limited consumer demand at TDA, but the ultimate extent and duration of the impact is uncertain at this time.

Product Gross Profit

TDA product gross profit decreased $1.5 million, or 27.1%, from $5.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $4.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to the 2,017 decrease in TDA units sold during the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to June 30, 2019. Product gross profit per unit slightly increased from $913 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $990 for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Other gross profit

TDA other gross profit decreased $0.2 million, or 47.9%, from $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Wholesale

The following table presents our Wholesale segment results of operations for the periods indicated:

		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2020				Change			% Change
	(in thousands, except unit data)
Wholesale units sold			10,626		7,944				(2,682	)		(25.2	)%
Wholesale revenue	$		106,651	$	106,497		$		(154	)		(0.1	)%
Wholesale gross profit (loss)	$		629	$	(1,838	)	$		(2,467	)		(392.2	)%
Average selling price per unit	$		10,037	$	13,406		$		3,369			33.6	%
Wholesale gross profit (loss) per unit	$		59	$	(231	)	$		(290	)		(491.5	)%

Units

Wholesale units sold decreased 2,682, or 25.2%, from 10,626 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to 7,944 for the six months ended June 30, 2020, primarily driven by a decrease in the number of trade-in vehicles as a result of the decrease in number of TDA units sold for the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to June 30, 2019.

Revenue

Wholesale revenue remained relatively flat for the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019. The decrease in wholesale revenue was attributable to the 2,682 decrease in wholesale units sold which decreased wholesale revenue by $26.9 million, offset by a higher average selling price per unit which increased from $10,037 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $13,406 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and increased revenue by 26.7 million. The increase in average selling price per unit was primarily driven by the sale of retail quality vehicles through the wholesale auctions as we initially reduced our inventory levels in order to respond to decreased consumer demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Gross Profit (Loss)

Wholesale vehicle gross profit decreased $2.4 million, or 392.2%, from gross profit of $0.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to a loss of $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $290 decrease in wholesale gross profit per unit for the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2020		Change			% Change
	(in thousands)
Compensation & benefits	$	32,968	$	40,940	$	7,972			24.2	%
Marketing expense		19,836		29,488		9,652			48.7	%
Outbound logistics		4,944		11,261		6,317			127.8	%
Occupancy and related costs		5,271		4,964		(307	)		(5.8	)%
Professional fees		5,880		3,924		(1,956	)		(33.3	)%
Other		11,376		15,714		4,338			38.1	%
Total selling, general & administrative expenses	$	80,275	$	106,291	$	26,016			32.4	%

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $26.0 million, or 32.4%, from $80.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $106.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was primarily due to a $9.7 million increase in advertising and marketing efforts as we expanded our national broad-reach advertising, an $8.0 million increase in compensation and benefits partially due to an increase in employee headcount throughout the organization as our business scales as well as a $3.4 million increase in stock-based compensation included within compensation and benefits, and a $6.3 million increase in outbound logistics costs attributable to the growth in our ecommerce business.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $1.0 million, or 32.5%, from $3.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $2.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to reduced amortization expense as certain intangible assets were fully amortized.

Interest expense

Interest expense decreased $2.0 million, or 32.5%, from $6.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $4.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to the repayment of our term loan facility in December 2019 as well as the lower outstanding balance of the Vehicle Floorplan Facility due to the reduction in vehicle inventory levels as a result of our initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Interest Income

Interest income decreased $0.6 million, or 18.2%, from $3.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $2.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease in interest income was primarily driven by lower interest earned on cash deposits maintained with Ally Bank as the results of the lower outstanding balance of the Vehicle Floorplan Facility.

Revaluation of preferred stock warrant

The increase in revaluation of preferred stock warrant of $20.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019 was related to the revaluation of the warrant to purchase Series F preferred stock which was converted to the warrant to purchase common stock upon the IPO and subsequently exercised in June 2020.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our operations historically have been financed primarily from the sale of redeemable convertible preferred stock and borrowings under our Vehicle Floorplan Facility. On June 11, 2020, we completed our IPO in which we sold 24,437,500 shares of our common stock, which included 3,187,500 shares sold pursuant to the exercise by the underwriters of an option to purchase additional shares, for proceeds of $504.0 million, net of the underwriting discount and before deducting offering expenses of $7.5 million. As of June 30, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $651.0 million.

For the six months ended June 30, 2020, we had positive cash flow from operations of approximately $4 thousand. We generated a net loss of approximately $63.2 million and $104.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively. We have not been profitable since our inception in 2012 and had an accumulated deficit of approximately $679.4 million as of June 30, 2020. We expect to incur additional losses in the future.

Pursuant to a stock purchase agreement between us and certain accredited investors, (i) in November and December 2019 we sold an aggregate of 8,371,664 shares of Series H Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $27.19 per share, for aggregate proceeds of $227.7 million and (ii) in January 2020, we sold an aggregate of 982,383 shares of Series H Preferred Stock in exchange for gross proceeds of $26.7 million, in each case without giving effect to the Stock Split.

We historically have funded vehicle inventory purchases primarily through our Vehicle Floorplan Facility and, as of June 30, 2020, we had approximately $90.2 million available under such facility to fund future vehicle inventory purchases. In March 2020, we entered into a new vehicle floorplan facility (the “2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility”) with Ally Bank and Ally Financial, that provides a committed credit line of up to $450.0 million. The commitment on the new facility expires in March 2021. We believe that, upon expiration, we will be able to renew this facility or obtain alternative sources of financing on terms that are acceptable to us, as well as leverage our cash on hand to continue to fund our vehicle purchases. However, there can be no assurance we will be able to do so.

Our cash flows from operations may differ substantially from our net loss due to non-cash charges or due to changes in balance sheet accounts. The timing of our cash flows from operating activities can also vary among periods due to the timing of payments made or received. We anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents and the vehicle floorplan facility will be sufficient to support our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next twelve months from the filing of this Form 10-Q. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenue growth, our efforts to reduce costs per unit, the expansion of our inventory and sales and marketing activities, investment in our reconditioning and logistics operations, and enhancements to our ecommerce platform. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing in the future to fund our operations or to fund our needs for capital expenditures. In the event that additional financing is required, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand our operations, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Vehicle Financing

We entered into a vehicle floorplan facility in April 2016, as subsequently amended, with Ally Bank and Ally Financial, which we refer to as our 2016 Vehicle Floorplan Facility. As of December 31, 2019, the Vehicle Floorplan Facility consisted of a revolving line of credit with a borrowing capacity of up to $220.0 million that could be used to finance our vehicle inventory.

In March 2020, we entered into the 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility, which replaces the 2016 Vehicle Floorplan Facility. The 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility provides a committed credit line of up to $450.0 million which expires in March 2021.

The amount of credit available to us under the 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility is determined on a monthly basis based on a calculation that considers average outstanding borrowings and vehicle units paid off by us within the three immediately preceding months. Approximately $90.2 million was available under this facility as of June 30, 2020. We may elect to increase our monthly credit line availability by an additional $25.0 million during any three months of each year. Outstanding borrowings are due as the vehicles financed are sold, or in any event, on the maturity date. The 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility bears interest at a rate equal to the 1-Month LIBOR rate applicable in the immediately preceding month plus a spread of 425 basis points. Under the 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility, we are subject to financial covenants that require us to maintain a certain level of equity in the vehicles that are financed, to maintain at least 10% of the outstanding borrowings in cash and cash equivalents, to maintain 10% of the monthly credit line availability on deposit with Ally Bank and to maintain a minimum tangible adjusted net worth of $167.0 million, which is defined as shareholder (deficit) equity plus redeemable convertible preferred stock as determined under U.S. GAAP.

Cash Flows from Operating, Investing, and Financing Activities

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020:

		Six Months Ended June 30,
		2019				2020				Change			% Change
		(in thousands)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	$		(127,897	)	$		4		$		127,901			(100.0	)%
Net cash used in investing activities			(794	)			(3,128	)			(2,334	)		294.0	%
Net cash provided by financing activities			67,706				456,425				388,719			574.1	%
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents			(60,985	)			453,301				514,286			(843.3	)%
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period			163,509				219,587				56,078			34.3	%
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$		102,524		$		672,888		$		570,364			556.3	%

Operating Activities

Net cash flows from operating activities changed from net cash used in operating activities of $127.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to net cash provided by operating activities of $4 thousand for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase is primarily attributable to a decrease in working capital requirements, primarily related to lower inventory levels in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a decrease in use of cash of $142.5 million. Additionally, this increase was partially offset by $24.8 million in incremental net loss after reconciling adjustments for the six months ended June 30, 2020, as compared with the six months ended June 30, 2019.

Investing Activities

Net cash flows used in investing activities increased $2.3 million, to $3.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019, primarily as a result of an increase in capitalization of software development costs.

Financing Activities

Net cash flows provided by financing activities increased $388.7 million, or 574.1%, to $456.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019. The increase was primarily related to $502.3 million of net proceeds received upon completion of the IPO net of cash paid for transaction costs related to the IPO, partially offset by a net decrease in cash of $134.7 million related to lower balances of our Vehicle Floorplan Facility for the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019. Proceeds from and payments for our Vehicle Floorplan Facility changed from a net cash inflow of $71.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to a net cash outflow of $63.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 primarily due to a decrease in our working capital requirements related to the decreases in our inventory levels in order to respond to the COVID-19 disruptions. Additionally, for the six months ended June 30, 2020, net cash flow provided by financing activities included a $1.1 million payment of issuance costs related to the 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility and $1.7 million of payments related to planned IPO costs. These decreases were partially offset by the issuance of $21.7 million of Series H preferred stock, net of issuance costs paid, for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

There have been no material changes to our obligations under operating leases as compared to those described in the Prospectus.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off balance sheet arrangements, as defined by applicable regulations of the SEC, that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements, we make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including, among others, those related to income taxes, the realizability of inventory, stock-based compensation, revenue-related reserves, as well as impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets. We base our estimates on historical experience, market conditions and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The critical accounting policies that reflect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements include those described in “Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 3—Revenue Recognition” of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements in the section titled “—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the Prospectus.

Except as described in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed in the Prospectus.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

See “Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Adoption of New Accounting Standards” in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion about new accounting pronouncements adopted and not yet adopted as of the date of this report.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of economic losses due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our primary market risk has been interest rate risk. We do not have material exposure to commodity risk.

Interest Rate Risk

As of June 30, 2020, we had an outstanding balance under the vehicle floorplan facility of $109.8 million. The vehicle floorplan facility bears interest at a rate equal to the 1-Month LIBOR rate applicable in the immediately preceding month, plus a spread of 425 basis points. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during the periods presented would result in a change to interest expense of $0.1 million and $0.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Limitations on effectiveness of controls and procedures

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, and as a result of the material weaknesses described below, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective. In light of this fact, our management has performed additional analyses, reconciliations, and other post-closing procedures and has concluded that, notwithstanding the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the periods covered by and included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly state, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

Material Weaknesses

Under standards established by the United States Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP. In connection with our audit of consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. We did not design or maintain an effective control environment commensurate with our financial reporting requirements. Specifically, we lacked a sufficient complement of personnel with (i) an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, training and experience to appropriately analyze, record and disclose accounting matters timely and accurately, and (ii) an appropriate level of knowledge and experience to establish effective information technology processes and controls. This material weakness contributed to the following material weaknesses:

•

we did not design and maintain adequate controls over the preparation and review of certain account reconciliations and journal entries. Specifically, we did not design and maintain controls to ensure (i) the appropriate segregation of duties in the preparation and review of account reconciliations and journal entries and (ii) account reconciliations and journal entries were reviewed at the appropriate level of precision.

•

we did not design and maintain effective controls over certain information technology general controls for information systems and applications that are relevant to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. Specifically, we did not design and maintain sufficient user and privileged access controls to ensure appropriate segregation of duties and adequate restricted user access to financial applications; program change management controls to ensure that IT program and data changes affecting financial IT applications and underlying accounting records are identified, tested, authorized and implemented appropriately; or computer operations controls as well as testing and approval controls for program development.

The control deficiencies described above did not result in a misstatement to our annual consolidated financial statements. However, each of the material weaknesses described above, if not remediated, could result in a misstatement of one or more account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected, and, accordingly, we determined that these control deficiencies constitute material weaknesses.

We have concluded that these material weaknesses arose because, as a private company, we did not have the necessary business processes, systems, personnel and related internal controls. In the year ended December 31, 2019, we undertook measures to address material weaknesses in our internal controls. In particular, we (i) hired additional finance and accounting personnel with expertise in preparation of financial statements and account reconciliations; (ii) further developed and documented our accounting policies; and (iii) hired a director responsible for implementation of information technology general controls. In addition, we will continue to take steps to remediate these material weaknesses, including:

•

continuing to hire, additional qualified accounting, financial reporting and information technology personnel with public company experience;

•

providing additional training for our personnel on internal control over financial reporting;

•

implementing new financial systems and processes;

•

implementing additional review controls and processes and requiring timely account reconciliation and analyses;

•

implementing processes and controls to better identify and manage segregation of duties; and

•

engaging an external advisor to assist with evaluating and documenting the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls and assisting with the remediation of deficiencies, as necessary.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We are taking actions to remediate the material weaknesses relating to our internal control over financial reporting. Except as otherwise described herein, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended June 30, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are subject to routine legal proceedings in the normal course of operating our business. Although the outcome of litigation is inherently difficult to predict, we are not involved in any legal proceedings that we believe could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties including those described below. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, in addition to other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks or others not specified below materialize, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment in our common stock.

Risks Related to Our Business

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus has had and is expected to continue to have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and governmental authorities around the world have implemented measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19. These measures have adversely affected workforces, customers, supply chains, consumer sentiment, economies, and financial markets, and, along with decreased consumer spending, have led to an economic downturn across many global economies.

The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly escalated in the United States, creating significant uncertainty and economic disruption, and leading to record levels of unemployment nationally. Numerous state and local jurisdictions have imposed, and others in the future may impose, shelter-in-place orders, quarantines, shut-downs of non-essential businesses, and similar government orders and restrictions on their residents to control the spread of COVID-19. While some such orders or restrictions have been lifted in certain jurisdictions, certain of those orders have been re-instated, new orders have been imposed in other jurisdictions and future orders may be imposed as the COVID-19 pandemic continues. Such orders or restrictions have resulted in temporary facility closures (including certain of our third-party VRCs), work stoppages, slowdowns and travel restrictions, among other effects, thereby adversely impacting our operations. There is significant uncertainty as to how the continued spread of the virus will affect various state and local jurisdictions and, therefore, our operations. In addition, we expect to be impacted by a downturn in the United States economy, which could have an adverse impact on discretionary consumer spending.

In response to the COVID-19 disruptions, we implemented a number of measures designed to protect the health and safety of our workforce, proactively reduce operating costs, conserve liquidity and position Vroom to emerge from the current crisis in a healthy financial position. These measures include restrictions on non-essential business travel, the institution of work-from-home policies wherever feasible and the implementation of strategies for workplace safety at our facilities that remain open. We are following the guidance from public health officials and government agencies, including implementation of enhanced cleaning measures, social distancing guidelines, wearing of masks, eliminating non-essential vendor / guest visitation, and requiring health attestations and temperature checks prior to entering facilities, in each case subject to local health requirements in that location. Seating, signage, and cleaning materials have been added to ensure adherence to best practices for employee health and safety during this pandemic. Where feasible, we operate on a rotating team schedule to reduce exposure and also require. any diagnosed or exposed employees to self-isolate for up to two weeks before returning to work. In addition, effective May 3, 2020, approximately one-third of our workforce was placed on furlough. The majority of employees furloughed were in reconditioning, logistics, acquisitions and TDA sales, which were the positions most affected by the reduction in unit volume. However, since we restarted vehicle acquisitions and increased our Vroom VRC operations, as of June 30, 2020, most of the previously furloughed employees have returned to work, primarily those employed in reconditioning, logistics and acquisitions positions. Additionally, we instituted an across-the-board salary reduction for our non-furloughed salaried employees, with our CEO forgoing 30% of his salary, each member of our senior leadership team taking a 20% salary reduction, and the balance of the employees experiencing reductions of 5-15% based upon salary levels. All salaries were reinstated to pre-COVID-19 levels by July 2020. We also modified our capital allocation plan for the remainder of 2020, including reducing our planned capital expenditures, strategically reducing exposure to inventory and floorplan liabilities and moderating our marketing expenditures.

While our ecommerce platform continues to operate, we experienced a significant reduction in foot traffic in TDA beginning in the second half of March due to the COVID-19 disruptions that caused us to experience an approximate 63.4% decrease in unit sales for the second quarter 2020 as compared to the first quarter of 2020. These conditions continue in the Houston area and as a result we are unsure when TDA will return to normal operations. We will continue to incur costs for our operations, and our revenues during this pandemic are difficult to predict with certainty. As a result of any of the above developments, our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition for the full fiscal year of 2020 have been and will be significantly affected by the COVID-19 disruptions and could continue to be adversely impacted in the future. There is no assurance the measures we have taken or may take in the future will be successful in managing the uncertainties caused by COVID-19.

The extent to which COVID-19 ultimately impacts our business, financial condition and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity and duration of the COVID-19 outbreak and the effectiveness of actions taken to contain the COVID-19 outbreak or treat its impact, among others. Additionally, while the extent to which COVID-19 ultimately impacts the wholesale market will depend on a number of factors, the potential impact of the influx of vehicles from rental car companies could cause downward pressure on the value of used vehicles, which could have an adverse impact on our ability to liquidate our inventory in a timely manner or at all. The COVID-19 outbreak is evolving and new information emerges daily; accordingly, the ultimate consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak cannot be predicted with certainty.

In addition to the COVID-19 disruptions adversely impacting our business and financial results, they may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in “Risk Factors,” including risks relating to changes in consumer demand; our limited operating history; our ability to generate sufficient revenue to generate positive cash flow; the operation of, and concentration of our revenues and gross profit from TDA; our relationships with third party customer experience teams; the operation of our VRCs by us and our third party service providers; the current geographic concentration of reconditioning services and store inventory; our level of indebtedness; our agreement with a single lender to finance our vehicle inventory purchases and the expiration of such agreement; our access to desirable vehicle inventory; regulatory restrictions; and the shift by traditional dealers to online sales and deliveries.

We have a history of losses and we may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We have not been profitable since our inception in 2012 and had an accumulated deficit of approximately $679.4 million as of June 30, 2020. We incurred net losses of $60.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $104.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, and $85.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $143.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including our inability to reduce costs, acquire and appropriately price vehicle inventory, attract customers or identify and respond to emerging trends in the used car industry; slowing demand for used vehicles and our related value-added products; weakness in the automotive retail industry generally; general economic conditions; global pandemics; and increasing competition, as well as other risks described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays in achieving profitability.

Additionally, we expect to continue to incur losses as we invest in and strive to grow our business. We expect our operating expenses to increase in the future as we increase our advertising and marketing efforts to build our brand, continue to invest in technology development and expand our operating infrastructure. In addition, as a public company, we now have significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. As a result of these increased expenditures, we will have to generate and sustain increased revenue to offset our operating expenses and achieve and maintain profitability. In addition, if we reduce variable costs to respond to losses, this may limit our ability to acquire customers and grow our revenues. Our ecommerce gross profit per unit declined by $386, or 20.8%, from the six months ended June 30, 2019 to the six months ended June 30, 2020 and by $546, or 24.4%, from the year ended December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019. To reduce our losses, we will need to increase our gross profit per unit by lowering our costs per unit by, among other things, increasing efficiencies in reconditioning and logistics, which we may be unable to do. Accordingly, we may not achieve or maintain profitability and we may continue to incur significant losses in the future.

We may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to generate positive cash flow on a sustained basis, and our revenue growth rate may decline.

We cannot assure you that we will generate sufficient revenue to offset the cost of maintaining our platform and maintaining and growing our business. Although our revenue grew from $496.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $628.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and from $855.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to $1.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019, our revenue growth rate may decline in the future because of a variety of factors, including our inability to reduce costs, acquire and appropriately price vehicle inventory, attract customers or identify and respond to emerging trends in the used car industry; slowing demand for used vehicles and our related value-added products; weakness in the automotive retail industry generally; general economic conditions; and increasing competition. We cannot assure you that our revenue will continue to grow or will not decline. You should not consider our historical revenue growth or operating expenses as indicative of our future performance. If our revenue growth rate declines or our operating expenses exceed our expectations, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

Further, going forward we expect to make significant investments to further develop and expand our business, and these investments may not result in increased revenue or growth on a timely basis or at all. For example, we expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on acquiring and retaining customers, development of our technology and data analytics capabilities, adding new features and functionality to our website, mobile application development and expansion of our reconditioning and logistics network. These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. If we cannot successfully earn revenue at a rate that exceeds the costs associated with our business, we will not be able to generate positive cash flow on a sustained basis and our revenue growth rate may decline. Additionally, we base our expenses and investment plans on our estimates of revenue and gross profit. If our assumptions prove to be wrong, we may spend more than we anticipate or may generate less revenue than anticipated. If we fail to continue to grow our revenue, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We have a limited operating history and are still building out our foundational systems.

We commenced operations in 2012 and acquired TDA in 2015 and, as a result, have a limited operating history. Moreover, over the past three years, we brought in a new senior leadership team that has refocused our strategy, accelerated our growth and committed us to pursue a path to profitability. To execute this strategy, we have invested, and continue to invest, in enhancing our foundational systems as we scale our business, including design and expansion of website functionality and features, mobile application development, advancement and deployment of sophisticated data analytics, lean manufacturing technology and logistics network management, and work on all such foundational systems is ongoing. These types of activities subject us to various costs and risks, including increased capital expenditures, additional administration and operating expenses, potential disruption of our internal control structure, acquisition and retention of sufficiently skilled personnel, demands on management time, the introduction of errors or vulnerabilities and other risks and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to or integrating new systems into our foundational systems. There can be no assurance that we will succeed in successfully developing our capabilities in each of these areas, or that a desirable return on investment will be achieved on the investments made in these areas. A failure to successfully execute on the development of our foundational systems would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our recent, rapid growth may not be indicative of our future growth and, if we continue to grow rapidly, we may not be able to manage our growth effectively.

Our revenue grew from $496.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 to $628.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and from $855.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to $1.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019. We expect that, in the future, even if our revenue continues to increase, our rate of growth may decline. In any event, we will not be able to grow as fast or at all if we do not:

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increase the number of unique visitors to our website, the number of qualified visitors to our website (i.e. those who have the intent and ability to transact), and the number of customers transacting on or through our platform;

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further enhance the quality of our vehicle offerings and value-added products, and introduce high quality new offerings and features on our platform;

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acquire sufficient high-quality inventory at an attractive cost to meet the increasing demand for our vehicles; or

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further enhance the quality of our logistics operations, including our customer delivery experience.

Our business has grown rapidly as new customers have purchased vehicles and value-added products from us. However, our business is relatively new and has operated at substantial scale for only a limited period of time. Given this limited history, it is difficult to predict whether we will be able to maintain or grow our business. Our historical revenue growth should not be considered indicative of our future performance. We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, including difficulties in our ability to achieve market acceptance of our platform and attract customers, as well as increasing competition and increasing expenses as we continue to grow our business. We also expect that our business will evolve in ways that may be difficult to predict. For example, over time our investments that are intended to drive new customer traffic to our website may be less productive than expected. In the event of this or any other adverse developments, our continued success will depend on our ability to successfully adjust our strategy to meet changing market dynamics. If we are unable to do so, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our recent, rapid growth has placed and may continue to place significant demands on our management and our operational and financial resources. We have experienced significant growth in the number of customers on our platform as well as the amount of data that we analyze. We have hired and expect to continue hiring additional personnel to support our rapid growth. Our organizational structure is becoming more complex as we add staff, and we will need to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls as well as our reporting systems and procedures. This will require significant capital expenditures and the allocation of valuable management resources to grow and adapt in these areas without undermining our corporate culture of teamwork. If we cannot manage our growth effectively to maintain the quality and efficiency of our customers’ experience and/or the quality of the vehicles we sell, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business is subject to certain risks related to the operation of, and concentration of our revenues and gross profits from, TDA.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, $178.5 million and $113.6 million, respectively, of our revenues were related to sales at TDA, representing approximately 36.0% and 18.1%, respectively, of our total revenue for those periods. In the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, $379.7 million and $390.2 million, respectively, of our revenues were related to sales at TDA, representing approximately 44.4% and 32.8% of our total revenues for those years. For the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, TDA gross profit was $12.2 million and $6.3 million, respectively, and in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, TDA gross profit was $35.1 million and $25.4 million, respectively. As a result of COVID-19 related stay-at-home and shelter-in-place orders in the Houston area, we saw a significant decline in foot traffic at TDA that caused us to experience an approximate 63.4% decrease in unit sales for the second quarter of 2020 as compared to the first quarter of 2020. Vehicle sales at TDA also could be adversely affected for a variety of other reasons, including severe weather conditions or other catastrophic events in the Houston area that could damage our facilities and/or our inventory and keep customers from coming onsite, or economic downturns or other factors affecting the Houston area that could lead to reduced demand. Although revenues and gross profit from TDA are expected to decline as a percentage of total revenues over time as we scale our ecommerce business, a material decline in vehicle sales at TDA in the near term would adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, we acquired TDA in 2015, and, in connection with this acquisition, we could continue to be subject to risks and liabilities from the operation of TDA under its prior ownership, and the indemnities that we negotiated as part of the transaction may not adequately protect us.

