Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (Form: 10-K, Received: 02/28/2019 06:29:04)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-K

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(Mark One)

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

◻ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-35908

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ARMADA HOFFLER PROPERTIES, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

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Maryland	46-1214914
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)

222 Central Park Avenue, Suite 2100
Virginia Beach, Virginia	23462
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code (757) 366-4000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of Each Class		Name Of Each Exchange On Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share		New York Stock Exchange

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ◻

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ◻ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ◻

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	¨

Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	¨

Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No x

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As of June 29, 2018 , the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $716.0 million , based on the closing sales price of $14.90 per share as reported on the New York Stock Exchange. (For purposes of this calculation all of the registrant’s directors and executive officers are deemed affiliates of the registrant.)

As of February 26, 2019 , the registrant had 50,335,242 shares of common stock outstanding. In addition, as of February 26, 2019 , Armada Hoffler, L.P., the registrant's operating partnership subsidiary (the "Operating Partnership"), had 16,991,933 units of limited partnership interest ("OP Units") outstanding (other than OP Units held by the registrant). Based on the 50,335,242 shares of common stock and 16,991,933 OP Units held by limited partners other than the registrant, the registrant had a total equity market capitalization of $1,038,185,039 as of February 26, 2019 (based on the closing sales price of $15.42 on the New York Stock Exchange on such date).

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report. The registrant expects to file its Definitive Proxy Statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2018 .

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Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

Form 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018

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PART I
Item 1.	Business.	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors.	16
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments.	44
Item 2.	Properties.	44
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings.	44
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures.	44
PART II
Item 5.	Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.	45
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data.	47
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	49
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.	68
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.	68
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.	69
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures.	69
Item 9B.	Other Information.	69
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.	70
Item 11.	Executive Compensation.	70
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.	70
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.	70
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services.	70
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.	71
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary.	71
Index to Exhibits		72
Signatures		74

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this report. This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. We caution investors that any forward-looking statements presented in this report, or which management may make orally or in writing from time to time, are based on beliefs and assumptions made by, and information currently available to, management. When used, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “result” and similar expressions, which do not relate solely to historical matters, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties, and factors that are beyond our control. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated, or projected. We caution you that while forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs when we make them, they are not guarantees of future performance and are impacted by actual events when they occur after we make such statements. We expressly disclaim any responsibility to update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. Accordingly, investors should use caution in relying on past forward-looking statements, which are based on results and trends at the time they are made, to anticipate future results or trends.

Forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties, and you should not rely on them as predictions of future events. Forward-looking statements depend on assumptions, data, or methods which may be incorrect or imprecise, and we may not be able to realize them. We do not guarantee that the transactions and events described will happen as described (or that they will happen at all). The following factors, among others, could cause actual results and future events to differ materially from those set forth or contemplated in the forward-looking statements:


•	adverse economic or real estate developments, either nationally or in the markets in which our properties are located;


•	our failure to develop the properties in our development pipeline successfully, on the anticipated timelines, or at the anticipated costs;


•	our failure to generate sufficient cash flows to service our outstanding indebtedness;


•	defaults on, early terminations of, or non-renewal of leases by tenants, including significant tenants;


•	bankruptcy or insolvency of a significant tenant or a substantial number of smaller tenants;


•	the inability of one or more mezzanine loan borrowers to repay mezzanine loans in accordance with their contractual terms;


•	difficulties in identifying or completing development, acquisition, or disposition opportunities;


•	our failure to successfully operate developed and acquired properties;


•	our failure to generate income in our general contracting and real estate services segment in amounts that we anticipate;


•	fluctuations in interest rates and increased operating costs;


•	our failure to obtain necessary outside financing on favorable terms or at all;


•	our inability to extend the maturity of or refinance existing debt or comply with the financial covenants in the agreements that govern our existing debt;


•	financial market fluctuations;


•	risks that affect the general retail environment or the market for office properties or multifamily units;


•	the competitive environment in which we operate;


•	decreased rental rates or increased vacancy rates;

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•	conflicts of interests with our officers and directors;


•	lack or insufficient amounts of insurance;


•	environmental uncertainties and risks related to adverse weather conditions and natural disasters;


•	other factors affecting the real estate industry generally;


•	our failure to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes;


•	limitations imposed on our business and our ability to satisfy complex rules in order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes;


•	changes in governmental regulations or interpretations thereof, such as real estate and zoning laws and increases in real property tax rates and taxation of REITs; and


•	potential negative impacts from the recent changes to the U.S. tax laws.

While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, they are not guarantees of future performance. We disclaim any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, of new information, data or methods, future events, or other changes after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, except as required by applicable law. We caution investors not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. For a further discussion of these and other factors that could impact our future results, performance, or transactions, see the risk factors described in Item 1A herein and in other documents that we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

iii

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PART I


Item 1.	Business.

Our Company

References to “we,” “our,” “us,” and “our company” refer to Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc., a Maryland corporation, together with our consolidated subsidiaries, including Armada Hoffler, L.P., a Virginia limited partnership (the “Operating Partnership”), of which we are the sole general partner.

We are a full-service real estate company with extensive experience developing, building, owning, and managing high-quality, institutional-grade office, retail, and multifamily properties in attractive markets primarily throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. In addition to the ownership of our operating property portfolio, we develop and build properties for our own account and through joint ventures between us and unaffiliated partners and also invest in development projects through mezzanine lending arrangements. We also provide general contracting services to third parties. Our construction and development experience includes mid- and high-rise office buildings, retail strip malls and retail power centers, multifamily apartment communities, hotels and conference centers, single- and multi-tenant industrial, distribution, and manufacturing facilities, educational, medical and special purpose facilities, government projects, parking garages, and mixed-use town centers. Our third-party construction contracts have included signature properties across the Mid-Atlantic region, such as the Inner Harbor East development in Baltimore, Maryland, including the Four Seasons Hotel and Legg Mason office tower, the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Washington, D.C., and a $50.0 million proton therapy institute for Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia. Our construction company historically has been ranked among the “Top 400 General Contractors” nationwide by Engineering News Record and has been ranked among the “Top 50 Retail Contractors” by Shopping Center World.

We were formed on October 12, 2012 under the laws of the State of Maryland and are headquartered in Virginia Beach, Virginia. We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2013. Substantially all of our assets are held by, and all of our operations are conducted through, our Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2018 , we owned, through a combination of direct and indirect interests, 74.5% of the units of limited partnership interest in our Operating Partnership (“OP Units”).

2018 Highlights

The following highlights our results of operations and significant transactions for the year ended December 31, 2018 :


•	Net income of $23.5 million , or $0.36 per diluted share, compared to $29.9 million , or $0.50 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2017 .


•	Funds from operations (“FFO”) of $64.3 million , or $0.99 per diluted share, compared to $59.7 million , or $0.99 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2017 .


•	Normalized FFO of $66.5 million , or $1.03 per diluted share, compared to $59.3 million , or $0.99 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2017 .


•	Property segment net operating income (“NOI”) of $78.4 million compared to $72.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 :


•	Office NOI of $12.8 million compared to $11.9 million


•	Retail NOI of $50.3 million compared to $46.7 million


•	Multifamily NOI of $15.3 million compared to $14.2 million


•	Same store NOI of $59.0 million compared to $58.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 :


•	Office same store NOI of $8.6 million compared to $8.4 million


•	Retail same store NOI of $43.5 million compared to $43.5 million


•	Multifamily same store NOI of $6.9 million compared to $6.6 million

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•	Stabilized portfolio occupancy by segment, as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 :


•	Office occupancy at 93.3% compared to 89.9%


•	Retail occupancy at 96.2% compared to 96.5%


•	Multifamily occupancy at 97.3% compared to 92.9%


•	Completed the sale of the new build-to-suit distribution facility in Richmond, Virginia for $25.9 million , resulting in a gain of $3.4 million .


•	Sold our at-cost purchase option to the developer of The Residences at Annapolis Junction for $5.0 million and received $11.1 million as partial repayment on the Company’s outstanding mezzanine loan.


•	Added $192.9 million in new contracts to third-party construction backlog.


•	Raised $66.5 million of gross proceeds through our at-the-market equity offering program at an average price of $14.39 per share.


•	Began a new development project at Wills Wharf, a site in the Harbor Point area of Baltimore, Maryland. We plan to develop a 325,000 square foot mixed-use building with an estimated development cost of $119 million.

•

Closed on our initial investment in the office, retail, and apartment components of The Interlock, a new mixed-use development in West Midtown Atlanta. The Company has agreed to invest up to $65 million of principal through a mezzanine loan on the commercial office and retail portions of the project as well as another $23 million of principal through a mezzanine loan on the multifamily apartment component of the project. In addition to providing development services, the Company will also serve as the general contractor for the majority of the project.


•	Closed on our investment in Nexton Square, a new open-air lifestyle center under construction in Summerville, South Carolina. The Company has agreed to invest approximately $15 million of principal through a mezzanine loan as well as provide construction management and development services to the project. The Company also holds an option to purchase the project upon completion.


•	Completed the acquisitions of:


•	Indian Lakes Crossing, a Harris Teeter-anchored center in Virginia Beach, Virginia


•	Parkway Centre, a Publix-anchored center in Moultrie, Georgia


•	Lexington Square, a new Lowes Foods-anchored retail center near Columbia, South Carolina.


•	Completed the disposition of the Wawa parcel at Indian Lakes Crossing.


•	Declared cash dividends of $0.80 per share compared to $0.76 per share for the year ended December 31, 2017 .

For definitions and discussion of FFO, Normalized FFO, NOI, and same store NOI, see the sections below entitled “Item 6. Selected Financial Data” and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that we distinguish ourselves from other REITs through the following competitive strengths:


•	High-Quality, Diversified Portfolio . Our portfolio consists of institutional-grade, premier office, retail, and multifamily properties located primarily in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Our properties are generally in the top tier of commercial properties in their markets and offer Class-A amenities and finishes.

•

Seasoned, Committed and Aligned Senior Management Team with a Proven Track Record. Our senior management team has extensive experience developing, constructing, owning, operating, renovating, and financing institutional-grade office, retail, multifamily, and hotel properties in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions. As of December 31, 2018 , our named executive officers and directors collectively

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owned approximately 15% of our company on a fully diluted basis, which we believe aligns their interests with those of our stockholders.

•

Strategic Focus on Attractive Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern Markets. We focus our activities in our target markets in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States that demonstrate attractive fundamentals driven by favorable supply and demand characteristics and limited competition from other large, well-capitalized operators. We believe that our longstanding presence in our target markets provides us with significant advantages in sourcing and executing development opportunities, identifying and mitigating potential risks, and negotiating attractive pricing.

•

Extensive Experience with Construction and Development. Our platform consists of development, construction, and asset management capabilities, which comprise an integrated delivery system for every project that we build for our own account or for third-party clients. This integrated approach provides a single source of accountability for design and construction, simplifies coordination and communication among the relevant stakeholders in each project and provides us valuable insight from an operational perspective. We believe that being regularly engaged in construction and development projects provides us significant and distinct advantages, including enhanced market intelligence, greater insight into best practices, enhanced operating leverage, and “first look” access to development and ownership opportunities in our target markets. We also use mezzanine lending arrangements, which may enable us to acquire completed development projects at prices that are below market or at cost and may enable us to realize greater profit in the development process.

•

Longstanding Public and Private Relationships . We have extensive experience with public/private real estate development projects dating back to 1984, having worked with the Commonwealth of Virginia, the State of Georgia, and the Kingdom of Sweden, as well as various municipalities. Through our experience and longstanding relationships with governmental entities such as these, we have learned to successfully navigate the often complex and time-consuming government approval process, which has given us the ability to capture opportunities that we believe many of our competitors are unable to pursue.

Our Business and Growth Strategies

Our primary business objectives are to: (i) continue to develop, build and own institutional-grade office, retail, and multifamily properties in our target markets, (ii) finance and operate our portfolio in a manner that increases cash flow and property values, (iii) execute new third-party construction work with consistent operating margins, and (iv) pursue selective acquisition opportunities, particularly when the acquisition involves a significant redevelopment aspect. We will seek to achieve our objectives through the following strategies:

•

Pursue a Disciplined, Opportunistic Development and Acquisition Strategy Focused on Office, Retail, and Multifamily Properties . We intend to continue to grow our asset base through continued strategic development of office, retail, and multifamily properties, and the selective acquisition of high-quality properties that are well-located in their submarkets. Furthermore, we believe our construction and development expertise provides a high level of quality control while ensuring that the projects we construct and develop are completed more quickly and at a lower cost than if we engaged a third-party general contractor.


•	Pursue New, and Expand Existing, Public/Private Relationships . We intend to continue to leverage our extensive experience in completing large, complex, mixed-use, public/private projects to establish relationships with new public partners while expanding our relationships with existing public partners.

•

Leverage our Construction and Development Platform to Attract Additional Third-Party Clients . We believe that we have a unique advantage over many of our competitors due to our integrated construction and development business that provides expertise, oversight, and a broad array of client-focused services. We intend to continue to conduct and grow our construction business and other third-party services by pursuing new clients and expanding our relationships with existing clients. We also intend to continue to use our mezzanine lending program to leverage our development and construction expertise in serving clients.


•	Engage in Disciplined Capital Recycling . We intend to opportunistically divest properties when we believe returns have been maximized and to redeploy the capital into new development, acquisition, repositioning, or redevelopment projects that are expected to generate higher potential risk-adjusted returns.

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Our Properties

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our stabilized portfolio as of December 31, 2018 . We generally consider a property to be stabilized when it reaches 80% occupancy or thirteen quarters after the property receives its certificate of occupancy:



			Ownership		Net Rentable					ABR per
Property	Location	Year Built	Interest		Square Feet (1)	Occupancy (2)		ABR (3)		Leased SF (3)
Retail Properties
249 Central Park Retail (4)	Virginia Beach, VA	2004	100	%	92,710	97.9	%	$	2,597,881	$	28.63
Alexander Pointe	Salisbury, NC	1997	100	%	57,710	95.1	%	636,019		11.58
Bermuda Crossroads (6)	Chester, VA	2001	100	%	122,566	98.4	%	1,713,928		14.22
Broad Creek Shopping Center (6)(11)	Norfolk, VA	1997/2001	100	%	121,504	95.5	%	2,046,360		17.63
Broadmoor Plaza	South Bend, IN	1980	100	%	115,059	96.5	%	1,356,291		12.21
Columbus Village (6)	Virginia Beach, VA	1980/2013	100	%	62,362	100.0	%	1,422,244		22.81
Columbus Village II	Virginia Beach, VA	1995/1996	100	%	92,061	96.7	%	1,595,334		17.92
Commerce Street Retail (5)	Virginia Beach, VA	2008	100	%	19,173	100.0	%	863,799		45.05
Courthouse 7-Eleven	Virginia Beach, VA	2011	100	%	3,177	100.0	%	139,311		43.85
Dick’s at Town Center	Virginia Beach, VA	2002	100	%	103,335	100.0	%	1,251,255		12.11
Dimmock Square	Colonial Heights, VA	1998	100	%	106,166	97.2	%	1,768,353		17.14
Fountain Plaza Retail	Virginia Beach, VA	2004	100	%	35,961	100.0	%	1,019,584		28.35
Gainsborough Square	Chesapeake, VA	1999	100	%	88,862	92.5	%	1,261,426		15.35
Greentree Shopping Center	Chesapeake, VA	2014	100	%	15,719	83.7	%	266,752		20.28
Hanbury Village (6)	Chesapeake, VA	2006/2009	100	%	116,635	98.6	%	2,486,153		21.61
Harper Hill Commons (6)	Winston-Salem, NC	2004	100	%	96,914	85.4	%	942,167		11.38
Harrisonburg Regal	Harrisonburg, VA	1999	100	%	49,000	100.0	%	683,550		13.95
Indian Lakes Crossing	Virginia Beach, VA	2008	100	%	64,973	95.0	%	839,174		13.60
Lexington Square	Lexington, SC	2017	100	%	85,531	93.3	%	1,698,782		21.29
Lightfoot Marketplace (6)(7)	Williamsburg, VA	2016	70	%	124,735	85.6	%	1,819,389		17.03
North Hampton Market	Taylors, SC	2004	100	%	114,935	100.0	%	1,473,083		12.82
North Point Center (6)	Durham, NC	1998/2009	100	%	494,746	100.0	%	3,812,818		7.71
Oakland Marketplace (6)	Oakland, TN	2004	100	%	64,538	100.0	%	475,387		7.37
Parkway Centre	Moultrie, GA	2017	100	%	61,200	98.0	%	809,016		13.48
Parkway Marketplace	Virginia Beach, VA	1998	100	%	37,804	100.0	%	770,911		20.39
Patterson Place	Durham, NC	2004	100	%	160,942	94.6	%	2,384,886		15.67
Perry Hall Marketplace	Perry Hall, MD	2001	100	%	74,256	100.0	%	1,261,436		16.99
Providence Plaza	Charlotte, NC	2007/2008	100	%	103,118	97.5	%	2,699,780		26.86
Renaissance Square	Davidson, NC	2008	100	%	80,467	88.0	%	1,220,638		17.23
Sandbridge Commons (6)	Virginia Beach, VA	2015	100	%	69,417	100.0	%	915,773		13.74
Socastee Commons	Myrtle Beach, SC	2000/2014	100	%	57,273	96.7	%	630,451		11.39
Southgate Square	Colonial Heights, VA	1991/2016	100	%	220,131	89.7	%	2,699,553		13.68
Southshore Shops	Midlothian, VA	2006	100	%	40,333	93.2	%	768,665		20.44
South Retail	Virginia Beach, VA	2002	100	%	38,515	100.0	%	967,788		25.13
South Square (6)	Durham, NC	1977/2005	100	%	109,590	95.3	%	1,790,877		17.14
Stone House Square (6)	Hagerstown, MD	2008	100	%	112,274	93.1	%	1,787,198		17.10
Studio 56 Retail	Virginia Beach, VA	2007	100	%	11,594	84.8	%	419,296		42.65
Tyre Neck Harris Teeter (6)(11)	Portsmouth, VA	2011	100	%	48,859	100.0	%	533,052		10.91
Wendover Village	Greensboro, NC	2004	100	%	171,653	99.1	%	3,154,273		18.54
Total / Weighted Average					3,645,798	96.2	%	$	54,982,633	$	15.68

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			Ownership		Net Rentable					ABR per
	Location	Year Built	Interest		Square Feet (1)	Occupancy (2)		ABR (3)		Leased SF (3)
Office Properties
4525 Main Street	Virginia Beach, VA	2014	100	%	234,938	96.0	%	$	6,434,782	$	28.53
Armada Hoffler Tower (4)(5)	Virginia Beach, VA	2002	100	%	324,247	91.4	%	8,606,013		29.05
One Columbus (5)	Virginia Beach, VA	1984	100	%	128,876	92.2	%	2,934,268		24.68
Two Columbus	Virginia Beach, VA	2009	100	%	108,448	94.2	%	2,672,688		26.17
Total / Weighted Average					796,509	93.3	%	$	20,647,751	$	27.80

			Ownership							Monthly Rent per
	Location	Year Built	Interest		Units	Occupancy (2)		ABR (8)		Occupied Unit/Bed ₍₉₎
Multifamily Properties
Encore Apartments	Virginia Beach, VA	2014	100	%	286	94.4	%	$	4,221,756	$	1,303.01
Johns Hopkins Village (10)(11)	Baltimore, MD	2016	100	%	157	99.8	%	7,665,480		1,126.61
Liberty Apartments (10)	Newport News, VA	2013	100	%	197	96.2	%	2,388,808		1,050.41
Smith’s Landing (11)	Blacksburg, VA	2009	100	%	284	99.6	%	4,056,060		1,194.36
The Cosmopolitan (10)(12)	Virginia Beach, VA	2006	100	%	306	92.5	%	5,520,375		1,625.55
Total / Weighted Average					1,230	97.3	%	$	23,852,479	$	1,290.34

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(1)

The net rentable square footage for each of our office and retail properties is the sum of (a) the square footage of existing leases, plus (b) for available space, management’s estimate of net rentable square footage based, in part, on past leases. The net rentable square footage included in office leases is generally consistent with the Building Owners and Managers Association 1996 measurement guidelines.


(2)	Occupancy for each of our office and retail properties is calculated as (a) square footage under executed leases as of December 31, 2018 divided by (b) net rentable square feet, expressed as a percentage. Occupancy for our multifamily properties is calculated as (a) total units occupied as of December 31, 2018 divided by (b) total units available, expressed as a percentage.

(3)

For the properties in our office and retail portfolios, annualized base rent ("ABR") is calculated by multiplying (a) monthly base rent (defined as cash base rent, before contractual tenant concessions and abatements, and excluding tenant reimbursements for expenses paid by us) as of December 31, 2018 for in-place leases as of such date by (b) 12, and does not give effect to periodic contractual rent increases or contingent rental revenue (e.g., percentage rent based on tenant sales thresholds). ABR per leased square foot is calculated by dividing (a) ABR by (b) square footage under in-place leases as of December 31, 2018 . In the case of triple net or modified gross leases, our calculation of ABR does not include tenant reimbursements for real estate taxes, insurance, common area or other operating expenses.


(4)	As of December 31, 2018 , we occupied 41,103 square feet at these two properties at an ABR of $1.3 million, or $31.21 per leased square foot, which amounts are reflected in this table. The rent paid by us is eliminated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP").


(5)	Includes ABR pursuant to a rooftop lease.

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(6)	Net rentable square feet at certain of our retail properties includes pad sites leased pursuant to the ground leases in the table below:



		Square Footage
	Number of	Leased Pursuant to
Properties Subject to Ground Lease	Ground Leases	Ground Leases	ABR
Bermuda Crossroads	2	11,000	$	179,685
Broad Creek Shopping Center	6	23,825	639,988
Columbus Village	1	3,403	200,000
Hanbury Village	2	55,586	1,082,118
Harper Hill Commons	1	41,520	373,680
Indian Lakes Crossing	1	50,311	592,385
Lightfoot Marketplace	3	60,442	660,375
North Point Center	4	280,556	1,139,610
Oakland Marketplace	1	45,000	186,300
Sandbridge Commons	1	53,288	583,000
South Square	1	1,778	60,000
Stone House Square	1	3,650	181,500
Tyre Neck Harris Teeter	1	48,859	533,052
Total / Weighted Average	25	679,218	$	6,411,693


(7)	We are entitled to a preferred return of 8% and 9% on our investment in Brooks Crossing and Lightfoot Marketplace, respectively.


(8)	For the properties in our multifamily portfolio, ABR is calculated by multiplying (a) base rental payments for the month ended December 31, 2018 by (b) 12.


(9)	Monthly rent per occupied unit/bed is calculated by dividing total base rental payments for the month ended December 31, 2018 by the number of occupied units (or, in the case of Johns Hopkins Village, occupied beds of the 568 total beds) as of December 31, 2018 .


(10)	The ABR for Liberty, Cosmopolitan, and John Hopkins Village excludes $0.3 million, $0.7 million, and $1.2 million from ground floor retail leases, respectively.


(11)	We lease the land underlying this property pursuant to a ground lease.


(12)	Excludes 36 units offline for redevelopment.

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Lease Expirations

The following tables summarize the scheduled expirations of leases in our office and retail operating property portfolios as of December 31, 2018 . The information in the following tables does not assume the exercise of any renewal options.

Office Lease Expirations



		Square					% of Office
	Number of	Footage of	% Portfolio				Portfolio		Annualized Base
	Leases	Leases	Net Rentable		Annualized		Annualized		Rent per Leased
Year of Lease Expiration	Expiring	Expiring	Square Feet		Base Rent		Base Rent		Square Foot
Available	—	53,704	6.7	%	$	—	—	%	$	—
Month-to-Month	3	633	0.1	%	20,400		0.1	%	32.23
2019	16	75,516	9.5	%	1,942,629		9.4	%	25.72
2020	7	26,537	3.3	%	765,538		3.7	%	28.85
2021	8	46,798	5.9	%	1,339,418		6.5	%	28.62
2022	9	73,394	9.2	%	2,083,571		10.1	%	28.39
2023	11	63,441	8.0	%	1,816,072		8.8	%	28.63
2024	7	102,931	12.9	%	2,796,210		13.5	%	27.17
2025	7	70,062	8.8	%	1,931,218		9.4	%	27.56
2026	3	15,140	1.9	%	331,665		1.6	%	21.91
2027	3	49,081	6.2	%	1,416,099		6.9	%	28.85
2028	4	56,844	7.1	%	1,512,745		7.3	%	26.61
2029	2	86,759	10.9	%	2,646,518		12.8	%	30.50
Thereafter	2	75,669	9.5	%	2,045,668		9.9	%	27.03
Total / Weighted Average	82	796,509	100.0	%	$	20,647,751	100.0	%	$	27.80

Retail Lease Expirations



		Square					% of Retail
	Number of	Footage of	% Portfolio				Portfolio		Annualized Base
	Leases	Leases	Net Rentable		Annualized		Annualized		Rent per Leased
Year of Lease Expiration	Expiring	Expiring	Square Feet		Base Rent		Base Rent		Square Foot
Available	—	159,923	4.3	%	$	—	—	%	$	—
Month-to-Month	2	2,600	0.1	%	48,470		0.1	%	18.64
2019	64	287,943	7.8	%	4,922,077		8.8	%	17.09
2020	77	589,349	15.9	%	8,321,449		14.9	%	14.12
2021	67	301,451	8.1	%	5,439,595		9.8	%	18.04
2022	59	422,280	11.4	%	7,003,826		12.6	%	16.59
2023	59	432,951	11.7	%	6,632,066		11.9	%	15.32
2024	39	305,397	8.2	%	4,862,548		8.7	%	15.92
2025	21	236,602	6.4	%	2,666,200		4.8	%	11.27
2026	20	169,355	4.6	%	2,934,654		5.3	%	17.33
2027	18	118,786	3.2	%	2,544,828		4.6	%	21.42
2028	25	270,005	7.3	%	3,973,549		7.1	%	14.72
2029	9	48,665	1.3	%	1,042,083		1.9	%	21.41
Thereafter	17	357,426	9.7	%	5,289,383		9.5	%	14.80
Total / Weighted Average	477	3,702,733	100.0	%	$	55,680,728	100.0	%	$	15.72

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Tenant Diversification

The following tables list the 10 largest tenants in each of our office and retail operating property portfolios, based on annualized base rent as of December 31, 2018 ($ in thousands):



			% of		% of
			Office		Total
			Portfolio		Portfolio
	Annualized		Annualized		Annualized
Office Tenant	Base Rent		Base Rent		Base Rent
Clark Nexsen	$	2,588	12.5	%	2.5	%
Mythics	1,164		5.6	%	1.1	%
Hampton University	1,063		5.1	%	1.0	%
Pender & Coward	882		4.3	%	0.9	%
Kimley-Horn	876		4.2	%	0.8	%
Troutman Sanders	855		4.1	%	0.8	%
The Art Institute	852		4.1	%	0.8	%
City of Virginia Beach Development Authority	744		3.6	%	0.7	%
Cherry Bekaert	718		3.5	%	0.7	%
Williams Mullen	655		3.2	%	0.6	%
Top 10 Total	$	10,397	50.2	%	9.9	%



			% of		% of
			Retail		Total
			Portfolio		Portfolio
	Annualized		Annualized		Annualized
Retail Tenant	Base Rent		Base Rent		Base Rent
Kroger/Harris Teeter	$	6,188	11.1	%	6.0	%
Regal Cinemas	1,679		3.0	%	1.6	%
Bed, Bath, & Beyond	1,677		3.0	%	1.6	%
PetSmart	1,438		2.6	%	1.4	%
Food Lion	1,291		2.3	%	1.3	%
Lowes Foods	930		1.7	%	0.9	%
Dick's Sporting Goods	840		1.5	%	0.8	%
Weis Markets	802		1.4	%	0.8	%
Ross Dress for Less	762		1.4	%	0.7	%
Petco	743		1.3	%	0.7	%
Top 10 Total	$	16,350	29.3	%	15.8	%

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Development Pipeline

In addition to the properties in our operating property portfolio as of December 31, 2018 , we had the following properties in various stages of development and stabilization. We generally consider a property to be stabilized when it reaches 80% occupancy or thirteen quarters after the property receives its certificate of occupancy.

Development, Not Delivered

($ in '000s)

Schedule (1)

Stabilized

Estimated

Incurred

Initial

Operation

AHH

Property

Location

Size (1)

Cost (1)

Cost

Start

Occupancy

(2)

Ownership %

Property Type

Summit Place (Meeting Street)

Charleston, SC

114 units

53,000

35,000

3Q17

3Q19

90 %

Multifamily

Hoffler Place (King Street)

Charleston, SC

74 units

48,000

34,500

3Q17

3Q19

93 %

Multifamily

Market at Mill Creek

Mt. Pleasant, SC

73,000 sf

23,000

19,500

1Q18

1Q19

2Q19

70% ⁽³⁾

Retail

Brooks Crossing - Office

Newport News, VA

100,000 sf

20,000

15,000

1Q18

2Q19

3Q19

65% ⁽³⁾

Office

Wills Wharf

Baltimore, MD

325,000 sf

119,000

20,000

3Q18

1Q20

3Q20

100%

Office

Total Development, Pending Delivery

263,000

124,000

Development, Delivered Not Stabilized

($ in '000s)

Schedule

Stabilized

Estimated

Incurred

Initial

Operation

AHH

Property

Location

Size (1)

Cost (1)

Cost

Start

Occupancy

(1)(2)

Ownership %

Property Type

Brooks Crossing - Retail

Newport News, VA

18,000 sf

3,000

3Q15

3Q16

4Q19

65% ⁽³⁾

Retail

Greenside (Harding Place)

Charlotte, NC

225 units

50,000

3Q16

3Q18

4Q19

80% ⁽³⁾

Multifamily

Premier Apartments (Town Center Phase VI)

Virginia Beach, VA

131 units

30,000

29,000

4Q16

3Q18

3Q19

100%

Multifamily

Premier Retail (Town Center Phase VI)

Virginia Beach, VA

39,000 sf

15,000

12,000

4Q16

3Q18

1Q20

100%

Retail

Lightfoot Outparcel

Williamsburg, VA

4,000

1Q18

3Q18

1Q19

70% ⁽³⁾

Retail

Total Development, Delivered Not Stabilized

102,000

98,000

Total

365,000

222,000

________________________________________


(1)	Represents estimates that may change as the development/stabilization process proceeds.


(2)	Estimated first full quarter of stabilized operations. Estimates are inherently uncertain, and we can provide no assurance that our assumptions regarding the timing of stabilization will prove accurate.


(3)	We are entitled to a preferred return on our equity prior to any distributions to minority partners.

Our execution on all of the projects identified in the preceding tables are subject to, among other factors, regulatory approvals, financing availability, and suitable market conditions.

Lightfoot outparcel is the outparcel phase of our Harris Teeter-anchored shopping center in Williamsburg, Virginia. This phase includes four outparcels. As of December 31, 2018 , this phase of the project was 100% leased.

Summit Place (also known as Meeting Street) is a $53.0 million student housing property being developed in Charleston, South Carolina with expected delivery in 2019.

Hoffler Place (also known as King Street) is a $48.0 million student housing property being developed in Charleston, South Carolina with expected delivery in 2019.

Market at Mill Creek is a $23.0 million Lowes-Foods-anchored shopping center being developed in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina with expected delivery in 2019.

Brooks Crossing is our public-private partnership with the City of Newport News, Virginia designed to revitalize the east end of the city. The project includes 18,000 square feet of retail space and is leased by various small retailers. As of December 31, 2018 , the retail component was approximately 66% leased. The project also includes an office component, which is a 100,000 square foot office building anchored by Newport News Shipbuilding, a division of Huntington Ingalls Industries (NYSE:HII). As of December 31, 2018 , the office building was 100% leased.

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Wills Wharf is a mixed-use development project in the Harbor Point area of Baltimore, Maryland. The project will consist primarily of office space anchored by WeWork and will also include a lease to the operator of a Canopy by Hilton hotel with expected delivery in 2020.

Greenside (also known as Harding Place) is a $50.0 million Class A multifamily property in Midtown Charlotte, North Carolina. As of December 31, 2018 , the property was approximately 39% leased.

Premier (Town Center Phase VI) is the next phase of development in the Town Center of Virginia Beach, our ongoing public-private partnership with the City of Virginia Beach. Premier is a $45.0 million mixed-use project that includes 39,000 square feet of retail space, which is 75% leased as of December 31, 2018 , and 131 luxury apartments, which are 65% leased as of December 31, 2018 .

Other Investments

1405 Point

On October 15, 2015, we entered into a note receivable with a maximum principal balance of $28.2 million for the 1405 Point project in the Harbor Point area of Baltimore, Maryland (also known as Point Street Apartments). On November 11, 2018, this loan was modified to increase the maximum principal amount of the loan to $31.0 million . Interest on this loan accrues at a rate of 8.0% per annum. 1405 Point is a development project for a 17 -story building comprised of 289 residential units and 18,000 square feet of street-level retail space. Beatty Development Group (“BDG”) is the developer of the project and has engaged us to serve as construction general contractor. 1405 Point opened during the first quarter of 2018 and is subject to a ground lease from an affiliate of BDG.

BDG secured a senior construction loan of up to $67.0 million to fund the development and construction of 1405 Point on November 10, 2016. We have agreed to guarantee $25.0 million of the senior construction loan. We have options to purchase up to a 100% interest in 1405 Point upon completion of the project as follows: (i) an option to purchase a 79% indirect interest in Point Street Apartments for $27.6 million , exercisable within one year from the project’s completion (the “First Option”) and (ii) provided that we have exercised the First Option, an option to purchase an additional 21% interest in Point Street Apartments prior to July 31, 2020 (the “Second Option”) in exchange for increased payments under the ground lease. The BDG mezzanine loan matures on the earliest of (i) November 1, 2019, which may be extended by BDG under a one-year extension option, (ii) the maturity date or earlier termination of the senior construction loan, or (iii) the date we exercise the Second Option.

We plan to exercise the First Option during the first quarter of 2019. We currently have a $2.1 million letter of credit for the guarantee of the senior construction loan.

As of December 31, 2018 , the balance of the BDG loan was $30.2 million , and for the year ended December 31, 2018 , we recognized $2.1 million of interest income on the BDG loan. See Note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

One City Center

On February 25, 2016, we announced our joint venture with Austin Lawrence Partners to develop and construct One City Center in Durham, North Carolina. One City Center is a 22-story mixed-use project that includes 130,000 square feet of office space, anchored by a 55,000 square foot lease with Duke University and a 62,000 square foot lease with WeWork, along with 22,000 square feet of street-level retail space and 139 residential units. We are a minority partner in the joint venture and serve as the project's general contractor, with rights to the operating cash flow of the office and retail portions of the project. The project at One City Center is an unconsolidated joint venture. We have agreed to guarantee the commercial component of the construction loan for City Center; however, the loan is collateralized by 100% of the assets of City Center. Our equity investment in the joint venture as of December 31, 2018 is approximately $21.3 million . The project is substantially complete and is in lease-up. During the first quarter of 2019, we plan to acquire the office and retail portions of the project in exchange for our minority partnership interest in the joint venture.

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The Residences at Annapolis Junction

On April 21, 2016, we entered into a note receivable with a maximum principal balance of $48.1 million in the residential component of the Annapolis Junction Town Center project in Maryland (“Annapolis Junction”). Annapolis Junction is an apartment development project with 416 residential units. It is part of a mixed-use development project that is also planned to have 17,000 square feet of retail space and a 150 -room hotel. Annapolis Junction Apartments Owner, LLC (“AJAO”) is the developer of the residential component and engaged us to serve as construction general contractor for the residential component. Annapolis Junction opened during 2017 and 2018 and is currently in lease-up.

Interest on the AJAO loan accrues at 10.0% per annum. On November 16, 2018, AJAO refinanced the senior construction loan with a one year senior loan of $83.0 million , which matures on November 16, 2019. This senior loan may be extended for one additional year if certain minimum debt yields and minimum debt service coverage ratios are met by AJAO. We have agreed to guarantee $8.3 million of the senior loan, and the AJAO loan will mature concurrent with the new senior loan. In conjunction with this refinancing, we sold the First Option and Second Option to AJAO for a price of $5.0 million , which is being recognized as interest income over the remaining term of the loan. Additionally, AJAO repaid $11.1 million of the outstanding mezzanine loan balance as part of this refinancing.

The balance on the Annapolis Junction note was $36.4 million as of December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $4.9 million of interest income on the note, which includes amortization of the option sale. See Note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

North Decatur Square

On May 15, 2017, we invested in the development of an estimated $34.0 million Whole Foods-anchored center located in Decatur, Georgia. The Company's investment is in the form of a mezzanine loan of up to $21.8 million to the developer, North Decatur Square Holdings, LLC ("NDSH"). Interest on the loan bears interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum. The note matures on the earliest of (i) May 15, 2022, (ii) the maturity of the senior construction loan, (iii) the sale of NDSH, or (iv) the sale of the center. During 2018, this loan was modified to increase the maximum amount of the loan to $29.7 million due to an increase in the scope of the project.

The balance on the North Decatur Square note was $18.5 million as of December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $2.2 million of interest income on the note. See Note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Delray Plaza

On October 27, 2017, we invested in the development of an estimated $20.0 million Whole Foods-anchored center located in Delray Beach, Florida. The Company's investment is in the form of a mezzanine loan of up to $13.1 million to the developer, Delray Plaza Holdings, LLC. On January 8, 2019, this loan was modified to increase the maximum amount of the loan to $15.0 million . The mezzanine loan bears interest at a rate 15.0% per annum. The note matures on the earliest of (i) October 27, 2020, (ii) the date of any sale or refinance of the development project, or (iii) the disposition or change in control of the development project. The balance on the Delray Plaza note was $7.0 million as of December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $0.9 million of interest income on the note. See Note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Nexton Square

On December 4, 2018, we entered into a mezzanine loan agreement with the developer of Nexton Square, a shopping center development project located in Summerville, South Carolina, which has a maximum capacity of $21.0 million . This loan bears interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum (which will decrease to 10.0% upon completion of certain portions of the project) and matures on the earliest of (i) December 4, 2020, (ii) the maturity date of the senior construction loan, including any extension options available and exercised under that loan, or (iii) the date of any sale, transfer, or refinancing of the project.

We agreed to guarantee 50% of the senior construction loan in exchange for the option to purchase the property upon completion according to a predetermined formula primarily dependent upon the developer's leasing activities and the extent to which the developer elects to complete all or a portion of the total planned space, if applicable, in response to leasing activities.

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The balance on the Nexton Square loan was $14.9 million as of December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $0.2 million of interest income on the loan. See Note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

On February 8, 2019, the developer closed on a senior construction loan with a maximum borrowing capacity of $25.2 million and paid down $2.1 million of the mezzanine loan.

Interlock Commercial

On December 21, 2018, we entered into a mezzanine loan agreement with the developer of the office and retail components of The Interlock, a new mixed-use public-private partnership with Georgia Tech in West Midtown Atlanta. The loan has a maximum principal amount of $67.0 million and a total maximum commitment, including accrued interest reserves, of $95.0 million . The mezzanine loan bears interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum and matures on the earlier of (i) 24 months after the original maturity date or earlier termination date of the senior construction loan or (ii) any sale, transfer, or refinancing of the project. In the event that the maturity date is established as being 24 months after the original maturity date or earlier termination date of the senior construction loan, the developer will have the right to extend the maturity date for 5 years .

We have agreed to guarantee payment of 35% of the senior construction loan. The borrower has not obtained a construction loan as of December 31, 2018 .

The balance on the Interlock Commercial note was $18.3 million as of December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $0.2 million of interest income on the note. See Note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Solis Apartments at Interlock

On December 21, 2018, we entered into a mezzanine loan agreement with the developer of Solis Apartments at Interlock, which is the apartment component of The Interlock in West Midtown Atlanta. The mezzanine loan has a a maximum principal commitment of $25.2 million and a total maximum commitment, including accrued interest reserves, of $41.1 million . The mezzanine loan bears interest at a rate of 13.0% per annum and matures on the earlier of (a) the later of (i) December 21, 2021 or (ii) the maturity date or earlier termination date of the senior construction loan, including any extensions of the senior construction loan, or (b) the date of any sale of the project or refinance of the loan.

The balance on the Solis Apartments at Interlock note was $13.8 million as of December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized $0.1 million of interest income on the note. See Note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Acquisitions and Dispositions

On November 30, 2017, we entered into a lease agreement with Bottling Group, LLC for a new distribution facility that we developed and constructed. On January 29, 2018, we acquired undeveloped land in Chesterfield, Virginia, a portion of which serves as the site for this facility, for a contract price of $2.4 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $0.1 million . On December 20, 2018, we sold the completed facility for $25.9 million , resulting in a gain of $3.4 million .

On January 9, 2018, we acquired Indian Lakes Crossing, a Harris Teeter-anchored shopping center in Virginia Beach, Virginia, for a contract price of $14.7 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $0.2 million .

On January 18, 2018, we entered into an operating agreement with a partner to develop a Lowes Foods-anchored shopping center in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. We have a 70% ownership interest in the partnership. The partnership, Market at Mill Creek Partners, LLC, acquired undeveloped land on February 16, 2018 for a contract price of $2.9 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $0.1 million . As of December 31, 2018 , the book value of our investment in the project totaled $21.1 million .

On January 29, 2018, we acquired Parkway Centre, a newly developed Publix-anchored shopping center in Moultrie, Georgia, for total consideration of $11.3 million (comprising $9.6 million in cash and $1.7 million in the form of Class A units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership ("Class A Units") plus capitalized acquisition costs of $0.3 million .

On April 2, 2018, we acquired undeveloped land in Newport News, Virginia for less than $0.1 million . This land parcel is being used in the development of the Brooks Crossing Office property.

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On May 24, 2018, we completed the sale of the Wawa outparcel at Indian Lakes Crossing for a contract price of $4.4 million . There was no gain or loss on the disposition.

On July 2, 2018, we executed a ground lease for the site of a new mixed-use development project at Wills Wharf, a site in the Harbor Point area of Baltimore, Maryland. The lease has an initial term of five years and includes ten extension options of seven years each.

On August 28, 2018, we acquired Lexington Square, a newly developed Lowes Foods-anchored shopping center in Lexington, South Carolina, for a purchase price of $26.8 million , consisting of cash consideration of $24.2 million and $2.6 million of additional consideration in the form of Class A Units issuable in increments to the seller upon the fulfillment of certain occupancy thresholds within the first 18 months of our ownership. No Class A Units have been issued as of December 31, 2018 for this acquisition. As part of this transaction, we also capitalized acquisition costs of $0.4 million .

On December 31, 2018, we sold the leasehold interest in the building previously leased by Home Depot at Broad Creek Shopping Center for $2.4 million , resulting in a gain on sale of $0.8 million .

Subsequent to December 31, 2018

On February 6, 2019, we acquired an additional outparcel phase of Wendover Village in Greensboro, North Carolina for a contract price of $2.7 million .

Tax Status

We have elected and qualified to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2013. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend upon our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, various complex requirements under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), relating to, among other things, the sources of our gross income, the composition and values of our assets, our distribution levels, and the diversity of ownership of our capital stock. We believe that we are organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification as a REIT under the Code and that our manner of operation will enable us to maintain the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, we have elected to treat AHP Holding, Inc., which, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, operate our construction, development, and third-party asset management businesses, as a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”).

As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our net taxable income that we distribute currently to our stockholders. Under the Code, REITs are subject to numerous organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that they distribute each year at least 90% of their REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gains. If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, our income for that year will be taxed at regular corporate rates, and we would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. Even if we qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may still be subject to state and local taxes on our income and assets and to federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed income. Additionally, any income earned by our services company, and any other TRS we form in the future, will be fully subject to federal, state and local corporate income tax.

Insurance

We carry comprehensive liability, fire, extended coverage, business interruption, and rental loss insurance covering all of the properties in our portfolio under a blanket insurance policy in addition to other coverage that may be appropriate for certain of our properties. We believe the policy specifications and insured limits are appropriate and adequate for our properties given the relative risk of loss, the cost of the coverage, and industry practice; however, our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to fully cover our losses. We do not carry insurance for certain losses, including, but not limited to, losses caused by riots or war. Some of our policies, such as those covering losses due to terrorism and earthquakes, are insured subject to limitations involving large deductibles or co-payments and policy limits that may not be sufficient to cover losses for such events. In addition, all but two of the properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2018 were located in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, which are areas subject to an increased risk of hurricanes. While we will carry hurricane insurance on certain of our properties, the amount of our hurricane insurance coverage may not be sufficient to fully cover losses from hurricanes. We may reduce or discontinue hurricane, terrorism, or other insurance on some or all of our properties in the future if the cost of premiums for any of these policies exceeds, in our judgment, the value of the coverage

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discounted for the risk of loss. Also, if destroyed, we may not be able to rebuild certain of our properties due to current zoning and land use regulations. As a result, we may incur significant costs in the event of adverse weather conditions and natural disasters. In addition, our title insurance policies may not insure for the current aggregate market value of our portfolio, and we do not intend to increase our title insurance coverage as the market value of our portfolio increases. If we or one or more of our tenants experiences a loss that is uninsured or that exceeds policy limits, we could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. In addition, if the damaged properties are subject to recourse indebtedness, we would continue to be liable for the indebtedness, even if these properties were irreparably damaged. Furthermore, we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable costs in the future as the costs associated with property and casualty renewals may be higher than anticipated.

Regulation

General

Our properties are subject to various covenants, laws, ordinances, and regulations, including regulations relating to common areas and fire and safety requirements. We believe that each of the properties in our portfolio has the necessary permits and approvals to operate its business.

Americans With Disabilities Act

Our properties must comply with Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the “ADA”), to the extent that such properties are “public accommodations” as defined by the ADA. Under the ADA, all public accommodations must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The ADA may require removal of structural barriers to access by persons with disabilities in certain public areas of our properties where such removal is readily achievable. Although we believe that the properties in our portfolio in the aggregate substantially comply with present requirements of the ADA, we have not conducted a comprehensive audit or investigation of all of our properties to determine our compliance, and we are aware that some particular properties may currently be in non-compliance with the ADA. Noncompliance with the ADA could result in the incurrence of additional costs to attain compliance, the imposition of fines, an award of damages to private litigants, and a limitation on our ability to refinance outstanding indebtedness. The obligation to make readily achievable accommodations is an ongoing one, and we will continue to assess our properties and to make alterations as appropriate in this respect.

