SIMMONS FIRST NATIONAL CORP (Form: 10-K, Received: 02/27/2020 15:02:39)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)



☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019



☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____ to _____

Commission file number 000-06253

SIMMONS FIRST NATIONAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Arkansas	71-0407808
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

501 Main Street	71601
Pine Bluff	(Zip Code)
Arkansas
(Address of principal executive offices)

(870) 541-1000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share	SFNC	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐	Non-accelerated filer	☐
Smaller reporting company	☐	Emerging Growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act.). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2019, was $2,187,379,555 based upon the last trade price as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market® of $23.26.

The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock as of February 25, 2020, was 113,281,297.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders of the Registrant to be held on April 23, 2020, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

Introduction

Simmons First National Corporation, (“Company”) has chosen to combine its Annual Report to Security Holders with its Form 10-K. The Company hopes investors find it useful to have all of this information in a single document.

SIMMONS FIRST NATIONAL CORPORATION

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

INDEX



Part I

Item 1	Business	4
Item 1A	Risk Factors	15
Item 1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	24
Item 2	Properties	24
Item 3	Legal Proceedings	24
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	24

Part II

Item 5	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	25
Item 6	Selected Financial Data	27
Item 7	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	30
Item 7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	65
Item 8	Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	67
Item 9	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	141
Item 9A	Controls and Procedures	141
Item 9B	Other Information	141

Part III

Item 10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	141
Item 11	Executive Compensation	141
Item 12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	141
Item 13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	141
Item 14	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	141

Part IV

Item 15	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	142
Item 16	Form 10-K Summary	144

Signatures		145

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may not be based on historical facts and should be considered “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements may be identified by reference to a future period(s) or by the use of forward-looking terminology, such as “believe,” “budget,” “expect,” “foresee,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “indicate,” “target,” “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “continue,” “contemplate,” “positions,” “prospects,” “predict,” or “potential,” by future conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “might” or “may,” or by variations of such words or by similar expressions. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, those relating to the Company’s future growth, revenue, assets, asset quality, profitability and customer service, critical accounting policies, net interest margin, non-interest revenue, market conditions related to the Company’s stock repurchase program, the Company’s ability to recruit and retain key employees, the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, the effect of certain new accounting standards on the Company’s financial statements (including, without limitation, the Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) methodology and its anticipated effect on the provision for credit losses), income tax deductions, credit quality, the level of credit losses from lending commitments, net interest revenue, interest rate sensitivity, loan loss experience, liquidity, capital resources, market risk, earnings, effect of future litigation, acquisition strategy, legal and regulatory limitations and compliance and competition.

These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, and may not be realized due to a variety of factors, including, without limitation: changes in the Company’s operating, acquisition, or expansion strategy; the effects of future economic conditions (including unemployment levels and slowdowns in economic growth), governmental monetary and fiscal policies, as well as legislative and regulatory changes; changes in real estate values; changes in interest rates and their effects on the level and composition of deposits, loan demand and the values of loan collateral, securities and interest sensitive assets and liabilities; changes in the securities markets generally or the price of the Company’s common stock specifically; developments in information technology affecting the financial industry; cyber threats, attacks or events; reliance on third parties for key services; changes in the assumptions, forecasts, models, and methodology used to calculate the expected impact of CECL on the Company’s financial statements; the costs of evaluating possible acquisitions and the risks inherent in integrating acquisitions; the effects of competition from other commercial banks, thrifts, mortgage banking firms, consumer finance companies, credit unions, securities brokerage firms, insurance companies, money market and other mutual funds and other financial institutions operating in our market area and elsewhere, including institutions operating regionally, nationally and internationally, together with such competitors offering banking products and services by mail, telephone, computer and the internet; the failure of assumptions underlying the establishment of reserves for possible loan losses, fair value for loans, other real estate owned, and those factors set forth under Item 1A. Risk-Factors of this report and other cautionary statements set forth elsewhere in this report. Many of these factors are beyond our ability to predict or control, and actual results could differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements due to these factors and others. In addition, as a result of these and other factors, our past financial performance should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance.

We believe the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, based on information available to us on the date hereof. However, given the described uncertainties and risks, we cannot guarantee our future performance or results of operations and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date hereof, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, and all written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by this section.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Company Overview

Simmons First National Corporation (“Company”), an Arkansas corporation organized in 1968, is a financial holding company registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. The terms “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to the Company and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries. The Company is headquartered in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and had total consolidated assets of $21.3 billion, total consolidated loans of $14.4 billion, total consolidated deposits of $16.1 billion and equity capital of $3.0 billion as of December 31, 2019. The Company, through its subsidiaries, provides banking and other financial products and services in markets located in Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas.

We seek to build shareholder value by, among other things, focusing on strong asset quality, maintaining strong capital, managing our liquidity position, improving our operational efficiency and opportunistically growing our business, both organically and through acquisitions of other financial institutions. Our business philosophy centers on building strong, deep customer relationships through excellent customer service and integrity in our operations. While we have grown in recent years into a regional financial institution, and one of the largest bank/financial holding companies headquartered in the State of Arkansas, we continue to emphasize, where practicable, a community-based mindset focused on local associates responding to local banking needs and making business decisions in the markets they serve. Those efforts, though, are buttressed by experienced, centralized support functions in select, critical areas. While we serve a variety of customers and industries, we are not dependent on any single customer or industry.

Subsidiary Bank

The Company’s lead subsidiary, Simmons Bank, is an Arkansas state-chartered bank that has been in operation since 1903. Simmons First Insurance Services, Inc. and Simmons First Insurance Services of TN, LLC are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Simmons Bank and are insurance agencies that offer various lines of personal and corporate insurance coverage to individual and commercial customers.

As a result of the Company’s merger with The Landrum Company (“Landrum”), in October 2019, the Company acquired Landmark Bank, a Missouri state-chartered bank. Landmark Bank operated locations in Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas and merged with and into Simmons Bank on February 14, 2020, with Simmons Bank as the surviving entity, upon completion of the systems conversion.

Simmons Bank provides banking and other financial products and services to individuals and businesses using a network of approximately 251 financial centers in Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Simmons Bank offers commercial banking products and services to business and other corporate customers. Simmons Bank extends loans for a broad range of corporate purposes, including financing commercial real estate, construction of particular properties, commercial and industrial uses, acquisition and equipment financings, and other general corporate needs. Simmons Bank also engages in small business administration (“SBA”) and agricultural finance lending, and it offers corporate credit card products, as well as deposit and treasury management services.

In addition, Simmons Bank offers a variety of consumer banking products and services, including savings, time, and checking deposit products; ATM and ITM services; internet and mobile banking platforms; overdraft facilities; real estate, home equity, and other consumer loans and lines of credit; consumer credit card products; and safe deposit boxes. Simmons Bank also maintains a networking arrangement with a third-party broker-dealer that offers brokerage services to Simmons Bank customers, as well as a trust department that provides a variety of trust, investment, agency, and custodial services for individual and corporate clients (including, among other things, administration of estates and personal trusts, and management of investment accounts).

Community Bank Strategy

Historically, the Company utilized separately chartered community bank subsidiaries to provide full-service banking products and services across our footprint. During 2014, we consolidated all separately chartered banks into Simmons Bank in order to more effectively meet the increased regulatory burden facing banks, reduce certain operating costs, and more efficiently perform operational duties. After the charter consolidation, Simmons Bank has operated using a divisional structure based on geography as a way to continue to maintain a locally-oriented, community-based organization. Currently, Simmons Bank has the following six operating divisions, which are composed of various community banking groups:



Division	Community Banking Groups
Arkansas Communities	Pine Bluff, South Arkansas (Lake Village/El Dorado), North Central Arkansas (Conway), Northeast Arkansas (Jonesboro), East Central Arkansas (Searcy), River Valley (Fort Smith/Russellville) and Hot Springs
Central Arkansas	Little Rock Metropolitan Statistical Area
Western	Stillwater, Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Southeast Oklahoma, Wichita, and Northwest Arkansas, (Fayetteville/Rogers/Springdale/Bentonville)
Tennessee	West Tennessee (Jackson/Union City), Southwest Tennessee (Memphis), Middle Tennessee (Nashville), and East Tennessee (Knoxville)
Missouri	St. Louis, Kansas City, Central Missouri (Columbia), Southwest Missouri (Springfield), and Southeast Missouri
Texas	Fort Worth, Dallas, and North Dallas

Growth Strategy

Over the past 30 years, as we have expanded our markets and services, our growth strategy has evolved and diversified. We have used varying acquisition and internal branching methods to enter key growth markets and increase the size of our footprint.

Since 1990 we have completed 18 whole bank acquisitions, one trust company acquisition, five bank branch deals, one bankruptcy (363) acquisition, four FDIC failed bank acquisitions and four Resolution Trust Corporation failed thrift acquisitions. The following summary provides additional details concerning our acquisition activity during the previous five fiscal years.

In February 2015, we completed the acquisition of Liberty Bancshares, Inc. (“Liberty”), including its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Liberty Bank. Liberty was headquartered in Springfield, Missouri, served southwest Missouri and had total assets of $1.1 billion. The acquisition enhanced Simmons Bank’s presence not only in southwest Missouri but also in the St. Louis and Kansas City metropolitan areas. The acquisition also allowed us the opportunity to provide services that we had not previously offered in these areas such as trust and securities brokerage services. In addition, Liberty’s expertise in SBA lending enhanced our commercial offerings throughout our geographies. We merged Liberty Bank into Simmons Bank and completed the systems conversion in April 2015.

Also in February 2015, we completed the acquisition of Community First Bancshares, Inc. (“Community First”), including its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, First State Bank. Community First was headquartered in Union City, Tennessee, served customers throughout Tennessee and had total assets of $1.9 billion. The acquisition expanded our footprint into Tennessee and allowed us the opportunity to provide additional services to customers in this area and expand our community banking strategy. In addition, Community First’s expertise in SBA and consumer lending benefited our customers across each region. We merged First State Bank into Simmons Bank and completed the systems conversion in September 2015.

In October 2015, we completed the acquisition of Ozark Trust & Investment Corporation (“Ozark Trust”), including its wholly-owned non-deposit trust company, Trust Company of the Ozarks. Headquartered in Springfield, Missouri, Ozark Trust had over $1 billion in assets under management and provided a wide range of financial services for its clients including investment management, trust services, IRA rollover or transfers, successor trustee services, personal representatives and custodial services. As our first acquisition of a fee-only financial firm, Ozark Trust provided a new wealth management capability that can be leveraged across the Company’s entire geographic footprint.

In September 2016, we completed the acquisition of Citizens National Bank (“Citizens”), headquartered in Athens, Tennessee. Citizens had total assets of $585 million and strengthened our position in east Tennessee by nine branches. The acquisition expanded our footprint in east Tennessee and allowed us the opportunity to provide additional services to customers in this area and expand our community banking strategy. We merged Citizens into Simmons Bank and completed the systems conversion in October 2016.

In May 2017, we completed the acquisition of Hardeman County Investment Company, Inc. (“Hardeman”), headquartered in Jackson, Tennessee, including its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, First South Bank. We acquired approximately $463 million in assets and strengthened our position in the western Tennessee market. We merged First South Bank into Simmons Bank and completed the systems conversion in September 2017. As part of the systems conversion, we consolidated or closed three existing Simmons Bank and two First South Bank branches due to overlapping footprint.

In October 2017, we completed the acquisition of First Texas BHC, Inc. (“First Texas”), headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, including its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Southwest Bank. Southwest Bank had total assets of $2.4 billion. This acquisition allowed us to enter the Texas banking markets, and it also strengthened our specialty product offerings in the areas of SBA lending and trust services. The systems conversion was completed in February 2018, at which time Southwest Bank was merged into Simmons Bank.

Also in October 2017, we completed the acquisition of Southwest Bancorp, Inc. (“OKSB”), including its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Bank SNB. Headquartered in Stillwater, Oklahoma, OKSB provided us with $2.7 billion in assets, allowed us additional entry into the Oklahoma, Texas and Colorado banking markets, and strengthened our Kansas franchise and our product offerings in the healthcare and real estate industries. The systems conversion was completed in May 2018, at which time Bank SNB was merged into Simmons Bank.

In April 2019, we completed the acquisition of Reliance Bancshares, Inc. (“Reliance”), headquartered in Des Peres, Missouri -part of the greater St. Louis metropolitan area, including its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Reliance Bank. We acquired approximately $1.5 billion in assets and added 22 branches to the Simmons Bank footprint, substantially enhancing our retail presence within the St. Louis market, and entering the state of Illinois for the first time. The systems conversion was completed in April 2019, at which time Reliance Bank was merged into Simmons Bank.

In October 2019, we completed the acquisition of Landrum, headquartered in Columbia, Missouri, including its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Landmark Bank. We acquired approximately $3.4 billion in assets and further strengthened our position in Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. The systems conversion was completed in February 2020, at which time Landmark Bank merged into Simmons Bank. In connection with the systems conversion, we closed five existing Landmark Bank branches.

Acquisition Strategy

Merger and acquisition activities are an important part of the Company’s growth strategy. We intend to focus our near-term acquisition strategy on traditional acquisitions. We continue to believe that the current economic conditions combined with a more restrictive bank regulatory environment will cause many financial institutions to seek merger partners in the near-to-intermediate future. We also believe our community banking philosophy, access to capital and successful acquisition history positions us as a purchaser of choice for community banks seeking a strong partner.

We expect that our target areas for acquisitions will continue to be primarily banks operating in growth markets within our existing footprint of Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas markets. In addition, we will pursue opportunities with financial service companies with specialty lines of business and branch acquisitions within the existing markets as and when they arise.

As consolidations continue to unfold in the banking industry, the management of risk is an important consideration in how the Company evaluates and consummates those transactions. The senior management teams of both our parent company and bank have had extensive experience during the past 30 years in acquiring banks, branches and deposits and post-acquisition integration of operations. We believe this experience positions us to successfully acquire and integrate banks.

The process of merging or acquiring banking organizations is extremely complex; it requires a great deal of time and effort from both buyer and seller. The business, legal, operational, organizational, accounting, and tax issues all must be addressed if the merger or acquisition is to be successful. Throughout the process, valuation is an important input to the decision-making process, from initial target analysis through integration of the entities. Merger and acquisition strategies are vitally important in order to derive the maximum benefit out of a potential deal.

Strategic reasons with respect to negotiated community bank mergers and acquisitions include, among other things:

•Potentially retaining the target institution’s senior management and providing them with an appealing level of autonomy post-integration. We intend to continue to pursue negotiated community bank acquisitions, and we believe that our history with respect to such acquisitions has positioned us as an acquirer of choice for community banks.

•Encouraging acquired community banks, their boards and associates to maintain their community involvement, while empowering the banks to offer a broader array of financial products and services. We believe this approach leads to enhanced profitability after the acquisition.

•Taking advantage of future opportunities that can be exploited when the two companies are combined. Companies need to position themselves to take advantage of emerging trends in the marketplace.

•Strengthening the bench. One company may have a major weakness (such as poor distribution or service delivery) whereas the other company has some significant strength. By combining the two companies, each company fills in strategic gaps that are essential for long-term survival.

•Acquiring human resources and intellectual capital can help improve innovative thinking and development within the Company.

•Acquiring a regional or multi-state bank can provide the Company with access to emerging/established markets and/or increased products and services.

•Providing additional scale and market share within our existing footprint.

Loan Risk Assessment

As part of our ongoing risk assessment and analysis, the Company utilizes credit policies and procedures, internal credit expertise and several internal layers of review. The internal layers of ongoing review include Division Presidents, Division and Senior Credit Officers, the Chief Credit Officer and Corporate Credit Officer, Division Loan Committees, an Agriculture Loan Committee, an Executive Loan Committee, Senior Loan Committee, and a Directors’ Credit Committee.

Additionally, the Company has an Asset Quality Review Committee comprised of management that meets quarterly to review the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. The Committee reviews the status of past due, non-performing and other impaired loans, reserve ratios, and additional performance indicators for Simmons Bank. The appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses is determined based upon the aforementioned performance factors, and provision adjustments are made accordingly.

The Board of Directors reviews the adequacy of its allowance for loan losses on a periodic basis giving consideration to past due loans, non-performing loans, other impaired loans, and current economic conditions. Our loan review department monitors loan information monthly. In order to verify the accuracy of the monthly analysis of the allowance for loan losses, the loan review department performs a detailed review of each loan product on an annual basis or more often if warranted. Additionally, we have instituted a Special Asset Committee for the purpose of reviewing criticized loans in regard to collateral adequacy, workout strategies and proper reserve allocations.

Competition

There is significant competition among commercial banks in our various market areas. In addition, we also compete with other providers of financial services, such as savings and loan associations, credit unions, finance companies, securities firms, insurance companies, full service brokerage firms and discount brokerage firms. Some of our competitors have greater resources and, as such, may have higher lending limits and may offer other services that we do not provide. We generally compete on the basis of customer service and responsiveness to customer needs, available loan and deposit products, the rates of interest charged on loans, the rates of interest paid for funds, and the availability and pricing of trust and brokerage services.

Principal Offices and Available Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 501 Main Street, Pine Bluff, Arkansas 71601, and our telephone number is (870) 541-1000. We also have corporate offices located at 601 E. 3rd Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72201. We maintain a website at http://www.simmonsbank.com. On this website under the section “Investor Relations,” we make our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) (including our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. In addition, our website contains other news and announcements about the Company and its subsidiaries.

Employees

As of December 31, 2019, the Company and its subsidiaries had approximately 3,270 full time equivalent employees. None of the employees is represented by any union or similar groups, and we have not experienced any labor disputes or strikes arising from any such organized labor groups. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good and have been recognized with “Best Places to Work” awards in several of our markets.

SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

The Company

The Company, as a bank holding company, is subject to both federal and state regulation. Under federal law, a bank holding company generally must obtain approval from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“FRB”) before acquiring ownership or control of the assets or stock of a bank or a bank holding company. Prior to approval of any proposed acquisition, the FRB will review the effect on competition of the proposed acquisition, as well as other regulatory issues.

The federal law generally prohibits a bank holding company from directly or indirectly engaging in non-banking activities. This prohibition does not include loan servicing, liquidating activities or other activities so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto. Bank holding companies, including the Company, which have elected to qualify as financial holding companies, are authorized to engage in financial activities. Financial activities include any activity that is financial in nature or any activity that is incidental or complimentary to a financial activity.

As a financial holding company, we are required to file with the FRB an annual report and such additional information as may be required by law. From time to time, the FRB examines the financial condition of the Company and its subsidiaries. Bank holding companies are not permitted to engage in unsafe and unsound banking practices. The FRB, through civil and criminal sanctions, is authorized to exercise enforcement powers over bank holding companies (including financial holding companies) and non-banking subsidiaries, to limit activities that represent unsafe or unsound practices or constitute violations of law.

Federal law also requires the Company to act as a source of financial and managerial strength for our bank subsidiary and to commit resources to support that subsidiary. This support may be required by federal banking agencies even at times when a bank holding company may not have the resources to provide the support. Further, if the FRB believes that a bank holding company’s activities, assets or affiliates represent a significant risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of its subsidiary bank, then the FRB could require that bank holding company to terminate the activities, liquidate the assets or divest the affiliates. Federal banking agencies, including the FRB, may require these and other actions in support of a subsidiary bank even if such actions are not in the best interests of the bank holding company or its stockholders.

We are subject to certain laws and regulations of the State of Arkansas applicable to financial and bank holding companies, including examination and supervision by the Arkansas Bank Commissioner. Under Arkansas law, a financial or bank holding company is prohibited from owning more than one subsidiary bank if any subsidiary bank owned by the holding company has been chartered for less than five years and, further, requires the approval of the Arkansas Bank Commissioner for any acquisition of more than 25% of the capital stock of any other bank located in Arkansas. No bank acquisition may be approved if, after such acquisition, the holding company would control, directly or indirectly, banks having 25% of the total bank deposits in the state of Arkansas, excluding deposits of other banks and public funds.

Federal legislation allows bank holding companies (including financial holding companies) from any state to acquire banks located in any state without regard to state law, provided that the holding company (1) is well capitalized, (2) is well managed, (3) would not control more than 10% of the insured deposits in the United States or more than 30% of the insured deposits in such state, and (4) such bank has been in existence at least five years if so required by the applicable state law.

The principal source of the Company’s liquidity is dividends from Simmons Bank, the payment of which is subject to certain limitations imposed by federal and state laws. The approval of the Arkansas Bank Commissioner is, for instance, required if the total of all dividends declared by an Arkansas state bank in any calendar year exceeds seventy-five percent (75%) of the total of its net profits, as defined, for that year combined with seventy-five percent (75%) of its retained net profits of the preceding year. At December 31, 2019, Simmons Bank had approximately $160.2 million available for payment of dividends to the Company, without prior regulatory approval. This amount is not necessarily indicative of amounts that may be paid or available to be paid in future periods

In 2019, final rules were adopted that, among other things, eliminated a prior approval requirement in the Basel III Capital Rules (discussed below) for a bank holding company to repurchase shares of its common stock, provided that the bank holding company is well capitalized both before and after the proposed repurchase, well-managed, and not the subject of any unresolved supervisory issues. However, a bank holding company’s repurchases of shares of its common stock may, in certain circumstances, be subject to approval or notice requirements under other regulations, policies, or supervisory expectations of the bank holding company’s regulators and must comply with all applicable state and federal corporate and securities laws and regulations.