We have entered into outsourcing arrangements with a third party related to our customer experience team, and any difficulties experienced in these arrangements could result in an interruption of our ability to sell our vehicles and value-added products.

Currently, the substantial majority of inquiries, sales, purchases and financings of our vehicles in our ecommerce business are conducted through a third-party customer experience center located in Detroit, Michigan, and customers who wish to trade in a vehicle currently must interact with our customer experience team in order to complete their transaction. Thus, the customer experience center is fundamental to the success of our business. As a result, the success of our business and our customer experience is partially dependent on a third party over which we have limited control. If the third party’s systems and operations fail or if the third party is otherwise unable to perform its sales function, we would be limited in our ability to complete customer transactions, which would make it more difficult to sell vehicles and value-added products through our platform. In addition, if such third party is unable to perform to our standards or to provide the level of service required or expected by our customers, or we are unable to renegotiate the agreement with the third party on attractive terms or at all, or if we are unable to contract with an alternative third-party provider, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed and we may be forced to pursue alternatives to provide these services, which could result in delays, interruptions, additional expenses and loss of potential and existing customers and related revenues.

We face a variety of risks associated with the operation of our VRCs by us and our third-party service providers, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We and third-party service providers operate our VRCs. If we are unable to maintain our relationship with our third-party service providers, such service providers cease to provide the services we need, or such service providers are unable to effectively deliver our services to our standards on timelines and at the prices we have negotiated, and we are unable to contract with alternative vendors or replace such service providers with a Vroom VRC (which may require significant time and investment), we could experience delivery delays, a decrease in the quality of our reconditioning services, delays in listing our inventory, additional expenses and loss of potential and existing customers and related revenues, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These risks are exacerbated by the fact that our current third-party VRCs are primarily operated by one third-party provider.

Moreover, our future growth depends in part on scaling and expanding our reconditioning operations. We are expanding our reconditioning capacity through third-party VRC locations and going forward we expect to continue to invest in additional proprietary reconditioning capacity to provide added scale with reduced lead-time and greater flexibility. If for any reason we are unable to expand our reconditioning operations as planned, this could lead to operational delays and a decrease in planned inventory. Any operational delays or delays in our planned expansion could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, we and our third-party vendors are required to obtain approvals, permits and licenses from state regulators and local municipalities to operate our VRCs. We may face delays in obtaining the requisite approvals, permits, financing and licenses to operate our VRCs or we may not be able to obtain them at all. If we encounter delays in obtaining or cannot obtain the requisite approvals, permits, financing and licenses to operate our VRCs in desirable locations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We rely primarily on third-party carriers to transport our vehicle inventory throughout the United States. Thus, we are subject to business risks and costs associated with such carriers and with the transportation industry, many of which are out of our control.

We rely primarily on third-party carriers to transport vehicles from auctions or individual sellers to VRCs, and then from our VRCs to our customers. As a result, we are exposed to risks associated with the transportation industry such as weather, traffic patterns, local and federal regulations, vehicular crashes, gasoline prices and lack of reliability of many independent carriers. Our third-party carriers’ failure to successfully manage our logistics and fulfilment process could cause a disruption in our inventory supply chain and decrease our inventory sales velocity, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, third-party carriers who deliver vehicles to our customers could adversely affect the customer experience if they do not perform to our standards of professionalism and courtesy, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are expanding our proprietary logistics operations, which will further expose us to increased risks related to ownership of infrastructure and the transportation of vehicles.

We are investing in our business to expand our proprietary logistics operations, including expanding our owned vehicle fleet. This expansion will increase our current risks and expose us to new risks, such as local and federal regulations, vehicular crashes, insufficient internal capacity, taxes, license and registration fees, insurance premiums, self-insurance levels, difficulty in recruiting and retaining qualified drivers, disruption of our technology systems, equipment supply, equipment quality, and increasing equipment and operational and overhead costs. Our failure to successfully manage the expansion of our logistics operations could cause delays and increase costs in our inbound and outbound shipping, which may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

The current geographic concentration where we provide reconditioning services and store inventory creates an exposure to local and regional downturns or severe weather or catastrophic occurrences that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently conduct our business through multiple VRCs, including our Vroom VRC located outside Houston, Texas where we hold a substantial amount of our inventory. In addition, a majority of our third-party reconditioning services are conducted through a single provider, with facilities located in California, Florida, Arizona and other states. Any unforeseen events or circumstances that negatively affect these areas, particularly our facilities near Houston, which have experienced flooding and other damage in recent years as a result of severe weather conditions, including hurricanes, could materially and adversely affect our revenues and results of operations. Changes in demographics and population or severe weather conditions and other catastrophic occurrences in areas in which we operate or from which we obtain inventory may materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Such conditions may result in physical damage to our properties, loss of inventory and delays in the delivery of vehicles to our customers.

If we sustain cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents that result in security breaches, we could suffer a loss of sales and increased costs, exposure to significant liability, reputational harm and other negative consequences.

Our information technology may be subject to cyber-attacks, viruses, malicious software, break-ins, theft, ransomware attacks, computer hacking, phishing, employee error or malfeasance or other security breaches. Hackers and data thieves are increasingly sophisticated and operate large-scale and complex automated attacks. Experienced computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our security controls and misappropriate or compromise sensitive personal, proprietary or confidential information, create system disruptions or cause shutdowns. They also may be able to develop and deploy malicious software programs that attack our systems or otherwise exploit any security vulnerabilities. Our systems and the data stored on those systems also may be vulnerable to security incidents or security attacks, acts of vandalism or theft, coordinated attacks by activist entities, misplaced or lost data, human errors, or other similar events that could negatively affect our systems and the data stored on or transmitted by those systems, including the data of our customers or business partners. Further, third parties, such as hosted solution providers, that provide services to us, also could be a source of security risks in the event of a failure of their own security systems and infrastructure. Our technology infrastructure may be subject to increased risk of slowdown or interruption as a result of integration with third-party services, including cloud services, and/or failures by such third parties, which may be out of our control.

The costs to eliminate or address the foregoing security threats and vulnerabilities before or after a cyber-incident could be significant. Our remediation efforts may not be successful and could result in interruptions, delays or cessation of service and loss of existing or potential suppliers or players. As threats related to cyber-attacks develop and grow, we may also find it necessary to make further investments to protect our data and infrastructure, which may impact our results of operations. Although we have insurance coverage for losses associated with cyber-attacks, as with all insurance policies, there are coverage exclusions and limitations, and our coverage may not be sufficient to cover all possible claims, and we may still suffer losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business (including reputational damage). We could also be negatively impacted by existing and proposed U.S. laws and regulations, and government policies and practices related to cybersecurity, data privacy, data localization and data protection. In the event that we or our service providers are unable to prevent, detect, and remediate the foregoing security threats and vulnerabilities in a timely manner, our operations could be disrupted or we could incur financial, legal or reputational losses arising from misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or intentional or accidental release or loss of information maintained in our information systems and networks, including personal information of our employees and our customers. In addition, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce our employees or employees of our vendors to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data. The number and complexity of these threats continue to increase over time. Although we develop and maintain systems and controls designed to prevent these events from occurring, and we have a process to identify and mitigate threats, the development and maintenance of these systems, controls, and processes require ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become more sophisticated. Despite our efforts, the possibility of these events occurring cannot be eliminated entirely.

We rely on third-party service providers to provide financing, as well as value-added products to our customers, and we cannot control the quality or fulfillment of these products.

We rely on third-party lenders to finance our customers’ vehicle purchases. We also offer value-added products to our customers through third-party service providers, including extended warranty contracts, GAP protection and wheel and tire coverage. Because we utilize third-party service providers, we cannot control all of the factors that might affect the quality and fulfillment of these services and products, including (i) lack of day-to-day control over the activities of third-party service providers, (ii) that such service providers may not fulfill their obligations to us or our customers or may otherwise fail to meet expectations and (iii) that such service providers may terminate their arrangements with us on limited or no notice or may change the terms of these arrangements in a manner unfavorable to us for reasons outside of our control. Such providers also are subject to state and federal regulations and any failure by such third-party service providers to comply with applicable legal requirements could cause us financial or reputational harm.

Our revenues and results of operations are partially dependent on the actions of these third parties. If one or more of these third-party service providers cease to provide these services or products to our customers, tighten their credit standards or otherwise provide services to fewer customers or are no longer able to provide them on competitive terms, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues and results of operations. If we were unable to replace the current third-party providers upon the occurrence of one or more of the foregoing events, it could also have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues and results of operations. In addition, disagreements with such third-party service providers could require or result in costly and time-consuming litigation or arbitration.

Moreover, we receive fees from these third-party service providers in connection with finance, service and protection products purchased by our customers. A portion of the fees we receive on such products is subject to chargebacks in the event of early termination, default or prepayment of the contracts by end-customers, which could adversely affect our business, revenues and results of operations.

If the quality of our customer experience, our reputation or our brand were negatively affected, our business, sales and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business model is primarily based on our ability to enable consumers to buy and sell used vehicles through our ecommerce platform in a seamless, transparent and hassle-free transaction. If consumers fail to perceive us as a trusted brand with a strong reputation and high standards, or if an event occurs that damages our reputation, it could adversely affect customer demand and have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues and results of operations. Even the perception of a decrease in the quality of our customer experience or brand could impact results. Our high rate of growth makes maintaining the quality of our customer experience more difficult.

Complaints or negative publicity about our business practices, marketing and advertising campaigns, vehicle quality, customer service, delivery experience, compliance with applicable laws and regulations, data privacy and security or other aspects of our business, especially on blogs and social media websites, could diminish consumer confidence in our platform and adversely affect our brand, irrespective of their validity. The growing use of social media increases the speed with which information and opinions can be shared and thus the speed with which our reputation can be damaged. If we fail to correct or mitigate misinformation or negative information about us, our platform, our vehicle inventory, our customer experience, our brand or any aspect of our business, including information spread through social media or traditional media channels, it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is sensitive to changes in the prices of new and used vehicles.

Any significant changes in retail prices for new or used vehicles could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, if retail prices for used vehicles rise relative to retail prices for new vehicles, it could make buying a new vehicle more attractive to our customers than buying a used vehicle, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and could result in reduced vehicle sales and lower revenue. Additionally, manufacturer incentives, including financing, could contribute to narrowing the price gap between new and used vehicles.

Used vehicle prices also may decline due to an increased number of new vehicle lease returns over the next several years. In addition, rental car company bankruptcies may cause a broader disruption in the used vehicle market and adversely impact used vehicle prices. While lower used vehicle prices reduce our cost of acquiring new inventory, lower prices could also lead to reductions in the value of inventory we currently hold, which could have a negative impact on gross profit. Moreover, any significant changes in retail prices due to scarcity or competition for used vehicles could impact our ability to source desirable inventory for our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and could result in fewer used-car sales and lower revenue. Furthermore, any significant changes in wholesale prices for used vehicles could have a negative impact on our results of operations by reducing wholesale margins.

Our business and inventory is dependent on our ability to correctly appraise and price vehicles we buy and sell.

When purchasing a vehicle from us, our customers sometimes trade in their current vehicle and apply the trade-in value towards their purchase. We also acquire vehicles from consumers independent of any purchase of a vehicle from us and purchase vehicles from auctions, rental car companies and dealers. We appraise and price vehicles we buy and sell using data science and proprietary algorithms based on a number of factors, including mechanical soundness, consumer desirability, vehicle history, market prices and relative value as prospective inventory. If we are unable to correctly appraise and price both the vehicles we buy and the vehicles we sell, we may be unable to acquire or sell inventory at attractive prices or to manage inventory effectively, and accordingly our revenue, gross margins and results of operations would be affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent upon access to desirable vehicle inventory. Obstacles to acquiring attractive inventory, whether because of supply, competition or other factors, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We acquire vehicles for sale from auctions, consumers, rental car companies and dealers. There can be no assurance that the supply of desirable used vehicles will be sufficient to meet our needs. In addition, we purchase a significant amount of our inventory from one third-party auction source, which accounted for approximately 37% of our inventory sourcing for the first half of 2020 and 20% of our inventory sourcing in 2019. If this third party is unable to fulfill our inventory needs or if we are unable to source desirable used vehicles from alternative third-party providers, we may lack sufficient inventory and, as a result, may lose potential and existing customers and related revenues. Moreover, we sell consumer-sourced vehicles that do not meet our retail standards to auctions, which may result in lower revenues and also could lead to reductions in our available inventory.

Additionally, we appraise thousands of consumer vehicles daily and evaluate potential purchases based on mechanical soundness, consumer desirability and relative value in relation to retail inventory or wholesale disposition. If we fail to adjust appraisal offers to stay in line with broader market trade-in offer trends or fail to recognize those trends, it could adversely affect our ability to acquire inventory. Our ability to source vehicles through our appraisal process also could be affected by competition, both from new and used vehicle dealers directly and through third-party websites driving appraisal traffic to those dealers. In addition, we remain dependent on third parties to sell us used vehicles, and there can be no assurance of an adequate supply of desirable vehicles on terms that are attractive to us. A reduction in the availability of or access to sources of inventory for any reason could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent upon our ability to expeditiously sell inventory. Failure to expeditiously sell our inventory could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Sourcing of our used vehicle inventory is based in large part on projected demand. If actual sales are materially less than our forecasts, we would experience an over-supply of used vehicle inventory. An over-supply of used vehicle inventory will generally cause downward pressure on our vehicle sales prices and margins and decrease inventory sales velocity. Vehicles depreciate rapidly, so a failure to expeditiously sell our inventory or to efficiently recondition and deliver vehicles to customers could hurt our gross profit per unit and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Historically, the rate at which customers return vehicles has been relatively low. In the six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2020, we had approximately 4.3% and 5.4%, respectively, in total vehicle returns and approximately 3.3% and 4.4%, respectively, in vehicle returns net of vehicle swaps. However, there is no assurance these rates will remain similar to our historical levels. If we have higher than expected return rates, such inventory would continue to depreciate in value and our revenue, business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Used vehicle inventory has typically represented a significant portion of our total assets. Having such a large portion of our total assets in the form of used vehicle inventory for an extended period of time subjects us to write-downs and other risks that affect our results of operations. Accordingly, if we have excess inventory, if we are unable to ship and deliver vehicles efficiently or if our inventory sales velocity decreases, we may be unable to liquidate such inventory at prices that would allow us to meet unit economics targets or to recover our costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to expand value-added product offerings and introduce additional products and services may be limited, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Currently, our third-party value-added products consist of finance and protection products, which includes third-party financing of customers’ vehicle purchases, as well as other value-added products, such as extended warranty contracts, GAP protection and wheel and tire coverage. If we introduce new value-added products or expand existing offerings on our platform, such as insurance referral services, music services and vehicle diagnostic and tracking services, we may incur losses or otherwise fail to enter these markets successfully. Our expansion into these markets may place us in competitive and regulatory environments with which we are unfamiliar and involve various risks, including the need to invest significant resources to familiarize ourselves with such frameworks and the possibility that returns on such investments may not be achieved for several years, if at all. In attempting to establish new offerings, we expect to incur significant expenses and face various other challenges, such as expanding our customer experience team and management personnel to cover these markets and complying with complicated regulations that apply to these markets. In addition, we may not successfully demonstrate the value of these value-added products to customers, and failure to do so would compromise our ability to successfully expand into these additional revenue streams. Any of these risks, if realized, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to comply with federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and consumer protection, or the expansion of current or the enactment of new laws or regulations relating to privacy, data protection and consumer protection, as well as our actual or perceived failure to protect such information could harm our reputation and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We collect, store, process and use personal information and other customer data, and we rely in part on third parties that are not directly under our control, including our third-party customer experience team, to manage certain of these operations. For example, we rely on encryption, storage and processing technology developed by third parties to securely transmit, operate on and store such information. Due to the volume and sensitivity of the personal information and data we and these third parties manage and expect to manage in the future, as well as the nature of our customer base, the security features of our information systems are critical. We expend significant resources to protect against security breaches and may need to expend more resources in the event we need to address problems caused by potential breaches. Any failure or perceived failure to maintain the security of personal and other data that is provided to us by customers and vendors could harm our reputation and brand and expose us to a risk of loss or litigation and possible liability, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, concerns about our practices with regard to the collection, use or disclosure of personal information or other privacy-related matters, even if unfounded, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have in the past experienced security vulnerabilities, though such vulnerabilities have not had a material impact on our operations. While we have implemented security procedures and virus protection software, intrusion prevention systems, access control and emergency recovery processes to mitigate such risks like these with respect to information systems that are under our control, they are not fail-safe and may be subject to breaches. Further, we cannot ensure that third parties upon whom we rely for various services will maintain sufficient vigilance and controls over their systems. Our inability to use or access those information systems at critical points in time, or unauthorized releases of personal or confidential information, could unfavorably impact the timely and efficient operation of our business, including our results of operations, and our reputation, as well as our relationships with our employees or other individuals whose information may have been affected by such cybersecurity incidents.

There are numerous federal, state and local laws regarding privacy and the collection, processing, storing, sharing, disclosing, using and protecting of personal information and other data, the scope of which are changing, subject to differing interpretations, and which may be costly to comply with, inconsistent between jurisdictions or conflicting with other rules. We are also subject to specific contractual requirements contained in third-party agreements governing our use and protection of personal information and other data. We generally comply with industry standards and are subject to the terms of our privacy policies and the privacy- and security-related obligations to third parties. We strive to comply with applicable laws, policies, legal obligations and industry codes of conduct relating to privacy and data protection, to the extent possible. However, it is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in new ways or in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. Additionally, new regulations could be enacted with which we are not familiar. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to customers or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of sensitive information, which may include personally identifiable information or other customer data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could cause customers, vendors and third-party business partners to lose trust in us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, if vendors, developers or other third parties that we work with violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may also put customers’, vendors’ or receivables-purchasers’ information at risk and could in turn harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We expect that new industry standards, laws and regulations will continue to be proposed regarding privacy, data protection and information security in many jurisdictions, including the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which went into effect on January 1, 2020. We cannot yet determine the impact of the CCPA or such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. Complying with these evolving obligations is costly. For instance, expanding definitions and interpretations of what constitutes “personal data” (or the equivalent) within the United States may increase our compliance costs and legal liability.

A significant data breach or any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any federal, state or local privacy or consumer protection-related laws, regulations or other principles or orders to which we may be subject or other legal obligations relating to privacy or consumer protection could adversely affect our reputation, brand and business, and may result in claims, investigations, proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others or other penalties or liabilities or require us to change our operations and/or cease using certain data sets. Depending on the nature of the information compromised, we may also have obligations to notify users, law enforcement or payment companies about the incident and may need to provide some form of remedy, such as refunds, for the individuals affected by the incident.

We operate in a highly regulated industry and are subject to a wide range of federal, state and local laws and regulations. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is and will continue to be subject to extensive U.S. federal, state and local laws and regulations. The advertising, sale, purchase, financing and transportation of used vehicles are regulated by every state in which we operate and by the U.S. federal government. We also are subject to state laws related to titling and registration and wholesale vehicle sales, and our sale of value-added products is subject to state licensing requirements, as well as federal and state consumer protection laws. These laws can vary significantly from state to state. In addition, we are subject to regulations and laws specifically governing the internet and ecommerce and the collection, storage and use of personal information and other customer data. We are also subject to federal and state consumer protection laws, including the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and prohibitions against unfair or deceptive acts or practices. The federal governmental agencies that regulate our business and have the authority to enforce such regulations and laws against us include the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”), the U.S. Department of Transportation, the U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration, the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission. For example, the FTC has jurisdiction to investigate and enforce our compliance with certain consumer protection laws and has brought enforcement actions against auto dealers relating to a broad range of practices, including the sale and financing of value-added or add-on products. Additionally, we are subject to regulation by individual state dealer licensing authorities, state consumer protection agencies and state financial regulatory agencies. We also are subject to audit by such state regulatory authorities.

State dealer licensing authorities regulate the purchase and sale of used vehicles by dealers within their respective states. The applicability of these regulatory and legal compliance obligations to our ecommerce business is dependent on evolving interpretations of these laws and regulations and how our operations are, or are not, subject to them. We are licensed as a dealer in the State of Texas and all of our vehicle transactions are conducted under our Texas license. We believe that our activities in other states are not subject to their vehicle dealer licensing laws. State regulators in such states could, however, seek to require us to maintain a used vehicle dealer license in order to engage in activities in that state.

Most states regulate retail installment sales, including setting a maximum interest rate, caps on certain fees or maximum amounts financed. In addition, certain states require that retail installment sellers file a notice of intent or have a sales finance license or an installment sellers license in order to solicit or originate installment sales in that state. We have obtained a motor vehicle sales finance license in Texas, which is the state in which our vehicle sale transactions are conducted under our Texas dealer license. The financial regulatory agency in Pennsylvania determined that we need to obtain an installment seller license in order to enter into retail installment sales with residents of Pennsylvania, and, as a result, we currently do not offer third-party financing to our customers in Pennsylvania. Accordingly, our customers located in Pennsylvania must obtain independent financing to the extent needed to fund any vehicle purchases on our platform.

Any failure to renew or maintain any of the foregoing licenses would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Many aspects of our business are subject to regulatory regimes at the state and local level, and we may not have all licenses required to conduct business in every jurisdiction in which we operate. Despite our belief that we are not subject to certain licensing requirements of those state and local jurisdictions, regulators may seek to impose punitive fines for operating without a license or demand we seek a license in those state and local jurisdictions, any of which may inhibit our ability to do business in those state and local jurisdictions, increase our operating expenses and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to these laws and regulations that apply specifically to the sale and financing of used vehicles, our facilities and business operations are subject to laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, occupational health and safety, and other broadly applicable business regulations. We also are subject to laws and regulations involving taxes, tariffs, privacy and data security, anti-spam, pricing, content protection, electronic contracts and communications, mobile communications, consumer protection, information reporting requirements, unencumbered internet access to our platform, the design and operation of websites and internet neutrality.

Following our IPO, we are also subject to laws and regulations affecting public companies, including securities laws and exchange listing rules. The violation of any of these laws or regulations could result in administrative, civil or criminal penalties or in a cease-and-desist order against our business operations, any of which could damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have incurred and will continue to incur capital and operating expenses and other costs to comply with these laws and regulations.

The foregoing description of laws and regulations to which we are or may be subject is not exhaustive, and the regulatory framework governing our operations is subject to evolving interpretations and continuous change.

We may require additional debt and equity capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances. If such capital is not available to us, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances, including to increase our marketing expenditures to improve our brand awareness, build and maintain our inventory of used vehicles, develop new products or services or further improve existing products and services, enhance our operating infrastructure and acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. However, additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. Moreover, any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. Volatility in the credit markets may also have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain debt financing. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, we may be forced to obtain financing on undesirable terms or our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to comply with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, we may face significant damages, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We utilize telephone calls as a means of responding to and marketing to customers interested in purchasing, trading in and/or selling vehicles and value-added products, and intend to implement the use of texting as a means of communication with our customers. We generate leads from our website and online advertising by prompting potential customers to provide their phone numbers so that we can contact them in response to their interest in selling a vehicle, purchasing a vehicle, trading in a vehicle or obtaining financing terms. We currently engage a third-party customer experience center to facilitate substantially all telephone inquiries, sales, purchases and financings of our vehicles through our platform.

The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (the “TCPA”), as interpreted and implemented by the Federal Communication Commission (the “FCC”) and U.S. courts, imposes significant restrictions on the use of telephone calls to residential and mobile telephone numbers as a means of communication when prior consent of the person being contacted has not been obtained. Currently, our third-party customer experience center utilizes automated telephone dialing systems to dial phone numbers of potential customers who have requested that we contact them by providing their phone number to us through our website and through third-party aggregation websites. Our telephone marketing activities, such as these, must comply with the TCPA, the Telephone Sales Rule (the “TSR”) and the FCC’s declaratory ruling issued on July 10, 2015 (the “July Declaratory Ruling”). The TCPA prohibits the use of automatic telephone dialing systems for communications with wireless phone numbers without express consent of the consumer, and the TSR established the Do Not Call Registry. Based on a recent decision from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, issued on March 16, 2018 (the “ACA Ruling”) much of the July Declaratory Ruling has been vacated. Although it is possible that decisions of other appellate courts could further change the standards of conduct applicable to the use of automated telephone dialing systems, at present obtaining appropriate consent for auto-dialed calls and properly managing revocations of consent comply with the standard of conduct announced in the ACA Ruling. Violations of the TCPA may be enforced by the FCC or by individuals through litigation, including class actions. Statutory penalties for TCPA violations range from $500 to $1,500 per violation, which has been interpreted to mean per phone call.