Environmental Matters

Under various federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the environment, as a current or former owner or operator of real property, we may be liable for costs and damages resulting from the presence or discharge of hazardous or toxic substances, waste, or petroleum products at, on, in, under, or migrating from such property, including costs to investigate and clean up such contamination and liability for harm to natural resources. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such contamination, and the liability may be joint and several. These liabilities could be substantial, and the cost of any required remediation, removal, fines, or other costs could exceed the value of the property and our aggregate assets. In addition, the presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination at our properties may expose us to third-party liability for costs of remediation and personal or property damage or materially adversely affect our ability to sell, lease, or develop our properties or to borrow using the properties as collateral. In addition, environmental laws may create liens on contaminated sites in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs to address such contamination. Moreover, if contamination is discovered on our properties, environmental laws may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures.

Some of our properties contain, have contained, or are adjacent to or near other properties that have contained or currently contain storage tanks for the storage of petroleum products, propane, or other hazardous or toxic substances. Similarly, some of our properties were used in the past for commercial or industrial purposes, or are currently used for commercial purposes, that involve or involved the use of petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances, or are adjacent to or near properties that have been or are used for similar commercial or industrial purposes. As a result, some of our properties have been or may be impacted by contamination arising from the releases of such hazardous substances or petroleum products. Where we have deemed appropriate, we have taken steps to address identified contamination or mitigate risks associated with such contamination; however, we are unable to ensure that further actions will not be necessary. As a result of the foregoing, we could potentially incur material liability.

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Environmental laws also govern the presence, maintenance, and removal of asbestos-containing building materials, or ACBM, and may impose fines and penalties for failure to comply with these requirements or expose us to third-party liability. Such laws require that owners or operators of buildings containing ACBM (and employers in such buildings) properly manage and maintain the asbestos, adequately notify or train those who may come into contact with asbestos, and undertake special precautions, including removal or other abatement, if asbestos would be disturbed during renovation or demolition of a building. In addition, the presence of ACBM in our properties may expose us to third-party liability (e.g. liability for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos). We are not presently aware of any material adverse issues at our properties including ACBM.

Similarly, environmental laws govern the presence, maintenance, and removal of lead-based paint in residential buildings, and may impose fines and penalties for failure to comply with these requirements. Such laws require, among other things, that owners or operators of residential facilities that contain or potentially contain lead-based paint notify residents of the presence or potential presence of lead-based paint prior to occupancy and prior to renovations and manage lead-based paint waste appropriately. In addition, the presence of lead-based paint in our buildings may expose us to third-party liability (e.g., liability for personal injury associated with exposure to lead-based paint). We are not presently aware of any material adverse issues at our properties involving lead-based paint.

In addition, the properties in our portfolio also are subject to various federal, state, and local environmental and health and safety requirements, such as state and local fire requirements. Moreover, some of our tenants may handle and use hazardous or regulated substances and wastes as part of their operations at our properties, which are subject to regulation. Such environmental and health and safety laws and regulations could subject us or our tenants to liability resulting from these activities. Environmental liabilities could affect a tenant’s ability to make rental payments to us. In addition, changes in laws could increase the potential liability for noncompliance. Our leases sometimes require our tenants to comply with environmental and health and safety laws and regulations and to indemnify us for any related liabilities. However, in the event of the bankruptcy or inability of any of our tenants to satisfy such obligations, we may be required to satisfy such obligations. In addition, we may be held directly liable for any such damages or claims regardless of whether we knew of, or were responsible for, the presence or disposal of hazardous or toxic substances or waste and irrespective of tenant lease provisions. The costs associated with such liability could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on us.

When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Indoor air quality issues can also stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor or outdoor sources, and other biological contaminants such as pollen, viruses, and bacteria. Indoor exposure to airborne toxins or irritants above certain levels can be alleged to cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold or other airborne contaminants from the affected property or increase indoor ventilation. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from our tenants, employees of our tenants, or others if property damage or personal injury occurs. We are not presently aware of any material adverse indoor air quality issues at our properties.

Competition

We compete with a number of developers, owners, and operators of office, retail, and multifamily real estate, many of which own properties similar to ours in the same markets in which our properties are located and some of which have greater financial resources than we do. In operating and managing our portfolio, we compete for tenants based on a number of factors, including location, rental rates, security, flexibility, and expertise to design space to meet prospective tenants’ needs and the manner in which the property is operated, maintained, and marketed. As leases at our properties expire, we may encounter significant competition to renew or re-lease space in light of the large number of competing properties within the markets in which we operate. As a result, we may be required to provide rent concessions or abatements, incur charges for tenant improvements and other inducements, including early termination rights or below-market renewal options, or we may not be able to timely lease vacant space.

We also face competition when pursuing development, acquisition, and lending opportunities. Our competitors may be able to pay higher property acquisition prices, may have private access to opportunities not available to us, may have more financial resources than we do, and may otherwise be in a better position to acquire or develop a property. Competition may also have the effect of reducing the number of suitable development and acquisition opportunities available to us or increasing the price required to consummate a development or acquisition opportunity.

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In addition, we face competition in our construction business from other construction companies in the markets in which we operate, including small local companies and large regional and national companies. In our construction business, we compete for construction projects based on several factors, including cost, reputation for quality and timeliness, access to machinery and equipment, access to and relationships with high-quality subcontractors, financial strength, knowledge of local markets, and project management abilities. We believe that we compete favorably on the basis of the foregoing factors and that our construction business is well-positioned to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate. However, some of the construction companies with which we compete have different cost structures and greater financial and other resources than we do, which may put them at an advantage when competing with us for construction projects. Competition from other construction companies may reduce the number of construction projects that we are hired to complete and increase pricing pressure, either of which could reduce the profitability of our construction business.

Employees

As of December 31, 2018 , we had 156 employees. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining unit. We believe that our relationship with our employees is good.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive office is located at 222 Central Park Avenue, Suite 2100, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23462 in the Armada Hoffler Tower at the Town Center of Virginia Beach. In addition, we have construction offices located at 249 Central Park Avenue, Suite 300, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23462 and 1300 Thames Street, Suite 30, Baltimore, Maryland 21231. The telephone number for our principal executive office is (757) 366-4000. We maintain a website located at www.armadahoffler.com. The information on, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated into and does not constitute a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report or document we file with or furnish to the SEC.

Available Information

We file our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports with the SEC. You may obtain copies of these documents by accessing the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. In addition, as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are furnished to the SEC, we make copies of these documents available to the public free of charge through our website or by contacting our Corporate Secretary at the address set forth above under “—Corporate Information.”

Our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and the charters of our audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee are all available in the Corporate Governance section of the Investor Relations section of our website.

Financial Information

For required financial information related to our operations, please refer to our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included with this Annual Report on Form 10-K.


Item 1A.	Risk Factors

Set forth below are the risks that we believe are material to our stockholders. You should carefully consider the following risks in evaluating our Company and our business. The occurrence of any of the following risks could materially and adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the market price of shares of our common stock, and our ability to, among other things, satisfy our debt service obligations and to make distributions to our stockholders, which in turn could cause our stockholders to lose all or a part of their investment. Some statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements in the following risk factors constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Risks Related to Our Business

The geographic concentration of our portfolio could cause us to be more susceptible to adverse economic or regulatory developments in the markets in which our properties are located than if we owned a more geographically diverse portfolio.

The majority of the properties in our portfolio are located in Virginia and North Carolina, which expose us to greater economic risks than if we owned a more geographically diverse portfolio. As of December 31, 2018 , our properties in the

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Virginia and North Carolina markets represented approximately 65% and 17% , respectively, of the total annualized base rent of the properties in our portfolio. Furthermore, many of our properties are located in the Town Center of Virginia Beach, and rental revenues from our Town Center properties represented 41% of our total rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 . As a result of this geographic concentration, we are particularly susceptible to adverse economic, regulatory or other conditions in the Virginia and North Carolina markets (such as periods of economic slowdown or recession, business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, relocations of businesses, increases in real estate and other taxes, and the cost of complying with governmental regulations or increased regulation), as well as to natural disasters that occur in these markets (such as hurricanes and other events). For example, the markets in Virginia and North Carolina in which many of the properties in our portfolio are located contain high concentrations of military personnel and operations. A reduction of the military presence or cuts in defense spending in these markets could have a material adverse effect on us. If there is a downturn in the economy in Virginia or North Carolina, our operations, revenue, and cash available for distribution, including cash available to pay distributions to our stockholders, could be materially and adversely affected. We cannot assure you that these markets will grow or that underlying real estate fundamentals will be favorable to owners and operators of office, retail, or multifamily properties. Our operations may also be adversely affected if competing properties are built in these markets. Moreover, submarkets within any of our target markets may be dependent upon a limited number of industries. Any adverse economic or real estate developments in our markets, or any decrease in demand for office, retail or multifamily space resulting from the regulatory environment, business climate or energy or fiscal problems, could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness outstanding, which may expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations and may include covenants that restrict our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.

As of December 31, 2018 , we had total debt of approximately $694 million , including amounts drawn under our credit facility, a substantial portion of which is guaranteed by our Operating Partnership, and we may incur significant additional debt to finance future acquisition and development activities. Excluding unamortized fair value adjustments and debt issuance costs, the aggregate outstanding principal balance of our debt was $701 million as of December 31, 2018 . Payments of principal and interest on borrowings may leave us with insufficient cash resources to operate our properties or to pay the dividends currently contemplated or necessary to maintain our REIT qualification. Our level of debt and the limitations imposed on us by our debt agreements could have significant adverse consequences, including the following:


•	our cash flow may be insufficient to meet our required principal and interest payments;


•	we may be unable to borrow additional funds as needed or on favorable terms, which could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to meet operational needs;


•	we may be unable to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or the refinancing terms may be less favorable than the terms of our original indebtedness;


•	we may be forced to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on unfavorable terms or in violation of certain covenants to which we may be subject;


•	we may default on our obligations, in which case the lenders or mortgagees may have the right to foreclose on any properties that secure the loans or collect rents and other income from our properties;


•	we may violate restrictive covenants in our loan documents, which would entitle the lenders to accelerate our debt obligations or reduce our ability to pay, or prohibit us from paying, distributions to our stockholders; and


•	our default under any loan with cross-default provisions could result in a default on other indebtedness.

If any one of these events were to occur, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations could be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, foreclosures could create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, which could hinder our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

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The loss of, or a store closure by, one of the anchor stores or major tenants in our retail shopping center properties could result in a material decrease in our rental income, which would have a material adverse effect on us, including our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Our retail shopping center properties typically are anchored by large, nationally recognized tenants. As of December 31, 2018 , Kroger/Harris Teeter, Regal Cinemas, Bed Bath & Beyond, and PetSmart collectively represented approximately 19.7% , and individually represented 11.1% , 3.0% , 3.0% and 2.6% , respectively, of the total annualized base rent in our retail portfolio. In addition, several of our retail properties are single-tenant properties or are occupied primarily by a single tenant. As of December 31, 2018 , the Courthouse 7-Eleven, Tyre Neck Harris Teeter, and Harrisonburg Regal retail properties in our portfolio were 100% occupied by 7-Eleven, Harris Teeter, and Regal Cinemas, respectively, and several shopping centers are more than 50% occupied by an anchor tenant. At any time, our tenants may experience a downturn in their businesses that may significantly weaken their financial condition. As a result, our tenants, including our anchor and other major tenants, may fail to comply with their contractual obligations to us, seek concessions in order to continue operations or declare bankruptcy, any of which could result in the termination of such tenants’ leases and the loss of rental income attributable to the terminated leases. In addition, certain of our tenants may cease operations while continuing to pay rent, which could decrease customer traffic, thereby decreasing sales for our other tenants at the applicable retail property. Furthermore, mergers or consolidations among retail establishments could result in the closure of existing stores or duplicate or geographically overlapping store locations, which could include stores at our retail properties.

Loss of, or a store closure by, an anchor or major tenant could significantly reduce our occupancy level or the rent we receive from our retail properties, and we may not have the right, or otherwise may be unable, to re-lease the vacated space at attractive rents or at all. Moreover, in the event of default by a major tenant or anchor store, we may experience delays and costs in enforcing our rights as landlord to recover amounts due to us under the terms of our agreements with those parties. The occurrence of any of the situations described above, particularly if it involves an anchor tenant with leases in multiple locations, could seriously harm our performance and could adversely affect the value of the affected retail property.

In the event that any of the anchor stores, major tenants, or single-tenant property tenants in our retail properties do not renew their leases with us when they expire, we may be unable to re-lease such premises at market rents or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

We may be unable to renew leases, lease vacant space, or re-lease space on favorable terms or at all as leases expire, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

As of December 31, 2018 , approximately 4.4% of the square footage of the properties in our stabilized office and retail portfolios was available. Additionally, 9.4% and 3.7% of the annualized base rent in our office portfolio was scheduled to expire in 2019 and 2020 , respectively, and 8.8% and 14.9% of the annualized base rent in our retail portfolio was scheduled to expire in 2019 and 2020 , respectively. We cannot assure you that new leases will be entered into, that leases will be renewed, or that our properties will be re-leased at net effective rental rates equal to or above the current average net effective rental rates or that substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options will not be offered to attract new tenants or retain existing tenants. In addition, our ability to lease our multifamily properties at favorable rates, or at all, may be adversely affected by the increase in supply of multifamily properties in our target markets. Our ability to lease our properties depends upon the overall level of spending in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, fears of a recession, personal debt levels, the housing market, stock market volatility, and uncertainty about the future. If rental rates for our properties decrease, our existing tenants do not renew their leases, or we do not re-lease a significant portion of our available space and space for which leases expire, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations could be materially and adversely affected.

The short-term leases in our multifamily portfolio expose us to the effects of declining market rents, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow and cash available for distribution.

Substantially all of the leases in our multifamily portfolio are for terms of 12 months or less. As a result, even if we are able to renew or re-lease apartment units as leases expire, our rental revenues will be impacted by declines in market rents more quickly than if all of our leases had longer terms, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, and cash available for distribution.

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Competition for property acquisitions and development opportunities may reduce the number of opportunities available to us and increase our costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our growth prospects.

The current market for property acquisitions and development opportunities continues to be extremely competitive. This competition may increase the demand for the types of properties in which we typically invest and, therefore, reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities available to us and increase the purchase prices for such properties in the event we are able to acquire or develop such properties. We face significant competition for attractive investment opportunities from an indeterminate number of investors, including publicly traded and privately held REITs, private equity investors, and institutional investment funds, some of which have greater financial resources than we do, a greater ability to borrow funds to make investments in properties, and the ability to accept more risk than we can prudently manage, including risks with respect to the geographic proximity of investments and the payment of higher acquisition prices. This competition will increase if investments in real estate become more attractive relative to other forms of investment. If the level of competition for investment opportunities is significant in our target markets, it could have a material adverse effect on our growth prospects.

Increased competition and increased affordability of residential homes could limit our ability to retain our residents, lease apartment units, or increase or maintain rents at our multifamily apartment communities.

Our multifamily apartment communities compete with numerous housing alternatives in attracting residents, including other multifamily apartment communities and single-family rental units, as well as owner-occupied single-family and multifamily units. Competitive housing in a particular area and an increase in affordability of owner-occupied single-family and multifamily units due to, among other things, declining housing prices, oversupply, mortgage interest rates, and tax incentives and government programs to promote home ownership, could adversely affect our ability to retain residents, lease apartment units, and increase or maintain rents at our multifamily properties, which could adversely impact our results of operations, cash flow, and cash available for distribution.

The failure of properties that we develop or acquire in the future to meet our financial expectations could have a material adverse effect on us, including our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations, the per share trading price of our common stock, and growth prospects.

Our future acquisitions and development projects and our ability to successfully operate these properties may be exposed to the following significant risks, among others:


•	we may acquire or develop properties that are not accretive to our results upon acquisition, and we may not successfully manage and lease those properties to meet our expectations;


•	our cash flow may be insufficient to enable us to pay the required principal and interest payments on the debt secured by the property;


•	we may spend more than budgeted amounts to make necessary improvements or renovations to acquired properties or to develop new properties;


•	we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate new acquisitions or developed properties into our existing operations;


•	market conditions may result in higher than expected vacancy rates and lower than expected rental rates; and

•

we may acquire properties subject to liabilities without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, with respect to unknown liabilities such as liabilities for clean-up of undisclosed environmental contamination, claims by tenants, vendors, or other persons dealing with the former owners of the properties, liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business, and claims for indemnification by general partners, directors, officers, and others indemnified by the former owners of the properties.

If we cannot operate acquired or developed properties to meet our financial expectations, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations, the per share trading price of our common stock, and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Failure to succeed in new markets may limit our growth.

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We have acquired in the past, and we may acquire in the future if appropriate opportunities arise, properties that are outside of our primary markets. Entering into new markets exposes us to a variety of risks, including difficulty evaluating local market conditions and local economies, developing new business relationships in the area, competing with other companies that already have an established presence in the area, hiring and retaining key personnel, evaluating quality tenants in the area, and a lack of familiarity with local governmental and permitting procedures. Furthermore, expansion into new markets may divert management time and other resources away from our current primary markets. As a result, we may not be successful in expanding into new markets, which could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

We depend on significant tenants in certain of our office properties, and an inability to pay rent by any of these tenants could result in a material decrease in our rental income, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

As of December 31, 2018 , the top ten largest tenants in our office portfolio collectively accounted for approximately 50.2% of the total annualized base rent in our office portfolio. Furthermore, Clark Nexsen, Mythics, and Hampton University accounted for 12.5% , 5.6% , and 5.1% , respectively, of the total annualized base rent in our office portfolio as of December 31, 2018 . The inability of these or other significant tenants to pay rent or renew their leases upon expiration could materially and adversely affect the income produced by our office properties, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

A bankruptcy or insolvency of any of our significant tenants in our office or retail properties could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

If a significant tenant in our office or retail properties becomes bankrupt or insolvent, federal law may prohibit us from evicting such tenant based solely upon such bankruptcy or insolvency. In addition, a bankrupt or insolvent tenant may be authorized to reject and terminate its lease with us. Any claim against such tenant for unpaid, future rent would be subject to a statutory cap that might be substantially less than the remaining rent owed under the lease. If any of these tenants were to experience a downturn in its business or a weakening of its financial condition resulting in its failure to make timely rental payments or causing it to default under its lease, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment. In many cases, we may have made substantial initial investments in the applicable leases through tenant improvement allowances and other concessions that we may not be able to recover. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Certain of the leases at our retail properties contain “co-tenancy” or “go-dark” provisions, which, if triggered, may allow tenants to pay reduced rent, cease operations, or terminate their leases, any of which could materially and adversely affect our performance or the value of the affected retail property.

Certain of the leases at our retail properties contain “co-tenancy” provisions that condition a tenant’s obligation to remain open, the amount of rent payable by the tenant, or the tenant’s obligation to continue occupancy on certain conditions, including: (i) the presence of a certain anchor tenant or tenants, (ii) the continued operation of an anchor tenant’s store, and (iii) minimum occupancy levels at the retail property. If a co-tenancy provision is triggered by a failure of any of these or other applicable conditions, a tenant could have the right to cease operations, to terminate its lease early, or to reduce its rent. In periods of prolonged economic decline, there is a higher than normal risk that co-tenancy provisions will be triggered as there is a higher risk of tenants closing stores or terminating leases during these periods. In addition to these co-tenancy provisions, certain of the leases at our retail properties contain “go-dark” provisions that allow the tenant to cease operations while continuing to pay rent. This could result in decreased customer traffic at the affected retail property, thereby decreasing sales for our other tenants at that property, which may result in our other tenants being unable to pay their minimum rents or expense recovery charges. These provisions also may result in lower rental revenue generated under the applicable leases. To the extent co-tenancy or go-dark provisions in our retail leases result in lower revenue, tenant sales, tenants’ rights to terminate their leases early, or a reduction of their rent, our revenues and the value of the affected retail property could be materially and adversely affected.

Our dependence on smaller businesses, particularly in our retail portfolio, to rent our space could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

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Many of our tenants, particularly those that lease space in our retail properties are smaller businesses that generally do not have the financial strength or resources of larger corporate tenants. In particular, 226 of our retail leases (representing approximately 14% of our annualized base rent from retail properties as of December 31, 2018 ) lease 2,500 or less square feet from us, and many of those tenants are smaller independent businesses, which generally experience a higher rate of failure than larger businesses. As a result of our dependence on these smaller businesses, we could experience a higher rate of tenant defaults, turnover, and bankruptcies, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Many of our operating costs and expenses are fixed and will not decline if our revenues decline.

Our results of operations depend, in large part, on our level of revenues, operating costs, and expenses. The expense of owning and operating a property is not necessarily reduced when circumstances such as market factors and competition cause a reduction in revenue from the property. As a result, if revenues decline, we may not be able to reduce our expenses to keep pace with the corresponding reductions in revenues. Many of the costs associated with real estate investments, such as real estate taxes, insurance, loan payments and maintenance, generally will not be reduced if a property is not fully occupied or other circumstances cause our revenues to decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Adverse conditions in the general retail environment could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Approximately 54% of our total annualized base rent as of December 31, 2018 is from retail properties. As a result, we are subject to factors that affect the retail sector generally as well as the market for retail space. The retail environment and the market for retail space have been, and in the future could be, adversely affected by weakness in the national, regional, and local economies, the level of consumer spending and consumer confidence, the adverse financial condition of some large retail companies, the ongoing consolidation in the retail sector, the excess amount of retail space in a number of markets, and increasing competition from discount retailers, outlet malls, internet retailers, and other online businesses. Increases in consumer spending via the internet may significantly affect our retail tenants’ ability to generate sales in their stores. New and enhanced technologies, including new digital technologies and new web services technologies, may increase competition for certain of our retail tenants.

Any of the foregoing factors could adversely affect the financial condition of our retail tenants and the willingness of retailers to lease space in our retail properties. In turn, these conditions could negatively affect market rents for retail space and could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Increases in interest rates will increase our interest expense and may adversely affect our cash flow and ability to pay distributions.

We have incurred, and may in the future incur, additional indebtedness that bears interest at a variable rate. An increase in interest rates would increase our interest expense and increase the cost of refinancing existing debt and issuing new debt, which would adversely affect our cash flow and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. In addition, if we need to repay existing debt during periods of rising interest rates, we could be required to liquidate one or more of our investments at times that may not permit realization of the maximum return on such investments. The effect of prolonged interest rate increases could adversely impact our ability to make acquisitions and develop properties.

Mortgage debt obligations expose us to the possibility of foreclosure, which could result in the loss of our investment in a property or group of properties subject to mortgage debt.

Mortgage and other secured debt obligations increase our risk of property losses because defaults on indebtedness secured by properties may result in foreclosure actions initiated by lenders and ultimately our loss of the property securing any loans for which we are in default. Any foreclosure on a mortgaged property or group of properties could adversely affect the overall value of our portfolio of properties. For tax purposes, a foreclosure on any of our properties that is subject to a nonrecourse mortgage loan would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure, but would not receive any cash proceeds, which could hinder our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code. Foreclosures could also trigger our tax indemnification obligations under the terms of our tax protection agreements with respect to the sales of certain properties.

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Most of our debt arrangements involve balloon payment obligations, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Most of our debt arrangements require us to make a lump-sum or “balloon” payment at maturity. Our ability to make a balloon payment at maturity is uncertain and may depend upon our ability to obtain additional financing or our ability to sell the property. At the time the balloon payment is due, we may or may not be able to refinance the existing financing on terms as favorable as the original loan or sell the property at a price sufficient to make the balloon payment. In addition, balloon payments and payments of principal and interest on our indebtedness may leave us with insufficient cash to pay the distributions that we are required to pay to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Any of these factors may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Our credit facility restricts our ability to engage in certain business activities, including our ability to incur additional indebtedness, make capital expenditures, and make certain investments.

Our credit facility contains customary negative covenants and other financial and operating covenants that, among other things:


•	restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness;


•	restrict our ability to incur additional liens;


•	restrict our ability to make certain investments (including certain capital expenditures);


•	restrict our ability to merge with another company;


•	restrict our ability to sell or dispose of assets;


•	restrict our ability to make distributions to our stockholders; and


•	require us to satisfy minimum financial coverage ratios, minimum tangible net worth requirements, and maximum leverage ratios.

These limitations restrict our ability to engage in certain business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. In addition, our credit facility may contain specific cross-default provisions with respect to specified other indebtedness, giving the lenders the right, in certain circumstances, to declare a default if we are in default under other loans.

Adverse economic and geopolitical conditions and dislocations in the credit markets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Our business may be affected by market and economic challenges experienced by the U.S. economy or the real estate industry as a whole. Such conditions may materially and adversely affect us as a result of the following potential consequences, among others:


•	decreased demand for office, retail and multifamily space, which would cause market rental rates and property values to be negatively impacted;


•	reduced values of our properties may limit our ability to dispose of assets at attractive prices or obtain debt financing secured by our properties and may reduce the availability of unsecured loans;


•	our ability to obtain financing on terms and conditions that we find acceptable, or at all, may be limited, which could reduce our ability to pursue acquisition and development opportunities and refinance existing debt, reduce our returns from our acquisition and development activities, and increase our future debt service expense; and


•	one or more lenders under our credit facility could refuse to fund their financing commitment to us or could otherwise fail to do so, and we may not be able to replace the financing commitment of any such lenders on favorable terms or at all.

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If the U.S. economy experiences an economic downturn, we may see increases in bankruptcies and defaults by our tenants, and we may experience higher vacancy rates and delays in re-leasing vacant space, which could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

A cybersecurity incident or other technology disruptions could negatively impact our business, our relationships, and our reputation.

We use computers and computer networks in most aspects of our business operations. We also use mobile devices to communicate with our employees, suppliers, business partners, and tenants. These devices are used to transmit sensitive and confidential information including financial and strategic information about us, information about employees, business partners, tenants, and other individuals and organizations. Additionally, we utilize third-party service providers that host personally identifiable information and other confidential information of our employees, business partners, tenants, and others. We also maintain confidential financial and business information regarding us and persons and entities with which we do business on our information technology systems. Information security risks have increased in recent years due to the rise in new technologies and the increased sophistication of perpetrators of cyber attacks. The theft, destruction, loss, or release of sensitive and confidential information or operational downtime of the systems used to store and transmit such information could result in disruptions to our business, negative publicity, brand damage, violation of privacy laws, financial liability, difficulty attracting and retaining tenants, loss of business partners, and loss of business opportunities, any of which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we expect to continue to enter into hedging transactions to protect us from the effects of interest rate fluctuations on floating rate debt. Our existing hedging transactions have included, and future hedging transactions may include, entering into interest rate cap agreements or interest rate swap agreements. These agreements involve risks, such as the risk that (i) such arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes, (ii) a court could rule that such agreements are not legally enforceable, (iii) hedging could actually increase our costs and reduce the overall returns on our investments, as interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising and volatile interest rates, (iv) counterparties to such arrangements could not perform, (v) we could incur significant costs associated with the settlement of the agreements, or (vi) the underlying transactions could fail to qualify as highly-effective cash flow hedges under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging . Our failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

We will continue to incur costs as a result of being a public company.

As a public company, we expect to continue to incur significant legal, accounting, insurance, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. The expenses incurred by public companies generally for reporting and corporate governance purposes have been increasing. We expect compliance with these public reporting requirements and associated rules and regulations to increase expenses, particularly now that we are no longer an emerging growth company, although we are currently unable to estimate these costs with any degree of certainty.

We are required to have an independent auditor assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

As of December 31, 2018, we are no longer an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act ("JOBS Act"), and management is required to have an independent auditor assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We cannot give any assurances that material weaknesses will not be identified in the future in connection with our compliance with the provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The existence of any material weakness described above would preclude a conclusion by management and our independent auditors that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting. Our management may be required to devote significant time and expense to remediate any material weaknesses that may be discovered and may not be able to remediate such material weaknesses in a timely manner. The existence of any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could also result in errors in our financial statements that could require us to restate our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, any of which could lead to a decline in the per share trading price of our common stock.

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We may be required to make rent or other concessions or significant capital expenditures to improve our properties in order to retain and attract tenants, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Upon expiration of our leases to our tenants, we may be required to make rent or other concessions, accommodate requests for renovations, build-to-suit remodeling, and other improvements, or provide additional services to our tenants, any of which would increase our costs. As a result, we may have to make significant capital or other expenditures in order to retain tenants whose leases expire and to attract new tenants in sufficient numbers. Additionally, we may need to raise capital to make such expenditures. If we are unable to do so or capital is otherwise unavailable, we may be unable to make the required expenditures. This could result in non-renewals by tenants upon expiration of their leases. If any of the foregoing were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Our use of units in our Operating Partnership as currency to acquire properties could result in stockholder dilution or limit our ability to sell such properties, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

We have acquired, and in the future may acquire, properties or portfolios of properties through tax deferred contribution transactions in exchange for OP Units. This acquisition structure may have the effect of, among other things, reducing the amount of tax depreciation we could deduct over the tax life of the acquired properties, and may require that we agree to protect the contributors’ ability to defer recognition of taxable gain through restrictions on our ability to dispose of the acquired properties or the allocation of partnership debt to the contributors to maintain their tax bases. These restrictions also could limit our ability to sell properties at a time, or on terms, that would be favorable absent such restrictions. In addition, future issuances of OP Units would reduce our ownership percentage in our Operating Partnership and affect the amount of distributions made to us by our Operating Partnership and, therefore, the amount of distributions we can make to our stockholders. To the extent that our stockholders do not directly own OP Units, our stockholders will not have any voting rights with respect to any such issuances or other partnership level activities of our Operating Partnership.

Significant competition in the leasing market could have a material adverse effect on us, including our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and our ability to service our debt obligations.

We compete with numerous developers, owners, and operators of real estate, many of which own properties similar to ours in the same submarkets in which our properties are located. If our competitors offer space at rental rates below current market rates or below the rental rates we currently charge our tenants, we may lose existing or potential tenants and we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates below those we currently charge or to offer more substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights, or below-market renewal options in order to retain tenants when our tenants’ leases expire. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our success depends on key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed, and the loss of one or more of our key personnel could adversely affect our ability to manage our business and to implement our growth strategies or could create a negative perception of our company in the capital markets.

Our continued success and our ability to manage anticipated future growth depend, in large part, upon the efforts of key personnel, particularly Messrs. Hoffler (our Executive Chairman), Kirk (our Vice Chairman), Haddad (our President and Chief Executive Officer), Apperson (our President of Construction), and O’Hara (our Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, and Corporate Secretary) and Ms. Hampton (our President of Asset Management), who have extensive market knowledge and relationships and exercise substantial influence over our operational, financing, development, and construction activity. Among the reasons that these individuals are important to our success is that each has a national or regional industry reputation that attracts business and investment opportunities and assists us in negotiations with lenders, existing and potential tenants, and industry personnel. We have not currently entered into employment agreements with any of these individuals. If we lose their services, our relationships with such industry personnel could diminish.

Many of our other senior executives also have extensive experience and strong reputations in the real estate industry, which aid us in identifying opportunities, having opportunities brought to us, and negotiating with tenants and build-to-suit prospects. The loss of services of one or more members of our senior management team, or our inability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business, diminish our investment opportunities, and weaken our relationships with lenders, business partners, existing and prospective tenants, and industry participants, which could materially

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and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and the per share trading price of our common stock.

We may be subject to ongoing or future litigation, including existing claims relating to the entities that owned the properties prior to our initial public offering and otherwise in the ordinary course of business, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the per share trading price of our common stock, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

We may be subject to ongoing or future litigation, including existing claims relating to the entities that owned the properties and operated the businesses prior to our initial public offering and otherwise in the ordinary course of business. Some of these claims may result in significant defense costs and potentially significant judgments against us, some of which are not, or cannot be, insured against. We generally intend to vigorously defend ourselves; however, we cannot be certain of the ultimate outcomes of currently asserted claims or of those that may arise in the future. In addition, we may become subject to litigation in connection with the formation transactions related to our initial public offering in the event that prior investors dispute the valuation of their respective interests, the adequacy of the consideration received by them in the formation transactions or the interpretation of the agreements implementing the formation transactions. Resolution of these types of matters against us may result in our having to pay significant fines, judgments, or settlements, which, if uninsured, or if the fines, judgments, and settlements exceed insured levels, could adversely impact our earnings and cash flow, thereby having an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the per share trading price of our common stock, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. Certain litigation or the resolution of certain litigation may affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow, expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured, and adversely impact our ability to attract officers and directors.

Potential losses from hurricanes in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia may not be covered by insurance.

All but two of the properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2018 are located in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, which are areas particularly susceptible to hurricanes. While we carry insurance on certain of our properties, the amount of our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to fully cover losses from hurricanes and will be subject to limitations involving large deductibles or co-payments. In addition, we may reduce or discontinue insurance on some or all of our properties in the future if the cost of premiums for any such policies exceeds, in our judgment, the value of the coverage discounted for the risk of loss. As a result, in the event of a hurricane, we may be required to incur significant costs, and, to the extent that a loss exceeds policy limits, we could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. In addition, if the damaged properties are subject to recourse indebtedness, we would continue to be liable for the indebtedness, even if these properties were irreparably damaged.

We may not be able to rebuild our existing properties to their existing specifications if we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of such properties.

In the event that we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of one of our properties, we may not be able to rebuild such property to its existing specifications. Further, reconstruction or improvement of such a property would likely require significant upgrades to meet zoning and building code requirements. Environmental and legal restrictions could also restrict the rebuilding of our properties.

Joint venture investments could be materially and adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on co-venturers’ financial condition, and disputes between us and our co-venturers.

In the past, we have, and in the future, we expect to, co-invest with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities, acquiring noncontrolling interests in or sharing responsibility for developing properties and managing the affairs of a property, partnership, joint venture, or other entity. In particular, in connection with the formation transactions related to our initial public offering, we provided certain of the prior investors with the right to co-develop certain projects with us in the future and the right to acquire a minority equity interest in certain properties that we may develop in the future, in each case under certain circumstances and subject to certain conditions set forth in the applicable agreement. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2018 , we were 70%, 65%, 80%, 93%, 90%, 70%, and 37% joint venture partners in our Lightfoot Marketplace, Brooks Crossing, Greenside, Hoffler Place, Summit Place, Market at Mill Creek, and City Center development projects, respectively. In the event that we co-develop a property together with a third party, we would be required to share a portion of the development fee. With respect to any such arrangement or any similar arrangement that we may enter into in the future, we may not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the development, property, partnership, joint

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venture, or other entity. Investments in partnerships, joint ventures or other entities may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present where a third party is not involved, including the possibility that partners or co-venturers might become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Partners or co-venturers may have economic or other business interests or goals which are inconsistent with our business interests or goals and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our policies or objectives, and they may have competing interests in our markets that could create conflicts of interest. Such investments may also have the potential risk of impasses on decisions, such as a sale or financing, because neither we nor the partner(s) or co-venturer(s) would have full control over the partnership or joint venture. In addition, a sale or transfer by us to a third party of our interests in the joint venture may be subject to consent rights or rights of first refusal, in favor of our joint venture partners, which would in each case restrict our ability to dispose of our interest in the joint venture. Where we are a limited partner or non-managing member in any partnership or limited liability company, if such entity takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our status as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. Disputes between us and partners or co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business. Consequently, actions by or disputes with partners or co-venturers might result in subjecting properties owned by the partnership or joint venture to additional risk. In addition, we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our third-party partners or co-venturers. Our joint ventures may be subject to debt and, during periods of volatile credit markets, the refinancing of such debt may require equity capital calls.

Mezzanine loans and similar loan investments are subject to significant risks, and losses related to these investments could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We have originated, and in the future expect to originate or acquire, mezzanine or similar loans, which take the form of subordinated loans secured by second mortgages on the underlying property or loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the property or a pledge of the ownership interests of the entity that owns the interest in the entity owning the property. As of December 31, 2018 , we had approximately $139.1 million in outstanding mezzanine loans or similar investments. These types of loans involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage loans secured by income-producing real property because the loan may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In addition, these loans may have higher loan-to-value ratios than conventional mortgage loans, with little or no equity invested by the borrower, increasing the risk of loss of principal. If a borrower defaults on our mezzanine loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine loan will be satisfied only after the senior debt is paid in full. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy our mezzanine loan. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our initial investment. Additionally, in conjunction with certain mezzanine loans, we issue partial payment guarantees to the senior lender for the property, which may require us to make payments to the senior lender in the event of a default on the senior note. Finally, in connection with our loan investments, we may have options to purchase all or a portion of the underlying property upon maturity of the loan; however, if a developer’s costs for a project are higher than anticipated, exercising such options may not be attractive or economically feasible, or we may not have sufficient funds to exercise such options even if we desire to do so. Significant losses related to mezzanine or similar loan investments could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our growth depends on external sources of capital that are outside of our control and may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which could limit our ability to, among other things, meet our capital and operating needs or make the cash distributions to our stockholders necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required under the Code to, among other things, distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain. In addition, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, including any net capital gains. Because of these distribution requirements, we may not be able to fund future capital needs, including any necessary capital expenditures, from operating cash flow. Consequently, we intend to rely on third-party sources to fund our capital needs. We may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms or at all and any additional debt we incur will increase our leverage and likelihood of default. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends, in part, on:


•	general market conditions;


•	the market’s perception of our growth potential;


•	our current debt levels;

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•	our current and expected future earnings;


•	our cash flow and cash distributions; and


•	the market price per share of our common stock.

If we cannot obtain capital from third-party sources, we may not be able to acquire or develop properties when strategic opportunities exist, meet the capital and operating needs of our existing properties, satisfy our debt service obligations or make the cash distributions to our stockholders necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

We may not be able to sustain our growth rate level.

Since our inception, we have achieved significant growth in our portfolio and results of operations. We may not be able to sustain this level of growth, and over time we may experience a decline in our growth rate as a result of various factors, including our ability to successfully acquire and develop retail, office, and multifamily properties, changes in the economic and other conditions in geographic markets in which we conduct business, changes in the real estate market generally, the competitiveness of the real estate market, and the other risks discussed in this section, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Risks Related to Our Third-Party Construction Business

Adverse economic and regulatory conditions, particularly in the Mid-Atlantic region, could adversely affect our construction and development business, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Our third-party construction activities have been, and are expected to continue to be, primarily focused in the Mid-Atlantic region, although we have also historically undertaken construction projects in various states in the Southeast, Northeast, and Midwest regions of the United States. As a result of our concentration of construction projects in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, we are particularly susceptible to adverse economic or other conditions in this market (such as periods of economic slowdown or recession, business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, relocations of businesses, labor disruptions, and the costs of complying with governmental regulations or increased regulation), as well as to natural disasters that occur in this region. We cannot assure you that our target markets will support construction and development projects of the type in which we typically engage. While we have the ability to provide a wide range of development and construction services, any adverse economic or real estate developments in the Mid-Atlantic region could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

There can be no assurance that all of the projects for which our construction business is engaged as general contractor will be commenced or completed in their entirety in accordance with the anticipated cost, or that we will achieve the financial results we expect from the construction of such properties, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects.

Our construction business earns profit for serving as general contractor equal to the difference between the total construction fees that we charge and the costs that we incur to build a property. If the decision is made by a third-party client to abandon a construction project for any reason, our anticipated fee revenue from such project could be significantly lower than we expect. In addition, we defer pre-contract costs when such costs are directly associated with specific anticipated construction contracts and their recovery is deemed probable. In the event that we determine that the execution of a construction contract is no longer probable, we would be required to expense those pre-contract costs in the period in which such determination is made, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations in such period. Our ability to complete the projects in our construction pipeline on time and on budget could be materially and adversely affected as a result of the following factors, among others:


•	shortages of subcontractors, equipment, materials, or skilled labor;


•	unscheduled delays in the delivery of ordered materials and equipment;


•	unanticipated increases in the cost of equipment, labor, and raw materials;


•	unforeseen engineering, environmental, or geological problems;

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•	weather interferences;


•	difficulties in obtaining necessary permits or in meeting permit conditions;


•	client acceptance delays; or


•	work stoppages and other labor disputes.

If we do not complete construction projects on time and on budget, it could have a material adverse effect on us, including our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects.

Our dependence on third-party subcontractors and equipment and material providers could result in material shortages and project delays and could reduce our profits or result in project losses, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.

Because our construction business provides general contracting services, we rely on third-party subcontractors and equipment and material providers. For example, we procure equipment and construction materials as needed when engaged in large construction projects. To the extent that we cannot engage subcontractors or acquire equipment and materials at reasonable costs or if the amount we are required to pay for subcontractors or equipment exceeds our estimates, our ability to complete a construction project in a timely fashion or at a profit may be impaired. In addition, if a subcontractor or a manufacturer is unable to deliver its services, equipment, or materials according to the negotiated terms for any reason, including the deterioration of its financial condition, we may be required to purchase the services, equipment, or materials from another source at a higher price. Additionally, while our construction contracts generally provide that our obligation to pay subcontractors is expressly made subject to the condition precedent that we shall have first received payment, we cannot assure you that these so called “pay-if-paid” or “pay-when-paid” provisions will be recognized in all jurisdictions in which we do business, or that a subcontractor or payment bond surety may not otherwise be entitled to payment or to record a lien on the affected property. In such event, we may be required to pay a payment bond surety or the subcontractors we engage even though we have yet to receive our fees as general contractor. This may reduce the profit to be realized or result in a loss on a project for which the services, equipment, or materials are needed, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.

Our construction business recognizes certain revenue using the input method and upon the achievement of contractual milestones, and any delay or cancellation of a construction project could materially and adversely affect our cash flow and results of operations.

Our construction business recognizes certain revenue using the input method and, as a result, revenue from our construction business is driven by the performance of our contractual obligations. The input method of accounting is inherently subjective because it relies on estimates of total project cost as a basis for recognizing revenue and profit. Accordingly, revenue and profit recognized under the input method is potentially subject to adjustments in subsequent periods based on refinements in the estimated cost to complete a project, which could result in a reduction or reversal of previously recorded revenues and profits. In addition, delays in, or the cancellation of, any particular construction project could adversely impact our ability to recognize revenue in a particular period. Furthermore, changes in job performance, job conditions, and estimated profitability, including those arising from contract penalty provisions and final contract settlements, may result in revisions to costs and income in the period in which they are determined. If any of the foregoing were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow and results of operations.

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Construction project sites are inherently dangerous workplaces, and, as a result, our failure to maintain safe construction project sites could result in deaths or injuries, reduced profitability, the loss of projects or clients, and possible exposure to litigation, any of which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and reputation.

Construction and maintenance sites often put our employees, employees of subcontractors, our tenants, and members of the public in close proximity with mechanized equipment, moving vehicles, chemical and manufacturing processes, and highly regulated materials. On many sites, we are responsible for safety and, accordingly, must implement appropriate safety procedures. If we fail to implement these procedures or if the procedures we implement are ineffective, we may suffer the loss of or injury to our employees or fines or expose our tenants and members of the public to potential injury, thereby creating exposure to litigation. As a result, our failure to maintain adequate safety standards could result in reduced profitability or the loss of projects, clients, and tenants, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and reputation.

Supply shortages and other risks associated with demand for skilled labor could increase construction costs and delay performance of our obligations under construction contracts, which could materially and adversely affect the profitability of our construction business, our cash flow, and our results of operations.

There is a high level of competition in the construction industry for skilled labor. Increased costs, labor shortages, or other disruptions in the supply of skilled labor, such as carpenters, roofers, electricians, and plumbers, could cause increases in construction costs and construction delays. We may not be able to pass on increases in construction costs because of market conditions or negotiated contractual terms. Sustained increases in construction costs due to competition for skilled labor and delays in performance under construction contracts may materially and adversely affect the profitability of our construction business, our cash flow, and results of operations.

Our failure to successfully and profitably bid on construction contracts could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow.

Many of the costs related to our construction business, such as personnel costs, are fixed and are incurred by us irrespective of the level of activity of our construction business. The success of our construction business depends, in part, on our ability to successfully and profitably bid on construction contracts for private and public sector clients. Contract proposals and negotiations are complex and frequently involve a lengthy bidding and selection process, which can be impacted by a number of factors, many of which are outside our control, including market conditions, financing arrangements, and required governmental approvals. If we are unable to maintain a consistent backlog of third-party construction contracts, our results of operations and cash flow could be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to timely complete a construction project, miss a required performance standard, or otherwise fail to adequately perform on a construction project, we may incur losses or financial penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations, and reputation.

We may contractually commit to a construction client that we will complete a construction project by a scheduled date at a fixed cost. We may also commit that a construction project, when completed, will achieve specified performance standards. If the construction project is not completed by the scheduled date or fails to meet required performance standards, we may either incur significant additional costs or be held responsible for the costs incurred by the client to rectify damages due to late completion or failure to achieve the required performance standards. In addition, completion of projects can be adversely affected by a number of factors beyond our control, including unavoidable delays from governmental inaction, public opposition, inability to obtain financing, weather conditions, unavailability of vendor materials, availabilities of subcontractors, changes in the project scope of services requested by our clients, industrial accidents, environmental hazards, labor disruptions, and other factors. In some cases, if we fail to meet required performance standards or milestone requirements, we may also be subject to agreed-upon financial damages in the form of liquidated damages, which are determined pursuant to the contract governing the construction project. To the extent that these events occur, the total costs of the project could exceed our estimates and our contracted cost and we could experience reduced profits or, in some cases, incur a loss on a project, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. Failure to meet performance standards or complete performance on a timely basis could also adversely affect our reputation.

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Unionization or work stoppages could have a material adverse effect on us.

From time to time, our construction business and the subcontractors we engage may use unionized construction workers, which requires us to pay the prevailing wage in a jurisdiction to such workers. Due to the highly labor-intensive and price-competitive nature of the construction business, the cost of unionization or prevailing wage requirements for new developments could be substantial, which could adversely affect our profitability. In addition, the use of unionized construction workers could cause us to become subject to organized work stoppages, which would materially and adversely affect our ability to meet our construction timetables and could significantly increase the cost of completing a construction project.

Risks Related to Our Development Business and Property Acquisitions

Our failure to establish new development relationships with public partners and expand our development relationships with existing public partners could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects.