Subsidiary Bank

Simmons Bank is an Arkansas state-chartered bank and a member of the Federal Reserve System through the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Due to the Company’s typical acquisition process, there may be brief periods of time during which the Company may operate another subsidiary bank that the Company acquired through a merger with a target bank holding company as a separate subsidiary while preparing for the merger and integration of that subsidiary bank into Simmons Bank. However, it is the Company’s intent to generally maintain Simmons Bank as the Company’s sole subsidiary bank.

The lending powers of the subsidiary bank are generally subject to certain restrictions, including the amount which may be loaned to a single borrower. Our subsidiary bank is a member of the FDIC, which provides insurance on deposits of each member bank up to applicable limits by the Deposit Insurance Fund. For this protection, our bank pays a statutory assessment to the FDIC each year.

Furthermore, as a member of the Federal Reserve System, our subsidiary bank is required by law to maintain reserves against its transaction deposits. The reserves must be held in cash or with the FRB. Banks are permitted to meet this requirement by maintaining the specified amount as an average balance over a two-week period. The total of reserve balances was approximately $94.0 million as of December 31, 2019.

Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders

Under federal law, transactions between insured depository institutions and their affiliates are governed by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and its implementing Regulation W. In a bank holding company context, at a minimum, the parent holding company of a bank, and any companies which are controlled by such parent holding company, are affiliates of the bank. Generally, Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act are intended to protect insured depository institutions from losses arising from transactions with non-insured affiliates by limiting the extent to which a bank or its subsidiaries may engage in covered transactions with any one affiliate and with all affiliates of the bank in the aggregate, and requiring that such transactions be on terms consistent with safe and sound banking practices.

Further, Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and its implementing Regulation O restricts loans to directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders (“insiders”). Under Section 22(h), loans to insiders and their related interests may not exceed, together with all other outstanding loans to such persons and affiliated entities, the institution’s total capital and surplus. Loans to insiders above specified amounts must receive the prior approval of a majority of the board of directors. Further, under Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act, loans to insiders must be made on terms substantially the same as offered in comparable transactions to other persons, except that such insiders may receive preferential loans made under a benefit or compensation program that is widely available to the bank's employees and does not give preference to the insider over the employees. Section 22(g) of the Federal Reserve Act places additional limitations on loans to executive officers.

As a result, our subsidiary bank is limited in its ability to make extensions of credit to the Company, investing in the stock or other securities of the Company, and engaging in other affiliated financial transactions with the Company.

Potential Enforcement Action for Bank Holding Companies and Banks

Enforcement proceedings seeking civil or criminal sanctions may be instituted against any bank, any financial or bank holding company, any director, officer, employee or agent of the bank or holding company, which is believed by the federal banking agencies to be violating any administrative pronouncement or engaged in unsafe and unsound practices. In more serious cases, enforcement actions may include the issuance of directives to increase capital; the issuance of formal and informal agreements; the imposition of civil monetary penalties; the issuance of a cease and desist order that can be judicially enforced; the issuance of removal and prohibition orders against officers, directors, and other institution-affiliated parties; the termination of a bank’s deposit insurance; the appointment of a conservator or receiver for a bank; and the enforcement of such actions through injunctions or restraining orders based upon a judicial determination that the agency would be harmed if such equitable relief was not granted.

Risk-Weighted Capital Requirements for the Company and the Subsidiary Bank

Since 1993, banking organizations (including financial holding companies, bank holding companies and banks) were required to meet a minimum ratio of Total Capital to Total Risk-Weighted Assets of 8%, of which at least 4% must be in the form of Tier 1 Capital. A well-capitalized institution was one that had at least a 10% “total risk-based capital” ratio.

Effective January 1, 2015, the Company and its subsidiary bank became subject to new capital regulations (“Basel III Capital Rules”) adopted by the Federal Reserve in July 2013 establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banks. The Basel III Capital Rules substantially revised the risk-based capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and depository institutions compared to the previous U.S. risk-based capital rules. Full compliance with the Basel III Capital Rules’ requirements was phased in over a multi-year schedule, which was completed in 2019. For a tabular summary of our risk-weighted capital ratios, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Capital” and Note 23, Stockholders’ Equity, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Basel III Capital Rules include a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets (“CET1”) ratio of 4.5% and a common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets. CET1 generally consists of common stock; retained earnings; accumulated other comprehensive income and certain minority interests; all subject to applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. The Company and its subsidiary bank must hold a capital conservation buffer composed of CET1 capital above its minimum risk-based capital requirements.

A banking organization’s qualifying total capital consists of two components: Tier 1 Capital and Tier 2 Capital. Tier 1 Capital is an amount equal to the sum of common stockholders’ equity, hybrid capital instruments (instruments with characteristics of debt and equity) in an amount up to 25% of Tier 1 Capital, certain preferred stock and the minority interest in the equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. For bank holding companies and financial holding companies, goodwill (net of any deferred tax liability associated with that goodwill) may not be included in Tier 1 Capital. Identifiable intangible assets may be included in Tier 1 Capital for banking organizations, in accordance with certain further requirements. At least 50% of the banking organization’s total regulatory capital must consist of Tier 1 Capital.

Tier 2 Capital is an amount equal to the sum of the qualifying portion of the allowance for loan losses, certain preferred stock not included in Tier 1, hybrid capital instruments (instruments with characteristics of debt and equity), certain long-term debt securities and eligible term subordinated debt, in an amount up to 50% of Tier 1 Capital. The eligibility of these items for inclusion as Tier 2 Capital is subject to certain additional requirements and limitations of the federal banking agencies.

The Basel III Capital Rules expanded the risk-weighting categories from the previous four Basel I-derived categories (0%, 20%, 50% and 100%) to a much larger and more risk-sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets, generally ranging from 0% for U.S. government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures, and resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset categories, including many residential mortgages and certain commercial real estate.

Accordingly, under the fully-phased in Basel III Capital Rules, the capital standards applicable to the Company include an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of CET1, effectively resulting in minimum ratios inclusive of the capital conservation buffer of (1) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7%, (2) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.5%, and (3) Total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%.

Prompt Corrective Action

The Basel III Capital Rules also affected the FDIC’s prompt correction action standards. Those standards seek to address problems associated with undercapitalized financial institutions and provide for five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized.

For purposes of prompt corrective action, to be:

•well capitalized, a bank must have a total risk based capital ratio of at least 10%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of at least 8%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of at least 6.5%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5%;

•adequately capitalized, a bank must have a total risk based capital ratio of at least 8%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of at least 6%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of at least 4.5%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 4%;

•undercapitalized, a bank would have a total risk based capital ratio of less than 8%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of less than 6%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of less than 4.5%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of less than 4%;

•significantly undercapitalized, a bank would have a total risk based capital ratio of less than 6%, a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of less than 4%, a CET1 risk based capital ratio of less than 3%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of less than 3%; and

•critically undercapitalized, a bank would have a ratio of tangible equity to total assets that is less than or equal to 2%.

Institutions that fall into the latter three categories are subject to restrictions on their growth and are required to submit a capital restoration plan. There is also a method by which an institution may be downgraded to a lower capital category based on supervisory factors other than capital. As of December 31, 2019, Simmons Bank was “well capitalized” based on the aforementioned ratios.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (“FDICIA”), enacted in 1991, requires the FDIC to increase assessment rates for insured banks and authorizes one or more “special assessments,” as necessary for the repayment of funds borrowed by the FDIC or any other necessary purpose. As directed in FDICIA, the FDIC has adopted a transitional risk-based assessment system, under which the assessment rate for insured banks will vary according to the level of risk incurred in the bank’s activities. The risk category and risk-based assessment for a bank is determined, in part, from its prompt corrective action, as well capitalized, adequately capitalized or undercapitalized. Please refer to the section below titled “FDIC Deposit Insurance and Assessments” for more information.

Pursuant to the FDICIA and Federal Deposit Insurance Act (“FDIA”), the federal banking agencies must promptly mandate corrective actions by banks that fail to meet the capital and related requirements in order to minimize losses to the FDIC and the Deposit Insurance Fund. At its most recent regulatory examinations in 2019, the Company’s subsidiary bank was determined to be well capitalized under these regulations.

The federal banking agencies are also required by FDICIA to prescribe standards for banks and bank holding companies (including financial holding companies) relating to operations and management, asset quality, earnings, stock valuation and compensation. A bank or bank holding company that fails to comply with such standards will be required to submit a plan designed to achieve compliance. If no plan is submitted or the plan is not implemented, the bank or holding company would become subject to additional regulatory action or enforcement proceedings.

A variety of other provisions included in FDICIA may affect the operations of the Company and the subsidiary bank, including reporting requirements, regulatory standards for real estate lending, “truth in savings” provisions, and the requirement that a depository institution give 90 days prior notice to customers and regulatory authorities before closing any branch.

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

Enacted in 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”), significantly changed the regulation of financial institutions and the financial services industry. The Dodd-Frank Act included provisions affecting large and small financial institutions alike, including several provisions that profoundly affected how community banks, thrifts, and small bank and thrift holding companies are regulated. Among other things, these provisions relaxed rules regarding interstate branching, allow financial institutions to pay interest on business checking accounts, and revised capital requirements on bank and thrift holding companies.

The Dodd-Frank Act also established the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (“CFPB”) as an independent entity within the Federal Reserve and provided it with the authority to promulgate consumer protection regulations applicable to all entities offering consumer financial services or products, including banks. Additionally, the Dodd-Frank Act included a series of provisions covering mortgage loan origination standards affecting, among other things, originator compensation, minimum repayment standards, and pre-payment penalties. The Dodd-Frank Act contained numerous other provisions affecting financial institutions of all types, many of which have an impact on our operating environment, including among other things, our regulatory compliance costs. However, the Dodd-Frank Act does not prevent states from adopting stricter consumer protection standards that those promulgated by the CFPB. State regulation of financial products and potential enforcement actions could also adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, or operations.

The EGRRCPA

In May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Reform, and Consumer Protection Act (“EGRRCPA”) was enacted, which, among other things, amended certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The EGRRCPA provides targeted regulatory relief to financial institutions while preserving the existing framework under which U.S. financial institutions are regulated. The EGRRCPA relieves bank holding companies with less than $100 billion in assets, such as the Company, from the enhanced prudential standards imposed under Section 165 of the Dodd-Frank Act (including, but not limited to, resolution planning and enhanced liquidity and risk management requirements). Please see the section below titled “Impacts of Growth” for more information.

In addition to amending the Dodd Frank Act, the EGRRCPA also includes certain additional banking-related provisions, consumer protection provisions and securities law-related provisions. Many of the EGRRCPA’s changes have been implemented through rules finalized by the federal banking agencies over the course of 2019. These rules and their enforcement are subject to the substantial regulatory discretion of the federal banking agencies. The Company continues to evaluate the potential impact of the EGRRCPA as it is further implemented by the federal banking agencies.

Volcker Rule

Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act, commonly known as the “Volcker Rule,” restricts the ability of banking entities from: (i) engaging in “proprietary trading” and (ii) investing in or sponsoring certain covered funds, subject to certain limited exceptions. Under the Volcker Rule, the term “covered funds” is defined as any issuer that would be an investment company under the Investment Company Act but for the exemption in Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of that Act. There are also several exemptions from the definition of covered fund, including, among other things, loan securitizations, joint ventures, certain types of foreign funds, entities issuing asset-backed commercial paper, and registered investment companies. The EGRRCPA and the subsequently promulgated inter-agency agency rules have aimed at simplifying and tailoring certain requirements related to the Volcker Rule.

Brokered Deposits

Section 29 of the FDIA and the FDIC regulations promulgated thereunder limit the ability of any bank to accept, renew or roll over any brokered deposit unless it is well capitalized or, with the FDIC’s approval, adequately capitalized. However, a result of the EGRRCPA, the FDIC has undertaken a comprehensive review of its regulatory approach to brokered deposits, including reciprocal deposits, and interest rate caps applicable to banks that are less than well capitalized. In December 2019, the FDIC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to modernize its brokered deposit regulations. At this time, it is difficult to predict what changes, if any, to the brokered deposit regulations will actually be implemented or the effect of such changes, if any, on our subsidiary bank.

FDIC Deposit Insurance and Assessments

Our customer deposit accounts are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) up to $250,000 per separately insured depositor. Simmons Bank is required to pay deposit insurance assessments to maintain the DIF. Because Simmons Bank’s assets exceed $10 billion, its deposit insurance assessment is based on a scoring system that examines the institution’s supervisory ratings and certain financial measures. The scoring system assesses risk measures to produce two scores, a performance score and a loss severity score, that are combined and converted to an initial assessment rate. The FDIC has the ability to make discretionary adjustments to the total score based upon significant risk factors not adequately captured in the calculations.

As described above in the section titled “Potential Enforcement Action for Bank Holding Companies and Banks,” the FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC.

Community Reinvestment Act

The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (“CRA”) requires that federal banking agencies evaluate the record of each financial institution in meeting the credit needs of the market areas they serve, including low and moderate-income individuals and communities. These activities are also considered in connection with, among other things, applications for mergers, acquisitions and the opening of a branch or facility, and negative results of these evaluations could prevent us from engaging in these types of transactions. Simmons Bank received a “satisfactory” CRA rating during its most recent exam.

In December 2019, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), the primary federal regulatory of national banks and federal savings associations, and the FDIC issued a joint notice of proposed rulemaking to modernize the regulations implementing the CRA. Under the rulemaking, the OCC and FDIC intend to (i) clarify which activities qualify for CRA credit, (ii) update where activities count for CRA credit, (iii) create a more transparent and objective method for measuring CRA performance, and (iv) provide for more transparent, consistent, and timely CRA-related data collection, record keeping, and reporting. Importantly, the FRB did not join the OCC and FDIC in connection with the proposed rulemaking. At this time, it remains unclear what impact, if any, the joint proposal of the OCC and FDIC will have on state member banks regulated by the FRB, such as our subsidiary bank. The Company expects to monitor developments with respect to this rulemaking and assess the impact, if any, of the proposed changes to the CRA regulations.

Financial Privacy and Data Security

The Company is subject to federal laws, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (“GLBA”), and certain state laws containing consumer privacy protection and data security provisions. These federal and state laws, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder impose restrictions on our ability to disclose non-public information concerning consumers to nonaffiliated third parties. These laws, rules and regulations also mandate the distribution of privacy policies to consumers, as well as provide consumers an ability to prevent our disclosure of their information under certain circumstances.

In addition, the GLBA requires that financial institutions, such as our subsidiary bank, implement comprehensive written information security programs that include administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to protect consumer information and data. Further, pursuant to interpretive guidance issued under the GLBA and certain state laws, financial institutions are also required to notify customers of security breaches that result in unauthorized access to their nonpublic personal information.

Although these laws and regulations impose compliance costs and create obligations and, in some cases, reporting obligations, and compliance with all of the laws, regulations, and reporting obligations may require significant resources of the Company and our subsidiary bank, these laws and regulations do not materially affect our products, services or other business activities.

Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorism

Simmons Bank is subject to the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (also known as the “PATRIOT Act”), the Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”) and rules and regulations of the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”).

Under Title III of the PATRIOT Act, all financial institutions are required to take certain measures to identify their customers, prevent money laundering, monitor customer transactions, and report suspicious activity to U.S. law enforcement agencies. Financial institutions also are required to respond to requests for information from federal banking agencies and law enforcement agencies. Information sharing among financial institutions for the above purposes is encouraged by an exemption granted to complying financial institutions from the privacy provisions of the GLBA and other privacy laws.

Among other things, Simmons Bank is required to establish an anti-money laundering (“AML”) program which includes the designation of a BSA officer, the establishment and maintenance of BSA/AML training, the establishment and maintenance of BSA/AML policies and procedures, independent testing of the AML program, and compliance with customer due diligence requirements. Our subsidiary bank must also employ enhanced due diligence under certain conditions. Compliance with BSA/AML requirements is routinely examined by regulators, and failure of a financial institution to meet its requirements in combating AML and anti-terrorism activities could result in severe penalties for the institution, including, among other things, the inability to receive the requisite regulatory approvals for mergers and acquisition.

Further, OFAC administers economic sanctions imposed by the federal government that affect transactions with foreign countries, individuals, and others (as the “OFAC Rules”). The OFAC Rules target many countries as well as specially designated nationals and blocked persons (collectively, “SDNs”) and take many different forms. Blocked assets (property and bank deposits) that are associated with such countries and SDNs cannot be paid out, withdrawn, set off, or transferred in any manner without a license from OFAC. Failure to comply with the OFAC Rules can result in serious legal and reputational consequences.

Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas

Simmons Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas (“FHLB-Dallas”), which is one of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLBs”) that provide funding to their members for making housing loans as well as for affordable housing and community development loans. Each FHLB serves as a reserve, or central bank, for the members within its assigned region and makes loans to its members in accordance with policies and procedures established by the board of directors of that FHLB. As a member, Simmons Bank must purchase and maintain stock in FHLB-Dallas. At December 31, 2019, Simmons Bank’s total investment in FHLB-Dallas was $66.3 million.

Incentive Compensation

The Dodd-Frank Act requires the federal banking agencies and the SEC to establish joint regulations or guidelines prohibiting incentive-based payment arrangements at specified regulated entities, including the Company and our subsidiary bank, with at least $1 billion in total consolidated assets that encourage inappropriate risks by providing an executive officer, employee, director, or principal shareholder with excessive compensation, fees, or benefits that could lead to material financial loss to the entity. The federal banking agencies and the SEC most recently proposed such regulations in 2016, but the regulations have not yet been finalized as of year-end 2019. When the regulations are adopted - and if they are adopted in the form initially proposed - they will restrict the manner in which executive compensation is structured and may impact the Company’s ability to structure incentive compensation.

The Dodd-Frank Act also requires publicly traded companies to give stockholders a non-binding vote on executive compensation at least every three years and on so-called “golden parachute” payments in connection with approvals of mergers and acquisitions. The Company gives stockholders a non-binding vote on executive compensation annually.

Impacts of Growth

During 2017, through internal growth and through acquisitions, the consolidated assets of the Company exceeded the $10 billion threshold, which resulted in several regulatory changes for the Company and Simmons Bank.

Among other things, the Dodd-Frank Act, through the Durbin Amendment, and associated Federal Reserve regulations cap the interchange rate on debit card transactions that can be charged by banks that, together with their affiliates, have at least $10 billion in assets at $0.21 per transaction plus five basis points multiplied by the value of the transaction. The cap goes into effect July 1st of the year following the year in which a bank reaches the $10 billion asset threshold. Simmons Bank became subject to the interchange rate cap effective July 1, 2018. Because of the cap, Simmons Bank received approximately $6.8 million less in debit card fees on a pre-tax basis in the last six months of 2018 and approximately $6.4 million less on a pre-tax basis during the first six months of 2019.

As of December 31, 2017, the Company exceeded $15 billion in total assets and the grandfather provisions applicable to its trust preferred securities no longer apply, and trust preferred securities are no longer included as Tier 1 capital. Trust preferred securities and qualifying subordinated debt is included as total Tier 2 capital.

The Dodd-Frank Act also previously required banks and bank holding companies with more than $10 billion in assets to adhere to certain enhanced prudential standards, including requirements to conduct annual stress tests, report the results to regulators and publicly disclose such results. However, as a result of regulatory reform finalized following passage of the EGRRCPA, the Company and Simmons Bank are no longer required to conduct an annual stress test of capital under the Dodd-Frank Act. Further, as a result of passage of the EGRRCPA, bank holding companies with less than $100 billion in assets, such as the Company, are exempt from the resolution planning, enhanced liquidity standards, and risk management requirements imposed under Section 165 of the Dodd-Frank Act. In anticipation of becoming subject to these requirements, the Company and Simmons Bank had begun the necessary preparations, including undertaking a gap analysis, implementing enhancements to the audit and compliance departments, and investing in various information technology systems. Notwithstanding that federal banking agencies will not take action with respect to these enhanced prudential standards, the Company and its subsidiary bank will continue to review their capital planning and risk management practices in connection with the regular supervisory processes of the FRB.

Additionally, the Dodd-Frank Act established the CFPB and granted it supervisory authority over banks with total assets of more than $10 billion. Simmons Bank is subject to CFPB oversight with respect to its compliance with federal consumer financial laws. Simmons Bank will continue to be subject to the oversight of its other regulators with respect to matters outside the scope of the CFPB’s jurisdiction. The CFPB has broad rule-making, supervisory and examination authority, as well as expanded data collecting and enforcement powers, all of which impacts the operations of Simmons Bank.

Pending Legislation

Because of concerns relating to competitiveness and the safety and soundness of the banking industry, Congress and state legislatures often consider a number of wide-ranging proposals for altering the structure, regulation, and competitive relationships of the nation’s financial institutions and of those chartered in a particular state legislature’s jurisdiction. We cannot predict whether or in what form any proposals will be adopted or the extent to which our business may be affected.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to Our Industry

Our business may be adversely affected by conditions in the financial markets and general economic conditions.

Changes in economic conditions could cause the values of assets and liabilities recorded in the financial statements to change rapidly, resulting in material future adjustments in asset values, the allowance for loan losses, or capital that could negatively impact the Company’s ability to meet regulatory capital requirements and maintain sufficient liquidity.