In September 2016, an individual brought a putative class action against us under the TCPA alleging we violated the TCPA by sending him a single text message expressing interest in purchasing a vehicle he listed for sale online. The court granted summary judgment in our favor and, following the plaintiff’s appeal, the parties resolved the lawsuit. While we have implemented processes and procedures to comply with the TCPA, if we or the third parties on which we rely for data fail to adhere to or successfully implement appropriate processes and procedures in response to existing or future regulations, it could result in legal and monetary liability, fines, penalties or damage to our reputation in the marketplace, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, any changes to the TCPA, its interpretation, or enforcement of it by the government or private parties that further restrict the way we contact and communicate with our potential customers or generate leads could adversely affect our ability to attract customers and could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Government regulation of the internet and ecommerce is evolving, and unfavorable changes or failure by us to comply with these regulations could substantially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to general business regulations and laws, as well as regulations and laws specifically governing the internet and ecommerce. Existing and future regulations and laws could impede the growth of the internet, ecommerce or mobile commerce. These regulations and laws may involve taxes, tariffs, privacy and data security, anti-spam, pricing, content protection, electronic contracts and communications, mobile communications, consumer protection, information reporting requirements, unencumbered internet access to our platform, the design and operation of websites and internet neutrality. It is not clear how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, sales and other taxes and consumer privacy apply to the internet as the vast majority of these laws were adopted prior to the advent of the internet and do not contemplate or address the unique issues raised by the internet or ecommerce. It is possible that general business regulations and laws, or those specifically governing the internet or ecommerce, may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one market segment to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. For example, federal, state and local regulation regarding privacy, data protection and information security has become more significant, and proposed regulations such as the CCPA may increase our costs of compliance. We cannot be sure that our practices have complied, comply or will comply fully with all such laws and regulations. The enactment of new laws and regulations or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations in an unfavorable way may affect the operation of our business, directly or indirectly, which could result in substantial regulatory compliance costs, civil or criminal penalties, including fines, adverse publicity, decreased revenues and increased expenses.

We actively use anonymous online data for targeting ads online and if ad networks are compelled by regulatory bodies to limit use of this data, it could materially affect our ability to do effective performance marketing. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any of these laws or regulations could result in damage to our reputation, a loss in business and proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others. Any such proceeding or action could hurt our reputation, force us to spend significant amounts in defense of these proceedings, distract our management, increase our costs of doing business, decrease the use of our sites by customers and suppliers and result in the imposition of monetary liability. We also may be contractually liable to indemnify and hold harmless third parties from the costs or consequences of non-compliance with any such laws or regulations. Adverse legal or regulatory developments could substantially harm our business, our ability to attract new customers may be adversely affected, and we may not be able to maintain or grow our revenue and expand our business as anticipated.

We are subject to risks related to online payment methods.

We accept payments for deposits on our vehicles through a variety of methods, including credit card and debit card. As we offer new payment options to customers, we may be subject to additional regulations, compliance requirements and fraud. For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs. We are also subject to payment card association operating rules and certification requirements, including the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard and rules governing electronic funds transfers, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. As our business changes, we also may be subject to different rules under existing standards, which may require new assessments that involve costs above what we currently pay for compliance. If we fail to comply with the rules or requirements of any provider of a payment method we accept, if the volume of fraud in our transactions limits or terminates our rights to use payment methods we currently accept, or if a data breach occurs relating to our payment systems, we may, among other things, be subject to fines or higher transaction fees and may lose, or face restrictions placed upon, our ability to accept credit card and debit card payments from customers or facilitate other types of online payments. If any of these events were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We occasionally receive orders placed with fraudulent credit card data, including stolen credit card numbers, or from clients who have closed bank accounts or have insufficient funds in open bank accounts to satisfy payment obligations. We may suffer losses as a result of orders placed with fraudulent credit card data even if the associated financial institution approved payment of the orders. Under current credit card practices, we may be liable for fraudulent credit card transactions. If we are unable to detect or control credit card or other fraud, our liability for these transactions could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we do not adequately address our customers’ reliance on mobile device technology, our results of operations could be harmed and our growth could be negatively affected.

Vroom.com is a mobile website that consumers can access and utilize from their mobile devices. In addition, we have designed and launched mobile apps (iOS and android) to enhance customers’ mobile experience. In light of consumers’ shift to mobile technology, our future success depends in part on our ability to provide enhanced functionality for customers who use mobile devices to shop for used vehicles and increase the number of transactions with us that are completed by those users. In the year ended December 31, 2018, approximately 62% of unique visitors to our website were attributable to mobile devices and in the year ended December 31, 2019 and six months ended June 30, 2020, this figure grew to approximately 68% and 71%, respectively. The shift to mobile technology by our users may harm our business in the following ways:

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customers visiting our website from a mobile device may not accept mobile technology as a viable long-term platform to buy or sell a vehicle. This may occur for a number of reasons, including our ability to provide the same level of website functionality to a mobile device that we provide on a desktop computer, the actual or perceived lack of security of information on a mobile device and possible disruptions of service or connectivity;

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we may be unable to provide sufficient website functionality to mobile device users, which may cause customers using mobile devices to believe that our competitors offer superior products and features;

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problems may arise in developing applications for alternative devices and platforms and the need to devote significant resources to the creation, support and maintenance of such applications; or

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regulations related to consumer finance disclosures, including the Truth in Lending Act and the Fair Credit Reporting Act, may be interpreted, in the context of mobile devices, in a manner which could expose us to legal liability in the event we are found to have violated applicable laws.

If we do not develop suitable functionality for users who visit our website using a mobile device, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

Our future growth and profitability relies heavily on the effectiveness and efficiency of our marketing and branding efforts, and these efforts may not be successful.

Because we are a consumer brand, we rely heavily on marketing and advertising to increase brand visibility and attract potential customers. Advertising expenditures are and will continue to be a significant component of our operating expenses, and there can be no assurance that we will achieve a meaningful return on investment on such expenditures. We continue to evolve our marketing strategies, adjusting our messages, the amount we spend on advertising and where we spend it, and no assurance can be given that we will be successful in developing effective messages and in achieving efficiency in our marketing and advertising expenditures. As a result, our future growth and profitability will depend in part on:

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the effectiveness of our national television advertising campaigns;

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the effectiveness of our performance-based digital marketing efforts;

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the effectiveness and efficiency of our online advertising and search marketing programs in generating consumer awareness of, and sales on, our platform;

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our ability to prevent confusion among customers that can result from search engines that allow competitors to use or bid on our trademarks to direct customers to competitors’ websites;

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our ability to prevent internet publication of false or misleading information regarding our platform or our competitors’ offerings; and

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the effectiveness of our direct-to-consumer advertising to reduce our dependency on third-party aggregation websites.

We currently advertise through a blend of brand and direct advertising channels with the goal of increasing the strength, recognition and trust in the Vroom brand and driving more unique visitors to our platform. Our marketing strategy includes national television campaigns, which we launched in February 2019, and performance marketing through digital platforms, including both auto-centric lead generation platforms and broader consumer-facing platforms. We also strategically use targeted radio campaigns and billboards and other local advertising in key markets, and we are expanding our national marketing efforts featuring Sell Us Your Car^®. As such, a significant component of our marketing spend involves the use of various marketing techniques, including programmatic ad-buying, interest targeting, retargeting and email nurturing. Future growth and profitability will depend in part on the cost and efficiency of our promotional advertising and marketing programs and related expenditures, including our ability to create greater awareness of our platform and brand name, to appropriately plan for future expenditures and to drive the promotion of our platform.

Additionally, our business model relies on our ability to grow rapidly and to decrease incremental customer acquisition costs as we grow. If we are unable to recover our marketing costs through increases in customer traffic and incremental sales, if our advertising partners refuse to work with us at competitive rates or at all, or if our broad marketing campaigns are not successful or are terminated, our growth may suffer and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on internet search engines, vehicle listing sites and social networking sites to help drive traffic to our website, and if we fail to appear prominently in the search results or fail to drive traffic through paid advertising, our traffic would decline and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We depend in part on internet search engines, such as Google, Bing and Yahoo!, vehicle listing sites and social networking sites such as Facebook and Instagram to drive traffic to our website. Our ability to maintain and increase the number of visitors directed to our platform is not entirely within our control. Our competitors may increase their search engine marketing efforts and outbid us for placement on various vehicle listing sites or for search terms on various search engines, resulting in their websites receiving a higher search result page ranking than ours. Additionally, internet search engines could revise their methodologies in a way that would adversely affect our search result rankings. If internet search engines modify their search algorithms in ways that are detrimental to us, if vehicle listing sites refuse to display any or all of our inventory in certain geographic locations, or if our competitors’ efforts are more successful than ours, overall growth in our customer base could slow or our customer base could decline. Internet search engine providers could provide automotive dealer and pricing information directly in search results, align with our competitors or choose to develop competing services. Our platform has experienced fluctuations in search result rankings in the past, and we anticipate similar fluctuations in the future. We could reach a point of inventory saturation at third-party aggregation websites whereby we will exceed the maximum allowable inventory that will require us to spend greater than market rates to list our inventory. Any reduction in the number of users directed to our platform through internet search engines, vehicle listings sites or social networking sites could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business relies on email and other messaging services, and any restrictions on the sending of emails or messages or an inability to timely deliver such communications could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent upon email and other messaging services for promoting our platform and vehicles available for purchase. Promotions offered through email and other messages sent by us are an important part of our marketing strategy. We provide emails to customers and other visitors informing them of the convenience and value of using our platform, as well as updates on new inventory and price updates on listed inventory, and we believe these emails, coupled with our general marketing efforts, are an important part of our customer experience and help generate revenue. If we are unable to successfully deliver emails or other messages to our subscribers, or if subscribers decline to open our emails or other messages, our revenues could be materially and adversely affected. Any changes in how webmail applications organize and prioritize email may reduce the number of subscribers opening our emails. For example, Google’s Gmail service has a feature that organizes incoming emails into categories (such as primary, social and promotions). Such categorization or similar inbox organizational features may result in our emails being delivered in a less prominent location in a subscriber’s inbox or viewed as “spam” by our subscribers and may reduce the likelihood of that subscriber opening our emails.

In addition, actions by third parties to block, impose restrictions on or charge for the delivery of emails or other messages could also adversely impact our business. From time to time, internet service providers or other third parties may block bulk email transmissions or otherwise experience technical difficulties that result in our inability to successfully deliver email or other messages to third parties. Changes in the laws or regulations that limit our ability to send such communications or impose additional requirements upon us in connection with sending such communications could also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our use of email and other messaging services to send communications about our sites or other matters may also result in legal claims against us, which may cause us to incur increased expenses, and if successful might result in fines and orders with costly reporting and compliance obligations or might limit or prohibit our ability to send emails or other messages. We also rely on social networking messaging services to send communications and to encourage customers to send communications. Changes to the terms of these social networking services to limit promotional communications, any restrictions that would limit our ability or our customers’ ability to send communications through their services, disruptions or downtime experienced by these social networking services or decline in the use of or engagement with social networking services by customers and potential customers could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may experience seasonal and other fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations, which may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

We expect our quarterly results of operations, including our revenue, gross profit and cash flow to vary significantly in the future based in part on, among other things, vehicle-buying patterns. Vehicle sales generally exhibit seasonality with an increase in sales early in the year that reaches its highest point late in the first quarter and early in the second quarter, which then levels off through the rest of the year with the lowest level of sales in the fourth quarter. This seasonality historically corresponds with the timing of income tax refunds, which can provide a primary source of funds for customers’ payments on used vehicle purchases. Used vehicle prices also exhibit seasonality, with used vehicles depreciating at a faster rate in the last two quarters of each year and a slower rate in the first two quarters of each year.

Other factors that may cause our quarterly results to fluctuate include, without limitation:

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our ability to attract new customers;

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our ability to generate sales of value-added products;

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changes in the competitive dynamics of our industry;

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the regulatory environment;

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expenses associated with unforeseen quality issues;

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macroeconomic conditions, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic;

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our ability to maintain sufficient inventory of desirable vehicles;

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seasonality of the automotive industry and third-party aggregation websites on which we rely;

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changes that impact disposable income, including changes that impact the timing or amount of income tax refunds; and

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litigation or other claims against us.

In addition, a significant portion of our expenses are fixed and do not vary proportionately with fluctuations in revenues. As a result of these seasonal fluctuations, our results in any quarter may not be indicative of the results we may achieve in any subsequent quarter or for the full year, and period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations may not be meaningful.

We participate in a highly competitive industry, and pressure from existing and new companies may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our current and future competitors may include:

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traditional new and used car dealerships;

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large, national car dealers, such as CarMax and AutoNation, which are expanding into online sales, including “omni-channel” offerings;

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used car dealers or marketplaces that currently have existing ecommerce businesses or online platforms, such as Carvana;

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the peer-to-peer market, utilizing sites such as Facebook, Craigslist.com, eBay Motors and Nextdoor.com; and

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sales by rental car companies directly to consumers of used vehicles which were previously utilized in rental fleets, such as Hertz Car Sales and Enterprise Car Sales.

Internet and online automotive sites could change their models to directly compete with us, such as Google, Amazon, AutoTrader.com, Edmunds.com, KBB.com, Autobytel.com, TrueCar.com, CarGurus and Cars.com. In addition, automobile manufacturers such as General Motors, Ford and Volkswagen could change their sales models to better compete with our model through technology and infrastructure investments. While such enterprises may change their business models and endeavor to compete with us, the purchase and sale of used vehicles through ecommerce presents unique challenges.

Our competitors also compete in the online market through companies that provide listings, information, lead generation and car buying services designed to reach customers and enable dealers to reach these customers and providers of offline, membership-based car buying services such as the Costco Auto Program.

We also expect that new competitors will continue to enter the traditional and ecommerce automotive retail industry with competing brands, business models and products and services, which could have an adverse effect on our revenue, business and financial results. For example, traditional car dealers could transition their selling efforts to the internet, allowing them to sell vehicles across state lines and compete directly with our online offering and no-negotiating pricing model.

Our current and potential competitors may have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have, and the ability to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and support of their businesses, platforms, and related products and services. Additionally, they may have more extensive automotive industry relationships, longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we have. As a result, these competitors may be able to respond more quickly to consumer needs with new technologies and to undertake more extensive marketing or promotional campaigns. If we are unable to compete with these companies, the demand for our used vehicles and value-added products could substantially decline.

In addition, if one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors, the change in the competitive landscape could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. We may not be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, and competitive pressures may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if our competitors develop business models, products or services with similar or superior functionality to our platform, it may adversely affect our business. Additionally, our competitors could use their political influence and increase lobbying efforts to encourage new regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would prevent us from operating in certain markets.

Changes in the auto industry may threaten our business model if we are unable to adapt.

The market for used vehicles may be impacted by the significant, and likely accelerating, changes to the broader automotive industry, which may render our existing or future business model or our ability to sell vehicles, products and services less competitive, unmarketable or obsolete. For example, technology is currently being developed to produce automated, driverless vehicles that could reduce the demand for, or replace, traditional vehicles, including the used vehicles that we acquire and sell. Additionally, ride-hailing and ride-sharing services are becoming increasingly popular as a means of transportation and may decrease consumer demand for the used vehicles we sell, particularly as urbanization increases. Furthermore, new technologies such as autonomous driving software have the potential to change the dynamics of car ownership in the future. If we are unable to or otherwise fail to successfully adapt to such industry changes, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Prospective purchasers of vehicles may choose not to shop online, which would prevent us from growing our business.

Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to attract additional customers who have historically purchased vehicles through traditional dealers. The online market for vehicles is significantly less developed than the online market for other goods and services such as books, music, travel and other consumer products. If this market does not gain widespread acceptance, our business may suffer. Furthermore, we may have to incur significantly higher and more sustained advertising and promotional expenditures or offer more incentives than we currently anticipate in order to attract additional consumers to our platform and convert them into purchasing customers. Specific factors that could prevent consumers from purchasing vehicles through our ecommerce platform include:

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concerns about buying vehicles without face-to-face interaction with sales personnel and the ability to physically test-drive and examine vehicles;

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preference for a more personal experience when purchasing vehicles;

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insufficient level of desirable inventory;

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pricing that does not meet consumer expectations;

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delayed deliveries;

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inconvenience with returning or exchanging vehicles purchased online;

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concerns about the security of online transactions and the privacy of personal information; and

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usability, functionality and features of our platform.

If the online market for vehicles does not continue to develop and grow, our business will not grow and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

General business and economic conditions, and risks related to the larger automotive ecosystem, including consumer demand, could reduce our sales and profitability, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is affected by general business and economic conditions. The global economy often experiences periods of instability, and this volatility may result in reduced demand for our vehicles and value-added products, reduced spending on vehicles, inability of customers to obtain credit to finance purchases of vehicles and decreased consumer confidence to make discretionary purchases. Consumer purchases of new and used vehicles generally decline during recessionary periods and other periods in which disposable income is adversely affected.

Purchases of new and used vehicles are typically discretionary for consumers and have been, and may continue to be, affected by negative trends in the economy and other factors, including rising interest rates, the cost of energy and gasoline, the availability and cost of consumer credit, reductions in consumer confidence and fears of recession, stock market volatility, increased regulation and increased unemployment. Increased environmental regulation has made, and may in the future make, used vehicles more expensive and less desirable for consumers.

In addition, changing trends in consumer tastes, negative business and economic conditions and market volatility may make it difficult for us to accurately forecast vehicle demand trends, which could cause us to increase our inventory carrying costs and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is sensitive to conditions affecting automotive manufacturers, including manufacturer recalls.

Adverse conditions affecting one or more automotive manufacturers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and could impact our supply of used vehicles. In addition, manufacturer recalls are a common occurrence that have accelerated in frequency and scope in recent years. In the instance of an open recall, we may have to temporarily remove vehicles from inventory and may be unable to liquidate such inventory in a timely manner or at all. Because we do not have manufacturer authorization to complete recall-related repairs, some vehicles we sell may have unrepaired safety recalls. Such recalls, and our lack of authorization to make recall-related repairs or potential unavailability of parts needed to make such repairs, could (i) adversely affect used vehicle sales or valuations, (ii) cause us to temporarily remove vehicles from inventory, (iii) cause us to sell any affected vehicles at a loss, (iv) force us to incur increased costs and (v) expose us to litigation and adverse publicity related to the sale of recalled vehicles, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is subject to the risk of natural disasters, adverse weather events and other catastrophic events, and to interruption by manmade problems such as terrorism.

Our business is vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, fires, floods, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, acts of war, global pandemics, human errors and similar events. The third-party systems and operations on which we rely are subject to similar risks. For example, a significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or flood, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results, and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. Acts of terrorism could also cause disruptions in our businesses, consumer demand or the economy as a whole. We may not have sufficient protection or recovery plans in some circumstances, such as if a natural disaster affects locations that store a significant amount of our inventory vehicles. As we rely heavily on our computer and communications systems and the internet to conduct our business and provide high-quality customer service, any disruptions could negatively affect our ability to run our business, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our insurance may not provide adequate levels of coverage against claims.

We believe that we maintain insurance customary for businesses of our size and type. However, there are types of losses we may incur that cannot be insured against or that we believe are not economically reasonable to insure. Moreover, any loss incurred could exceed policy limits and policy payments made to us may not be made on a timely basis. For example, insurance we maintain against liability claims may not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us and such coverage may not be adequate to cover the types of liabilities actually incurred. A successful claim brought against us, if not fully covered by available insurance coverage, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may acquire other companies or technologies, which could divert our management’s attention, result in additional dilution to our stockholders and otherwise disrupt our operations and harm our results of operations.

Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to grow our business in response to the demands of consumers and other constituents within the automotive industry, as well as competitive pressures. Although we have no plans to do so currently, in some circumstances, we may determine to grow our business through the acquisition of complementary businesses and technologies rather than through internal development. The identification of suitable acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming and costly, and we may not be able to successfully complete identified acquisitions. The risks we face in connection with acquisitions include:

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diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to addressing acquisition integration challenges;

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coordination of technology, research and development and sales and marketing functions;

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transition of the acquired company’s users to our platform;

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retention of employees from the acquired company;

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cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization;

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integration of the acquired company’s accounting, management information, human resources and other administrative systems;

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the need to implement or improve controls, policies and procedures at a business that, prior to the acquisition, may have lacked effective controls, policies and procedures;

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potential write-offs of intangibles or other assets acquired in such transactions that may have an adverse effect our results of operations;

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liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including patent and trademark infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities; and

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litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties.

Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future acquisitions and investments could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions or investments, cause us to incur unanticipated liabilities and otherwise harm our business. Future acquisitions also could result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses, any of which could harm our financial condition. Also, the anticipated benefits of any acquisitions may not materialize. Any of these risks, if realized, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on key personnel to operate our business, and if we are unable to retain, attract and integrate qualified personnel, our ability to develop and successfully grow our business could be harmed.

We believe our success has depended, and continues to depend, on the efforts and talents of our executives and employees. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. In addition, the loss of any of our key employees or senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Paul J. Hennessy, could materially and adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and strategy, and we may not be able to find adequate replacements on a timely basis, or at all. Our executive officers and other employees are at-will employees, which means they may terminate their employment relationship with us at any time, and their knowledge of our business and industry would be extremely difficult to replace. We may not be able to retain the services of any members of our senior management or other key employees. If we do not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees or retaining and motivating existing employees, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on third-party technology and information systems to complete critical business functions. If that technology fails to adequately serve our needs, and we cannot find alternatives, it may negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on third-party technology for certain of our critical business functions, including customer identity verification for financing, transportation fleet telemetry, network infrastructure for hosting our website and inventory data, software libraries, development environments and tools, services to allow customers to digitally sign contracts and customer experience center management. Our business is dependent on the integrity, security and efficient operation of these systems and technologies. Our systems and operations or those of our third-party vendors and partners could be exposed to damage or interruption from, among other things, fire, natural disaster, power loss, telecommunications failure, unauthorized entry, computer viruses, denial-of-service attacks, acts of terrorism, human error, vandalism or sabotage, financial insolvency, bankruptcy and similar events. The failure of these systems to perform as designed, the failure to maintain or update these systems as necessary, the vulnerability of these systems to security breaches or attacks or the inability to enhance our information technology capabilities, and our inability to find suitable alternatives could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our platform utilizes open-source software, and any defects or security vulnerabilities in the open-source software could negatively affect our business.

Our platform employs open-source software, and we expect to use open-source software in the future. To the extent that our platform depends upon the successful operation of open-source software, any undetected errors or defects in this open-source software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our platform, delay the introduction of new solutions, result in a failure of our platform and injure our reputation. For example, undetected errors or defects in open-source software could render it vulnerable to breaches or security attacks, and, in conjunction, make our systems more vulnerable to data breaches.

In addition, the terms of various open-source licenses have not been interpreted by United States courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market our platform. Some open-source licenses might require us to make our source code available at no cost or require us to make our source code publicly available for modifications or derivative works if our source code is based upon, incorporates, or was created using the open-source software to license such source code under the terms of the particular open-source license. While we try to insulate our proprietary code from the effects of such open-source license provisions, we cannot guarantee we will be successful. In addition to risks related to open-source license requirements, usage of open-source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open-source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with usage of open-source software cannot be eliminated and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The protection of intellectual property, technology and confidential information is crucial to the success of our business. We rely on a combination of trademark, trade secret and copyright law, as well as contractual restrictions, to protect our intellectual property (including our brand, technology and confidential information). While it is our policy to protect and defend our rights to our intellectual property, we cannot predict whether steps taken by us to protect our intellectual property will be adequate to prevent infringement, misappropriation, dilution or other violations of our intellectual property rights. We also cannot guarantee that others will not independently develop technology that has the same or similar functionality as our technology. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or obtain and use our technology to develop competing solutions, and policing unauthorized use of our technology and intellectual property rights may be difficult and may not be effective. Furthermore, we may face claims of infringement of third-party intellectual property that could interfere with our ability to market, promote and sell our brands, products and services. Any litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights or defend ourselves against claims of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights could be costly, divert attention of management and may not ultimately be resolved in our favor. Moreover, if we are unable to successfully defend against claims that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of others, we may be prevented from using certain intellectual property and may be liable for damages, which in turn could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

As part of our efforts to protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information, we require certain of our employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality and assignment of inventions agreements, and we also require certain third parties to enter into nondisclosure agreements. These agreements may not effectively grant all necessary rights to any inventions that may have been developed by our employees and consultants. In addition, these agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our website features, software and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary. Changes in the law or adverse court rulings may also negatively affect our ability to prevent others from using our technology.