Our growth strategy depends significantly on our ability to leverage our extensive experience in completing large, complex, mixed-use public/private projects to establish new relationships with public partners and expand our relationships with existing public partners. Future increases in our revenues may depend significantly on our ability to expand the scope of the work we do with the state and local government agencies with which we currently have partnered and attract new state and local government agencies to undertake public/private development projects with us. Our ability to obtain new work with state and local governmental authorities on new public/private development and financing partnerships could be adversely affected by several factors, including decreases in state and local budgets, changes in administrations, the departure of government personnel with whom we have worked, and negative public perceptions about public/private partnerships. In addition, to the extent that we engage in public/private partnerships in states or local communities in which we have not previously worked, we could be subject to risks associated with entry into new markets, such as lack of market knowledge or understanding of the local economy, lack of business relationships in the area, competition with other companies that already have an established presence in the area, difficulties in hiring and retaining key personnel, difficulties in evaluating quality tenants in the area, and unfamiliarity with local governmental and permitting procedures. If we fail to establish new relationships with public partners and expand our relationships with existing public partners, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects.

We may be unable to identify and complete development opportunities and acquisitions of properties that meet our investment criteria, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects.

Our business and growth strategy involves the development and selective acquisition of office, retail and multifamily properties. We may expend significant management time and other resources, including out-of-pocket costs, in pursuing these investment opportunities. Our ability to complete development projects or acquire properties on favorable terms, or at all, may be exposed to the following significant risks:


•	we may incur significant costs and divert management attention in connection with evaluating and negotiating potential development opportunities and acquisitions, including those that we are subsequently unable to complete;


•	we have agreements for the development or acquisition of properties that are subject to conditions, which we may be unable to satisfy; and


•	we may be unable to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all.

If we are unable to identify attractive investment opportunities and successfully develop new properties, our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

The risks associated with land holdings and related activities could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We hold options to acquire undeveloped parcels of land for future development and may in the future acquire additional land holdings for development. The risks inherent in purchasing, owning, and developing land increase as demand or rental rates for office, retail or multifamily properties decreases. Real estate markets are highly uncertain and volatile and, as a result, the value of undeveloped land has fluctuated significantly and may continue to fluctuate. In addition, carrying costs, including interest and other pre-development costs, can be significant and can result in losses or reduced profitability. If there are subsequent changes in the fair value of our undeveloped land holdings that cause us to determine that the fair value of our

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undeveloped land holdings is less than their carrying basis reflected in our financial statements plus estimated costs to sell, we may be required to take future impairment charges which would reduce our net income and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

The success of our activities to design, construct and develop properties in which we will retain an ownership interest is dependent, in part, on the availability of suitable undeveloped land at acceptable prices as well as our having sufficient liquidity to fund investments in such undeveloped land and subsequent development.

Our success in designing, constructing, and developing projects for our own account depends, in part, upon the continued availability of suitable undeveloped land at acceptable prices. The availability of undeveloped land for purchase at favorable prices depends on a number of factors outside of our control, including the risk of competitive over-bidding on land and governmental regulations that restrict the potential uses of land. If the availability of suitable land opportunities decreases, the number of development projects we may be able to undertake could be reduced. In addition, our ability to make land purchases will depend upon us having sufficient liquidity or access to external sources of capital to fund such purchases. Thus, the lack of availability of suitable land opportunities and insufficient liquidity to fund the purchases of any such available land opportunities could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and growth prospects.

Our real estate development activities are subject to risks particular to development, such as unanticipated expenses, delays and other contingencies, any of which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.

We engage in development and redevelopment activities and will be subject to the following risks associated with such activities:


•	unsuccessful development or redevelopment opportunities could result in direct expenses to us and cause us to incur losses;


•	construction or redevelopment costs of a project may exceed original estimates, possibly making the project less profitable than originally estimated, or unprofitable;


•	occupancy rates and rents of a completed project may not be sufficient to make the project profitable; and


•	the availability and pricing of financing to fund our development activities on favorable terms or at all.

These risks could result in substantial unanticipated delays or expenses and, under certain circumstances, could prevent completion of development or redevelopment activities once undertaken, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.

There can be no assurance that all of the properties in our development pipeline will be completed in their entirety in accordance with the anticipated cost, or that we will achieve the results we expect from the development of such properties, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

The development of the projects in our development pipeline is subject to numerous risks, many of which are outside of our control. The cost necessary to complete the development of our development pipeline could be materially higher than we anticipate. Because we generally intend to commence the construction phase of an office or retail project for our own account only where a substantial percentage of the commercial space is pre-leased, we could decide not to undertake construction on one or more of the projects in our development pipeline if our pre-leasing efforts are unsuccessful. Furthermore, if we are delayed in the completion of any development project, tenants may have the right to terminate pre-development leases, which could materially and adversely affect the financial viability of the project. In addition, even if we decide to commence construction on a project, we can provide no assurances that we will complete any of the projects in our development pipeline on the anticipated schedule, or that, once completed, the properties in our development pipeline will achieve the results that we expect. If the development of the projects in our development pipeline is not completed in accordance with our anticipated timing or at the anticipated cost, or the properties fail to achieve the financial results we expect, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

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Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry

Our business is subject to risks associated with real estate assets and the real estate industry, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Our ability to pay expected dividends to our stockholders depends on our ability to generate revenues in excess of expenses, scheduled principal payments on debt, and capital expenditure requirements. Events and conditions generally applicable to owners and operators of real property that are beyond our control may decrease cash available for distribution and the value of our properties. These events include many of the risks set forth above under “—Risks Related to Our Business ,” as well as the following:


•	oversupply or reduction in demand for office, retail, or multifamily space in our markets;


•	adverse changes in financial conditions of buyers, sellers, and tenants of properties;


•	vacancies or our inability to rent space on favorable terms, including possible market pressures to offer tenants rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights, or below-market renewal options, and the need to periodically repair, renovate, and re-lease space;


•	increased operating costs, including insurance premiums, utilities, real estate taxes, and state and local taxes;


•	a favorable interest rate environment that may result in a significant number of potential residents of our multifamily apartment communities deciding to purchase homes instead of renting;


•	rent control or stabilization laws or other laws regulating rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs;


•	civil unrest, acts of war, terrorist attacks, and natural disasters, including hurricanes, which may result in uninsured or underinsured losses;


•	decreases in the underlying value of our real estate;


•	changing submarket demographics; and


•	changing traffic patterns.

In addition, periods of economic downturn or recession, rising interest rates or declining demand for real estate, or the public perception that any of these events may occur, could result in a general decline in rents or an increased incidence of defaults under existing leases, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Illiquidity of real estate investments could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties and harm our financial condition.

The real estate investments made, and to be made, by us are difficult to sell quickly. As a result, our ability to promptly sell one or more properties in our portfolio in response to changing economic, financial, and investment conditions is limited. Return of capital and realization of gains, if any, from an investment generally will occur upon disposition or refinancing of the underlying property. We may be unable to realize our investment objectives by disposition or refinancing at attractive prices within any given period of time or may otherwise be unable to complete any exit strategy. In particular, our ability to dispose of one or more properties within a specific time period is subject to certain limitations imposed by our tax protection agreements, as well as weakness in or even the lack of an established market for a property, changes in the financial condition or prospects of prospective purchasers, changes in national or international economic conditions, and changes in laws, regulations or fiscal policies of jurisdictions in which the property is located.

In addition, the Code imposes restrictions on a REIT’s ability to dispose of properties that are not applicable to other types of real estate companies. In particular, the tax laws applicable to REITs effectively require that we hold our properties for investment, rather than primarily for sale in the ordinary course of business, which may cause us to forego or defer sales of

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properties that otherwise would be in our best interests. Therefore, we may not be able to vary our portfolio in response to economic or other conditions promptly or on favorable terms.

Our property taxes could increase due to property tax rate changes or reassessment, which would adversely impact our cash flows and cash available for distribution.

Even if we qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we will be required to pay some state and local taxes on our properties. The real property taxes on our properties may increase as property tax rates change or as our properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. Therefore, the amount of property taxes we pay in the future may increase substantially from what we have paid in the past. If the property taxes we pay increase, our cash flow and cash available for distribution would be adversely impacted.

As an owner of real estate, we could incur significant costs and liabilities related to environmental matters.

Under various federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the environment, as a current or former owner or operator of real property, we may be liable for costs and damages resulting from the presence or discharge of hazardous or toxic substances, waste, or petroleum products at, on, in, under or migrating from such property, including costs to investigate and clean up such contamination and liability for harm to natural resources. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such contamination, and the liability may be joint and several. These liabilities could be substantial and the cost of any required remediation, removal, fines, or other costs could exceed the value of the property and our aggregate assets. In addition, the presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination at our properties may expose us to third-party liability for costs of remediation and personal or property damage or materially and adversely affect our ability to sell, lease, or develop our properties or to borrow using the properties as collateral. In addition, environmental laws may create liens on contaminated sites in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs to address such contamination. Moreover, if contamination is discovered on our properties, environmental laws may impose restrictions on the manner in which the properties may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures. See “Part I—Business—Regulation.”

Some of our properties have been or may be impacted by contamination arising from current or prior uses of the property, or adjacent properties, for commercial or industrial purposes. Such contamination may arise from spills of petroleum or hazardous substances or releases from tanks used to store such materials. For example, some of the tenants of properties in our retail portfolio operate gas stations or other businesses that utilize storage tanks to store petroleum products, propane, or wastes typically associated with automobile service or other operations conducted at the properties, and spills or leaks of hazardous materials from those storage tanks could expose us to liability. See “Part I—Business—Regulation—Environmental Matters.” In addition to the foregoing, while we obtained Phase I Environmental Site Assessments for each of the properties in our portfolio, the assessments are limited in scope and may have failed to identify all environmental conditions or concerns. For example, they do not generally include soil sampling, subsurface investigations or hazardous materials surveys. Furthermore, we do not have current Phase I Environmental Site Assessment reports for all of the properties in our portfolio and, as such, may not be aware of all potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities at the properties in our portfolio. As a result, we could potentially incur material liability for these issues.

As the owner of the buildings on our properties, we could face liability for the presence of hazardous materials, such as asbestos or lead, or other adverse conditions, such as poor indoor air quality, in our buildings. Environmental laws govern the presence, maintenance, and removal of hazardous materials in buildings, and if we do not comply with such laws, we could face fines for such noncompliance. Also, we could be liable to third parties, such as occupants of the buildings, for damages related to exposure to hazardous materials or adverse conditions in our buildings, and we could incur material expenses with respect to abatement or remediation of hazardous materials or other adverse conditions in our buildings. In addition, some of our tenants routinely may handle and use hazardous or regulated substances and wastes as part of their operations at our properties, which are subject to regulation. Such environmental and health and safety laws and regulations could subject us or our tenants to liability resulting from these activities. Environmental liabilities could affect a tenant’s ability to make rental payments to us, and changes in laws could increase the potential liability for noncompliance. This may result in significant unanticipated expenditures or may otherwise materially and adversely affect our operations, or those of our tenants, which could in turn have an adverse effect on us. If we incur material environmental liabilities in the future, we may face significant remediation costs, and we may find it difficult to sell any affected properties.

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Our properties may contain or develop harmful mold or suffer from other air quality issues, which could lead to liability for adverse health effects and costs of remediation.

We may incur significant costs complying with various federal, state and local laws, regulations, and covenants that are applicable to our properties.

Properties are subject to various covenants and federal, state, and local laws and regulatory requirements, including permitting and licensing requirements. Local regulations, including municipal or local ordinances, zoning restrictions, and restrictive covenants imposed by community developers may restrict our use of our properties and may require us to obtain approval from local officials or community standards organizations at any time with respect to our properties, including prior to developing or acquiring a property or when undertaking renovations of any of our existing properties. Among other things, these restrictions may relate to fire and safety, seismic, or hazardous material abatement requirements. There can be no assurance that existing laws and regulatory policies will not adversely affect us or the timing or cost of any future development, acquisitions, or renovations, or that additional regulations will not be adopted that increase such delays or result in additional costs. Our growth strategy may be affected by our ability to obtain permits, licenses, and zoning relief.

In addition, federal and state laws and regulations, including laws such as the ADA and the Fair Housing Amendment Act of 1988 (“FHAA”), impose further restrictions on our properties and operations. Under the ADA and the FHAA, all public accommodations must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Some of our properties may currently be in non-compliance with the ADA or the FHAA. If one or more of the properties in our portfolio is not in compliance with the ADA, the FHAA, or any other regulatory requirements, we may incur additional costs to bring the property into compliance, incur governmental fines or the award of damages to private litigants, or be unable to refinance such properties. In addition, we do not know whether existing requirements will change or whether future requirements will require us to make significant unanticipated expenditures that will adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure

Daniel Hoffler and his affiliates own, directly or indirectly, a substantial beneficial interest in our company on a fully diluted basis and have the ability to exercise significant influence on our company and our Operating Partnership, including the approval of significant corporate transactions.

As of December 31, 2018 , Daniel Hoffler, our Executive Chairman, owned approximately 9% and, collectively, Messrs. Hoffler, Haddad, and Kirk owned approximately 15% of the combined outstanding shares of our common stock and OP Units of our Operating Partnership (which OP Units may be redeemable for shares of our common stock). Consequently, these individuals may be able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted for stockholder action, including the approval of significant corporate transactions, including business combinations, consolidations, and mergers.

Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future between the interests of our stockholders and the interests of holders of units in our Operating Partnership, which may impede business decisions that could benefit our stockholders.

Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future as a result of the relationships between us and our affiliates, on the one hand, and our Operating Partnership or any partner thereof, on the other. Our directors and officers have duties to our company under Maryland law in connection with their management of our company. At the same time, we, as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, have fiduciary duties and obligations to our Operating Partnership and its limited partners under Virginia law and the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership in connection with the management of our Operating Partnership. Our fiduciary duties and obligations as the general partner of our Operating Partnership may come into conflict with the duties of our directors and officers to our company. Messrs. Hoffler, Haddad, and Kirk own a significant

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interest in our Operating Partnership as limited partners and may have conflicts of interest in making decisions that affect both our stockholders and the limited partners of our Operating Partnership.

Under Virginia law, a general partner of a Virginia limited partnership has fiduciary duties of loyalty and care to the partnership and its partners and must discharge its duties and exercise its rights as general partner under the partnership agreement or Virginia law consistently with the obligation of good faith and fair dealing. The partnership agreement provides that, in the event of a conflict between the interests of our Operating Partnership or any partner, on the one hand, and the separate interests of our company or our stockholders, on the other hand, we, in our capacity as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, are under no obligation not to give priority to the separate interests of our company or our stockholders, and that any action or failure to act on our part or on the part of our directors that gives priority to the separate interests of our company or our stockholders that does not result in a violation of the contractual rights of the limited partners of the Operating Partnership under its partnership agreement does not violate the duty of loyalty that we, in our capacity as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, owe to the Operating Partnership and its partners.

Additionally, the partnership agreement provides that we will not be liable to the Operating Partnership or any partner for monetary damages for losses sustained, liabilities incurred, or benefits not derived by the Operating Partnership or any limited partner, except for liability for our intentional harm or gross negligence. Our Operating Partnership must indemnify us, our directors and officers, and our designees from and against any and all claims that relate to the operations of our Operating Partnership, unless: (i) an act or omission of the person was material to the matter giving rise to the action and either was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, (ii) the person actually received an improper personal benefit in violation or breach of the partnership agreement, or (iii) in the case of a criminal proceeding, the indemnified person had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. Our Operating Partnership must also pay or reimburse the reasonable expenses of any such person upon its receipt of a written affirmation of the person’s good faith belief that the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification has been met and a written undertaking to repay any amounts paid or advanced if it is ultimately determined that the person did not meet the standard of conduct for indemnification. Our Operating Partnership will not indemnify or advance funds to any person with respect to any action initiated by the person seeking indemnification without our approval (except for any proceeding brought to enforce such person’s right to indemnification under the partnership agreement) or if the person is found to be liable to our Operating Partnership on any portion of any claim in the action.

We may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities related to acquired properties and properties that we may acquire in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Properties that we have acquired, and properties that we may acquire in the future, may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities for which we may have no recourse, or only limited recourse, against the sellers. In general, the representations and warranties provided under the transaction agreements related to the purchase of properties that we acquire may not survive the completion of the transactions. Furthermore, indemnification under such agreements may be limited and subject to various materiality thresholds, a significant deductible, or an aggregate cap on losses. As a result, there is no guarantee that we will recover any amounts with respect to losses due to breaches by the sellers of their representations and warranties. In addition, the total amount of costs and expenses that may be incurred with respect to liabilities associated with these properties may exceed our expectations, and we may experience other unanticipated adverse effects, all of which may materially and adversely affect us.

Our charter contains certain provisions restricting the ownership and transfer of our stock that may delay, defer, or prevent a change of control transaction that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests.

Our charter contains certain ownership limits with respect to our stock. Our charter, among other restrictions, prohibits the beneficial or constructive ownership by any person of more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our stock, excluding any shares that are not treated as outstanding for federal income tax purposes. Our board of directors, in its sole and absolute discretion, may exempt a person, prospectively or retroactively, from this ownership limit if certain conditions are satisfied. This ownership limit as well as other restrictions on ownership and transfer of our stock in our charter may:


•	discourage a tender offer or other transactions or a change in management or of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests; and

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•	result in the transfer of shares acquired in excess of the restrictions to a trust for the benefit of a charitable beneficiary and, as a result, the forfeiture by the acquirer of certain of the benefits of owning the additional shares.

We could increase the number of authorized shares of stock, classify and reclassify unissued stock, and issue stock without stockholder approval.

Our board of directors, without stockholder approval, has the power under our charter to amend our charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we are authorized to issue. In addition, under our charter, our board of directors, without stockholder approval, has the power to authorize us to issue authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock into one or more classes or series of stock and set the preference, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications, or terms or conditions of redemption for such newly classified or reclassified shares. As a result, we may issue series or classes of common stock or preferred stock with preferences, dividends, powers, and rights, voting or otherwise, that are senior to, or otherwise conflict with, the rights of holders of our common stock. Although our board of directors has no such intention at the present time, it could establish a class or series of preferred stock that could, depending on the terms of such series, delay, defer, or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests.

Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes of control, which may discourage third parties from conducting a tender offer or seeking other change of control transactions that could involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests.

Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (the “MGCL”) may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of such shares, including:

•

“business combination” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between us and an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding voting shares or an affiliate or associate of ours who was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of our then outstanding stock at any time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in question) or an affiliate thereof for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter impose certain fair price and supermajority stockholder voting requirements on these combinations; and

•

“control share” provisions that provide that holders of “control shares” of our company (defined as shares of stock that, when aggregated with other shares of stock controlled by the stockholder, entitle the stockholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of issued and outstanding “control shares”) have no voting rights with respect to their control shares, except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.

By resolution of our board of directors, we have opted out of the business combination provisions of the MGCL and provided that any business combination between us and any other person is exempt from the business combination provisions of the MGCL, provided that the business combination is first approved by our board of directors (including a majority of directors who are not affiliates or associates of such persons). In addition, pursuant to a provision in our bylaws, we have opted out of the control share provisions of the MGCL. However, our board of directors may by resolution elect to opt in to the business combination provisions of the MGCL and we may, by amendment to our bylaws, opt in to the control share provisions of the MGCL in the future.

Certain provisions of the MGCL permit our board of directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement certain corporate governance provisions, some of which are not currently applicable to us. If implemented, these provisions may have the effect of limiting or precluding a third party from making an unsolicited acquisition proposal for us or of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control of us under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then current market price. Our charter contains a provision whereby we elect, at such time as we become

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eligible to do so, to be subject to the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL relating to the filling of vacancies on our board of directors.

Certain provisions in the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership may delay, make more difficult, or prevent unsolicited acquisitions of us.

Provisions in the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership may delay, make more difficult, or prevent unsolicited acquisitions of us or changes of our control. These provisions could discourage third parties from making proposals involving an unsolicited acquisition of us or change of our control, although some of our stockholders might consider such proposals, if made, desirable. These provisions include, among others:


•	redemption rights;


•	a requirement that we may not be removed as the general partner of our Operating Partnership without our consent;


•	transfer restrictions on OP Units;


•	our ability, as general partner, in some cases, to amend the partnership agreement and to cause the Operating Partnership to issue units with terms that could delay, defer, or prevent a merger or other change of control of us or our Operating Partnership without the consent of the limited partners; and


•	the right of the limited partners to consent to direct or indirect transfers of the general partnership interest, including as a result of a merger or a sale of all or substantially all of our assets, in the event that such transfer requires approval by our common stockholders.

The limited partners in our Operating Partnership (other than us) owned approximately 25.5% of the outstanding OP Units of our Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2018 .

Our tax protection agreements could limit our ability to sell or otherwise dispose of certain properties.

In connection with the formation transactions related to our initial public offering, our Operating Partnership entered into tax protection agreements that provide that if we dispose of any interest in certain protected properties in a taxable transaction prior to the seventh (or, in a limited number of cases, the tenth) anniversary of the completion of the formation transactions, subject to certain exceptions, we will indemnify certain contributors, including Messrs. Hoffler, Haddad, Kirk, and Apperson and their respective affiliates and certain of our other officers, for their tax liabilities attributable to the built-in gain that existed with respect to such property interests as of the time of our initial public offering, and the tax liabilities incurred as a result of such tax protection payment. In addition, in connection with certain acquisitions completed since our initial public offering, we entered into tax protection agreements that require us to indemnify the contributors for their tax liabilities in the event that we dispose of the properties subject to the tax protection agreements, and may enter into similar agreements in connection with future property acquisitions. Therefore, although it may be in our stockholders’ best interests that we sell one of these properties, it may be economically prohibitive or unattractive for us to do so because of these obligations. Moreover, as a result of these potential tax liabilities, Messrs. Hoffler, Haddad, Kirk, and Apperson and certain of our other officers may have a conflict of interest with respect to our determination as to certain of our properties.

Our board of directors may change our strategies, policies, and procedures without stockholder approval and we may become more highly leveraged, which may increase our risk of default under our debt obligations.

Our investment, financing, leverage, and distribution policies, and our policies with respect to all other activities, including growth, capitalization, and operations, will be determined exclusively by our board of directors and may be amended or revised at any time by our board of directors without notice to or a vote of our stockholders. This could result in us conducting operational matters, making investments, or pursuing different business or growth strategies than those contemplated in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Further, our charter and bylaws do not limit the amount or percentage of indebtedness, funded or otherwise, that we may incur. Our board of directors may alter or eliminate our current policy on borrowing at any time without stockholder approval. If this policy changed, we could become more highly leveraged, which could result in an increase in our debt service costs. Higher leverage also increases the risk of default on our obligations. In addition, a change in our investment policies, including the manner in which we allocate our resources across our portfolio or the types of assets in which we seek to invest, may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, real estate market fluctuations

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and liquidity risk. Changes to our policies with regards to the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited.

Under Maryland law, generally, a director will not be liable if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. In addition, our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from:


•	actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or


•	active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action adjudicated.

Our charter authorizes us to indemnify our directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. Our bylaws require us to indemnify each director and officer, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service to us. In addition, we may be obligated to advance the defense costs incurred by our directors and officers. We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our executive officers and directors whereby we agreed to indemnify our directors and executive officers to the fullest extent permitted by Maryland law against all expenses and liabilities incurred in their capacity as an officer or director, subject to limited exceptions. As a result, we and our stockholders may have more limited rights against our directors and officers than might otherwise exist absent the current provisions in our charter and bylaws and the indemnification agreements or that might exist with other companies.

We are a holding company with no direct operations and, as such, we will rely on funds received from our Operating Partnership to pay liabilities, and the interests of our stockholders will be structurally subordinated to all liabilities and obligations of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries.

We are a holding company and conduct substantially all of our operations through our Operating Partnership. We do not have, apart from an interest in our Operating Partnership, any independent operations. As a result, we rely on cash distributions from our Operating Partnership to pay any dividends we might declare on shares of our common stock. We also rely on distributions from our Operating Partnership to meet any of our obligations, including any tax liability on taxable income allocated to us from our Operating Partnership. In addition, because we are a holding company, your claims as a stockholder will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future liabilities and obligations (whether or not for borrowed money) of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries. Therefore, in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation, or reorganization, our assets and those of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries will be available to satisfy the claims of our stockholders only after all of our and our Operating Partnership’s and its subsidiaries’ liabilities and obligations have been paid in full.

Our Operating Partnership may issue additional OP Units to third parties without the consent of our stockholders, which would reduce our ownership percentage in our Operating Partnership and could have a dilutive effect on the amount of distributions made to us by our Operating Partnership and, therefore, the amount of distributions we can make to our stockholders.

As of December 31, 2018 , we owned 74.5% of the outstanding OP Units in our Operating Partnership. We regularly have issued OP Units to third parties as consideration for acquisitions, and we may continue to do so in the future. Any such future issuances would reduce our ownership percentage in our Operating Partnership and could affect the amount of distributions made to us by our Operating Partnership and, therefore, the amount of distributions we can make to our stockholders. Because stockholders do not directly own OP Units, you do not have any voting rights with respect to any such issuances or other partnership level activities of our Operating Partnership.

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Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT

Failure to qualify as a REIT, or failure to remain qualified as a REIT, would cause us to be taxed as a regular corporation, which would substantially reduce funds available for distribution to our stockholders.

We have elected to be taxed and to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2013. We have not requested and do not plan to request a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) that we qualify as a REIT. Therefore, we cannot be assured that we will qualify as a REIT, or that we will remain qualified as such in the future. If we fail to qualify as a REIT or otherwise lose our REIT status in any taxable year, we will face serious tax consequences that would substantially reduce the funds available for distribution to our stockholders for each of the years involved because:


•	we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to stockholders in computing our taxable income and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates;


•	we could be subject to increased state and local taxes; and


•	unless we are entitled to relief under certain U.S. federal income tax laws, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT.

In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will no longer be required to make distributions. As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and it would adversely affect the value of our common stock.

Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flows.

Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain federal, state, and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, property, and transfer taxes. In addition, our TRS will be subject to regular corporate federal, state, and local taxes. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

Failure to make required distributions would subject us to U.S. federal corporate income tax.

We intend to continue to operate in a manner so as to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In order to qualify as a REIT, we generally are required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain, each year to our stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under the Code.

Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.

To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders, and the ownership of our capital stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our performance.

In particular, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities, and qualified real estate assets. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities, securities of TRSs, and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities, securities of TRSs, and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by the securities of one or more TRSs. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be

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required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.

The prohibited transactions tax may limit our ability to dispose of our properties.

A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We may be subject to the prohibited transaction tax equal to 100% of the net gain upon a disposition of real property. Although a safe harbor to the characterization of the sale of real property by a REIT as a prohibited transaction is available, we cannot assure you that we can comply with the safe harbor or that we will avoid owning property that may be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Consequently, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of our properties or may conduct such sales through our TRS, which would be subject to federal and state income taxation.

The ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders.

Our charter provides that our board of directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we cease to qualify as a REIT, we would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on our total return to our stockholders.

Our ownership of our TRS will be subject to limitations and our transactions with our TRS will cause us to be subject to a 100% penalty tax on certain income or deductions if those transactions are not conducted on arm’s-length terms.

Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRS. In addition, the Code limits the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The Code also imposes a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. Furthermore, we will monitor the value of our respective investments in our TRS for the purpose of ensuring compliance with TRS ownership limitations and will structure our transactions with our TRS on terms that we believe are arm’s length to avoid incurring the 100% excise tax described above. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to comply with the 20% REIT subsidiaries limitation or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax.

You may be restricted from acquiring or transferring certain amounts of our common stock.

The restrictions on ownership and transfer in our charter may inhibit market activity in our capital stock and restrict our business combination opportunities.

In order to qualify as a REIT for each taxable year after 2013, five or fewer individuals, as defined in the Code, may not own, beneficially or constructively, more than 50% in value of our issued and outstanding stock at any time during the last half of a taxable year. Attribution rules in the Code determine if any individual or entity beneficially or constructively owns our capital stock under this requirement. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our capital stock during at least 335 days of a taxable year for each taxable year after 2013. To help ensure that we meet these tests, our charter restricts the acquisition and ownership of shares of our capital stock.

Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary to preserve our qualification as a REIT. Unless exempted by our board of directors, our charter prohibits any person from beneficially or constructively owning more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our capital stock. Our board of directors may not grant an exemption from this restriction to any proposed transferee whose ownership in excess of 9.8% of the value of our outstanding shares would result in our failing to qualify as a REIT. This restriction, as well as other restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply, however, if our board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT.

Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.

The maximum tax rate applicable to “qualified dividend income” payable to U.S. stockholders that are taxed at individual rates is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified

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dividend income. Instead, our ordinary dividends generally are taxed at the higher tax rates applicable to ordinary income, the current maximum rate of which is 37%. However, for taxable years prior to 2026, individual stockholders are generally allowed to deduct 20% of the aggregate amount of ordinary dividends distributed by us, subject to certain limitations, which would reduce the maximum marginal effective tax rate for individuals on the receipt of such ordinary dividends to 29.6%.

Changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws, including the enactment of certain tax reform measures, could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

The legislation commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act significantly changed the U.S. federal income taxation of U.S. businesses and their owners, including REITs and their stockholders. The impact of the act on us and our shareholders is uncertain, and may not become evident for some period of time. For example, the act contained provisions that may reduce the relative competitive advantage of operating as a REIT, including the lowering of income tax rates on individuals and corporations, which eases the burden of double taxation on corporate dividends and potentially causes the single level of taxation on REIT distributions to become relatively less attractive. The act also contains provisions allowing the expensing of capital expenditures, which could result in the bunching of taxable income and required distributions for REITs, and provisions extending the depreciable lives of certain real estate assets and further limiting the deductibility of interest expense, which could negatively impact the real estate market. In addition, although the Tax Act was recently passed, there can be no assurance that future changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulatory changes will not be proposed or enacted that could impact our business and financial results. The REIT rules are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Treasury Department, which may result in revisions to regulations and interpretations in addition to statutory changes. If enacted, certain of such changes could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

We cannot predict whether, when, or to what extent the Tax Act and any new U.S. federal tax laws, regulations, interpretations, or rulings will impact the real estate investment industry or REITs. Prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the effect of the Tax Act and potential future changes to the federal tax laws on an investment in our shares.

If our Operating Partnership failed to qualify as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, we would cease to qualify as a REIT and suffer other adverse consequences.

We believe that our Operating Partnership will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, our Operating Partnership will not be subject to federal income tax on its income. Instead, each of its partners, including us, will be allocated, and may be required to pay tax with respect to, its share of our Operating Partnership’s income. We cannot assure you, however, that the IRS will not challenge the status of our Operating Partnership or any other subsidiary partnership in which we own an interest as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. If the IRS were successful in treating our Operating Partnership or any such other subsidiary partnership as an entity taxable as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, we would fail to meet the gross income tests and certain of the asset tests applicable to REITs and, accordingly, we would likely cease to qualify as a REIT. Also, the failure of our Operating Partnership or any subsidiary partnerships to qualify as a partnership could cause it to become subject to federal and state corporate income tax, which would reduce significantly the amount of cash available for debt service and for distribution to its partners, including us.

To maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to borrow funds during unfavorable market conditions, and the unavailability of such capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all, may cause us to curtail our investment activities or dispose of assets at inopportune times or on unfavorable terms, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

To qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income each year, excluding net capital gains, and we will be subject to regular corporate income taxes to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income each year. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions paid by us in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. In order to maintain our REIT status and avoid the payment of income and excise taxes, we may need to borrow funds to meet the REIT distribution requirements even if the then prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. These borrowing needs could result from, among other things, differences in timing between the actual receipt of cash and inclusion of income for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of non-deductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required principal or amortization payments. These sources, however, may not be available on favorable terms or at all. Our access to third-party

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sources of capital depends on a number of factors, including the market’s perception of our growth potential, our current debt levels, the market price of our common stock, and our current and potential future earnings. We cannot assure you that we will have access to such capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all, which may cause us to curtail our investment activities or dispose of assets at inopportune times or on unfavorable terms, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

We may be unable to make distributions at expected levels, which could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock.

We intend to continue to pay regular quarterly distributions to our stockholders. All distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will be based upon, among other factors, our historical and projected results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and liquidity, maintenance of our REIT qualification and other tax considerations, capital expenditure and other expense obligations, debt covenants, contractual prohibitions or other limitations, applicable law, and such other matters as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. If sufficient cash is not available for distribution from our operations, we may have to fund distributions from working capital, borrow to provide funds for such distributions, or reduce the amount of such distributions. To the extent we borrow to fund distributions, our future interest costs would increase, thereby reducing our earnings and cash available for distribution from what they otherwise would have been. If cash available for distribution generated by our assets is less than our current estimate, or if such cash available for distribution decreases in future periods from expected levels, our inability to make the expected distributions could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock.

Our ability to make distributions may also be limited by our credit facility. Under the terms of the credit facility, our ability to make distributions during any twelve-month period is limited to the greater of (1) 95% of our adjusted funds from operations (as defined in the credit agreement) or (2) the amount required for us to (a) maintain our REIT status and (b) avoid the payment of federal or state income or excise tax. In addition, if a default or events of default exist or would result from a distribution, we are precluded from making certain distributions other than those required to allow us to maintain our status as a REIT.

As a result of the foregoing, we may not be able to make distributions in the future, and our inability to make distributions, or to make distributions at expected levels, could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock.

The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile and could decline substantially in the future.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile in the future. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. We cannot assure stockholders that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future, including as a result of factors unrelated to our operating performance or prospects in 2019 compared to 2018. In particular, the market price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:


•	actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends;


•	changes in our FFO, Normalized FFO, or earnings estimates;


•	publication of research reports about us or the real estate industry;


•	increases in market interest rates that lead purchasers of our shares to demand a higher yield;


•	changes in market valuations of similar companies;


•	adverse market reaction to any additional debt we incur in the future;


•	additions or departures of key management personnel;


•	actions by institutional stockholders;


•	speculation in the press or investment community;

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•	the realization of any of the other risk factors presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K;


•	the extent of investor interest in our securities;


•	the general reputation of REITs and the attractiveness of our equity securities in comparison to other equity securities, including securities issued by other real estate-based companies;


•	changes in the federal government;


•	our underlying asset value;


•	investor confidence in the stock and bond markets generally;


•	further changes in tax laws;


•	future equity issuances;


•	failure to meet earnings estimates;


•	failure to meet and maintain REIT qualifications;


•	changes in our credit ratings;


•	general market and economic conditions;


•	our issuance of debt or preferred equity securities; and


•	our financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the price of their common stock. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, which could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations, and the per share trading price of our common stock.

Increases in market interest rates may have an adverse effect on the trading prices of our common stock as prospective purchasers of our common stock may expect a higher dividend yield and as an increased cost of borrowing may decrease our funds available for distribution.

One of the factors that will influence the trading prices of our common stock will be the dividend yield on the common stock (as a percentage of the price of our common stock) relative to market interest rates. An increase in market interest rates, which are currently at low levels relative to historical rates, may lead prospective purchasers of our common stock to expect a higher dividend yield (with a resulting decline in the trading prices of our common stock) and higher interest rates would likely increase our borrowing costs and potentially decrease funds available for distribution. Thus, higher market interest rates could cause the market price of our common stock to decrease.

The number of shares of our common stock available for future issuance or sale could materially and adversely affect the per share trading price of our common stock and our ability to obtain additional capital.

We cannot predict whether future issuances or sales of shares of our common stock or the availability of shares for resale in the open market will decrease the per share trading price of our common stock. The issuance of substantial numbers of shares of our common stock in the public market, the redemption of OP Units for shares of our common stock, or the perception that such issuances might occur could adversely affect the per share trading price of our common stock. As of February 26, 2019 , 50,335,242 shares of our common stock were outstanding. In addition, as of February 26, 2019 , 16,991,933 OP Units in our Operating Partnership were outstanding (other than OP Units held by us), which were eligible to be tendered for redemption for cash or, at our option, for shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis. We have an effective resale shelf registration statement pursuant to which we may issue freely tradeable shares of our common stock upon redemption of such OP Units. Accordingly, a substantial number of shares of our common stock could be issued in the future pursuant to such resale shelf registration statement. In addition, we have an effective shelf registration statement covering the possible resale,

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from time to time, of up to 2,000,000 shares of our common stock that were issued in connection with our acquisition of a retail property in October 2016. The sale of such shares, or the perception that such a sale may occur, could materially and adversely affect the per share trading price of our common stock. In addition, as of February 26, 2019 , 930,602 shares of our common stock and other equity-based awards were available for future issuance under our 2013 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan (our "Equity Plan").

The issuance of substantial numbers of shares of equity securities, including OP Units, or the perception that such issuances might occur, could materially and adversely affect us, including the per share trading price of shares of our common stock.

The redemption of OP Units for common stock, the vesting of any restricted stock granted to certain directors, executive officers, and other employees under our Equity Plan, the issuance of our common stock or OP Units in connection with future property, portfolio, or business acquisitions, and other issuances of our common stock could have an adverse effect on the per share trading price of our common stock, and the existence of units, options, or shares of our common stock issuable under our Equity Plan or upon redemption of OP Units may adversely affect the terms upon which we may be able to obtain additional capital through the sale of equity securities. In addition, future issuances of shares of our common stock or OP Units may be dilutive to existing stockholders.

Future offerings of debt, which would be senior to our common stock upon liquidation, and preferred equity securities, which may be senior to our common stock for purposes of dividend distributions or upon liquidation, may materially and adversely affect us, including the per share trading price of our common stock.

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by making additional offerings of debt or equity securities (or causing our Operating Partnership to issue debt securities), including medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes, and classes or series of preferred stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock and lenders with respect to other borrowings will be entitled to receive our available assets prior to distribution to the holders of our common stock. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences, and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock and may result in dilution to owners of our common stock. Holders of our common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution. Our preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference on liquidating distributions or a preference on dividend payments that could limit our ability pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our stockholders bear the risk that our future offerings could reduce the per share trading price of our common stock and dilute their interest in us.


Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.


Item 2.	Properties.

The information set forth under the captions “Our Properties” and “Development Pipeline” in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference herein.


Item 3.	Legal Proceedings.

The nature of our business exposes our properties, us and the Operating Partnership to the risk of claims and litigation in the normal course of business. Other than routine litigation arising out of the ordinary course of business, we are not presently subject to any material litigation nor, to our knowledge, is any material litigation threatened against us.


Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not Applicable.

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PART II


Item 5.	Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our common stock trades on the NYSE under the symbol “AHH.”

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph sets forth the cumulative total stockholder return (assuming reinvestment of dividends) to our stockholders during the period December 31, 2013 through December 31, 2018 , as well as the corresponding returns on an overall stock market index (S&P 500) and a peer group index (MSCI US REIT Index). The stock performance graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2013. Historical total stockholder return is not necessarily indicative of future results. The information in this paragraph and the following graph shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, other than as provided in Item 201 of Regulation S-K, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically request that such information be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporate it by reference into a filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.



	Period Ending
Index	12/31/2013	12/31/2014	12/31/2015	12/31/2016	12/31/2017	12/31/2018
Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.	100.00	109.27	128.84	189.34	213.05	204.06
MSCI US REIT	100.00	130.38	133.67	145.16	152.52	145.55
S&P 500	100.00	113.69	115.26	129.05	157.22	150.33

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Distribution Information

Since our initial quarter as a publicly-traded REIT, we have made regular quarterly distributions to our stockholders. We intend to continue to declare quarterly distributions. However, we cannot provide any assurance as to the amount or timing of future distributions.

Any future distributions will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors, and their form, timing, and amount, if any, will depend upon a number of factors, including our actual and projected financial condition, liquidity, EBITDA, FFO, Normalized FFO, results of operations, the revenue we actually receive from our properties, our operating expenses, our debt service requirements, our capital expenditures, prohibitions and other limitations under our financing arrangements, as described above, our REIT taxable income, the annual REIT distribution requirements, applicable law, and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. To the extent that our cash available for distribution is less than 90% of our REIT taxable income, we may consider various means to cover any such shortfall, including borrowing under our credit facility or other loans, selling certain of our assets, or using a portion of the net proceeds we receive from offerings of equity, equity-related, or debt securities, or declaring taxable share dividends.

To the extent that we make distributions in excess of our earnings and profits, as computed for federal income tax purposes, these distributions will represent a return of capital, rather than a dividend, for federal income tax purposes. Distributions that are treated as a return of capital for federal income tax purposes will reduce the stockholder’s basis in its shares (but not below zero) and therefore can result in the stockholder having a higher gain upon a subsequent sale of such shares. Return of capital distributions in excess of a stockholder’s basis generally will be treated as gain from the sale of such shares for federal income tax purposes.

Stockholder Information

As of February 26, 2019 , there were approximately 111 holders of record of our common stock. However, because many shares of our common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we believe there are substantially more beneficial holders of our common stock than record holders. As of February 26, 2019 , there were 84 holders (other than our company) of our OP units. Our OP units are redeemable for cash or, at our election, for shares of our common stock.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

Subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, holders of Class A Units in the Operating Partnership may tender their units for redemption by the Operating Partnership in exchange for cash equal to the market price of shares of the Company’s common stock at the time of redemption or, at the Company’s option and sole discretion, for shares of common stock on a one-for-one basis. During the three months ended December 31, 2018, the Company elected to satisfy certain redemption requests by issuing a total of 17,200 shares of common stock in reliance upon an exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

During the three months ended December 31, 2018 , certain of our employees surrendered shares of common stock owned by them to satisfy their minimum statutory federal and state tax obligations associated with the vesting of restricted shares of common stock issued under our Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Amended Plan"). The following table summarizes all of these repurchases during the three months ended December 31, 2018 .



				Total Number of
				Shares Purchased	Maximum Number of
				as Part of Publicly	Shares that May Yet be
	Total Number of	Average Price		Announced Plans	Purchased Under the
Period	Shares Purchased (1)	Paid for Shares (1)		or Programs	Plans or Programs
October 1, 2018 through October 31, 2018	—	$	—	N/A	N/A
November 1, 2018 through November 30, 2018	4,222	15.32		N/A	N/A
December 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018	—	—		N/A	N/A
Total	4,222	15.32


(1)	The number of shares purchased represents shares of common stock surrendered by one of our employees to satisfy his statutory minimum federal and state tax obligations associated with the vesting of restricted shares of common stock issued under the Amended Plan. With respect to these shares, the price paid per share is based on the fair value at the time of surrender.


Item 6.	Selected Financial Data.

The following selected historical consolidated and combined financial information should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the historical consolidated and combined financial statements as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the three years ended December 31, 2018 and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected historical consolidated financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , 2016 , 2015 and 2014 has been derived from our audited historical financial statements.

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	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	($ in thousands, except per share data)
Operating Data:
Rental revenues	$	116,958		$	108,737		$	99,355		$	81,172		$	64,746
General contracting and real estate services revenues	76,359			194,034			159,030			171,268			103,321
Rental expenses	27,222			25,422			21,904			19,204			16,667
Real estate taxes	11,383			10,528			9,629			7,782			5,743
General contracting and real estate services expenses	73,628			186,590			153,375			165,344			98,754
Depreciation and amortization	39,913			37,321			35,328			23,153			17,569
Interest expense	(19,087		)	(17,439		)	(16,466		)	(13,333		)	(10,648		)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(11		)	(50		)	(82		)	(512		)	—
Gain on real estate dispositions and acquisitions	4,254			8,087			30,533			18,394			2,211
Net income	$	23,492		$	29,925		$	42,755		$	31,183		$	12,759
Net income attributable to stockholders	$	17,203		$	21,047		$	28,074		$	19,642		$	7,691
Net income per share—basic and diluted	$	0.36		$	0.50		$	0.85		$	0.75		$	0.36
Cash dividends declared per share	$	0.80		$	0.76		$	0.72		$	0.68		$	0.64
Balance Sheet Data:
Real estate investments, at cost	$	1,176,586		$	994,437		$	908,287		$	633,591		$	595,000
Accumulated depreciation	(188,775		)	(164,521		)	(139,553		)	(125,380		)	(116,099		)
Net real estate investments	987,811			829,916			768,734			508,211			478,901
Real estate investments held for sale	929			—			—			40,232			8,538
Cash and cash equivalents	21,254			19,959			21,942			26,989			25,883
Notes receivable	138,683			83,058			59,546			7,825			—
Construction assets	17,512			24,178			39,543			36,623			19,704
Total assets	$	1,265,382		$	1,043,123		$	982,468		$	689,547		$	588,022
Indebtedness, net	694,239			517,272			522,180			377,593			356,345
Construction liabilities	53,833			51,036			61,297			54,291			43,452
Total liabilities	809,492			622,840			633,490			463,827			426,116
Total equity	455,890			420,283			348,978			225,720			161,906
Other Data:
Funds from operations ⁽¹⁾	$	64,339		$	59,651		$	47,980		$	35,942		$	28,117
Normalized funds from operations ⁽¹⁾	66,458			59,332			50,921			38,659			28,594
Cash provided by operating activities	56,087			51,236			56,985			33,266			31,362
Cash used for investing activities	(240,563		)	(95,355		)	(223,031		)	(57,961		)	(105,306		)
Cash provided by financing activities	185,611			41,842			161,426			24,401			80,945

________________________________________


(1)	For definitions and discussion of FFO and Normalized FFO, see the section below entitled "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations--Non-GAAP Financial Measures." The following table sets forth a reconciliation of our FFO and Normalized FFO to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP equivalent, for the periods presented:

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	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	($ in thousands)
Net income	$	23,492		$	29,925		$	42,755		$	31,183		$	12,759
Depreciation and amortization ⁽¹⁾	40,178			37,321			35,328			23,153			17,569
Gain on operating real estate dispositions ⁽²⁾	(833		)	(7,595		)	(30,103		)	(18,394		)	(2,211		)
Impairment of real estate assets	1,502			—			—			—			—
Funds from operations	$	64,339		$	59,651		$	47,980		$	35,942		$	28,117
Acquisition, development and other pursuit costs	352			648			1,563			1,935			229
Impairment of intangible assets and liabilities	117			110			355			41			15
Loss on extinguishment of debt	11			50			82			512			—
Change in fair value of interest rate derivatives	951			(1,127		)	941			229			233
Severance related costs	688			—			—			—			—
Normalized funds from operations	$	66,458		$	59,332		$	50,921		$	38,659		$	28,594

________________________________________

(1) The adjustment for depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes depreciation and amortization attributable to our investment in One City Center, which is an unconsolidated real estate investment.