The previous economic downturn elevated unemployment levels and negatively impacted consumer confidence. It also had a detrimental impact on industry-wide performance nationally as well as the Company’s market areas. Since 2013, improvement in several economic indicators have been noted, including increasing consumer confidence levels, increased economic activity and a continued decline in unemployment levels.

Past market conditions have also led to the failure or merger of a number of prominent financial institutions. Financial institution failures or near-failures can result in further losses as a consequence of defaults on securities issued by them and defaults under contracts entered into with such entities as counterparties. Furthermore, declining asset values, defaults on mortgages and consumer loans, and the lack of market and investor confidence, as well as other factors, can all combine to increase credit default swap spreads, to cause rating agencies to lower credit ratings, and to otherwise increase the cost and decrease the availability of liquidity, despite very significant declines in Federal Reserve borrowing rates and other government actions. In the previous economic downturn, some banks and other lenders suffered significant losses and became reluctant to lend, even on a secured basis, due to the increased risk of default and the impact of declining asset values on the value of collateral. The foregoing can significantly weaken the strength and liquidity of some financial institutions worldwide.

The Company’s financial performance generally, and in particular the ability of borrowers to pay interest on and repay principal of outstanding loans and the value of collateral securing those loans, is highly dependent upon the business environment in the states where we operate, and in the United States as a whole. A favorable business environment is generally characterized by, among other factors, economic growth, efficient capital markets, low inflation, high business and investor confidence and strong business earnings. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by declines in economic growth, business activity or investor or business confidence; limitations on the availability or increases in the cost of credit and capital; increases in inflation or interest rates; natural disasters; or a combination of these or other factors.

The business environment in the states where we operate could deteriorate and adversely affect the credit quality of our loans and our results of operations and financial condition. There can be no assurance that business and economic conditions will remain stable in the near term. If financial market volatility worsens, or if there are more disruptions in the financial markets, including disruptions to the United States or international banking systems, there can be no assurance that we will not experience an adverse effect, which may be material, on our ability to access capital and on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, could adversely affect our profitability.

Changes in the credit policies of monetary authorities, particularly the Federal Reserve, could significantly impact our financial performance. For instance, changes in the nature of open market transactions in U.S. government securities, the discount rate or the federal funds rate on bank borrowings, and reserve requirements against bank deposits, could lead to increases in the costs associated with our business. In addition, such changes could influence the interest we receive on loans and securities and the amount of interest we pay on deposits. If the interest rates we pay on deposits increases at a faster rate than the interest we receive on loans and other investments, then our net interest income could be adversely affected. Due to the changing conditions in the national economy, we cannot predict with certainty how future changes in interest rates, deposit levels, and loan demand will impact our business and profitability.

Changes in the method pursuant to which the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other benchmark rates are determined could adversely impact our business and results of operations.

On July 27, 2017, the Chief Executive of the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for the calibration of LIBOR to the administrator of LIBOR after 2021. The announcement indicates that the continuation of LIBOR on the current basis cannot and will not be guaranteed after 2021. Consequently, at this time, it is not possible to predict whether and to what extent banks will continue to provide submissions for the calculation of LIBOR. Similarly, it is not possible to predict whether LIBOR will continue to be viewed as an acceptable market benchmark, what rate or rates may become accepted alternatives to LIBOR, or what the effect of any such changes in views or alternatives may be on the markets for LIBOR-linked financial instruments.

Certain of our LIBOR-based financial products and contracts, including, but not limited to, hedging products, debt obligations, investments, and loans, extend beyond 2021. We are in the process of assessing the impact that a cessation or market replacement of LIBOR would have on these various products and contracts. We also continue to monitor the transition relief being considered by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) concerning the accounting for contract modifications and hedge accounting.

Financial legislative and regulatory initiatives could adversely affect the results of our operations.

We are subject to extensive governmental regulation, supervision, legislation, and control. For instance, in response to the financial crisis affecting the banking system and financial markets, the Dodd-Frank Act was enacted in 2010, as well as several programs that have been initiated by the U.S. Treasury, the FRB, and the FDIC. See “Item 1. Business - Supervision and Regulation” included herein for more information regarding regulatory burden and supervision.

Some of the provisions of legislation and regulation that have adversely impacted the Company include the “Durbin Amendment” to the Dodd-Frank Act, which mandates a limit to debit card interchange fees, and Regulation E amendments to the EFTA regarding overdraft fees. Future financial legislation and regulatory initiatives can limit the type of products we offer, the methods by which we offer them, and the prices at which they are offered. These provisions can also increase our costs in offering these products.

The CFPB, Federal Reserve, and Arkansas State Bank Department have broad rulemaking, supervisory and examination authority, as well as data collection and enforcement powers. The scope and impact of the regulators’ actions can significantly impact the operations of the Company and the financial services industry in general.

These laws, regulations, and changes can increase our costs of regulatory compliance. They also can significantly affect the markets in which we do business, the markets for and value of our investments, and our ongoing operations, costs, and profitability. The ultimate impact of the provisions in legislative and regulatory initiatives on the Company’s business and results of operations also depends upon regulatory interpretation and rulemaking. As a result, we are unable to predict the ultimate impact of future legislation or regulation, including the extent to which it could increase costs or limit our ability to pursue business opportunities in an efficient manner, or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Consumers may not use community banks to meet their financial needs.

Advancements in technology have created the ability for financial transactions that have historically often involved community banks to be conducted through alternative channels. For example, consumers can now hold funds in brokerage accounts and Internet-only banks, or indeed with essentially any bank that provides for online account opening and online banking. Consumers can also complete transactions such as the purchase or sale of goods and services, the payment of bills, and the transfer of funds without the direct assistance of banks. The resulting increased competition could result in the loss of fee income and customer deposits, which could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity. It could also require additional, costly investments in technology to remain competitive.

We are subject to fraud risk, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Fraud is a major, and increasing, operational risk, particularly for financial institutions. We continue to experience fraud attempts and losses through, for example, deposit fraud (such as wire fraud and check fraud) and loan fraud. Fraud may also arise from the misconduct of our employees. The methods used to perpetrate and combat fraud continue to evolve, particularly as advances in technology occur. While we seek to be vigilant in the prevention, detection, and remediation of fraud events, some fraud loss is unavoidable, and the risk of major fraud loss cannot be eliminated.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our concentration of banking activities in Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas, including our real estate loan portfolio, makes us more vulnerable to adverse conditions in the particular local markets in which we operate.

Our subsidiary bank operates primarily within the states of Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas, where the majority of the buildings and properties securing our loans and the businesses of our customers are located. Our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows are subject to changes in the economic conditions in these eight states, the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans, and the value of the collateral securing such loans. We largely depend on the continued growth and stability of the communities we serve for our continued success. Declines in the economies of these communities or the states in general could adversely affect our ability to generate new loans or to receive repayments of existing loans, and our ability to attract new deposits, thus adversely affecting our net income, profitability and financial condition.

The ability of our borrowers to repay their loans could also be adversely impacted by the significant changes in market conditions in the region or by changes in local real estate markets, including deflationary effects on collateral value caused by property foreclosures. This could result in an increase in our charge-offs and provision for loan losses. Either of these events would have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

A significant decline in general economic conditions caused by inflation, recession, unemployment, acts of terrorism or other factors beyond our control could also have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, because multi-family and commercial real estate loans represent the majority of our real estate loans outstanding, a decline in tenant occupancy due to such factors or for other reasons could adversely impact the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans on a timely basis, which could have a negative impact on our results of operations.

The mismanagement of our credit risks could result in serious harm to our business.

There are a variety of risks inherent in making loans, including, among others, risks inherent with dealing with borrowers and guarantors, risks associated with potential future changes in the value of the collateral supporting the loans, the risk that a loan may not be repaid, and the risks associated with changes in economic or industry conditions. As part of our ongoing efforts to minimize these credit-related risks, we utilize credit policies and procedures, internal credit expertise and several internal layers of review for the loans we make. We also actively monitor our concentrations of loans and carefully evaluate the credit underwriting practices of acquired institutions. However, there can be no assurance that these underwriting and monitoring procedures will reduce these risks, and the inability to properly manage our credit risk could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could impact our financial condition and results of operations.

A lack of liquidity could impair our ability to fund our business and thereby adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Liquidity is a critical component of our business. To ensure adequate liquidity to fund our operations, we rely heavily on our ability to generate deposits and effectively manage both the repayment of loans and the maturity schedules of our investment securities. Our most important source of funds is deposits, but sources of funds also include, among other things, cash flows from operations, maturities and sales of investment securities, and borrowings from the Federal Reserve and Federal Home Loan Bank. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities, or on terms that are acceptable to us, could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry or economy in general. This could result in a lack of liquidity, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

Deteriorating credit quality in our credit card portfolio may adversely impact us.

We have a sizeable consumer credit card portfolio. Although we experienced a decreased amount of net charge-offs in our credit card portfolio in recent years, the amount of net charge-offs could worsen. While we continue to experience a better performance with respect to net charge-offs than the national average in our credit card portfolio, our net charge-offs were 1.86% and 1.64% of our average outstanding credit card balances for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Future downturns in the economy could adversely affect consumers in a more delayed fashion compared to commercial businesses in general. Increasing unemployment and diminished asset values may prevent our credit card customers from repaying their credit card balances which could result in an increased amount of our net charge-offs that could have a material adverse effect on our unsecured credit card portfolio.

We face strong competition from other banks, bank holding companies, and financial services companies.

In the markets we serve, the businesses of banking and financial services are fiercely competitive. Many of our competitors offer the same, or similar, products and services within our market areas. Some of our competitors are able to offer a broader range of products and services than we do. These competitors include banks with nationwide presences, regional banks, and community banks (who may have greater flexibility in their operational strategies than we possess). We also face competition from many other types of financial institutions, including, among others, credit unions, finance companies, insurance companies, brokerage and investment banking firms. If we are unable to effectively compete for banking customers, we may lose loan and deposit market share, as well as experience reductions in net interest margin, fee income, and profitability, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our growth and expansion strategy may not be successful, and our market value and profitability may suffer.

We have historically employed, as important parts of our business strategy, growth through acquisitions of banks and, to a lesser extent, through branch acquisitions and de novo branching. Any future acquisitions in which we might engage will be accompanied by the risks commonly encountered in acquisitions. These risks include, among other risks:


•	credit risk associated with the acquired bank’s loans and investments;


•	difficulty of integrating operations and personnel; and


•	potential disruption of our ongoing business.

In addition to pursuing the acquisition of existing viable financial institutions as opportunities arise we may also continue to engage in de novo branching to further our growth strategy. De novo branching and growing through acquisition involve numerous risks, including the following:


•	the inability to obtain all required regulatory approvals;


•	the significant costs and potential operating losses associated with establishing a de novo branch or a new bank;


•	the inability to secure the services of qualified senior management;


•	the local market may not accept the services of a new bank owned and managed by a bank holding company headquartered outside of the market area of the new bank;


•	the risk of encountering an economic downturn in the new market;


•	the inability to obtain attractive locations within a new market at a reasonable cost; and


•	the additional strain on management resources and internal systems and controls.

We expect that competition for suitable acquisition candidates will be significant. We may compete with other banks or financial service companies that are seeking to acquire our acquisition candidates, many of which are larger competitors and have greater financial and other resources. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully identify and acquire suitable acquisition targets on acceptable terms and conditions. Further, we cannot assure you that we will be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with acquisitions and de novo branching. Our inability to overcome these risks could have an adverse effect on our ability to achieve our business and growth strategy and maintain or increase our market value and profitability.

The value of our goodwill and other intangible assets may decline in the future.

As of December 31, 2019, we had $1.1 billion of goodwill and $127.3 million of other intangible assets. A significant decline in our expected future cash flows, a significant adverse change in the business climate, slower economic growth or a significant and sustained decline in the price of our common stock, any or all of which could be materially impacted by many of the risk factors discussed herein, may necessitate our taking charges in the future related to the impairment of our goodwill. Future regulatory actions could also have a material impact on assessments of goodwill for impairment. If we were to conclude that a future write-down of our goodwill is necessary, we would record the appropriate charge, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Identifiable intangible assets other than goodwill consist of core deposit intangibles, books of business, and other intangible assets. Adverse events or circumstances could impact the recoverability of these intangible assets including loss of core deposits, significant losses of customer accounts and/or balances, increased competition or adverse changes in the economy. To the extent these intangible assets are deemed unrecoverable, a non-cash impairment charge would be recorded, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We may not maintain an appropriate allowance for loan losses.

It is likely that some portion of our loans will become delinquent, and some loans may only be partially repaid or may never be repaid. We maintain an allowance for loan losses, which is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, that results from management’s review of the existing portfolio and management’s assessment of the portfolio’s collectability. Our methodology for establishing the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and requires management to make significant estimates and predictions regarding credit risks, future market conditions, and other factors, all of which are subject to material changes and may not necessarily be in our control. If our methodology is flawed, or if we experience changes in market or economic conditions, or in conditions of our borrowers’, we the allowance may become inadequate, which would result in additional provisions to increase the allowance to an appropriate level. This could negatively impact our business, including through a material decrease in our earnings. In addition, prudential regulators also periodically review our allowance for loan losses and have the ability, based on their perspective, which may be different from ours, to require that we make adjustments to the allowance, which could also have a negative effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Our recent results do not indicate our future results and may not provide guidance to assess the risk of an investment in our common stock.

We may not be able to sustain our historical rate of growth or be able to expand our business. Various factors, such as economic conditions, regulatory and legislative considerations and competition, may also impede or prohibit our ability to expand our market presence. We may also be unable to identify advantageous acquisition opportunities or, once identified, enter into transactions to make such acquisitions. If we are not able to successfully grow our business, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our cost of funds may increase as a result of general economic conditions, interest rates and competitive pressures.

Our cost of funds may increase as a result of general economic conditions, fluctuations in interest rates and competitive pressures. We have traditionally obtained funds principally through local deposits as we have a base of lower cost transaction deposits. Our costs of funds and our profitability and liquidity are likely to be adversely affected if we have to rely upon higher cost borrowings from other institutional lenders or brokers to fund loan demand or liquidity needs. Also, changes in our deposit mix and growth could adversely affect our profitability and the ability to expand our loan portfolio.

Our models and estimations may be inadequate, which could lead to significant losses and regulatory scrutiny.

To assist with the management of our credit, liquidity, operations, and compliance functions and risks, we have developed, and currently use, various models and other analytical tools, including certain estimations. The models and estimations often take into account assumptions and historical trends and are, in some case, based on subjective judgments. As such, the models and estimations may not be effective in identifying and managing risks, which could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. Inadequate models may also result in compliance failures, which could lead to increased scrutiny by our regulators.

We may not be able to raise the additional capital we need to grow and, as a result, our ability to expand our operations could be materially impaired.

Federal and state regulatory authorities require us and our subsidiary bank to maintain adequate levels of capital to support our operations. Many circumstances could require us to seek additional capital, such as:


•	faster than anticipated growth;


•	reduced earning levels;


•	operating losses;


•	changes in economic conditions;


•	revisions in regulatory requirements; or


•	additional acquisition opportunities.

Our ability to raise additional capital will largely depend on our financial performance, and on conditions in the capital markets which are outside our control. If we need additional capital but cannot raise it on terms acceptable to us, our ability to expand our operations or to engage in acquisitions could be materially impaired.

Accounting standards periodically change and the application of our accounting policies and methods may require management to make estimates about matters that are uncertain.

The regulatory bodies that establish accounting standards, including, among others, FASB and the SEC, periodically revise or issue new financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. The effect of such revised or new standards on our financial statements can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. For example, in June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, that effective January 1, 2020, substantially changed the accounting for credit losses and other financial assets held by banks, financial institutions and other organizations. The standard removes the existing “probable” threshold in generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for recognizing credit losses and instead requires companies to reflect their estimate of credit losses over the life of the financial assets. Companies must consider all relevant information when estimating expected credit losses, including details about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In December 2018, the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC released a final rule to revise their regulatory capital rules to address the upcoming change to the allowance measurement and subsequent concerns related to the impact on capital and capital planning. The rule provides, and we adopted, an optional three-year phase-in period for the day-one adverse regulatory capital impact upon adoption of the standard. The adoption of the standard resulted in an overall material increase in the allowance for credit losses. However, the impact at adoption was influenced by the portfolios' composition and quality at the adoption date as well as economic conditions and forecasts at that time. It is also possible that ongoing reported earnings and lending activity will be negatively impacted in periods following adoption.

In addition, our management must exercise judgment in appropriately applying many of our accounting policies and methods so they comply with generally accepted accounting principles. In some cases, management may have to select a particular accounting policy or method from two or more alternatives. In some cases, the accounting policy or method chosen might be reasonable under the circumstances and yet might result in our reporting materially different amounts than would have been reported if we had selected a different policy or method. Accounting policies are critical to fairly presenting our financial condition and results of operations and may require management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments about matters that are uncertain.

We are subject to litigation in the ordinary course of our business, and our associated legal expenses may adversely affect our results.

From time to time, we are subject to litigation. Litigation and claims can arise in various contexts, including, among others, our lending activities, employment practices, commercial agreements, fiduciary responsibilities, compliance programs, and other general business matters. These claims and legal actions, including supervisory actions by our regulators, could involve large amounts in controversy, significant fines or penalties, and substantial legal costs necessary for our defense. The outcome of litigation and regulatory matters, as well as the timing associated with resolving these matters, are inherently hard to predict. Substantial legal liability, which may not be insured, and significant regulatory actions against us could materially and adversely impact our business operations, including our ability to engage in mergers and acquisitions, our results of operations, and our financial condition.

Our business is heavily reliant on information technology systems, facilities, and processes; and a disruption in those systems, facilities, and processes, or a breach, including cyber-attacks, in the security of our systems, could have significant, negative impact on our business, result in the disclosure of confidential information, and create significant financial and legal exposure for us.

Our businesses are dependent on our ability and the ability of our third-party service providers to process, record and monitor a large number of transactions. If the financial, accounting, data processing or other operating systems and facilities fail to operate properly, become disabled, experience security breaches or have other significant shortcomings, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Although we and our third party service providers devote significant resources to maintain and regularly upgrade our systems and processes that are designed to protect the security of computer systems, software, networks and other technology assets and the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information belonging to us and our customers, there is no assurance that our security systems and those of our third party service providers will provide absolute security. Financial services institutions and companies engaged in data processing have reported breaches in the security of their websites or other systems, some of which have involved sophisticated and targeted attacks intended to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information, destroy data, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems, often through the introduction of computer viruses or malware, cyber-attacks and other means. Certain financial institutions in the United States have also experienced attacks from technically sophisticated and well-resourced third parties that were intended to disrupt normal business activities by making internet banking systems inaccessible to customers for extended periods. These “denial-of-service” attacks have not breached our data security systems, but require substantial resources to defend, and may affect customer satisfaction and behavior.

Despite our efforts and those of our third party service providers to ensure the integrity of our systems, it is possible that we may not be able to anticipate or to implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches of these types, especially because the techniques used change frequently or are not recognized until launched, and because security attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources, including persons who are involved with organized crime or associated with external service providers or who may be linked to terrorist organizations or hostile foreign governments. Those parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees, customers or other users of our systems to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data or that of our customers or clients. These risks may increase in the future as we continue to increase our mobile payments and other internet-based product offerings and expand our internal usage of web-based products and applications. If our security systems were penetrated or circumvented, it could cause serious negative consequences for us, including significant disruption of our operations, misappropriation of our confidential information or that of our customers, or damage our computers or systems and those of our customers and counterparties, and could result in violations of applicable privacy and other laws, financial loss to us or to our customers, loss of confidence in our security measures, customer dissatisfaction, significant litigation exposure, and harm to our reputation, all of which could have a material adverse effect on us.

We depend on qualified employees and key personnel to operate and lead our business, and we may not be able to attract or retain them in the future.

A critical component of our success is the ability to attract and retain highly qualified, skilled lending, operations, information technology, and other employees, as well as managers who are experienced and effective at leading their respective departments. We have an experienced group of senior management and other key personnel that our board of directors believes is capable of managing and growing our business. In many areas of the financial services industry, competition for key personnel is fierce, and the departure of those individuals from our business presents risk that we will be unable to attract and retain suitable successors, which could have a material, adverse impact on our competitive position in the marketplace.

Damage to our reputation could significantly harm our business.

Our ability to attract and retain customers, employees, and acquisition partners is influenced by our reputation. A negative opinion of our business can develop in connection with a variety of circumstances, including issues with our lending practices, regulatory compliance, risk management, corporate governance, customer service, community involvement, integration of acquired institutions, and third-party service providers. Our reputation could also be harmed through regulatory proceedings by governmental authorities, litigation, or cybersecurity events. Reputational damage could also impact our relationships with investors, our credit ratings and our ability to access capital markets.

The Federal Reserve Board’s source of strength doctrine could require that we divert capital to our subsidiary bank instead of applying available capital towards planned uses, such as engaging in acquisitions or paying dividends to shareholders.

The FRB’s policies and regulations require that a bank holding company, including a financial holding company, serve as a source of financial strength to its subsidiary banks, and further provide that a bank holding company may not conduct operations in an unsafe or unsound manner. It is the FRB’s policy that a bank holding company should stand ready to use available resources to provide adequate capital to its subsidiary banks during periods of financial stress or adversity, such as during periods of significant loan losses, and that such holding company should maintain the financial flexibility and capital-raising capacity to obtain additional resources for assisting its subsidiary banks if such a need were to arise.