We are currently the registrant of the vroom.com and texasdirectauto.com internet domain names and various other related domain names. The regulation of domain names in the United States is subject to change. Regulatory bodies could establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain name registrars or modify the requirements for holding domain names. As a result, we may not be able to acquire or maintain domain names that are important for our business.

In addition, we have certain trademarks that are important to our business, such as the Vroom^® and Sell Us Your Car^® trademarks. If we fail to adequately protect or enforce our rights under these trademarks, we may lose the ability to use those trademarks or to prevent others from using them, which could adversely harm our reputation and our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we are actively seeking, and have secured registration of several of our trademarks in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, it is possible that others may assert senior rights to similar trademarks, in the U.S. and internationally, and seek to prevent our use and registration of our trademarks in certain jurisdictions. Our pending trademark or service mark applications may not result in such marks being registered.

While software can be protected under copyright law, we have chosen not to register any copyrights in these works, and instead, primarily rely on trade secret law to protect our proprietary software. In order to bring a copyright infringement lawsuit in the United States, the copyright must be registered. Accordingly, the remedies and damages available to us for unauthorized use of our software may be limited. Our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary materials may be revealed to the public or our competitors or independently developed by our competitors and no longer provide protection for the related intellectual property. Furthermore, our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary materials may be revealed to the public or our competitors or independently developed by our competitors and no longer provide protection for the related intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims asserting that our employees, consultants or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their current or former employers or claims asserting ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and advisors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these individuals have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual’s current or former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the creation or development of intellectual property on our behalf to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in having all such employees and contractors execute such an agreement. The assignment of intellectual property may not be self-executing or the assignment agreement may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties or defend claims that they may bring against us to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

A significant disruption in service on our platform could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers, which could harm our brand or our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our brand, reputation and ability to attract customers depend on the reliable performance of our platform and the supporting systems, technology and infrastructure. We may experience significant interruptions to our systems in the future. Interruptions in these systems, whether due to system failures, programming or configuration errors, computer viruses or physical or electronic break-ins, could affect the availability of our inventory on our platform and prevent or inhibit the ability of customers to access our platform. Problems with the reliability or security of our systems could harm our reputation, result in a loss of customers and result in additional costs.

Our data center is located at a facility in Houston, Texas, which connects all of our offices and our Vroom VRC. Our data center is vulnerable to damage or interruption from fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist attacks, acts of war, electronic and physical break-ins, computer viruses, earthquakes and similar events. The occurrence of any of these events could render communications between Vroom offices inoperable and impact our ability to list and sell vehicles through our platform.

Problems faced by our third-party web-hosting providers, including AWS and Google Cloud, could inhibit the functionality of our platform. For example, our third-party web-hosting providers could close their facilities without adequate notice or suffer interruptions in service caused by cyber-attacks, natural disasters or other phenomena. Disruption of their services could cause our website to be inoperable and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any financial difficulties, up to and including bankruptcy, faced by our third-party web-hosting providers or any of the service providers with whom they contract may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. In addition, if our third-party web-hosting providers are unable to keep up with our growing capacity needs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

Any errors, defects, disruptions, or other performance or reliability problems with our platform could interrupt our customers’ access to our inventory and our access to data that drives our inventory purchase operations, which could harm our reputation or our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are, and may in the future be, subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business. If the outcomes of these proceedings are adverse to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to various litigation matters from time to time, the outcome of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of law could be asserted against us by individuals, either individually or through class actions, by governmental entities in civil or criminal investigations and proceedings or by other entities. These claims could be asserted under a variety of laws, including but not limited to consumer finance laws, consumer protection laws, intellectual property laws, privacy laws, labor and employment laws, securities laws and employee benefit laws. These actions could expose us to adverse publicity and to substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive relief and criminal and civil fines and penalties, including but not limited to suspension or revocation of licenses to conduct business. See “Item 1. Legal Proceedings” elsewhere in Part II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We may be limited in our ability to utilize, or may not be able to utilize, net operating loss carryforwards to reduce our future tax liability.

As of December 31, 2019 we had U.S. federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $312.8 million, the utilization of which may be limited annually due to certain change in ownership provisions of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). Some of our U.S. federal NOL carryforwards will begin to expire in 2034, with the remaining losses having no expiration. As of December 31, 2019, we maintain a full valuation allowance of $75.0 million for our net deferred tax assets.

An “ownership change” (generally defined as greater than 50-percentage-point cumulative changes in the equity ownership of certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period) under Section 382 of the Code may limit our ability to utilize fully our pre-change NOL carryforwards to reduce our taxable income in periods following the ownership change. In general, an ownership change would limit our ability to utilize U.S. federal NOL carryforwards to an amount equal to the aggregate value of our equity at the time of the ownership change multiplied by a specified tax-exempt interest rate, subject to increase by certain built-in gains. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to our state NOL carryforwards. We believe we have undergone an ownership change for purposes of Section 382 of the Code in each of 2013, 2014 and 2015, which substantially limits our ability to use U.S. federal NOL carryforwards generated prior to each such ownership change. In addition, future changes in our stock ownership, some of which may be beyond our control, could result in additional ownership changes under Section 382 of the Code.

We may need to recognize impairment charges related to goodwill, identified intangible assets and fixed assets.

We are required to test goodwill and any other intangible asset with an indefinite life for possible impairment on the same date each year and on an interim basis if there are indicators of a possible impairment. There is significant judgment required in the analysis of a potential impairment of goodwill, identified intangible assets and other long-lived assets. If, as a result of a general economic slowdown or deterioration in one or more of the markets in which we operate or in our financial performance or future outlook, or if the estimated fair value of our long-lived assets decreases, we may determine that one or more of our long-lived assets is impaired. An impairment charge would be determined based on the estimated fair value of the assets and any such impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Tax matters could impact our results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to U.S. federal income tax, as well as income tax in certain states. Our provision for income taxes and cash tax liability in the future could be adversely affected by numerous factors including, changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles or interpretations thereof, which could materially and adversely impact our cash flows and our business, financial condition and results of operations in future periods. Increases in our effective tax rate could also materially affect our net results. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”), which was enacted in 2017, significantly reformed the Code. The TCJA, among other things, contained significant changes to corporate taxation, including a reduction of the corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%, limitations on the deduction for NOL carryforwards and the elimination of NOL carrybacks, in each case, for losses generated after December 31, 2017 (though any such NOLs may be carried forward indefinitely), and limitations on deductions for interest expense. The consolidated financial statements contained herein reflect the effects of the TCJA based on current guidance. However, there remain uncertainties and ambiguities in the application of certain provisions of the TCJA, and, as a result, we made certain judgments and assumptions in the interpretation thereof. The U.S. Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), may issue further guidance on how the provisions of the TCJA will be applied or otherwise administered that differs from our current interpretation. In addition, the TCJA could be subject to potential amendments and technical corrections, any of which could materially lessen or increase certain adverse impacts of the legislation on us. Further, we are subject to the examination of our income and other tax returns by the IRS and state and local tax authorities, which could have an impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our level of indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate sufficient cash to fulfil our obligations under such indebtedness, to react to changes in our business and to incur additional indebtedness to fund future needs.

As of June 30, 2020, we had outstanding $109.8 million aggregate principal amount of borrowings under our 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility (as defined in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Vehicle Financing”). Our interest expense was $1.3 million and $4.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. Our ability to restructure or refinance our current or future debt will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. The terms of existing or future debt instruments may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives. Any failure to make payments of interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness on a timely basis or failure to comply with certain restrictions in our debt instruments would result in a default under our debt instruments. In the event of a default under any of our current or future debt instruments, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under such debt instruments to be due and payable. Furthermore, our 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility, which replaced our prior Vehicle Floorplan Facility, restricts our ability to dispose of assets and/or use the proceeds from the disposition. We may not be able to consummate any such dispositions or to obtain the proceeds that we could realize from them and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due.

In addition, our indebtedness under our 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility bears interest at variable rates. Because we have variable rate debt, fluctuations in interest rates may affect our cash flows or business, financial condition and results of operations. We may attempt to minimize interest rate risk and lower our overall borrowing costs through the utilization of derivative financial instruments, primarily interest rate swaps.

We currently rely on an agreement with a single lender to finance our vehicle inventory purchases under our 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility. If our relationship with this lender were to terminate, and we fail to acquire alternative sources of funding to finance our vehicle inventory purchases, we may be unable to maintain sufficient inventory, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on a revolving credit agreement with a single lender to finance our vehicle inventory purchases under our 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility. Outstanding borrowings are due as financed vehicles are sold, and the 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility is secured by our vehicle inventory and certain other assets. If we are unable to maintain our 2020 Vehicle Floorplan Facility, which expires in March 2021 absent renewal, on favorable terms or at all, or if the agreement is terminated or expires and is not renewed with our existing third-party lender or we are unable to find a satisfactory replacement, our inventory supply may decline, resulting in fewer vehicles available for sale on our website. Moreover, new funding arrangements may be at higher interest rates or subject to other less favorable terms. These financing risks, in addition to potential rising interest rates and changes in market conditions, if realized, could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Vehicle Financing.”

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our common stock price may be volatile and the value of our common stock may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price which you paid for them.

It is possible that an active trading market for shares of our common stock will not be sustained, which could make it difficult for you to sell your shares of common stock at an attractive price or at all.

Many factors, some of which are outside our control, may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly, including those described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section and this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as the following:

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our operating and financial performance and prospects;

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our quarterly or annual earnings or those of other companies in our industry compared to market expectations;

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conditions that impact demand for our offerings and platform, including demand in the automotive industry generally and the performance of the third parties through whom we conduct significant parts of our business;

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future announcements concerning our business or our competitors’ businesses;

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the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;

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the market’s reaction to our reduced disclosure and other requirements as a result of being treated as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act;

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coverage by or changes in financial estimates by securities analysts or failure to meet their expectations;

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market and industry perception of our success, or lack thereof, in pursuing our growth strategy;

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strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;

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changes in laws or regulations which adversely affect our industry or us;

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changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

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changes in senior management or key personnel;

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issuances, exchanges or sales, or expected issuances, exchanges or sales of our capital stock;

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changes in our dividend policy;

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adverse resolution of new or pending litigation or other claims against us; and

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changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the United States and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from natural disasters, terrorist attacks, global pandemics, acts of war and responses to such events.

As a result, volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent investors from being able to sell their common stock at or above the price which they paid for them. These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our common stock is low. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment. Broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, regulatory, and market conditions, may negatively impact the market price of our common stock. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future, which could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our business prospects, results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, industry trends and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Any such decision also will be subject to compliance with contractual restrictions and covenants in the agreements governing our current indebtedness. In addition, we may incur additional indebtedness, the terms of which may further restrict or prevent us from paying dividends on our common stock. As a result, you may have to sell some or all of your common stock after price appreciation in order to generate cash flow from your investment, which you may not be able to do. Our inability or decision not to pay dividends could also adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We may issue shares of preferred stock in the future, which could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our common stock, which could depress the price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue one or more series of preferred stock. Our board of directors has the authority to determine the preferences, limitations and relative rights of the shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series and the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the rights of our common stock. The potential issuance of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, discouraging bids for our common stock at a premium to the market price, and materially and adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock.

The issuance by us of additional shares of common stock or convertible securities may dilute your ownership of us and could adversely affect our stock price.

We may issue additional capital stock in the future that will result in dilution to all other stockholders. We also expect to grant equity awards to employees, directors and consultants under our equity incentive plans. From time to time in the future, we may also issue additional shares of our common stock or securities convertible into common stock pursuant to a variety of transactions, including acquisitions. The issuance by us of additional shares of our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock would dilute your ownership of us and the sale of a significant amount of such shares in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our existing stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.

The sale of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. Many of our stockholders who held our capital stock prior to the completion of our IPO have substantial unrecognized gains on the value of the equity they hold based upon the price at which shares were sold in our IPO, and therefore they may take steps to sell their shares or otherwise secure the unrecognized gains on those shares. We are unable to predict the timing of or the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock.

Our executive officers, directors and the holders of substantially all of our outstanding stock who held our common stock prior to the completion of our IPO are subject to lock-up agreements that, subject to certain customary exceptions, restrict the sale of the shares of our common stock and certain other securities held by them during the period ending on, and including, the 180th day following the date of our IPO. Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC may, in their sole discretion and at any time without notice, release all or any portion of the shares or securities subject to any such lock-up agreements. If not earlier released, such shares will become eligible for sale upon expiration of the 180-day lockup period, subject to the requirements of Rule 144 under the Securities Act.

As restrictions on resale end, the market price of our shares of common stock could drop significantly if the holders of such restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of our shares of common stock or other securities.

In addition, as of June 30, 2020, there were 3,093,498 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding. In connection with our IPO, we registered shares of our common stock issued or reserved for issuance under our 2020 Incentive Award Plan and Second Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan. Subject to the satisfaction of vesting conditions and the expiration of lockup agreements, shares registered under the registration statement on Form S-8 will be available for resale immediately in the public market without restriction.

Further, certain holders of approximately 85,533,394 shares of our common stock have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering the sale of their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file on our behalf or for other stockholders.

The obligations associated with being a public company require significant resources and management attention, and we have and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of becoming a public company.

As a public company, we face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We expect to continue to incur significant costs related to operating as a public company. We are subject to the Exchange Act, the rules and regulations implemented by the SEC, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2020 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) and the rules and standards of the exchange upon which our securities are listed, each of which imposes additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. As a public company, we are required to, among other things:

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prepare, file and distribute annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition;

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prepare, file and distribute proxy statements and other stockholder communications;

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hire additional financial and accounting personnel and other experienced accounting and finance staff with the expertise to address complex accounting matters applicable to public companies;

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institute more comprehensive financial reporting and disclosure compliance procedures;

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involve and retain to a greater degree outside counsel and accountants to assist us with the activities listed above;

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enhance our investor relations function;

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establish new internal policies, including those relating to trading in our securities and disclosure controls and procedures;

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comply with our exchange’s listing standards; and

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comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

These rules and regulations and changes in laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, which have created uncertainty for public companies, have and will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming and costly. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. Our investment in compliance with existing and evolving regulatory requirements has and will continue to result in increased administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the need to establish the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may also divert management’s attention from implementing our business strategy, which could prevent us from improving our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we do not continue to develop and implement the right processes and tools to manage our changing enterprise and maintain our culture, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur to comply with these requirements. We anticipate that these costs will materially increase our general and administrative expenses.

Being a public company and complying with applicable rules and regulations could also make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

As a public reporting company, we are subject to rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC and Nasdaq regarding our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, or report them in a timely manner.

We are a public reporting company subject to the rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC and Nasdaq. These rules and regulations will require, among other things, that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. Reporting obligations as a public company place a considerable strain on our financial and management systems, processes and controls, as well as on our personnel.

In addition, as a public company, we will be required to document and test our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act so that our management can certify as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404(a)”) requires that, beginning with our second annual report following our IPO, management assess and report annually on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and identify any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, Section 404(b) requires our independent registered public accounting firm to issue an annual report that addresses the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We expect our first Section 404(a) assessment will take place for our annual report for the year ending December 31, 2021. We also expect to comply with Section 404(b) at that time. We have not yet commenced the costly and challenging process of compiling the system and process documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404(a), and we may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion once initiated. Our compliance with Section 404(a) will require that we incur substantial expenses and expend significant management efforts. We currently do not have an internal audit group, and we will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge and compile the system and process documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404(a).

If our senior management is unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting, or to certify the effectiveness of such controls, and our independent registered public accounting firm cannot render an unqualified opinion on management’s assessment and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at such time as it is required to do so, and material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting are identified, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, a loss of public and investor confidence, and to litigation from investors and stockholders, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our stock price. In addition, if we do not maintain adequate financial and management personnel, processes and controls, we may not be able to manage our business effectively or accurately report our financial performance on a timely basis, which could cause a decline in our common stock price and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, the exchange upon which our securities are listed or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If our remediation of such material weaknesses is not effective, or if we experience additional material weaknesses or otherwise fail to design and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to timely and accurately report our financial condition and results of operations or comply with applicable laws and regulations could be impaired, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and will be required to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Beginning with our second annual report on Form 10-K following our IPO, we will be required to provide a management report on internal control over financial reporting, as well as an attestation of our independent registered public accounting firm.

In connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

We did not design or maintain an effective control environment commensurate with our financial reporting requirements. Specifically, we lacked a sufficient complement of personnel with (i) an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, training and experience to appropriately analyze, record and disclose accounting matters timely and accurately, and (ii) an appropriate level of knowledge and experience to establish effective information technology processes and controls. This material weakness contributed to the following material weaknesses:

•

continuing to hire, additional qualified accounting, financial reporting and information technology personnel with public company experience;

•

providing additional training for our personnel on internal control over financial reporting;

•

implementing new financial systems and processes;

•

implementing additional review controls and processes and requiring timely account reconciliation and analyses;

•

implementing processes and controls to better identify and manage segregation of duties; and

•

engaging an external advisor to assist with evaluating and documenting the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls and assisting with the remediation of deficiencies, as necessary.

We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and that we are continuing to implement, will be sufficient to remediate the material weaknesses we have identified or to avoid the identification of additional material weaknesses in the future. If the steps we take do not remediate the material weaknesses in a timely manner, there could continue to be a reasonable possibility that these control deficiencies or others could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The process of designing and implementing internal control over financial reporting required to comply with the disclosure and attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act will be time consuming and costly. If during the evaluation and testing process we identify additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or determine that existing material weaknesses have not been remediated, our management will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. Even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may conclude that there are material weaknesses with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or when required in the future, if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected and we could become subject to litigation or investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

Anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management, and depress the market price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Among others, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include the following provisions:

•

limitations on convening special stockholder meetings, which could make it difficult for our stockholders to adopt desired governance changes;

•

advance notice procedures, which apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders;

•

a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which means that our stockholders will only be able to take action at a meeting of stockholders;

•

a forum selection clause, which means certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware;

•

no authorization of cumulative voting, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;

•

certain amendments to our certificate of incorporation require the approval of two-thirds of the then outstanding voting power of our capital stock;

•

our bylaws provide that the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the then-outstanding voting power of our capital stock, voting as a single class, is required for stockholders to amend or adopt any provision of our bylaws; and

•

the authorization of undesignated or “blank check” preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without further action by our stockholders.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), which prevents interested stockholders, such as certain stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations unless (i) prior to the time such stockholder became an interested stockholder, the board approved the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, (ii) upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned 85% of the common stock or (iii) following board approval, the business combination receives the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding common stock not held by such interested stockholder.

Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, and federal district courts will be the sole and exclusive forum for Securities Act claims, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for: (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or to our stockholders; (c) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended bylaws, or as to which the DGCL confers exclusive jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware; or (d) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine; provided that the exclusive forum provisions will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by Exchange Act or to any claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation further provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts are the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, subject to a final adjudication in the State of Delaware of the enforceability of such exclusive forum provision. The choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provisions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

An active trading market for our common stock may not be sustained.

An active trading market for our common stock may not be sustained. If an active trading market for our common stock is not maintained, the liquidity of our common stock, your ability to sell your shares of our common stock when desired and the prices that you may obtain for your shares of common stock will be adversely affected.

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our company, or if they issue unfavorable commentary about us or our industry or downgrade our common stock, the price of our common stock could decline.

Our stock price and trading volume are heavily influenced by the way analysts and investors interpret our financial information and other disclosures. If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, delay publishing reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, regardless of accuracy, our common stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. Currently, ten analysts cover our company. If the number of analysts that cover us declines, demand for our common stock could decrease and our common stock price and trading volume may decline.

Even if our common stock is actively covered by analysts, we do not have any control over the analysts or the measures that analysts or investors may rely upon to forecast our future results. Over-reliance by analysts or investors on any particular metric to forecast our future results may result in forecasts that differ significantly from our own.

Regardless of accuracy, unfavorable interpretations of our financial information and other public disclosures could have a negative impact on our stock price. If our financial performance fails to meet analyst estimates, for any of the reasons discussed above or otherwise, or one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or change their opinion of our common stock, our stock price would likely decline.

If our operating and financial performance in any given period does not meet the guidance that we provide to the public, the market price of our common stock may decline.

We may, but are not obligated to, provide public guidance on our expected operating and financial results for future periods. Any such guidance will be comprised of forward-looking statements subject to the risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our other public filings and public statements. Our actual results may not always be in line with or exceed any guidance we have provided, especially in times of economic uncertainty. If, in the future, our operating or financial results for a particular period do not meet any guidance we provide or the expectations of investment analysts, or if we reduce our guidance for future periods, the market price of our common stock may decline. Even if we do issue public guidance, there can be no assurance that we will continue to do so in the future.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

The following sets forth information regarding all unregistered equity securities sold from April 1, 2020 to June 30, 2020 (share and per share amounts give effect to the 2-for-1 stock split of our common stock and preferred stock effected on June 11, 2020):

•

From April 1, 2020 to June 11, 2020 (the date of the filing of our registration statement on Form S-8, file No. 333-239093), we granted an aggregate of 1,644,216 restricted stock units to a total of 227 employees under our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan;

•

From April 1, 2020 to June 11, 2020 (the date of the filing of our registration statement on Form S-8, file No. 333-239093), we issued an aggregate of 500 shares of common stock upon the exercise of options under our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan at an exercise price of $4.21 per share, for an aggregate exercise price of $2,105; and

•

In May 2020, we entered into an agreement with Rocket Auto LLC and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Rocket”), providing for the launch of an ecommerce platform where we agreed to list our used vehicle inventory for sale, pursuant to which we issued 183,870 shares of our common stock to Rocket.

The offers, sales, and issuances of the securities described above were deemed to be exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(2) of the Securities Act or Regulation D promulgated thereunder as transactions by an issuer not involving a public offering or pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under the Securities Act of shares issued under benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation. The recipients of securities in each of these transactions acquired the securities for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof and appropriate legends were affixed to the securities issued in these transactions. Each of the recipients of securities in these transactions was either an accredited or sophisticated person, or in the case of securities exempt from registration under Rule 701 an employee, and had adequate access, through employment, business, or other relationships, to information about us.

Use of Proceeds from Public Offering of Common Stock

On June 11, 2020, we completed our IPO, in which we sold 24,437,500 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $22.00 per share, including 3,187,500 shares sold in connection with the exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. The offer and sale of all of the shares in the IPO were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-238482), as amended, which was declared effective by the SEC on June 8, 2020. We raised proceeds of $504.0 million from the IPO, net of the underwriting discount and before deducting offering expenses of $7.5 million. No payments were made by us to directors, officers, or persons owning 10 percent or more of our capital stock or to their associates, or to our affiliates, other than payments in the ordinary course of business to officers for salaries. There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO as described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC on June 9, 2020 pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4). We invested the funds received in accordance with our board approved investment policy, which provides for investments in money market instruments and registered money market funds. The managing underwriters of our IPO were Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Allen & Company LLC, and Wells Fargo Securities. Following the sale of the shares in connection with the IPO, the offering terminated.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit

Number

Exhibit Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing

Date

Filed Herewith

Furnished

Herewith

3.1

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Vroom, Inc.

3.2

Amended and Restated Bylaws of Vroom, Inc.

4.1

Specimen Stock Certificate evidencing the shares of common stock

S-1/A

333-238482

4.1

June 1, 2020

10.1

2020 Incentive Award Plan

S-1/A

333-238482

10.3

June 1, 2020

10.2

Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement

10.3

First Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Vroom, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Award Plan

10.4

Second Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Vroom, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Award Plan

10.5

Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy

S-1/A

333-238482

10.4

June 1, 2020

10.6

Form of Indemnification Agreement

S-1/A

333-238482

10.5

June 1, 2020

10.7

Customer Experience Management Agreement, dated April 17, 2020, by and between Rock Connections, LLC and Vroom, Inc.

S-1/A

333-238482

10.11

June 1, 2020

10.8

Retail Reconditioning Services Agreement, dated May 20, 2020, by and between Manheim Remarketing, Inc d/b/a Manheim Retail Solutions and Left Gate Property Holding, LLC d/b/a Vroom

S-1/A

333-238482

10.12

June 1, 2020

10.9

First Amendment to Inventory Financing and Security Agreement dated June 19, 2020 by and among Ally Bank, Ally Financial Inc., Left Gate Property Holding, LLC and Vroom, Inc.

31.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Exhibit

Number

Exhibit Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing

Date

Filed Herewith

Furnished

Herewith

32.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	Vroom, Inc.

Date: August 12, 2020	By:	/s/ Paul J. Hennessy
		Paul J. Hennessy
		Chief Executive Officer
		(principal executive officer)


Date: August 12, 2020	By:	/s/ Dave Jones
		Dave Jones
		Chief Financial Officer
		(principal financial and accounting officer)

Exhibit 3.1

AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

VROOM, INC.