(2) The adjustment for gain on operating real estate dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2018 excludes the gain on the River City industrial facility because this property was sold before being placed into service. The adjustment for gain on operating real estate dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2017 excludes the gain on the land outparcel at Sandbridge Commons because this was a non-operating parcel. Additionally, the adjustment for gain on real estate dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2016 excludes the gain on the Newport News Economic Authority building because this property was sold before being placed in service.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

References to “we,” “our,” “us,” and “our company” refer to Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc., a Maryland corporation, together with our consolidated subsidiaries, including Armada Hoffler, L.P., a Virginia limited partnership, of which we are the sole general partner and to which we refer in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as our Operating Partnership.

Business Description

We are a full service real estate company with extensive experience developing, building, owning, and managing high-quality, institutional-grade office, retail, and multifamily properties in attractive markets throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. As of December 31, 2018 , our operating property portfolio was comprised of 39 retail properties, four office properties, and five multifamily properties. In addition to our operating property portfolio, we had two office properties, four multifamily properties, and three retail properties in various stages of development or stabilization as of December 31, 2018 . We also provide general contracting services to third parties and invest in development projects through mezzanine lending arrangements.

Substantially all of our assets are held by, and all of our operations are conducted through, our Operating Partnership. We are the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership and, as of December 31, 2018 , we owned, through a combination of direct and indirect interests, 74.5% of the outstanding OP units in our Operating Partnership.

We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2013.

Our principal executive office is located at 222 Central Park Avenue, Suite 2100, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23462 in the Armada Hoffler Tower at the Virginia Beach Town Center. In addition, we have construction offices located at 249 Central Park Avenue, Suite 300, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23462 and 1300 Thames Street, Suite 30, Baltimore, Maryland 21231. The telephone number for our principal executive office is (757) 366-4000. We maintain a website at www.armadahoffler.com. The information on, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated into and does not constitute a part of this report.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to exercise our best judgment in making estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis, based upon current available information. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

We believe the following accounting policies and estimates are the most critical to understanding our reported financial results as their effect on our financial condition and results of operations is material.

Rental Revenues

We lease our properties under operating leases and recognize base rents on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We also recognize revenue from tenant recoveries, through which tenants reimburse us for expenses paid by us such as utilities, janitorial, repairs and maintenance, security and alarm, parking lot and grounds, general and administrative, management fees, insurance, and real estate taxes on an accrual basis. Our rental revenues are reduced by the amount of any leasing incentives on a straight-line basis over the term of the applicable lease. We include a renewal period in the lease term only if it appears at lease inception that the renewal is reasonably assured. We begin recognizing rental revenue when the tenant has the right to take possession of or controls the physical use of the property under lease. We maintain control of the physical use of the property under lease if we serve as the general contractor for the buildout of leasehold improvements.

Rental revenue is recognized subject to management’s evaluation of tenant credit risk. The extended collection period for accrued straight-line rental revenue along with our evaluation of tenant credit risk may result in the non-recognition of all or a portion of straight-line rental revenue until the collection of such revenue is reasonably assured.

General Contracting and Real Estate Services Revenues

We recognize general contracting revenues as a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. For each construction contract, we identify the performance obligations, which typically include the delivery of a single building constructed according to the specifications of the contract. We estimate the total transaction price, which generally includes a fixed contract price and may also include variable components such as early completion bonuses, liquidated damages, or cost savings to be shared with the customer. Variable components of the contract price are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur. We recognize the estimated transaction price as revenue as we satisfy our performance obligations; we estimate our progress in satisfying performance obligations for each contract using the input method, based on the proportion of incurred costs relative to total estimated construction costs at completion. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are recognized immediately in the period in which such losses are determined.

We recognize real estate services revenues from property development and management as we satisfy our performance obligations under these service arrangements.

Operating Property Acquisitions

In connection with operating property acquisitions, we identify and recognize all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their relative fair values as of the acquisition date. The purchase price allocations to tangible assets, such as land, site improvements, and buildings and improvements, are presented within income producing property in the consolidated balance sheets and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Acquired lease intangible assets and liabilities are presented within other assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and amortized over their respective lease terms. We amortize in-place lease assets as depreciation and amortization expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. We amortize above-market lease assets as reductions to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. We amortize below-market lease liabilities as increases to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. We amortize below-market ground lease assets as increases to rental expenses on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. Prior to October 1, 2016, we expensed all costs incurred related to operating property acquisitions. On October 1, 2016, we adopted newly issued accounting guidance that allows capitalization of costs related to operating property acquisitions.

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We value land based on a market approach, looking to recent sales of similar properties, adjusting for differences due to location, the state of entitlement, and the shape and size of the parcel. Improvements to land are valued using a replacement cost approach. The approach applies industry standard replacement costs adjusted for geographic specific considerations and reduced by estimated depreciation. The value of buildings acquired is estimated using the replacement cost approach, assuming the buildings were vacant at acquisition. The replacement cost approach considers the composition of the structures acquired, adjusted for an estimate of depreciation. The estimate of depreciation is made considering industry standard information and depreciation curves for the identified asset classes. The value of acquired lease intangible assets and liabilities considers the estimated cost of leasing the properties as if the acquired buildings were vacant, as well as the value of the current leases relative to market-rate leases. The in-place lease value is determined using an estimated total lease-up time and lost rental revenues during such time. The value of current leases relative to market-rate leases is based on market rents obtained for market comparables. Given the significance of unobservable inputs used in the valuation of acquired real estate assets, we classify them as Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

We value debt assumed in connection with operating property acquisitions based on a discounted cash flow analysis of the expected cash flows of the debt. Such analysis considers the contractual terms of the debt, including the period to maturity, credit characteristics, and other terms of the arrangements, which are Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

Real Estate Project Costs

We capitalize direct and certain indirect costs clearly associated with the development, redevelopment, construction, leasing, or expansion of our real estate assets. Capitalized project costs include direct material, labor, subcontract costs, real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, ground rent, interest on borrowing obligations, and salaries and related personnel costs.

We capitalize direct and indirect project costs associated with the initial construction or redevelopment of a property up to the time the property is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. We believe the completion of the building shell is the proper basis for determining substantial completion of initial construction.

We also capitalize direct and indirect costs, including interest costs, on vacant space during extended lease-up periods after construction of the building shell has been completed if costs are being incurred to prepare the vacant space for its intended use. If costs and activities incurred to prepare the vacant space for its intended use cease, then cost capitalization is also discontinued until such activities are resumed. Once necessary work has been completed on a vacant space, project costs are no longer capitalized. In addition, all leasing commissions paid to third parties for new leases or lease renewals are capitalized.

We depreciate buildings on a straight-line basis over 39 years and tenant improvements over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the term of the related lease.

Real Estate Impairment

We evaluate our real estate assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If such an evaluation is necessary, we compare the carrying amount of any such real estate asset with the undiscounted expected future cash flows that are directly associated with, and that are expected to arise as a direct result of, its use and eventual disposition. Our estimate of the expected future cash flows attributable to a real estate asset is based upon, among other things, our estimates regarding future market conditions, rental rates, occupancy levels, tenant improvements, leasing commissions, tenant concessions, and assumptions regarding the residual value of our properties. If the carrying amount of a real estate asset exceeds its associated undiscounted expected future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to reduce the carrying amount of the real estate asset to its fair value based on marketplace participant assumptions.

Interest Income

Interest income on notes receivable is accrued based on the contractual terms of the loans and when, in the opinion of management, it is deemed collectible. Many loans provide for accrual of interest that will not be paid until maturity of the loan. Interest is recognized on these loans at the accrual rate subject to management's determination that accrued interest is ultimately collectible, based on the underlying collateral and the status of development activities, as applicable. If management cannot make this determination, recognition of interest income may be fully or partially deferred until it is ultimately paid.

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Notes Receivable Impairment

We evaluate the collectibility of both the interest on and principal of each of our notes receivable based primarily upon the financial condition of the individual borrowers and the value of the underlying development project. A loan is determined to be impaired when, based upon then-current information, it is no longer probable that we will be able to collect all contractual amounts due from the borrower. We consider factors such as the progress of development activities, including leasing activities, projected development costs, and current and projected loan balances. The amount of impairment loss recognized is measured as the difference between the carrying amount of the loan and its estimated realizable value.

Guarantees

We measure and record a liability for the fair value of our guarantees on a nonrecurring basis upon issuance using Level 3 internally-developed inputs. These guarantees typically relate to payments that we could be required to make to senior lenders on our mezzanine loan investments. We base our estimated fair value on the market approach, which compares the guarantee terms and credit characteristics of the underlying development project to other projects for which guarantee pricing terms are available. The offsetting entry for the guarantee liability is a premium on the related loan receivable. The liability is amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the guarantee. On a quarterly basis, we assess the likelihood of a contingent liability in connection with these guarantees and will record an additional guarantee liability if the remaining unamortized guarantee liability is determined to be insufficient.

Segment Results of Operations

As of December 31, 2018 , we operated our business in four segments: (i) office real estate, (ii) retail real estate, (iii) multifamily residential real estate, and (iv) general contracting and real estate services that are conducted through our taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”). Net operating income (segment revenues minus segment expenses) (“NOI”) is the measure used by management to assess segment performance and allocate our resources among our segments. NOI is not a measure of operating income or cash flows from operating activities as measured by GAAP and is not indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. As a result, NOI should not be considered an alternative to cash flows as a measure of liquidity. Not all companies calculate NOI in the same manner. We consider NOI to be an appropriate supplemental measure to net income because it assists both investors and management in understanding the core operations of our real estate and construction businesses. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a reconciliation of NOI to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

We define same store properties as those that we owned and operated and that were stabilized for the entirety of both periods compared. We generally consider a property to be stabilized upon the earlier of: (i) the quarter after the property reaches 80% occupancy or (ii) the thirteenth quarter after the property receives its certificate of occupancy. Additionally, any property that is fully or partially taken out of service for the purpose of redevelopment is no longer considered stabilized until the redevelopment activities are complete, the asset is placed back into service, and the occupancy criterion above is again met. A property may also be fully or partially taken out of service as a result of a partial disposition, depending on the significance of the portion of the property disposed. Finally, any property classified as held for sale is taken out of service for the purpose of computing same store operating results.

Office Segment Data



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Rental revenues	$	20,701		$	19,207		$	20,929
Property expenses	7,892			7,342			7,560
NOI	$	12,809		$	11,865		$	13,369
Square feet (1)	796,509			799,855			847,240
Occupancy (1)	93.3		%	89.9		%	86.8		%

________________________________________


(1)	Stabilized properties as of the end of the periods presented.

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Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $1.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . NOI for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $0.9 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . The increase in rental revenues and NOI resulted from new tenants and renewals across the Town Center office portfolio, most notably at 4525 Main Street. These increases were partially offset by the disposition of the Commonwealth of Virginia-Chesapeake and Commonwealth of Virginia-Virginia Beach properties, which occurred in the third quarter of 2017.

Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased $1.7 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . NOI for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased $1.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . The decreases in rental revenues and NOI resulted from the disposition of four properties, including Richmond Tower and Oyster Point, which occurred in the first quarter and third quarter of 2016, respectively, as well as the Commonwealth of Virginia-Chesapeake and Commonwealth of Virginia-Virginia Beach properties, which occurred in the third quarter of 2017.

Office Same Store Results

Office same store rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the comparative years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:



	Years Ended						Years Ended
	December 31,						December 31,
	2018 ⁽¹⁾		2017 ⁽¹⁾		Change		2017 ⁽²⁾		2016 ⁽²⁾		Change
	($ in thousands)
Rental revenues	$	14,125	$	13,615	$	510	$	13,615	$	14,323	$	(708	)
Property expenses	5,496		5,196		300		5,435		5,273		162
Same Store NOI	$	8,629	$	8,419	$	210	$	8,180	$	9,050	$	(870	)
Non-Same Store NOI	4,180		3,446		734		3,685		4,319		(634		)
Segment NOI	$	12,809	$	11,865	$	944	$	11,865	$	13,369	$	(1,504	)

________________________________________


(1)	Same store excludes 4525 Main Street and the Commonwealth of Virginia-Chesapeake and Commonwealth of Virginia-Virginia Beach office buildings.


(2)	Same store excludes 4525 Main Street, the Richmond Tower building, the Oyster Point building, and the Commonwealth of Virginia-Chesapeake and Commonwealth of Virginia-Virginia Beach office buildings.

Same store rental revenues and NOI for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 due to new tenants and renewals across the same store office portfolio.

Same store rental revenues and NOI for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 due to the expansion and relocation of a tenant from One Columbus to 4525 Main Street during the fourth quarter of 2016 and the expansion and relocation of another tenant from Two Columbus to 4525 Main Street during the third quarter of 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the NOI from these tenants that relocated to 4525 Main Street are included in Non-Same Store NOI. In addition, decreased occupancy at the Armada Hoffler Tower contributed to the period-over-period decrease in office same store NOI.

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Retail Segment Data



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Rental revenues	$	67,959		$	63,109		$	56,511
Property expenses	17,704			16,409			14,511
NOI	$	50,255		$	46,700		$	42,000
Square feet (1)	3,702,733			3,498,480			3,592,558
Occupancy (1)	96.2		%	96.5		%	95.8		%

________________________________________


(1)	Stabilized properties as of the end of the periods presented.

Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $4.9 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . NOI for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $3.6 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . The increases in rental revenues and NOI resulted primarily from property acquisitions and new real estate placed into service during 2018 and 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we acquired Indian Lakes Crossing, Parkway Centre, and Lexington Square and placed into service Premier Retail as well as certain outparcels at Lightfoot Marketplace. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we acquired an outparcel phase of Wendover Village.

Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $6.6 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . NOI for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $4.7 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . The increases in rental revenues and NOI resulted primarily from property acquisitions and new real estate placed into service during 2017 and 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we acquired an outparcel phase of Wendover Village. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we acquired the 11-property retail portfolio, Southgate Square, Southshore Shops, Columbus Village II, and Renaissance Square and placed into service Brooks Crossing Retail and Lightfoot Marketplace.

Retail Same Store Results

Retail same store rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the comparative years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:



	Years Ended						Years Ended
	December 31,						December 31,
	2018 ⁽¹⁾		2017 ⁽¹⁾		Change		2017 ⁽²⁾		2016 ⁽²⁾		Change
	($ in thousands)
Rental revenues	$	56,693	$	56,348	$	345	$	37,707	$	37,154	$	553
Property expenses	13,156		12,844		312		10,757		10,241		516
Same Store NOI	$	43,537	$	43,504	$	33	$	26,950	$	26,913	$	37
Non-Same Store NOI	6,718		3,196		3,522		19,750		15,087		4,663
Segment NOI	$	50,255	$	46,700	$	3,555	$	46,700	$	42,000	$	4,700

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(1)	Same store excludes Lightfoot Marketplace, Brooks Crossing, the outparcel phase of Wendover Village, Indian Lakes Crossing, Parkway Centre, Lexington Square, Premier Retail, Broad Creek Shopping Center, and Waynesboro Commons.


(2)	Same store excludes the 11-property retail portfolio, Southgate Square, Lightfoot Marketplace, Southshore Shops, Brooks Crossing, Columbus Village II, Renaissance Square, and the outparcel phase of Wendover Village.

Same store rental revenues and NOI for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased slightly compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . The increases in rental revenues from new tenants and renewals were mostly offset by increases in real estate taxes and operating expenses across the same store portfolio.

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Same store rental revenues and NOI for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily because of higher occupancy at Sandbridge Commons, Broad Creek, Hanbury Village, North Point, Providence, and 249 Central Park. These increases were partially offset by lower occupancy at Columbus Village and increased administrative expense, maintenance and repair expense, and bad debt expense.

Multifamily Segment Data



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Rental revenues	$	28,298		$	26,421		$	21,915
Property expenses	13,009			12,199			9,462
NOI	$	15,289		$	14,222		$	12,453
Apartment units	1,586			1,266			1,266
Occupancy	97.3		%	92.9		%	94.3		%

Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $1.9 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . NOI increased $1.1 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . The increases in rental revenues and NOI resulted primarily from increased occupancy and increased rental rates at Johns Hopkins Village, as well as the delivery of Premier Apartments, for which the final phase was placed into service during the fourth quarter of 2018, and the delivery of Greenside Apartments, portions of which were placed into service in the third and fourth quarters of 2018. Increased occupancy at Liberty Apartments and increased rates at Smith's Landing also contributed to the increases.

Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $4.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . NOI increased $1.8 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . The increases in rental revenues and NOI resulted primarily from the delivery of Johns Hopkins Village in August 2016.

Multifamily Same Store Results

Multifamily same store rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the comparative years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:



	Years Ended						Years Ended
	December 31,						December 31,
	2018 ⁽¹⁾		2017 ⁽¹⁾		Change		2017 ⁽²⁾		2016 ⁽²⁾		Change
	($ in thousands)
Rental revenues	$	11,834	$	11,473	$	361	$	18,892	$	19,194	$	(302	)
Property expenses	4,989		4,869		120		8,876		8,410		466
Same Store NOI	$	6,845	$	6,604	$	241	$	10,016	$	10,784	$	(768	)
Non-Same Store NOI	8,444		7,618		826		4,206		1,669		2,537
Segment NOI	$	15,289	$	14,222	$	1,067	$	14,222	$	12,453	$	1,769

________________________________________


(1)	Same store excludes Johns Hopkins Village, Greenside Apartments, Premier Apartments, and the Cosmopolitan.


(2)	Same store excludes Johns Hopkins Village.

Same store rental revenues and NOI for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily as a result of increased occupancy at Liberty Apartments and increased rates at Smith's Landing.

Same store rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily because of lower occupancy at The Cosmopolitan in the Town Center of Virginia Beach attributed to the loss of retail tenants at the property and construction activities at an adjacent property. In addition, NOI decreased due to higher expenses for repairs and maintenance, property taxes, administration, and utilities.

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General Contracting and Real Estate Services Segment Data



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Segment revenues	$	76,359		$	194,034		$	159,030
Gross profit	$	2,731		$	7,444		$	5,655
Operating margin	3.6		%	3.8		%	3.6		%
Construction backlog	$	165,863		$	49,167		$	217,718

Segment revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased $117.7 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased $4.7 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . The decrease in segment revenues resulted from a lower level of new third-party contracts during 2018 until December 2018, when the Interlock Commercial and Solis Apartments at Interlock projects commenced.

Segment revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $35.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $1.8 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . The increase in segment revenues resulted from work performed on several large projects in the backlog as of December 31, 2016, including Annapolis Junction, Point Street, and City Center.

The changes in construction backlog for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Beginning backlog	$	49,167		$	217,718		$	83,433
New contracts/change orders	192,852			25,224			293,115
Work performed	(76,156		)	(193,775		)	(158,830		)
Ending backlog	$	165,863		$	49,167		$	217,718

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we executed new contracts for the Interlock Commercial and Solis Apartments at Interlock projects, which added $84.9 million and $62.3 million, respectively, to the December 31, 2018 backlog.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we performed work on several significant projects, including Annapolis Junction, Point Street, and City Center, resulting in work performed of $50.2 million, $40.7 million, and $31.3 million, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, we executed several new contracts, including Annapolis Junction and the Dinwiddie County administration building, which added $50.2 million and $23.0 million, respectively, to the December 31, 2016 backlog.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 :



	Years Ended December 31,									2018			2017
	2018			2017			2016			Change			Change
	($ in thousands)
Revenues
Rental revenues	$	116,958		$	108,737		$	99,355		$	8,221		$	9,382
General contracting and real estate services revenues	76,359			194,034			159,030			(117,675		)	35,004
Total revenues	193,317			302,771			258,385			(109,454		)	44,386
Expenses
Rental expenses	27,222			25,422			21,904			1,800			3,518
Real estate taxes	11,383			10,528			9,629			855			899
General contracting and real estate services expenses	73,628			186,590			153,375			(112,962		)	33,215
Depreciation and amortization	39,913			37,321			35,328			2,592			1,993
General and administrative expenses	11,431			10,435			9,552			996			883
Acquisition, development and other pursuit costs	352			648			1,563			(296		)	(915		)
Impairment charges	1,619			110			355			1,509			(245		)
Total expenses	165,548			271,054			231,706			(105,506		)	39,348
Gain on real estate dispositions	4,254			8,087			30,533			(3,833		)	(22,446		)
Operating income	32,023			39,804			57,212			(7,781		)	(17,408		)
Interest income	10,729			7,077			3,228			3,652			3,849
Interest expense	(19,087		)	(17,439		)	(16,466		)	(1,648		)	(973		)
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	372			—			—			372			—
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(11		)	(50		)	(82		)	39			32
Change in fair value of interest rate derivatives	(951		)	1,127			(941		)	(2,078		)	2,068
Other income	388			131			147			257			(16		)
Income before taxes	23,463			30,650			43,098			(7,187		)	(12,448		)
Income tax benefit (provision)	29			(725		)	(343		)	754			(382		)
Net income	$	23,492		$	29,925		$	42,755		$	(6,433	)	$	(12,830	)

Rental Revenues . Rental revenues by segment for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 were as follows:



	Years Ended December 31,						2018		2017
	2018		2017		2016		Change		Change
	($ in thousands)
Office	$	20,701	$	19,207	$	20,929	$	1,494	$	(1,722	)
Retail	67,959		63,109		56,511		4,850		6,598
Multifamily	28,298		26,421		21,915		1,877		4,506
	$	116,958	$	108,737	$	99,355	$	8,221	$	9,382

Rental revenues increased $8.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . The increase in office rental revenues resulted primarily from new tenants and renewals most notably at 4525 Main Street, which more than offset the decreases in rental revenues resulting from dispositions of the Commonwealth of Virginia-Chesapeake and Commonwealth of Virginia-Virginia Beach properties, which were sold in 2017. The increase in retail rental revenues resulted primarily from property acquisitions and new real estate placed into service. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we acquired Indian Lakes Crossing, Parkway Centre, and Lexington Square and placed into service Premier Retail as well as certain outparcels at Lightfoot Marketplace. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we acquired

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an outparcel phase of Wendover Village. The increase in multifamily rental revenues resulted primarily from increased occupancy and increased rates at Johns Hopkins Village, the delivery of Premier Apartments, for which the final phase was placed into service during the fourth quarter of 2018, the delivery of Greenside Apartments, portions of which were placed into service in the third and fourth quarters of 2018, as well as increased occupancy at Liberty Apartments and increased rates at Smith's Landing.

Rental revenues increased $9.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . The decrease in office rental revenues resulted primarily from the dispositions of Richmond Tower, Oyster Point, Commonwealth of Virginia-Chesapeake, and Commonwealth of Virginia-Virginia Beach properties, which we sold in 2016 and 2017. The increase in retail rental revenues resulted primarily from property acquisitions and new real estate placed into service. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we acquired the 11-property retail portfolio, Southgate Square, Southshore Shops, Columbus Village II, and Renaissance Square and placed into service Brooks Crossing and Lightfoot Marketplace. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we acquired the outparcel phase of Wendover Village. The increase in multifamily rental revenues resulted primarily from the delivery of Johns Hopkins Village in August 2016 as well as increased occupancy at Encore Apartments and Smith's Landing.

General Contracting and Real Estate Services Revenues. General contracting and real estate services revenues decreased $117.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . The decrease resulted from a lower level of new third-party contracts during 2018 until December 2018, when the Interlock Commercial and Solis Apartments at Interlock projects commenced.

General contracting and real estate services revenues increased $35.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 as a result of several new large projects started subsequent to the first quarter of 2016.

Rental Expenses. Rental expenses by segment for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:



	Years Ended December 31,						2018		2017
	2018		2017		2016		Change		Change
	($ in thousands)
Office	$	5,858	$	5,483	$	5,560	$	375	$	(77	)
Retail	10,903		10,234		9,116		669		1,118
Multifamily	10,461		9,705		7,228		756		2,477
	$	27,222	$	25,422	$	21,904	$	1,800	$	3,518

Rental expenses increased $1.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . Office rental expenses increased primarily as a result of higher occupancy. Retail rental expenses increased as a result of property acquisitions and new real estate placed into service. Multifamily rental expenses increased as a result of new real estate placed into service and higher expenses for repairs and maintenance and utilities.

Rental expenses increased $3.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . Office rental expenses decreased primarily due to the disposition of four office properties in 2016 and 2017. Retail rental expenses increased because of property acquisitions and new real estate placed into service. Multifamily rental expenses increased because of the delivery of Johns Hopkins Village in August 2016 and higher expenses for repairs and maintenance, property taxes, administration, and utilities at the other multifamily properties.

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Real Estate Taxes. Real estate taxes by segment for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 were as follows:



	Years Ended December 31,						2018		2017
	2018		2017		2016		Change		Change
	($ in thousands)
Office	2,034		1,859		2,000		$	175	$	(141	)
Retail	6,801		6,175		5,395		626		780
Multifamily	2,548		2,494		2,234		54		260
	$	11,383	$	10,528	$	9,629	$	855	$	899

Real estate taxes increased $0.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . Office real estate taxes increased primarily as a result of higher occupancy. Retail real estate taxes increased as a result of property acquisitions and new real estate placed into service. Multifamily real estate taxes increased primarily as a result of new real estate placed into service.

Real estate taxes increased $0.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . Office real estate taxes decreased primarily because of the disposition of four office properties in 2016 and 2017. Retail real estate taxes increased because of property acquisitions, new real estate placed into service, and reassessments, particularly at Wendover Village and North Hampton. Multifamily real estate taxes increased because of the reassessment of Encore Apartments and The Cosmopolitan and the delivery of the retail portion Johns Hopkins Village in August 2016.

General Contracting and Real Estate Services Expenses. General contracting and real estate services expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased $113.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . The decrease resulted from a lower level of new third-party contracts during 2018 until December 2018, when the Interlock Commercial and Solis Apartments at Interlock projects commenced. General contracting and real estate services expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $33.2 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 as a result of several new large projects started subsequent to the first quarter of 2016.

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $2.6 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . The increase was attributable to property acquisitions, new real estate placed into service, and accelerated depreciation relating to assets that were placed into redevelopment and was partially offset by dispositions in 2017 and certain assets that became fully depreciated. Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $2.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . The increase was attributable to property acquisitions and new real estate placed into service and was partially offset by dispositions in 2016 and 2017.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $1.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . The increase was primarily due to $0.7 million of severance related costs. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $0.9 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 because of higher regulatory and compliance costs, costs relating to information systems, as well as higher compensation expense and benefit costs from increased employee headcount.

Acquisition, Development and Other Pursuit Costs. During the year ended December 31, 2018 , we recognized $0.4 million of costs relating primarily to predevelopment costs for projects that are no longer being pursued. During the year ended December 31, 2017 , we recognized $0.6 million of costs relating primarily to abandoned acquisitions. During the year ended December 31, 2016 , we recognized $1.6 million of costs primarily attributable to our acquisition of an 11-property retail portfolio, Southgate Square, and Southshore Shops. We adopted new accounting guidance on October 1, 2016 which allowed us to capitalize $0.7 million in costs related to the acquisitions of Renaissance Square and Columbus Village II.

Impairment Charges. Impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2018 primarily relate to the impairment of Waynesboro Commons, which has been classified as held for sale. Impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 primarily relate to tenants that vacated prior to their lease expiration.

Interest Income. Interest income for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 totaled $10.7 million , $7.1 million , and $3.2 million respectively, and was attributable to our mezzanine loans. As of December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , our outstanding mezzanine loan balances were $139.1 million , $82.6 million, and $59.5 million, respectively.

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Interest Expense. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $1.6 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily as a result of the increase in interest rates between periods and the increase in net indebtedness of $177.0 million during 2018 through increased borrowings on the corporate credit facility, construction loans, and additional borrowings on the refinanced property loans. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $1.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily because of rising interest rates, which was partially offset by lower average debt balances.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. During the year ended December 31, 2018 , we did not recognize any significant losses on extinguishment of debt. During the year ended December 31, 2017 , we recognized a $0.1 million loss on extinguishment of debt as a result of the modification and extension of our credit facility which resulted in the departure of two syndicated lenders from the facility. During the year ended December 31, 2016 , we recognized a $0.1 million loss on extinguishment of debt representing the unamortized debt issuance costs associated with our refinancing of the mortgages secured by 249 Central Park Retail, South Retail, Fountain Plaza, 4525 Main Street, and Encore Apartments.

Gain on Real Estate Dispositions. During the year ended December 31, 2018 , we recognized gains on real estate dispositions of $4.3 million , which included a gain of $3.4 million on our sale of the River City industrial facility and a gain of $0.8 million on our sale of the Home Depot building at Broad Creek Shopping Center. During the year ended December 31, 2017 , we recognized gains on real estate dispositions of $8.1 million , which included a gain of $3.4 million on our sale of the Greentree Wawa outparcel, a gain of $4.2 million on our sale of the Commonwealth of Virginia-Chesapeake and Commonwealth of Virginia-Virginia Beach office buildings, and a gain of $0.5 million on our sale of the land outparcel at Sandbridge Commons. During the year ended December 31, 2016 , we recognized gains on real estate dispositions of $30.5 million , which consisted of a $26.2 million gain on the sale of Richmond Tower, a $3.8 million gain on Oyster Point, and a $0.4 million gain on the Newport News Economic Development Authority building.

Change in Fair Value of Interest Rate Derivatives. During the year ended December 31, 2018 , we recognized losses on changes in fair value of interest rate derivatives of $1.0 million due to decreases in forward interest rate curves for time periods beginning two years from now. During the year ended December 31, 2017 , we recognized gains on changes in fair value of interest rate derivatives of $1.1 million , due to increases in forward interest rate curves. During the year ended December 31, 2016 , we recognized losses on changes in fair value of interest rate derivatives of $0.9 million , which was primarily due to the dedesignation of our interest rate swaps during the three months ended March 31, 2016. In 2016, all activity for both interest rate caps and swaps were reclassified out of other income to this line item.

Other Income. Other income for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was relatively unchanged, with a small increase in 2018 due to miscellaneous non-tenant income.

Income Taxes. Our TRS, through which we conduct our development and construction business, is subject to federal, state, and local corporate income taxes. The income tax benefit (provision) recognized during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 is attributable to the (losses) profits of our TRS. As a result of the Tax Reform Legislation in 2017, we remeasured deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse in the future, which is generally 25%. The provisional amounts recorded related to the remeasurement of the deferred tax balance was approximately $0.2 million of tax expense during the year ended December 31, 2017 .

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

We believe our primary short-term liquidity requirements consist of general contractor expenses, operating expenses, and other expenditures associated with our properties, including tenant improvements, leasing commissions and leasing incentives, dividend payments to our stockholders required to maintain our REIT qualification, debt service, capital expenditures, new real estate development projects, and strategic acquisitions. We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements through net cash provided by operations, reserves established from existing cash, borrowings under construction loans to fund new real estate development and construction, borrowings available under our credit facility, and net proceeds from the sale of common stock through our at-the-market continuous equity offering program (the "ATM Program"), which is discussed below.

Our long-term liquidity needs consist primarily of funds necessary for the repayment of debt at or prior to maturity, general contracting expenses, property development and acquisitions, tenant improvements, and capital improvements. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements with net cash from operations, long-term secured and unsecured

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indebtedness, and the issuance of equity and debt securities. We also may fund property development and acquisitions and capital improvements using our credit facility pending long-term financing.

As of December 31, 2018 , we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $21.3 million available for both current liquidity needs as well as development activities. As of December 31, 2018 , we also had restricted cash in escrow of $2.8 million , some of which is available for capital expenditures at our operating properties. As of December 31, 2018 , we had $21.9 million available under our credit facility to meet our short-term liquidity requirements.

We paid off the North Point Center Note 1 loan on January 31, 2019. We have no other loans scheduled to mature during 2019.

ATM Program

On February 26, 2018, we commenced a new at-the-market continuous equity offering program (the "2018 ATM Program") through which we are able to, from time to time, issue and sell shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $125.0 million . During the year ended December 31, 2018 , we issued and sold 4,617,409 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $14.39 per share under the 2018 ATM Program, receiving net proceeds of $65.2 million after offering costs and commissions; commissions paid to underwriters totaled $1.0 million. During the three months ended December 31, 2018 , we issued and sold 389,431 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $15.05 per share under the 2018 ATM Program, receiving net proceeds of $5.7 million after offering costs and commissions; commissions paid to underwriters totaled $0.1 million.

As of December 31, 2018 , we had $58.5 million in availability under the 2018 ATM Program.

Credit Facility

On October 26, 2017, we entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the "credit agreement”), which provides for a $300.0 million credit facility comprised of a $150.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the “revolving credit facility”) and a $150.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the “term loan facility” and, together with the revolving credit facility, the “credit facility”), with a syndicate of banks. The credit facility replaced our prior $150.0 million revolving credit facility, which was scheduled to mature on February 20, 2019, and our prior $125.0 million term loan facility, which was scheduled to mature on February 20, 2021. We intend to use future borrowings under the credit facility for general corporate purposes, including funding acquisitions, mezzanine lending, and development and redevelopment of properties in our portfolio and for working capital.

The credit facility includes an accordion feature that allows the total commitments to be increased to as much as $450.0 million, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining commitments from any one or more lenders. On March 28, 2018, we increased the maximum commitments of the credit facility to $330.0 million using the accordion feature, with an increase of the term loan facility to $180.0 million. The revolving credit facility has a scheduled maturity date of October 26, 2021, with two six-month extension options, subject to certain conditions, including payment of a 0.075% extension fee at each extension. The term loan facility has a scheduled maturity date of October 26, 2022.

The revolving credit facility bears interest at LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 1.40% to 2.00% and the term loan facility bears interest at LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 1.35% to 1.95%, in each case depending on our total leverage. We are also obligated to pay an unused commitment fee of 15 or 25 basis points on the unused portions of the commitments under the revolving credit facility, depending on the amount of borrowings under the credit facility. If we attain investment grade credit ratings from S&P and Moody’s, we may elect to have borrowings become subject to interest rates based on our credit ratings.

The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the credit facility, and its obligations under the credit facility are guaranteed by us and certain of its subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty.

The credit agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. Our ability to borrow under the credit facility is subject to our ongoing compliance with a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants and other restrictions, including the following:


•	Total leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition that is equal to or greater than 10% of our total asset value (as defined in the credit agreement), but only up to two times during the term of the credit facility);

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•	Ratio of adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the credit agreement) to fixed charges of not less than 1.50 to 1.0;


•	Tangible net worth of not less than the sum of 75% of tangible net worth (as defined in the credit agreement) as of September 30, 2017 and 75% of the net equity proceeds received after June 30, 2017;


•	Ratio of secured indebtedness to total asset value of not more than 40%;


•	Ratio of secured recourse debt to total asset value of not more than 20%;


•	Total unsecured leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition that is equal to or greater than 10% of our total asset value, but only up to two times during the term of the credit facility);


•	Unencumbered interest coverage ratio (as defined in the credit agreement) of not less than 1.75 to 1.0;


•	Ratio of unencumbered NOI (as defined in the credit agreement) to all unsecured debt of not less than 12%;


•	Maintenance of a minimum of at least 15 unencumbered properties (as defined in the credit agreement) with an unencumbered asset value (as defined in the credit agreement) of not less than $300.0 million at any time; and


•	Minimum occupancy rate (as defined in the credit agreement) for all unencumbered properties of not less than 80% at any time.

The credit facility limits our ability to pay cash dividends. However, so long as no default or event of default exists, the credit agreement allows us to pay cash dividends with respect to any 12-month period in an amount not to exceed the greater of: (i) 95% of adjusted funds from operations (as defined in the credit agreement) or (ii) the amount required for us (a) to maintain our status as a REIT and (b) to avoid income or excise tax under the Code. If certain defaults or events of default exist, we may pay cash dividends with respect to any 12-month period to the extent necessary to maintain our status as a REIT. The credit facility also restricts the amount of capital that we can invest in specific categories of assets, such as unimproved land holdings, development properties, notes receivable, mortgages, mezzanine loans, and unconsolidated affiliates, and restricts the amount of stock and OP units that we may repurchase during the term of the credit facility.

We may, at any time, voluntarily prepay any loan under the credit facility in whole or in part without premium or penalty.

The credit agreement includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary periods to cure. The occurrence of an event of default, following the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest, and all other amounts payable under the credit facility to be immediately due and payable.

We are currently in compliance with all covenants under the credit agreement.

On January 31, 2019, we increased the maximum commitments under the credit facility to $355.0 million using the accordion feature, with an increase of the term loan facility to $205.0 million .

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Consolidated Indebtedness

The following table sets forth our consolidated indebtedness as of December 31, 2018 ($ in thousands):



						Effective Rate for
	Amount			Interest		Variable-Rate				Balance at
Secured Debt	Outstanding			Rate(a)		Debt			Maturity Date	Maturity
North Point Center Note 1 (b)	$	9,352		6.45	%				February 5, 2019	$	9,333
Greenside (Harding Place)	25,902			LIBOR + 2.95%		5.45	%		February 24, 2020	25,902
Premier (Town Center Phase VI)	19,214			LIBOR + 3.50%		6.00	%		June 29, 2020	19,214
Hoffler Place (King Street)	11,445			LIBOR + 3.24%		5.74	%		January 1, 2021	11,445
Summit Place (Meeting Street)	11,057			LIBOR + 3.24%		5.74	%		January 1, 2021	11,057
Southgate Square	21,442			LIBOR + 1.60%		4.10	%		April 29, 2021	19,462
4525 Main Street (c)	32,034			3.25	%				September 10, 2021	30,774
Encore Apartments (c)	24,966			3.25	%				September 10, 2021	24,006
Hanbury Village	19,019			3.78	%				August 15, 2022	17,109
Socastee Commons	4,671			4.57	%				January 6, 2023	4,223
Sandbridge Commons	8,258			LIBOR + 1.75%		4.25	%		January 17, 2023	7,248
249 Central Park Retail (d)	17,045			LIBOR + 1.60%		4.10	%		August 10, 2023	15,935
South Retail (d)	7,483			LIBOR + 1.60%		4.10	%		August 10, 2023	6,992
Fountain Plaza Retail (d)	10,257			LIBOR + 1.60%		4.10	%		August 10, 2023	9,594
Lightfoot Marketplace	10,500			LIBOR + 1.75%		4.77	%	(e)	October 12, 2023	10,500
Brooks Crossing Office	6,910			LIBOR + 1.60%		4.10	%		July 1, 2025	6,910
Market at Mill Creek	7,283			LIBOR + 1.55%		4.05	%		July 12, 2025	7,283
Johns Hopkins Village	52,708			LIBOR + 1.25%		4.19	%	(e)	August 7, 2025	45,967
North Point Center Note 2	2,346			7.25	%				September 15, 2025	1,344
Lexington Square	14,940			4.50	%				September 1, 2028	12,090
Smith's Landing	18,985			4.05	%				June 1, 2035	—
Liberty Apartments	14,437			5.66	%				November 1, 2043	—
The Cosmopolitan	44,468			3.35	%				July 1, 2051	—
Total secured debt	$	394,722								$	296,388
Unsecured Debt
Senior unsecured revolving credit facility	126,000			LIBOR+1.40%-2.00%		4.05	%		October 26, 2021	126,000
Senior unsecured term loan	80,000			LIBOR+1.35%-1.95%		4.00	%		October 26, 2022	80,000
Senior unsecured term loan	50,000			LIBOR+1.35%-1.95%		3.50	%	(e)	October 26, 2022	50,000
Senior unsecured term loan	50,000			LIBOR+1.35%-1.95%		4.28	%	(e)	October 26, 2022	50,000
Total unsecured debt	$	306,000								$	306,000
Total principal balances	700,722									602,388
Unamortized GAAP adjustments	(6,483		)							—
Indebtedness, net	$	694,239								$	602,388

________________________________________


(a)	LIBOR is determined by individual lenders.


(b)	On January 31, 2019, North Point Center Note 1 was paid off.


(c)	Cross collateralized.


(d)	Cross collateralized.


(e)	Subject to an interest rate swap agreement.

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We currently are in compliance with all covenants on our outstanding indebtedness.

As of December 31, 2018 , our outstanding indebtedness matures during the following years ($ in thousands):



				Percentage of
Year	Amount Due ⁽¹⁾			Total
2019	$	14,926	⁽²⁾	2	%
2020	51,742			7	%
2021	228,565			33	%
2022	201,912			29	%
2023	58,508			8	%
Thereafter	145,069			21	%
	$	700,722		100	%

________________________________________

(1) Includes scheduled principal amortization payments.

(2) North Point Note 1, which had an outstanding principal balance of $9,333, was paid off on January 31, 2019.

Interest Rate Derivatives

On February 20, 2015, we entered into a $50.0 million floating-to-fixed interest rate swap attributable to one-month LIBOR indexed interest payments. The $50.0 million interest rate swap has a fixed rate of 2.00% , an effective date of March 1, 2016, and a maturity date of February 20, 2020. We entered into this interest rate swap agreement in connection with the senior unsecured term loan facility with an original balance of $50.0 million that bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.35% to 1.95% , depending on our total leverage.

On April 23, 2018, we entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap attributable to one-month LIBOR-indexed interest payments with a notional amount of $50.0 million . The interest rate swap has a fixed rate of 2.783% , an effective date of May 1, 2018, and a maturity date of May 1, 2023.

On July 27, 2018, we entered into a LIBOR interest rate swap agreement that effectively fixes the interest rate of the new Johns Hopkins Village note payable at 4.19% per annum with a maturity date of August 7, 2025. We designated the interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes.

On October 12, 2018, we entered into a LIBOR interest rate swap agreement that effectively fixes the interest rate of the initial $10.5 million tranche of the new Lightfoot Marketplace note payable at 4.77% per annum until stabilization and 4.62% per annum thereafter. The swap matures on October 12, 2023. We designated the interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes.

As of December 31, 2018 , we were party to the following LIBOR interest rate cap agreements ($ in thousands):



Effective Date	Maturity Date	Strike Rate		Notional Amount
February 7, 2017	March 1, 2019	1.50	%	$	50,000
June 23, 2017	July 1, 2019	1.50	%	50,000
September 18, 2017	October 1, 2019	1.50	%	50,000
November 28, 2017	December 1, 2019	1.50	%	50,000
March 7, 2018	April 1, 2020	2.25	%	50,000
July 16, 2018	August 1, 2020	2.50	%	50,000
December 11, 2018	January 1, 2021	2.75	%	50,000
Total				$	350,000

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Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes the future payments for known contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



			Payments due by period
			Less than		1 – 3		3 – 5		More than
Contractual Obligations	Total		1 year		years		years		5 years
Principal payments of long-term indebtedness (1)	$	700,722	$	14,926	$	280,307	$	260,420	$	145,069
Ground and other operating leases	117,514		2,127		4,659		4,767		105,961
Long-term debt—fixed interest	95,050		13,408		25,613		15,954		40,075
Long-term debt—variable interest (2) (3)	46,976		15,621		24,011		6,415		929
Tenant-related and other commitments	25,772		17,085		8,572		—		115
Total ₍₄₎	$	986,034	$	63,167	$	343,162	$	287,556	$	292,149

________________________________________


(1)	Does not reflect $12,000 in additional borrowings on the revolving line of credit in January 2019 and a $15,000 paydown on the revolving line of credit in February 2019. North Point Note 1, which had an outstanding principal balance of $9,333, was paid off on January 31, 2019.


(2)	For long-term debt that bears interest at variable rates, we estimated future interest payments using the indexed rates as of December 31, 2018 . LIBOR as of December 31, 2018 was 250 basis points.


(3)	Assumes the balance outstanding of $126.0 million and the weighted average interest rate of 4.05% in effect at December 31, 2018 remain in effect until maturity of our secured revolving credit facility. Amounts also include unused credit facility fees assuming the balance outstanding at December 31, 2018 remains outstanding through maturity of our secured revolving credit facility.


(4)	Contractual obligations above do not include funding obligations to non-wholly owned development projects as well as unfunded mezzanine loan commitments due to the uncertainty of the timing and amounts of certain of these obligations. Refer to "Item 1. Business" for information about our development projects and mezzanine loans.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In connection with our mezzanine lending activities, we have made guarantees to pay portions of certain senior loans of third parties associated with the development projects. The following table summarizes the guarantees made by us as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



Development project	Payment guarantee amount
1405 Point	$	25,000
The Residences at Annapolis Junction	8,300
Delray Plaza	4,750		(a)
Nexton Square	—		(b)
Interlock Commercial	—		(c)
Solis Apartments at Interlock	—		(d)
City Center	18,457		(e)
Total	$	56,507

(a) On January 8, 2019, the mezzanine loan and senior construction loan were modified, and the payment guarantee amount increased to $5.2 million .

(b) As of December 31, 2018 , this payment guarantee was not yet effective because the senior construction loan had not yet been executed. On February 8, 2019, the senior construction loan was executed and the $12.6 million payment guarantee became effective. We have also guaranteed completion of the development project to the senior construction lender.

(c) As of December 31, 2018 , this $30.7 million payment guarantee was not yet effective because the senior construction loan had not yet been executed. Once the senior construction loan is executed, we will also guarantee completion of the development project to the senior lender. We have also guaranteed completion of the development project to Georgia Tech, the ground lessor.

(d) There is no payment guarantee for the senior construction loan on this project. We have guaranteed completion of the development project to the senior lender.

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(e) Durham City Center is accounted for as an equity method investment.

We have entered into a standby letter of credit for $2.1 million as a guarantee of the senior construction loan on the Point Street Apartments construction project and a standby letter of credit for $0.3 million as a guarantee of the tenant buildout for a tenant at Columbus Village. Letters of credit generally are available for draw down in the event we do not perform.

Cash Flows



	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2018			2017			Change
	($ in thousands)
Operating Activities	$	56,087		$	51,236		$	4,851
Investing Activities	(240,563		)	(95,355		)	(145,208		)
Financing Activities	185,611			41,842			143,769
Net Increase (Decrease)	$	1,135		$	(2,277	)	$	3,412
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, Beginning of Period	$	22,916		$	25,193
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, End of Period	$	24,051		$	22,916

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $4.9 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily as a result of increased cash provided by property operations, proceeds received from the sale of the Annapolis Junction purchase option, and interest payments received for the Annapolis Junction mezzanine loan. These increases were partially offset by timing differences in construction assets and liabilities.