A bank holding company’s failure to meet its obligations to serve as a source of strength to its subsidiary banks will generally be considered an unsafe and unsound banking practice or a violation of the FRB’s regulations, or both. Accordingly, if the financial condition of our subsidiary bank was to deteriorate, we could be compelled to provide financial support to our subsidiary bank at a time when, absent such FRB policy, we may not deem it advisable to provide such assistance. Under such circumstances, there is a possibility that we may not either have adequate available capital or feel sufficiently confident regarding our financial condition, to enter into acquisitions, pay dividends, or engage in other corporate activities.

We may incur environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which we take title.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real property. In the course of our business, we may own or foreclose and take title to real estate and could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties. We may become responsible to a governmental agency or third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by those parties in connection with environmental contamination, or may be required to investigate or clean-up hazardous or toxic substances, or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with environmental investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. If we were to become subject to significant environmental liabilities, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our management has broad discretion over the use of proceeds from future stock offerings.

Although we generally indicate our intent to use the proceeds from stock offerings for general corporate purposes, including funding internal growth and selected future acquisitions, our Board of Directors retains significant discretion with respect to the use of the proceeds from possible future offerings. If we use the funds to acquire other businesses, there can be no assurance that any business we acquire will be successfully integrated into our operations or otherwise perform as expected.

Our business is heavily reliant on a variety of third-party service providers.

We rely on a large number of vendors to provide products and services that we need for our day-to-day operations, particularly in the areas of loan and deposit operations, information technology, and security. This reliance exposes us to the risk that the vendors will not perform in accordance with the applicable contractual arrangements or service level agreements, as well as risks resulting from defective products, poor performance of services, disruption in a product or service, or loss of a product or service if a vendor ceases doing business because of its own financial or operational difficulties. These risks, if realized, could result in significant disruptions to our business, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. While we maintain a vendor management program designed to assist in the oversight and monitoring of our third-party service providers, there can be no assurance that we will not experience service-related issues associated with our vendors.

If we are unsuccessful in developing new, and adapting our current, products and services so that they respond to changing industry standards and customer preferences, our business may suffer.

We provide a variety of commercial and consumer banking, as well as other financial, products and services designed to meet a broad range of needs. While many of these products and services are traditional both in their characteristics and their delivery channels, advancements in technology, changes in the regulatory environment, and evolving customer preferences require that we continuously evaluate the terms under which we provide our existing products and services (including, among other things, interest rates and loan covenants), the methods by which we deliver them (including the use of online and mobile banking), and the potential for new products and services in order to remain competitive. These efforts, though, could require substantial investments, and we can provide no assurance that we will develop new products and services, or adequately adapt our existing products and services, in a timely or successful manner. Our inability to do so could harm our business and adversely affect our results of operations and reputation.

Our controls and procedures may fail, or our employees may not adhere to them.

It is critical that our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies and procedures be effective in order to provide assurance that our financial reports and disclosures are materially accurate. A failure or circumvention of our controls and procedures, or a failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, as well as cause reputational harm, which could limit our ability to access the capital markets.

Risks Related to Owning Our Stock

The holders of our subordinated notes and subordinated debentures have rights that are senior to those of our common shareholders. If we defer payments of interest on our outstanding subordinated debentures or if certain defaults relating to those debentures occur, we will be prohibited from declaring or paying dividends or distributions on, and from making liquidation payments with respect to our common stock.

We have subordinated debentures issued in connection with trust preferred securities. Payments of the principal and interest on the trust preferred securities are unconditionally guaranteed by us. The subordinated debentures are senior to our shares of common stock. As a result, we must make payments on the subordinated debentures (and the related trust preferred securities) before any dividends can be paid on our common stock. In addition, in the event of our bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation, the holders of both the subordinated debentures and the subordinated notes must be satisfied before any distributions can be made to the holders of our common stock. We have the right to defer distributions on the subordinated debentures (and the related trust preferred securities) for up to five years, during which time no dividends may be paid to holders of our capital stock. If we elect to defer or if we default with respect to our obligations to make payments on these subordinated debentures, this would likely have a material adverse effect on the market value of our common stock. Moreover, without notice to or consent from the holders of our common stock, we may issue additional series of subordinated debt securities in the future with terms similar to those of our existing subordinated debt securities or enter into other financing agreements that limit our ability to purchase or to pay dividends or distributions on our capital stock.

We may be unable to, or choose not to, pay dividends on our common stock.

We cannot assure you of our ability to continue to pay dividends. Our ability to pay dividends depends on the following factors, among others:


•	We may not have sufficient earnings since our primary source of income, the payment of dividends to us by our subsidiary bank, is subject to federal and state laws that limit the ability of those banks to pay dividends;


•	FRB policy requires bank holding companies to pay cash dividends on common stock only out of net income available over the past year and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs and financial condition; and


•	Our Board of Directors may determine that, even though funds are available for dividend payments, retaining the funds for internal uses, such as expansion of our operations, is a better strategy.

If we fail to pay dividends, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock may be the sole opportunity for gains on an investment in our common stock. In addition, in the event our subsidiary bank becomes unable to pay dividends to us, we may not be able to service our debt or pay our other obligations or pay dividends on our common stock. Accordingly, our inability to receive dividends from our subsidiary bank could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the value of your investment in our common stock.

There may be future sales of additional common stock or preferred stock or other dilution of our equity, which may adversely affect the value of our common stock.

We are not restricted from issuing additional common stock or preferred stock, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, common stock or preferred stock or any substantially similar securities. The value of our common stock could decline as a result of sales by us of a large number of shares of common stock or preferred stock or similar securities in the market or the perception that such sales could occur.

Shares of our common stock, as well as our other securities, are not insured deposits and may lose value.

Shares of the Company’s common stock, as well as our other securities, are not savings accounts, deposits, or other obligations of any depository institution, and those shares are not insured by the FDIC or any other governmental agency or instrumentality or private insurer. Investments in shares of the Company’s common stock or other securities, therefore, are subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of principal.

Anti-takeover provisions could negatively impact our shareholders.

Provisions of our articles of incorporation and by-laws and federal banking laws, including regulatory approval requirements, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be perceived to be beneficial to our shareholders. The combination of these provisions effectively inhibits a non-negotiated merger or other business combination, which, in turn, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for holders of our common stock to elect directors other than the candidates nominated by our Board of Directors.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

The principal offices of the Company and of its lead bank, Simmons Bank, consist of an eleven-story office building and adjacent office space located in the central business district of the city of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. We have additional corporate offices located in Little Rock, Arkansas, including a twelve-story office building in Little Rock’s River Market district.

The Company and its subsidiaries own or lease additional offices in the states of Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. The Company and its subsidiaries conduct financial operations from approximately 251 financial centers located in communities throughout Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. We believe our properties to be suitable and adequate for our present operations.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company and/or its subsidiaries have various unrelated legal proceedings, most of which involve loan foreclosure activity pending, which, in the aggregate, are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, or results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “SFNC.”

As of February 25, 2020, there were 2,416 shareholders of record of our common stock.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On October 22, 2019, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a new stock repurchase program (the “Program”) under which we may repurchase up to $60,000,000 of our Class A common stock currently issued and outstanding. The Program will terminate on October 31, 2021 (unless terminated sooner) and replaces the previous stock repurchase program, which was announced on July 23, 2012, that authorized us to repurchase up to 1,700,000 shares of common stock. Under the Program, we repurchased shares during the fourth quarter 2019 on the open market. Information associated with the Program is included in the following table:



Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased ⁽¹⁾	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 - 31, 2019	774	$	24.77	—	$	60,000,000
November 1 - 30, 2019	190,502	25.58		190,000	$	55,140,000
December 1 - 31, 2019	201,522	26.33		200,000	$	49,870,000
Total	392,798	$	25.96	390,000

_________________________

(1)Total number of shares purchased includes 2,798 shares with an average price of $25.12 of restricted stock purchased in connection with employee tax withholding obligations under employee compensation plans, which are not purchases under any publicly announced plan.

Performance Graph

The performance graph below compares the cumulative total shareholder return on the Company’s Common Stock with the cumulative total return on the equity securities of companies included in the Nasdaq Composite Index and the SNL U.S. Bank & Thrift Index. The graph assumes an investment of $100 on December 31, 2014 and reinvestment of dividends on the date of payment without commissions. The performance graph represents past performance and should not be considered as an indication of future performance.



	Period Ending
Index	12/31/2014	12/31/2015	12/31/2016	12/31/2017	12/31/2018	12/31/2019
Simmons First National Corporation	100.00	128.87	158.94	148.70	128.26	146.07
Nasdaq Composite	100.00	106.96	116.45	150.96	146.67	200.49
SNL U.S. Bank & Thrift	100.00	102.02	128.80	151.45	125.81	170.04

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following table sets forth consolidated selected financial data concerning the Company and should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by, the detailed information and consolidated financial statements, including notes thereto, included elsewhere in this report. The income statement, balance sheet and per common share data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015, were derived from consolidated financial statements of the Company, which were audited by BKD, LLP. Results from past periods are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any future period.

Management believes that certain non-GAAP measures, including core diluted earnings per share, tangible book value, the ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets, tangible stockholders’ equity, core return on average assets, core return on average common equity, return on average tangible equity, core return on average tangible equity, and efficiency ratio may be useful to analysts and investors in evaluating the performance of our Company. We have included certain of these non-GAAP measures, including cautionary remarks regarding the usefulness of these analytical tools, in this table. The consolidated selected financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with the financial statements of the Company and related notes thereto and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this report. See the “GAAP Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional discussion of non-GAAP measures.



	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per common share data, ratios & other data)	2019		2018		2017		2016		2015
Income statement data:
Interest income	$	786,645	$	680,687	$	395,004	$	301,005	$	300,948
Interest expense	181,370		128,135		40,074		21,799		22,353
Net interest income	605,275		552,552		354,930		279,206		278,595
Provision for loan losses	43,240		38,148		26,393		20,065		9,022
Net interest income after provision for loan losses	562,035		514,404		328,537		259,141		269,573
Non-interest income	201,509		143,896		138,765		139,382		94,661
Non-interest expense	461,112		392,229		312,379		255,085		256,970
Income before taxes	302,432		266,071		154,923		143,438		107,264
Provision for income taxes	64,265		50,358		61,983		46,624		32,900
Net income	238,167		215,713		92,940		96,814		74,364
Preferred stock dividends	339		—		—		24		257
Net income available to common stockholders	$	237,828	$	215,713	$	92,940	$	96,790	$	74,107

Per common share data⁽⁹⁾:
Basic earnings	2.42		2.34		1.34		1.58		1.32
Diluted earnings	2.41		2.32		1.33		1.56		1.31
Core diluted earnings (non-GAAP)⁽¹⁾	2.73		2.37		1.70		1.64		1.59
Book value	26.30		24.33		22.65		18.40		17.27
Tangible book value (non-GAAP) ⁽²⁾	15.89		14.18		12.34		11.98		10.98
Dividends	0.64		0.60		0.50		0.48		0.46
Basic average common shares outstanding	98,350,992		92,268,131		69,384,500		61,291,296		56,167,592
Diluted average common shares outstanding	98,796,628		92,830,485		69,852,920		61,927,092		56,419,322



	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per common share data, ratios & other data)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Balance sheet data at period end:
Total assets	$	21,259,143		$	16,543,337		$	15,055,806		$	8,400,056		$	7,559,658
Investment securities	3,494,265			2,440,946			1,957,575			1,619,450			1,526,780
Total loans	14,425,260			11,723,171			10,779,685			5,632,890			4,919,355
Allowance for loan losses (excluding loans acquired)⁽³⁾	67,800			56,599			41,668			36,286			31,351
Goodwill and other intangible assets	1,182,860			937,021			948,722			401,464			380,923
Non-interest bearing deposits	3,741,093			2,672,405			2,665,249			1,491,676			1,280,234
Deposits	16,108,940			12,398,752			11,092,875			6,735,219			6,086,096
Other borrowings	1,297,599			1,345,450			1,380,024			273,159			162,289
Subordinated debt and trust preferred	388,260			353,950			140,565			60,397			60,570
Stockholders’ equity	2,988,924			2,246,434			2,084,564			1,151,111			1,076,855
Tangible stockholders’ equity (non-GAAP)⁽²⁾	1,805,297			1,309,413			1,135,842			749,647			665,080

Capital ratios at period end:
Common stockholders’ equity to total assets	14.06		%	13.58		%	13.85		%	13.70		%	13.84		%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP)⁽⁴⁾	8.99		%	8.39		%	8.05		%	9.37		%	9.26		%
Tier 1 leverage ratio	9.59		%	8.78		%	9.21		%	10.95		%	11.20		%
Common equity Tier 1 risk-based ratio	10.92		%	10.22		%	9.80		%	13.45		%	14.21		%
Tier 1 risk-based ratio	10.92		%	10.22		%	9.80		%	14.45		%	16.02		%
Total risk-based capital ratio	13.73		%	13.35		%	11.35		%	15.12		%	16.72		%
Dividend payout to common stockholders	26.56		%	25.86		%	37.59		%	30.67		%	34.98		%

Annualized performance ratios:
Return on average assets	1.33		%	1.37		%	0.92		%	1.25		%	1.03		%
Core return on average assets (non-GAAP) ⁽¹⁾	1.51		%	1.40		%	1.18		%	1.31		%	1.25		%
Return on average common equity	9.93		%	10.00		%	6.68		%	8.75		%	7.90		%
Core return on average common equity (non-GAAP)⁽¹⁾	11.25		%	10.21		%	8.56		%	9.17		%	9.55		%
Return on average tangible equity (non-GAAP) ^{(2) (5)}	17.99		%	18.44		%	11.26		%	13.92		%	12.53		%
Core return on average tangible equity (non-GAAP) ^{(1) (2) (5)}	20.31		%	18.81		%	14.28		%	14.56		%	15.05		%
Net interest margin ⁽⁶⁾	3.83		%	3.97		%	4.07		%	4.19		%	4.55		%
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP)⁽⁷⁾	50.33		%	52.85		%	55.27		%	56.32		%	59.01		%

Balance sheet ratios:⁽⁸⁾
Nonperforming assets as a percentage of period-end assets	0.43		%	0.37		%	0.52		%	0.79		%	0.85		%
Nonperforming loans as a percentage of period-end loans	0.74		%	0.41		%	0.81		%	0.91		%	0.58		%
Nonperforming assets as a percentage of period-end loans and OREO	0.96		%	0.72		%	1.38		%	1.53		%	1.94		%
Allowance to nonperforming loans	95.37		%	164.41		%	90.26		%	92.09		%	165.83		%
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of period-end loans	0.70		%	0.67		%	0.73		%	0.84		%	0.97		%
Net charge-offs (recoveries) as a percentage of average loans	0.31		%	0.29		%	0.35		%	0.40		%	0.24		%



	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per common share data, ratios & other data)	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015
Other data:
Number of financial centers	251	191	200	150	149
Number of full time equivalent employees	3,270	2,654	2,640	1,875	1,946

_________________________

(1)Core diluted earnings per share is a non-GAAP financial measure. Core diluted earnings per share excludes from net income certain non-core items and then is divided by average diluted common shares outstanding. See “GAAP Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for a GAAP reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure.

(2)Because of Simmons’ significant level of intangible assets, total goodwill and core deposit premiums, management of Simmons believes a useful calculation for investors in their analysis of Simmons is tangible book value per share, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. Tangible book value per share is calculated by subtracting goodwill and other intangible assets from total common stockholders’ equity, and dividing the resulting number by the common stock outstanding at period end. See “GAAP Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for a GAAP reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure.

(3)The allowance for loan losses related to loans acquired (not shown in the table above) was $444,000, $95,000, and $418,000 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and $954,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. The total allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $68,244,000, $56,694,000, $42,086,000, $37,240,000, and $32,305,000, respectively.

(4)Tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure. The tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio is calculated by dividing total common stockholders’ equity less goodwill and other intangible assets (resulting in tangible common equity) by total assets less goodwill and other intangible assets as of and for the periods ended presented above. See “GAAP Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for a GAAP reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure.

(5)Return on average tangible equity is a non-GAAP financial measure that removes the effect of goodwill and other intangible assets, as well as the amortization of intangibles, from the return on average equity. This non-GAAP financial measure is calculated as net income, adjusted for the tax-effected effect of intangibles, divided by average tangible equity which is calculated as average stockholders’ equity for the period presented less goodwill and other intangible assets. See “GAAP Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for a GAAP reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure.

(6)Net interest margin is presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis that consists of dividing tax-exempt income by one minus the combined federal and state income tax rate of 26.135% for periods beginning January 1, 2018 or 39.225% for periods prior to 2018.

(7)The efficiency ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure that is noninterest expense before foreclosed property expense and amortization of intangibles as a percent of net interest income (fully taxable equivalent) and noninterest revenues, excluding gains and losses from securities transactions and non-core items. See “GAAP Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for a reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure.

(8)Excludes all loans acquired except for their inclusion in total assets.

(9)Share and per share amounts have been restated for the two-for-one stock split in February 2018.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Critical Accounting Policies & Estimates

Overview

We follow accounting and reporting policies that conform, in all material respects, to generally accepted accounting principles and to general practices within the financial services industry. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. While we base estimates on historical experience, current information and other factors deemed to be relevant, actual results could differ from those estimates.

We consider accounting estimates to be critical to reported financial results if (i) the accounting estimate requires management to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain and (ii) different estimates that management reasonably could have used for the accounting estimate in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, could have a material impact on our financial statements.

The accounting policies that we view as critical to us are those relating to estimates and judgments regarding (a) the determination of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, (b) acquisition accounting and valuation of loans, (c) the valuation of goodwill and the useful lives applied to intangible assets, (d) the valuation of stock-based compensation plans and (e) income taxes.

Allowance for Loan Losses on Loans Not Acquired

The allowance for loan losses is management’s estimate of probable losses in the loan portfolio. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

The allowance for loan losses is calculated monthly based on management’s assessment of several factors such as (1) historical loss experience based on volumes and types, (2) volume and trends in delinquencies and nonaccruals, (3) lending policies and procedures including those for loan losses, collections and recoveries, (4) national, state and local economic trends and conditions, (5) external factors and pressure from competition, (6) the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff, (7) seasoning of new products obtained and new markets entered through acquisition and (8) other factors and trends that will affect specific loans and categories of loans. We establish general allocations for each major loan category. This category also includes allocations to loans which are collectively evaluated for loss such as credit cards, one-to-four family owner occupied residential real estate loans and other consumer loans. General reserves have been established, based upon the aforementioned factors and allocated to the individual loan categories. Allowances are accrued for probable losses on specific loans evaluated for impairment for which the basis of each loan, including accrued interest, exceeds the discounted amount of expected future collections of interest and principal or, alternatively, the fair value of loan collateral.

Our evaluation of the allowance for loan losses is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates. The actual amounts of loan losses realized in the near term could differ from the amounts estimated in arriving at the allowance for loan losses reported in the financial statements.

On January 1, 2020, the Company was required to adopt a new credit loss methodology, the Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) methodology. Therefore, beginning in 2020, our methodology and calculations regarding the allowance for loan losses will change significantly due to a change in accounting guidance. In summary, the new guidance replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates and utilizes a lifetime expected credit loss measurement objective. See Note 20, New Accounting Standards, in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information regarding implementation and adoption of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.

Acquisition Accounting, Loans Acquired

We account for our acquisitions under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, are recorded at fair value. No allowance for loan losses related to the acquired loans is recorded on the acquisition date as the fair value of the loans acquired incorporates assumptions regarding credit risk. Loans acquired are recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in ASC Topic 820. The fair value estimates associated with the loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows.

We evaluate loans acquired in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-20, Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. The fair value discount on these loans is accreted into interest income over the weighted average life of the loans using a constant yield method. These loans are not considered to be impaired loans. We evaluate purchased impaired loans in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. Purchased loans are considered impaired if there is evidence of credit deterioration since origination and if it is probable that not all contractually required payments will be collected. A loan acquired is considered impaired if there is evidence of credit deterioration since origination and if it is probable that not all contractually required payments will be collected.

For impaired loans accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30, we continue to estimate cash flows expected to be collected on purchased credit impaired loans. We evaluate at each balance sheet date whether the present value of our purchased credit impaired loans determined using the effective interest rates has decreased significantly and if so, recognize a provision for loan loss in our consolidated statement of income. For any significant increases in cash flows expected to be collected, we adjust the amount of accretable yield recognized on a prospective basis over the remaining life of the purchased credit impaired loan.

As mentioned above, our methodology and calculations regarding the allowance for loan losses will change significantly due to a change in accounting guidance. This change will also impact our accounting for purchased credit impaired loans. See Note 20, New Accounting Standards, in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information regarding implementation and adoption of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that also lack physical substance but can be separately distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset or liability. We perform an annual goodwill impairment test, and more than annually if circumstances warrant, in accordance with ASC Topic 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, as amended by ASU 2011-08 – Testing Goodwill for Impairment. ASC Topic 350 requires that goodwill and intangible assets that have indefinite lives be reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently if certain conditions occur. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the estimated life of the asset, and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicated that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment losses on recorded goodwill, if any, will be recorded as operating expenses.

Employee Benefit Plans

We have adopted various stock-based compensation plans. The plans provide for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, and performance stock units. Pursuant to the plans, shares are reserved for future issuance by the Company upon exercise of stock options or awarding of performance or bonus shares granted to directors, officers and other key employees.

In accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, the fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model that uses various assumptions. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, changes to which can materially affect the fair value estimate. For additional information, see Note 15, Employee Benefit Plans, in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

Income Taxes

We are subject to the federal income tax laws of the United States, and the tax laws of the states and other jurisdictions where we conduct business. Due to the complexity of these laws, taxpayers and the taxing authorities may subject these laws to different interpretations. Management must make conclusions and estimates about the application of these innately intricate laws, related regulations, and case law. When preparing the Company’s income tax returns, management attempts to make reasonable interpretations of the tax laws. Taxing authorities have the ability to challenge management’s analysis of the tax law or any

reinterpretation management makes in its ongoing assessment of facts and the developing case law. Management assesses the reasonableness of its effective tax rate quarterly based on its current estimate of net income and the applicable taxes expected for the full year. On a quarterly basis, management also reviews circumstances and developments in tax law affecting the reasonableness of deferred tax assets and liabilities and reserves for contingent tax liabilities.

The adoption of ASU 2016-09 – Compensation-Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting decreased the effective tax rate during 2017 and 2018 as the standard impacted how the income tax effects associated with stock-based compensation are recognized.

2019 Overview

The following discussion and analysis presents the more significant factors that affected our financial condition as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and results of operations for each of the years then ended. Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our 2018 Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2019 for a discussion and analysis of the more significant factors that affected periods prior to 2018. Certain reclassifications have been made to make prior periods comparable. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our financial statements, notes thereto and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this report.

Our net income available to common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $237.8 million and diluted earnings per share were $2.41, increases of $22.1 million and $0.09, respectively, compared to the same period in 2018. Included in both 2019 and 2018 results were non-core items related to our acquisitions and branch right sizing initiatives, and with respect to our 2019 results only, early retirement program expenses. Excluding all non-core items, core earnings for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $269.6 million, or $2.73 core diluted earnings per share, compared to $220.2 million, or $2.37 core diluted earnings per share, in 2018. See “GAAP Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional discussion and reconciliation of non-GAAP measures.

In addition to producing remarkable results for 2019, we completed two acquisitions - Reliance in St. Louis, Missouri and Landrum in Columbia, Missouri - which added a total of $4.9 billion in assets. We had several notable events during 2019 that affected our operating results. First, we recorded $15 million in provision expense primarily related to the charge-off of a participation interest in a shared national credit to White Star Petroleum, LLC (“White Star”) (further discussed below in “Provision for Loan Losses”). Second, we sold Visa Inc. class B common stock resulting in a gain of $42.9 million, and in connection with that sale, we contributed $4 million to the Simmons First Foundation so it may continue its work to provide community development grants throughout our footprint. Third, we sold $114 million of primarily commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans resulting in a net loss of $5.1 million.

In April 2019, we completed the acquisition of Reliance. Contemporaneously with the Reliance acquisition, Reliance’s subsidiary bank, Reliance Bank, was merged with and into Simmons Bank, with Simmons Bank as the surviving entity. We are excited about the Reliance transaction and the opportunities we now have in the St. Louis market resulting from our increased presence. See Note 2, Acquisitions, in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report, for additional information related to the Landrum and Reliance acquisitions.

In October 2019, we completed the acquisition of Landrum. The systems conversion was completed in February 2020, at which time Landrum’s subsidiary bank, Landmark Bank, was merged with and into Simmons Bank, with Simmons Bank as the surviving entity. As a result of that transaction, we have enhanced our ability to provide quality financial products and services to our customers throughout Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas.

In December 2019, we entered into a Branch Purchase and Assumption Agreement with Spirit of Texas Bank, SSB, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Spirit of Texas Bancshares, Inc., to sell five branches in Austin, San Antonio and Tilden, Texas. See Note 4, Other Assets and Other Liabilities Held for Sale, for additional information related to the sale of these locations.

In 2018, we announced our Next Generation Banking (“NGB”) strategic initiative that we believe positions us to provide competitive banking services well into the future. Through this program, we have evaluated the primary information technology systems and functions that support our operations and are improving or replacing many of them with updated and/or enhanced banking technologies. This initiative will, among other things, assist us in our efforts to create a differentiated experience for our customers across all channels, including digital.

We are beginning to see changes as a result of our NGB investments. For example, we accomplished a major milestone in the third quarter 2019 when we successfully completed the migration of our core banking platform to our vendor hosted environment. The transition was successful and has increased security and the reliability of our systems. In addition, in October 2019, we successfully launched our new mobile banking application. We believe our new application makes us more competitive in mobile banking, and customer response to date has been very positive. We expect to continue to expand customer offerings through our digital channel.

During 2020, we expect to continue to implement our technology initiatives, including the expansion of our digital offerings, and adjust, as appropriate, our business strategy to take advantage of our successful growth over the past few years.

Stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2019 was $3.0 billion, book value per share was $26.30 and tangible book value per share was $15.89. Our ratio of common stockholders’ equity to total assets was 14.1% and the ratio of tangible common stockholders’ equity to tangible assets was 9.0% at December 31, 2019. See “GAAP Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional discussion and reconciliation of non-GAAP measures. The Company’s Tier I leverage ratio of 9.6%, as well as our other regulatory capital ratios, remain significantly above the “well capitalized” minimum requirements. See Table 19 – Risk-Based Capital for regulatory capital ratios.

Total loans, including loans acquired, were $14.4 billion at December 31, 2019, an increase of $2.7 billion, or 23.0%, from the same period in 2018, primarily due to the Landrum and Reliance acquisitions completed during 2019. The increase was partially offset by the reclassification of $260 million in loan balances associated with the branches held for sale in south Texas.

At December 31, 2019, the allowance for loan losses for legacy loans was $67.8 million. The allowance for loan losses for loans acquired was $444,000 and the acquired loan discount credit mark was $87.3 million. The allowance for loan losses and discount mark provides a total of $155.5 million of coverage. The ratio of discount mark and related allowance to loans acquired was 1.80%.

As mentioned above, during the year we incurred a loss related to the White Star bankruptcy. The White Star loss is disappointing and contrary to the credit culture at Simmons. Because we were only a participant in the shared national credit, we were limited both in our ability to act unilaterally and in our access to timely information. We have learned some valuable lessons from this experience. We have made changes to our credit underwriting and approval processes that are consistent with our conservative credit culture. We will work to exit all purchased syndicated energy credits. We expect to exit at least $120 million of these credits by the second quarter of 2020.

Total assets were $21.3 billion at December 31, 2019 compared to $16.5 billion at December 31, 2018, an increase of $4.7 billion, primarily due to the Landrum and Reliance acquisitions.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income, our principal source of earnings, is the difference between the interest income generated by earning assets and the total interest cost of the deposits and borrowings obtained to fund those assets. Factors that determine the level of net interest income include the volume of earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, yields earned and rates paid, the level of non-performing loans and the amount of non-interest bearing liabilities supporting earning assets. Net interest income is analyzed in the discussion and tables below on a fully taxable equivalent basis. The adjustment to convert certain income to a fully taxable equivalent basis consists of dividing tax-exempt income by one minus the combined federal and state income tax rate of 26.135% for periods beginning January 1, 2018 or 39.225% for periods prior to 2018.

The Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) sets various benchmark interest rates which influence the general market rates of interest, including the deposit and loan rates offered by financial institutions. Between December 2015 and December 2018, the FRB had been gradually raising benchmark interest rates. The FRB target for the federal funds rate, which is the cost to banks of immediately available overnight funds, increased from 0% - 0.25% to 0.25% - 0.50% in December 2015 and gradually increased to 2.25% - 2.50% over a three year period. The federal funds rate was flat until the FRB began to lower the rate in August 2019 and ultimately reduced it to 1.50% - 1.75% in October 2019. Our loan portfolio is significantly affected by changes in the prime interest rate. The prime interest rate, which is the rate offered on loans to borrowers with strong credit, also increased from 3.25% to 5.50% during the years 2015 through 2018. Similarly to the reduction in the federal funds rate, the prime interest rate remained flat until it began to decrease in July 2019 and was eventually reduced to 4.75% in October 2019.

Our practice is to limit exposure to interest rate movements by maintaining a significant portion of earning assets and interest bearing liabilities in short-term repricing. In the last several years, on average, approximately 40% of our loan portfolio and approximately 80% of our time deposits have repriced in one year or less. Our current interest rate sensitivity shows that approximately 44% of our loans and 66% of our time deposits will reprice in the next year.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis was $612.6 million, an increase of $54.7 million, or 9.8%, over the same period in 2018. The increase in net interest income was the result of a $108.0 million increase in interest income partially offset by a $53.2 million increase in interest expense.

The increase in interest income primarily resulted from an incremental $95.0 million of interest income on loans, consisting of legacy loans and loans acquired, and an increase of $11.5 million of interest income on investment securities. The increase in loan volume during 2019 generated $86.8 million of additional interest income, primarily due to the Landrum and Reliance acquisitions completed during the fourth and second quarters, respectively. Furthermore, an increase in yield of 7 basis points led to an incremental $8.2 million in interest income during the year ended December 31, 2019.

Included in interest income is the additional yield accretion recognized as a result of updated estimates of the cash flows of our loans acquired, as discussed in Note 6, Loans Acquired, in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. Each quarter, we estimate the cash flows expected to be collected from the loans acquired, and adjustments may or may not be required. The cash flows estimate has increased based on payment histories and reduced loss expectations of the loans. This resulted in increased interest income that is spread on a level-yield basis over the remaining expected lives of the loans. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 interest income included $41.2 million, $35.3 million and $27.8 million, respectively, for the yield accretion recognized on loans acquired.

The $53.2 million increase in interest expense is primarily related to the growth in deposit accounts from the 2019 mergers and higher cost of deposits that continued during 2018 through mid-2019 when the benchmark interest rates began to decrease. Interest expense increased $18.2 million due to deposit growth and $33.6 million due to the increase in yield of 35 basis points.

Our net interest margin was 3.83% for the year ended December 31, 2019, down 14 basis points from 2018. Normalized for all accretion, our core net interest margin (non-GAAP) at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 3.58% and 3.72%, respectively. Since the first quarter 2018, both loan yield and core loan yield have increased 5 basis points while cost of interest bearing deposits has risen 48 basis points and the cost of borrowed funds has increased 60 basis points. The decrease in both the net interest margin and the core net interest margin for the year ended December 31, 2019 is a direct result of the previous rising rate environment. We expect continued pressure on the net interest margin because of the late 2019 FRB interest rate reductions to continue into the first part of 2020 due to the ability to reprice deposits being outpaced by the immediate downward repricing on the portion of our loans that are variable rate. See “GAAP Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional discussion and reconciliation of non-GAAP measures.

Tables 1 and 2 reflect an analysis of net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as well as changes in fully taxable equivalent net interest margin for the years 2019 versus 2018 and 2018 versus 2017.

Table 1: Analysis of Net Interest Margin

(FTE = Fully Taxable Equivalent using an effective tax rate of 26.135% for years 2019 and 2018 and 39.225% for 2017)



	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2019			2018			2017
Interest income	$	786,645		$	680,687		$	395,004
FTE adjustment	7,322			5,297			7,723
Interest income - FTE	793,967			685,984			402,727
Interest expense	181,370			128,135			40,074
Net interest income - FTE	$	612,597		$	557,849		$	362,653

Yield on earning assets - FTE	4.97		%	4.89		%	4.52		%
Cost of interest bearing liabilities	1.49		%	1.19		%	0.59		%
Net interest spread - FTE	3.48		%	3.70		%	3.93		%
Net interest margin - FTE	3.83		%	3.97		%	4.07		%

Table 2: Changes in Fully Taxable Equivalent Net Interest Margin



(In thousands)	2019 vs. 2018			2018 vs. 2017
Increase due to change in earning assets	$	97,849		$	255,326
Increase due to change in earning asset yields	10,134			27,931
Decrease due to change in interest bearing liabilities	(17,139		)	(45,351		)
Decrease due to change in interest rates paid on interest bearing liabilities	(36,096		)	(42,710		)
Increase in net interest income	$	54,748		$	195,196

Table 3 shows, for each major category of earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, the average (computed on a daily basis) amount outstanding, the interest earned or expensed on such amount and the average rate earned or expensed for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019. The table also shows the average rate earned on all earning assets, the average rate expensed on all interest bearing liabilities, the net interest spread and the net interest margin for the same periods. The analysis is presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis. Nonaccrual loans were included in average loans for the purpose of calculating the rate earned on total loans.

Table 3: Average Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis

(FTE = Fully Taxable Equivalent using an effective tax rate of 26.135% for years 2019 and 2018 and 39.225% for 2017)



	Years Ended December 31,
	2019					2018					2017
	Average		Income/		Yield/	Average		Income/		Yield/	Average		Income/		Yield/
(In thousands)	Balance		Expense		Rate (%)	Balance		Expense		Rate (%)	Balance		Expense		Rate (%)
ASSETS
Earning assets:
Interest bearing balances due from banks and federal funds sold	$	451,946	$	7,486	1.66	$	409,092	$	5,996	1.47	$	225,466	$	1,933	0.86
Investment securities - taxable	1,871,770		47,140		2.52	1,725,313		43,083		2.50	1,307,176		28,517		2.18
Investment securities - non-taxable	681,231		26,675		3.92	516,769		19,231		3.72	444,378		19,045		4.29
Mortgage loans held for sale	35,815		1,326		3.70	29,550		1,336		4.52	13,064		605		4.63
Assets held in trading accounts	—		—		—	—		—		—	41		—		—
Loans	12,937,147		711,340		5.50	11,355,890		616,338		5.43	6,918,293		352,627		5.10
Total interest earning assets	15,977,909		793,967		4.97	14,036,614		685,984		4.89	8,908,418		402,727		4.52
Non-earning assets	1,893,839					1,734,748					1,166,533
Total assets	$	17,871,748				$	15,771,362				$	10,074,951

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Interest bearing liabilities:
Interest bearing transaction and savings deposits	$	7,417,104	$	80,314	1.08	$	6,691,030	$	56,903	0.85	$	4,594,733	$	18,112	0.39
Time deposits	3,094,094		58,697		1.90	2,344,303		30,307		1.29	1,430,701		9,644		0.67
Total interest bearing deposits	10,511,198		139,011		1.32	9,035,333		87,210		0.97	6,025,434		27,756		0.46
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase	128,547		1,010		0.79	110,986		423		0.38	117,147		347		0.30
Other borrowings	1,199,274		23,008		1.92	1,309,430		23,654		1.81	567,959		8,621		1.52
Subordinated debt and debentures	359,804		18,341		5.10	341,254		16,848		4.94	79,880		3,350		4.19
Total interest bearing liabilities	12,198,823		181,370		1.49	10,797,003		128,135		1.19	6,790,420		40,074		0.59

Non-interest bearing liabilities:
Non-interest bearing deposits	3,021,917					2,697,235					1,788,385
Other liabilities	251,631					120,027					105,331
Total liabilities	15,472,371					13,614,265					8,684,136
Stockholders’ equity	2,399,377					2,157,097					1,390,815
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	17,871,748				$	15,771,362				$	10,074,951
Net interest spread					3.48					3.70					3.93
Net interest margin			$	612,597	3.83			$	557,849	3.97			$	362,653	4.07

Table 4 shows changes in interest income and interest expense resulting from changes in volume and changes in interest rates for the years 2019 versus 2018 and 2018 versus 2017. The changes in interest rate and volume have been allocated to changes in average volume and changes in average rates in proportion to the relationship of absolute dollar amounts of the changes in rates and volume.

Table 4: Volume/Rate Analysis



	Years Ended December 31,
	2019 vs. 2018									2018 vs. 2017
				Yield/									Yield/
(In thousands, on a fully taxable equivalent basis)	Volume			Rate			Total			Volume			Rate			Total
Increase (decrease) in:
Interest income:
Interest bearing balances due from banks and federal funds sold	$	665		$	825		$	1,490		$	2,171		$	1,892		$	4,063
Investment securities - taxable	3,685			372			4,057			10,030			4,536			14,566
Investment securities - non-taxable	6,395			1,049			7,444			2,877			(2,691		)	186
Mortgage loans held for sale	256			(266		)	(10		)	745			(14		)	731
Loans	86,848			8,154			95,002			239,503			24,208			263,711
Total	97,849			10,134			107,983			255,326			27,931			283,257

Interest expense:
Interest bearing transaction and savings accounts	6,655			16,756			23,411			10,967			27,824			38,791
Time deposits	11,534			16,856			28,390			8,477			12,186			20,663
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase	76			511			587			(19		)	95			76
Other borrowings	(2,061		)	1,415			(646		)	13,122			1,911			15,033
Subordinated notes and debentures	935			558			1,493			12,804			694			13,498
Total	17,139			36,096			53,235			45,351			42,710			88,061
Increase (decrease) in net interest income	$	80,710		$	(25,962	)	$	54,748		$	209,975		$	(14,779	)	$	195,196

Provision for Loan Losses

The provision for loan losses represents management’s determination of the amount necessary to be charged against the current period’s earnings in order to maintain the allowance for loan losses at a level considered appropriate in relation to the estimated risk inherent in the loan portfolio. The level of provision to the allowance is based on management’s judgment, with consideration given to the composition, maturity and other qualitative characteristics of the portfolio, assessment of current economic conditions, past due and non-performing loans and historical net loan loss experience. It is management’s practice to review the allowance on a monthly basis and, after considering the factors previously noted, to determine the level of provision made to the allowance.

The provision for loan losses for 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $43.2 million, $38.1 million and $26.4 million, respectively. The provision increase was necessary to maintain an appropriate allowance for loan losses for the company’s growing legacy portfolio. Significant loan growth in our markets, both from new loans and from loans acquired migrating to legacy, required an allowance to be established for those loans through an increased provision.

During 2019, a special provision was made related to White Star, in which we were a participant in a shared national credit. White Star became the subject of bankruptcy proceedings during 2019, and in September 2019, the bankruptcy court authorized the sale of White Star assets through a Section 363 proceeding under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Our portion of the shared national credit was $19.1 million. Based upon the anticipated net proceeds from the pending bankruptcy sale, our loss recorded in 2019 was $14.7 million. As a result, we recorded additional provision expense of $15 million to increase the allowance to an appropriate level. Additionally, a provision on loans acquired of $2.5 million was made during 2019 as a result of identifying certain loans specific to an acquired portfolio in our Dallas market which were poorly structured or were poorly managed post-funding.

The provision on loans acquired for 2018 included $3.3 million due to decreases in the expected cash flows on certain purchased credit impaired loans as identified by our required ongoing evaluation of credit marks.

Our provision expense for the year ending December 31, 2017 included building reserves for three commercial credits from the Wichita market which had specific impairments identified. Charge-offs of $7.6 million were recorded during 2017 related to these loans. $1.9 million in provision expense was recorded during 2017 as a result of a decrease in expected cash flows from our required ongoing evaluation of credit marks on certain purchased credit impaired loans.

See Allowance for Loan Losses section for additional information.

Non-Interest Income

Non-interest income is principally derived from recurring fee income, which includes service charges, trust fees and debit and credit card fees. Non-interest income also includes income on the sale of mortgage and SBA loans, investment banking income, income from the increase in cash surrender values of bank owned life insurance and gains (losses) from sales of securities.

Total non-interest income was $201.5 million in 2019, compared to $143.9 million in 2018 and $138.8 million in 2017. Non-interest income for 2019 increased $57.6 million, or 40.0%, from 2018.

The majority of the increase during 2019 was related to the gain on sale of the Visa Inc. class B common stock of $42.9 million. Additionally, during 2019 we have been focused on rebalancing our investment portfolio and consequently have recognized additional gains on the sale of securities. During 2019, we sold approximately $558.9 million of securities resulting in a net gain of $13.3 million. Increases in mortgage lending income were due to a strong real estate housing market driven by the interest rate decreases beginning in mid-2019. Conversely, debit and credit card fees decreased $3.0 million compared to 2018 primarily due to the effects of the interchange rate cap as established by the Durbin Amendment to which we became subject as of July 1, 2018. For further discussion regarding the Durbin Amendment, see the “Impacts of Growth” section in Part I, Item 1, Business.

During 2018, we had increases in trust income and service charges that were partially offset by reductions in debit card fees and mortgage and SBA lending income. The additional accounts acquired from the 2017 acquisitions contributed to the increases in trust income and total service charges during 2018. The increase in trust income was also in part due to the continued positive growth in our existing personal trust and investment management client base. These increases were partially offset by reductions in SBA lending premium income as a result of remaining selective in our decisions regarding loan sales as premium rates were lower in late 2018 compared to the beginning of the year. The decrease in mortgage lending income was due to fewer mortgage lending transactions as a result of continually rising interest rates throughout 2018. During the last six months of 2018, debit card fees decreased $5.9 million as a result of the Durbin Amendment.

Table 5 shows non-interest income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as well as changes in 2019 from 2018 and in 2018 from 2017.