The name of the corporation is Vroom, Inc. (the “Corporation”). The Corporation was originally incorporated by the filing of its original certificate of incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on January 31, 2012 under the name BCM Partners III, Corp. This Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation (the “Certificate of Incorporation”), which restates and integrates and also further amends the provisions of the certificate of incorporation of the Corporation as heretofore in effect (the “Prior Certificate of Incorporation”), was duly adopted in accordance with the provisions of Sections 242 and 245 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”) and by the written consent of its stockholders in accordance with Section 228 of the DGCL. The Prior Certificate of Incorporation is hereby amended, integrated and restated to read in its entirety as follows:

FIRST: The name of the Corporation is Vroom, Inc.

SECOND: The address of the Corporation’s registered office in the State of Delaware is 251 Little Falls Drive, in the City of Wilmington, County of New Castle, Delaware 19808. The name of its registered agent at that address is Corporation Service Company.

THIRD: The nature of the business or purposes to be conducted or promoted by the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may be organized under the DGCL.

FOURTH: The total number of shares of all classes of stock which the Corporation shall have authority to issue is 510,000,000 shares, consisting of (a) 500,000,000 shares of Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share (“Common Stock”), and (b) 10,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share (“Preferred Stock”).

The following is a statement of the designations and the powers, privileges and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof in respect of each class of capital stock of the Corporation.

A.COMMON STOCK.

1. General. The voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of the Common Stock are subject to and qualified by the rights of the holders of the Preferred Stock of any series as may be designated by the Board of Directors of the Corporation (the “Board of Directors”) upon any issuance of the Preferred Stock of any series.

2. Voting. Each holder of record of Common Stock, as such, shall have one vote for each share of Common Stock which is outstanding in his, her or its name on the books of the Corporation on all matters on which stockholders are entitled to vote generally; provided, however,

that, except as otherwise required by law, holders of Common Stock shall not be entitled to vote on any amendment to this Certificate of Incorporation (which, as used herein, shall mean the certificate of incorporation of the Corporation, as amended from time to time, including the terms of any certificate of designations of any series of Preferred Stock) that relates solely to the terms of one or more outstanding series of Preferred Stock if the holders of such affected series are entitled, either separately or together with the holders of one or more other such series, to vote thereon pursuant to this Certificate of Incorporation or the DGCL. There shall be no cumulative voting.

Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock pursuant to the terms of this Certificate of Incorporation, the number of authorized shares of Common Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the then outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote, irrespective of the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the DGCL.

3. Dividends. Dividends may be declared and paid on the Common Stock if, as and when determined by the Board of Directors, subject to any preferential dividend or other rights of any then outstanding Preferred Stock and to the requirements of applicable law.

4. Liquidation. Upon the dissolution or liquidation of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, holders of Common Stock will be entitled to receive all assets of the Corporation available for distribution to its stockholders ratably in proportion to the number of shares held by them, subject to any preferential or other rights of any then outstanding Preferred Stock.

B.PREFERRED STOCK.

Preferred Stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series, each of such series to have such terms as stated or expressed herein and in the resolution or resolutions providing for the issue of such series adopted by the Board of Directors as hereinafter provided.

Authority is hereby expressly granted to the Board of Directors from time to time to issue the Preferred Stock in one or more series, and in connection with the creation of any such series, by adopting a resolution or resolutions providing for the issuance of the shares thereof and by filing a certificate of designations relating thereto in accordance with the DGCL, to determine and fix the number of shares of such series and such powers (including voting powers, full or limited, or no voting powers), and such designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, if any, and qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, including without limitation thereof, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, as shall be stated and expressed in such resolutions, all to the fullest extent now or hereafter permitted by the DGCL. The powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights of each such series of Preferred Stock, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, if any, may differ from those of any and all other series at any time outstanding. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the resolution or resolutions providing for the issuance of any series of Preferred Stock may provide that such series shall be superior or rank equally or be junior to any other series of Preferred Stock to the extent permitted by law.

Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock pursuant to the terms of this Certificate of Incorporation or any resolution or resolutions providing for the issuance of such series of stock adopted by the Board of Directors, the number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the then outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote, irrespective of the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the DGCL.

FIFTH: Except as otherwise provided herein, the Corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision contained in this Certificate of Incorporation, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by the DGCL and this Certificate of Incorporation, and all rights conferred upon stockholders, directors or any other persons herein are granted subject to this reservation.

SIXTH: In furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred upon it by the DGCL, and subject to the terms of any series of Preferred Stock, the Board of Directors shall have the power to adopt, amend, alter or repeal the Bylaws of the Corporation. The stockholders may not adopt, amend, alter or repeal the Bylaws of the Corporation, or adopt any provision inconsistent therewith, unless such action is approved, in addition to any other vote required by law and this Certificate of Incorporation, by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon. Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, this Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation, and notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any provision inconsistent with, this Article SIXTH.

SEVENTH: Except to the extent that the DGCL prohibits the elimination or limitation of liability of directors for breaches of fiduciary duty as a director, no director of the Corporation shall be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duty as a director, notwithstanding any provision of law imposing such liability. No amendment to or repeal of this provision shall apply to or have any effect on the liability or alleged liability of any director of the Corporation for or with respect to any acts or omissions of such director occurring prior to such amendment or repeal. If the DGCL is amended to permit further elimination or limitation of the personal liability of directors, then the liability of a director of the Corporation shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL as so amended.

To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the Corporation shall indemnify (and provide advancement of expenses to) directors and officers of the Corporation from and against any and all liabilities, costs, expenses or damages that they may incur on account of, related to, or in connection with, directly or indirectly, their service to the Corporation. The Corporation may indemnify (and provide advancement of expenses to) employees and agents of the Corporation (and any other persons to which the DGCL permits the Corporation to provide indemnification). Indemnification may be made through Bylaw provisions, agreements with such persons, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, in excess of the indemnification and advancement otherwise permitted by Section 145 of the DGCL.

Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, this Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation, and notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any provision inconsistent with, this Article SEVENTH.

EIGHTH: This Article EIGHTH is inserted for the management of the business and for the conduct of the affairs of the Corporation.

1. General Powers. Except as otherwise provided in this Certificate of Incorporation or the DGCL, the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors. In addition to the powers and authority expressly conferred by the DGCL or by this Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation, the Board of Directors is hereby empowered to exercise all such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the Corporation.

2. Number of Directors; Election of Directors. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors, the number of directors of the Corporation shall be established from time to time solely by resolution of the Board of Directors. Election of directors need not be by written ballot, except as and to the extent provided in the Bylaws of the Corporation.

3. Terms of Office. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors, each director shall serve for a term ending on the date of the next succeeding annual meeting of stockholders following the annual meeting of stockholders at which such director was elected; provided that each director shall initially serve for a term expiring at the Corporation’s first annual meeting of stockholders following the date the Common Stock is first publicly traded; provided further, that the term of each director shall continue until the election and qualification of his or her successor and be subject to his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.

4. Removal. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock then outstanding and except for such additional directors, if any, as are elected by the holders of any series of Preferred Stock as provided for or fixed pursuant to this Certificate of Incorporation, directors of the Corporation may be removed from office, with or without cause, by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote at an election of directors.

5. Vacancies. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock, any vacancy or newly created directorship in the Board of Directors, however occurring, shall be filled only by vote of a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director and shall not be filled by the stockholders. A director elected to fill a vacancy shall hold office for a term ending on the date of the next succeeding annual meeting of stockholders following such director’s election; provided that the term of such director shall continue until the election and qualification of his or her successor and be subject to his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.

6. Preferred Stock Directors. During any period when the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, voting separately as a series or together with one or more series, have the right to elect additional directors, then upon commencement and for the duration of the period during which such right continues: (i) the then otherwise total authorized number of directors of the Corporation shall automatically be increased by such specified number of directors, and the holders of such Preferred Stock shall be entitled to elect the additional directors so provided for or fixed pursuant to said provisions, and (ii) each such additional director shall serve until such director’s successor shall have been duly elected and qualified, or until such director’s right to hold such office terminates pursuant to said provisions, whichever occurs earlier, subject to his or her earlier death, resignation, disqualification or removal. Except as otherwise provided by the Board of Directors in the resolution or resolutions establishing such series, whenever the holders of any series of Preferred Stock having such right to elect additional directors are divested of such right pursuant to the provisions of such stock, the terms of office of all such additional directors elected by the holders of such stock, or elected to fill any vacancies resulting from the death, resignation, disqualification or removal of such additional directors, shall forthwith terminate (in which case each such director thereupon shall cease to be qualified as, and shall cease to be, a director) and the total authorized number of directors of the Corporation shall be reduced accordingly.

7. Stockholder Nominations and Introduction of Business, Etc. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock, advance notice of stockholder nominations for election of directors and other business to be brought by stockholders before a meeting of stockholders shall be given in the manner provided by the Bylaws of the Corporation.

8. Amendments to Article. Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, this Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation, and notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any provision inconsistent with, this Article EIGHTH.

NINTH: No action that is required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation at any annual or special meeting of stockholders may be effected by written consent of stockholders in lieu of a meeting; provided, however, that any action required or permitted to be taken by the holders of Preferred Stock, voting separately as a series or together with one or more other such series, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, to the extent expressly so provided by the applicable certificate of designation relating to such series of Preferred Stock. Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, this Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation, and notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any provision inconsistent with, this Article NINTH.

TENTH: Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, special meetings of stockholders for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time only by the Board of Directors, the chairperson of the Board of Directors, or the chief executive officer or president (in the absence of a chief executive officer) of the Corporation, and may not be called by any other

person or persons. Business transacted at any special meeting of stockholders shall be limited to the purpose or purposes stated in the notice of meeting. Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, this Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation, and notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any provision inconsistent with, this Article TENTH.

ELEVENTH: Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Corporation, (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, other employee or agent or stockholder of the Corporation to the Corporation or the Corporation’s stockholders, (c) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, this Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation, or as to which the DGCL confers exclusive jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or (d) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case, subject to said Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein; provided that, the provisions of this Article ELEVENTH will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction; and provided further that, if and only if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware dismisses any such action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, such action may be brought in another state or federal court sitting in the State of Delaware. Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the U.S. federal district courts shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action against the Corporation or any director, officer, other employee or agent of the Corporation and arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of capital stock of the Corporation shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of this Article ELEVENTH. Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, this Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation, and notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any provision inconsistent with, this Article ELEVENTH. If any provision or provisions of this Article ELEVENTH shall be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable as applied to any person or entity or circumstance for any reason whatsoever, then, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the validity, legality and enforceability of such provisions in any other circumstance and of the remaining provisions of this Article ELEVENTH (including, without limitation, each portion of any sentence of this Article ELEVENTH containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable that is not itself held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable) and the application of such provision to other persons or entities and circumstances shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby.

***

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Certificate of Incorporation, which restates, integrates and amends the Prior Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, and which has been duly adopted in accordance with Sections 228, 242 and 245 of the DGCL, has been executed by its duly authorized officer this 11th day of June, 2020.

VROOM, INC.


By:	/s/ Paul J. Hennessy
	Name:	Paul J. Hennessy
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 3.2

AMENDED AND RESTATED

BYLAWS

VROOM, INC.

(a Delaware corporation)

Adopted on May 28, 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page

ARTICLE I - CORPORATE OFFICES		1
1.1	REGISTERED OFFICE	1
1.2	OTHER OFFICES	1
ARTICLE II - MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS		1
2.1	PLACE OF MEETINGS	1
2.2	ANNUAL MEETING	1
2.3	SPECIAL MEETING	2
2.4	ADVANCE NOTICE PROCEDURES FOR BUSINESS BROUGHT BEFORE A MEETING	2
2.5	ADVANCE NOTICE PROCEDURES FOR NOMINATIONS OF DIRECTORS	8
2.6	NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDERS MEETINGS	12
2.7	MANNER OF GIVING NOTICE; AFFIDAVIT OF NOTICE	12
2.8	QUORUM	13
2.9	ADJOURNMENTS, POSTPONEMENTS AND CANCELLATION OF MEETING	14
2.10	CONDUCT OF BUSINESS	14
2.11	VOTING	15
2.12	STOCKHOLDER ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT WITHOUT A MEETING	16
2.13	RECORD DATE FOR STOCKHOLDER NOTICE; VOTING	16
2.14	PROXIES	17
2.15	LIST OF STOCKHOLDERS ENTITLED TO VOTE	17
2.16	INSPECTORS OF ELECTION	18
ARTICLE III - DIRECTORS		19
3.1	POWERS	19
3.2	NUMBER OF DIRECTORS	19
3.3	ELECTION, QUALIFICATION AND TERM OF OFFICE OF DIRECTORS	19
3.4	RESIGNATION AND VACANCIES	19
3.5	PLACE OF MEETINGS; MEETINGS BY TELEPHONE	20
3.6	REGULAR MEETINGS	20
3.7	SPECIAL MEETINGS; NOTICE	20
3.8	QUORUM	21
3.9	BOARD ACTION BY CONSENT WITHOUT A MEETING	21
3.10	FEES AND COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS	21
3.11	REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS	22
ARTICLE IV - COMMITTEES		22
4.1	COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS	22
4.2	COMMITTEE MINUTES	23
4.3	MEETINGS AND ACTION OF COMMITTEES	23

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

(continued)

		Page

ARTICLE V - OFFICERS		23
5.1	OFFICERS	23
5.2	APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS; SUBORDINATE OFFICERS	24
5.3	REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION OF OFFICERS	24
5.4	VACANCIES IN OFFICES	24
5.5	REPRESENTATION OF SHARES OF OTHER ENTITIES	24
5.6	AUTHORITY AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS	25
ARTICLE VI - RECORDS AND REPORTS		25
6.1	MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS	25
ARTICLE VII - GENERAL MATTERS		25
7.1	EXECUTION OF CORPORATE CONTRACTS AND INSTRUMENTS	25
7.2	STOCK CERTIFICATES; PARTLY PAID SHARES	26
7.3	MULTIPLE CLASSES OR SERIES OF STOCK	26
7.4	LOST CERTIFICATES	27
7.5	CONSTRUCTION; DEFINITIONS	27
7.6	DIVIDENDS	27
7.7	FISCAL YEAR	28
7.8	SEAL	28
7.9	TRANSFER OF STOCK	28
7.10	STOCK TRANSFER AGREEMENTS	28
7.11	REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS	29
7.12	WAIVER OF NOTICE	29
ARTICLE VIII - NOTICE BY ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION		29
8.1	NOTICE BY ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION	29
8.2	DEFINITION OF ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION	30
ARTICLE IX - INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES		30
9.1	INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS	30
9.2	INDEMNIFICATION OF OTHERS	31
9.3	ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES	31
9.4	DETERMINATION; CLAIM	31
9.5	NON-EXCLUSIVITY OF RIGHTS	32
9.6	INSURANCE	32
9.7	OTHER SOURCES	32
9.8	CONTINUATION OF INDEMNIFICATION	32
9.9	AMENDMENT OR REPEAL; INTERPRETATION	33
9.10	OTHER INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES	34

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

(continued)

		Page

ARTICLE X - AMENDMENTS		34

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AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS

VROOM, INC.

ARTICLE I - CORPORATE OFFICES

1.1REGISTERED OFFICE.

The address of the registered office of Vroom, Inc. (the “Corporation”) in the State of Delaware, and the name of its registered agent at such address, shall be fixed in the Corporation’s certificate of incorporation, as the same may be amended and/or restated from time to time (the “certificate of incorporation”).

1.2OTHER OFFICES.

The Corporation may have other offices at any place or places, either within or outside the State of Delaware, as the Corporation’s board of directors (the “Board”) may from time to time establish or as the business of the Corporation may from time to time require.

ARTICLE II - MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

2.1PLACE OF MEETINGS.

Meetings of stockholders shall be held at such place, if any, within or outside the State of Delaware, designated by the Board. The Board may, in its sole discretion, determine that a meeting of stockholders shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication as authorized by Section 211(a)(2) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”). In the absence of any such designation or determination, stockholders’ meetings shall be held at the Corporation’s principal executive office.

2.2ANNUAL MEETING.

The Board shall designate the date and time of the annual meeting. At the annual meeting, directors shall be elected and other proper business properly brought before the meeting in accordance with Section 2.4 of these bylaws may be transacted.

Adopted on May 28, 2020

2.3SPECIAL MEETING.

Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock, a special meeting of the stockholders may be called at any time by the Board, the chairperson of the Board, or the chief executive officer or president (in the absence of a chief executive officer) of the Corporation, and may not be called by any other person or persons.

No business may be transacted at any special meeting of stockholders other than the business specified in the notice of such meeting. Nothing contained in this Section 2.3 shall be construed as limiting, fixing or otherwise affecting the time when a meeting of stockholders called by action of the Board may be held.

2.4ADVANCE NOTICE PROCEDURES FOR BUSINESS BROUGHT BEFORE A MEETING.

(a)At an annual meeting of the stockholders, only such business shall be conducted as shall have been properly brought before the meeting. To be properly brought before an annual meeting, business must be (i) specified in a notice of meeting given by or at the direction of the Board or a duly authorized committee of the Board, (ii) if not specified in a notice of meeting, otherwise brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the Board, a duly authorized committee of the Board or the person presiding over the meeting, or (iii) otherwise properly brought before the meeting by a stockholder present in person who (A)(1) was a record owner of shares of the Corporation both at the time of giving the notice provided for in this Section 2.4 and at the time of the meeting, (2) is entitled to vote at the meeting and (3) has complied with this Section 2.4 in all applicable respects, or (B) properly made such proposal in accordance with Rule 14a-8 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (as so amended and inclusive of such rules and regulations, the “Exchange Act”), which proposal has been included in the proxy statement for the annual meeting. Unless otherwise required by law, if the stockholder is not present in person to present the proposed business, such proposed business shall not be transacted, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation. The foregoing clause (iii) of this Section 2.4(a) shall be the exclusive means for a stockholder to propose business to be brought before an annual meeting of the stockholders. The only matters that may be brought before a special meeting are the matters specified in the notice of meeting given by or at the direction of the person calling the meeting pursuant to Section 2.3 of these bylaws, and subject to any rights of holders of preferred stock, stockholders shall not be permitted to propose business to be brought before a special meeting of the stockholders. For purposes of this Section 2.4, “present in person” shall mean that the stockholder proposing that the business be brought before the annual meeting of the Corporation, or a qualified representative of such proposing stockholder, appear at such annual meeting. A “qualified representative” of such proposing stockholder shall be a duly authorized officer,

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manager or partner of such stockholder or any other person authorized by a writing executed by such stockholder or an electronic transmission delivered by such stockholder to act for such stockholder as proxy at the meeting of stockholders, and such person must produce such writing or electronic transmission, or a reliable reproduction of the writing or electronic transmission, at such meeting of stockholders. Stockholders seeking to nominate persons for election to the Board must comply with Section 2.5 of these bylaws, and this Section 2.4 shall not be applicable to nominations for election to the Board except as expressly provided in Section 2.5 of these bylaws.

(b)Without qualification, for business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder, the stockholder must (i) provide Timely Notice (as defined below) thereof in writing and in proper form to the secretary of the Corporation and (ii) provide any updates or supplements to such notice at the times and in the forms required by this Section 2.4. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice must be delivered to, or mailed and received by the secretary of the Corporation at, the principal executive offices of the Corporation not less than ninety (90) days nor more than one hundred twenty (120) days prior to the one-year anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting (which anniversary date, in the case of the first annual meeting of stockholders following the closing of the Corporation’s initial underwritten public offering of common stock, shall be deemed to be June 4, 2021); provided, however, that if the date of the annual meeting is more than thirty (30) days before or more than sixty (60) days after such anniversary date, to be timely, notice by the stockholder must be so delivered, or mailed and received by the secretary of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the tenth (10^th) day following the day on which public disclosure (as defined in Section 2.4(h) of these bylaws) of the date of such annual meeting was first made by the Corporation (such notice within such time periods, “Timely Notice”). In no event shall any adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting or the announcement thereof commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of Timely Notice as described above.

(c)To be in proper form for purposes of this Section 2.4, a stockholder’s notice to the secretary of the Corporation shall set forth:

(i)As to each Proposing Person (as defined below), (A) the name and address of such Proposing Person (including, if applicable, the name and address that appear on the Corporation’s books and records); (B) the number of shares of each class or series of stock of the Corporation that are, directly or indirectly, owned of record or beneficially owned (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) by such Proposing Person, except that such Proposing Person shall in all events be deemed to beneficially own any shares of any class or series of stock of the Corporation as to which such Proposing Person has a right to acquire beneficial ownership at any time in the future; and (C) a representation that the stockholder is a holder of record of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote at the

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meeting and intends to be present in person at the meeting to propose such business (the disclosures to be made pursuant to the foregoing clauses (A)‒(C) are referred to as “Stockholder Information”);

(ii)As to each Proposing Person, (A) the full notional amount of any securities that, directly or indirectly, underlie any “derivative security” (as such term is defined in Rule 16a-1(c) under the Exchange Act) that constitutes a “call equivalent position” (as such term is defined in Rule 16a-1(b) under the Exchange Act) (“Synthetic Equity Position”) and that is, directly or indirectly, held or maintained by such Proposing Person with respect to any shares of any class or series of stock of the Corporation; provided that, for the purposes of the definition of “Synthetic Equity Position,” the term “derivative security” shall also include any security or instrument that would not otherwise constitute a “derivative security” as a result of any feature that would make any conversion, exercise or similar right or privilege of such security or instrument becoming determinable only at some future date or upon the happening of a future occurrence, in which case the determination of the amount of securities into which such security or instrument would be convertible or exercisable shall be made assuming that such security or instrument is immediately convertible or exercisable at the time of such determination; and, provided, further, that any Proposing Person satisfying the requirements of Rule 13d-1(b)(1) under the Exchange Act (other than a Proposing Person that so satisfies Rule 13d-1(b)(1) under the Exchange Act solely by reason of Rule 13d-1(b)(1)(ii)(E)) shall not be deemed to hold or maintain the notional amount of any securities that underlie a Synthetic Equity Position held by such Proposing Person as a hedge with respect to a bona fide derivatives trade or position of such Proposing Person arising in the ordinary course of such Proposing Person's business as a derivatives dealer, (B) any rights to dividends on the shares of any class or series of stock of the Corporation owned beneficially by such Proposing Person that are separated or separable from the underlying shares of the Corporation, (C)(x) if such Proposing Person is (i) a general or limited partnership, syndicate or other group, the identity of each general partner and each person who functions as a general partner of the general or limited partnership, each member of the syndicate or group and each person controlling the general partner or member, (ii) a corporation or a limited liability company, the identity of each officer and each person who functions as an officer of the corporation or limited liability company, each person controlling the corporation or limited liability company and each officer, director, general partner and person who functions as an officer, director or general partner of any entity ultimately in control of the corporation or limited liability company or (iii) a trust, any trustee of such trust (each such person

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or persons set forth in the preceding clauses (i), (ii) and (iii), a “Responsible Person”), any fiduciary duties owed by such Responsible Person to the equity holders or other beneficiaries of such Proposing Person and any material interests or relationships of such Responsible Person that are not shared generally by other record holders or beneficial owners of the shares of any class or series of stock of the Corporation and that reasonably could have influenced the decision of such Proposing Person to propose such business to be brought before the meeting, and (y) if such Proposing Person is a natural person, any material interests or relationships of such natural person that are not shared generally by other record holders or beneficial owners of the shares of any class or series of stock of the Corporation and that reasonably could have influenced the decision of such Proposing Person to propose such business to be brought before the meeting, (D) any material shares or any Synthetic Equity Position in any principal competitor of the Corporation in any principal industry of the Corporation held by such Proposing Persons, (E) a summary of any material discussions regarding the business proposed to be brought before the meeting (x) between or among any of the Proposing Persons or (y) between or among any Proposing Person and any other record holders or beneficial owners of the shares of any class or series of stock of the Corporation (including their names), (F) any material pending or threatened legal proceeding in which such Proposing Person is a party or material participant involving the Corporation or any of its officers or directors, or any affiliate of the Corporation, (G) any other material relationship between such Proposing Person, on the one hand, and the Corporation, any affiliate of the Corporation or any principal competitor of the Corporation, on the other hand, (H) any direct or indirect material interest in any material contract or agreement of such Proposing Person with the Corporation, any affiliate of the Corporation or any principal competitor of the Corporation (including, in any such case, any employment agreement, collective bargaining agreement or consulting agreement), (I) a representation whether such Proposing Person intends or is part of a group which intends to deliver a proxy statement or form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of the Corporation’s outstanding capital stock required to approve or adopt the proposal or otherwise solicit proxies from stockholders in support of such proposal, and (J) any other information relating to such Proposing Person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filing required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies or consents by such Proposing Person in support of the business proposed to be brought before the meeting pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act (the disclosures to be made pursuant to the foregoing clauses (A) through (J) are referred to as “Disclosable Interests”); provided, however, that Disclosable Interests shall not include any such disclosures with respect to the

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ordinary course business activities of any broker, dealer, commercial bank, trust company or other nominee who is a Proposing Person solely as a result of being the stockholder directed to prepare and submit the notice required by these bylaws on behalf of a beneficial owner; and

(iii) As to each item of business that a Proposing Person proposes to bring before the annual meeting, (A) a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the annual meeting, the reasons for conducting such business at the annual meeting and any material interest in such business of each Proposing Person, (B) the text of the proposal or business (including the text of any resolutions proposed for consideration and, in the event that such business includes a proposal to amend the bylaws of the Corporation, the language of the proposed amendment), (C) a reasonably detailed description of all agreements, arrangements and understandings (x) between or among any of the Proposing Persons or (y) between or among any Proposing Person and any other person or entity (including their names) in connection with the proposal of such business by such stockholder and (D) any other information relating to such item of business that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filing required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies in support of the business proposed to be brought before the meeting pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act; provided, however, that the disclosures required by this paragraph (c)(iii) shall not include any disclosures with respect to any broker, dealer, commercial bank, trust company or other nominee who is a Proposing Person solely as a result of being the stockholder directed to prepare and submit the notice required by these bylaws on behalf of a beneficial owner.