Net cash used for investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $145.2 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to increased development activity, acquisition activity, and issuances of mezzanine loans.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $143.8 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to increased borrowing activity on our unsecured credit facility and construction loans.



	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2017			2016			Change
	($ in thousands)
Operating Activities	$	51,236		$	56,985		$	(5,749	)
Investing Activities	(95,355		)	(223,031		)	127,676
Financing Activities	41,842			161,426			(119,584		)
Net Increase (Decrease)	$	(2,277	)	$	(4,620	)	$	2,343
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, Beginning of Period	$	25,193		$	29,813
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, End of Period	$	22,916		$	25,193

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased $5.7 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily as a result of the timing of construction payables and receivables. This was partially offset by increased cash generated by property operations.

Net cash used for investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased $127.7 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily due to decreased acquisition and development activity. Cash outflows for acquisitions totaled $30.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $195.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 .

Additionally, cash used for development activities and issuances of notes receivable was lower for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.

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Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased $119.6 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily as a result of decreased net debt issuances and borrowings, which was partially offset by increased common stock issuances.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

FFO and Normalized FFO

We calculate FFO in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("Nareit"). Nareit defines FFO as net income (loss) (calculated in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains (or losses) from sales of depreciable operating property, real estate related depreciation and amortization (excluding amortization of deferred financing costs), impairment of real estate assets, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures.

FFO is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure. Management uses FFO as a supplemental performance measure because we believe that FFO is beneficial to investors as a starting point in measuring our operational performance. Specifically, in excluding real estate related depreciation and amortization and gains and losses from property dispositions, which do not relate to or are not indicative of operating performance, FFO provides a performance measure that, when compared year-over-year, captures trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, and operating costs. We also believe that, as a widely recognized measure of the performance of REITs, FFO will be used by investors as a basis to compare our operating performance with that of other REITs.

However, because FFO excludes depreciation and amortization and captures neither the changes in the value of our properties that result from use or market conditions nor the level of capital expenditures and leasing commissions necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which have real economic effects and could materially impact our results from operations, the utility of FFO as a measure of our performance is limited. In addition, other equity REITs may not calculate FFO in accordance with the Nareit definition as we do, and, accordingly, our calculation of FFO may not be comparable to such other REITs’ calculation of FFO. Accordingly, FFO should be considered only as a supplement to net income as a measure of our performance. FFO should not be used as a measure of our liquidity, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends or service indebtedness. FFO also should not be used as a supplement to or substitute for cash flow from operating activities computed in accordance with GAAP.

We also believe that the computation of FFO in accordance with Nareit’s definition includes certain items that are not indicative of the results provided by our operating property portfolio and affect the comparability of our year-over-year performance. Accordingly, management believes that Normalized FFO is a more useful performance measure that excludes certain items, including but not limited to, debt extinguishment losses and prepayment penalties, impairment of intangible assets and liabilities, property acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs, mark-to-market adjustments for interest rate derivatives, severance related costs, and other non-comparable items.

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The following table sets forth a reconciliation of FFO and Normalized FFO for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018 to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure:



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Net income	$	23,492		$	29,925		$	42,755
Depreciation and amortization	40,178			37,321			35,328
Gain on operating real estate dispositions	(833		)	(7,595		)	(30,103		)
Impairment of real estate assets	1,502			—			—
Funds from operations	$	64,339		$	59,651		$	47,980
Acquisition, development and other pursuit costs	352			648			1,563
Impairment of intangible assets and liabilities	117			110			355
Loss on extinguishment of debt	11			50			82
Change in fair value of interest rate derivatives	951			(1,127		)	941
Severance related costs	688			—			—
Normalized funds from operations	$	66,458		$	59,332		$	50,921

The adjustment for depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes depreciation and amortization attributable to our investment in One City Center, which is an unconsolidated real estate investment.

The adjustment for gain on operating real estate dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2018 excludes the gain on the River City industrial facility because this property was sold before being placed into service. The adjustment for gain on operating real estate dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2017 excludes the gain on the land outparcel at Sandbridge Commons because this was a non-operating parcel. Additionally, the adjustment for gain on real estate dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2016 excludes the gain on the Newport News Economic Authority building because this property was sold before being placed in service.

Inflation

Substantially all of our office and retail leases provide for the recovery of increases in real estate taxes and operating expenses. In addition, substantially all of the leases provide for annual rent increases. We believe that inflationary increases may be offset in part by the contractual rent increases and expense escalations previously described. In addition, our multifamily leases generally have lease terms ranging from 7 to 15 months with a majority having 12-month lease terms allowing negotiation of rental rates at term end, which we believe reduces our exposure to the effects of inflation.


Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The primary market risk to which we are exposed is interest rate risk. Our primary interest rate exposure is LIBOR. We primarily use fixed interest rate financing to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. On a limited basis, we also use derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk. We do not use these derivatives for trading or other speculative purposes.

As of December 31, 2018 and excluding unamortized GAAP adjustments, approximately $348.4 million , or 49.7% , of our debt had fixed interest rates and approximately $352.3 million , or 50.3% , had variable interest rates. Considering interest rate swaps and caps, 99.7% of our debt is either fixed-rate or economically hedged. As of December 31, 2018 , LIBOR was approximately 250 basis points. Assuming no change in the level of our variable-rate debt or derivative instruments, if interest rates were to increase by 100 basis points, our cash flow would decrease by approximately $0.5 million per year due to our interest rate derivatives. Assuming no change in the level of our variable-rate debt or derivative instruments, if LIBOR were reduced by 100 basis points, our cash flow would increase by approximately $1.4 million per year.


Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Our consolidated financial statements and supplementary data are included as a separate section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K commencing on page F-1 and are incorporated herein by reference.

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Item 9.	Changes and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is processed, recorded, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and regulations of the SEC and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

We have carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, regarding the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2018 , the end of the period covered by this report. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded, as of December 31, 2018 , that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act (i) is processed, recorded, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 based on the Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018 .

Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included elsewhere herein.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.


Item 9B.	Other Information.

None.

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PART III


Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

This information is incorporated by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement with respect to the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC no later than April 30, 2019 .


Item 11.	Executive Compensation.

This information is incorporated by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement with respect to the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC no later than April 30, 2019 .


Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

This information is incorporated by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement with respect to the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC no later than April 30, 2019 .


Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

This information is incorporated by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement with respect to the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC no later than April 30, 2019 .


Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

This information is incorporated by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement with respect to the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC no later than April 30, 2019 .

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PART IV


Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

The following is a list of documents filed as a part of this report:


(1)	Financial Statements

Included herein at pages F-1 through F-46.


(2)	Financial Statement Schedules

The following financial statement schedule is included herein at pages F-47 through F-49:

Schedule III—Consolidated Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation

All other schedules for which provision is made in Regulation S-X are either not required to be included herein under the related instructions, are inapplicable, or the related information is included in the footnotes to the applicable financial statements and, therefore, have been omitted.


(3)	Exhibits

The exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Index to Exhibits of this report and incorporated by reference herein.


Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary.

None.

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS



Exhibit Number		Description
3.1		Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3, filed on June 2, 2014)

3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed on February 23, 2018)

4.1		Form of Certificate of Common Stock of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11/A, filed on May 2, 2013)

10.1		Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Armada Hoffler, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 12, 2013)

10.2†		Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8, filed on June 15, 2017)

10.3†		Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Time Vesting) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11/A, filed on May 2, 2013)

10.4†		Indemnification Agreement between Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. and each of the Directors and Officers listed on Schedule A thereto (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, filed on March 2, 2016)

10.5†*		Armada Hoffler, L.P. Amended and Restated Executive Severance Benefit Plan with the participants listed on Schedule A thereto.

10.6		Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Directors (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11/A, filed on May 2, 2013)

10.7		Amendment No. 1, dated as of March 19, 2014, to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Armada Hoffler, L.P., dated as of May 13, 2013 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 15, 2014)

10.8		Amendment No. 2, dated as of July 10, 2015, to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Armada Hoffler, L.P., dated as of May 13, 2013 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 16, 2015)

10.9†*		Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. Amended and Restated Short-Term Incentive Program.

10.10		Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of December 3, 2015, by and between DDR-SAU South Square, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Durham Patterson, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Wendover Phase II, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Salisbury Alexander, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Winston-Salem Harper Hill, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Greer North Hampton Market, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Nashville Willowbrook, L.L.C., DDR-SAU South Bend Broadmoor, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Oakland, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Waynesboro, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Pasadena Red Bluff Limited Partnership and AHP Acquisitions, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.55 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, filed on March 2, 2016)

10.11		First Amendment to Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of December 14, 2015, by and between DDR-SAU South Square, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Durham Patterson, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Wendover Phase II, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Salisbury Alexander, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Winston-Salem Harper Hill, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Greer North Hampton Market, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Nashville Willowbrook, L.L.C., DDR-SAU South Bend Broadmoor, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Oakland, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Waynesboro, L.L.C., DDR-SAU Pasadena Red Bluff Limited Partnership and AHP Acquisitions, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.56 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, filed on March 2, 2016)

10.12		Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.57 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 1, 2017)

10.13		Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 26, 2017, among Armada Hoffler, L.P. as Borrower, Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc., as Parent, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the other agents and Lenders party thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed November 1, 2017)

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Exhibit Number		Description
10.14		Amended and Restated Guaranty Agreement, dated as of October 26, 2017, among certain subsidiaries of Armada Hoffler, L.P. named therein for the benefit of the Administrative Agent and the Lenders named in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed November 1, 2017)

10.15†*		Separation Agreement by and among Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. and Eric Smith, dated as of November 9, 2018.

21.1*		List of Subsidiaries of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

23.1*		Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Public Accounting Firm

31.1*		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2*		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1**		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2**		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS*		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.LAB*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

101.DEF*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

*		Filed herewith

**		Furnished herewith

†		Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: February 28, 2019



ARMADA HOFFLER PROPERTIES, INC.

By:	/s/ Louis S. Haddad
	Louis S. Haddad
	President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.



Signature	Title	Date

/s/ Daniel A. Hoffler	Executive Chairman and Director	February 28, 2019
Daniel A. Hoffler

/s/ A. Russell Kirk	Vice Chairman and Director	February 28, 2019
A. Russell Kirk

/s/ Louis S. Haddad	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director	February 28, 2019
Louis S. Haddad	(principal executive officer)

/s/ Michael P. O’Hara	Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, and Secretary	February 28, 2019
Michael P. O’Hara	(principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)

/s/ George F. Allen	Director	February 28, 2019
George F. Allen

/s/ James A. Carroll	Director	February 28, 2019
James A. Carroll

/s/ James C. Cherry	Director	February 28, 2019
James C. Cherry

/s/ Eva S. Hardy	Director	February 28, 2019
Eva S. Hardy

/s/ John W. Snow	Director	February 28, 2019
John W. Snow

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Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

Form 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018

Item 8, Item 15(a)(1) and (2)

Index to Financial Statements and Schedule



Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-3
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016	F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016	F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-8
Schedule III—Consolidated Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation	F-46

F-1

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2018 consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated February 28, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Tysons, Virginia

February 28, 2019

F-2

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and Financial Statement Schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 28, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2012.

Tysons, Virginia

February 28, 2019

F-3

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ARMADA HOFFLER PROPERTIES, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except par value and share data)



	DECEMBER 31,
	2018			2017
ASSETS
Real estate investments:
Income producing property	$	1,037,917		$	910,686
Held for development	2,994			680
Construction in progress	135,675			83,071
	1,176,586			994,437
Accumulated depreciation	(188,775		)	(164,521		)
Net real estate investments	987,811			829,916
Real estate held for sale	929			—
Cash and cash equivalents	21,254			19,959
Restricted cash	2,797			2,957
Accounts receivable, net	19,016			15,691
Notes receivable	138,683			83,058
Construction receivables, including retentions	16,154			23,933
Construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings	1,358			245
Equity method investments	22,203			11,411
Other assets	55,177			55,953
Total Assets	$	1,265,382		$	1,043,123
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Indebtedness, net	$	694,239		$	517,272
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	15,217			15,180
Construction payables, including retentions	50,796			47,445
Billings in excess of construction contract costs and estimated earnings	3,037			3,591
Other liabilities	46,203			39,352
Total Liabilities	809,492			622,840
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively	—			—
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 50,013,731 and 44,937,763 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively	500			449
Additional paid-in capital	357,353			287,407
Distributions in excess of earnings	(82,699		)	(61,166		)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(1,283		)	—
Total stockholders’ equity	273,871			226,690
Noncontrolling interests	182,019			193,593
Total Equity	455,890			420,283
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	1,265,382		$	1,043,123

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-4

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ARMADA HOFFLER PROPERTIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In thousands, except per share and unit data)



	YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Revenues
Rental revenues	$	116,958		$	108,737		$	99,355
General contracting and real estate services revenues	76,359			194,034			159,030
Total revenues	193,317			302,771			258,385
Expenses
Rental expenses	27,222			25,422			21,904
Real estate taxes	11,383			10,528			9,629
General contracting and real estate services expenses	73,628			186,590			153,375
Depreciation and amortization	39,913			37,321			35,328
General and administrative expenses	11,431			10,435			9,552
Acquisition, development and other pursuit costs	352			648			1,563
Impairment charges	1,619			110			355
Total expenses	165,548			271,054			231,706
Gain on real estate dispositions	4,254			8,087			30,533
Operating income	32,023			39,804			57,212
Interest income	10,729			7,077			3,228
Interest expense	(19,087		)	(17,439		)	(16,466		)
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	372			—			—
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(11		)	(50		)	(82		)
Change in fair value of interest rate derivatives	(951		)	1,127			(941		)
Other income	388			131			147
Income before taxes	23,463			30,650			43,098
Income tax benefit (provision)	29			(725		)	(343		)
Net income	23,492			29,925			42,755
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(6,289		)	(8,878		)	(14,681		)
Net income attributable to stockholders	$	17,203		$	21,047		$	28,074
Net income per share and unit:
Basic and diluted	$	0.36		$	0.50		$	0.85
Weighted-average outstanding:
Common shares	47,512			42,423			33,057
Common units	17,242			17,758			17,167
Basic and diluted	64,754			60,181			50,224
Comprehensive income:
Net income	$	23,492		$	29,925		$	42,755
Unrealized cash flow hedge losses	(1,894		)	—			—
Realized cash flow hedge losses reclassified to net income	169			—			—
Comprehensive income	21,767			29,925			42,755
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(5,847		)	(8,878		)	(14,681		)
Comprehensive income attributable to stockholders	$	15,920		$	21,047		$	28,074

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ARMADA HOFFLER PROPERTIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Equity

(In thousands, except share data)



	Shares of common stock		Common stock		Additional paid- in capital			Distributions in excess of earnings			Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Total stockholders’ equity			Noncontrolling interests			Total Equity
Balance, January 1, 2016	30,076,359		$	300	$	102,906		$	(53,010	)	$	(648	)	$	49,548		$	176,172		$	225,720
Net income	—		—		—			28,074			—			28,074			14,681			42,755
Dedesignation of cash flow hedge	—		—		—			—			648			648			400			1,048
Net proceeds from sales of common stock	5,312,855		53		66,969			—			—			67,022			—			67,022
Restricted stock awards, net of tax withholding	101,147		1		1,161			—			—			1,162			—			1,162
Acquisitions of real estate investments	2,000,000		20		26,080			—			—			26,100			21,178			47,278
Redemption of operating partnership units	—		—		(2		)	—			—			(2		)	(56		)	(58		)
Dividends and distributions declared	—		—		—			(24,409		)	—			(24,409		)	(11,540		)	(35,949		)
Balance, December 31, 2016	37,490,361		374		197,114			(49,345		)	—			148,143			200,835			348,978
Net income	—		—		—			21,047			—			21,047			8,878			29,925
Net proceeds from sales of common stock	7,350,690		74		91,307			—			—			91,381			—			91,381
Restricted stock awards, net of tax withholding	97,173		1		1,442			—			—			1,443			—			1,443
Restricted stock award forfeitures	(461	)	—		(2		)	—			—			(2		)	—			(2		)
Acquisitions of noncontrolling interests in real estate investments	—		—		(1,493		)	—			—			(1,493		)	982			(511		)
Redemption of operating partnership units	—		—		(961		)	—			—			(961		)	(4,194		)	(5,155		)
Dividends and distributions declared	—		—		—			(32,868		)	—			(32,868		)	(12,908		)	(45,776		)
Balance, December 31, 2017	44,937,763		449		287,407			(61,166		)	—			226,690			193,593			420,283
Net income	—		—		—			17,203			—			17,203			6,289			23,492
Unrealized cash flow hedge losses	—		—		—			—			(1,410		)	(1,410		)	(484		)	(1,894		)
Realized cash flow hedge losses reclassified to net income	—		—		—			—			127			127			42			169
Net proceeds from sales of common stock	4,617,409		46		65,198			—			—			65,244			—			65,244
Restricted stock awards, net of tax withholding	124,258		2		1,562			—			—			1,564			—			1,564
Restricted stock award forfeitures	(4,403	)	—		(32		)	—			—			(32		)	—			(32		)
Issuance of operating partnership units for acquisitions	—		—		(5		)	—			—			(5		)	2,201			2,196
Redemption of operating partnership units	338,704		3		3,223			—			—			3,226			(5,821		)	(2,595		)
Dividends and distributions declared	—		—		—			(38,736		)	—			(38,736		)	(13,801		)	(52,537		)
Balance, December 31, 2018	50,013,731		$	500	$	357,353		$	(82,699	)	$	(1,283	)	$	273,871		$	182,019		$	455,890

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ARMADA HOFFLER PROPERTIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)



	YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
	2018			2017			2016
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income	$	23,492		$	29,925		$	42,755
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation of buildings and tenant improvements	30,395			25,974			23,453
Amortization of leasing costs and in-place lease intangibles	9,518			11,347			11,875
Accrued straight-line rental revenue	(2,731		)	(1,222		)	(1,091		)
Amortization of leasing incentives and above or below-market rents	(266		)	(195		)	(85		)
Accrued straight-line ground rent expense	214			530			371
Bad debt expense	419			564			203
Noncash stock compensation	1,281			1,323			1,082
Impairment charges	1,619			110			355
Noncash interest expense	1,116			1,274			980
Noncash loss on extinguishment of debt	11			50			82
Gain on real estate dispositions	(4,254		)	(8,087		)	(30,533		)
Adjustment for Annapolis Junction purchase option ₍₁₎	4,489			—			—
Change in the fair value of interest rate derivatives	951			(1,127		)	941
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	(372		)	—			—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Property assets	(3,539		)	(2,415		)	(2,964		)
Property liabilities	1,709			2,793			3,979
Construction assets	7,554			17,573			(6,385		)
Construction liabilities	(15,248		)	(20,110		)	15,189
Interest receivable	(271		)	(7,071		)	(3,222		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	56,087			51,236			56,985
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Development of real estate investments	(133,791		)	(45,730		)	(57,425		)
Tenant and building improvements	(11,723		)	(12,252		)	(6,698		)
Acquisitions of real estate investments, net of cash received	(57,544		)	(30,026		)	(195,645		)
Dispositions of real estate investments, net of selling costs	34,673			12,557			96,670
Notes receivable issuances	(58,208		)	(16,219		)	(48,499		)
Notes receivable paydowns	1,165			—			—
Leasing costs	(4,607		)	(2,235		)	(2,374		)
Leasing incentives	(108		)	(274		)	(236		)
Contributions to equity method investments	(10,420		)	(1,176		)	(8,824		)
Net cash used for investing activities	(240,563		)	(95,355		)	(223,031		)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from sales of common stock	66,457			96,044			68,475
Offering costs	(1,213		)	(4,663		)	(1,453		)
Common shares tendered for tax withholding	(409		)	(289		)	(218		)
Debt issuances, credit facility and construction loan borrowings	349,580			162,585			316,852
Debt and credit facility repayments, including principal amortization	(173,855		)	(160,661		)	(186,533		)
Debt issuance costs	(1,457		)	(2,403		)	(1,796		)
Redemption of operating partnership units	(2,595		)	(5,155		)	(58		)
Dividends and distributions	(50,897		)	(43,616		)	(33,843		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	185,611			41,842			161,426
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	1,135			(2,277		)	(4,620		)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period ₍₂₎	22,916			25,193			29,813
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period ₍₂₎	$	24,051		$	22,916		$	25,193

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

ARMADA HOFFLER PROPERTIES, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)

(In thousands)



Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	(17,319	)	$	(16,318	)	$	(15,326	)
Cash refunded (paid) for income taxes	$	555		$	(371	)	$	(121	)
Increase in dividends payable	$	1,640		$	2,160		$	2,106
Common shares and OP units issued for acquisitions ₍₃₎	$	1,702		$	506		$	47,278
Change in accrued capital improvements and development costs	$	18,310		$	10,899		$	(8,183	)
Operating Partnership units redeemed for common shares	$	3,715		$	—		$	—
Debt principal extinguished in conjunction with real estate sales	$	—		$	5,594		$	6,400
Debt principal assumed in conjunction with real estate acquisitions	$	—		$	—		$	21,150
Redeemable noncontrolling interest from development	$	—		$	2,000		$	—
Deferred payment for land acquisition	$	—		$	600		$	—

(1) See Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements. Borrower paid $5.0 million in exchange for the Company's purchase option. Recognition of income was initially deferrred and is being recognized as additional interest income on the note receivable over the one-year remaining term.

(2) The following table sets forth the items from the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets that are included in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the consolidated statements of cash flows:



	As of December 31
	2018		2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	21,254	$	19,959
Restricted cash	2,797		2,957
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	24,051	$	22,916

(3) 2017 issuance consists of OP Units contingently issuable upon the satisfaction of certain conditions relating to the Johns Hopkins Village property. These OP Units were issued in 2018.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ARMADA HOFFLER PROPERTIES, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


1.	Business and Organization

Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (the “Company”) is a full service real estate company with extensive experience developing, building, owning, and managing high-quality, institutional-grade office, retail, and multifamily properties in attractive markets primarily throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States.

The Company is a real estate investment trust ("REIT"), and is the sole general partner of Armada Hoffler, L.P. (the “Operating Partnership”), and as of December 31, 2018 , owned 74.5% of the economic interest in the Operating Partnership, of which 0.1% is held as general partnership units. The operations of the Company are carried on primarily through the Operating Partnership and the wholly owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership. Both the Company and the Operating Partnership were formed on October 12, 2012 and commenced operations upon completion of the underwritten initial public offering of shares of the Company’s common stock (the “IPO”) and certain related formation transactions on May 13, 2013.

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As of December 31, 2018 , the Company's operating portfolio consisted of the following properties:



Property	Segment	Location	Ownership Interest
4525 Main Street	Office	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
Armada Hoffler Tower	Office	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
One Columbus	Office	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
Two Columbus	Office	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
249 Central Park Retail	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
Alexander Pointe	Retail	Salisbury, North Carolina	100%
Bermuda Crossroads	Retail	Chester, Virginia	100%
Broad Creek Shopping Center	Retail	Norfolk, Virginia	100%
Broadmoor Plaza	Retail	South Bend, Indiana	100%
Columbus Village	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
Columbus Village II	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
Commerce Street Retail	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
Courthouse 7-Eleven	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia	100%
Dick’s at Town Center	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
Dimmock Square	Retail	Colonial Heights, Virginia	100%
Fountain Plaza Retail	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
Gainsborough Square	Retail	Chesapeake, Virginia	100%
Greentree Shopping Center	Retail	Chesapeake, Virginia	100%
Hanbury Village	Retail	Chesapeake, Virginia	100%
Harper Hill Commons	Retail	Winston-Salem, North Carolina	100%
Harrisonburg Regal	Retail	Harrisonburg, Virginia	100%
Indian Lakes Crossing	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia	100%
Lexington Square	Retail	Lexington, South Carolina	100%
Lightfoot Marketplace	Retail	Williamsburg, Virginia	70%	(1)
North Hampton Market	Retail	Taylors, South Carolina	100%
North Point Center	Retail	Durham, North Carolina	100%
Oakland Marketplace	Retail	Oakland, Tennessee	100%
Parkway Centre	Retail	Moultrie, Georgia	100%
Parkway Marketplace	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia	100%
Patterson Place	Retail	Durham, North Carolina	100%
Perry Hall Marketplace	Retail	Perry Hall, Maryland	100%
Providence Plaza	Retail	Charlotte, North Carolina	100%
Renaissance Square	Retail	Davidson, North Carolina	100%
Sandbridge Commons	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia	100%
Socastee Commons	Retail	Myrtle Beach, South Carolina	100%
Southgate Square	Retail	Colonial Heights, Virginia	100%
Southshore Shops	Retail	Chesterfield, Virginia	100%
South Retail	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
South Square	Retail	Durham, North Carolina	100%
Stone House Square	Retail	Hagerstown, Maryland	100%
Studio 56 Retail	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
Tyre Neck Harris Teeter	Retail	Portsmouth, Virginia	100%
Wendover Village	Retail	Greensboro, North Carolina	100%
Encore Apartments	Multifamily	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%
Johns Hopkins Village	Multifamily	Baltimore, Maryland	100%
Liberty Apartments	Multifamily	Newport News, Virginia	100%
Smith’s Landing	Multifamily	Blacksburg, Virginia	100%
The Cosmopolitan	Multifamily	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100%

________________________________________

* Located in the Town Center of Virginia Beach

(1) The Company is entitled to a preferred return of 9% on its investment in Lightfoot Marketplace.

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As of December 31, 2018 , the following properties were either under development or not yet stabilized:



Property	Segment	Location	Ownership Interest
Premier Apartments (Town Center Phase VI)	Multifamily	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100	%
Premier Retail (Town Center Phase VI)	Retail	Virginia Beach, Virginia*	100	%
Greenside (Harding Place)	Multifamily	Charlotte, North Carolina	80	%	(1)
Hoffler Place (King Street)	Multifamily	Charleston, South Carolina	93	%
Summit Place (Meeting Street)	Multifamily	Charleston, South Carolina	90	%
Brooks Crossing Retail	Retail	Newport News, Virginia	65	%	(2)
Brooks Crossing Office	Office	Newport News, Virginia	65	%	(2)
Lightfoot outparcel	Retail	Williamsburg, Virginia	70	%	(3)
Market at Mill Creek	Retail	Mount Pleasant, South Carolina	70	%	(4)
Wills Wharf	Mixed-use	Baltimore, Maryland	100	%

________________________________________

*Located in the Town Center of Virginia Beach

(1) The Company is entitled to a preferred return of 9% on a portion of its investment in Greenside.

(2) The Company is entitled to a preferred return of 8% on its investment in Brooks Crossing.

(3) The Company is entitled to a preferred return of 9% on its investment in Lightfoot.

(4) The Company is entitled to a preferred return of 10% on its investment in Market at Mill Creek.


2.	Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”).

The consolidated financial statements include the financial position and results of operations of the Company, the Operating Partnership, its wholly owned subsidiaries, and any interests in variable interest entities ("VIEs") where the Company has been determined to be the primary beneficiary. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed. Such estimates are based on management’s historical experience and best judgment after considering past, current, and expected events and economic conditions. Actual results could differ from management’s estimates.

Segments

Segment information is prepared on the same basis that management reviews information for operational decision-making purposes. Management evaluates the performance of each of the Company’s properties individually and aggregates such properties into segments based on their economic characteristics and classes of tenants. The Company operates in four business segments: (i) office real estate, (ii) retail real estate, (iii) multifamily residential real estate, and (iv) general contracting and real estate services. The Company’s general contracting and real estate services business develops and builds properties for its own account and also provides construction and development services to both related and third parties.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts previously reported in the consolidated financial statements have been reclassified in the accompanying consolidated financial statements to conform to the current period's presentation.

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The Company has included gain on real estate dispositions as a component of operating income to present gain on real estate dispositions in accordance with ASC 360-10-45-5. The change was made for the prior periods as the Securities and Exchange Commission has eliminated Rule 3-15(a) of Regulation S-X, which had required REIT's to present gains and losses on sale of properties outside of continuing operations in the income statement. The rule change is effective for all filings made on or after November 5, 2018.

During the second quarter of 2018, the Company identified certain immaterial classification errors on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and determined that, in the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018 and future periodic reports, the Company would correct these classification errors. One classification error was corrected by including within the changes in operating assets and liabilities in the operating activities section a new line item for "Interest receivable." A corresponding adjustment was recorded to reduce the amount of "Notes receivable issuances" within investing activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows. These reclassifications totaled $7.1 million and $3.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These reclassifications decreased "Net cash provided by operating activities" and "Net cash used for investing activities" by an equal and offsetting amount. These reclassifications did not have any impact on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, Consolidated Statement of Equity, or any other operating measure for the periods affected.

These amounts were previously presented as "Notes receivable issuances," a component of net cash used for investing activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, resulting in overstatements in cash provided by operating activities and overstatements of cash used in investing activities. These amounts represent interest earned on mezzanine loans that were funded by additional borrowings as provided for in the mezzanine loan agreements. These amounts are now classified as changes in interest receivable, a non-cash adjustment to calculate net cash provided by operating activities.

The second classification error was corrected by including within financing activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows a new line item for “Common shares tendered for tax withholding.” A corresponding adjustment was recorded to the "Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Property liabilities" within operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. This reclassification totaled $0.3 million and $0.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These reclassifications increased “Net cash provided by operating activities” and decreased “Net cash provided by financing activities” by an equal and offsetting amount.

Revenue Recognition

Rental Revenues

The Company leases its properties under operating leases and recognizes base rents when earned on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Rental revenues include $2.7 million , $1.2 million and $1.1 million of straight-line rent adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively. The Company begins recognizing rental revenue when the tenant has the right to take possession of or controls the physical use of the property under lease. The extended collection period for accrued straight-line rental revenue along with the Company’s evaluation of tenant credit risk may result in the nonrecognition of all or a portion of straight-line rental revenue until the collection of such revenue is probable. The Company recognizes contingent rental revenue (e.g., percentage rents based on tenant sales thresholds) when the sales thresholds are met. Contingent rents included in rental revenues were $0.3 million , $0.4 million , and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively. The Company recognizes leasing incentives as reductions to rental revenue on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leasing incentive amortization was $0.7 million , $0.8 million , and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively. The Company recognizes fair value adjustments recorded at the time of lease assumption in rental income on a straight line basis as a reduction to revenue over the remaining life of the lease or any renewal periods for which the Company determines have value at the time of acquisition. The Company recognizes cost reimbursement revenue for real estate taxes, operating expenses, and common area maintenance costs on an accrual basis during the periods in which the expenses are incurred. The Company recognizes lease termination fees either upon termination or amortizes them over any remaining lease term.

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General Contracting and Real Estate Services Revenues

On May 28, 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued a new standard that provides a single, comprehensive model for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. While the new standard does not supersede the guidance on accounting for leases, it changes the way the Company recognizes revenue from construction and development contracts with third party customers. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method, applying this standard to all contracts not yet completed as of that date. In applying the standard to the Company’s future construction contracts, certain pre-contract costs incurred by the Company are now deferred and amortized over the period during which construction obligations are fulfilled. Previously, these costs were immediately recorded as general contracting expenses upon commencement of construction, with the corresponding general contracting revenue also recorded. Applying the standard to the Company’s uncompleted contracts as of January 1, 2018 did not result in material differences to these contracts in aggregate, and no cumulative adjustment to distributions in excess of earnings was recorded as of January 1, 2018.

The Company recognizes general contracting revenues as a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. For each construction contract, the Company identifies the performance obligations, which typically include the delivery of a single building constructed according to the specifications of the contract. The Company estimates the total transaction price, which generally includes a fixed contract price and may also include variable components such as early completion bonuses, liquidated damages, or cost savings to be shared with the customer. Variable components of the contract price are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur. The Company recognizes the estimated transaction price as revenue as it satisfies its performance obligations; the Company estimates its progress in satisfying performance obligations for each contract using the input method, based on the proportion of incurred costs relative to total estimated construction costs at completion. Construction contract costs include all direct material, direct labor, subcontract costs, and overhead costs directly related to contract performance. Changes in job performance, job conditions, and estimated profitability, including those arising from contract penalty provisions and final contract settlements, are all significant judgments that may result in revisions to costs and income and are recognized in the period in which they are determined. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are recognized immediately in the period in which such losses are determined. The Company defers precontract costs when such costs are directly associated with specific anticipated contracts and their recovery is probable.

The Company recognizes real estate services revenues from property development and management as it satisfies its performance obligations under these service arrangements.

The Company assesses whether multiple contracts with a single counterparty may be combined into a single contract for the revenue recognition purposes based on factors such as the timing of the negotiation and execution of the contracts and whether the economic substance of the contracts was contemplated separately or in tandem.

Real Estate Investments

Income producing property primarily includes land, buildings, and tenant improvements and is stated at cost. Real estate investments held for development include land and capitalized development costs. The Company reclassifies real estate investments held for development to construction in progress upon commencement of construction. Construction in progress is stated at cost. Direct and certain indirect costs clearly associated with the development, redevelopment, construction, leasing, or expansion of real estate assets are capitalized as a cost of the property. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

The Company capitalizes direct and indirect project costs associated with the initial development of a property until the property is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Capitalized project costs include preacquisition, development, and preconstruction costs including overhead, salaries, and related costs of personnel directly involved, real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, ground rent, and interest. Interest capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was $5.0 million , $1.3 million and $1.0 million , respectively. Overhead, salaries and related personnel costs capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 were $3.1 million , $2.4 million and $1.7 million , respectively.

The Company capitalizes preacquisition development costs directly identifiable with specific properties when the acquisition of such properties is probable. Capitalized preacquisition development costs are presented within other

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assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Capitalized preacquisition development costs as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $1.2 million and $1.4 million , respectively. Costs attributable to unsuccessful projects are expensed.

Income producing property is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:



Buildings	39 years
Capital improvements	5—20 years
Equipment	3—7 years
Tenant improvements	Term of the related lease
	(or estimated useful life, if shorter)

Operating Property Acquisitions

In connection with operating property acquisitions, the Company identifies and recognizes all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values or relative fair values subsequent to the adoption of the new accounting guidance discussed below, as of the acquisition date. The purchase price allocations to tangible assets, such as land, site improvements, and buildings and improvements are presented within income producing property in the consolidated balance sheets and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Acquired lease intangibles are presented within other assets and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and amortized over their respective lease terms. The Company amortizes in-place lease assets as depreciation and amortization expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. The Company amortizes above-market lease assets as reductions to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. The Company amortizes below-market lease liabilities as increases to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. The Company amortizes below-market ground lease assets as increases to rental expenses on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. Prior to October 1, 2016, the Company expensed all costs incurred related to operating property acquisitions. On October 1, 2016, the Company adopted newly issued accounting guidance that allows capitalization of costs related to operating property acquisitions that do not meet the definition of a business under the new guidance discussed below under "Recent Accounting Pronouncements".

The Company values land based on a market approach, looking to recent sales of similar properties, adjusting for differences due to location, the state of entitlement, as well as the shape and size of the parcel. Improvements to land are valued using a replacement cost approach. The approach applies industry standard replacement costs adjusted for geographic specific considerations and reduced by estimated depreciation. The value of buildings acquired is estimated using the replacement cost approach, assuming the buildings were vacant at acquisition. The replacement cost approach considers the composition of the structures acquired, adjusted for an estimate of depreciation. The estimate of depreciation is made considering industry standard information and depreciation curves for the identified asset classes. The value of acquired lease intangibles considers the estimated cost of leasing the properties as if the acquired buildings were vacant, as well as the value of the current leases relative to market-rate leases. The in-place lease value is determined using an estimated total lease-up time and lost rental revenues during such time. The value of current leases relative to market-rate leases is based on market rents obtained for market comparables. Given the significance of unobservable inputs used in the valuation of acquired real estate assets, the Company classifies them as Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

The Company values debt assumed in connection with operating property acquisitions based on a discounted cash flow analysis of the expected cash flows of the debt. Such analysis considers the contractual terms of the debt, including the period to maturity, credit characteristics, and other terms of the arrangements, which are Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

Real Estate Sales

The Company accounts for the sale of real estate assets and any related gain in accordance with the accounting guidance applicable to sales of real estate, which establishes standards for recognition of profit on all real estate sales transactions other than retail land sales. The Company recognizes the sale and associated gain or loss once it transfers control of the real estate asset and the Company does not have significant continuing involvement.

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Real Estate Investments Held for Sale

Real estate assets classified as held for sale are reported at the lower of their carrying value or their fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Once a property is classified as held for sale, it is no longer depreciated. A property is classified as held for sale when: (i) senior management commits to a plan to sell the property, (ii) the property is available for immediate sale in its present condition, subject only to conditions usual and customary for such sales, (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell have been initiated, (iv) the sale is expected to be completed within one year, (v) the property is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, and (vi) actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn.

As of December 31, 2018 , the Waynesboro Commons shopping center was classified as held for sale. No properties were held for sale as of December 31, 2017 .

Impairment of Long Lived Assets

The Company evaluates its real estate assets for impairment on a property by property basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If such an evaluation is necessary, the Company compares the carrying amount of any such real estate asset with the undiscounted expected future cash flows that are directly associated with, and that are expected to arise as a direct result of, its use and eventual disposition. If the carrying amount of a real estate asset exceeds the associated estimate of undiscounted expected future cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized to reduce the real estate asset’s carrying value to its fair value. The impairment charges recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily relate to the $1.5 million impairment of Waynesboro Commons, which was classified as of held for sale as of December 31, 2018 . Impairment charges recognized during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 represent unamortized leasing or acquired intangible assets related to vacated tenants.

Interest Income

Interest income on notes receivable is accrued based on the contractual terms of the loans and when it is deemed collectible. Many loans provide for accrual of interest that will not be paid until maturity of the loan. Interest is recognized on these loans at the accrual rate subject to the determination that accrued interest is ultimately collectible, based on the underlying collateral and the status of development activities, as applicable. If this determination cannot be made, recognition of interest income may be fully or partially deferred until it is ultimately paid.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits, investments in money market funds, and investments with an original maturity of three months or less.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash represents amounts held by lenders for real estate taxes, insurance, and reserves for capital improvements.

Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivable include amounts from tenants for base rents, contingent rents, and cost reimbursements as well as accrued straight-line rental revenue. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , accrued straight-line rental revenue presented within accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets was $15.2 million and $12.8 million , respectively.

The Company’s evaluation of the collectability of accounts receivable and the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts is based primarily upon evaluations of individual receivables, current economic conditions, historical experience, and other relevant factors. The Company establishes reserves for tenant receivables outstanding over 90 days. For all such tenants, the Company also reserves any related accrued straight-line rental revenue. Additional reserves are recorded for more current amounts, as applicable, when the Company has determined collectability to be doubtful. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.6 million and $0.5 million , respectively. The Company presents bad debt expense within rental expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

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Notes Receivable

Notes receivable represent financing to third parties in the form of mortgage or mezzanine loans for the development of new real estate. The Company's mezzanine loans are typically made to borrowers who have little or no equity in the underlying development projects. Mezzanine loans are secured, in part, by pledges of ownership interests of the entities that own the underlying real estate. The loans generally have junior liens on the respective real estate projects. The Company evaluates the collectability of both the interest on and principal of each of its notes receivable based primarily upon the financial condition of the individual borrowers. The Company considers factors such as the progress of development activities, including leasing activities, projected development costs, and current and projected loan balances. A loan is determined to be impaired when, based upon then-current information, it is no longer probable that the Company will be able to collect all contractual amounts due from the borrower. The amount of impairment loss recognized is measured as the difference between the carrying amount of the loan and its estimated realizable value.

Guarantees

The Company measures and records a liability for the fair value of its guarantees on a nonrecurring basis upon issuance using Level 3 internally-developed inputs. These guarantees typically relate to payments that could be required of the Company to senior lenders on its mezzanine loan investments. The Company bases its estimated fair value on the market approach, which compares the guarantee terms and credit characteristics of the underlying development project to other projects for which guarantee pricing terms are available. The offsetting entry for the guarantee liability is a premium on the related loan receivable. The liability is amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the guarantee. On a quarterly basis, the Company assesses the likelihood of a contingent liability in connection with these guarantees and will record an additional guarantee liability if the unamortized guarantee liability is insufficient.

Leasing Costs

Commissions paid by the Company to third parties to originate a lease are deferred and amortized as depreciation and amortization expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. Leasing costs are presented within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Leasing Incentives

Incentives paid by the Company to tenants are deferred and amortized as reductions to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. Leasing incentives are presented within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Debt Issuance Costs

Financing costs are deferred and amortized as interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the related debt. Debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability in the consolidated balance sheets.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company may enter into interest rate derivatives to manage exposure to interest rate risks. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. The Company recognizes derivative financial instruments at fair value and presents them within other assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses resulting from changes in the fair value of derivatives that are neither designated nor qualify as hedging instruments are recognized within the change in fair value of interest rate derivatives caption in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. For derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the periods during which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings.

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Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures the compensation cost of restricted stock awards based on the grant date fair value. The Company recognizes compensation cost for the vesting of restricted stock awards using the accelerated attribution method. Compensation cost associated with the vesting of restricted stock awards is presented within either general and administrative expenses or general contracting and real estate services expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Total stock-based compensation expense recognized during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was $1.3 million , $1.3 million and $1.1 million , respectively. Stock-based compensation for personnel directly involved in the construction and development of a property is capitalized. During the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , the Company capitalized $0.7 million , $0.4 million , and $0.3 million , respectively, of stock-based compensation. The effect of forfeitures of awards is recorded as they occur.

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For continued qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, the Company must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to pay distributions to stockholders of at least 90% of annual taxable income, excluding net capital gains. As a REIT, the Company generally is not subject to income tax on net income distributed as dividends to stockholders. The Company is subject to state and local income taxes in some jurisdictions and, in certain circumstances, may also be subject to federal excise taxes on undistributed income. In addition, certain of the Company’s activities must be conducted by subsidiaries that have elected to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) subject to both federal and state income taxes. The Operating Partnership conducts its development and construction businesses through the TRS. The related income tax provision or benefit attributable to the profits or losses of the TRS and any taxable income of the Company is reflected in the consolidated financial statements.

The Company uses the liability method of accounting for deferred income tax in accordance with GAAP. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the carrying value of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the statutory rates expected to be applied in the periods in which those temporary differences are settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period of the change. A valuation allowance is recorded on the Company’s deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. When evaluating the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets, all evidence, both positive and negative, is evaluated. Items considered in this analysis include the ability to carry back losses, the reversal of temporary differences, tax planning strategies, and expectations of future earnings.

Under GAAP, the amount of tax benefit to be recognized is the amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Management analyzes its tax filing positions in the U.S. federal, state and local jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns for all open tax years. If, based on this analysis, management determines that uncertainties in tax positions exist, a liability is established. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax positions in the provision for income taxes. If recognized, the entire amount of unrecognized tax positions would be recorded as a reduction to the provision for income taxes.

Discontinued Operations

Disposals representing a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results are reported as discontinued operations.

Net Income Per Share and Unit

The Company calculates net income per share and unit based upon the weighted average shares and units outstanding. Diluted net income per share and unit is calculated after giving effect to all significant potential dilutive shares outstanding during the period. Potential dilutive shares outstanding during the period include nonvested restricted stock awards. However, there were no significant potential dilutive shares or units outstanding for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018 . As a result, basic and diluted outstanding shares and units were the same for all periods presented. See Note 11 for the changes in the Company’s nonvested restricted awards during the year ended December 31, 2018 .

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

On February 25, 2016, the FASB issued a new lease standard that requires lessees to recognize most leases in their balance sheets as lease liabilities with corresponding right-of-use assets. The new standard also makes targeted changes to lessor accounting. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2019 and requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented, with an option to use certain transition relief. Management is currently evaluating the potential impact of the new standard on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company is the lessee on certain long-term ground leases, which represents a majority of the Company's current operating lease payments, and expects to record lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets totaling between $30.0 million and $45.0 million for these leases under the new standard. The Company anticipates utilizing certain transition relief under the new standard that will allow the Company not to reassess the classification of any expired or existing leases, the treatment of initial direct costs relating to these leases, and any lease components of existing service contracts. Additionally, the Company, as lessor, anticipates utilizing a practical expedient allowing the Company to not allocate the consideration in a lease to a separate lease component and a nonlease component (relating to certain common area maintenance activities).

On January 5, 2017, the FASB issued new guidance that modifies the definition of a business. Under this new guidance, many real estate acquisitions will now be considered asset acquisitions, allowing costs associated with these acquisitions to be capitalized. The Company adopted this guidance on October 1, 2016, resulting in the capitalization of approximately $0.7 million of acquisition costs related to two acquisitions in the fourth quarter of 2016. If the Company had adopted this guidance on January 1, 2016, approximately $1.4 million in acquisition costs would have been capitalized.

On February 22, 2017, the FASB issued new guidance that clarifies the scope and application of guidance on sales or transfers of nonfinancial assets and in substance nonfinancial assets to customers, including partial sales. The new guidance applies to all nonfinancial assets, including real estate, and defines an in substance nonfinancial asset. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2018, and it did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

On August 28, 2017, the FASB issued new guidance that simplifies some of the requirements relating to accounting for derivatives and hedging. The new guidance eliminates the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness for a highly effective hedge and also simplifies certain documentation and assessment requirements relating to the determination of hedge effectiveness. The Company adopted this guidance effective July 1, 2018. The application of this guidance to hedging relationships generally eliminates the gains and losses that would otherwise be recorded for these derivative instruments.


3.	Segments

Net operating income (segment revenues minus segment expenses) is the measure used by the Company’s chief operating decision-maker to assess segment performance. Net operating income is not a measure of operating income or cash flows from operating activities as measured by GAAP and is not indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. As a result, net operating income should not be considered an alternative to cash flows as a measure of liquidity. Not all companies calculate net operating income in the same manner. The Company considers net operating income to be an appropriate supplemental measure to net income because it assists both investors and management in understanding the core operations of the Company’s real estate and construction businesses.