Table 5: Non-Interest Income



	Years Ended December 31,						2019 Change from					2018 Change from
(Dollars in thousands)	2019		2018		2017		2018					2017
Trust income	$	25,040	$	23,128	$	18,570	$	1,912		8.3	%	$	4,558		24.5	%
Service charges on deposit accounts	44,782		42,508		36,079		2,274			5.4		6,429			17.8
Other service charges and fees	5,824		7,469		9,919		(1,645		)	(22.0	)	(2,450		)	(24.7	)
Mortgage lending income	15,017		9,230		9,708		5,787			62.7		(478		)	(4.9	)
SBA lending income	2,669		1,813		3,608		856			47.2		(1,795		)	(49.8	)
Investment banking income	2,313		3,141		2,793		(828		)	(26.4	)	348			12.5
Debit and credit card fees	29,289		32,268		34,258		(2,979		)	(9.2	)	(1,990		)	(5.8	)
Bank owned life insurance income	4,768		4,415		3,503		353			8.0		912			26.0
Gain on sale of securities, net	13,314		61		1,059		13,253			*		(998		)	(94.2	)
Gain on sale of Visa, Inc. class B common stock	42,860		—		—		42,860			*		—			—
Gain on sale of premises held for sale, net	—		—		264		—			—		(264		)	(100.0	)
Gain on sale of insurance lines of business, net	—		—		3,708		—			—		(3,708		)	*
Other income	15,633		19,863		15,296		(4,230		)	(21.3	)	4,567			29.9
Total non-interest income	$	201,509	$	143,896	$	138,765	$	57,613		40.0	%	$	5,131		3.7	%

_________________________

*Not meaningful

Recurring fee income (service charges, trust fees, debit and credit card fees and other fees) for 2019 was $104.9 million, a decrease of $438,000, or 0.4%, when compared with the 2018 amounts, largely due to the reduction in debit and credit card fees as previously discussed. The net decrease was partially offset by increases in trust income and total service charges and fees due to additional accounts acquired from the Landrum and Reliance mergers.

Non-Interest Expense

Non-interest expense consists of salaries and employee benefits, occupancy, equipment, foreclosure losses and other expenses necessary for our operations. Management remains committed to controlling the level of non-interest expense through the continued use of expense control measures. We utilize an extensive profit planning and reporting system involving all subsidiaries. Based on a needs assessment of the business plan for the upcoming year, monthly and annual profit plans are developed, including manpower and capital expenditure budgets. These profit plans are subject to extensive initial reviews and monitored by management monthly. Variances from the plan are reviewed monthly and, when required, management takes corrective action intended to ensure financial goals are met. We also regularly monitor staffing levels at each subsidiary to ensure productivity and overhead are in line with existing workload requirements.

Non-interest expense for 2019 was $461.1 million, an increase of $68.9 million, or 17.6%, from 2018. Included in 2019 were the following non-core items: $36.4 million of merger-related costs due to the Landrum and Reliance acquisitions, $3.5 million of early retirement program expenses and $3.1 million of branch-right sizing costs. Normalizing for these non-core costs, non-interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $32.0 million, or 8.3%, from the prior year. See the Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures section for details of the non-core items.

As previously mentioned, our NGB technology initiative is well underway and the incremental software and technology expenditures of $9.6 million were primarily related to this initiative. Additionally, marketing costs increased year over year primarily due to the $4 million donation to the Simmons First Foundation during third quarter 2019 and also incorporating a comprehensive community banking marketing philosophy over our expanded footprint during the year. Salaries and employee benefits also increased primarily due to the 2019 acquisitions of Landrum and Reliance. Incremental increases in several categories are also related to these acquisitions.

The reduction in deposit insurance expense was due to a credit assessment received from the FDIC during the third and fourth quarters of 2019 in the amount of $4.7 million. The FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund Reserve Ratio reached 1.35% as of September 30, 2018, and we were notified by the FDIC that Simmons Bank was entitled to $4.0 million in assessment credits. In addition, Landmark Bank had $745,000 in assessment credits at acquisition. We were able to utilize both the Simmons Bank and Landmark Bank credits during the last half of 2019, and, as of December 31, 2019, there are no assessment credits remaining.

Non-interest expense categories in 2018 were affected by the late 2017 acquired franchises, with the largest increases being in salaries and employee benefits, occupancy expense, foreclosure expense and deposit insurance. Our investment in NGB began during 2018 with increases in software amortization and IT costs related to planned upgrades to many of our banking systems.

Amortization of intangibles recorded for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, was $11.8 million, $11.0 million and $7.7 million, respectively. The increase during 2019 was due to the other intangibles recorded as part of the 2019 acquisitions. See Note 8, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our intangibles.

Table 6 below shows non-interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as well as changes in 2019 from 2018 and in 2018 from 2017.

Table 6: Non-Interest Expense



	Years Ended December 31,						2019 Change from					2018 Change from
(Dollars in thousands)	2019		2018		2017		2018					2017
Salaries and employee benefits	$	224,331	$	216,743	$	154,314	$	7,588		3.5	%	$	62,429		40.5	%
Early retirement program	3,464		—		—		3,464			*		—			—
Occupancy expense, net	32,008		29,610		21,159		2,398			8.1		8,451			39.9
Furniture and equipment expense	18,220		16,323		19,366		1,897			11.6		(3,043		)	(15.7	)
Other real estate and foreclosure expense	3,442		4,480		3,042		(1,038		)	(23.2	)	1,438			47.3
Deposit insurance	4,416		8,721		3,696		(4,305		)	(49.4	)	5,025			136.0
Merger related costs	36,379		4,777		21,923		31,602			*		(17,146		)	(78.2	)
Other operating expenses:
Professional services	16,897		16,685		19,500		212			1.3		(2,815		)	(14.4	)
Postage	6,363		5,785		4,686		578			10.0		1,099			23.5
Telephone	7,685		5,947		4,262		1,738			29.2		1,685			39.5
Credit card expenses	16,163		14,338		12,188		1,825			12.7		2,150			17.6
Marketing	16,499		8,410		11,141		8,089			96.2		(2,731		)	(24.5	)
Software and technology	25,146		15,558		2,204		9,588			61.6		13,354			*
Operating supplies	2,322		2,346		1,980		(24		)	(1.0	)	366			18.5
Amortization of intangibles	11,805		11,009		7,668		796			7.2		3,341			43.6
Branch right sizing expense	3,129		1,341		434		1,788			133.3		907			*
Other expense	32,843		30,156		24,816		2,687			8.9		5,340			21.5
Total non-interest expense	$	461,112	$	392,229	$	312,379	$	68,883		17.6	%	$	79,850		25.6	%

_________________________

*Not meaningful

Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes for 2019 was $64.3 million, compared to $50.4 million in 2018 and $62.0 million in 2017. The effective income tax rates for the years ended 2019, 2018 and 2017 were 21.2%, 18.9% and 40.0%, respectively.

The effective income tax rate was lower during 2018 than 2017 largely due to the 2017 Act, as well as the discrete tax benefits related to tax accounting for a cost segregation study, excess tax benefits related to restricted stock and a state tax deferred tax asset adjustment. See Note 10, Income Taxes, for further discussion related to these discrete tax benefits recognized during the year.

Loan Portfolio

Our legacy loan portfolio, excluding loans acquired, averaged $9.526 billion during 2019 and $6.915 billion during 2018. As of December 31, 2019, total loans, excluding loans acquired, were $9.630 billion, compared to $8.430 billion on December 31, 2018, an increase of $1.20 billion, or 14.2%. This marks the eighth consecutive year that we have seen annual growth in our legacy loan portfolio. The most significant components of the loan portfolio were loans to businesses (commercial loans, commercial real estate loans and agricultural loans) and individuals (consumer loans, credit card loans and single-family residential real estate loans). The growth in the legacy portfolio is primarily attributable to the larger market areas in which we now operate as a result of our 2019 acquisitions.

When we make a credit decision on an acquired loan as a result of the loan maturing or renewing, the outstanding balance of that loan migrates from loans acquired to legacy loans. Our legacy loan growth from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019 included $461.4 million in balances that migrated from acquired loans during the period. These migrated loan balances are included in the legacy loan balances as of December 31, 2019. Excluding the migrated balances from the growth calculation, our legacy loans have grown at a 9.9% rate during 2019.

We seek to manage our credit risk by diversifying our loan portfolio, determining that borrowers have adequate sources of cash flow for loan repayment without liquidation of collateral, obtaining and monitoring collateral, providing an appropriate allowance for loan losses and regularly reviewing loans through the internal loan review process. The loan portfolio is diversified by borrower, purpose, industry and geographic region. We seek to use diversification within the loan portfolio to reduce credit risk, thereby minimizing the adverse impact on the portfolio, if weaknesses develop in either the economy or a particular segment of borrowers. Collateral requirements are based on credit assessments of borrowers and may be used to recover the debt in case of default. We use the allowance for loan losses as a method to value the loan portfolio at its estimated collectible amount. Loans are regularly reviewed to facilitate the identification and monitoring of deteriorating credits.

Consumer loans consist of credit card loans and other consumer loans. Consumer loans were $396.7 million at December 31, 2019, or 4.1% of total loans, compared to $405.5 million, or 4.8% of total loans at December 31, 2018. The decrease in consumer loans was primarily due to a decrease in our liquidating indirect lending portfolio that we exited from the line of business in early 2017 and the portfolio continues to pay down.

The credit card portfolio balance at December 31, 2019, increased by $629,000 when compared to the same period in 2018. Our credit card portfolio has remained a stable source of lending for several years.

Real estate loans consist of construction and development (“C&D”) loans, single family residential loans and other commercial loans. Real estate loans were $6.884 billion at December 31, 2019, or 71.5% of total loans, compared to $5.966 billion, or 70.8% of total loans at December 31, 2018, an increase of $918.0 million, or 15.4%. Our C&D loans increased by $460.2 million, or 35.4%, single family residential loans increased by $4.2 million, or 0.3%, and commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans increased by $453.6 million, or 14.1%.

During the third quarter of 2019, we sold $114 million of primarily CRE loans resulting in a net loss of $5.1 million. This sale was related to an effort to manage our CRE concentration. Our concentration of CRE loans was 293% at December 31, 2019,

compared to 295% at December 31, 2018, and 333% at June 30, 2019. The increase during the first of half of the year was related to the high concentration of commercial real estate loans acquired in the Reliance acquisition.

Commercial loans consist of non-real estate loans related to business and agricultural loans. Total commercial loans were $2.073 billion at December 31, 2019, or 21.5% of total loans, compared to the $1.939 billion, or 23.0% of total loans at December 31, 2018, an increase of $133.8 million, or 6.9%. As previously discussed, we are working to exit all purchased syndicated energy credits and expect to exit at least $120 million of these credits by end of the second quarter of 2020.

Table 7 reflects the legacy loan portfolio, excluding loans acquired.

Table 7: Loan Portfolio



	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2019		2018		2017		2016		2015
Consumer:
Credit cards	$	204,802	$	204,173	$	185,422	$	184,591	$	177,288
Other consumer	191,946		201,297		280,094		303,972		208,380
Total consumer	396,748		405,470		465,516		488,563		385,668
Real Estate:
Construction and development	1,760,894		1,300,723		614,155		336,759		279,740
Single family residential	1,444,620		1,440,443		1,094,633		904,245		696,180
Other commercial	3,678,908		3,225,287		2,530,824		1,787,075		1,229,072
Total real estate	6,884,422		5,966,453		4,239,612		3,028,079		2,204,992
Commercial:
Commercial	1,909,796		1,774,909		825,217		639,525		500,116
Agricultural	163,396		164,514		148,302		150,378		148,563
Total commercial	2,073,192		1,939,423		973,519		789,903		648,679
Other	275,714		119,042		26,962		20,662		7,115
Total loans, excluding loans acquired, before allowance for loan losses	$	9,630,076	$	8,430,388	$	5,705,609	$	4,327,207	$	3,246,454

Loans Acquired

On October 31, 2019, we completed the acquisition of Landrum and issued 17,349,722 shares of the Company’s common stock valued at approximately $415.0 million as of October 31, 2019 and 767 shares of its series D preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, in exchange for all outstanding shares of Landrum capital stock to effect the merger. Included in the acquisition were loans with a fair value of $2.0 billion.

On April 12, 2019, we completed the acquisition of Reliance and issued 3,999,623 shares of the Company’s common stock valued at approximately $102.8 million as of April 12, 2019 and paid $62.7 million in cash to effect the merger. The Company also issued $42.0 million of series A preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, and series B preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. In May 2019, the Company redeemed all of the preferred stock issued in connection with the Reliance acquisition, and paid all accrued and unpaid dividends up to the date of redemption. Included in the acquisition were loans with a fair value of $1.1 billion.

On October 19, 2017, we completed the acquisition of OKSB and issued 14,488,604 shares of the Company’s common stock valued at approximately $431.4 million as of October 19, 2017 plus $94.9 million in cash in exchange for all outstanding shares of OKSB common stock. Included in the acquisition were loans with a fair value of $2.0 billion.

On October 19, 2017, we completed the acquisition of First Texas and issued 12,999,840 shares of the Company’s common stock valued at approximately $387.1 million as of October 19, 2017 plus $70.0 million in cash in exchange for all outstanding shares of First Texas common stock. Included in the acquisition were loans with a fair value of $2.2 billion.

On May 15, 2017, we completed the acquisition of Hardeman and issued 1,599,940 shares of the Company’s common stock valued at approximately $42.6 million as of May 15, 2017 plus $30.0 million in cash in exchange for all outstanding shares of Hardeman common stock. Included in the acquisition were loans with a fair value of $251.6 million.

On September 9, 2016, we completed the acquisition of Citizens and issued 1,671,482 shares of the Company’s common stock valued at approximately $41.3 million as of September 9, 2016 plus $35.0 million in cash in exchange for all outstanding shares of Citizens common stock. Included in the acquisition were loans with a fair value of $340.9 million.

Table 8 reflects the carrying value of all acquired loans:

Table 8: Loans Acquired



	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2019		2018		2017		2016		2015
Consumer:
Other consumer	$	57,748	$	15,658	$	51,467	$	49,677	$	75,606
Real Estate:
Construction and development	475,967		429,605		637,032		57,587		77,119
Single family residential	997,444		566,188		793,228		423,176		501,002
Other commercial	2,526,247		1,848,679		2,387,777		690,108		854,068
Total real estate	3,999,658		2,844,472		3,818,037		1,170,871		1,432,189
Commercial:
Commercial	585,720		430,914		995,587		81,837		154,533
Agricultural	152,058		1,739		66,576		3,298		10,573
Total commercial	737,778		432,653		1,062,163		85,135		165,106
Other	—		—		142,409		—		—
Total loans acquired ⁽¹⁾	$	4,795,184	$	3,292,783	$	5,074,076	$	1,305,683	$	1,672,901

_________________________

(1)Loans acquired are reported net of a $444,000, $95,000, and $418,000 allowance as of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and a $954,000 allowance as of December 31, 2016 and 2015.

The majority of the loans originally acquired in the Landrum, Reliance, OKSB, First Texas, Hardeman, and Citizens acquisitions were evaluated and are being accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 310-20, Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. The fair value discount is being accreted into interest income over the weighted average life of the loans using a constant yield method. These loans are not considered to be impaired loans.

We evaluated the remaining loans purchased in conjunction with the acquisitions of Landrum, Reliance, OKSB, First Texas, Hardeman, and Citizens for impairment in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. Purchased loans are considered impaired if there is evidence of credit deterioration since origination and if it is probable that not all contractually required payments will be collected.

Some purchased impaired loans were determined to have experienced additional impairment upon disposition or foreclosure. In 2019, we recorded approximately $2.5 million in a provision for these loans, charge-offs of $3,015,000, and recoveries of $900,000 resulting in an allowance for loan losses for purchased impaired loans at December 31, 2019 of $444,000. In 2018, we recorded approximately $3.3 million in a provision for these loans and charge-offs of $3,622,000, resulting in an allowance for loan losses for purchased impaired loans at December 31, 2018 of $95,000. During 2017, we recorded $1.9 million of provision for these loans and charge-offs of $2.4 million, resulting in an allowance for loan losses for purchased impaired loans at December 31, 2017 of $418,000. We recorded $626,000 provision for these loans with a subsequent charge-off, resulting in no increase to the allowance for loan losses for purchased impaired loans at December 31, 2016. During 2015, we recorded $736,000 provision for these loans with a subsequent charge-off, resulting in no increase to the allowance for loan losses for purchased impaired loans at December 31, 2015. See Note 2, Acquisitions, and Note 6, Loans Acquired, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of loans acquired.

Table 9 reflects the remaining maturities and interest rate sensitivity of loans at December 31, 2019.

Table 9: Maturity and Interest Rate Sensitivity of Loans



	1 year		Over 1 year through		Over
(In thousands)	or less		5 years		5 years		Total
Consumer	$	224,262	$	150,025	$	80,209	$	454,496
Real estate	3,445,642		6,649,651		788,787		10,884,080
Commercial	1,806,367		927,304		77,299		2,810,970
Other	261,608		14,004		102		275,714
Total	$	5,737,879	$	7,740,984	$	946,397	$	14,425,260

Predetermined rate	$	2,916,922	$	4,247,657	$	104,985	$	7,269,564
Floating rate	2,820,957		3,493,327		841,412		7,155,696
Total	$	5,737,879	$	7,740,984	$	946,397	$	14,425,260

Asset Quality

A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that we will not receive all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loans. Impaired loans include non-performing loans (loans past due 90 days or more and nonaccrual loans) and certain other loans identified by management that are still performing.

Non-performing loans are comprised of (a) nonaccrual loans, (b) loans that are contractually past due 90 days and (c) other loans for which terms have been restructured to provide a reduction or deferral of interest or principal, because of deterioration in the financial position of the borrower. Simmons Bank recognizes income principally on the accrual basis of accounting. When loans are classified as nonaccrual, generally, the accrued interest is charged off and no further interest is accrued. Loans, excluding credit card loans, are placed on a nonaccrual basis either: (1) when there are serious doubts regarding the collectibility of principal or interest, or (2) when payment of interest or principal is 90 days or more past due and either (i) not fully secured or (ii) not in the process of collection. If a loan is determined by management to be uncollectible, the portion of the loan determined to be uncollectible is then charged to the allowance for loan losses.

Credit card loans are classified as impaired when payment of interest or principal is 90 days past due. When accounts reach 90 days past due and there are attachable assets, the accounts are considered for litigation. Credit card loans are generally charged off when payment of interest or principal exceeds 150 days past due. The credit card recovery group pursues account holders until it is determined, on a case-by-case basis, to be uncollectible.

Total non-performing assets, excluding all loans acquired, increased by $31.6 million from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019. Nonaccrual loans increased by $36.6 million during 2019, primarily commercial loans, partially offset by a decrease in foreclosed assets held for sale of $6.4 million. The nonaccrual loan increase was primarily due to two loans that became reportable as non-performing legacy loans during the third quarter. One particular acquired loan migrated from loans acquired to legacy loans during the third quarter, with the entire balance previously being included in the nonaccrual loans acquired total. The decrease in foreclosed assets held for sale was partially offset by foreclosed assets received from the 2019 mergers. Non-performing assets, including troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) and acquired foreclosed assets, as a percent of total assets were 0.45% at December 31, 2019 compared to 0.40% at December 31, 2018.

Total non-performing assets, excluding all loans acquired, decreased by $18.4 million from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Nonaccrual loans decreased by $11.4 million during 2018, primarily commercial loans. Foreclosed assets held for sale decreased by $6.6 million.

During 2018, we sold approximately $32 million of substandard rated loans that consisted of both legacy and acquired loans. The loans had adequate reserves, thus no provision expense was required. However, the sale increased net charge-offs by approximately $4.6 million.

Total non-performing assets, excluding all loans acquired, increased by $12.2 million from December 31, 2016, to December 31, 2017. Total non-performing loans increased by $6.8 million from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017, primarily due to two credit relationships totaling $11.0 million in the Wichita market. Nonaccrual loans increased by $6.5 million during 2017, primarily CRE and other consumer loans.

During 2017, $3.2 million of previously closed branch buildings and land was reclassified to OREO from premises held for sale. There was no deterioration or further write-down of these properties. Also, as part of the First South Bank conversion, 5 branches were closed during the third quarter 2017. Under ASC Topic 360, there is a one year maximum holding period to classify premises as held for sale. However, under Arkansas state banking laws former branch buildings must be recorded as OREO.

From time to time, certain borrowers are experiencing declines in income and cash flow. As a result, these borrowers are seeking to reduce contractual cash outlays, the most prominent being debt payments. In an effort to preserve our net interest margin and earning assets, we are open to working with existing customers in order to maximize the collectibility of the debt.

When we restructure a loan to a borrower that is experiencing financial difficulty and grant a concession that we would not otherwise consider, a “troubled debt restructuring” results and the Company classifies the loan as a TDR. The Company grants various types of concessions, primarily interest rate reduction and/or payment modifications or extensions, with an occasional forgiveness of principal.

Under ASC Topic 310-10-35 – Subsequent Measurement, a TDR is considered to be impaired, and an impairment analysis must be performed. We assess the exposure for each modification, either by collateral discounting or by calculation of the present value of future cash flows, and determine if a specific allocation to the allowance for loan losses is needed.

Once an obligation has been restructured because of such credit problems, it continues to be considered a TDR until paid in full; or, if an obligation yields a market interest rate and no longer has any concession regarding payment amount or amortization, then it is not considered a TDR at the beginning of the calendar year after the year in which the improvement takes place. Our TDR balance decreased to $5.3 million at December 31, 2019, compared to $9.2 million at December 31, 2018 and $12.9 million at December 31, 2017. The majority of our TDR balance remains in the commercial portfolio with the largest balance comprised of six relationships.