(d)For purposes of this Section 2.4, the term “Proposing Person” shall mean (i) the stockholder of record providing the notice of business proposed to be brought before an annual meeting, (ii) the beneficial owner or beneficial owners, if different, on whose behalf the notice of the business proposed to be brought before the annual meeting is made, and (iii) any participant (as defined in paragraphs (a)(ii)-(vi) of Instruction 3 to Item 4 of Schedule 14A) with such stockholder in such solicitation.

(e)A Proposing Person shall update and supplement its notice to the Corporation of its intent to propose business at an annual meeting, if necessary, so that the information provided or required to be provided in such notice pursuant to this Section 2.4 shall be true and correct as of the record date for stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting and as of the date that is ten (10) business days prior to the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof, and such update and supplement shall be delivered to, or mailed and received by, the secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than five

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(5) business days after the record date for stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting (in the case of the update and supplement required to be made as of such record date), and not later than eight (8) business days prior to the date for the meeting or, if practicable, any adjournment or postponement thereof (and, if not practicable, on the first practicable date prior to the date to which the meeting has been adjourned or postponed) (in the case of the update and supplement required to be made as of ten (10) business days prior to the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof). For the avoidance of doubt, the obligation to update and supplement as set forth in this paragraph or any other section of these bylaws shall not limit the Corporation’s rights with respect to any deficiencies in any notice provided by a stockholder, extend any applicable deadlines hereunder or enable or be deemed to permit a stockholder who has previously submitted notice hereunder to amend or update any proposal or to submit any new proposal, including by changing or adding matters, business or resolutions proposed to be brought before a meeting of the stockholders.

(f)Notwithstanding anything in these bylaws to the contrary and except as otherwise expressly provided in any applicable rule or regulation promulgated under the Exchange Act, no business shall be conducted at an annual meeting that is not properly brought before the meeting in accordance with this Section 2.4. The person presiding over the meeting shall, if the facts warrant, determine that the business was not properly brought before the meeting in accordance with this Section 2.4, and if he or she should so determine, he or she shall so declare to the meeting and any such business not properly brought before the meeting shall not be transacted.

(g)This Section 2.4 is expressly intended to apply to any business proposed to be brought before an annual meeting of stockholders, other than any proposal made in accordance with Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act and included in the Corporation’s proxy statement. In addition to the requirements of this Section 2.4 with respect to any business proposed to be brought before an annual meeting, each Proposing Person shall comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act with respect to any such business. The foregoing notice requirements of this Section 2.4 shall be deemed satisfied by a stockholder with respect to business other than a nomination if the stockholder has notified the Corporation of his, her or its intention to present a proposal at an annual meeting in compliance with applicable rules and regulations promulgated under the Exchange Act and such stockholder’s proposal has been included in a proxy statement that has been prepared by the Corporation to solicit proxies for such annual meeting. Nothing in this Section 2.4 shall be deemed to affect the rights of stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in the Corporation’s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act.

(h)For purposes of these bylaws, “public disclosure” shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by a national news service or in a document publicly filed by the

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Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Sections 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

2.5ADVANCE NOTICE PROCEDURES FOR NOMINATIONS OF DIRECTORS.

(a)Nominations of any person for election to the Board at an annual meeting or, if the election of directors is a matter specified in any notice of special meeting given by or at the direction of the person calling such meeting pursuant to Section 2.3 of these bylaws, at a special meeting, may be made at such meeting only (i) by or at the direction of the Board, including by any committee of the Board or persons duly authorized to do so by the Board or these bylaws, or (ii) by a stockholder present in person who (A) was a record owner of shares of the Corporation both at the time of giving the notice provided for in this Section 2.5 and at the time of the meeting, (B) is entitled to vote at the meeting and (C) has complied with this Section 2.5 as to such notice and nomination. Unless otherwise required by law, if the stockholder is not present in person to present a nomination, such nomination shall be disregarded, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation. The foregoing clause (ii) of this Section 2.5(a) shall be the exclusive means for a stockholder to make any nomination of a person or persons for election to the Board at any meeting of stockholders. For purposes of this Section 2.5, “present in person” shall mean that the stockholder proposing that the business be brought before the meeting of the Corporation, or a qualified representative of such proposing stockholder, appear at such meeting. A “qualified representative” of such proposing stockholder shall be a duly authorized officer, manager or partner of such stockholder or any other person authorized by a writing executed by such stockholder or an electronic transmission delivered by such stockholder to act for such stockholder as proxy at the meeting of stockholders, and such person must produce such writing or electronic transmission, or a reliable reproduction of the writing or electronic transmission, at such meeting of stockholders.

(b)(i) Without qualification, for a stockholder to make any nomination of a person or persons for election to the Board at an annual meeting, the stockholder must (A) provide Timely Notice (as defined in Section 2.4(b) of these bylaws) thereof in writing and in proper form to the secretary of the Corporation, (B) provide the information, agreements and questionnaires with respect to such stockholder and its proposed nominee as required by this Section 2.5, and (C) provide any updates or supplements to such notice at the times and in the forms required by this Section 2.5.

(ii)Without qualification, if the election of directors is a matter specified in the notice of special meeting given by or at the direction of the person calling such special meeting pursuant to Section 2.3 of these bylaws, then for a stockholder to make any nomination of a person or persons for election to the Board as specified in the notice of the special meeting, the stockholder must (A) provide timely notice thereof in writing and in proper form to the secretary of the

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Corporation, (B) provide the information, agreements and questionnaires with respect to such stockholder and its proposed nominee as required by this Section 2.5, and (C) provide any updates or supplements to such notice at the times and in the forms required by this Section 2.5. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice for nominations to be made at a special meeting must be delivered to, or mailed and received by the secretary of the Corporation at, the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the tenth (10^th) day following the day on which public disclosure (as defined in Section 2.4(h) of these bylaws) of the date of such special meeting was first made.

(iii)In no event shall any adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting or special meeting or the announcement thereof commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described above.

(iv)In no event may a Nominating Person (as defined below) provide notice with respect to a greater number of director candidates than are subject to election by stockholders at the applicable meeting. If the Corporation shall, subsequent to any notice given by a Nominating Person pursuant to the foregoing paragraphs (i) or (ii) of this Section 2.5(b), increase the number of directors subject to election at the applicable meeting, such notice as to any additional nominees shall be due on the later of (x) the conclusion of the time period for providing Timely Notice (if such notice is being given pursuant to paragraph (i) of this Section 2.5(b)) or the conclusion of the time period specified in paragraph (ii) of this Section 2.5(b) (if such notice is being given pursuant to such paragraph) and (y) the tenth (10th) day following the date of public disclosure (as defined in Section 2.4(h) of these bylaws) of such increase.

(c)To be in proper form for purposes of this Section 2.5, a stockholder’s notice to the secretary of the Corporation shall set forth:

(i)As to each Nominating Person, the Stockholder Information (as defined in Section 2.4(c)(i) of these bylaws) except that for purposes of this Section 2.5, the term “Nominating Person” shall be substituted for the term “Proposing Person” in all places it appears in Section 2.4(c)(i);

(ii)As to each Nominating Person, any Disclosable Interests (as defined in Section 2.4(c)(ii) of these bylaws), except that for purposes of this Section 2.5, the term “Nominating Person” shall be substituted for the term “Proposing Person” in all places it appears in Section 2.4(c)(ii), and the disclosures with respect to the business to be brought before the meeting in Section 2.4(c)(iii) shall be made with respect to the nomination of each person for election as a director at the meeting;

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(iii) As to each person whom a Nominating Person proposes to nominate for election as a director, (A) all information with respect to such proposed nominee that would be required to be set forth in a stockholder’s notice pursuant to this Section 2.5 if such proposed nominee were a Nominating Person, (B) all information relating to such proposed nominee that is required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors in a contested election pursuant to Section 14(a) under the Exchange Act, (C) a description of any direct or indirect material interest in any material contract or agreement between or among any Nominating Person, on the one hand, and each proposed nominee or any other participants in such solicitation, on the other hand, including, without limitation, all information that would be required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 under Regulation S-K if such Nominating Person were the “registrant” for purposes of such rule and the proposed nominee were a director or executive officer of such registrant, and (D) a completed and signed questionnaire, representation and agreement as provided in Section 2.5(f), and (E) a written consent of such person to being named in the Corporation’s proxy statement as a nominee of the Nominating Person and to serving as a director if elected; and

(iv) The Corporation may require any proposed nominee to furnish such other information (A) as may reasonably be required by the Corporation to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve as an independent director of the Corporation in accordance with the Corporation’s Corporate Governance Guidelines or (B) that could be material to a reasonable stockholder’s understanding of the independence or lack of independence of such proposed nominee.

(d)For purposes of this Section 2.5, the term “Nominating Person” shall mean (i) the stockholder of record providing the notice of the nomination proposed to be made at the meeting, (ii) the beneficial owner or beneficial owners, if different, on whose behalf the notice of the nomination proposed to be made at the meeting is made, and (iii) any other participant in such solicitation.

(e)A stockholder providing notice of any nomination proposed to be made at a meeting shall further update and supplement such notice, if necessary, so that the information provided or required to be provided in such notice pursuant to this Section 2.5 shall be true and correct as of the record date for stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting and as of the date that is ten (10) business days prior to the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof, and such update and supplement shall be delivered to, or mailed and received by, the secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than five (5) business

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days after the record date for stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting (in the case of the update and supplement required to be made as of such record date), and not later than eight (8) business days prior to the date for the meeting or, if practicable, any adjournment or postponement thereof (and, if not practicable, on the first practicable date prior to the date to which the meeting has been adjourned or postponed) (in the case of the update and supplement required to be made as of ten (10) business days prior to the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof). For the avoidance of doubt, the obligation to update and supplement as set forth in this paragraph or any other section of these bylaws shall not limit the Corporation’s rights with respect to any deficiencies in any notice provided by a stockholder, extend any applicable deadlines hereunder or enable or be deemed to permit a stockholder who has previously submitted notice hereunder to amend or update any nomination or to submit any new nomination.

(f)To be eligible to be a nominee for election as a director of the Corporation at an annual or special meeting, a candidate must be nominated in the manner prescribed in this Section 2.5 and must deliver (in accordance with the time period prescribed for delivery in a notice to such proposed nominee given by or on behalf of the Board), to the secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation, (i) a completed written questionnaire (in the form provided by the Corporation) with respect to the background, qualifications, stock ownership and independence of such proposed nominee, and (ii) a written representation and agreement (in the form provided by the Corporation) that such proposed nominee (A) is not and, if elected as a director during his or her term of office, will not become a party to (1) any agreement, arrangement or understanding with, and has not given and will not give any commitment or assurance to, any person or entity as to how such proposed nominee, if elected as a director of the Corporation, will act or vote on any issue or question (a “Voting Commitment”) that has not been disclosed to the Corporation or (2) any Voting Commitment that could limit or interfere with such proposed nominee’s ability to comply, if elected as a director of the Corporation, with such proposed nominee’s fiduciary duties under applicable law, (B) is not, and will not become a party to, any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person or entity other than the Corporation with respect to any direct or indirect compensation or reimbursement for service as a director of the Corporation that has not been disclosed to the Corporation, and (C) if elected as a director of the Corporation, will comply with all applicable corporate governance, conflict of interest, confidentiality, stock ownership and trading and other policies and guidelines of the Corporation applicable to directors and in effect during such person’s term in office as a director (and, if requested by any proposed nominee, the secretary of the Corporation shall provide to such proposed nominee all such policies and guidelines then in effect).

(g)The Board may also require any proposed candidate for nomination as a Director to furnish such other information as may reasonably be requested by the Board in writing prior to the meeting of stockholders at which such candidate’s nomination is to be acted upon in order for the Board to determine the eligibility of such candidate for nomination to be an

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independent director of the Corporation in accordance with the Corporation’s Corporate Governance Guidelines.

(h)In addition to the requirements of this Section 2.5 with respect to any nomination proposed to be made at a meeting, each Nominating Person shall comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act with respect to any such nominations.

(i)No proposed nominee shall be eligible for nomination as a director of the Corporation unless such proposed nominee and the Nominating Person seeking to place such proposed nominee’s name in nomination have complied with this Section 2.5, as applicable. The person presiding over the meeting shall, if the facts warrant, determine that a nomination was not properly made in accordance with this Section 2.5, and if he or she should so determine, he or she shall so declare such determination to the meeting, the defective nomination shall be disregarded and any ballots cast for the proposed nominee in question (but in the case of any form of ballot listing other qualified nominees, only the ballots case for the nominee in question) shall be void and of no force or effect.

(j)Notwithstanding anything in these bylaws to the contrary, no candidate for nomination at an annual or special meeting shall be eligible to be seated as a director of the Corporation unless nominated and elected in accordance with this Section 2.5

2.6NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDERS’ MEETINGS.

Unless otherwise provided by law, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, the notice of any meeting of stockholders shall be given in accordance with either Section 2.7 or Section 8.1 of these bylaws not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting as of the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting. The notice shall specify the place, if any, date and hour of the meeting, the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting (if such date is different from the record date for stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting), the means of remote communication, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting, and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called.

2.7MANNER OF GIVING NOTICE; AFFIDAVIT OF NOTICE.

Notice of any meeting of stockholders shall be deemed given:

(a)if mailed, when deposited in the U.S. mail, postage prepaid, directed to the stockholder at such stockholder’s address as it appears on the Corporation’s records;

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(b)if delivered by courier service, the earlier of when the notice is received or left at the stockholder’s address as it appears on the Corporation’s records; or

(c)if electronically transmitted, as provided in Section 8.1 of these bylaws.

An affidavit of the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Corporation or of the transfer agent or any other agent of the Corporation that the notice has been given by mail or by a form of electronic transmission, as applicable, shall, in the absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein.

Except as otherwise prohibited under the DGCL, without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders, any notice to stockholders given by the Corporation under the provisions of the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws shall be effective if given by a single written notice to stockholders who share an address if consented to by the stockholders at that address to whom such notice is given. Any such consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the Corporation. Any stockholder who fails to object in writing to the Corporation, within 60 days of having been given written notice by the Corporation of its intention to send the single notice, shall be deemed to have consented to receiving such single written notice.

2.8QUORUM.

Unless otherwise provided by law, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, the holders of a majority in voting power of the capital stock of the Corporation issued and outstanding and entitled to vote, present in person, or by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at all meetings of the stockholders. Where a separate vote by class or series is required on a matter, the holders of a majority in voting power of such class or series issued and outstanding and entitled to vote, present in person, or by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for such matter. A quorum, once established at a meeting, shall not be broken by the withdrawal of enough votes to leave less than a quorum. If, however, a quorum is not present or represented at any meeting of the stockholders, then either (a) the person presiding over the meeting or (b) a majority in voting power of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, present in person, or by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy, shall have the power to adjourn the meeting from time to time in the manner provided in Section 2.9 of these bylaws until a quorum is present or represented.

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2.9ADJOURNMENTS, POSTPONEMENTS AND CANCELLATION OF MEETING.

Any meeting of stockholders, annual or special, may be adjourned or postponed from time to time by the person presiding over such meeting or by the Board, without the need for approval thereof by stockholders to reconvene or convene, respectively, at the same or some other place. When a meeting is adjourned or postponed, notice need not be given of the adjourned or postponed meeting if the time and place, if any, thereof, and the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such adjourned or postponed meeting are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken or, with respect to a postponed meeting, are publicly announced. At any adjourned or postponed meeting, the Corporation may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment or postponement is for more than thirty (30) days, a notice of the adjourned or postponed meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting. If, after the adjournment or postponement, a new record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote is fixed for the adjourned or postponed meeting, the Board shall fix a new record date for notice of such adjourned or postponed meeting, and shall give notice of the adjourned or postponed meeting to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such adjourned or postponed meeting as of the record date so fixed for notice of such adjourned or postponed meeting. Any previously scheduled annual or special meeting of the stockholders may be canceled by resolution of the Board.

2.10CONDUCT OF BUSINESS.

Meetings of stockholders shall be presided over by the chairperson of the Board, if any, or in his or her absence by the vice chairperson of the Board, if any, or in the absence of the foregoing persons by the chief executive officer, or in the absence of the foregoing persons by the president, or in the absence of the foregoing persons by a vice president, or in the absence of the foregoing persons by a chairperson designated by the Board, or in the absence of such designation by a chairperson chosen at the meeting. The secretary of the Corporation shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in his or her absence the chairperson of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting. The date and time of the opening and the closing of the polls for each matter upon which the stockholders will vote at a meeting shall be determined by the Board or the person presiding over the meeting and announced at the meeting by the person presiding over the meeting. The Board may adopt by resolution such rules and regulations for the conduct of the meeting of stockholders as it shall deem appropriate. Except to the extent inconsistent with such rules and regulations as adopted by the Board, the person presiding over any meeting of stockholders shall have the right and authority to convene and (for any or no reason) to recess and/or adjourn the meeting, to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures (which need not be in writing) and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such presiding person, are appropriate for the proper conduct of the meeting. Such rules, regulations or procedures, whether adopted by the Board or prescribed by the person presiding over the meeting, may include, without limitation,

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the following: (a) the establishment of an agenda or order of business for the meeting; (b) rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present (including, without limitation, rules and procedures for the removal of disruptive persons from the meeting); (c) limitations on attendance at or participation in the meeting to stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, their duly authorized and constituted proxies or such other persons as the person presiding over the meeting shall determine; (d) restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for the commencement thereof; and (e) limitations on the time allotted to questions or comments by participants. The person presiding over any meeting of stockholders, in addition to making any other determinations that may be appropriate to the conduct of the meeting (including, without limitation, determinations with respect to the administration and/or interpretation of any of the rules, regulations or procedures of the meeting, whether adopted by the Board or prescribed by the person presiding over the meeting), shall, if the facts warrant, determine and declare to the meeting that a matter or business was not properly brought before the meeting and, if such presiding person should so determine, such presiding person shall so declare to the meeting, and any such matter or business not properly brought before the meeting shall not be transacted or considered. Unless and to the extent determined by the Board or the person presiding over the meeting, meetings of stockholders shall not be required to be held in accordance with the rules of parliamentary procedure.

2.11VOTING.

The stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Section 2.13 of these bylaws, subject to Section 217 (relating to voting rights of fiduciaries, pledgors and joint owners of stock) and Section 218 (relating to voting trusts and other voting agreements) of the DGCL.

Except as may be otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, each stockholder shall be entitled to one (1) vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder. Voting at meetings of stockholders need not be by written ballot.

At any duly called or convened meeting of stockholders at which a quorum is present, for the election of directors, a plurality of the votes cast shall be sufficient to elect a director. All other elections and questions presented to the stockholders at a duly called or convened meeting at which a quorum is present shall, unless a different or minimum vote is required by the certificate of incorporation, these bylaws, the rules or regulations of any stock exchange applicable to the Corporation, or any law or regulation applicable to the Corporation or its securities (in which case such different or minimum vote shall be the applicable vote on the matter), be decided by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the votes cast (excluding abstentions and broker non-votes) on such matter by the holders entitled to vote thereon.

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2.12STOCKHOLDER ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT WITHOUT A MEETING.

Any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation and may not be effected by any consent in writing by such stockholders; provided, however, that any action required or permitted to be taken by the holders of preferred stock, voting separately as a series or separately as a class with one or more other such series, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, to the extent expressly so provided by the applicable certificate of designation relating to such series of Preferred Stock.

2.13RECORD DATE FOR STOCKHOLDER NOTICE; VOTING.

In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the Board may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board, and which record date shall, unless otherwise required by law, not be more than sixty (60) nor less than ten (10) days before the date of such meeting. If the Board so fixes a date, such date shall also be the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting unless the Board determines, at the time it fixes such record date, that a later date on or before the date of the meeting shall be the date for making such determination. If no record date is fixed by the Board, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board may fix a new record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting, and in such case shall also fix as the record date for stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting the same or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to vote in accordance herewith at the adjourned meeting.

In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or the stockholders entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of capital stock, or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board may fix a record date, which shall not be more than sixty (60) days prior to such action. If no such record date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board adopts the resolution relating thereto.

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Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation, in order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, the Board may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board, and which record date shall not be more than ten (10) days after the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board. If no record date for determining stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting is fixed by the Board, (i) when no prior action of the Board is required by law, the record date for such purpose shall be the first date on which a signed written consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the Corporation in accordance with applicable law, and (ii) if prior action by the Board is required by law, the record date for such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board adopts the resolution taking such prior action.

2.14PROXIES.

Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders or to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder by proxy authorized by an instrument in writing or by a transmission permitted by law to be filed in accordance with the procedure established for the meeting, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three (3) years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A proxy shall be irrevocable if it states on its face that it is irrevocable and if, and only for so long as, it is coupled with an interest sufficient in law to support an irrevocable power and shall be governed by the provisions of Section 212 of the DGCL. A proxy may be in the form of a telegram, cablegram or other means of electronic transmission which sets forth or is submitted with information from which it can be determined that the telegram, cablegram or other means of electronic transmission was authorized by the stockholder.

2.15LIST OF STOCKHOLDERS ENTITLED TO VOTE.

The Corporation shall prepare, at least ten (10) days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting (provided, however, that if the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote is less than ten (10) days before the date of the meeting, the list shall reflect the stockholders entitled to vote as of the tenth day before the date of the meeting), arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. The Corporation shall not be required to include electronic mail addresses or other electronic contact information on such list. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting for a period of at least ten (10) days prior to the meeting: (a) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or (b) during ordinary business hours, at the

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Corporation’s principal executive office. In the event that the Corporation determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the Corporation may take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available only to stockholders of the Corporation. If the meeting is to be held at a place, then the list shall be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time thereof, and may be inspected by any stockholder who is present. If the meeting is to be held solely by means of remote communication, then the list shall also be open to the examination of any stockholder during the whole time of the meeting on a reasonably accessible electronic network, and the information required to access such list shall be provided with the notice of the meeting. Except as otherwise provided by law, the stock ledger shall be the only evidence as to the identity of the stockholders entitled to vote in person or by proxy and the number of shares held by each of them, and as to the stockholders entitled to examine the list of stockholders required by this Section 2.15.

2.16INSPECTORS OF ELECTION.

Before any meeting of stockholders, the Corporation may, and shall if required by law, appoint an inspector or inspectors of election to act at the meeting or its adjournment or postponement and make a written report thereof. The number of inspectors shall be either one (1) or three (3). The Corporation may also designate one or more persons to act as alternate inspectors to replace any inspector who fails or refuses to act. If any person appointed as inspector and such person’s designated alternate, if any, fails to appear or fails or refuses to act, then the person presiding over the meeting shall appoint a person to fill that vacancy. Unless otherwise required by law, inspectors may be officers, employees or agents of the Corporation. Such inspectors shall have the duties prescribed by law. Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his or her duties, shall take and sign an oath to execute faithfully the duties of inspector with strict impartiality and according to the best of his or her ability. If there are three (3) inspectors of election, the decision, act or certificate of a majority is effective in all respects as the decision, act or certificate of all. Any report or certificate made by the inspector(s) of election is prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein. The inspector(s) of election may appoint such persons to assist them in performing their duties as they determine.

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ARTICLE III - DIRECTORS

3.1POWERS.

Except as provided in the DGCL or the certificate of incorporation, the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board.

3.2NUMBER OF DIRECTORS.

The authorized number of directors constituting the Board shall be determined from time to time solely by resolution of the Board, provided the Board shall consist of at least one (1) member. No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director before that director’s term of office expires.

3.3ELECTION, QUALIFICATION AND TERM OF OFFICE OF DIRECTORS.