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Net operating income of the Company’s reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was as follows (in thousands):



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Office real estate
Rental revenues	$	20,701	$	19,207	$	20,929
Rental expenses	5,858		5,483		5,560
Real estate taxes	2,034		1,859		2,000
Segment net operating income	12,809		11,865		13,369
Retail real estate
Rental revenues	67,959		63,109		56,511
Rental expenses	10,903		10,234		9,116
Real estate taxes	6,801		6,175		5,395
Segment net operating income	50,255		46,700		42,000
Multifamily residential real estate
Rental revenues	28,298		26,421		21,915
Rental expenses	10,461		9,705		7,228
Real estate taxes	2,548		2,494		2,234
Segment net operating income	15,289		14,222		12,453
General contracting and real estate services
Segment revenues	76,359		194,034		159,030
Segment expenses	73,628		186,590		153,375
Segment gross profit	2,731		7,444		5,655
Net operating income	$	81,084	$	80,231	$	73,477

Rental expenses represent costs directly associated with the operation and management of the Company’s real estate properties. Rental expenses include asset management fees, property management fees, repairs and maintenance, insurance, and utilities.

General contracting and real estate services revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 exclude revenue related to intercompany construction contracts of $134.4 million , $51.5 million and $43.3 million , respectively, as it is eliminated in consolidation. General contracting and real estate services expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 exclude expenses related to intercompany construction contracts of $133.4 million , $51.0 million and $42.7 million , respectively, as it is eliminated in consolidation. General contracting and real estate services expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 include noncash stock compensation expense of $0.2 million , $0.3 million , and $0.2 million , respectively.

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The following table reconciles net operating income to net income for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 (in thousands):



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Net operating income	$	81,084		$	80,231		$	73,477
Depreciation and amortization	(39,913		)	(37,321		)	(35,328		)
General and administrative expenses	(11,431		)	(10,435		)	(9,552		)
Acquisition, development and other pursuit costs	(352		)	(648		)	(1,563		)
Impairment charges	(1,619		)	(110		)	(355		)
Interest income	10,729			7,077			3,228
Interest expense	(19,087		)	(17,439		)	(16,466		)
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	372			—			—
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(11		)	(50		)	(82		)
Gain on real estate dispositions	4,254			8,087			30,533
Change in fair value of interest rate derivatives	(951		)	1,127			(941		)
Other income	388			131			147
Income tax benefit (provision)	29			(725		)	(343		)
Net income	$	23,492		$	29,925		$	42,755

General and administrative expenses represent costs not directly associated with the operation and management of the Company’s real estate properties and general contracting and real estate services businesses. General and administrative expenses include corporate office personnel salaries and benefits, bank fees, accounting fees, legal fees and other corporate office expenses. General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 include noncash stock compensation expense of $1.1 million , $0.9 million and $0.7 million , respectively.


4.	Operating Leases

The Company’s commercial tenant leases generally range from five to 20 years , but certain leases with anchor tenants may be longer. The Company’s commercial tenant leases provide for minimum rental payments during each of the next five years and thereafter as follows (in thousands):



2019	$	71,838
2020	63,981
2021	57,295
2022	51,271
2023	43,338
Thereafter	180,729
Total	$	468,452

Lease terms on multifamily apartment units generally range from seven to 15 months , with a majority having 12 -month lease terms. Apartment leases are not included in the preceding table as the remaining terms as of December 31, 2018 are generally less than one year .

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5.	Real Estate Investments and Equity Method Investments

The Company’s real estate investments comprised the following as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	December 31, 2018
	Income producing property		Held for development		Construction in progress		Total
Land	$	192,677	$	2,994	$	17,961	$	213,632
Land improvements	53,521		—		—		53,521
Buildings and improvements	791,719		—		—		791,719
Development and construction costs	—		—		117,714		117,714
Real estate investments	$	1,037,917	$	2,994	$	135,675	$	1,176,586



	December 31, 2017
	Income producing property		Held for development		Construction in progress		Total
Land	$	175,885	$	680	$	21,212	$	197,777
Land improvements	44,681		—		—		44,681
Buildings and improvements	690,120		—		—		690,120
Development and construction costs	—		—		61,859		61,859
Real estate investments	$	910,686	$	680	$	83,071	$	994,437

2018 Operating Property Acquisitions

On January 9, 2018, the Company acquired Indian Lakes Crossing, a Harris Teeter-anchored shopping center in Virginia Beach, Virginia, for a contract price of $14.7 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $0.2 million .

On January 29, 2018, the Company acquired Parkway Centre, a newly developed Publix-anchored shopping center in Moultrie, Georgia, for total consideration of $11.3 million (comprised of $9.6 million in cash and $1.7 million in the form of Class A units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership ("Class A Units")) plus capitalized acquisition costs of $0.3 million .

On August 28, 2018, the Company acquired Lexington Square, a newly developed Lowes Foods-anchored shopping center in Lexington, South Carolina, for a purchase price of $26.8 million , consisting of cash consideration of $24.2 million and $2.6 million of additional consideration in the form of Class A Units issuable in increments to the seller upon the fulfillment of certain occupancy thresholds within the first 18 months of the Company's ownership. No Class A Units have been issued as of December 31, 2018 for this acquisition. As part of this transaction, the Company also capitalized acquisition costs of $0.4 million .

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The following table summarizes the purchase price allocation (including acquisition costs) based on relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the three operating properties purchased during the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



	Indian Lakes Crossing			Parkway Centre			Lexington Square
Land	$	10,926		$	1,372		$	3,036
Site improvements	531			696			7,396
Building and improvements	1,913			7,168			10,387
In-place leases	1,648			2,346			4,113
Above-market leases	11			—			89
Below-market leases	(175		)	(10		)	(447		)
Net assets acquired	$	14,854		$	11,572		$	24,574

2017 Operating Property Acquisitions

On July 25, 2017, the Company acquired an outparcel phase of Wendover Village in Greensboro, North Carolina for a contract price of $14.3 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $0.1 million . The following table summarizes the purchase price allocation, including acquisition costs, for this property (in thousands):



Land	$	5,550
Site improvements	232
Building and improvements	6,977
In-place leases	1,382
Above-market leases	327
Below-market leases	(50		)
Net assets acquired	$	14,418

2016 Operating Property Acquisitions

On January 14, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of an 11 -property retail portfolio totaling 1.1 million square feet for $170.5 million .

On April 29, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of Southgate Square, a 220,000 square foot retail center located in Colonial Heights, Virginia, for aggregate consideration of $39.5 million , comprised of the assumption of $21.1 million in debt (which approximated fair value as of the closing date) and 1,575,185 Class A Units.

As part of the Southgate Square purchase agreement, the Company acquired an option to purchase an adjacent undeveloped land parcel from the seller. The option for the land parcel was valid for an initial period of two years and was extended for one additional year. The purchase price would be determined by applying a mutually agreed upon capitalization rate to the base rent of tenants provided by the seller and approved by the Company. On October 12, 2018, the Company entered into a development agreement with the seller to purchase the adjacent parcel and develop the parcel for a build-to-suite retail tenant for consideration of $5.3 million .

On August 4, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of Southshore Shops, a 40,000 square foot retail center located in Midlothian, Virginia, for aggregate consideration of $9.3 million , comprised of $6.7 million in cash and 189,160 Class A Units.

On October 13, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of Columbus Village II, a 92,000 square foot retail and entertainment center located in Virginia Beach, Virginia for aggregate consideration of 2,000,000 shares of the Company's common stock, which, based on the closing stock price on the date of the acquisition, led to an acquisition price of $26.2 million , excluding capitalized acquisition costs.

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On November 17, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of Renaissance Square, an 80,000 square foot retail center located in Davidson, North Carolina, for $17.1 million , excluding capitalized acquisition costs.

The following table summarizes the purchase price allocation (including acquisition costs for Columbus Village II and Renaissance Square) of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed during the year ended December 31, 2016 (in thousands):



	Retail Portfolio			Southgate Square			Southshore Shops			Columbus Village II			Renaissance Square			Total
Land	$	66,260		$	8,890		$	1,770		$	14,536		$	6,730		$	98,186
Site improvements	3,870			2,140			490			939			303			7,742
Building and improvements	88,820			23,810			6,019			9,983			8,137			136,769
In-place leases	20,630			5,990			1,140			2,225			2,008			31,993
Above-market leases	1,960			100			120			—			70			2,250
Below-market leases	(11,040		)	(1,400		)	(190		)	(939		)	(10		)	(13,579		)
Net assets acquired	$	170,500		$	39,530		$	9,349		$	26,744		$	17,238		$	263,361

Subsequent to December 31, 2018

On February 6, 2019, the Company acquired an additional outparcel phase of Wendover Village in Greensboro, North Carolina for a contract price of $2.7 million .

Other 2018 Real Estate Transactions

On November 30, 2017, the Company entered into a lease agreement with Bottling Group, LLC for a new distribution facility that the Company developed and constructed. On January 29, 2018, the Company acquired undeveloped land in Chesterfield, Virginia, a portion of which serves as the site for this facility, for a contract price of $2.4 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $0.1 million . On December 20, 2018, the Company sold the completed facility for $25.9 million , resulting in a gain of $3.4 million .

On January 18, 2018, the Company entered into an operating agreement with a partner to develop a Lowes Foods-anchored shopping center in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. The Company has a 70% ownership interest in the partnership. The partnership, Market at Mill Creek Partners, LLC, acquired undeveloped land on February 16, 2018 for a contract price of $2.9 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $0.1 million . The Company is responsible for funding the equity requirements of this development. As of December 31, 2018 , the book value of the Company's investment in the project totaled $21.1 million . Management has concluded that this entity is a VIE as it lacks sufficient equity to fund its operations without additional financial support. The Company is the developer of the shopping center and has the power to direct the activities of the project that most significantly impact its performance and is the party most closely associated with the project. Therefore, the Company is the project's primary beneficiary and consolidates the project in its consolidated financial statements.

On April 2, 2018, the Company acquired undeveloped land in Newport News, Virginia for less than $0.1 million . This land parcel is being used in the development of the Brooks Crossing Office property.

On May 24, 2018, the Company completed the sale of the Wawa outparcel at Indian Lakes Crossing for a contract price of $4.4 million . There was no gain or loss on the disposition.

On July 2, 2018, the Company executed a ground lease for the site of a new mixed-use development project at Wills Wharf, a site in the Harbor Point area of Baltimore, Maryland. The lease has an initial term of five years and includes ten extension options of seven years each.

On December 31, 2018, the Company sold the leasehold interest in the building previously leased by Home Depot at Broad Creek Shopping Center for $2.4 million , resulting in a gain on sale of $0.8 million .

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Other 2017 Real Estate Transactions

On January 4, 2017, the Company acquired undeveloped land in Charleston, South Carolina for a contract price of $7.1 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $0.2 million . The Company is using the land for the development of the Hoffler Place property.

On January 20, 2017, the Company completed the sale of the Wawa outparcel at Greentree Shopping Center. Net proceeds after transaction costs were $4.4 million . The gain on the disposition was $3.4 million .

On July 11, 2017, the Company acquired undeveloped land in Charleston, South Carolina for a contract price of $7.2 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $0.1 million . The Company is using the land for the development of the Summit Place property.

On July 13, 2017, the Company completed the sale of two office properties leased by the Commonwealth of Virginia in Chesapeake, Virginia and Virginia Beach, Virginia. Aggregate net proceeds from the dispositions of the properties after transaction costs and repayment of the loan associated with the Chesapeake, Virginia property were $7.9 million , and the aggregate gain on the dispositions was $4.2 million .

On August 10, 2017, the Company completed the sale of a land outparcel at Sandbridge Commons. Net proceeds after transaction costs and a partial loan paydown were $0.3 million . The gain on the disposition was $0.5 million .

Other 2016 Real Estate Transactions

On January 7, 2016, the Company completed the sale of a building constructed for the Economic Development Authority of Newport News, Virginia. Net proceeds after transaction costs were $6.6 million . The gain on the disposition was $0.4 million .

On January 8, 2016, the Company completed the sale of the Richmond Tower office building for $78.0 million . Net proceeds after transaction costs were $77.0 million . The gain on the disposition of Richmond Tower was $26.2 million .

On June 20, 2016, the Company completed the sale of the Willowbrook Commons property located in Nashville, Tennessee for $9.2 million . The gain on the sale of the Willowbrook Commons property was less than $0.1 million .

On July 29, 2016, the Company completed the sale of the Kroger Junction property located in Pasadena, Texas for $3.7 million . The loss on the sale of the Kroger Junction property was less than $0.1 million .

On August 30, 2016, the Company entered into an operating agreement with Southern Apartment Group-Harding, LLC to jointly develop an apartment development project in Charlotte, North Carolina (Greenside). During the year ended December 31, 2016 , the Company purchased $5.7 million of land in conjunction with the project.

On September 15, 2016, the Company completed the sale of the Oyster Point office property for $6.4 million . Net proceeds after transaction costs and settlement of liabilities were not significant. The gain on the disposition of Oyster Point was $3.8 million .

On December 22, 2016, the Company completed the sale of land adjacent to the Brooks Crossing development for $0.4 million . The gain on the disposition of the land was less than $0.1 million .

Equity Method Investments

City Center

On February 25, 2016, the Company acquired a 37% interest in Durham City Center II, LLC (“City Center”) for purposes of developing a 22 -story mixed-use tower in Durham, North Carolina. The Company is a minority partner in the joint venture and serves as the project's general contractor, with full ownership of the office and retail portions of the project. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company invested $7.3 million and $11.2 million , respectively, in the City Center project. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company had invested $21.3 million and $10.9 million , respectively, in City Center, and the carrying value of the Company's investment was $22.2 million and $11.4 million , respectively. The Company has agreed to guarantee the commercial component of the

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construction loan for City Center; however, the loan is collateralized by 100% of the assets of City Center. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , $48.9 million and $29.2 million , respectively, had been drawn against the construction loan, of which $18.5 million and $11.2 million , respectively, was attributable to the Company's portion of the loan.

For the year ended December 31, 2018 , City Center had operating income of $0.4 million allocated to the Company. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 , City Center had no operating activity, and therefore the Company received no allocated income.

Based on the terms of City Center’s operating agreement, the Company has concluded that City Center is a VIE, and that the Company holds a variable interest. The Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the project that most significantly impact its performance. Accordingly, the Company is not the project’s primary beneficiary and, therefore, does not consolidate City Center in its consolidated financial statements.


6.	Notes Receivable

The Company had the following loans receivable outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 ($ in thousands):



	Outstanding loan amount					Maximum loan commitment		Interest rate		Interest compounding
Development Project	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017		Maximum loan commitment		Interest rate		Interest compounding
1405 Point	$	30,238		$	22,444	$	31,032	8.0	%	Monthly
The Residences at Annapolis Junction	36,361			43,021		48,105		10.0	%	Monthly
North Decatur Square	18,521			11,790		29,673		15.0	%	Annually
Delray Plaza	7,032			5,379		15,000		15.0	%	Annually
Nexton Square	14,855			—		21,000		15.0	%	Monthly
Interlock Commercial	18,269			—		95,000		15.0	%	None
Solis Apartments at Interlock	13,821			—		41,100		13.0	%	Annually
Total mezzanine	139,097			82,634		$	280,910
Other notes receivable	1,275			424
Notes receivable guarantee premium	2,800			—
Notes receivable discount, net (a)	(4,489		)	—
Total notes receivable	$	138,683		$	83,058

_______________________________________

(a) Represents the remaining unamortized portion of the $5.0 million option purchase fee for The Residences at Annapolis Junction paid by the borrower in November 2018.

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Interest on the mezzanine loans is accrued and funded utilizing the interest reserves for each loan, which are components of the respective maximum loan commitments, and such accrued interest is added to the loan receivable balances. The Company recognized interest income for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 as follows (in thousands):



	Years Ended December 31,
Development Project	2018			2017		2016
1405 Point	$	2,080		$	1,741	$	1,204
The Residences at Annapolis Junction	4,939		(a)	4,132		2,018
North Decatur Square	2,212			1,035		—
Delray Plaza	928			163		—
Nexton Square	235			—		—
Interlock Commercial	202			—		—
Solis Apartments at Interlock	55			—		—
Total mezzanine	10,651			7,071		3,222
Other interest income	78			6		6
Total interest income	$	10,729		$	7,077	$	3,228

________________________________________

(a) Includes amortization of the $5.0 million option purchase fee paid by the borrower in November 2018.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , there was no allowance for loan losses. During the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , there was no provision for loan losses recorded for any of the Company's notes receivable.

1405 Point

On October 15, 2015, the Company entered into a note receivable with a maximum principal balance of $28.2 million for the 1405 Point project in the Harbor Point area of Baltimore, Maryland (also known as Point Street Apartments). On November 11, 2018, this loan was modified to increase the maximum amount of the loan to $31.0 million .

1405 Point is a 17 -story building comprising 289 residential units and 18,000 square feet of street-level retail space. Beatty Development Group (“BDG”) is the developer of the project and has engaged the Company to serve as construction general contractor. 1405 Point opened during the first quarter of 2018 and is subject to a ground lease from an affiliate of BDG.

BDG secured a senior construction loan of up to $67.0 million to fund the development and construction of 1405 Point on November 10, 2016. The Company agreed to guarantee $25.0 million of the senior construction loan in exchange for the option to purchase up to an 88% controlling interest in 1405 Point upon completion of the project as follows: (i) an option to purchase a 79% indirect interest in 1405 Point for $27.6 million , exercisable within one year from the project’s completion (the “First Option”) and (ii) provided that the Company has exercised the First Option, an option to purchase an additional 9% indirect interest in 1405 Point for $3.1 million , exercisable within 27 months from the project’s completion (the “Second Option”). On December 31, 2018, the Second Option was modified to allow the Company to purchase the remaining 21% of the project prior to July 31, 2020 in exchange for increased payments under the ground lease.

The Company currently has a $2.1 million letter of credit for the guarantee of the senior construction loan.

Interest on the BDG mezzanine loan accrues at 8.0% per annum. The BDG mezzanine loan matures on the earliest of: (i) November 1, 2020, (ii) the maturity date or earlier termination of the senior construction loan, or (iii) the date the Company exercises the First Option as described above.

In the event the Company exercises the First Option, BDG is required to pay down the outstanding BDG mezzanine loan in full, with the difference between the BDG loan and $28.2 million applied to the senior construction loan. In the event the Company does not exercise either the First Option or the Second Option, the interest rate on the BDG loan will automatically be reduced to the interest rate on the senior construction loan for the remaining term of the BDG loan.

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Management has concluded that this entity is a VIE. Because BDG is the developer and operator of 1405 Point, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the project that most significantly impact its performance. Therefore, the Company is not the project's primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the project in its consolidated financial statements.

The Residences at Annapolis Junction

On April 21, 2016, the Company entered into a note receivable with a maximum principal balance of $48.1 million in the Annapolis Junction residential component of the Annapolis Junction Town Center project in Maryland (“Annapolis Junction”). Annapolis Junction is an apartment development project with 416 residential units. It is part of a mixed-use development project that is also planned to have 17,000 square feet of retail space and a 150 -room hotel. Annapolis Junction Apartments Owner, LLC (“AJAO”) is the developer of the residential component and engaged the Company to serve as construction general contractor for the residential component. Annapolis Junction opened during 2017 and 2018 and is currently in lease-up.

AJAO secured a senior construction loan of up to $60.0 million to fund the development and construction of Annapolis Junction's residential component on September 30, 2016. The Company agreed to guarantee up to $25.0 million of the senior construction loan in exchange for the option to purchase up to an 88% controlling interest in Annapolis Junction upon completion of the project as follows: (i) an option to purchase an 80% indirect interest in Annapolis Junction's residential component for 91% of the lesser of the seller’s budgeted or actual cost, exercisable within one year from the project’s completion (the “First Option”) and (ii) provided that the Company exercised the First Option, an option to purchase an additional 8% indirect interest in Annapolis Junction for 9% of the lesser of the seller’s actual or budgeted cost, exercisable within 27 months from the project’s completion (the “Second Option”).

Interest on the AJAO loan accrues at 10.0% per annum. On November 16, 2018, AJAO refinanced the senior construction loan with a one year senior loan of $83.0 million . This senior loan may be extended for one additional year if certain minimum debt yields and minimum debt service coverage ratios are met by AJAO. The Company has agreed to guarantee $8.3 million of the senior loan, and the AJAO loan will mature concurrent with the new senior loan. In conjunction with this refinancing, the Company sold the First Option and Second Option to AJAO for a price of $5.0 million . Additionally, AJAO repaid $11.1 million of the outstanding mezzanine loan balance, which comprises a $9.9 million payment of accrued interest and a $1.2 million payment of principal. The Option sale proceeds of $5.0 million is being accounted for as a loan discount that will be recognized as interest income over the one year term of the loan using the effective interest method.

Management has concluded that this entity is a VIE. Because AJAO is the developer of Annapolis Junction, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the project that most significantly impact its performance. Therefore, the Company is not the project's primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the project in its consolidated financial statements.

North Decatur Square

On May 15, 2017, the Company invested in the development of an estimated $34.0 million Whole Foods-anchored center located in Decatur, Georgia. The Company's investment is in the form of a mezzanine loan of up to $21.8 million to the developer, North Decatur Square Holdings, LLC ("NDSH"). Interest on the loan bears interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum. The note matures on the earliest of (i) May 15, 2022, (ii) the maturity of the senior construction loan, (iii) the sale of NDSH, or (iv) the sale of the center. NDSH is current on this loan. During 2018, this loan was modified to increase the maximum amount of the loan to $29.7 million due to an increase in the square footage of the Whole Foods store.

Management has concluded that this entity is a VIE. Because NDSH is the developer of North Decatur Square, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the project that most significantly impact its performance. Therefore, the Company is not the project's primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the project in its consolidated financial statements.

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Delray Plaza

On October 27, 2017, the Company invested in the development of an estimated $20.0 million Whole Foods-anchored center located in Delray Beach, Florida. The Company's investment was in the form of a mezzanine loan of up to $13.1 million to the developer, Delray Plaza Holdings, LLC ("DPH"). The Company has agreed to guarantee payment of up to $4.8 million of the senior construction loan. On January 8, 2019, this loan was modified to increase the maximum amount of the loan to $15.0 million and the payment guarantee amount increased to $5.2 million . The mezzanine loan bears interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum. The note matures on the earliest of (i) October 27, 2020, (ii) the date of any sale or refinance of the development project, or (iii) the disposition or change in control of the development project.

Management has concluded that this entity is a VIE. Because DPH is the developer of Delray Plaza, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the project that most significantly impact its performance. Therefore, the Company is not the project's primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the project in its consolidated financial statements.

Nexton Square

On August 31, 2018, the Company financed a $2.2 million bridge loan to SC Summerville Brighton, LLC ("Brighton"), the developer of Nexton Square, a shopping center development project located in Summerville, South Carolina. The shopping center may comprise as many as 16 buildings. On November 7, 2018, the Company increased the maximum loan amount to $4.9 million . This loan was subsequently modified as described below.

On December 4, 2018, the Company entered into a mezzanine loan agreement with Brighton, which provides for a maximum capacity of $21.0 million . The previous loan was repaid from proceeds of the mezzanine loan. This note bears interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum (which will decrease to 10.0% upon completion of certain portions of the project). The modified note matures on the earliest of (i) December 4, 2020, (ii) the maturity date of the senior construction loan, including any extension options available and exercised under that loan, or (iii) the date of any sale, transfer, or refinancing of the project.

The Company agreed to guarantee 50% of the senior construction loan in exchange for the option to purchase the property upon completion according to a predetermined formula, which is primarily dependent upon Brighton's leasing activities and the extent to which Brighton elects to complete all or a portion of the total planned space, if applicable, in response to leasing activities.

On February 8, 2019, Brighton closed on a senior construction loan with a maximum borrowing capacity of $25.2 million . Brighton used proceeds from its original draw in part to repay $2.1 million of the mezzanine loan.

Management has concluded that this entity is a VIE. Because Brighton is the developer of Nexton Square, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the project that most significantly impact its performance. Therefore, the Company is not the project's primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the project in its consolidated financial statements.

Interlock Commercial

In October 2018, the Company financed a bridge loan with a maximum commitment of $4.0 million to The Interlock, LLC ("Interlock"), the developer of the office and retail components of The Interlock, a new mixed-use public-private partnership with Georgia Tech in West Midtown Atlanta. This loan was subsequently modified as described below.

On December 21, 2018, the Company entered into a mezzanine loan agreement with Interlock for a maximum principal amount of $67.0 million and a total maximum commitment, including accrued interest reserves, of $95.0 million . The previous loan was repaid from proceeds of the mezzanine loan. The mezzanine loan bears interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum and matures at the earlier of (i) 24 months after the original maturity date or earlier termination date of the senior construction loan or (ii) any sale, transfer, or refinancing of the project. In the event that the maturity date is established as being 24 months after the original maturity date or earlier termination date of the senior construction loan, Interlock will have the right to extend the maturity date for 5 years .

The Company has agreed to guarantee payment of 35% of the senior construction loan. Interlock had not yet obtained a senior construction loan as of December 31, 2018 . See Note 18 for additional discussion.

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Management has concluded that this entity is a VIE. Because Interlock is the developer of The Interlock, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the project that most significantly impact its performance. Therefore, the Company is not the project's primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the project in its consolidated financial statements.

Solis Apartments at Interlock

On December 21, 2018, the Company entered into a mezzanine loan agreement with Interlock Mezz Borrower, LLC ("Solis Interlock"), the developer of Solis Apartments at Interlock, which is the apartment component of The Interlock. The mezzanine loan has a maximum principal commitment of $25.2 million and a total maximum commitment, including accrued interest reserves, of $41.1 million . The mezzanine loan bears interest at a rate of 13.0% per annum and matures on the earlier of (a) the later of (i) December 21, 2021 or (ii) the maturity date or earlier termination date of the senior construction loan, including any extensions of the senior construction loan, or (b) the date of any sale of the project or refinance of the loan.

Management has concluded that this entity is a VIE. Because Solis Interlock is the developer of Solis Apartments at Interlock, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the project that most significantly impact its performance. Therefore, the Company is not the project's primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the project in its consolidated financial statements.

Guarantee liabilities

As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had outstanding payment guarantees for the senior loans on Residences at Annapolis Junction, Delray Plaza, and 1405 Point, as described above. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company has recorded a guarantee liability of $2.8 million , representing their unamortized fair value. These guarantees are classified as other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets, with a corresponding adjustment to the notes receivable balance on the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 18 for additional information on the Company's outstanding guarantees.


7.	Construction Contracts

Construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings represent reimbursable costs and amounts earned under contracts in progress as of the balance sheet date. Such amounts become billable according to contract terms, which usually consider the passage of time, achievement of certain milestones, or completion of the project. The Company expects to bill and collect substantially all construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings as of December 31, 2018 during the year ending December 31, 2019.

Billings in excess of construction contract costs and estimated earnings represent billings or collections on contracts made in advance of revenue recognized.

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The following table summarizes the changes to the balances in the Company’s construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings account and the billings in excess of construction contract costs and estimated earnings account for the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



	Construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings			Billings in excess of construction contract costs and estimated earnings
Balance as of January 1, 2018	$	245		$	3,591
Revenue recognized that was included in the balance at the beginning of the period	—			(3,591		)
Increases due to new billings, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period	—			4,243
Transferred to receivables	(245		)	—
Construction contract costs and estimated earnings not billed during the period	352			—
Changes due to cumulative catch-up adjustment arising from changes in the estimate of the stage of completion	1,006			(1,206		)
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	1,358		$	3,037

The Company defers pre-contract costs when such costs are directly associated with specific anticipated contracts and their recovery is probable. Pre-contract costs of $1.4 million and $0.6 million were deferred as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. Amortization of pre-contract costs for the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled less than $0.1 million .

Construction receivables and payables include retentions—amounts that are generally withheld until the completion of the contract or the satisfaction of certain restrictive conditions such as fulfillment guarantees. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , construction receivables included retentions of $8.5 million and $9.9 million , respectively. The Company expects to collect substantially all construction receivables as of December 31, 2018 during the year ending December 31, 2019 . As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , construction payables included retentions of $21.6 million and $17.4 million , respectively. The Company expects to pay substantially all construction payables as of December 31, 2018 during the year ending December 31, 2019 .

The Company’s net position on uncompleted construction contracts comprised the following as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	December 31,
	2018			2017
Costs incurred on uncompleted construction contracts	$	594,006		$	520,368
Estimated earnings	20,375			18,070
Billings	(616,060		)	(541,784		)
Net position	$	(1,679	)	$	(3,346	)



	December 31,
	2018			2017
Construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings	$	1,358		$	245
Billings in excess of construction contract costs and estimated earnings	(3,037		)	(3,591		)
Net position	$	(1,679	)	$	(3,346	)

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The Company's balances and changes in construction contract price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations (backlog) for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018 were as follows (in thousands):



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Beginning backlog	$	49,167		$	217,718		$	83,433
New contracts/change orders	192,852			25,224			293,115
Work performed	(76,156		)	(193,775		)	(158,830		)
Ending backlog	$	165,863		$	49,167		$	217,718

The Company expects to complete a majority of the uncompleted contracts as of December 31, 2018 during the next 12 to 18 months.

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8.	Indebtedness

The Company’s indebtedness comprised the following as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):



	Principal Balance						Interest Rate			Maturity Date
	December 31,						December 31,
	2018			2017			2018
Secured Debt
Columbus Village Note 1	$	—		$	6,080		LIBOR + 2.00%		(a)	April 5, 2018
Columbus Village Note 2	—			2,218			LIBOR + 2.00%			April 5, 2018
North Point Center Note 1 (b)	9,352			9,571			6.45	%		February 5, 2019
Greenside (Harding Place)	25,902			3,874			LIBOR + 2.95%			February 24, 2020
Premier (Town Center Phase VI)	19,214			1,505			LIBOR + 3.50%			June 29, 2020
Hoffler Place (King Street)	11,445			—			LIBOR + 3.24%			January 1, 2021
Summit Place (Meeting Street)	11,057			—			LIBOR + 3.24%			January 1, 2021
Southgate Square	21,442			20,708			LIBOR + 1.60%			April 29, 2021
4525 Main Street (c)	32,034			32,034			3.25	%		September 10, 2021
Encore Apartments (c)	24,966			24,966			3.25	%		September 10, 2021
Hanbury Village	19,019			19,503			3.78	%		August 15, 2022
Socastee Commons	4,671			4,771			4.57	%		January 6, 2023
Sandbridge Commons	8,258			8,468			LIBOR + 1.75%			January 17, 2023
249 Central Park Retail (d)	17,045			16,851			LIBOR + 1.60%			August 10, 2023
South Retail (d)	7,483			7,394			LIBOR + 1.60%			August 10, 2023
Fountain Plaza Retail (d)	10,257			10,145			LIBOR + 1.60%			August 10, 2023
Lightfoot Marketplace	10,500			10,500			LIBOR + 1.75%		(a)	October 12, 2023
Brooks Crossing Office	6,910			—			LIBOR + 1.60%			July 1, 2025
Market at Mill Creek	7,283			—			LIBOR + 1.55%			July 12, 2025
Johns Hopkins Village	52,708			46,698			LIBOR + 1.25%		(a)	August 7, 2025
North Point Center Note 2	2,346			2,459			7.25	%		September 15, 2025
Lexington Square	14,940			—			4.50	%		September 1, 2028
Smith's Landing	18,985			19,764			4.05	%		June 1, 2035
Liberty Apartments	14,437			14,694			5.66	%		November 1, 2043
The Cosmopolitan	44,468			45,209			3.35	%		July 1, 2051
Total secured debt	$	394,722		$	307,412
Unsecured Debt
Senior unsecured revolving credit facility	126,000			66,000			LIBOR+1.40%-2.00%			October 26, 2021
Senior unsecured term loan	80,000			50,000			LIBOR+1.35%-1.95%			October 26, 2022
Senior unsecured term loan	50,000			50,000			LIBOR+1.35%-1.95%		(a)	October 26, 2022
Senior unsecured term loan	50,000			50,000			LIBOR+1.35%-1.95%		(a)	October 26, 2022
Total unsecured debt	$	306,000		$	216,000
Total principal balances	$	700,722		$	523,412
Unamortized fair value adjustments	(1,173		)	(1,211		)
Unamortized debt issuance costs	(5,310		)	(4,929		)
Indebtedness, net	$	694,239		$	517,272

________________________________________

(a) Subject to an interest rate swap agreement.

(b) On January 31, 2019, North Point Note 1 was paid off.

(d) Cross collateralized.

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The Company’s indebtedness was comprised of the following fixed and variable-rate debt as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	December 31,
	2018		2017
Fixed-rate debt	$	348,426	$	229,051
Variable-rate debt	352,296		294,361
Total principal balance	$	700,722	$	523,412

Certain loans require the Company to comply with various financial and other covenants, including the maintenance of minimum debt coverage ratios. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company was in compliance with all loan covenants.

Scheduled principal repayments and maturities during each of the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):



Year	Scheduled Principal Payments		Maturities		Total Payments
2019	$	5,593	$	9,333	$	14,926	⁽¹⁾
2020	6,626		45,116		51,742
2021	5,821		222,744		228,565
2022	4,803		197,109		201,912
2023	11,264		47,244		58,508
Thereafter	71,475		73,594		145,069
Total	$	105,582	$	595,140	$	700,722

________________________________________

(1) On January 31, 2019, North Point Note 1 was paid off; this is the only debt maturity in 2019.

Credit Facility

On October 26, 2017, the Operating Partnership entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “credit agreement”), which provides for a $300.0 million credit facility comprised of a $150.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the "revolving credit facility") and a $150.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the “term loan facility” and, together with the revolving credit facility, the “credit facility”), with a syndicate of banks. The amended credit facility replaces the prior $150.0 million revolving credit facility, which was scheduled to mature on February 20, 2019, and the prior $125.0 million term loan facility, which was scheduled to mature on February 20, 2021.

The credit facility includes an accordion feature that allows the total commitments to be increased to $450.0 million , subject to certain conditions, including obtaining commitments from any one or more lenders. The revolving credit facility has a scheduled maturity date of October 26, 2021, with two six -month extension options, subject to certain conditions, including payment of a 0.075% extension fee at each extension. The term loan facility has a scheduled maturity date of October 26, 2022.

On March 28, 2018, the Operating Partnership increased the maximum commitments under the credit facility to $330.0 million using the accordion feature, with an increase of the term loan facility to $180.0 million .

The revolving credit facility bears interest at LIBOR (the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate) plus a margin ranging from 1.40% to 2.00% , and the term loan facility bears interest at LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 1.35% to 1.95% , in each case depending on the Company's total leverage. The Company is also obligated to pay an unused commitment fee of 15 or 25 basis points on the unused portions of the commitments under the revolving credit facility, depending on the amount of borrowings under the credit facility. As of December 31, 2018 , the interest rates on the revolving credit facility and the term loan facility were 4.05% and 4.00% , respectively. If the Company attains investment grade credit ratings from S&P and Moody’s, the Operating Partnership may elect to have borrowings become subject to interest rates based on such credit ratings. The Company may, at any time, voluntarily prepay any loan under the credit facility in whole or in part without premium or penalty.

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The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the credit facility, and its obligations under the credit facility are guaranteed by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty. The credit agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. The Company's ability to borrow under the credit facility is subject to ongoing compliance with a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants, and other restrictions. The credit agreement includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary cure periods. The occurrence of an event of default, if not cured within the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest, and all other amounts payable under the credit facility to be immediately due and payable.

The Company is currently in compliance with all covenants under the credit facility.

Other 2018 Financing Activity

On January 22, 2018, the Company extended and modified the Sandbridge Commons note. The note bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus a spread of 1.75% and will mature on January 17, 2023.

On March 27, 2018, the Company paid off Columbus Village Note 1 and Columbus Village Note 2 in full for an aggregate amount of $8.3 million .

On May 31, 2018, the Company modified the Southgate Square note. The principal amount of the note was increased to $22.0 million , and the note now bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus a spread of 1.60% . This note will still mature on April 29, 2021.

On June 1, 2018, the Company entered into a $16.3 million construction loan for the River City industrial facility in Chesterfield, Virginia. The loan bore interest at a rate of LIBOR plus a spread of 1.50% . On December 20, 2018, the Company sold the completed facility and paid the loan in full.

On June 14, 2018, the Company extended and modified the note secured by 249 Central Park Retail, Fountain Plaza Retail, and South Retail. The principal amount of the note was increased to $35.0 million . The note bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus a spread of 1.60% and will mature on August 10, 2023.

On June 29, 2018, the Company entered into a $15.6 million construction loan for the Brooks Crossing Office development project. The loan bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus a spread of 1.60% and will mature on July 1, 2025.

On July 12, 2018, the Company entered into a $16.2 million construction loan for the Market at Mill Creek development project in Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina. The loan bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus a spread of 1.55% and will mature on July 12, 2025.

On July 27, 2018, the Company paid off the Johns Hopkins Village note and entered into a new loan. The principal amount of the new loan is $53.0 million . The loan bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus a spread of 1.25% and will mature on August 7, 2025. The Company simultaneously entered into an interest rate swap agreement that effectively fixes the interest rate at 4.19% for the term of the loan.

On August 28, 2018, the Company entered into a $15.0 million note secured by the newly acquired Lexington Square shopping center. The note bears interest at a rate of 4.50% and will mature on September 1, 2028.

On October 12, 2018, the Company extended and modified the note secured by Lightfoot Marketplace. Under the modified note, the Company may borrow up to $17.9 million . The Company has borrowed an initial tranche of $10.5 million on this note, which bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus a spread of 1.75% until stabilization of the property, whereupon the spread will be reduced to 1.60% . The note matures on October 12, 2023. The Company simultaneously entered into an interest rate swap agreement that effectively fixes the interest rate of this initial tranche at 4.77% per annum until stabilization and 4.62% per annum thereafter.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company borrowed $86.9 million under its existing construction loans to fund new development and construction and repaid $10.5 million in conjunction with the sale of the River City industrial facility.

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Subsequent to December 31, 2018

On January 31, 2019, the Company increased the maximum commitments under the credit facility to $355.0 million using the accordion feature, with an increase of the term loan facility to $205.0 million .

On January 31, 2019, the Company paid off North Point Center Note 1.

Borrowings under the revolving credit facility were $ 123.0 million on February 26, 2019 .

Other 2017 Financing Activity

On February 1, 2017, the Company paid off the North Point Center Note 5 in full for $0.6 million .

On February 24, 2017, the Company secured a $29.8 million construction loan for the Harding Place project in Charlotte, North Carolina.

On April 7, 2017, the Company paid off the Harrisonburg Regal note in full for $3.2 million .

On April 19, 2017, the Company entered into a second amendment to the credit agreement for the Lightfoot Marketplace loan, which amended certain definitions and covenant requirements.

On June 29, 2017, the Company secured a $27.9 million construction loan for the Town Center Phase VI project in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

On July 13, 2017, the Company paid off the remaining balance of $4.9 million for the note secured by the Commonwealth of Virginia building in Chesapeake, Virginia in conjunction with the sale of this property.

On August 9, 2017, the Company refinanced the Hanbury Village note. The new note matures in August 2022 and has a fixed annual interest rate of 3.78% .

On August 10, 2017, the Company paid off $0.7 million of the Sandbridge Commons note in conjunction with the sale of a land outparcel at this property.

On September 1, 2017, the Company entered into a modification of The Cosmopolitan note, which reduced the interest rate from 3.75% to 3.35% .

On October 13, 2017, the Company paid down $5.0 million of the Liberty Apartments note.

On November 1, 2017, the Company extended the Lightfoot construction loan after paying the balance down to $10.5 million and paying an extension fee.

On December 28, 2017, the Company secured a $66.5 million construction loan for the 595 King Street and 530 Meeting Street development projects.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company borrowed $8.9 million under its construction loans to fund new development and construction.

Other 2016 Financing Activity

On August 8, 2016, the Company repaid the existing $15.1 million mortgage loan secured by 249 Central Park Retail, the $6.7 million mortgage loan on South Retail, and the $7.6 million mortgage loan on Fountain Plaza and refinanced them with a $35.0 million five -year term mortgage loan that bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.95% and matures on August 8, 2021. The new mortgage loan is collateralized by all three properties. The loss on extinguishment of debt recognized on the refinancing was less than $0.1 million .

On August 30, 2016, the Company repaid the existing $31.6 million construction loan secured by 4525 Main Street and the $25.2 million construction loan on Encore Apartments and refinanced them with a $57.0 million five -year term mortgage loan that bears interest at 3.25% and matures on September 10, 2021. The new mortgage is

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collateralized by both properties. The loss on extinguishment of debt recognized on the refinancing was less than $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company borrowed $44.4 million under its construction loans to fund new development and construction.


9.	Derivative Financial Instruments

During the three years ended December 31, 2018 , the Company had the following LIBOR interest rate caps ($ in thousands):



Origination Date	Expiration Date	Notional Amount		Strike Rate		Premium Paid
10/26/2015	10/15/2017	$	75,000	1.25	%	$	137
2/25/2016	3/1/2018	75,000		1.50	%	57
6/17/2016	6/17/2018	70,000		1.00	%	150
2/7/2017	3/1/2019	50,000		1.50	%	187
6/23/2017	7/1/2019	50,000		1.50	%	154
9/18/2017	10/1/2019	50,000		1.50	%	199
7/28/2017	12/1/2019	50,000		1.50	%	359
3/7/2018	4/1/2020	50,000		2.25	%	310
7/16/2018	8/1/2020	50,000		2.50	%	319
12/11/2018	1/1/2021	50,000		2.75	%	210

On February 20, 2015, the Operating Partnership entered into a $50.0 million floating-to-fixed interest rate swap attributable to one-month LIBOR indexed interest payments. The $50.0 million interest rate swap has a fixed rate of 2.00% , an effective date of March 1, 2016 and a maturity date of February 20, 2020. The Operating Partnership entered into this interest rate swap agreement in connection with a $50.0 million term loan under the senior unsecured term loan facility that bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.35% to 1.95% , depending on the Operating Partnership’s total leverage. The Company designated this interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge of variable interest payments based on one-month LIBOR.

On July 13, 2015, the Operating Partnership entered into a $6.5 million floating-to-fixed interest rate swap attributable to one-month LIBOR indexed interest payments. The $6.5 million interest rate swap had a fixed rate of 3.05% , an effective date of July 13, 2015 and a maturity date of April 5, 2018. The Company designated this interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge of variable interest payments based on one-month LIBOR.

On April 23, 2018, the Operating Partnership entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap attributable to one-month LIBOR indexed interest payments with a notional amount of $50.0 million . The interest rate swap has a fixed rate of 2.783% , an effective date of May 1, 2018, and a maturity date of May 1, 2023.

On July 27, 2018, the Company entered into a LIBOR interest rate swap agreement that effectively fixes the interest rate of the new Johns Hopkins Village note payable at 4.19% per annum with a maturity date of August 7, 2025. The Company has designated the interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes.

On October 12, 2018, the Company entered into a LIBOR interest rate swap agreement that effectively fixes the interest rate of the initial $10.5 million tranche of the new Lightfoot Marketplace note payable at 4.77% per annum until stabilization and 4.62% per annum thereafter. The swap matures on October 12, 2023. The Company has designated the interest rate swap as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, unrealized losses of $1.9 million were recorded to other comprehensive loss, and $0.2 million of realized losses were reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss to interest expense due to payments made to swap counterparties during the year ended December 31, 2018 for interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges. During the next 12 months, the Company anticipates reclassifying

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approximately $0.3 million of net hedging losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings to offset the variability of the hedged items during this period.

The Company’s derivatives comprised the following as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	December 31,
	2018							2017
			Fair Value							Fair Value
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges	Notional Amount		Asset		Liability			Notional Amount		Asset		Liability
Interest rate swaps	$	100,000	$	303	$	(749	)	$	56,079	$	10	$	(69	)
Interest rate caps	350,000		1,790		—			345,000		1,515		—
Total derivatives not designated as accounting hedges	450,000		2,093		(749		)	401,079		1,525		(69		)
Interest rate swaps designated as accounting hedge	63,208		—		(1,725		)	—		—		—
Total derivatives	$	513,208	$	2,093	$	(2,474	)	$	401,079	$	1,525	$	(69	)

The changes in the fair value of the Company’s derivatives during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was as follows (in thousands):



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017		2016
Interest rate swaps	$	(2,281	)	$	770	$	(795	)
Interest rate caps	(564		)	357		(146		)
Total change in fair value of interest rate derivatives	$	(2,845	)	$	1,127	$	(941	)
Comprehensive income statement presentation:
Change in fair value of interest rate derivatives	$	(951	)	$	1,127	$	(941	)
Unrealized cash flow hedge losses	(1,894		)	—		—
Total	$	(2,845	)	$	1,127	$	(941	)

Effective March 31, 2016, the Company determined that the short-cut method of hedge accounting was not appropriate for two of its interest-rate swaps and, for accounting purposes, the hedge relationship was terminated. The swaps were entered into in February and July 2015. Accordingly, changes in fair value of the swap should have been recorded in income rather than other comprehensive income. The Company determined that the errors were immaterial to all previously issued financial statements. The Company recognized $0.7 million of accumulated other comprehensive income and $0.4 million , which was previously allocated to noncontrolling interest as of December 31, 2015, in earnings during the first quarter of 2016. Subsequent changes in the value of the interest rate swap for the period from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018 were also recognized in earnings during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 .

The Company has not designated any of its interest rate caps as hedging instruments for accounting purposes.


10.	Equity

Stockholders’ Equity

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company’s authorized capital was 500 million shares of common stock and 100 million shares of preferred stock. The Company had 50.0 million and 44.9 million shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. No shares of preferred stock were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 .

On May 5, 2015, the Company commenced an at-the-market continuous equity program through which the Company was able to, from time to time, issue and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million (the "2015 ATM Program"). During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company issued and sold

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1,152,919 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $10.87 per share, resulting in net proceeds to the Company after offering costs and commissions of $12.2 million .

On May 4, 2016, the Company commenced a new at-the-market continuous equity offering program (the “2016 ATM Program”) through which the Company was able to, from time to time, issue and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million . Upon commencing the 2016 ATM Program, the Company simultaneously terminated the 2015 ATM Program. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company issued and sold 450,890 and 4,159,936 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $14.08 and $13.45 per share under the 2016 ATM Program, receiving net proceeds after offering costs and commissions of $6.2 million and $54.8 million , respectively.