We return TDRs to accrual status only if (1) all contractual amounts due can reasonably be expected to be repaid within a prudent period, and (2) repayment has been in accordance with the contract for a sustained period, typically at least six months.

We continue to maintain good asset quality, compared to the industry. Strong asset quality remains a primary focus of our strategy. The allowance for loan losses as a percent of total legacy loans was 0.70% as of December 31, 2019. Non-performing loans equaled 0.74% of total loans. Non-performing assets were 0.43% of total assets, a 6 basis point increase from December 31, 2018. The allowance for loan losses was 95% of non-performing loans. Our annualized net charge-offs to total loans for 2019 was 0.31%. Excluding credit cards, the annualized net charge-offs to total loans for the same period was 0.28%. Annualized net credit card charge-offs to total credit card loans were 1.86%, compared to 1.64% during 2018, and 163 basis points better than the most recently published industry average charge-off ratio as reported by the Federal Reserve for all banks.

We have had substantial growth from acquisitions and from loans migrating from acquired to legacy. When acquired loans renew, they are evaluated and if considered a pass quality credit they will migrate to the legacy portfolio and require less reserves. In addition, new loans also only require the minimum allowance consideration.

We do not own any securities backed by subprime mortgage assets, and offer no mortgage loan products that target subprime borrowers.

Table 10 presents information concerning non-performing assets, including nonaccrual and restructured loans and other real estate owned (excluding all loans acquired).

Table 10: Non-performing Assets



	Years Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Nonaccrual loans⁽¹⁾	$	70,836		$	34,201		$	45,642		$	39,104		$	17,714
Loans past due 90 days or more (principal or interest payments)	259			224			520			299			1,191
Total non-performing loans	71,095			34,425			46,162			39,403			18,905
Other non-performing assets:
Foreclosed assets held for sale	19,121			25,565			32,118			26,895			44,820
Other non-performing assets	1,964			553			675			471			211
Total other non-performing assets	21,085			26,118			32,793			27,366			45,031
Total non-performing assets	$	92,180		$	60,543		$	78,955		$	66,769		$	63,936

Performing TDRs	$	4,411		$	6,369		$	7,107		$	10,998		$	3,031
Allowance for loan losses to non-performing loans	95		%	164		%	90		%	92		%	166		%
Non-performing loans to total loans ⁽²⁾	0.74		%	0.41		%	0.81		%	0.91		%	0.58		%
Non-performing assets (including performing TDRs) to total assets ⁽²⁾	0.45		%	0.40		%	0.57		%	0.93		%	0.89		%
Non-performing assets to total assets ⁽²⁾	0.43		%	0.37		%	0.52		%	0.79		%	0.85		%

_________________________

(1) Includes nonaccrual TDRs of approximately $902,000, $2.8 million, $5.8 million, $3.2 million and $2.5 million at December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

(2) Excludes all loans acquired except for their inclusion in total assets.

There was no interest income on the nonaccrual loans recorded for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

At December 31, 2019, impaired loans, net of government guarantees and acquired loans, were $68.9 million compared to $35.8 million at December 31, 2018. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the underlying collateral on all impaired loans and allocates specific reserves, where appropriate, in order to absorb potential losses if the collateral were ultimately foreclosed.

Allowance for Loan Losses

Overview

The allowance for loan losses is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, which represents management’s best estimate of probable losses that have been incurred within the existing portfolio of loans. The allowance, in the judgment of management, is necessary to reserve for estimated loan losses and risks inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company’s allowance for loan loss methodology includes allowance allocations calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 310-10, Receivables, and allowance allocations calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 450-20, Loss Contingencies. Accordingly, the methodology is based on our internal grading system, specific impairment analysis, qualitative and quantitative factors.

As mentioned above, allocations to the allowance for loan losses are categorized as either specific allocations or general allocations.

Specific Allocations

A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that we will not receive all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan, including scheduled principal and interest payments. For a collateral dependent loan, our evaluation process includes a valuation by appraisal or other collateral analysis. This valuation is compared to the remaining outstanding principal balance of the loan. If a loss is determined to be probable, the loss is included in the allowance for loan losses as a specific allocation. If the loan is not collateral dependent, the measurement of loss is based on the difference between the expected and contractual future cash flows of the loan.

General Allocations

The general allocation is calculated monthly based on management’s assessment of several factors such as (1) historical loss experience based on volumes and types, (2) volume and trends in delinquencies and nonaccruals, (3) lending policies and procedures including those for loan losses, collections and recoveries, (4) national, state and local economic trends and conditions, (5) external factors and pressure from competition, (6) the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff, (7) seasoning of new products obtained and new markets entered through acquisition and (8) other factors and trends that will affect specific loans and categories of loans. We established general allocations for each major loan category. This category also includes allocations to loans which are collectively evaluated for loss such as credit cards, one-to-four family owner occupied residential real estate loans and other consumer loans.

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

In addition to the allowance for loan losses, we have established a reserve for unfunded commitments, classified in other liabilities. This reserve is maintained at a level sufficient to absorb losses arising from unfunded loan commitments. The reserve for unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $8.4 million and $6.9 million, respectively. The adequacy of the reserve for unfunded commitments is determined monthly based on methodology similar to our methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses. Net adjustments to the reserve for unfunded commitments are included in other non-interest expense.

Our methodology and calculations regarding the reserve for unfunded commitments will change significantly due to a change in accounting guidance in 2020. See Note 20, New Accounting Standards, in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information regarding implementation and adoption of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.

An analysis of the allowance for loan losses for the last five years is shown in Table 11.

Table 11: Allowance for Loan Losses



(Dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Balance, beginning of year	$	56,599		$	41,668		$	36,286		$	31,351		$	29,028
Loans charged off:
Credit card	4,585			4,051			3,905			3,195			3,107
Other consumer	4,894			6,637			3,767			1,975			1,672
Real estate	2,319			5,905			7,989			7,517			1,580
Commercial	22,023			6,623			7,837			3,956			1,415
Total loans charged off	33,821			23,216			23,498			16,643			7,774
Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
Credit card	1,021			1,005			1,021			907			890
Other consumer	2,357			557			2,239			516			538
Real estate	496			991			990			351			203
Commercial	372			745			103			365			180
Total recoveries	4,246			3,298			4,353			2,139			1,811
Net loans charged off	29,575			19,918			19,145			14,504			5,963
Provision for loan losses ⁽¹⁾	40,776			34,849			24,527			19,439			8,286
Balance, end of year ⁽²⁾	$	67,800		$	56,599		$	41,668		$	36,286		$	31,351

Net charge-offs to average loans⁽³⁾	0.31		%	0.29		%	0.35		%	0.40		%	0.24		%
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans ⁽³⁾	0.70		%	0.67		%	0.73		%	0.84		%	0.97		%
Allowance for loan losses to net charge-offs ⁽³⁾	229.25		%	284.16		%	217.64		%	250.18		%	525.76		%

_________________________

(1) Provision for loan losses of $2,464,000 attributable to loans acquired, was excluded from this table for 2019 (total 2019 provision for loan losses is $43,240,000), $3,299,000 was excluded from this table for 2018 (total 2018 provision for loan losses is $38,148,000), and $1,866,000 was excluded from this table for 2017 (total 2017 provision for loan losses is $26,393,000). Charge offs of $3,015,000 and recoveries of $900,000 on loans acquired were excluded from this table for 2019 resulting in an ending balance in the allowance related to loans acquired of $444,000. There were $3,622,000 in charge-offs for loans acquired during 2018 resulting in an ending balance in the allowance related to loans acquired of $95,000. There were $2,402,000 in charge-offs for loans acquired during 2017 resulting in an ending balance in the allowance related to loans acquired of $418,000. Provision for loan losses of $626,000 attributable to loans acquired was excluded from this table for 2016 (total 2016 provision for loan losses was $20,065,000) and $736,000 was excluded from this table for 2015 (total 2015 provision for loan losses is $9,022,000). The $626,000 and $736,000 was subsequently charged-off, resulting in no increase in the allowance related to loans acquired in the years 2016 and 2015.

(2) Allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 includes $444,000, $95,000, and $418,000, respectively, of allowance for loans acquired (not shown in the table above) and $954,000 at December 31, 2016 and 2015 of allowance for loans acquired (not shown in the table above). The total allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015 was $68,244,000, $56,694,000, $42,086,000, $37,240,000, and $32,305,000, respectively.

(3) Excludes all acquired loans.

Provision for Loan Losses

The amount of provision added to the allowance each year was based on management’s judgment, with consideration given to the composition of the portfolio, historical loan loss experience, assessment of current economic conditions, past due and non-performing loans and net loss experience. It is management’s practice to review the allowance on a monthly basis, and after considering the factors previously noted, to determine the level of provision made to the allowance.

Allowance for Loan Losses Allocation

The Company may also consider additional qualitative factors in future periods for allowance allocations, including, among other factors, (1) seasoning of the loan portfolio, (2) the offering of new loan products, (3) specific industry conditions affecting portfolio segments and (4) the Company’s expansion into new markets.

As of December 31, 2019, the allowance for loan losses reflects an increase of approximately $11.2 million from December 31, 2018, while total loans, excluding loans acquired, increased by $1.2 billion over the same period. The allocation in each category within the allowance generally reflects the overall changes in the loan portfolio mix.

The following table sets forth the sum of the amounts of the allowance for loan losses attributable to individual loans within each category, or loan categories in general. The table also reflects the percentage of loans in each category to the total loan portfolio, excluding loans acquired, for each of the periods indicated. These allowance amounts have been computed using the Company’s internal grading system, specific impairment analysis, qualitative and quantitative factor allocations. The amounts shown are not necessarily indicative of the actual future losses that may occur within individual categories.

Table 12: Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses



	December 31,
	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
(Dollars in thousands)	Allowance Amount		% of loans⁽¹⁾	Allowance Amount		% of loans⁽¹⁾	Allowance Amount		% of loans⁽¹⁾	Allowance Amount		% of loans⁽¹⁾	Allowance Amount		% of loans⁽¹⁾
Credit cards	$	4,051	2.1%	$	3,923	2.4%	$	3,784	3.2%	$	3,779	4.3%	$	3,893	5.5%
Other consumer	1,998		2.0%	2,380		2.4%	3,489		4.9%	2,796		7.0%	1,853		6.4%
Real estate	38,717		71.5%	29,743		70.8%	27,281		74.3%	21,817		70.0%	19,522		67.9%
Commercial	22,863		21.5%	20,514		23.0%	7,007		17.1%	7,739		18.2%	5,985		20.0%
Other	171		2.9%	39		1.4%	107		0.5%	155		0.5%	98		0.2%
Total ⁽²⁾	$	67,800	100.0%	$	56,599	100.0%	$	41,668	100.0%	$	36,286	100.0%	$	31,351	100.0%

_________________________

(1) Percentage of loans in each category to total loans, excluding loans acquired.

Investments and Securities

Our securities portfolio is the second largest component of earning assets and provides a significant source of revenue. Securities within the portfolio are classified as either held-to-maturity, available-for-sale or trading.

Held-to-maturity securities, which include any security for which management has the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are carried at historical cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted, respectively, to interest income using the constant yield method over the period to maturity. Interest and dividends on investments in debt and equity securities are included in income when earned.

Available-for-sale securities, which include any security for which management has no immediate plans to sell, but which may be sold in the future, are carried at fair value. Realized gains and losses, based on amortized cost of the specific security, are included in other income. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded, net of related income tax effects, in stockholders’ equity. Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted, respectively, to interest income, using the constant yield method over the period to maturity. Interest and dividends on investments in debt and equity securities are included in income when earned.

Our philosophy regarding investments is conservative based on investment type and maturity. Investments in the portfolio primarily include U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. Government agencies, mortgage-backed securities and municipal securities. Our general policy is not to invest in derivative type investments or high-risk securities, except for collateralized mortgage-backed securities for which collection of principal and interest is not subordinated to significant superior rights held by others.

Held-to-maturity and available-for-sale investment securities were $40.9 million and $3.5 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2019, compared to the held-to-maturity amount of $289.2 million and available-for-sale amount of $2.2 billion at December 31, 2018.

As of December 31, 2019, $644.0 million, or 18.6%, of the available-for-sale securities were in U.S. Treasury and U.S. Government agency securities, 78.8% of which will mature in less than five years.

In order to reduce our income tax burden, $907.6 million, or 26.0%, of our total investment portfolio as of December 31, 2019, was invested in tax-exempt obligations of state and political subdivisions. A portion of the state and political subdivision debt obligations are rated bonds, primarily issued in states in which we are located, and are evaluated on an ongoing basis. There are no securities of any one state or political subdivision issuer exceeding ten percent of our stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2019.

We had approximately $1.8 billion, or 50.2%, of our total portfolio invested in mortgaged-backed securities at December 31, 2019. Investments with limited marketability, such as stock in the FRB and the Federal Home Loan Bank, are carried at cost and are reported as other available for sale securities.

We had $13.3 million of gross realized gains and $4,000 of gross realized losses from the sale of securities during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $65,000 of gross realized gains and $4,000 of gross realized losses from the sale of securities during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Declines in the fair value of held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities below their cost that are deemed to be other than temporary are reflected in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers, among other things, (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (ii) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and (iii) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

Management has the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as held to maturity until they mature, at which time we expect to receive full value for the securities. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than the amortized cost bases of the investments. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2019, management also had the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as available-for-sale for a period of time sufficient for a recovery of cost. The unrealized losses are largely due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2019, management believes the impairments detailed in the table below are temporary. Should the impairment of any of these securities become other than temporary, the cost basis of the investment will be reduced and the resulting loss recognized in net income in the period the other-than-temporary impairment is identified.

Table 13 presents the carrying value and fair value of investment securities for each of the years indicated.

Table 13: Investment Securities



	Years Ended December 31,
	2019									2018
	Amortized		Gross Unrealized		Gross Unrealized			Estimated Fair		Amortized		Gross Unrealized		Gross Unrealized			Estimated Fair
(In thousands)	Cost		Gains		(Losses)			Value		Cost		Gains		(Losses)			Value
Held-to-Maturity
U.S. Government agencies	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	16,990	$	—	$	(49	)	$	16,941
Mortgage-backed securities	10,796		71		(59		)	10,808		13,346		5		(412		)	12,939
State and political subdivisions	27,082		849		—			27,931		256,863		3,029		(954		)	258,938
Other securities	3,049		67		—			3,116		1,995		17		—			2,012
Total HTM	$	40,927	$	987	$	(59	)	$	41,855	$	289,194	$	3,051	$	(1,415	)	$	290,830

Available-for-Sale
U.S. Treasury	$	449,729	$	112	$	(112	)	$	449,729	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—
U.S. Government agencies	194,207		1,313		(1,271		)	194,249		157,523		518		(3,740		)	154,301
Mortgage-backed securities	1,738,584		8,510		(4,149		)	1,742,945		1,552,487		3,097		(32,684		)	1,522,900
State and political subdivisions	860,539		20,983		(998		)	880,524		320,142		171		(5,470		)	314,843
Other securities	185,087		822		(18		)	185,891		157,471		2,251		(14		)	159,708
Total AFS	$	3,428,146	$	31,740	$	(6,548	)	$	3,453,338	$	2,187,623	$	6,037	$	(41,908	)	$	2,151,752

Table 14 reflects the amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities at December 31, 2019, by contractual maturity and the weighted average yields (for tax-exempt obligations on a fully taxable equivalent basis, assuming a 26.135% tax rate) of such securities. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Table 14: Maturity Distribution of Investment Securities



	December 31, 2019
				Over			Over
				1 year			5 years									Total
	1 year			through			through			Over			No fixed			Amortized			Par		Fair
(In thousands)	or less			5 years			10 years			10 years			maturity			Cost			Value		Value
Held-to-Maturity
Mortgage-backed securities	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	10,796		$	10,796		$	10,909	$	10,808
State and political subdivisions	4,897			15,972			6,213			—			—			27,082			26,844		27,931
Other securities	—			—			1,174			1,875			—			3,049			3,075		3,116
Total	$	4,897		$	15,972		$	7,387		$	1,875		$	10,796		$	40,927		$	40,828	$	41,855

Percentage of total	12.0		%	39.0		%	18.0		%	4.6		%	26.4		%	100.0		%

Weighted average yield	2.4		%	2.6		%	5.7		%	1.0		%	2.3		%	3.0		%

Available-for-Sale
U.S. Treasury	$	449,729		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	449,729		$	450,000	$	449,729
U.S. Government agencies	33,053			24,543			25,814			110,797			—			194,207			192,665		194,249
Mortgage-backed securities	—			—			—			—			1,738,584			1,738,584			1,699,947		1,742,945
State and political subdivisions	11,649			48,406			86,126			714,358			—			860,539			840,880		880,524
Other securities	—			—			17,149			—			167,938			185,087			185,511		185,891
Total	$	494,431		$	72,949		$	129,089		$	825,155		$	1,906,522		$	3,428,146		$	3,369,003	$	3,453,338

Percentage of total	14.4		%	2.1		%	3.8		%	24.1		%	55.6		%	100.0		%

Weighted average yield	1.5		%	2.4		%	3.0		%	3.0		%	2.3		%	2.4		%

Deposits

Deposits are our primary source of funding for earning assets and are primarily developed through our network of 251 financial centers. We offer a variety of products designed to attract and retain customers with a continuing focus on developing core deposits. Our core deposits consist of all deposits excluding time deposits of $100,000 or more and brokered deposits. As of December 31, 2019, core deposits comprised 80.0% of our total deposits.

We continually monitor the funding requirements along with competitive interest rates in the markets we serve. Because of our community banking philosophy, our executives in the local markets, with oversight by the Asset Liability Committee and the Bank’s Treasury Department, establish the interest rates offered on both core and non-core deposits. This approach ensures that the interest rates being paid are competitively priced for each particular deposit product and structured to meet the funding requirements. We believe we are paying a competitive rate when compared with pricing in those markets.

We manage our interest expense through deposit pricing. We believe that additional funds can be attracted and deposit growth can be accelerated through deposit pricing if we experience increased loan demand or other liquidity needs. We can also utilize brokered deposits as an additional source of funding to meet liquidity needs. We are continually monitoring and looking for opportunities to fairly reprice our deposits while remaining competitive in this current challenging rate environment.

Our total deposits as of December 31, 2019, were $16.1 billion, an increase of $3.71 billion from December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily due to the 2019 acquisitions; however, we also achieved organic core deposit growth during 2019. This core deposit growth was partially offset by a $684.3 million decrease in our brokered and institutional deposits during the year. Non-interest bearing transaction accounts, interest bearing transaction accounts and savings accounts totaled $12.8 billion at December 31, 2019, compared to $9.5 billion at December 31, 2018, a $3.3 billion increase. Total time deposits increased $380.8 million to $3.3 billion at December 31, 2019, from $2.9 billion at December 31, 2018. We had $1.1 billion and $1.4 billion of brokered deposits at December 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Table 15 reflects the classification of the average deposits and the average rate paid on each deposit category which is in excess of 10 percent of average total deposits for the three years ended December 31, 2019.

Table 15: Average Deposit Balances and Rates



	December 31,
	2019				2018				2017
(In thousands)	Average Amount		Average Rate Paid		Average Amount		Average Rate Paid		Average Amount		Average Rate Paid
Non-interest bearing transaction accounts	$	3,021,917	—	%	$	2,697,235	—	%	$	1,788,385	—	%
Interest bearing transaction and savings deposits	7,417,104		1.08	%	6,691,030		0.85	%	4,594,733		0.39	%
Time deposits
$100,000 or more	1,994,276		2.02	%	1,366,745		1.50	%	650,560		0.72	%
Other time deposits	1,099,818		1.67	%	977,558		1.00	%	780,141		0.64	%
Total	$	13,533,115	1.03	%	$	11,732,568	0.74	%	$	7,813,819	0.36	%

The Company’s maturities of large denomination time deposits at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are presented in Table 16.

Table 16: Maturities of Large Denomination Time Deposits



	Time Certificates of Deposit ($100,000 or more) December 31,
	2019				2018
(In thousands)	Balance		Percent		Balance		Percent
Maturing
Three months or less	$	676,042	31.4	%	$	511,414	35.5	%
Over 3 months to 6 months	427,426		19.9	%	240,056		16.6	%
Over 6 months to 12 months	650,906		30.2	%	407,989		28.3	%
Over 12 months	399,050		18.5	%	283,070		19.6	%
Total	$	2,153,424	100.0	%	$	1,442,529	100.0	%

Fed Funds Purchased and Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase

Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase were $150.1 million at December 31, 2019, as compared to $95.8 million at December 31, 2018.

We have historically funded our growth in earning assets through the use of core deposits, large certificates of deposits from local markets, reciprocal brokered deposits, FHLB borrowings and Federal funds purchased. Management anticipates that these sources will provide necessary funding in the foreseeable future.

Other Borrowings and Subordinated Debentures

Our total debt was $1.69 billion and $1.70 billion at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The outstanding balance for December 31, 2019 includes $1.25 billion in FHLB short-term advances; $12.7 million in FHLB long-term advances; $330.0 million in subordinated notes; $58.3 million of trust preferred securities, other subordinated debt and unamortized debt issuance costs; and $34.9 million of other long-term debt.