Except as provided in Section 3.4 of these bylaws, each director, including, without limitation, a director elected to fill a vacancy or newly created directorship, shall hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until such director’s successor is elected and qualified or until such director’s earlier death, resignation or removal. Directors need not be stockholders unless so required by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws. The Corporation may also have, at the discretion of the Board, a chairperson of the Board and a vice chairperson of the Board. The certificate of incorporation or these bylaws may prescribe other qualifications for directors.

3.4RESIGNATION AND VACANCIES.

Any director may resign at any time upon notice given in writing or by electronic transmission to the chairperson of the Board or the Corporation’s chief executive officer, president or secretary. The resignation shall take effect at the time specified therein or upon the happening of an event specified therein, and if no time or event is specified, at the time of its receipt. Unless otherwise specified in the notice of resignation, the acceptance of the resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. When one or more directors so resigns and the resignation is effective at a future date or upon the happening of an event to occur on a future date, a majority of the directors then in office, including those who have so resigned, shall have power to fill such vacancy or vacancies, the vote thereon to take effect when such resignation or resignations shall become effective, and each director so chosen shall hold office as provided in this section in the filling of other vacancies.

Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, and subject to the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock, any vacancy on the Board, or any newly created directorship resulting from an increase in the authorized number of directors, shall, in each

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case, be filled only by a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director. Any director appointed in accordance with the preceding sentence shall hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until such director’s successor shall have been elected and qualified. A vacancy on the Board shall be deemed to exist in the case of the death, removal or resignation of any director.

3.5PLACE OF MEETINGS; MEETINGS BY TELEPHONE.

The Board may hold meetings, both regular and special, either within or outside the State of Delaware.

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, members of the Board, or any committee designated by the Board, may participate in a meeting of the Board, or any committee, by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and such participation in a meeting pursuant to this bylaw shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.

3.6REGULAR MEETINGS.

Regular meetings of the Board may be held without notice at such time and at such place as shall from time to time be determined by the Board; provided that any director who is absent when such determination is made shall be given notice of the determination. A regular meeting of the Board may be held without notice immediately after and at the same place as the annual meeting of stockholders.

3.7SPECIAL MEETINGS; NOTICE.

Special meetings of the Board for any purpose or purposes may be held at any time and place as determined by the chairperson of the Board, the chief executive officer, the president or a majority of the directors then in office.

Notice of the time and place of special meetings shall be:

(a)delivered personally by hand, by courier or by telephone;

(b)sent by United States first-class mail, postage prepaid;

(c)sent by facsimile; or

(d)sent by electronic mail, electronic transmission or other similar means,

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in each case, directed to each director at that director’s address, telephone number, facsimile number or electronic mail or other electronic address, as the case may be, as shown on the Corporation’s records.

If the notice is (a) delivered personally by hand, by courier or by telephone, (b) sent by facsimile or (c) sent by electronic mail, electronic transmission or other similar means, it shall be delivered or sent at least twenty-four (24) hours before the time of the holding of the meeting. If the notice is sent by U.S. mail, it shall be deposited in the U.S. mail at least four (4) days before the time of the holding of the meeting. The notice need not specify the place of the meeting (if the meeting is to be held at the Corporation’s principal executive office) nor the purpose of the meeting.

3.8QUORUM.

At all meetings of the Board, a majority of the number of directors fixed by the Board pursuant to Section 3.2 of these bylaws shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. The vote of a majority of the directors present at any meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board, except as may be otherwise specifically provided by statute, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws. If a quorum is not present at any meeting of the Board, then a majority of the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without further notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum is present.

3.9BOARD ACTION BY CONSENT WITHOUT A MEETING.

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board, or of any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission. After the action is taken, the writing or writings or electronic transmission or transmissions shall be filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board or committee. Such filing shall be in paper form if the minutes are maintained in paper form and shall be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form.

3.10FEES AND COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS.

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, the Board shall have the authority to fix the compensation, including fees and reimbursement of expenses, of directors for services to the Corporation in any capacity.

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3.11REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS.

Subject to the rights of the holders of the shares of any series of preferred stock of the Corporation then outstanding, the entire Board or any individual director may be removed from office, with or without cause, by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote at an election of directors.

ARTICLE IV - COMMITTEES

4.1COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS.

The Board may designate one (1) or more committees, each committee to consist of one (1) or more of the directors of the Corporation. Each member of a committee must meet the requirements for membership, if any, imposed by applicable law and the rules and regulations of any securities exchange or quotation system on which the securities of the Corporation are listed or quoted for trading. The Board may designate one (1) or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. Subject to the rules and regulations of any securities exchange or quotation system on which the securities of the Corporation are listed or quoted for trading, in the absence or disqualification of a member of a committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not such member or members constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. Any such committee, to the extent permitted by law and provided in the resolution of the Board or in these bylaws, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers that may require it; but no such committee shall have the power or authority to (a) approve or adopt, or recommend to the stockholders, any action or matter (other than the election or removal of directors) expressly required by the DGCL to be submitted to stockholders for approval, or (b) adopt, amend or repeal any bylaw of the Corporation. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Article IV, the resolution of the Board establishing any committee of the Board and/or the charter of any such committee may establish requirements or procedures relating to the governance and/or operation of such committee that are different from, or in addition to, those set forth in these bylaws and, to the extent that there is any inconsistency between these bylaws and any such resolution or charter, the terms of such resolution or charter shall be controlling.

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4.2COMMITTEE MINUTES.

Each committee shall keep regular minutes of its meetings and report the same to the Board when required.

4.3MEETINGS AND ACTION OF COMMITTEES.

Meetings and actions of committees shall be governed by, and held and taken in accordance with, the provisions of:

(a)Section 3.5 of these bylaws (place of meetings and meetings by telephone);

(b)Section 3.6 of these bylaws (regular meetings);

(c)Section 3.7 of these bylaws (special meetings and notice);

(d)Section 3.8 of these bylaws (quorum);

(e)Section 3.9 of these bylaws (action without a meeting); and

(f)Section 7.12 of these bylaws (waiver of notice),

in each case, with such changes in the context of those bylaws as are necessary to substitute the committee and its members for the Board and its members. However:

(i)the time of regular meetings of committees may be determined either by resolution of the Board or by resolution of the committee;

(ii)special meetings of committees may be called by resolution of the committee or resolution of the Board; and

(iii)notice of special meetings of committees shall also be given to all alternate members, who shall have the right to attend all meetings of the committee.

ARTICLE V - OFFICERS

5.1OFFICERS.

The officers of the Corporation shall include a chief executive officer and a secretary. The Corporation may also have, at the discretion of the Board, a chairperson of the Board (who must be a director), a vice chairperson of the Board (who must be a director), a president, a chief

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financial officer, a treasurer, one (1) or more vice presidents, one (1) or more assistant vice presidents, one (1) or more assistant treasurers, one (1) or more assistant secretaries, and any such other officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of these bylaws. Any number of offices may be held by the same person.

5.2APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS; SUBORDINATE OFFICERS.

The Board shall appoint the officers of the Corporation. The Board may appoint, or empower the chief executive officer or, in the absence of a chief executive officer, the president, to appoint, such other officers and agents as the business of the Corporation may require. Each of such officers shall hold office for such period, as is provided in these bylaws or as the Board may from time to time determine.

5.3REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION OF OFFICERS.

Subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of employment, any officer may be removed, either with or without cause, by the Board or, except in the case of an officer chosen by the Board, by any officer upon whom such power of removal may be conferred by the Board.

Any officer may resign at any time by giving notice in writing or by electronic transmission to the Corporation. Any resignation shall take effect at the date of the receipt of that notice or at any later time specified in that notice. Unless otherwise specified in the notice of resignation, the acceptance of the resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any resignation is without prejudice to the rights, if any, of the Corporation under any contract to which the officer is a party.

5.4VACANCIES IN OFFICES.

Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Corporation shall be filled by the Board or as provided in Section 5.2 of these bylaws.

5.5REPRESENTATION OF SHARES OF OTHER ENTITIES.

The chairperson of the Board, the chief executive officer, the president, the treasurer, the secretary or assistant secretary of the Corporation, or any other person authorized by the Board or the chief executive officer or the president, is authorized to vote, represent and exercise on behalf of the Corporation all rights incident to any and all securities of any other entity or entities standing in the name of the Corporation. The authority granted herein may be exercised either by such person directly or by any other person authorized to do so by proxy or power of attorney duly executed by such person having the authority.

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5.6AUTHORITY AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS.

All officers of the Corporation shall respectively have such authority and perform such duties in the management of the business of the Corporation as may be designated from time to time by the Board and, to the extent not so provided, as generally pertain to their respective offices, subject to the control of the Board.

ARTICLE VI - RECORDS AND REPORTS

6.1MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS.

A stock ledger consisting of one or more records in which the names of all of the Corporation’s stockholders of record, the address and number of shares registered in the name of each such stockholder, and all issuances and transfers of stock of the Corporation are recorded in accordance with Section 224 of the DGCL shall be administered by or on behalf of the Corporation. Any records administered by or on behalf of the Corporation in the regular course of its business, including its stock ledger, books of account, and minute books, may be kept on, or by means of, or be in the form of, any information storage device, or method, or one or more electronic networks or databases (including one or more distributed electronic networks or databases), provided that the records so kept can be converted into clearly legible paper form within a reasonable time and, with respect to the stock ledger, that the records so kept (i) can be used to prepare the list of stockholders specified in Sections 219 and 220 of the DGCL, (ii) record the information specified in Sections 156, 159, 217(a) and 218 of the DGCL, and (iii) record transfers of stock as governed by Article 8 of the Uniform Commercial Code.

ARTICLE VII - GENERAL MATTERS

7.1EXECUTION OF CORPORATE CONTRACTS AND INSTRUMENTS.

The Board may authorize any officer or officers, or agent or agents, to enter into any contract or execute any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation, and such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. Unless so authorized or ratified by the Board or within the agency power of an officer, no officer, agent or employee shall have any power or authority to bind the Corporation by any contract or engagement or to pledge its credit or to render it liable for any purpose or for any amount.

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7.2STOCK CERTIFICATES; PARTLY PAID SHARES.

Except as otherwise provided in a resolution approved by the Board, all shares of capital stock of the Corporation issued after the date of the adoption of these bylaws shall be uncertificated shares. Notwithstanding the foregoing, shares of capital stock of the Corporation represented by a certificate issued prior to the date of the adoption of these bylaws, shall be certificated shares until such certificate is surrendered to the Corporation. The Corporation shall not have power to issue a certificate in bearer form.

The Corporation may issue the whole or any part of its shares as partly paid and subject to call for the remainder of the consideration to be paid therefor. Upon the face or back of each stock certificate issued to represent any such partly paid shares, or upon the books and records of the Corporation in the case of uncertificated partly paid shares, the total amount of the consideration to be paid therefor and the amount paid thereon shall be stated. Upon the declaration of any dividend on fully paid shares, the Corporation shall declare a dividend upon partly paid shares of the same class, but only upon the basis of the percentage of the consideration actually paid thereon.

7.3MULTIPLE CLASSES OR SERIES OF STOCK.

If the Corporation is authorized to issue more than one class of stock or more than one series of any class, then the powers, the designations, the preferences and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights shall be set forth in full or summarized on the face or back of the certificate that the Corporation shall issue to represent such class or series of stock; provided, however, that, except as otherwise provided in Section 202 of the DGCL, in lieu of the foregoing requirements, there may be set forth on the face or back of the certificate that the Corporation shall issue to represent such class or series of stock a statement that the Corporation will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers, the designations, the preferences and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights. Within a reasonable time after the issuance or transfer of uncertificated stock, the Corporation shall send to the registered owner thereof a written notice containing the information required to be set forth or stated on certificates pursuant to the DGCL or a statement that the Corporation will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers, designations, preferences and relative participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights.

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7.4LOST CERTIFICATES.

Except as provided in this Section 7.4, no new certificates for shares shall be issued to replace a previously issued certificate unless the latter is surrendered to the Corporation in accordance with applicable law. The Board may direct a new certificate of stock or uncertificated shares be issued in the place of any certificate theretofore issued by the Corporation alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person claiming the certificate of stock to be lost, stolen or destroyed. When authorizing such issuance of a new certificate of stock or uncertificated shares, the Board may, in its discretion and as a condition precedent to the issuance thereof, require the owner of such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or such owner’s legal representative, to advertise the same in such manner as the Board shall require and/or to give the Corporation a bond in such sum as it may direct as indemnity against any claim that may be made against the Corporation on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate or uncertificated shares.

7.5CONSTRUCTION; DEFINITIONS.

Unless the context requires otherwise, the general provisions, rules of construction and definitions in the DGCL shall govern the construction of these bylaws. Without limiting the generality of this provision, the singular number includes the plural, the plural number includes the singular, and the term “person” means any individual, general partnership, limited partnership, limited liability company, corporation, trust, business trust, joint stock company, joint venture, unincorporated association, cooperative or association or any other legal entity or organization of whatever nature, and shall include any successor (by merger or otherwise) of such entity.

7.6DIVIDENDS.

The Board, subject to any restrictions contained in either (a) the DGCL or (b) the certificate of incorporation, may declare and pay dividends upon the shares of its capital stock. Dividends may be paid in cash, in property or in shares of the Corporation’s capital stock.

The Board may set apart out of any of the funds of the Corporation available for dividends a reserve or reserves for any proper purpose and may abolish any such reserve. Such purposes shall include but not be limited to equalizing dividends, repairing or maintaining any property of the Corporation, and meeting contingencies.

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7.7FISCAL YEAR.

The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed by resolution of the Board and may be changed by the Board.

7.8SEAL.

The Corporation may adopt a corporate seal, which shall be adopted and which may be altered by the Board. The Corporation may use the corporate seal by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or in any other manner reproduced.

7.9TRANSFER OF STOCK.

Shares of the Corporation shall be transferable in the manner prescribed by applicable law and in these bylaws. Shares of stock of the Corporation shall be made on the books of the Corporation, and in the case of certificated shares of stock, only by the person named in the certificate or by such person’s attorney lawfully constituted in writing and upon the surrender of the certificate therefor, properly endorsed for transfer and payment of all necessary transfer taxes; or, in the case of uncertificated shares of stock, upon receipt of proper transfer instructions from the registered holder of the shares or by such person’s attorney lawfully constituted in writing, and upon payment of all necessary transfer taxes and compliance with appropriate procedures for transferring shares in uncertificated form; provided, however, that such surrender and endorsement, compliance or payment of taxes shall not be required in any case in which the officers of the Corporation shall determine to waive such requirement. With respect to certificated shares of stock, every certificate exchanged, returned or surrendered to the Corporation shall be marked “Cancelled,” with the date of cancellation, by the secretary or assistant secretary of the Corporation or the transfer agent thereof. No transfer of stock shall be valid as against the Corporation for any purpose until it shall have been entered in the stock records of the Corporation by an entry showing the names of the persons from and to whom it was transferred.

7.10STOCK TRANSFER AGREEMENTS.

The Corporation shall have power to enter into and perform any agreement with any number of stockholders of any one or more classes or series of stock of the Corporation to restrict the transfer of shares of stock of the Corporation of any one or more classes or series owned by such stockholders in any manner not prohibited by the DGCL.

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7.11REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS.

The Corporation, to the fullest extent permitted by law:

(a) shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the owner of shares to receive dividends and to vote as such owner; and

(b)shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of another person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of the State of Delaware.

7.12WAIVER OF NOTICE.

Whenever notice is required to be given under any provision of the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, a written waiver, signed by the person entitled to notice, or a waiver by electronic transmission by the person entitled to notice, whether before or after the time of the event for which notice is to be given, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the stockholders or the Board need be specified in any written waiver of notice or any waiver by electronic transmission unless so required by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws.

ARTICLE VIII - NOTICE BY ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION

8.1NOTICE BY ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION.

Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders pursuant to the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, any notice to stockholders given by the Corporation under any provision of the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws shall be effective if given by a form of electronic transmission in compliance with applicable law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a notice may not be delivered by electronic transmission from and after the time that:

(a)the Corporation is unable to deliver by electronic transmission two (2) consecutive notices given by the Corporation; and

(b)such inability becomes known to the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Corporation or to the transfer agent, or other person responsible for the giving of notice;

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provided, however, that the inadvertent failure to treat such inability shall not invalidate any meeting or other action.

Any notice given pursuant to the preceding paragraph shall be deemed given:

(a)

if by facsimile telecommunication, when directed to a number at which the stockholder has consented to receive notice;

(b)

if by electronic mail, when directed to an electronic mail address unless the stockholder has notified the Corporation in writing or by electronic transmission of an objection to receive notice by electronic mail;

(c)

if by a posting on an electronic network together with separate notice to the stockholder of such specific posting, upon the later of (i) such posting and (ii) the giving of such separate notice; and

(d)

if by any other form of electronic transmission consented to by the stockholder, when directed to the stockholder.

Notice by a form of electronic transmission shall not apply to matters governed by Sections 164, 296, 311, 312 or 324 of the DGCL.

8.2DEFINITION OF ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION.

For the purposes of these bylaws, an “electronic transmission” means any form of communication, not directly involving the physical transmission of paper, including the use of, or participation in, one or more electronic networks or databases (including one or more distributed electronic networks or databases), that creates a record that may be retained, retrieved and reviewed by a recipient thereof, and that may be directly reproduced in paper form by such a recipient through an automated process.

ARTICLE IX - INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES

9.1INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS.

The Corporation shall indemnify and hold harmless, to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended, any person who was or is made or is threatened to be made a party or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (a “Proceeding”), by reason of the fact that he or she, or a person for whom he or she is the legal representative, is or was a director or officer of the

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Corporation or, while a director or officer of the Corporation, is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or non-profit entity, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, against all liability and loss suffered and expenses (including attorneys’ fees) reasonably incurred by such person in connection with any such Proceeding. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, except as otherwise provided in Section 9.4, the Corporation shall be required to indemnify a person in connection with a Proceeding (or part thereof) commenced by such person only if the commencement of such Proceeding (or part thereof) by such person was authorized in the specific case by the Board.

9.2INDEMNIFICATION OF OTHERS.

The Corporation may, to the extent authorized by the Board, indemnify and hold harmless, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended, any employee or agent of the Corporation who was or is made or is threatened to be made a party or is otherwise involved in any Proceeding by reason of the fact that he or she, or a person for whom he or she is the legal representative, is or was an employee or other agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or non-profit entity, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, against all liability and loss suffered and expenses reasonably incurred by such person in connection with any such Proceeding.

9.3ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES.

The Corporation shall to the fullest extent not prohibited by applicable law pay the expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by any officer or director of the Corporation, and may pay the expenses incurred by any employee or agent of the Corporation, in defending any Proceeding in advance of its final disposition; provided, however, that, to the extent required by law, such payment of expenses in advance of the final disposition of the Proceeding shall be made only upon receipt of an undertaking by the person to repay all amounts advanced if it should be ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to be indemnified under this Article IX or otherwise.

9.4DETERMINATION; CLAIM.

If a claim for indemnification (following the final disposition of such Proceeding) under this Article IX is not paid in full within sixty (60) days, or a claim for advancement of expenses under this Article IX is not paid in full within thirty (30) days, after a written claim therefor has been received by the Corporation, the claimant may thereafter (but not before) file suit to recover the unpaid amount of such claim and, if successful in whole or in part, shall be entitled to be paid

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the expense of prosecuting such claim to the fullest extent permitted by law. In any such action, the Corporation shall have the burden of proving that the claimant is not entitled to the requested indemnification or advancement of expenses under applicable law.

9.5NON-EXCLUSIVITY OF RIGHTS.

The rights conferred on any person by this Article IX shall not be exclusive of any other rights which such person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, provision of the certificate of incorporation, these bylaws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.

9.6INSURANCE.

The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or non-profit entity, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, against any loss, liability or expense incurred by him or her in any such capacity, or arising out of his or her status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such loss, liability or expense under the provisions of the DGCL.

9.7OTHER SOURCES.

The Corporation’s obligation, if any, to indemnify or advance expenses to a person pursuant to this Article IX shall be reduced by any amount such person may collect from the proceeds of insurance or, to the extent such person was or is serving at the Corporation’s request as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or non-profit entity, as indemnification or advancement of expenses from such other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or non-profit entity. In the event the Corporation makes any indemnification or advancement payments to any person in connection with a Proceeding, and such person is subsequently reimbursed from the proceeds of insurance or indemnification or advancement payments received from any other source in connection with such Proceeding, such person shall promptly refund such indemnification or advancement payments to the Corporation to the extent of such reimbursement.

9.8CONTINUATION OF INDEMNIFICATION.

The rights to indemnification and to advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article IX shall continue notwithstanding that the person has ceased to be a

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director or officer of the Corporation and shall inure to the benefit of the estate, heirs, executors, administrators, legatees and distributees of such person.

9.9AMENDMENT OR REPEAL; INTERPRETATION.

The provisions of this Article IX shall constitute a contract between the Corporation, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, each individual who serves or has served as a director or officer of the Corporation (whether before or after the adoption of these bylaws), in consideration of such person’s performance of such services and, pursuant to this Article IX, the Corporation intends to be legally bound to each such current or former director or officer of the Corporation. With respect to current and former directors and officers of the Corporation, the rights conferred under this Article IX are present contractual rights and such rights are fully vested, and shall be deemed to have vested fully, immediately upon adoption of theses bylaws. With respect to any directors or officers of the Corporation who commence service following adoption of these bylaws, the rights conferred under this provision shall be present contractual rights and such rights shall fully vest, and be deemed to have vested fully, immediately upon such director or officer commencing service as a director or officer of the Corporation. Any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions of this Article IX shall not adversely affect any right or protection (i) hereunder of any person in respect of any act or omission occurring prior to the time of such repeal or modification or (ii) under any agreement providing for indemnification or advancement of expenses to an officer or director of the Corporation in effect prior to the time of such repeal or modification.

Any reference to an officer of the Corporation in this Article IX shall be deemed to refer exclusively to the chairperson of the Board, a vice chairperson of the Board, the president, the secretary, a chief executive officer, a chief financial officer, a treasurer appointed pursuant to Article V of these bylaws, and to any vice president, assistant secretary, assistant treasurer, or other officer of the Corporation appointed by (x) the Board pursuant to Article V of these Bylaws or (y) an officer to whom the Board has delegated the power to appoint officers pursuant to Article V of these bylaws, and any reference to an officer of any other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, other enterprise, non-profit entity or employee benefit plan shall be deemed to refer exclusively to an officer appointed by the board of directors (or equivalent governing body) of such other entity pursuant to the certificate of incorporation and bylaws (or equivalent organizational documents) of such other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, other enterprise, non-profit entity or employee benefit plan. The fact that any person who is or was an employee of the Corporation or an employee of any other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, other enterprise, non-profit entity or employee benefit plan has been given or has used the title of “vice president” or any other title that could be construed to suggest or imply that such person is or may be an officer of the Corporation or of such other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, other enterprise, non-profit entity or employee benefit plan shall not result in such

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person being constituted as, or being deemed to be, an officer of the Corporation or of such other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, other enterprise, non-profit entity or employee benefit plan for purposes of this Article IX.

9.10OTHER INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES.

This Article IX shall not limit the right of the Corporation, to the fullest extent and in the manner permitted by law, to indemnify and to advance expenses to other persons serving the Corporation when and as authorized by appropriate corporate action.

ARTICLE X - AMENDMENTS.

Subject to the limitations set forth in the provisions of the certificate of incorporation, the Board is expressly empowered to adopt, amend, alter or repeal the bylaws of the Corporation. The stockholders may not adopt, amend, alter or repeal the bylaws of the Corporation, or adopt any provision inconsistent therewith, unless such action is approved, in addition to any other vote required by law and the certificate of incorporation, by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon.

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Exhibit 10.2

RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT

RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT, dated as of [XX], 2020 (this “Agreement”), by and between Vroom, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and [Participant Name] (the “Participant”).

R E C I T A L S:

WHEREAS, the Company desires to grant to the Participant restricted stock units (each a “Restricted Stock Unit”) pursuant to its 2020 Incentive Award Plan (as amended, the “Plan”), each Restricted Stock Unit representing the right to receive one (1) share of common stock, $0.001 par value, of the Company (one “Share”) pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein.

NOW, THEREFORE, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which are hereby acknowledged, the Company and the Participant hereby agree as follows:

Section 1. Grant of Restricted Stock Units. The Company hereby grants to the Participant, pursuant to the Plan and on the terms and conditions set forth herein, the number of Restricted Stock Units as set forth on Schedule A.

Section 2. Vesting; Term of Restricted Stock Units.

2.1 The Restricted Stock Units shall vest as set forth in Schedule A.

2.2 Individual Account. The Restricted Stock Units shall be credited to a separate account established and maintained by the Company for the Participant on the first business day following the date of grant of the Restricted Stock Units (the “Account”). The Restricted Stock Units will be deemed to be invested in Shares only. The Account shall be maintained on the Company’s books solely for record keeping purposes, and shall not represent any actual segregation or investment of assets or Shares.