On February 26, 2018, the Company commenced a new at-the-market continuous equity offering program (the "2018 ATM Program") through which the Company is able to, from time to time, issue and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $125.0 million . Upon commencing the 2018 ATM Program, the Company simultaneously terminated the 2016 ATM Program. During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company issued and sold 4,617,409 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $14.39 per share under the 2018 ATM Program, receiving net proceeds after offering costs and commissions of $65.2 million .

On October 13, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of Columbus Village II, a stabilized retail asset for aggregate consideration of 2,000,000 shares of common stock, which based on the closing stock price on the date of the acquisition, resulting in an acquisition price of $26.2 million . On October 19, 2016, the Company filed a registration statement covering resales of the shares pursuant to a registration rights agreement with the sellers.

On May 12, 2017, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 6,900,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $13.00 per share, which resulted in net proceeds after offering costs and commissions of $85.3 million .

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The former noncontrolling interest holder of Johns Hopkins Village had an option to redeem the 20% noncontrolling interest in that entity. The noncontrolling interest of $2.0 million was included in temporary equity. On December 21, 2017, the Company redeemed the noncontrolling interest for a cash payment of $2.0 million and contingent future consideration of $0.5 million to be paid in Class A Units of the Operating Partnership upon the satisfaction of certain conditions. On April 17, 2018, the Operating Partnership issued 36,684 Class A Units valued at $ 13.77 per unit due to the satisfaction of these conditions.

Noncontrolling Interests

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company held a 74.5% and 72.0% interest in the Operating Partnership, respectively. The Company is the primary beneficiary of the Operating Partnership as it has the power to direct the activities of the Operating Partnership and the rights to absorb 74.5% of the net income of the Operating Partnership. As the primary beneficiary, the Company consolidates the financial position and results of operations of the Operating Partnership. Noncontrolling interests in the Company represent units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership not held by the Company. As of December 31, 2018 , there were 17,110,404 Class A Units not held by the Company. The Company's financial position and results of operations are the same as those of the Operating Partnership.

The noncontrolling interest for the consolidated entities under development or construction (see Note 1) was zero as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 .

As partial consideration for Columbus Village, the Operating Partnership issued 1,000,000 class B units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership ("Class B Units") on July 10, 2015 and issued 275,000 class C units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership ("Class C Units") on January 10, 2017. The Class B Units were automatically converted to Class A Units on July 10, 2017. The Class C Units were automatically converted to Class A Units on January 10, 2018.

On January 10, 2017, the Operating Partnership issued 68,691 Class A Units to acquire the remaining 20% interest in the Town Center Phase VI project.

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On October 2, 2017, due to the request of holders of Class A Units to tender an aggregate 358,879 Class A Units for redemption by the Operating Partnership, the Company elected to satisfy the redemption requests with an aggregate cash payment of $4.9 million .

On January 2, 2018, due to the holders of Class A Units tendering an aggregate of 163,000 Class A Units for redemption by the Operating Partnership, the Company elected to satisfy the redemption request through the issuance of an equal number of shares of common stock.

As partial consideration for the acquisition of Parkway Centre, the Operating Partnership issued 117,228 Class A Units on January 29, 2018.

On April 2, 2018, due to the holders of Class A Units tendering an aggregate of 187,142 Class A Units for redemption by the Operating Partnership, the Company elected to satisfy the redemption request with an aggregate cash payment of $2.5 million .

On April 17, 2018, the Operating Partnership issued 36,684 Class A Units to the former noncontrolling interest holder of John Hopkins Village due to the satisfaction of a contingent event that was part of the redemption of its redeemable noncontrolling interest in Johns Hopkins Village in December 2017.

On July 2, 2018, due to the holders of Class A Units tendering an aggregate of 123,504 Class A Units for redemption by the Operating Partnership, the Company elected to satisfy the redemption requests through the issuance of an equal number of shares of common stock.

On October 1, 2018, due to the holders of Class A Units tendering an aggregate of 56,495 Class A Units for redemption by the Operating Partnership, the Company elected to satisfy the redemption requests through the issuance of 52,200 shares of common stock and a cash payment of $0.1 million .

Holders of OP Units may not transfer their units without the Company’s prior consent as general partner of the Operating Partnership. Subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, holders of Class A Units may tender their units for redemption by the Operating Partnership in exchange for cash equal to the market price of shares of the Company’s common stock at the time of redemption or, at the Company’s option and sole discretion, for unregistered or registered shares of common stock on a one -for-one basis. Accordingly, the Company presents OP Units of the Operating Partnership not held by the Company as noncontrolling interests within equity in the consolidated balance sheets.

Common Stock Dividends and Class A Unit Distributions

During the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , the Company declared dividends per share and distributions per unit of $0.80 , $0.76 , and $0.72 , respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , the Company paid cash dividends totaling $38.7 million , $31.1 million , and $22.7 million , respectively, to common stockholders, and the Operating Partnership paid cash distributions totaling $13.8 million , $12.6 million , and $11.1 million , respectively to holders of Class A Units.

The tax treatment of dividends paid to common stockholders during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was as follows (unaudited):



	Years ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Capital gains	9.49	%	9.06	%	—	%
Ordinary income	63.40	%	71.59	%	78	%
Return of capital	27.11	%	19.35	%	22	%
Total	100.00	%	100.00	%	100	%

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Subsequent to December 31, 2018

On January 2, 2019, due to the holders of Class A Units tendering an aggregate of 118,471 Class A Units for redemption by the Operating Partnership, the Company elected to satisfy the redemption requests through the issuance of an equal number of shares of common stock.

On January 3, 2019, the Company paid cash dividends of $10.0 million to common stockholders and the Operating Partnership paid cash distributions of $3.4 million to holders of Class A Units. These dividends and distributions were declared and accrued as of December 31, 2018 .


11.	Stock-Based Compensation

The Company’s Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Equity Plan") permits the grant of restricted stock awards, stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance units, and other equity-based awards up to an aggregate of 1,700,000 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had 963,983 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the Equity Plan.

During the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , the Company granted an aggregate of 164,241 , 118,361 and 121,243 shares of restricted stock to employees and nonemployee directors, respectively. The grant date fair value of the restricted stock awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was $2.2 million , $1.7 million and $1.4 million , respectively. Employee restricted stock awards generally vest over a period of two years : one-third immediately on the grant date and the remaining two-thirds in equal amounts on the first two anniversaries following the grant date, subject to continued service to the Company. Nonemployee director restricted stock awards vest either immediately upon grant or over a period of one year , subject to continued service to the Company. Unvested restricted stock awards are entitled to receive dividends from their grant date.

During the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , the Company recognized $2.0 million , $1.5 million and $1.2 million of stock-based compensation, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 , the total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted shares was $0.6 million , substantially all of which the Company expects to recognize over the next 15 months .

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s nonvested restricted stock awards during the year ended December 31, 2018 :



	Restricted Stock Awards		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Nonvested as of January 1, 2018	112,789		$	13.14
Granted	164,241		13.66
Vested	(137,431	)	13.22
Forfeited	(14,370	)	13.55
Nonvested as of December 31, 2018	125,229		$	13.68

Restricted stock awards granted and vested during the year ended December 31, 2018 include 30,016 shares tendered by employees to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding obligations.


12.	Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value measurements are based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. The hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value is as follows:

Level 1 Inputs—quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 Inputs—observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities

Level 3 Inputs—unobservable inputs

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Except as disclosed below, the carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments approximate their fair values. Financial assets and liabilities whose fair values are measured on a recurring basis using Level 2 inputs consist of interest rate swaps and caps. The Company measures the fair values of these assets and liabilities based on prices provided by independent market participants that are based on observable inputs using market-based valuation techniques.

Financial assets and liabilities whose fair values are not measured at fair value but for which the fair value is disclosed include the Company's notes receivable and indebtedness. The fair value is estimated by discounting the future cash flows of each instrument at estimated market rates consistent with the maturity, credit characteristics, and other terms of the arrangements, which are Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. For disclosure purposes, the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Considerable judgment is used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments. The estimates of fair value presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized upon disposition of the financial instruments.

The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (in thousands):



	December 31,
	2018				2017
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Indebtedness, net	$	694,239	$	688,437	$	517,272	$	518,417
Notes receivable	138,683		138,683		83,058		83,058
Interest rate swap liabilities	2,474		2,474		69		69
Interest rate swap and cap assets	2,093		2,093		1,525		1,525


13.	Income Taxes

The income tax benefit (provision) for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 comprised the following (in thousands):



	Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Federal income taxes:
Current	$	(14	)	$	(516	)	$	(197	)
Deferred	37			(131		)	(109		)
State income taxes:
Current	(1		)	(62		)	(24		)
Deferred	7			(16		)	(13		)
Income tax benefit (provision)	$	29		$	(725	)	$	(343	)

The legislation commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% (including with respect to taxable REIT subsidiaries), resulting in the Company's remeasuring its existing deferred tax balances. In addition, generally beginning in 2018, the Tax Act alters the deductibility of certain items (e.g., interest expense) and allows the cost of certain qualifying capital asset investments to be deducted fully in the year they were purchased, subject to a phase-down of the deduction percentage over time. The provisional amounts recorded in the year ended December 31, 2017 related to the remeasurement of the deferred tax balance was approximately $0.2 million of tax expense. The

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Company's accounting for the income tax effects of the Tax Act has been completed, and no further changes to the accounting were made.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company had $0.4 million and $0.3 million , respectively, of net deferred tax assets representing basis differences in the assets of the TRS and stock-based compensation attributable to the TRS.

Management has evaluated the Company’s income tax positions and concluded that the Company has no uncertain income tax positions as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . The Company is generally subject to examination by the applicable taxing authorities for the tax years 2015 through 2018. The Company does not currently have any ongoing tax examinations by taxing authorities.


14.	Other Assets

Other assets were comprised of the following as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	December 31,
	2018		2017
Acquired lease intangibles, net	$	29,182	$	29,881
Leasing costs, net	10,881		9,651
Leasing incentives, net	3,592		4,217
Interest rate swaps and caps	2,093		1,515
Prepaid expenses and other	8,165		8,937
Advance deposits on property acquisitions	50		400
Preacquisition development costs	1,214		1,352
Other assets	$	55,177	$	55,953


15.	Other Liabilities

Other liabilities were comprised of the following as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	December 31,
	2018		2017
Dividends and distributions payable	$	13,527	$	11,887
Deferred ground rent payable	9,287		8,732
Acquired lease intangibles, net	12,678		13,829
Prepaid rent and other	6,309		3,171
Security deposits	1,927		1,674
Interest rate swaps	2,475		59
Other liabilities	$	46,203	$	39,352


16.	Acquired Lease Intangibles

The following table summarizes the Company’s acquired lease intangibles as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



	December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Net Carrying
	Amount		Amortization		Amount
In-place lease assets	$	57,689	$	32,370	$	25,319
Above-market lease assets	4,917		2,676		2,241
Below-market lease liabilities	18,692		6,014		12,678
Below-market ground lease assets	1,920		299		1,621

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The following table summarizes the Company’s acquired lease intangibles as of December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	December 31, 2017
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Net Carrying
	Amount		Amortization		Amount
In-place lease assets	$	50,506	$	25,193	$	25,313
Above-market lease assets	4,817		1,923		2,894
Below-market lease liabilities	18,089		4,260		13,829
Below-market ground lease assets	1,920		246		1,674

Amortization of in-place lease assets for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was $7.7 million , $9.7 million , and $10.2 million , respectively.

Amortization of above-market lease assets for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was $0.8 million , $0.8 million , and $0.9 million , respectively.

Amortization of below-market lease liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was $1.8 million , $1.8 million , and $1.8 million , respectively.

Amortization of below-market ground lease assets for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was $0.1 million , $0.1 million , and $0.1 million , respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 , the weighted-average remaining lives of in-place lease assets, above-market lease assets, below-market lease liabilities, and below-market ground lease assets were 6.3 years , 5.6 years , 4.5 years , and 30.5 years , respectively. As of December 31, 2018 , the weighted-average remaining life of below-market lease renewal options was 13.6 years .

Estimated amortization of acquired lease intangibles for each of the five succeeding years is as follows (in thousands):



					Depreciation and
	Rental Revenues		Rental Expenses		Amortization
Year ending December 31,
2019	$	859	$	53	$	5,967
2020	730		53		4,314
2021	742		53		2,846
2022	725		53		2,218
2023	703		53		1,969


17.	Related Party Transactions

The Company provides general contracting and real estate services to certain related party entities that are included in these consolidated financial statements. Revenue from construction contracts with related party entities of the Company was $1.5 million , $7.6 million and $26.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively. Gross profits from such contracts were $0.3 million , $0.4 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively. There were no amounts from related parties of the Company included in construction receivables as of December 31, 2018 . As of December 31, 2017 , there was $0.2 million outstanding from related parties of the Company included in construction receivables. Real estate services fees from affiliated entities of the Company were no t material for any of the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 . In addition, affiliated entities also reimburse the Company for monthly maintenance and facilities management services provided to the properties. Cost reimbursements earned by the Company from affiliated entities were no t material for any of the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 .

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18.	Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

The Company is from time to time involved in various disputes, lawsuits, warranty claims, environmental and other matters arising in the ordinary course of its business. Management makes assumptions and estimates concerning the likelihood and amount of any potential loss relating to these matters.

The Company currently is a party to various legal proceedings, none of which management expects will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or liquidity. Management accrues a liability for litigation if an unfavorable outcome is determined to be probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. If an unfavorable outcome is determined by management to be probable and a range of loss can be reasonably estimated, management accrues the best estimate within the range; however, if no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other, the minimum amount within the range is accrued. Legal fees related to litigation are expensed as incurred. Management does not believe that the ultimate outcome of these matters, either individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations; however, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties.

Under the Company’s leases, tenants are typically obligated to indemnify the Company from and against all liabilities, costs, and expenses imposed upon or asserted against it as owner of the properties due to certain matters relating to the operation of the properties by the tenant.

Guarantees

In connection with the Company's mezzanine lending activities, the Company has made guarantees to pay portions of certain senior loans of third parties associated with the development projects. The following table summarizes the guarantees made by the Company as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



Development project	Payment guarantee amount
1405 Point	$	25,000
The Residences at Annapolis Junction	8,300
Delray Plaza	4,750		(a)
Nexton Square	—		(b)
Interlock Commercial	—		(c)
Solis Apartments at Interlock	—		(d)
City Center	18,457		(e)
Total	$	56,507

________________________________________

(a) On January 8, 2019, the mezzanine loan and senior construction loan were modified, and the payment guarantee amount increased to $5.2 million .

(b) As of December 31, 2018 , this payment guarantee was not yet effective because the senior construction loan had not yet been executed. On February 8, 2019, the senior construction loan was executed and the $12.6 million payment guarantee became effective. The Company has also guaranteed completion of the development project to the senior construction lender.

(c) As of December 31, 2018 , this $30.7 million payment guarantee was not yet effective because the senior construction loan had not yet been executed. Once the senior construction loan is executed, the Company will also guarantee completion of the development project to the senior lender. The Company has also guaranteed completion of the development project to Georgia Tech, the ground lessor.

(d) There is no payment guarantee for the senior construction loan on this project. The Company has guaranteed completion of the development project to the senior lender.

(e) Durham City Center is accounted for as an equity method investment.

Commitments

The Company has a bonding line of credit for its general contracting construction business and is contingently liable under performance and payment bonds, bonds for cancellation of mechanics liens, and defect bonds. Such bonds collectively totaled $34.8 million and $44.9 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively.

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The Operating Partnership has entered into standby letters of credit using the available capacity under the credit facility. The letters of credit relate to the guarantee of future performance on certain of the Company’s construction contracts. Letters of credit generally are available for draw down in the event the Company does not perform. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Operating Partnership had total outstanding letters of credit of $2.1 million and $2.1 million , respectively. The amounts outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017 include a $2.1 million letter of credit related to the guarantee on the Point Street Apartments senior construction loan.

The Company has six ground leases on five properties with initial terms that range from 20 to 65 years and options to extend up to an additional 70 years in certain cases. The Company also leases automobiles and equipment.

Future minimum rental payments for all operating leases during each of the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):



2019	$	2,127
2020	2,291
2021	2,368
2022	2,364
2023	2,403
Thereafter	105,961
Total	$	117,514

Ground rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was $2.4 million , $2.5 million and $2.0 million , respectively.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

The majority of the Company’s properties are located in Hampton Roads, Virginia. For the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , rental revenues from Hampton Roads properties represented 53% , 53% and 58% , respectively, of the Company’s rental revenues. Many of the Company’s Hampton Roads properties are located in the Town Center of Virginia Beach. For the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , rental revenues from Town Center properties represented 42% , 38% and 41% , respectively, of the Company’s rental revenues.

A group of three construction customers comprised 55% , 41% , and 22% of the Company’s general contracting and real estate services revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively. The same customers represented 28% , 20% , and 19% of the Company’s general contracting and real estate services segment gross profit for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively.

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19.	Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

The following tables summarize certain selected quarterly financial data for 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except per share data):



	2018 Quarters
	First		Second		Third		Fourth
Rental revenues	$	28,699	$	28,598	$	28,930	$	30,731
General contracting and real estate services revenues	23,050		20,654		19,950		12,705
Net operating income	20,098		19,908		19,964		21,114
Net income	6,983		5,945		5,669		4,895
Net income attributable to stockholders	5,040		4,319		4,202		3,642
Net income per share: basic and diluted	$	0.11	$	0.09	$	0.09	$	0.07



	2017 Quarters
	First		Second		Third		Fourth
Rental revenues	$	27,232	$	26,755	$	27,096	$	27,654
General contracting and real estate services revenues	63,519		56,671		41,201		32,643
Net operating income	20,978		20,645		19,397		19,211
Net income	8,753		4,943		10,461		5,768
Net income attributable to stockholders	5,936		3,471		7,488		4,152
Net income per share: basic and diluted	$	0.16	$	0.08	$	0.17	$	0.09

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Table of Contents

SCHEDULE III—Consolidated Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation

December 31, 2018



				Initial Cost				Cost Capitalized		Gross Carrying Amount										Year of
						Building and		Subsequent to				Building and				Accumulated		Net Carrying		Construction/
	Encumbrances			Land		Improvements		Acquisition		Land		Improvements		Total		Depreciation		Amount ⁽¹⁾		Acquisition
Office
4525 Main Street	$	32,034		$	982	$	—	$	45,835	$	982	$	45,835	$	46,817	$	6,237	$	40,580	2014
Armada Hoffler Tower	—		⁽²⁾	1,976		—		60,677		1,976		60,677		62,653		31,816		30,837		2002
Brooks Crossing Office	6,910			475		—		14,078		475		14,078		14,553		—		14,553		2016
One Columbus	—		⁽²⁾	960		10,269		10,606		960		20,875		21,835		11,110		10,725		1984
Two Columbus	—		⁽²⁾	53		—		19,926		53		19,926		19,979		7,911		12,068		2009
Wills Wharf	—			—		—		18,665		—		18,665		18,665		—		18,665		2018
Total office	$	38,944		$	4,446	$	10,269	$	169,787	$	4,446	$	180,056	$	184,502	$	57,074	$	127,428
Retail
249 Central Park Retail	$	17,045		$	712	$	—	$	15,341	$	712	$	15,341	$	16,053	$	8,798	$	7,255	2004
Alexander Pointe	—		⁽²⁾	4,050		4,880		91		4,050		4,971		9,021		705		8,316		1997/2016
Bermuda Crossroads	—		⁽²⁾	5,450		10,641		1,195		5,450		11,836		17,286		2,555		14,731		2001/2013
Broad Creek Shopping Center	—		⁽²⁾	—		—		8,987		—		8,987		8,987		4,035		4,952		1997-2001
Broadmoor Plaza	—		⁽²⁾	2,410		9,010		843		2,410		9,853		12,263		1,340		10,923		1980/2016
Brooks Crossing Retail	—			117		—		2,328		117		2,328		2,445		155		2,290		2016
Columbus Village	—		⁽²⁾	7,631		10,135		877		7,631		11,012		18,643		2,091		16,552		1980/2015
Columbus Village II	—		⁽²⁾	14,536		10,922		50		14,536		10,972		25,508		939		24,569		1995/2016
Commerce Street Retail	—		⁽²⁾	118		—		3,242		118		3,242		3,360		1,514		1,846		2008
Courthouse 7-Eleven	—		⁽²⁾	1,007		—		1,043		1,007		1,043		2,050		190		1,860		2011
Dick’s at Town Center	—		⁽²⁾	67		—		10,585		67		10,585		10,652		4,337		6,315		2002
Dimmock Square	—		⁽²⁾	5,100		13,126		260		5,100		13,386		18,486		1,639		16,847		1998/2014
Fountain Plaza Retail	10,257			425		—		7,206		425		7,206		7,631		3,363		4,268		2004
Gainsborough Square	—		⁽²⁾	2,229		—		7,450		2,229		7,450		9,679		3,422		6,257		1999
Greentree Shopping Center	—		⁽²⁾	1,103		—		4,032		1,103		4,032		5,135		700		4,435		2014
Hanbury Village	19,019		⁽²⁾	3,793		—		19,464		3,793		19,464		23,257		6,920		16,337		2006
Harper Hill Commons	—		⁽²⁾	2,840		8,510		160		2,840		8,670		11,510		924		10,586		2004/2016
Harrisonburg Regal	—			1,554		—		4,148		1,554		4,148		5,702		2,097		3,605		1999
Indian Lakes Crossing	—		⁽²⁾	7,009		2,274		7		7,009		2,281		9,290		84		9,206		2008/2018
Market at Mill Creek	7,283			2,945		—		16,413		2,945		16,413		19,358		—		19,358		2018
Lexington Square	14,940			3,035		17,786		—		3,035		17,786		20,821		265		20,556		2017/2018
Lightfoot Marketplace	10,500			7,628		—		17,502		7,628		17,502		25,130		1,376		23,754		2016
North Hampton Market	—		⁽²⁾	7,250		10,210		442		7,250		10,652		17,902		1,461		16,441		2004/2016
North Point Center	11,698		⁽²⁾	1,936		—		25,553		1,936		25,553		27,489		13,527		13,962		1998

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Oakland Marketplace	—		⁽²⁾	1,850		3,370		617		1,850		3,987		5,837		744		5,093		2004/2016
Parkway Marketplace	—		⁽²⁾	1,150		—		3,767		1,150		3,767		4,917		1,888		3,029		1998
Parkway Centre	—		⁽²⁾	1,372		7,864		—		1,372		7,864		9,236		234		9,002		2017/2018
Patterson Place	—		⁽²⁾	15,059		20,180		411		15,059		20,591		35,650		2,065		33,585		2004/2016
Perry Hall Marketplace	—		⁽²⁾	3,240		8,316		415		3,240		8,731		11,971		1,212		10,759		2001/2015
Premier Retail	6,219			965		—		10,877		965		10,877		11,842		132		11,710		2018
Providence Plaza	—		⁽²⁾	9,950		12,369		1,072		9,950		13,441		23,391		1,397		21,994		2007/2015
Renaissance Square	—		⁽²⁾	6,730		8,439		155		6,730		8,594		15,324		625		14,699		2008/2016
Sandbridge Commons	8,258			4,825		—		7,294		4,825		7,294		12,119		1,168		10,951		2015
Socastee Commons	4,671			2,320		5,380		134		2,320		5,514		7,834		735		7,099		2000/2015
South Retail	7,483			190		—		7,867		190		7,867		8,057		4,225		3,832		2002
South Square	—		⁽²⁾	14,130		12,670		391		14,130		13,061		27,191		1,450		25,741		1977/2016
Southgate Square	21,442			8,890		25,950		496		8,890		26,446		35,336		2,325		33,011		1991/2016
Southshore Shops	—		⁽²⁾	1,770		6,509		50		1,770		6,559		8,329		496		7,833		2006/2016
Stone House Square	—		⁽²⁾	6,360		16,350		319		6,360		16,669		23,029		2,131		20,898		2008/2015
Studio 56 Retail	—		⁽²⁾	76		—		2,477		76		2,477		2,553		913		1,640		2007
Tyre Neck Harris Teeter	—		⁽²⁾	—		—		3,306		—		3,306		3,306		1,089		2,217		2011
Wendover Village	—		⁽²⁾	18,260		21,700		128		18,260		21,828		40,088		1,813		38,275		2004/2016-2017
Total retail	$	138,815		$	180,082	$	246,591	$	186,995	$	180,082	$	433,586	$	613,668	$	87,079	$	526,589
Multifamily
Encore Apartments	$	24,966		$	1,293	$	—	$	30,258	$	1,293	$	30,258	$	31,551	$	4,088	$	27,463	2014
Greenside (Harding Place)	25,902			5,711		—		43,782		5,711		43,782		49,493		388		49,105		2014	⁽³⁾
Hoffler Place (King Street)	11,445			7,277		—		27,136		7,277		27,136		34,413		—		34,413		—	(3)
Johns Hopkins Village	52,708			—		—		69,717		—		69,717		69,717		5,381		64,336		2016
Liberty Apartments	14,437			3,580		23,494		1,581		3,580		25,075		28,655		4,361		24,294		2013/2014
Premier Apartments	12,995			—		—		29,189		—		29,189		29,189		292		28,897		2018
Summit Place (Meeting Street)	11,057			7,265		—		27,722		7,265		27,722		34,987		—		34,987		—	⁽³⁾
Smith’s Landing	18,985			—		35,105		1,962		—		37,067		37,067		6,851		30,216		2009/2013
The Cosmopolitan	44,468			985		—		59,365		985		59,365		60,350		23,261		37,089		2006
Total multifamily	$	216,963		$	26,111	$	58,599	$	290,712	$	26,111	$	349,311	$	375,422	$	44,622	$	330,800
Held for development	$	—		$	2,994	$	—	$	—	$	2,994	$	—	$	2,994	$	—	$	2,994
Real estate investments	$	394,722		$	213,633	$	315,459	$	647,494	$	213,633	$	962,953	$	1,176,586	$	188,775	$	987,811

________________________________________


(1)	The net carrying amount of real estate for federal income tax purposes was $868.3 million as of December 31, 2018 .


(2)	Borrowing base collateral for the credit facility as of December 31, 2018 .


(3)	Construction in progress as of December 31, 2018 .

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Income producing property is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:



Buildings	39 years
Capital improvements	5—20 years
Equipment	3—7 years
Tenant improvements	Term of the related lease
	(or estimated useful life, if shorter)



	Real Estate						Accumulated
	Investments						Depreciation
	December 31,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Balance at beginning of the year	$	994,437		$	908,287		$	164,521		$	139,553
Construction costs and improvements	144,926			84,142			—			—
Acquisitions	51,613			12,760			—			—
Dispositions	(11,420		)	(10,146		)	(5,559		)	(1,006		)
Reclassifications	(2,970		)	(606		)	(582		)	—
Depreciation	—			—			30,395			25,974
Balance at end of the year	$	1,176,586		$	994,437		$	188,775		$	164,521

F-48

Exhibit 10.5

ARMADA HOFFLER, L.P.

AMENDED AND RESTATED EXECUTIVE SEVERANCE BENEFIT PLAN


I.	PURPOSE

Armada Hoffler, L.P. (the “Company”) recognizes that outstanding management of the Company and its Affiliates is essential to advancing the interests of the Company and its Affiliates. The Company also recognizes that the risk and uncertainty of an unexpected termination of employment could distract its executive officers from the performance of their duties and frustrate the Company’s ability to retain their services. The Company has adopted this Amended and Restated Executive Severance Benefit Plan in order to minimize the distraction that could result from unexpected terminations of employment and in order to enhance the Company’s ability to attract and retain executives who possess the level of skill, judgment and experience essential to the Company’s success.

The Company also has a legitimate business interest in assuring that Participants do not take advantage of relationships developed, or information acquired, by the Participant during the Participant’s employment with the Company or an Affiliate. Accordingly, the Company has adopted this Amended and Restated Executive Severance Benefit Plan to provide Participants, in accordance with the terms of this Amended and Restated Executive Severance Benefit Plan, additional and significant benefits to which Participants are not otherwise entitled. In consideration for the right to receive those additional and significant benefits, each Participant agrees to comply with the covenants set forth in Article VI.


II.	DEFINITIONS

The following terms shall have the definitions set forth below:

2.01 Affiliate . “Affiliate” means any entity, whether now or hereafter existing, which controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the Company (including, but not limited to, joint ventures, limited liability companies and partnerships). For this purpose, the term “control” shall mean ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of shares or interests in the entity, or the power to direct the management and policies of the entity, by contract or otherwise.

2.02 Bonus . “Bonus” means the “target” amount or level of any incentive compensation payable in cash or securities of the Company or an Affiliate but does not include any equity or equity-based awards granted to a Participant under the Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan. If a “target” level of Bonus is not established for a Participant, then for purposes of Section 5.01 the Bonus shall equal 75% of the Tier I Participant’s Salary, for purposes of Section 5.02 the Bonus shall equal 50% of the Tier II Participant’s Salary and for purposes of Section 5.03 the Bonus shall equal 25% of the Tier III Participant’s Salary (in each case disregarding any reduction in Salary that constitutes Good Reason).

2.03 Cause . “Cause” means (i) a Participant’s willful failure or refusal to perform specific reasonable written directives of the Committee (or the board of directors or managers of an Affiliate, as applicable), which directives are consistent with the scope and nature of the Participant’s duties and responsibilities to the Company or an Affiliate and which is not remedied by the Participant within sixty (60) days after written notice of the failure by the Committee; (ii) a Participant’s conviction of, or plea of guilty or nolo contendre, to a felony; (iii) any act of dishonesty by a Participant involving the Company or

an Affiliate which results in a material unjust gain or enrichment to the Participant at the expense of the Company or an Affiliate; (iv) any act of a Participant involving moral turpitude which materially and adversely affects the business of the Company or an Affiliate; (v) a Participant’s material breach of the obligations set forth in Article VI; or (vi) a Participant’s failure to perform a material duty or a Participant’s material breach of an obligation under an agreement with the Company or its Affiliates or a breach of a material and written policy of the Company or its Affiliates other than by reason of mental or physical illness or injury. No act or failure to act on the part of a Participant shall be deemed “willful” unless it was done or omitted to be done by the Participant not in good faith and without reasonable belief that the action or omission was in the best interests of the Company or an Affiliate. A termination of a Participant’s employment shall not be deemed to have been for Cause unless the termination is approved in a resolution duly adopted by the affirmative vote of not less than a majority of the Committee then in office (excluding the Participant or any immediate family member of the Participant) adopted at a meeting of the Committee called and held for such purpose, after reasonable notice to the Participant and an opportunity for the Participant, together with counsel (if the Participant chooses), to be heard before the Committee, finding that, in the good faith opinion of the Committee, the Participant committed an act or omission constituting Cause as defined above.

2.04 Change in Control. “Change in Control” shall mean a change in control of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (the “REIT”) which will be deemed to have occurred after the date hereof if:

(a) any “person” as such term is used in Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), as modified and used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) thereof except that such term shall not include (A) the REIT or any of its subsidiaries, (B) any trustee or other fiduciary holding securities under an employee benefit plan of the REIT or any of its affiliates, (C) an underwriter temporarily holding securities pursuant to an offering of such securities, (D) any corporation owned, directly or indirectly, by the stockholders of the REIT in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of the REIT’s common stock, or (E) any person or group as used in Rule 13d-1(b) under the Exchange Act, is or becomes the Beneficial Owner, as such term is defined in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act, directly or indirectly, of securities of the REIT representing at least 50% of the combined voting power or common stock of the REIT;

(b) during any period of two consecutive years, individuals who at the beginning of such period constitute the board of directors of the REIT, and any new director (other than (A) a director designated by a person who has entered into an agreement with the REIT to effect a transaction described in clause (1), (3), or (4) of this Section 2.04 or (B) a director of the REIT whose initial assumption of office is in connection with an actual or threatened election contest, including but not limited to a consent solicitation, relating to the election of directors of the REIT) whose election by the REIT’s board of directors or nomination for election by the REIT’s shareholders was approved by a vote of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the directors then still in office who either were directors at the beginning of the period or whose election or nomination for election was previously so approved, cease for any reason to constitute at least a majority thereof;

(c) there is consummated a merger or consolidation of the REIT or any direct or indirect subsidiary of the REIT with any other corporation, other than a merger or consolidation which would result in the voting securities of the REIT outstanding immediately prior thereto continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the surviving entity or any parent thereof) in combination with the ownership of any trustee or other fiduciary holding securities under an employee benefit plan of the REIT or any subsidiary of the REIT, more than 50% of the

combined voting power and common stock of the REIT or such surviving entity or any parent thereof outstanding immediately after such merger or consolidation; or

(d) there is consummated a sale or disposition by the REIT of all or substantially all of the REIT’s assets (or any transaction having a similar effect, including a liquidation) other than a sale or disposition by the REIT of all or substantially all of the REIT’s assets to an entity, more than fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power and common stock of which is owned by stockholders of the REIT in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of the common stock of the REIT immediately prior to such sale.

2.05 Code . “Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and any amendments thereto.

2.06 Committee . “Committee” means the committee appointed by the REIT, in its capacity as general partner of the Company, to administer the Plan; provided, however, that if there is no committee, then “Committee” means the REIT, in its capacity as general partner of the Company.

2.07 Company . “Company” means Armada Hoffler, L.P.

2.08 Control Change Date . “Control Change Date” means the date on which a Change in Control occurs. If a Change in Control occurs on account of a series of transactions, the “Control Change Date” is the date of the last of such transactions.

2.09 ERISA . “ERISA” means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended.

2.10 Good Reason . “Good Reason” means (i) a material breach by the Company or an Affiliate of any written agreement between the Participant and the Company or an Affiliate; (ii) a material reduction in the nature or scope of the Participant’s title, authority, powers, functions, duties or responsibilities (other than a reduction for Cause), (iii) a material reduction in the Participant’s Salary or Bonus opportunity (other than a reduction for Cause or a reduction related to a general reduction that affects similarly situated individuals in a comparable manner) or (iv) a requirement that the Participant, without his or her consent, transfer the Participant’s principal office to a location more than fifty (50) miles from his or her then-current principal office. A Participant shall not be deemed to have resigned with Good Reason unless the Participant gives the Board written notice of the grounds that the Participant asserts constitute Good Reason within ninety (90) days after the initial existence of such grounds, the Company or an Affiliate, as applicable fails to cure or remedy such grounds to the reasonable satisfaction of the Participant within thirty (30) days thereafter and the Participant resigns from the employ of the Company and its Affiliates within thirty (30) days after the expiration of such cure period.

2.11 Participant . “Participant” means an individual who satisfies the eligibility requirements set forth in Article III, is selected by the Committee to participate in the Plan and who enters into a Participation Agreement with the Company.

2.12 Participation Agreement . “Participation Agreement” means the agreement, in a form approved by the Committee, confirming an individual’s participation in the Plan and his or her agreement to be bound by all of the terms and conditions of the Plan, including the covenants set forth in Article VI.

2.13 Plan . “Plan” means this Armada Hoffler, L.P. Amended and Restated Executive Severance Benefit Plan, as amended from time to time.

2.14 Salary . “Salary” means a Participant’s base salary as in effect on the date the Participant’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates is terminated or terminates in accordance with Article IV; provided, however, that a Participant’s Salary shall be determined without regard to any reduction in base salary that constitutes Good Reason.

2.15 Standard Termination Benefits . “Standard Termination Benefits” means the sum of any Salary that has been earned but remains unpaid, any Bonus that has been earned but remains unpaid and any accrued but unused vacation pay.

2.16 Tier I Participant . “Tier I Participant” means a Participant who is designated as a Tier I Participant by the Committee.

2.17 Tier II Participant . “Tier II Participant” means a Participant who is designated as a Tier II Participant by the Committee.

2.18 Tier III Participant . “Tier III Participant means a Participant who is designated as a Tier III Participant by the Committee.

III. ELIGIBILITY

Participation in the Plan shall be limited to employees of the Company or an Affiliate who (i) are members of a “select group of management or highly compensated employees” as such phrase is defined for purposes of Title I of ERISA, (ii) are selected to participate in the Plan by the Committee and (iii) execute a Participation Agreement. The Committee’s designation shall also designate whether the individual is a Tier I Participant, a Tier II Participant or a Tier III Participant.


IV.	ELIGIBILITY TO RECEIVE BENEFITS

A Participant shall be entitled to receive the benefits described in the applicable section of Article V if the Participant (a) remains in the continuous employ of the Company or an Affiliate from the date the Participant is designated as eligible to participate in the Plan until the date that the Participant’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates is terminated without Cause or the date that the Participant’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates is terminated by the Participant’s resignation with Good Reason and (b) satisfies the requirement to provide a Release as described in Section 5.04.


V.	SEVERANCE BENEFITS

5.01 Tier I Participants . A Participant who is designated a Tier I Participant and who satisfies the requirements of Article IV and Section 5.04 shall be eligible to receive the following benefits:

(a) Unless previously paid, the Tier I Participant shall be entitled to receive the Standard Termination Benefits.

(b) A payment equal to a pro rata amount (based on the portion of the calendar year that the Participant was employed by the Company or an Affiliate) of the Tier I Participant’s Bonus for the year in which employment is terminated or terminates; provided, however, that any reduction in Bonus that constitutes Good Reason shall be disregarded.

(c) A payment equal to the product of three (3.0) times the Tier I Participant’s Salary as in effect on the date the Tier I Participant’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates is terminated or ends in accordance with Article IV; provided, however , that any reduction in Salary that constitutes Good Reason shall be disregarded.

(d) A payment equal to the product of three (3.0) times the Tier I Participant’s Bonus for the year in which the Tier I Participant’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates is terminated or ends in accordance with Article IV; provided, however , that any reduction in Bonus that constitutes Good Reason shall be disregarded.

(e) A payment equal to the product of three (3.0) times the sum of (i) the annual COBRA premium that the Company is permitted to charge “qualified beneficiaries” (as defined in Section 4980B of the Code) for the same level and type of coverage that were in effect for the Tier I Participant and dependents on the date employment terminates or ends in accordance with Article IV and (ii) the annual premium for the life insurance, long-term disability insurance and accidental death and dismemberment insurance that were in effect on the date employment terminates or ends in accordance with Article IV.

5.02 Tier II Participants . A Participant who is designated a Tier II Participant and who satisfies the requirements of Article IV and Section 5.04 shall be eligible to receive the following benefits:

(a) Unless previously paid, the Tier II Participant shall be entitled to receive the Standard Termination Benefits.

(b) A payment equal to a pro rata amount (based on the portion of the calendar year that the Participant was employed by the Company or an Affiliate) of the Tier II Participant’s Bonus for the year in which employment is terminated or terminates; provided, however, that any reduction in Bonus that constitutes Good Reason shall be disregarded.

(c) A payment equal to the product of two (2.0) times the Tier II Participant’s Salary as in effect on the date the Tier II Participant’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates is terminated or ends in accordance with Article IV; provided, however , that any reduction in Salary that constitutes Good Reason shall be disregarded.

(d) A payment equal to the product of two (2.0) times the Tier II Participant’s Bonus for the year in which the Tier II Participant’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates is terminated or ends in accordance with Article IV; provided, however , that any reduction in Bonus that constitutes Good Reason shall be disregarded.

(e) A payment equal to the product of two (2.0) times the sum of (i) the annual COBRA premium that the Company is permitted to charge “qualified beneficiaries” (as defined in Section 4980B of the Code) for the same level and type of coverage that were in effect for the Tier II Participant and dependents on the date employment terminates or ends in accordance with Article IV and (ii) the annual premium for the life insurance, long-term disability insurance and accidental death and dismemberment insurance that were in effect on the date employment terminates or ends in accordance with Article IV.

(f) If a Tier II Participant satisfies the requirements of Article IV and Section 5.04 and is terminated without Cause or resigns with Good Reason, in either case within ninety (90) days before a Change in Control or within one (1) year after a Change in Control, then the benefits described in the

preceding Sections 5.02(c), (d) and (e) shall be calculated by substituting “two and one-half (2.5)” for “two (2.0)” therein.

5.03 Tier III Participants. A Participant who is designated a Tier III Participant and who satisfies the requirements of Article IV and Section 5.04 shall be eligible to receive the following benefits:

(a) Unless previously paid, the Tier III Participant shall be entitled to receive the Standard Termination Benefits.

(b) A payment equal to a pro rata amount (based on the portion of the calendar year that the Participant was employed by the Company or an Affiliate) of the Tier III Participant’s Bonus for the year in which employment is terminated or terminates; provided, however, that any reduction in Bonus that constitutes Good Reason shall be disregarded.

(c) A payment equal to the product of one (1.0) times the Tier III Participant’s Salary as in effect on the date the Tier III Participant’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates is terminated or ends in accordance with Article IV; provided, however , that any reduction in Salary that constitutes Good Reason shall be disregarded.

(d) A payment equal to the product of one (1.0) times the Tier III Participant’s Bonus for the year in which the Tier III Participant’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates is terminated or ends in accordance with Article IV; provided, however , that any reduction in Bonus that constitutes Good Reason shall be disregarded.

(e) A payment equal to the product of one (1.0) times the sum of (i) the annual COBRA premium that the Company is permitted to charge “qualified beneficiaries” (as defined in Section 4980B of the Code) for the same level and type of coverage that were in effect for the Tier III Participant and dependents on the date employment terminates or ends in accordance with Article IV and (ii) the annual premium for the life insurance, long-term disability insurance and accidental death and dismemberment insurance that were in effect on the date employment terminates or ends in accordance with Article IV.

(f) If a Tier III Participant satisfies the requirements of Article IV and Section 5.04 and is terminated without Cause or resigns with Good Reason, in either case within ninety (90) days before a Change in Control or within one (1) year after a Change in Control, then the benefits described in the preceding Sections 5.03(c), (d) and (e) shall be calculated by substituting “one and one-half (1.5)” for “one (1.0)” therein.

5.04 Release . A Participant shall not be entitled to receive any benefits (other than the Standard Termination Benefits) unless the Participant signs a general release and waiver of claims, on a form provided by the Company, and the general release and waiver of claims becomes effective and irrevocable on or before the forty-fifth (45 ^th ) day after the date that the Participant’s employment is terminated or ends in accordance with Article IV. The Company shall deliver the general release and waiver of claims to the Participant no later than ten (10) days after the date that the Participant’s employment is terminated or ends in accordance with Article IV.

5.05 Payment . The Standard Termination Benefits shall be paid to each Participant as soon as practicable after the date that the Participant ceases to be employed by the Company and its Affiliates. Any other benefits payable under the Plan shall be paid to the Participant, in a single cash payment, within five (5) days after the release described in Section 5.04 becomes effective and irrevocable; provided,

however, that if a Tier II Participant or a Tier III Participant becomes entitled to additional benefits pursuant to Section 5.02(f) or 5.03(f), respectively, after the payment of the benefits due before the application of Section 5.02(f) or 5.03(f), the additional benefits shall be paid within five (5) days after the Control Change Date. Applicable income and employment taxes shall be deducted from any payment to a Participant.

VI. RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS

6.01 Covenant Against Competition . As a condition of participation in the Plan and as set forth in the Participation Agreement, each Participant agrees that during his or her employment with the Company or an Affiliate and for a period of one (1) year following the termination of the Participant’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates for any reason, that the Participant shall not engage in any business which is competitive with the business of the Company or any Affiliate as of the date such employment terminates or is terminated. A business shall be deemed “competitive” with the business of the Company or an Affiliate if its business consists of or includes any type or line of business engaged in by the Company or any Affiliate as of the date of such termination and is conducted, in whole or in part, within the states of North Carolina or Maryland, the Commonwealth of Virginia or the District of Columbia. A Participant shall be deemed to “engage in a business” if the Participant (a) participates, directly or indirectly, in such business as a director, officer, stockholder, employee, salesman, partner or individual proprietor, (ii) acts as a paid consultant, representative or advisor to such business, (iii) participates in such business as an investor (whether through loans, contributions to capital or otherwise) or has a controlling influence over such business or (iv) permits his or her name to be used by or in connection with such business; provided, however , that this Section 6.01 shall not preclude the purchase of securities that are listed on a national securities exchange of any entity that is competitive with the Company or an Affiliate, provided that the Participant may not beneficially own more than five percent (5%) or more of any class of such securities.

6.02 Covenant Against Solicitation . As a condition of participation in the Plan and as set forth in the Participation Agreement, each Participant agrees that during his or her employment with the Company or an Affiliate and for a period of one (1) year following the termination of the Participant’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates for any reason, that the Participant shall not, directly or indirectly through another person or entity (i) solicit any employee of the Company or an Affiliate to leave the employ of the Company or Affiliate or in any way interfere with the relationship between the Company or its Affiliate, on the one hand, and any employee thereof, on the other hand, (ii) hire any person who was an employee of the Company or an Affiliate until one year after such individual’s employment relationship with the Company and its Affiliates has been terminated or (iii) induce or attempt to induce any customer, client, supplier, contractor or other business relation of the Company or an Affiliate to cease doing business with the Company or an Affiliate or in any way interfere with the relationship between any such customer, client, supplier, contractor or business relation, on the one hand, and the Company or its Affiliate, on the other hand.

6.03 Covenant Regarding Confidentiality . As a condition of participation in the Plan and as set forth in the Participation Agreement, each Participant agrees that he or she shall not at any time use or divulge, furnish or make accessible to anyone (other than in the regular course of the business of the Company or its Affiliates) any information regarding trade secrets, proprietary information or other confidential information (including, but not limited to, any information concerning customers, clients or accounts) with respect to the business affairs of the Company or any Affiliate. This Section 6.03 shall not apply to information that is or becomes generally available (i) to the public other than as a result of a disclosure by the Participant or his or her representatives.

VII. LIMITATION ON BENEFITS

The benefits that a Participant may be entitled to receive under this Plan and other benefits that a Participant is entitled to receive under other plans, agreements and arrangements (which, together with the benefits provided under this Plan, are referred to as “Payments”), may constitute Parachute Payments that are subject to Code Sections 280G and 4999. As provided in this Article VII, the Parachute Payments will be reduced if, and only to the extent that, a reduction will allow a Participant to receive a greater Net After Tax Amount than a Participant would receive absent a reduction.

The Accounting Firm will first determine the amount of any Parachute Payments that are payable to a Participant. The Accounting Firm also will determine the Net After Tax Amount attributable to the Participant’s total Parachute Payments.

The Accounting Firm will next determine the largest amount of Payments that may be made to the Participant without subjecting the Participant to tax under Code Section 4999 (the “Capped Payments”). Thereafter, the Accounting Firm will determine the Net After Tax Amount attributable to the Capped Payments.

The Participant will receive the total Parachute Payments or the Capped Payments, whichever provides the Participant with the higher Net After Tax Amount. If the Participant will receive the Capped Payments, the total Parachute Payments will be adjusted by first reducing the amount of any noncash benefits under this Plan or any other plan, agreement or arrangement (with the source of the reduction to be directed by the Participant) and then by reducing the amount of any cash benefits under this Plan or any other plan, agreement or arrangement (with the source of the reduction to be directed by the Participant). The Accounting Firm will notify the Participant and the Company if it determines that the Parachute Payments must be reduced to the Capped Payments and will send the Participant and the Company a copy of its detailed calculations supporting that determination.

As a result of the uncertainty in the application of Code Sections 280G and 4999 at the time that the Accounting Firm makes its determinations under this Article VII, it is possible that amounts will have been paid or distributed to the Participant that should not have been paid or distributed under this Article VII (“Overpayments”), or that additional amounts should be paid or distributed to the Participant under this Article VII (“Underpayments”). If the Accounting Firm determines, based on either the assertion of a deficiency by the Internal Revenue Service against the Company or the Participant, which assertion the Accounting Firm believes has a high probability of success or controlling precedent or substantial authority, that an Overpayment has been made, the Participant must repay to the Company, without interest; provided, however, that no loan will be deemed to have been made and no amount will be payable by the Participant to the Company unless, and then only to the extent that, the deemed loan and payment would either reduce the amount on which the Participant is subject to tax under Code Section 4999 or generate a refund of tax imposed under Code Section 4999. If the Accounting Firm determines, based upon controlling precedent or substantial authority, that an Underpayment has occurred, the Accounting Firm will notify the Participant and the Company of that determination and the amount of that Underpayment will be paid to the Participant promptly by the Company.

For purposes of this Article VII, the term “Accounting Firm” means the independent accounting firm engaged by the Company immediately before the Control Change Date. For purposes of this Article VII, the term “Net After Tax Amount” means the amount of any Parachute Payments or Capped Payments, as applicable, net of taxes imposed under Code Sections 1, 3101(b) and 4999 and any State or local income taxes applicable to the Participant on the date of payment. The determination of the Net After Tax Amount shall be made using the highest combined effective rate imposed by the foregoing taxes

on income of the same character as the Parachute Payments or Capped Payments, as applicable, in effect on the date of payment. For purposes of this Article VII, the term “Parachute Payment” means a payment that is described in Code Section 280G(b)(2), determined in accordance with Code Section 280G and the regulations promulgated or proposed thereunder.


VIII.	CODE SECTION 409A

The Plan and all payments under the Plan are intended to be exempt from, or otherwise comply with, Section 409A of the Code (“Section 409A”), after giving effect to the exemptions in Treasury Regulation sections 1.409A-1(b)(3) through (b)(12). This Plan and the Participation Agreements shall be administered, interpreted and construed in a manner consistent with that intent. If any provision of the Plan or the payment of any benefit under the Plan is found not to be exempt from and found not to comply with, the provisions of Section 409A, it shall be modified and given effect, in the sole discretion of the Committee and without requiring the Participant’s consent, in such manner as the Committee determines is necessary or appropriate to effectuate an exemption from, or to comply with, Section 409A. Each payment under the Plan shall be treated as a separate identified payment for purposes of Section 409A.

If a payment obligation under the Plan constitutes “deferred compensation” (as defined in Treasury Regulation section 1.409A-1(b)(1), after giving effect to the exemptions in Treasury Regulation sections 1.409A-1(b)(3) through (b)(12)), it shall be payable only after the Participant’s “separation from service” (as defined under Treasury Regulation section 1.409A-1(h)); provided, however , that if the Participant is a “specified employee” (as defined under Treasury Regulation section 1.409A-1(i)), any such payment that is subject to Section 409A and that is scheduled to be paid within six months after such separation from service shall accrue without interest and shall be paid on the first day of the seventh month beginning after the date of the Participant’s separation from service or, if earlier, within fifteen (15) days after the appointment of the personal representative or executor of the Participant’s estate following the Participant’s death.


IX.	ADMINISTRATION; CLAIMS PROCEDURE; REVIEW

9.01 Administration . The Committee shall serve as the “plan administrator” and “named fiduciary” of the Plan for purposes of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended. The Committee shall have full power and discretionary authority to determine eligibility to participate in the Plan, to designate Participants as Tier I Participants, Tier II Participants and Tier III Participants, to determine eligibility to receive Plan benefits and to construe and interpret the terms of the Plan. The Committee shall have the authority to make all factual determinations necessary to administer the Plan. The decisions of the Committee shall be final and conclusive with respect to all questions concerning administration of the Plan; subject only to the claims procedure and review procedure set forth in Sections 9.02 and 9.03. No member of the Committee shall be liable for any act done in good faith with respect to the Plan.

The Committee may delegate to other persons responsibility for performing ministerial acts with respect to the administration of the Plan. The Committee may seek such expert advice as the Committee deems necessary or desirable with respect to the Plan. The Committee shall be entitled to rely upon the information and advice furnished by such delegates and experts, unless the Committee has actual knowledge that such information or advice is inaccurate or unlawful. No Participant shall be entitled to challenge a decision of the Committee in court or in any other administrative proceeding unless and until the claim and review procedures set forth in Sections 9.02 and 9.03 have been complied with and exhausted.

9.02 Claim Procedure . A Participant is not required to file a claim in order to receive any benefits that are payable under the Plan but a Participant who believes he or she is entitled to benefits or additional benefits may file a written claim for benefits with the Committee. The Committee shall review any written claim for benefits that is submitted to it. If a claim is wholly or partially denied, the Committee will furnish the Participant written notice in accordance with Department of Labor regulations of the Committee’s decision within ninety (90) days of receipt of the written claim. The Committee’s notification shall include (a) the specific reasons for the denial, (b) the specific reference to the pertinent Plan provisions upon which the denial is based, (c) a description of any additional material or information necessary for the Participant to perfect the claim and an explanation of why such material or information is necessary and (d) a description of the Plan’s claims review procedures describing the steps to be taken and the applicable time limits to submit a claim for review, including a statement of the Participant’s right to bring a civil action under Section 502(a) of ERISA following an adverse benefit determination on review.

If special circumstances require an extension of time for the Committee to process a written claim for benefits, the ninety (90) day period may be extended for an additional ninety (90) days. Prior to the expiration of the initial ninety (90) day period, the Participant shall be furnished with a written or electronic notice setting forth the reason for the extension and the special circumstances requiring an extension of time and the date by which the Committee expects to render its decision on the written claim for benefits.

9.03 Review of Claim Denials . If a written claim for benefits is wholly or partially denied, the Participant may (a) request a full and fair review of the Committee’s decision upon written application to the Committee filed within sixty (60) days after receipt of the written notification of the Committee’s decision, (b) submit written comments, documents, records and other information relating to the claim to the Committee and (c) upon request (and free of charge) be given reasonable access to and copies of documents and records and other information relevant to the claim. Upon receipt of timely, written application for review, the Committee shall undertake a review, taking into account all comments, documents, records and information submitted by the Participant or considered in the initial benefit determination. If the Participant fails to appeal the initial benefit determination in writing within the prescribed period of time, then the Committee’s prior determination shall be final, binding and conclusive.

The Committee will render a decision upon review no later than sixty (60) days after receipt of the written request for review. If special circumstances (such as the need to hold a hearing on any matter pertaining to the denied claim) warrant additional time, the decision will be rendered as soon as possible, but not later than one hundred twenty (120) days after receipt of the written request for review. Written notice specifying the circumstances requiring an extension of time will be furnished to the Participant prior to the expiration of the sixty (60) day period. The decision of the Committee on review will be in writing and will include specific reasons for the decision and specific references to the pertinent provisions of the Plan on which the decision is based, including a statement of the Participant’s right to bring a civil action under Section 502(a) of ERISA. If the decision on review is not furnished to the Participant within the time limits prescribed above, the claim will be deemed denied on review.


X.	AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION

The Plan may be amended at any time by action of the Committee; provided, however , that no amendment shall be effective with respect to any Participant without the Participant’s consent if the amendment adversely affects the Participants rights under the Plan or the Participant’s obligations under Article VI. In addition, the Committee may not revoke a Participant’s designation as a Participant (except

in the case that the Participant’s continued participation in the Plan would prevent the Plan from satisfying the requirements for exemption under ERISA for plans maintained primarily for a select group of management or highly compensated employees). In addition, the Committee may not change a Tier I Participant’s designation to a Tier II Participant or Tier III Participant and may not change a Tier II Participant’s designation to a Tier III Participant.

The Plan may be terminated at any time by action of the Committee or the Board; provided, however , that a termination of the Plan shall not affect the rights of a Participant whose employment was terminated or ended as provided in Article IV before the date of the Plan termination and provided further that the Plan may not be amended or terminated with respect to any Participant without the Participant’s consent within twelve (12) months after a Control Change Date.


XI.	GENERAL

11.01 No Employment Rights . The Plan, and a Participant’s participation in the Plan, does not confer on any Participant any right to continued employment by the Company or an Affiliate. Nothing in the Plan shall restrict the right of the Company or an Affiliate to terminate the employment of any Participant at any time for any reason or no reason.

11.02 No Assignment . The benefits payable under the Plan are not subject to anticipation, alienation, pledge, sale, transfer, assignment, garnishment, attachment, or other transfer and any attempt to cause such transfer shall not be recognized except to the extent required by law.

11.03 Severability . If any provision of the Plan is found, held or deemed by a court of competent jurisdiction to be void, unlawful or unenforceable under any applicable statute or other controlling law, the remainder of the Plan shall continue in full force and effect.

11.04 Unfunded Obligation . The benefits payable under the Plan are unfunded obligations of the Company and shall be paid from the general assets of the Company. No Participant has any right in or title to any assets, funds or property of the Company with respect to the payment of Plan benefits and each Participant is a general unsecured creditor of the Company with respect to any Plan benefits that may become payable to the Participant.

11.05 Death of Participant . If a Participant becomes entitled to receive Plan benefits but dies before all of the Plan benefits have been paid to the Participant, any remaining Plan benefits shall be paid to the estate of the Participant.

11.06 Governing Law . The Plan shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Maryland except to the extent that the laws of the State of Maryland would require the application of the laws of another state and except to the extent that the laws of the State of Maryland are preempted by ERISA.

11.07 Successors . The Plan shall be binding on, and inure to the benefit of, the successors and personal representatives, legatees, heirs, etc. of a Participant and the successors to the Company.

Schedule A



Participant Name	Participation Date	Tier Designation
Louis Haddad	August 1, 2013	Tier I
Eric Apperson	August 1, 2013	Tier II
Shelly Hampton	August 1, 2013	Tier II
Michael O’Hara	August 1, 2013	Tier II
Al Hunt	August 1, 2013	Tier II
Christopher Harvey	August 1, 2013	Tier III

Exhibit 10.9

ARMADA HOFFLER PROPERTIES, INC.

Amended and Restated Short-Term Incentive Program


1.	Purpose.

The purpose of the Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. Amended and Restated Short-Term Incentive Program (the “STIP”) is to attract and retain talented executives by providing incentives for the achievement of performance targets, and for superior performance in order to align the efforts of Participants with shareholder interests. The STIP permits the award of cash or common stock of the Company upon the achievement of performance goals during a Performance Period (an “Award”).


2.	Performance Period.

The Performance Period is one year, beginning January 1 and ending on the following December 31.


3.	Eligibility.

Each year, the Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) of the Board of Directors of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (the “Company”) shall designate individuals to participate in the STIP for a Performance Period (“Participant”) from among those individuals who are eligible to participate in the Company’s 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (as it may be amended or restated from time to time, the “Equity Plan”). The Committee may add Participants during a Performance Period and such Participant’s Award shall be prorated based on the number of days in which such individual is a Participant, divided by 365.


4.	Awards.

a. Opportunity . The Committee shall establish for each Participant the threshold, target and maximum Award that may be earned during a Performance Period for meeting quantitative goals set by the Committee. The threshold, target and maximum Award may be stated either as a fixed dollar amount or as a percentage of the Participant’s annual base salary determined as of the first day of the Performance Period. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in determining Awards, the Committee shall have the ability to adjust any award under the STIP based on qualitative goals set by the Committee.

b. Performance Goals .

i. Quantitative Goals . The Committee will establish quantitative performance goals consistent with the performance measures described in the Equity Plan. The definition of “performance goal” in the Equity Plan is attached hereto as Appendix A. If the degree of achievement of the performance goals falls between threshold and target or between target and maximum performance levels, the Award shall be determined by the level of performance achieved and not by linear interpolation.

ii. Qualitative Goals . The Committee will establish qualitative performance goals for each Participant. The determination of the degree of achievement of such goals for a Performance Period shall be in the discretion of the Committee.

c. Payment .

i. Timing . Except as provided in subjections (iii) or (iv) below, a Participant must be employed on the last day of a Performance Period to be eligible for an Award. Payments will be made no later than the 15th day of the third month following the last day of the Performance Period.

ii. Form . Awards will be paid partly in cash and partly in shares of Common Stock, with the split between cash and shares to be determined by the Committee in its sole discretion in setting the terms of Awards each year. The number of shares of Common Stock granted will equal the dollar amount of that portion of the Award payable in Common Stock divided by the average of the closing prices of the Common Stock for a period of five consecutive trading days prior to the date of entry into the written agreement between the Company and the Participant specifying the terms and conditions of the stock Award, rounded to the nearest whole share; provided that such period of five consecutive trading days may not commence until the date that a window period is opened for trading in the Company’s Common Stock. Stock Awards earned under the STIP will be issued under the Equity Plan.

iii. Termination during a Performance Period . If, during a Performance Period, the Participant’s employment is terminated by the Company without Cause (as defined in the Armada Hoffer, LP Amended and Restated Executive Severance Benefit Plan) or if the Participant dies or becomes disabled while employed by the Company, the Participant shall be entitled to a payment based on the actual achievement of the performance goals for the Performance Period, but such Award shall be pro-rated based on such Participant’s days of employment in the Performance Period, divided by 365.

iv. Change in Control during the Performance Period . If a Change in Control (as defined in the Equity Plan) occurs while the Participant is employed by the Company during the Performance Period, the Participant shall receive an Award calculated based on the actual achievement of the performance goal as of the date of the Change in Control, but the Award shall be prorated based on the number of days elapsed from the beginning of the Performance Period through the date of the Change in Control divided by 365. The Award shall be paid on the date of the Change in Control.


5.	Administration.

The STIP shall be administered by the Committee, which shall have discretionary authority to interpret and make all determinations relating to the STIP. Any interpretation or determination by the Committee shall be binding on all parties.


6.	Miscellaneous.

a. Amendment and Termination . The Committee reserves the right to amend or terminate the STIP at any time or for any reason.

b. Section 409A . All payments under the STIP are intended to be exempt from Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code and all provisions of the STIP should be interpreted and construed with such intent.

c. Governing Law . The laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern the STIP.

d. Taxes . Any payment under the STIP shall be subject to all required tax and payroll withholding.

Appendix A

Performance Goals Under the Equity Plan

A “performance goal” for purposes of the Equity Plan means a performance objective that is stated with respect to one or more of the following, alone or in combination, and with or without adjustment: funds from operations; adjusted funds from operations; normalized funds from operations; earnings before income taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”); adjusted EBITDA; return on capital assets, development, investment or equity; total earnings; revenues or sales; earnings per share of Common Stock; return on capital; Fair Market Value (as defined in the Equity Plan); total stockholder return, including any comparisons with stock market indices; cash flow; acquisitions or strategic transactions; operating income (loss); gross or net profit levels; productivity; expenses; margins; operating efficiency; working capital; portfolio or regional occupancy rates; or performance or yield on development or redevelopment activities.

A performance goal may be expressed on an absolute basis or relative to the performance of one or more similarly situated companies or a published index. When establishing performance goals, the Committee may exclude any or all special, unusual or extraordinary items as determined under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, including, without limitation, the charges or costs associated with restructurings of the Company, discontinued operations, other unusual or non-recurring items and the cumulative effects of accounting changes.

Exhibit 10.15

S EPARATION AND G ENERAL R ELEASE A GREEMENT

This Separation and General Release Agreement (the “Agreement”), dated November 9, 2018, is made by and between Eric L. Smith (“Executive”) and Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, the “Company”). This Agreement shall be effective as of the last date this Agreement is signed below by the Parties (the “Effective Date”).

WHEREAS, the Company employed Executive as its Chief Operating Officer;

WHEREAS, the Company granted Executive certain equity awards under the Company’s 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Incentive Plan”) and the Company’s Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Amended Incentive Plan”);

WHEREAS, Executive is a participant in the Company’s: (1) Short Term Incentive Plan (the “STIP”) for the 2018 calendar year; and (2) the Executive Severance Benefit Plan (the “Severance Plan”) as a Tier II Participant (as defined in the Severance Plan);

WHEREAS, the Company and Executive have mutually agreed that Executive will voluntarily resign his employment with the Company effective November 12, 2018 (the “Separation Date”) on the terms set forth in this Agreement;

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants, promises, and obligations set forth herein, the Parties hereby agree as follows:

1. Separation Date and Accrued Obligations. After the Separation Date, Executive will not represent himself as being an employee, agent, or representative of the Company or any of its subsidiaries for any purpose. To the extent, if any, Executive remains an officer, director or manager of the Company or any of its subsidiaries as of the Effective Date, Executive is deemed to have resigned from all positions as an officer and director of the Company and its subsidiaries and is relieved of all of his duties and authority as an officer, director and manager of the Company and its subsidiaries as of the Effective Date. Regardless of signing this Agreement, on the first regularly scheduled Company payroll date following the Separation Date, Executive will receive his final paycheck, which shall include all salary earned through the Separation date. The Company has reimbursed or shall reimburse Executive for all reasonable business expenses incurred by him prior to the Separation Date in accordance with the Company’s expense reimbursement policy. Executive’s rights with regards to the equity awards will be, except as otherwise provided in Section 2(b) below, in accordance with the terms of the Incentive Plan and the Amended Incentive Plan and applicable award agreements.

2. Severance Benefits. In consideration for Executive’s execution and return of this Agreement and compliance with this Agreement (including but not limited to Sections 5, 6, 7, and 8), the Company will provide Executive with the following severance benefits (collectively, the “Severance Benefits”):

a. Continuation of Executive’s current base salary for twelve (12) months following the Separation Date (the “Severance”). The total Severance will be $334,775. The Severance shall be paid less all applicable deductions and withholdings in accordance with the Company’s regular payroll, with the first such installment to commence on the first Company payroll date following the Effective Date;

b. Executive’s 3,322 unvested shares of restricted stock under his Executive Stock Award Agreement dated March 3, 2017 and Executive’s 6,646 unvested shares of restricted stock under his Executive Stock Award Agreement dated March 3, 2018 shall vest on the Separation Date, and all of Executive’s other outstanding equity awards shall be forfeited as of the Separation Date;

c. If Executive timely elects continued coverage under COBRA for himself and his covered dependents under the Company’s group health plans following the Separation Date, then the Company shall pay the COBRA premiums necessary to continue his and his covered dependents’ health insurance coverage in effect on the Separation Date until the earliest of: (i) twelve (12) months following the Effective Date; (ii) the date when he becomes eligible for substantially equivalent health insurance coverage in connection with his new employment or self-employment; or (iii) the date Executive ceases to be eligible for COBRA continuation coverage for any reason, including plan termination.

3. General Release and Waiver.

a. In exchange for the Severance Benefits and other consideration under this Agreement, to which Executive would not otherwise be entitled, and except as otherwise set forth in this Agreement, Executive, on behalf of himself and, to the extent permitted by law, on behalf of his spouse, heirs, executors, administrators, assigns, insurers, attorneys and other persons or entities, acting or purporting to act on his behalf (collectively, the “Executive Parties”), hereby generally and completely releases, acquits and forever discharges the Company, its parents and subsidiaries, and its and their officers, directors, managers, partners, agents, representatives, employees, attorneys, shareholders, predecessors, successors, assigns, insurers and affiliates (the “Company Parties”) of and from any and all claims, liabilities, demands, contentions, actions, causes of action, suits, costs, expenses, attorneys’ fees, damages, indemnities, debts, judgments, levies, executions and obligations of every kind and nature, in law, equity, or otherwise, both known and unknown, suspected and unsuspected, disclosed and undisclosed, arising out of or in any way related to agreements, events, acts or conduct at any time prior to and including the execution date of this Agreement, including but not limited to: all such claims and demands directly or indirectly arising out of or in any way connected with Executive’s employment with the Company or the termination of that employment; claims or demands related to salary, bonuses, commissions, stock, stock options, or any other ownership interests in the Company, vacation pay, fringe benefits, expense reimbursements, severance pay, or any other form of compensation; claims pursuant to any federal, state or local law, statute, or cause of action; tort law; or contract law (individually a “Claim” and collectively “Claims”). The Claims Executive is releasing and waiving in this Agreement include, but are not limited to:


•	all Claims arising from Executive’s employment with the Company or the termination of that employment, including Claims for wrongful termination or retaliation;

•

all Claims related to Executive’s compensation or benefits from the Company, including salary, wages, bonuses, commissions, incentive compensation, profit sharing, retirement benefits, paid time off, vacation, sick leave, leaves of absence, expense reimbursements, equity, severance pay, and fringe benefits, including any Claims under the Severance Plan, STIP, Incentive Plan, and the Amended Incentive Plan;


•	all Claims for breach of contract, breach of quasi-contract, promissory estoppel, detrimental reliance, and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing;


•	all tort Claims, including Claims for fraud, defamation, slander, libel, negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress, personal injury, negligence, compensatory or

punitive damages, negligent or intentional misrepresentation, and discharge in violation of public policy;


•	all federal, state, and local statutory Claims, including Claims for discrimination, harassment, retaliation, attorneys’ fees, medical expenses, experts’ fees, costs and disbursements; and


•	any other Claims of any kind whatsoever, from the beginning of time until the date Executive signs this Agreement, in each case whether based on contract, tort, statute, local ordinance, regulation or any comparable law in any jurisdiction.

By way of example and not in limitation, Claims released include any Claims arising under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended; the Civil Rights Act of 1991; 42 U.S.C. § 1981, as amended; the Equal Pay Act; the Americans with Disabilities Act; the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act; the Family and Medical Leave Act; the Virginians with Disabilities Act; the Virginia Human Rights Act, as amended; the Virginia Anti-Discrimination Act; all of their respective implementing regulations, and any other federal, state, local, or foreign law (statutory, regulatory, or otherwise) that may be legally waived and released; the Employee Retirement Income Security Act; the Employee Polygraph Protection Act; the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act; the anti-retaliation provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or any other federal or state law regarding whistleblower retaliation; the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act; the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act; the Fair Credit Reporting Act; and the National Labor Relations Act. Claims released further include, though also are not limited to, any Claims arising under the Incentive Plan, the Amended Incentive Plan, or the Severance Plan. EXECUTIVE UNDERSTANDS AND AGREES THAT THIS AGREEMENT CONTAINS A GENERAL RELEASE OF ALL CLAIMS.

b. Protected Rights. Notwithstanding the foregoing, other than events expressly contemplated by this Agreement Executive does not waive or release rights or Claims that may arise from events that occur after the date this Agreement is executed. Also excluded from this Agreement are any Claims which cannot be waived by law, including, without limitation, any rights Executive may have under applicable workers’ compensation laws. Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent Executive from filing, cooperating with, or participating in any proceeding or investigation before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or any other federal government agency, or similar state or local agency (“Government Agencies”). Executive further understands this Agreement does not limit his ability to voluntarily communicate with any Government Agencies or otherwise participate in any investigation or proceeding that may be conducted by any Government Agency, including providing documents or other information, without notice to the Company. While this Agreement does not limit Executive’s right to receive an award for information provided to the Government Agencies, Executive understands and agrees that, Executive is otherwise waiving, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any and all rights Executive may have to individual relief based on any Claims that Executive has released and any rights Executive has waived by signing this Agreement. If any Claim is not subject to release, to the extent permitted by law, Executive waives any right or ability to be a class or collective action representative or to otherwise participate in any putative or certified class, collective or multi-party action or proceeding based on such a Claim in which any of the Company Parties is a party. This Agreement does not abrogate Executive’s existing rights under any Company benefit plan, but it does waive, release and forever discharge Claims existing as of the date Executive executes this Agreement pursuant to any such plan or agreement.

4. Executive’s Acknowledgments and Affirmations . Executive also acknowledges and agrees that: (i) the consideration given to Executive in exchange for the waiver and release in this Agreement is in

addition to anything of value to which Executive was already entitled; (ii) Executive has read this Agreement in its entirety and understands all of its terms; (iii) Executive has been advised to consult with an attorney before executing this Agreement; (iv) Executive knowingly, freely, and voluntarily assents to all of terms and conditions in this Agreement; and (v) subject to receving his final paycheck in accordance with Section 1 of this Agreement, Executive has been paid for all time worked, has received all the leave, leaves of absence and leave benefits and protections for which Executive is eligible, and have not suffered any on-the-job injury for which Executive has not already filed a Claim. Executive affirms that all of the decisions of the Company Parties regarding Executive’s pay and benefits through the date of Executive’s execution of this Agreement were not discriminatory based on age, disability, race, color, sex, religion, national origin or any other classification protected by law. Executive affirms that he has not filed or caused to be filed, and are not presently a party to, a Claim against any of the Company Parties. Executive further affirms that he has no known workplace injuries or occupational diseases.

5. Return of Company Property. Prior to December 1, 2018, Executive agrees to return to the Company all Company documents (and all copies thereof) and other Company property that Executive has had in his possession at any time, including, but not limited to, Company files, notes, drawings, records, business plans and forecasts, financial information, specifications, computer-recorded information, tangible property (including, but not limited to, computers), credit cards, entry cards, identification badges and keys; and, any materials of any kind that contain or embody any proprietary or confidential information of the Company (and all reproductions thereof). Please coordinate return of Company property with Darlene Farley. Continued receipt of the Severance Benefits described in Section 2 of this Agreement is expressly conditioned upon return of all Company property. The Company agrees to coordinate with Executive the return of his personal property currently in his office, as well as his personal files currently on his Company computer. The Company and Executive agree that they will use good faith efforts to coordinate the return Executive’s personal property, both tangible and electronic, prior to December 1, 2018.

6. Post-Termination Obligations. Executive acknowledges and agrees to comply with the following continuing obligations that extend beyond Executive’s Separation Date:

a. Covenant Against Competition. Executive agrees that for a period of one (1) year following the Separation Date, Executive shall not engage in any business which is competitive with the business of the Company or an Affiliate of the Company as of the Separation Date in the Restricted Territory. A business shall be deemed “competitive” with the business of the Company or an Affiliate if its business consists of or includes the type or line of business engaged in by the Company or any Affiliate as of the Separation Date and is conducted, in whole or in part, in the Restricted Territory. For the purpose of this Agreement, the “Restricted Territory” is the state of North Carolina, the state of Maryland, the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Executive shall be deemed to “engage in a business” if Executive is providing services similar to those he provided to the Company and he: (i) participates, directly or indirectly, in such business as a director, officer, stockholder, employee, salesman, partner or individual proprietor, (ii) acts as a paid consultant, representative or advisor to such business, (iii) participates in such business as an investor (whether through loans, contributions to capital or otherwise) or has a controlling influence over such business, or (iv) permits his or her name to be used by or in connection with such business; provided, however, that this Section 6(a) shall not preclude Executive from (a) purchasing property provided he has received prior written confirmation from the Company’s Chief Executive Officer that it is not pursuing that property; (b) purchasing property that the Company is selling and the Company’s Chief Executive Officer provides prior written authorization for such purchase; (c) purchasing securities that are listed on a national securities exchange of any entity that is competitive with the Company or an Affiliate, provided that Executive may not beneficially own more than five percent (5%) or more of any class of such securities. For the purposes of this Agreement, “Affiliate” means any entity, which is controlled by, or is under common control

with the Company (including, but not limited to, joint ventures, limited liability companies and partnerships). The term “control” shall mean ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of shares or interests in the entity, or the power to direct the management and policies of the entity, by contract or otherwise.

b. Covenant Against Solicitation. Executive agrees that for a period of one (1) year following the Separation Date, Executive shall not, directly or indirectly through another person or entity: (i) solicit any employee of the Company or an Affiliate to leave the employ of the Company or Affiliate to perform similar services that the employee provided to the Company or Affiliate to another, or in any way interfere with the relationship between the Company or its Affiliate, on the one hand, and any employee thereof, on the other hand; (ii) hire any person who was an employee of the Company or an Affiliate to perform similar services that the employee provided to the Company or Affiliate to another, until one year after such individual’s employment relationship with the Company and its affiliates has been terminated; or (iii) induce or attempt to induce any customer, client, supplier, contractor or other business relation of the Company or an Affiliate who the Executive was aware of as of the Separation Date to cease doing business with the Company or an Affiliate or in any way interfere with the relationship between any such customer, client, supplier, contractor or business relation, on the one hand, and the Company or its Affiliate, on the other hand.

c. Covenant Regarding Confidentiality. Executive agrees that he shall not at any time use or divulge, furnish or make accessible to anyone without the written consent of the Company any Confidential Information of the Company or any Affiliate. This Section 6(c) shall not apply to information that is or becomes generally available to the public other than as a result of a disclosure by the Executive or his representatives. For the purposes of this Agreement, “Confidential Information” means any and all information and materials, in whatever form, tangible or intangible, whether disclosed to or learned or developed by Executive before the execution of this Agreement, whether or not marked or identified as confidential or proprietary, pertaining in any manner to the business of or used by the Company and its Affiliates, or pertaining in any manner to any person or entity to whom the Company owes a duty of confidentiality. Confidential Information includes, but is not limited to, the following types of information and materials of the Company and its Affiliates: (i) research, development, technical or engineering information, know-how, data processing or computer software, programs, tools, data, designs, diagrams, drawings, schematics, sketches or other visual representations, plans, projects, manuals, documents, files, photographs, results, specifications, trade secrets, Inventions (as defined below), discoveries, compositions, ideas, concepts, structures, improvements, products, prototypes, instruments, machinery, equipment, processes, formulas, algorithms, methods, techniques; (ii) financial information and materials, including, without limitation, information and materials relating to costs, vendors, suppliers, licensors, profits, markets, sales, distributors, joint venture partners, customers, subscribers, members and bids, whether existing or potential; (iii) business and marketing information and materials, including, without limitation, information and materials relating to future development and new product concepts; and (iv) information regarding customers and potential customers of the Company, including customer lists, names, representatives, their needs or desires with respect to the types of products or services offered by the Company, proposals, bids, contracts and their contents and parties, the type and quantity of products and services provided or sought to be provided to customers and potential customers of the Company and other non-public information relating to customers and potential customers.

d. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement, Executive will not be held criminally or civilly liable under any federal or state trade secret law for any disclosure of a trade secret if it is made: (A) in confidence to a federal, state, or local government official, either directly or indirectly, or to an attorney and solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or (B) in a complaint

or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal. In addition, in the event that Executive files a lawsuit for retaliation by the Company for reporting a suspected violation of law, Executive may disclose the trade secret to his attorney and use the trade secret information in the court proceeding, if Executive: (A) files any document containing the trade secret under seal; and (B) does not disclose the trade secret, except pursuant to court order.

7. Confidentiality. Executive agrees that the provisions of this Agreement will be held in strictest confidence by Executive and will not be publicized or disclosed in any manner whatsoever; provided, however , that: (a) Executive may disclose this Agreement to his immediate family; (b) Executive may disclose this Agreement in confidence to his attorney, accountant, auditor, tax preparer, and financial advisor; and (c) Executive may disclose this Agreement insofar as such disclosure may be required by law. Nothing in this Section or this Agreement restricts or impedes Executive from exercising protected rights, including rights under the National Labor Relations Act or the federal securities laws, to the extent that such rights cannot be waived by agreement or from complying with any applicable law or regulation or a valid order of a court of competent jurisdiction or an authorized government agency, provided that such compliance does not exceed that required by the law, regulation, or order.

8. Non-Disparagement. Executive agrees to not disparage the Company, and the Company’s directors, officers, managers, partners, employees, agents and affiliates, in any manner likely to be harmful to them or their business, business reputation or personal reputation; provided that Executive may respond accurately and fully to any question, inquiry or request for information from a government agency or when required by law or legal process. Executive agrees to refer all potential employment reference inquiries to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Lou Haddad, who, in accordance with Company’s neutral-reference policy, will provide only Executive’s dates of employment and positions held while employed. The Company agrees to provide Executive with the language it will use to disclose his separation in its public filing prior to the Company filing the public disclosure.

9. No Admission. This Agreement does not constitute an admission by the Company of any wrongful action or violation of any federal, state, or local statute, or common law rights, including those relating to the provisions of any law or statute concerning employment actions, or of any other possible or claimed violation of law or rights.

10. Breach. Executive agrees that upon any breach of this Agreement Executive will forfeit all amounts paid or owing to him under this Agreement. Further, Executive acknowledges that it would be difficult or impossible to assess the damages caused by his violation of the terms of Sections 5, 6, 7, and 8 of this Agreement and further agrees that any threatened or actual violation or breach of those Sections of this Agreement will constitute immediate and irreparable injury to the Company. Executive therefore agrees that any such breach of this Agreement is a material breach of this Agreement, and, in addition to any and all other damages and remedies available to the Company upon Executive’s breach of this Agreement, the Company shall be entitled to an injunction to prevent Executive from violating or breaching this Agreement. Executive agrees that any breach or threatened breach by Executive shall give the Company the right to suspend or discontinue any Severance Benefits as well as to recover any Severance Benefits previously paid under this Agreement. Executive agrees that if the Company is successful in whole or part in any legal or equitable action against him under this Agreement, Executive agrees to pay all of the costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, incurred by the Company in enforcing the terms of this Agreement.

11. Arbitration. Except for actions pursuant to Section 10 of this Agreement, the parties agree that any dispute between the parties arising out of or relating to the negotiation, execution, performance or termination of this Agreement or the Executive’s employment with the Company shall be solely, exclusively

and finally settled by binding arbitration in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The arbitration shall be administered by the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) in accordance with its National Rules for the Resolution of Employment Disputes. The location for the arbitration shall be Virginia Beach, Virginia. The arbitrator(s) shall have the authority to grant any equitable and legal remedies that would be available in any judicial proceeding instituted to resolve a dispute. Such arbitration shall be conducted by a single arbitrator chosen by mutual agreement of the Company and Executive. If Executive and the Company are unable to agree on an arbitrator within fifteen (15) days of written notice of the dispute, the arbitrator shall be selected in accordance with then current National Rules for the Resolution of Employment Disputes. The arbitrator shall set a limited time period and establish procedures designed to reduce the cost and time for discovery while allowing the parties an opportunity, adequate in the sole judgment of the arbitrator to discover relevant information from the opposing parties about the subject matter of the dispute. The decision of the arbitrator as to any claim or dispute shall be final, binding, and conclusive upon the Company and Executive. Such decision shall be written and shall be supported by written findings of fact and conclusions which shall set forth the award, judgment, decree or order awarded by the arbitrator(s). By electing arbitration as the means for final settlement of all claims, the parties hereby waive their respective rights to, and agree not to, sue each other in any action in a Federal, State or local court with respect to such claims, but may seek to enforce in court an arbitration award rendered pursuant to this Agreement. The parties specifically agree to waive their respective rights to a trial by jury, and further agree that no demand, request or motion will be made for trial by jury.

12. Miscellaneous. This Agreement constitutes the complete, final and exclusive embodiment of the entire agreement between Executive and the Company with regard to this subject matter. It is entered into without reliance on any promise or representation, written or oral, other than those expressly contained herein, and it supersedes any other such promises, warranties or representations. This Agreement may not be modified or amended except in a writing signed by both Executive and a duly authorized officer of the Company. This Agreement will bind the heirs, personal representatives, successors and assigns of both Executive and the Company, and inure to the benefit of both Executive and the Company, their heirs, successors and assigns. If any provision of this Agreement is determined to be invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, this determination will not affect any other provision of this Agreement and the provision in question will be modified by the court so as to be rendered enforceable. The parties further agree that any such court is expressly authorized to modify any such unenforceable provision of this Agreement instead of severing such unenforceable provision from this Agreement in its entirety, whether by rewriting the offending provision, deleting any or all of the offending provision, adding additional language to this Agreement, or by making such other modifications as it deems necessary to carry out the intent and agreement of the parties as embodied in this Agreement to the maximum extent permitted by law. This Agreement will be deemed to have been entered into and will be construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia as applied to contracts made and to be performed entirely within the Commonwealth of Virginia, without regard to conflicts of laws principles. Any action or proceeding by the Company to enforce Section 10 of this Agreement or to enforce an arbitration award under Section 11 shall be brought only in any state or federal court located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The parties hereby irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of those courts and waive the defense of inconvenient forum to the maintenance of any action or proceeding in such venue.

13. Executive’s Acknowledgment. By Executive’s signature below, Executive acknowledges each of the following: (a) Executive has read this Agreement or has been afforded every opportunity to do so; (b) Executive is fully aware of the Agreement’s contents and legal effect; (c) Executive has reviewed, or has had the opportunity to review, this Agreement with legal counsel of his choosing; and (d) Executive has chosen to enter into this Agreement freely, without coercion and based upon his own judgment and not in reliance upon any promises made by the Company other than those contained in this Agreement.

14. Tax Withholding and Section 409A . All amounts paid under this Agreement shall be paid less all applicable federal, state and local tax withholdings and any other withholdings required by any applicable jurisdiction. It is intended that the terms of this Agreement comply with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and related Treasury regulations (“Section 409A”) or an exemption therefrom, and the terms of this Agreement will be interpreted accordingly; provided, however, that the Company, the Company’s affiliates, and their respective employees, officers, directors, agents and representatives (including, without limitation, legal counsel) will not have any liability to Executive with respect to any taxes, penalties, interest or other costs or expenses Executive or any related party may incur with respect to or as a result of Section 409A or for damages for failing to comply with Section 409A. Payments pursuant to this Agreement are intended to constitute separate payments for purposes of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-2(b)(2)(i) and payments of continued salary pursuant to Section 2(a) are intended to constitute a series of separate payments for purposes of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-2(b)(2)(iii). Any reimbursements or in-kind benefits provided to or for the benefit of Executive that constitute deferred compensation for purposes of Section 409A shall be provided in a manner that complies with Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(1)(iv). Accordingly, (a) all such reimbursements will be made not later than the last day of the calendar year after the calendar year in which the expenses were incurred, (b) any right to such reimbursements or in-kind benefits will not be subject to liquidation or exchange for another benefit, and (c) the amount of the expenses eligible for reimbursement, or the amount of any in-kind benefit provided, during any taxable year will not affect the amount of expenses eligible for reimbursement, or the in-kind benefits provided, in any other taxable year.

Signature Page Follows

Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

By: /s/ Lou Haddad

Name: Lou Haddad

Title: Chief Executive Officer

11/9/18

Date

Eric L. Smith

/s/ Eric L. Smith

Signature

11/9/18

Date

Exhibit 21.1

List of Subsidiaries of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.




Name		Place of Organization
530 Meeting Street Residential Partners, LLC		Virginia
595 King Street Residential Partners, LLC		Virginia
A/H Harrisonburg Regal L.L.C.		Virginia
A/H North Pointe, Inc.		Virginia
AH Columbus II, L.L.C.		Virginia
AH Durham Apartments, L.L.C.		Virginia
AH Greentree, L.L.C.		Virginia
AH Richmond Tower I, L.L.C.		Virginia
AH Sandbridge, L.L.C.		Virginia
AH Southeast Commerce Center, L.L.C.		Virginia
AHP Acquisitions, LLC		Virginia
AHP Asset Services, LLC		Virginia
AHP Construction, LLC		Virginia
AHP Development, LLC		Virginia
AHP Holding, Inc.		Virginia
AHP Tenant Services, LLC		Virginia
Alexander Pointe Salisbury, LLC		Virginia
Armada Hoffler Manager, LLC		Virginia
Armada Hoffler, L.P.		Virginia
Armada/Hoffler Block 8 Associates, L.L.C.		Virginia
Armada/Hoffler Charleston Associates, L.P.		Virginia
Armada/Hoffler Tower 4, L.L.C.		Virginia
Bermuda Shopping Center, L.L.C.		Virginia
Block 11 Manager, LLC		Virginia
Broad Creek PH. I, L.L.C.		Virginia
Broad Creek PH. II, L.L.C.		Virginia
Broad Creek PH. III, L.L.C.		Virginia
Broadmoor Plaza Indiana, LLC		Virginia
BSE/AH Blacksburg Apartments, LLC		Virginia
Brooks Crossing I, LLC		Virginia
Brooks Crossing II, LLC		Virginia
City Center Durham, LLC		Virginia
Columbus Tower, L.L.C.		Virginia
Columbus Town Center, LLC		Virginia
Columbus Town Center II, LLC		Virginia
Courthouse Marketplace Outparcels, L.L.C.		Virginia
Courthouse Office Building, LLC		Virginia
Dimmock Square Marketplace, LLC		Virginia
Durham City Center II, LLC		North Carolina
Ferrell Parkway Associates, L.L.C.		Virginia
Gateway Centre, L.L.C.		Virginia
Greenbrier Ocean Partners, LLC		Virginia
Greenbrier Ocean Partners II, LLC		Virginia




Name		Place of Organization
Greenbrier Technology Center II Associates, L.L.C.		Virginia
Hanbury Village II, L.L.C.		Virginia
Harding Place Residential Partners, LLC		Virginia
Harper Hill North Carolina, LLC		Virginia
Hoffler and Associates EAT, LLC		Virginia
Hopkins Village, L.L.C.		Virginia
HT Tyre Neck, L.L.C.		Virginia
Indian Lakes Virginia Beach, LLC		Virginia
Interlock Mezz Lender, LLC		Virginia
Lexington at Hope Ferry, LLC		Virginia
Lightfoot Marketplace Shopping Center, LLC		Virginia
Market at Mill Creek Partners, LLC		Virginia
New Armada Hoffler Properties I, LLC		Virginia
New Armada Hoffler Properties II, LLC		Virginia
North Hampton Market South Carolina, LLC		Virginia
North Point Development Associates, L.L.C.		Virginia
North Point Development Associates, L.P.		Virginia
North Pointe Outparcels, L.L.C.		Virginia
North Pointe PH. 1 Limited Partnership		Virginia
North Pointe VW4, L.L.C.		Virginia
North Pointe-CGL, L.L.C.		Virginia
Oakland Marketplace Tennessee, LLC		Virginia
Oyster Point Office Building, LLC		Virginia
Parkway Centre Moultrie, LLC		Virginia
Paterson Place Durham, LLC		Virginia
Perry Hall Maryland, LLC		Virginia
Providence Plaza Charlotte, LLC		Virginia
Renaissance Charlotte, LLC		Virginia
River City Chesterfield, LLC		Virginia
River City Chesterfield II, LLC		Virginia
Socastee Myrtle Beach, LLC		Virginia
Solis Interlock Mezz Lender, LLC		Virginia
Southeast Commerce Center Associates, LLC		Virginia
Southgate Square Virginia, LLC		Virginia
Southshore Pointe, LLC		Virginia
South Square Durham, LLC		Virginia
Stone House Maryland, LLC		Virginia
TCA 9 Plaza, LLC		Virginia
TCA 10 GP, LLC		Virginia
TCA Block 11 Apartments, LLC		Virginia
TCA Block 11 Office, LLC		Virginia
TCA Block 4 Retail, L.L.C.		Virginia
TCA Block 6, L.L.C.		Virginia
Tower Manager, LLC		Virginia
Town Center Associates, LLC		Virginia




Name		Place of Organization
Town Center Associates 7, L.L.C.		Virginia
Town Center Associates 9, LLC		Virginia
Town Center Associates 11, LLC		Virginia
Town Center Associates 12, L.L.C.		Virginia
Town Center Block 10 Apartments, L.P.		Virginia
Washington Avenue Apartments, L.L.C.		Virginia
Waynesboro Commons Virginia, LLC		Virginia
Wendover Village Greensboro, LLC		Virginia
Wendover Village Greensboro II, LLC		Virginia
Williamsburg Medical Building, LLC		Virginia
Wills Wharf Baltimore, LLC		Virginia

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:


(1)	Registration Statement (Form S-8 No.333-188545, and 333-218750) pertaining to the Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc., and


(2)	Registration Statements (Forms S-3 No. 333-204063, 333-214176, and 333-216795) of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.;

of our reports dated February 28, 2019 , with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2018 .

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Tysons, Virginia

February 28, 2019

EXHIBIT 31.1

SARBANES-OXLEY SECTION 302(a) CERTIFICATION

I, Louis S. Haddad, certify that:


1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.


2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report.


3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report.


4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:


(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;


(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;


(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and


(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):


(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and


(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.



Date: February 28, 2019	/s/ Louis S. Haddad
	Louis S. Haddad
	President and Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 31.2

SARBANES-OXLEY SECTION 302(a) CERTIFICATION

I, Michael P. O'Hara, certify that:


1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.


2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report.


3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report.


4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:


(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;


(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;


(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and


(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):


(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and


(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.



Date: February 28, 2019	/s/ Michael P. O'Hara
	Michael P. O'Hara
	Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, and Secretary

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Armada Hoffler Properties Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2018 , as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Louis S. Haddad, President and Chief Executive Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, in my capacity as an officer of the Company that, to my knowledge:


1.	The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and


2.	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.



Date: February 28, 2019	/s/ Louis S. Haddad
	Louis S. Haddad
	President and Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Armada Hoffler Properties Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2018 , as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Michael P. O'Hara, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, in my capacity as an officer of the Company that, to my knowledge:


1.	The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and


2.	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.



Date: February 28, 2019	/s/ Michael P. O'Hara
	Michael P. O'Hara
	Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, and Secretary