Section 3. Distribution of Shares Represented by the Restricted Stock Units.

3.1 The Shares represented by Restricted Stock Units will be distributed to the Participant on or as soon as administratively practicable following the date such Restricted Stock Units vest and, in any event, within sixty (60) days following such vesting (the “Distribution Date”) and certificates representing those Shares will be delivered to the Participant as soon as practicable thereafter.

3.2 If any distribution of Shares represented by the Restricted Stock Units consists of a fractional Share, then in lieu of distributing a fractional Share, the Company shall distribute cash to the Participant equal in value to the Fair Market Value of the fractional Share on the Distribution Date.

Section 4. Withholding Taxes.

Exhibit 10.2

4.1 The Company shall have the authority and the right to deduct or withhold, or to require the Participant to remit to the Company, an amount sufficient to satisfy all applicable federal, state and local taxes required by law to be withheld with respect to any taxable event arising in connection with the Restricted Stock Units. At any time that taxes are required to be withheld in connection with a distribution of Shares on a Distribution Date, the Company may, in its discretion, withhold Shares that would otherwise be distributed to the Participant (rounded down to the nearest whole share) up to an amount that is equal, based on the Fair Market Value of the Shares on the Distribution Date, to the maximum amount of the federal, state, local, and foreign income and/or employment taxes required, in the Company’s sole judgment, to be collected or withheld with respect to such distribution.

4.2[In satisfaction of any tax withholding obligations and in accordance with the Participant’s election included in Schedule A (the “Sell to Cover Election”), the Participant has irrevocably elected to sell the portion of the Shares to be delivered under the Restricted Stock Units necessary so as to satisfy the tax withholding obligations and shall execute any letter of instruction or agreement required by the Company’s transfer agent (together with any other party the Company determines necessary to execute the Sell to Cover Election, the “Agent”) to cause the Agent to irrevocably commit to forward the proceeds necessary to satisfy the tax withholding obligations directly to the Company. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Company shall not be obligated to deliver any new certificate representing Shares to the Participant or the Participant’s legal representative or enter such Shares in book entry form unless and until the Participant or the Participant’s legal representative shall have paid or otherwise satisfied in full the amount of all federal, state and local taxes applicable to the taxable income of the Participant resulting from the grant or vesting of the Restricted Stock Units or the issuance of Shares.]¹

4.3 With respect to any required withholding that is not satisfied pursuant to Section 4.1 [or 4.2] above (e.g., an amount represented by a fractional Share), the Company shall require the Participant to remit a cash payment to the Company, deduct such amount from the Participant’s payroll, or shall satisfy such withholding obligation by any other means permitted under the Plan.

Section 5. Transferability.

5.1 Upon the settlement of the Restricted Stock Units, a certificate evidencing the Shares shall be issued by the Company in the Participant’s name pursuant to which the Participant shall have voting and dividend rights unless and until the Shares are canceled or forfeited pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement.

5.3 Prohibited Transfers. The Restricted Stock Units may not be sold, pledged, assigned or transferred in any manner other than by will or the law of descent and distribution, unless and until the Shares underlying the Restricted Stock Units have been issued, and all restrictions applicable to such Shares have lapsed. No Restricted Stock Units or any interest or right therein or part thereof shall be liable for the debts, contracts or engagements of Participant or his or her successors in interest or shall be subject to disposition by transfer, alienation, anticipation, pledge, encumbrance, assignment or any other means whether such disposition be voluntary or involuntary or by operation of law by judgment, levy, attachment, garnishment or any other legal or equitable

¹	To be included for individuals who elect to sell shares to cover applicable tax withholding.

Exhibit 10.2

proceedings (including bankruptcy), and any attempted disposition thereof shall be null and void and of no effect, except to the extent that such disposition is permitted by the preceding sentence. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with the consent of the Administrator, the Restricted Stock Units may be transferred to Permitted Transferees, pursuant to any such conditions and procedures the Administrator may require.

Section 6. Rights in Shares Before Delivery. No person shall have any privileges of a stockholder of the Company with respect to any Restricted Stock Units, unless and until Shares are distributed pursuant to Section 3.

Section 7. No Right to Continued Employment or Service. Nothing contained herein shall be construed to confer on the Participant any right to continue as an employee of, or service provider to, the Company, or to derogate from any right of the Company to, as applicable, retire, request the resignation of or discharge the Participant, or to lay off or require a leave of absence of the Participant, with or without pay, at any time, with or without good cause.

Section 8. Qualifications to Distribution. Anything in this Agreement to the contrary notwithstanding, in no event may Shares represented by Restricted Stock Units be distributed if the Company shall, at any time and in its sole discretion, determine that any of the following conditions have not been satisfied: (a) the admission of the Shares to listing on all stock exchanges on which such Shares are then listed; (b) the completion of any registration or other qualification of the Shares under any state or federal law or other rulings or regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission or other governmental regulatory body, which the Administrator shall, in its absolute discretion, deem necessary or advisable, (c) consent or approval of any regulatory body, deemed necessary or desirable in connection with such distribution, (d) the receipt of full payment of any applicable withholding tax in accordance with Section 4. In such event, such distribution shall be held in abeyance and shall not be effective unless and until such condition, listing, registration, qualification or approval shall have been satisfied, effected or obtained free of any conditions not acceptable to the Company; provided that such distribution shall be made at the earliest date at which the Company reasonably determines that the making of such distribution will not cause such violation, as required by Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-2(b)(7)(ii), and provided further that no payment or distribution shall be delayed under this Section 8 if such delay will result in a violation of Code Section 409A.

Section 9. Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the Plan contain the entire agreement between the parties hereto with respect to the matters contemplated herein and supersede all prior agreements or understandings among the parties related to such matters.

Section 10. Limitations Applicable to Section 16 Persons. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan or this Agreement, if Participant is subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act, the Plan, the Restricted Stock Units, and this Agreement shall be subject to any additional limitations set forth in any applicable exemptive rule under Section 16 of the Exchange Act (including any amendment to Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act) that are requirements for the application of such exemptive rule. To the extent permitted by Applicable Law, this Agreement shall be deemed amended to the extent necessary to conform to such applicable exemptive rule.

Exhibit 10.2

Section 11. Binding Effect. Subject to the restrictions on transfer herein set forth, this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the Company and its successors and assigns and upon the Participant and his or her assigns, heirs, executors, administrators and legal representatives.

Section 12. Amendment or Modification; Waiver. This Agreement may be amended, modified, superseded, canceled, renewed or extended, and the terms or covenants hereof may be waived, only by a written instrument executed on behalf of the Company (as authorized by the Committee) and the Participant. The Restricted Stock Units are not intended to constitute “nonqualified deferred compensation” within the meaning of Code Section 409A. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company may, but shall not be required to, amend this Agreement or adopt other policies and procedures, prospectively or retroactively, or take any other actions, without obtaining the consent of the Participant, to the extent necessary or appropriate (as determined by the Company in its sole discretion) to meet the requirements of Code Section 409A and the guidance issued thereunder such that the additional taxes and penalties set forth in Code Section 409A(a)(i)(B) will not apply to transactions contemplated by the this Agreement. The Company shall have no liability whatsoever for or in respect of any decision to take action to attempt to so comply with Code Section 409A, any omission to take such action or for the failure of any such action taken by the Company to so comply.

Section 13. Participant Undertaking. The Participant hereby agrees to take whatever additional actions and execute whatever additional documents the Company may, in its reasonable judgment, deem necessary or advisable in order to carry out or effect one or more of the obligations or restrictions imposed on the Participant pursuant to the express provisions of this Agreement.

Section 14. Governing Law. This Agreement shall be construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, without giving effect to the principles of conflicts of law thereof.

Section 15. Defined Terms. Capitalized terms used in this Agreement and not otherwise defined herein have the meaning ascribed to them in the Plan.

Section 16. Captions. The use of captions in the Plan is for convenience. The captions are not intended to provide substantive rights.

Section 17. The Plan. The Participant acknowledges having received a copy of the Plan. The Restricted Stock Units herein granted are subject to all of the terms and provisions of the Plan, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In the event of any inconsistency between the provisions of this Agreement and the provisions of the Plan, the provisions of the Plan shall govern.

Section 18. Severability. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of the Plan or this Agreement shall not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision of the Plan or this Agreement, and each provision of the Plan and this Agreement shall be severable and enforceable to the extent permitted by law.

Section 19. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original but all of which together will constitute one and the same instrument. Counterpart signature pages to this Agreement transmitted by facsimile transmission, by electronic

Exhibit 10.2

mail in portable document format (.pdf), or by any other electronic means intended to preserve the original graphic and pictorial appearance of a document, will have the same effect as physical delivery of the paper document bearing an original signature.

[Signature page follows.]

Exhibit 10.2

VROOM, INC.

By: _________________________________________

Patricia Moran, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary

PARTICIPANT

I, the undersigned, hereby acknowledge receipt of a copy of the Plan and accept the Restricted Stock Units subject to all of the terms and provisions thereof.

________________________________________________

Participant Name

Date: _________________________________________

Address: __________________________________________

__________________________________________

Exhibit 10.2

SCHEDULE A


Name of Participant: Date of Grant:
Number of Restricted Stock Units: Vesting Commencement Date:
Vesting Terms:

Subject to the Participant’s continuous service through the applicable vesting date: the Restricted Stock Units shall become vested in equal installments of 1/3 each on the first anniversary of the commencement date, the second anniversary of the commencement date and the third anniversary of the commencement date. If the Participant’s continuous service terminates, all Restricted Stock Units that have not become vested on or prior to the date such continuous service terminates will thereupon be automatically forfeited by the Participant without payment of any consideration therefor.

Withholding Tax Election: The Participant has carefully reviewed Section 4 of the Agreement and the Participant hereby represents and warrants that on the date hereof he or she is not aware of any material, nonpublic information with respect to the Company or any securities of the Company, and is entering into the Agreement and this election to “sell to cover” in good faith and not as part of a plan or scheme to evade the prohibitions of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). It is the Participant’s intent that this election to “sell to cover” comply with the requirements of Rule 10b5-1(c)(1)(i)(B) under the Exchange Act and be interpreted to comply with the requirements of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act.

Exhibit 10.3

FIRST AMENDMENT

TO THE

SECOND AMENDED & RESTATED VROOM, INC. 2014 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN

This First Amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Second Amended and Restated Vroom, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) is effective as of September 20, 2016.

Whereas, Section 13 of the Plan provides that the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of Vroom, Inc. (the “Company”) may amend the Plan;

Whereas, the Board has approved the increase of the number of shares of common stock of the Company (“Common Stock”) reserved for issuance under the Plan by 1,500,000 shares, so that an aggregate of 6,231,730 shares of Common Stock are reserved for issuance under the Plan; and

Whereas, the Board has approved the amendments to the Plan set forth herein.

Now, Therefore,

1. Section 4(a) of the Plan is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:

“(a) Share Reserve. Subject to the provisions of Section 12 relating to adjustments upon changes in Common Stock, the number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued pursuant Stock Awards shall not exceed in the aggregate 6,231,730 shares of Common Stock. The maximum number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued pursuant to Options intended to be Incentive Stock Options is 6,231,730.”

2. Section 4(b) of the Plan is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:

“(b) Reversion of Shares to the Share Reserve. Unless otherwise specifically provided in the applicable Stock Award Agreement delivered to a Participant, if and to the extent that any Stock Award or portion of a Stock Award is forfeited, is repurchased by the Company for no more than the Participant’s original cost, terminates, expires or is canceled, the forfeited, repurchased, terminated or cancelled shares of Common Stock subject to such Stock Award shall again be available for distribution in connection with Stock Awards under the Plan. Subject to the preceding sentence, shares of Common Stock shall be deemed to have been issued pursuant to the Plan with respect to any portion of a Stock Award that is settled or paid in cash. If payment for the exercise of a Stock Award is made by transfer to the Company of shares of Common Stock owned by a Participant, only the number of shares issued net of the shares delivered shall be deemed delivered for purposes of determining the maximum number of shares of Common Stock and/or Incentive Stock Options available for delivery under the Plan. To the extent any shares of Common Stock subject to a Stock Award are not delivered to a Participant because such shares are used to satisfy an applicable tax withholding obligation, such shares shall not be

deemed to have been delivered for purposes of determining the maximum number of shares of Common Stock available for delivery under the Plan.

3. Except as otherwise specially provided herein, the Plan shall remain in full force and effect.

Exhibit 10.4

SECOND AMENDMENT

TO THE

SECOND AMENDED & RESTATED VROOM, INC. 2014 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN

This Second Amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Second Amended and Restated Vroom, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) is effective as of March 25, 2019.

Whereas, Section 13 of the Plan provides that the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of Vroom, Inc. (the “Company”) may amend the Plan.

Whereas, the Board has approved accelerated vesting of all Options granted under the Plan (including those Options granted prior to the date of this Amendment) such that the Options granted to a Participant will be fully vested in the event of the Participant’s termination of Continuous Service by the Company without Cause or by the Participant for Good Reason, in each case, during the twelve (12)-month period following a Change of Control.

Whereas, the Board has approved the amendments to the Plan set forth herein.

Now, Therefore,

1. Section 2 of the Plan is hereby amended and restated by including the following defined terms:

“Cause” means (A) with respect to an Employee or a Consultant: (i) the Participant’s disregard of his or her duties or failure to act, where such action would be in the ordinary course of the Participant’s duties, (ii) the material failure by the Participant to observe Company policies and/or policies of Affiliates of the Company generally applicable to employees of the Company and/or its Affiliates, including, without limitation, policies relating to anti-harassment, (iii) gross negligence or willful misconduct by the Participant in the performance of his or her duties, (iv) the commission by the Participant of any act of fraud, theft, financial dishonesty or self-dealing with respect to the Company or any of its Affiliates, or any felony or criminal act involving moral turpitude, (v) any breach by the Participant of the provisions of any confidentiality, non-competition or non-solicitation agreement between the Participant and the Company or any Affiliate, or any other agreement or contract with the Company, any of its Affiliates, (vi) chronic absenteeism, (vii) alcohol or other substance abuse that impairs the Participant’s ability to perform his or her duties, or (viii) the commission of any violation of any state or federal law relating to the workplace environment (including, without limitation, laws relating to sexual harassment or age, sex or other prohibited discrimination) by the Participant; or (B) with respect to a non-employee director means a determination by a majority of the disinterested board members that the non-employee director has been engaged in any of the following: (i) malfeasance in office; (ii) gross misconduct; (iii) false or fraudulent misrepresentation inducing director’s appointment; (iv) willful conversion of corporate funds; (v) material breach of an obligation to make full disclosure; (vi) gross incompetence; (vii) gross inefficiency; (viii) acts of moral turpitude; or (ix) repeated failure to participate (either by

telephone or in person) in board meetings on a regular basis despite having received proper notice of the meetings at least 48 hours in advance thereof.

“Good Reason” means any of the following events, in each case, without the Participant’s consent: (A) a reduction in the Participant’s Base Salary or a material reduction by the Company in the kind or level of employee benefits to which Employee is entitled immediately prior to such reduction, other than a general across-the-board reduction as a result of an economic or strategic measure that affects all similarly situated employees in substantially the same proportions, (B) a relocation of the Participant’s principal place of employment by more than 30 miles from both the Participant’s principal place of employment and principal residence, (C) a material adverse change to the Participant’s title, authority, reporting structure, duties or responsibilities (other than temporarily while the Employee is physically or mentally incapacitated), or (D) the Company’s failure to obtain an agreement from any successor to the Company to assume or replace (with consistent vesting and other material terms) a Participant’s Stock Award in the same manner and to the same extent that the Company would be required to perform if no succession had taken place, except where such assumption occurs by operation of law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a termination of employment by the Participant for Good Reason shall not occur unless the Participant provides to the Company written notice stating in reasonable detail the basis for termination and an opportunity of thirty (30) days in duration to cure such basis for termination and the Participant terminates his or her employment within ninety (90) days following the initial occurrence of the existence of such basis for termination.

2. Section 12(c) of the Plan is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:

In the event of a Change of Control, the Committee shall take one of the following actions, to the extent determined by the Committee to be permitted under Section 409A of the Code: (i) provide that any outstanding Stock Awards then held by Participants which are unvested or subject to lapse restrictions may, in whole or in part, automatically be deemed vested or no longer subject to lapse restrictions, as the case may be, as of immediately prior to such Change of Control, (ii) cancel any Stock Award in exchange for an amount of cash (or other property that is received by the stockholders of the Company as consideration in such change of control transaction) with a value equal to the amount that could have been obtained upon the exercise or settlement of, or realization of the Participant’s rights under, such Stock Award (assuming that the entire Stock Award was vested immediately prior to the Change of Control), provided that if the amount that could have been obtained upon the exercise or settlement of or realization of the Participant’s rights under such Stock Award (assuming that the entire Stock Award was vested immediately prior to the Change of Control), in any case, is equal to or less than zero, then the Stock Award may be canceled without payment; (iii) provide for the issuance of substitute awards to acquire equity of the acquiring entity or an Affiliate thereof that will preserve in no less favorable a manner the otherwise applicable terms of any outstanding Stock Award previously granted hereunder, as determined by the Committee in its sole discretion; (iv) provide that for a period of at least ten business days prior to the Change of Control, any Options and/or stock appreciation rights shall be exercisable as to all shares of Common Stock subject thereto

and that upon the occurrence of the Change of Control, such Options and/or stock appreciation rights shall terminate and be of no further force and effect; and/or (v) continue the Stock Awards on their same terms. For the avoidance of doubt, the Committee may treat individual Participants and Stock Awards (or portions thereof) differently under this Section 12(c). In the event of a Change of Control pursuant to which no substantial portion of the assets or business remains with the Company or an Affiliate (e.g., upon a sale of substantially all of the assets), the Committee shall take one or more of the actions set forth in clauses (i) through (iv) above (provided that any action taken pursuant to clause (i) above shall provide for vesting in full, not in part). For purposes of the Plan, “Change of Control” shall mean the first to occur of any transaction (or series of related transactions involving a person or entity, or a group of affiliated persons or entities) effecting: (i) a sale, lease or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, (ii) a consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other corporation or other entity or person, or any other corporate reorganization, or (iii) a transfer of more than fifty percent (50%) of the Company’s outstanding voting power; provided, that, in the case of any of clauses (i), (ii) or (iii), no Change of Control shall have occurred if the shareholders of the Company immediately prior to such transaction(s) own at least fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding voting power of the acquiring person or entity, or group of affiliated persons or entities, or the surviving entity or its parent, as the case may be, following such transaction(s).

2.Section 12 of the Plan is hereby amended by adding the following subsection (e) to the end thereof:

(e)Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan to the contrary (including, without limitation, Section 12(c) above), in the event of a Participant’s termination of Continuous Service by the Company or an Affiliate without Cause or by the Participant for Good Reason, in each case, during the twelve (12)-month period following a Change of Control, then the vesting of all Options held by such Participant shall be accelerated in full.

3. Except as otherwise specially provided herein, the Plan shall remain in full force and effect.

Exhibit 10.9

FIRST AMENDMENT TO

INVENTORY FINANCING AND SECURITY AGREEMENT

I. THE PARTIES TO THIS AGREEMENT

This First Amendment to Inventory Financing and Security Agreement (“Amendment”) is effective as of June 19, 2020 (the “Effective Date”), and is made by and among the following parties:

A.	Ally Bank (Ally Capital in Hawaii, Mississippi, Montana and New Jersey) (together with its successors and assigns, “Bank”), a Utah state-chartered bank with a local business office currently located at 5851 Legacy Circle, Suite 200, Plano, Texas 75024; and

B.	Ally Financial Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Ally”) with a local business office currently located at 5851 Legacy Circle, Suite 200, Plano, Texas 75024 (together with Bank, the “Ally Parties” and Bank and Ally each being, an “Ally Party”);

C.	Left Gate Property Holding, LLC, a Texas limited liability company doing business as Texas Direct Auto, with its principal executive office currently located at 12053 Southwest Freeway, Stafford, Texas 77477 (“Dealership”); and

D.	Vroom, Inc., a Delaware corporation, with its principal executive office currently located at 1375 Broadway, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10018 (“Vroom”).

II. THE RECITALS

The essential facts relied on by Bank, Ally, Dealership and Vroom as true and complete, and giving rise to this Amendment, are as follows:

A.	The Ally Parties, Dealership and Vroom are parties to an Inventory Financing and Security Agreement, effective as of March 6, 2020 (the “IFSA”).

B.	The parties to this Amendment desire to amend the IFSA as outlined in this Amendment.

III. THE AGREEMENT

In consideration of the premises and the mutual promises in this Amendment, which are acknowledged to be sufficient, Bank, Ally, Dealership and Vroom agree to the following:

A.	Definitions. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein have the meanings given to them in the IFSA.

B.	Amendment to Advance Floorplan Accommodation. Section III.A.8 of the IFSA is deleted and restated in its entirety as follows:

Advance Floorplan Accommodation. The Ally Parties will allow the Dealership to obtain Inventory Financing on Vehicles for which the Dealership does not then hold a lien-free title, provided that: (a) the Dealership owns the Vehicle and it is not in process of being sold, (b) the Vehicle is subject to a lien noted on the certificate of title by the financial institution that provided retail credit accommodations for the prior owner, and no other lien is noted on the title or otherwise exists (to the knowledge of the Dealership), (c) the Dealership remits payment to that lienholder to discharge the retail lien upon or before requesting a floorplan advance for the Vehicle from the Ally Parties, (d) the floorplan proceeds are remitted directly to the Dealership, (e) the Vehicle’s title is lien-free within 30 calendar days of the floorplan advance date, and

First Amendment to IFSA1

(f) the aggregate amount advanced and outstanding under this provision from time to time shall not exceed 50% of the Credit Line limit identified in Section III.A.2 above (“Advance Floorplan Accommodation”). Advance Floorplan Accommodation is provided by the Ally Parties in their sole discretion, and is subject to the Dealership’s compliance with the terms of this program. The Dealership’s compliance is validated at the time of floorplan audits. The Ally Parties reserve the right to rescind Advance Floorplan Accommodation promptly based on evidence of the Dealership’s non-compliance.

Correction of Signature Block. The parties acknowledge the signature page to the IFSA mistakenly included two signature blocks for Ally Bank rather than one each for Ally Bank and Ally Financial Inc., and agree that the second Ally Bank signature block shall be deemed to be Ally Financial Inc.’s valid and enforceable signature to the IFSA for all purposes.

Except as provided above, the IFSA and all other agreements between each of the Ally Parties and Dealership and Vroom remain in full force and effect as written. In the event of a conflict between the terms of the IFSA and this Amendment, the terms of this Amendment prevail. The parties hereto ratify all terms of the IFSA as amended by the Amendment.

E.	If any provision of this Amendment is held to be invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, all other provisions remain valid and enforceable.

F.	This Amendment:

May be modified only by a writing signed by all parties.

May be signed in counterparts, each of which is deemed an original, and all of which taken together constitute one and the same agreement. The signatures of the parties, exchanged via fax or e-mail, shall constitute and be deemed original signatures for all purposes.

Binds and inures to the benefit of the parties and their respective successors and assigns.

Constitutes the entire agreement of the parties with respect to its subject matter.

Agreed to as of the Effective Date.

Ally Bank		Left Gate Property Holding, LLC

By:	/s/ Stephen B. Gambrel	By:	/s/ David K. Jones

Name:	Stephen B. Gambrel	Name:	David K. Jones

Title:	Authorized Representative	Title:	Chief Financial Officer

Date:	6/29/2020	Date:	6/29/2020

Ally Financial Inc.		Vroom, Inc.

By:	/s/ Stephen B. Gambrel	By:	/s/ David K. Jones

Name:	Stephen B. Gambrel	Name:	David K. Jones

Title:	Authorized Representative	Title:	Chief Financial Officer

Date:	6/29/2020	Date:	6/29/2020

First Amendment to IFSA2

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Paul J. Hennessy, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Vroom, Inc.;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:

(a)

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)

Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(c)

Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)

All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 12, 2020

By:

/s/ Paul J. Hennessy

Paul J. Hennessy

Chief Executive Officer

(principal executive officer)

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, David K. Jones, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Vroom, Inc.;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:

(a)

(b)

(c)

5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)

(b)

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 12, 2020	By:	/s/ David K. Jones
		David K. Jones
		Chief Financial Officer(principal financial officer)

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Vroom, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended June 30, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)

The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(2)

The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: August 12, 2020

By:

/s/ Paul J. Hennessy

Paul J. Hennessy

Chief Executive Officer

(principal executive officer)

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(1)

The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(2)

The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: August 12, 2020	By:	/s/ David K. Jones
		David K. Jones
		Chief Financial Officer(principal financial officer)