All of the FHLB short-term advances outstanding at the end of 2019 are FHLB Owns the Option (“FOTO”) advances that are a low cost, fixed-rate source of funding in return for granting to FHLB the flexibility to choose a termination date earlier than the maturity date. Our FOTO advances outstanding at the end of the year have ten years to fifteen years maturity dates with lockout periods that have expired and, as a result, are considered and monitored as short-term advances. We analyze the possibility of the FHLB exercising the options along with the market expected rate outcome. We also held typical FHLB short-term advances, with original maturities of less than one year, at various times during 2019, as well as in previous years.

A summary of information related to our FHLB short-term advances, including FOTO advances, is presented in Table 17.

Table 17: Short-Term Borrowings



	December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017
Amount outstanding at year-end	$	1,250,000		$	1,330,000		$	1,112,000
Weighted-average interest rate at year-end	1.44		%	2.12		%	1.31		%
Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end during the year	$	1,435,000		$	1,435,000		$	1,112,000
Average amount outstanding during the year	$	1,183,873		$	1,276,685		$	481,362
Weighted-average interest rate for the year	1.89		%	1.75		%	1.04		%

We assumed trust preferred securities and other subordinated debt in an aggregate principal amount, net of discounts, of $33.9 million related to the Landrum acquisition during 2019.

During 2017, we entered into a Revolving Credit Agreement with U.S. Bank National Association and executed an unsecured Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) pursuant to which we may borrow, prepay and reborrow up to $75.0 million, the proceeds of which were primarily used to pay off amounts outstanding under a term note assumed with the First Texas acquisition. In October 2018, we entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement with U.S. Bank National Association, which primarily extended the expiration date to October 2019 and reduced the $75.0 million to $50.0 million. In December 2018, we entered into a Second Amendment to the Credit Agreement that clarified the financial metrics contained in certain affirmative covenants of the Credit Agreement are evaluated on a consolidated basis. All amounts borrowed, together with applicable interest, fees, and other amounts owed by us were due and payable on October 4, 2019. The balance due under the Credit Agreement at December 31, 2018 and the expiration date was zero. We did not renew the Credit Agreement upon the expiration date in October 2019.

In March 2018, we issued $330.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.00% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (“Notes”) at a public offering price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes. The Company incurred $3.6 million in debt issuance costs related to the offering. The Notes will mature on April 1, 2028 and will be subordinated in right of payment to the payment of our other existing and future senior indebtedness, including all our general creditors. The Notes are obligations of the Company only and are not obligations of, and are not guaranteed by, any of its subsidiaries.

During 2018, the Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the sale of the Notes to repay certain outstanding indebtedness, including the amounts borrowed under the Credit Agreement and the unsecured debt from correspondent banks. During 2018, we repaid the $75.0 million outstanding balance on the Credit Agreement, $43.3 million in notes payable, $94.9 million in trust preferred securities and $19.1 million in subordinated debt acquired from First Texas.

Aggregate annual maturities of debt at December 31, 2019 are presented in table 18.

Table 18: Maturities of Debt



		Annual
(In thousands)	Year	Maturities
	2020	$	1,253,299
	2021	3,016
	2022	2,187
	2023	2,366
	2024	2,446
	Thereafter	422,545
	Total	$	1,685,859

Capital

Overview

At December 31, 2019, total capital reached $2.99 billion. Capital represents shareholder ownership in the Company – the book value of assets in excess of liabilities. At December 31, 2019, our common equity to asset ratio was 14.06% compared to 13.58% at year-end 2018.

Capital Stock

On February 27, 2009, at a special meeting, our shareholders approved an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation to establish 40,040,000 authorized shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value. The aggregate liquidation preference of all shares of preferred stock cannot exceed $80,000,000.

On February 12, 2019, the Company filed its Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (“February Amended Articles”) with the Arkansas Secretary of State. The February Amended Articles classified and designated three series of preferred stock out of the Corporation’s authorized preferred stock: Series A Preferred Stock, Par Value $0.01 Per Share (having 40,000 authorized shares); Series B Preferred Stock, Par Value $0.01 Per Share (having 2,000.02 authorized shares); and 7% Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock, Par Value $0.01 Per Share, Series C (having 140 authorized shares).

On October 29, 2019, we filed our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (“October Amended Articles”) with the Arkansas Secretary of State. The October Amended Articles classified and designated Series D Preferred Stock, Par Value $0.01 Per Share, out of our authorized preferred stock. The October Amended Articles also canceled our 7% Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock, Par Value $0.01 Per Share, Series C Preferred Stock, of which no shares were ever issued or outstanding.

On January 18, 2018, our Board of Directors approved a two-for-one stock split of the Company’s outstanding Class A common stock, $0.01 par value (“Common Stock”), in the form of a 100% stock dividend for shareholders of record as of the close of business on January 30, 2018. The new shares were distributed by our transfer agent, Computershare, and our common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on February 9, 2018. All previously reported share and per share data included in filings subsequent to February 8, 2018 are restated to reflect the retroactive effect of this two-for-one stock split.

On March 19, 2018, we filed a shelf registration with the SEC. The shelf registration statement provides increased flexibility and more efficient access to raise capital from time to time through the sale of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depository shares, warrants, purchase contracts, purchase units, subscription rights, units or a combination thereof, subject to market conditions. Specific terms and prices are determined at the time of any offering under a separate prospectus supplement that we are required to file with the SEC at the time of the specific offering.

On April 19, 2018, shareholders of the Company approved an increase in the number of authorized shares of Common Stock from 120,000,000 to 175,000,000.

Stock Repurchase

On July 23, 2012, the Company approved a stock repurchase program which authorized the repurchase of up to 1,700,000 shares (split adjusted) of common stock (“2012 Program”). On October 22, 2019, the Company announced a new stock repurchase program (the “Program”), under which we may repurchase up to $60,000,000 of our Class A common stock currently issued and outstanding. The Program will terminate on October 31, 2021 (unless terminated sooner) and replaced the 2012 Program.

Under the Program, we may repurchase shares of our common stock through open market and privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The timing, pricing, and amount of any repurchases under the Program will be determined by the Company’s management at its discretion based on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, trading volume and market price of the Company’s common stock, corporate considerations, the Company’s working capital and investment requirements, general market and economic conditions, and legal requirements. The Program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any common stock and may be modified, discontinued, or suspended at any time without prior notice. We anticipate funding for this Program to come from available sources of liquidity, including cash on hand and future cash flow.

During 2019, we repurchased 390,000 shares at an average price of $25.97 under the Program. We had no stock repurchases during 2018.

Cash Dividends

We declared cash dividends on our common stock of $0.64 per share for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, compared to $0.60 per share for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018. The timing and amount of future dividends are at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our consolidated earnings, financial condition, liquidity and capital requirements, the amount of cash dividends paid to us by our subsidiaries, applicable government regulations and policies and other factors considered relevant by our Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors anticipates that we will continue to pay quarterly dividends in amounts determined based on the factors discussed above. However, there can be no assurance that we will continue to pay dividends on our common stock at the current levels or at all. See Item 5, Market for Registrant’s Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters, for additional information regarding cash dividends.

Parent Company Liquidity

The primary liquidity needs of the Parent Company are the payment of dividends to shareholders, the funding of debt obligations and cash needs for acquisitions. The primary sources for meeting these liquidity needs are the current cash on hand at the parent company and the future dividends received from Simmons Bank. Payment of dividends by Simmons Bank is subject to various regulatory limitations. The Company continually assesses its capital and liquidity needs and the best way to meet them, including, without limitation, through capital raising in the market via stock or debt offerings. See Item 7A, Liquidity and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, for additional information regarding the parent company’s liquidity.

Risk-Based Capital

Our bank subsidiary is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Our capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require us to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total, Tier 1 and common equity Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined) and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). Management believes that, as of December 31, 2019, we meet all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject.

As of the most recent notification from regulatory agencies, each subsidiary was well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized, the Company and the subsidiary bank must maintain minimum total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, common equity Tier 1 risk-based and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the table. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the institutions’ categories.

Our risk-based capital ratios at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are presented in Table 19 below:

Table 19: Risk-Based Capital



	December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2019			2018
Tier 1 capital:
Stockholders’ equity	$	2,988,924		$	2,246,434
Goodwill and other intangible assets	(1,160,079		)	(912,428		)
Unrealized (gain) loss on available-for-sale securities, net of income taxes	(20,891		)	27,374
Total Tier 1 capital	1,807,954			1,361,380
Tier 2 capital:
Trust preferred securities and subordinated debt	388,260			353,950
Qualifying allowance for loan losses	76,644			63,608
Total Tier 2 capital	464,904			417,558
Total risk-based capital	$	2,272,858		$	1,778,938

Risk weighted assets	$	16,554,081		$	13,326,832

Assets for leverage ratio	$	18,852,798		$	15,512,042

Ratios at end of year:
Common equity Tier 1 ratio (CET1)	10.92		%	10.22		%
Tier 1 leverage ratio	9.59		%	8.78		%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio	10.92		%	10.22		%
Total risk-based capital ratio	13.73		%	13.35		%
Minimum guidelines:
Common equity Tier 1 ratio (CET1)	4.50		%	4.50		%
Tier 1 leverage ratio	4.00		%	4.00		%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio	6.00		%	6.00		%
Total risk-based capital ratio	8.00		%	8.00		%

Regulatory Capital Changes

In July 2013, the Company’s primary federal regulator, the Federal Reserve, published final rules (the “Basel III Capital Rules”) establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banks. The rules implement the Basel Committee’s December 2010 framework known as “Basel III” for strengthening international capital standards. The Basel III Capital Rules introduced substantial revisions to the risk-based capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and depository institutions.

The Basel III Capital Rules define the components of capital and address other issues affecting the numerator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios. The rules also address risk weights and other issues affecting the denominator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios and replace the existing risk-weighting approach with a more risk-sensitive approach.

The Basel III Capital Rules expanded the risk-weighting categories from four Basel I-derived categories (0%, 20%, 50% and 100%) to a much larger and more risk-sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets, generally ranging from 0% for U.S. government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures, and resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset categories, including many residential mortgages and certain commercial real estate.

The final rules included a new common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of 4.5% and a common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets. The rules also raised the minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets from 4.0% to 6.0% and require a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0%. The Basel III Capital Rules became effective for the Company and its subsidiary bank on January 1, 2015, with full compliance with all of the final rule’s requirements on January 1, 2019.

Prior to December 31, 2017, Tier 1 capital included common equity Tier 1 capital and certain additional Tier 1 items as provided under the Basel III Capital Rules. The Tier 1 capital for the Company consisted of common equity Tier 1 capital and trust preferred

securities. The Basel III Capital Rules include certain provisions that require trust preferred securities to be phased out of qualifying Tier 1 capital when assets surpass $15 billion. As of December 31, 2017, the Company exceeded $15 billion in total assets and the grandfather provisions applicable to its trust preferred securities no longer apply and trust preferred securities are no longer included as Tier 1 capital. Trust preferred securities and qualifying subordinated debt of $388.3 million is included as Tier 2 and total capital as of December 31, 2019.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into a number of financial commitments. Examples of these commitments at December 31, 2019, include but are not limited to long-term debt financing, operating lease obligations, unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit.

Our long-term debt at December 31, 2019, includes subordinated debt, notes payable and FHLB advances, all of which we are contractually obligated to repay in future periods.

Beginning January 1, 2019, the Company recognizes all leases under ASC Topic 842, Leases, that requires lessees to record assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases with a lease term of 12 months or longer. See Note 7, Right-of-Use Lease Assets and Lease Liabilities and Note 20, New Accounting Standards, for additional information regarding our operating leases and the impact of adoption of the new lease accounting standard.

Commitments to extend credit and letters of credit are legally binding, conditional agreements generally having fixed expiration or termination dates. These commitments generally require customers to maintain certain credit standards and are established based on management’s credit assessment of the customer. The commitments may expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total commitment does not necessarily represent future funding requirements.

The funding requirements of the Company’s most significant financial commitments at December 31, 2019 are shown in Table 20.

Table 20: Funding Requirements of Financial Commitments



	Payments due by period
	Less than		1-3		3-5		Greater than
(In thousands)	1 Year		Years		Years		5 Years		Total
Long-term debt	$	3,299	$	5,203	$	4,812	$	422,545	$	435,859
Undiscounted minimum lease payments	10,071		15,489		8,581		13,659		47,800
Credit card loan commitments	634,788		—		—		—		634,788
Other loan commitments	3,991,931		—		—		—		3,991,931
Letters of credit	71,074		—		—		—		71,074

GAAP Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The tables below present computations of core earnings (net income excluding non-core items {merger-related costs, early retirement program costs, one-time costs of branch right sizing, accelerated vesting on retirement agreements, gain on sale of banking operations, gain from early retirement of trust preferred securities, gain on sale of insurance lines of business, loss on FDIC loss-share termination, 2017 donation to the Simmons First Foundation and the one-time deferred income tax adjustment from tax reform}) and core diluted earnings per share (non-GAAP) as well as a reconciliation of tangible book value per share (non-GAAP), tangible common equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP), core return on average assets (non-GAAP), return on tangible common equity (non-GAAP), core return on average common equity (non-GAAP), core return on tangible common equity (non-GAAP), the core net interest margin (non-GAAP) and efficiency ratio (non-GAAP). Non-core items are included in financial results presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

We believe the exclusion of these non-core items in expressing earnings and certain other financial measures, including “core earnings,” provides a meaningful basis for period-to-period and company-to-company comparisons, which management believes will assist investors and analysts in analyzing the core financial measures of the Company and predicting future performance. These non-GAAP financial measures are also used by management to assess the performance of the Company’s business because management does not consider these non-core items to be relevant to ongoing financial performance. Management and the Board of Directors utilize “core earnings” (non-GAAP) for the following purposes:

• Preparation of the Company’s operating budgets

• Monthly financial performance reporting

• Monthly “flash” reporting of consolidated results (management only)

• Investor presentations of Company performance

We believe the presentation of “core earnings” on a diluted per share basis, “core diluted earnings per share” (non-GAAP) and core net interest margin (non-GAAP), provides a meaningful basis for period-to-period and company-to-company comparisons, which management believes will assist investors and analysts in analyzing the core financial measures of the Company and predicting future performance. These non-GAAP financial measures are also used by management to assess the performance of the Company’s business, because management does not consider these non-core items to be relevant to ongoing financial performance on a per share basis. Management and the Board of Directors utilize “core diluted earnings per share” (non-GAAP) for the following purposes:

• Calculation of annual performance-based incentives for certain executives

• Calculation of long-term performance-based incentives for certain executives

• Investor presentations of Company performance

We have $1.2 billion and $937.0 million total goodwill and other intangible assets for the periods ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Because our acquisition strategy has resulted in a high level of intangible assets, management believes a useful calculation is return on tangible equity (non-GAAP).

We believe that presenting these non-GAAP financial measures will permit investors and analysts to assess the performance of the Company on the same basis as that is applied by management and the Board of Directors.

Non-GAAP financial measures have inherent limitations, are not required to be uniformly applied and are not audited. To mitigate these limitations, we have procedures in place to identify and approve each item that qualifies as non-core to ensure that the Company’s “core” results are properly reflected for period-to-period comparisons. Although these non-GAAP financial measures are frequently used by stakeholders in the evaluation of a company, they have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analyses of results as reported under GAAP. In particular, a measure of earnings that excludes non-core items does not represent the amount that effectively accrues directly to stockholders (i.e., non-core items are included in earnings and stockholders’ equity). Additionally, similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies may not be computed in the same or similar fashion.

All per share data has been restated to reflect the retroactive effect of the two-for-one stock split which occurred during February 2018.

During 2019, non-core items consisted of $36.4 million of merger-related costs, related to the Landrum and Reliance acquisitions, and $3.5 million in early retirement program expenses. In addition, we had non-core branch right sizing costs of $3.1 million, primarily related to the relocation of the Little Rock corporate offices. The net after-tax impact of these items was $31.7 million, or $0.32 per diluted earnings per share.

During 2018, non-core items included $6.1 million of merger-related and branch right sizing costs. The net after-tax impact of these items was $4.5 million, or $0.05 per diluted earnings per share.

During 2017, non-core items included $22.1 million of merger-related and branch right sizing costs, a one-time non-cash charge of $11.5 million from the revaluation of the deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of the tax reform signed into law, as previously discussed, a $5.0 million donation to the Simmons First Foundation and a $3.7 million gain on the sale of our property and casualty insurance business lines. The net after-tax impact of these items was $26.1 million, or $0.37 per diluted earnings per share.

During 2016, we recorded after-tax merger-related costs of $2.9 million, primarily related to the Citizens acquisition, resulting in a nonrecurring charge of $0.05 to diluted earnings per share and $2.0 million in after-tax branch-right sizing costs in relation to the closure of ten underperforming branches, resulting in a nonrecurring charge of $0.04 to diluted earnings per share. Also during 2016, we recognized $361,000 in net after-tax gains from the early retirement of trust preferred securities.

During 2015, we recorded after-tax merger-related costs of $8.4 million, primarily related to the Community First, Liberty and Ozark Trust acquisitions, resulting in a nonrecurring charge of $0.15 to diluted earnings per share. During the second quarter of 2015, we incurred $1.9 million in after-tax branch right sizing costs in relation to the closure of twelve underperforming branches, resulting in a nonrecurring charge of $0.04 to diluted earnings per share. Also during 2015, we recognized $1.3 million in net after-tax gains from the sale of our Salina banking operations contributing $0.02 to diluted earnings per share.

During the third quarter of 2015, we terminated the loss-share agreements with the FDIC and incurred $4.5 million after tax one-time charge expense which resulted in a decrease of $0.08 to diluted earnings per share. We incurred after-tax costs of $1.3 million for the accelerated vesting of retirement agreements during the year, resulting in a nonrecurring charge of $0.03 to diluted earnings per share.

See Table 21 below for the reconciliation of core earnings, which exclude non-core items for the periods presented.

Table 21: Reconciliation of Core Earnings (non-GAAP)



(In thousands, except per share data)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Twelve months ended

Net Income Available to Common Stockholders	$	237,828		$	215,713		$	92,940		$	96,790		$	74,107
Non-core items:
Accelerated vesting on retirement agreements	—			—			—			—			2,209
Gain on sale of banking operations	—			—			—			—			(2,110		)
Gain from early retirement of trust preferred securities	—			—			—			(594		)	—
Gain on sale of insurance lines of business	—			—			(3,708		)	—			—
Loss on FDIC loss-share termination	—			—			—			—			7,476
Donation to Simmons First Foundation	—			—			5,000			—			—
Merger related costs	36,379			4,777			21,923			4,835			13,760
Early retirement program	3,464			—			—			—			—
Branch right sizing	3,129			1,341			169			3,359			3,144
Tax effect ⁽¹⁾	(11,234		)	(1,598		)	(8,746		)	(2,981		)	(8,964		)
Net non-core items (before SAB 118 adjustment)	31,738			4,520			14,638			4,619			15,515
SAB 118 adjustment ⁽²⁾	—			—			11,471			—			—
Core earnings (non-GAAP)	$	269,566		$	220,233		$	119,049		$	101,409		$	89,622

Diluted earnings per share	$	2.41		$	2.32		$	1.33		$	1.56		$	1.31
Non-core items:
Accelerated vesting on retirement agreements	—			—			—			—			0.04
Gain on sale of banking operations	—			—			—			—			(0.04		)
Gain from early retirement of trust preferred securities	—			—			—			(0.01		)	—
Gain on sale of insurance lines of business	—			—			(0.04		)	—			—
Loss on FDIC loss-share termination	—			—			—			—			0.14
Donation to Simmons First Foundation	—			—			0.07			—			—
Merger related costs	0.37			0.05			0.31			0.08			0.25
Early retirement program	0.03			—			—			—			—
Branch right sizing	0.03			0.02			—			0.06			0.06
Tax effect ⁽¹⁾	(0.11		)	(0.02		)	(0.13		)	(0.05		)	(0.17		)
Net non-core items (before SAB 118 adjustment)	0.32			0.05			0.21			0.08			0.28
SAB 118 adjustment ⁽²⁾	—			—			0.16			—			—
Core diluted earnings per share (non-GAAP)	$	2.73		$	2.37		$	1.70		$	1.64		$	1.59

_________________________

(1) Effective tax rate of 26.135% for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018 and 39.225% for periods prior to 2018 adjusted for non-deductible merger-related costs and deferred tax items on the sale of the insurance lines of business.

(2) Tax adjustment to revalue deferred tax assets and liabilities to account for the future impact of lower corporate tax rates resulting from the 2017 Act, signed into law on December 22, 2017.

See Table 22 below for the reconciliation of tangible book value per share.

Table 22: Reconciliation of Tangible Book Value per Share (non-GAAP)



(In thousands, except per share data)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Total common stockholders’ equity	$	2,988,157		$	2,246,434		$	2,084,564		$	1,151,111		$	1,046,003
Intangible assets:
Goodwill	(1,055,520		)	(845,687		)	(842,651		)	(348,505		)	(327,686		)
Other intangible assets	(127,340		)	(91,334		)	(106,071		)	(52,959		)	(53,237		)
Total intangibles	(1,182,860		)	(937,021		)	(948,722		)	(401,464		)	(380,923		)
Tangible common stockholders’ equity	$	1,805,297		$	1,309,413		$	1,135,842		$	749,647		$	665,080
Shares of common stock outstanding	113,628,601			92,347,643			92,029,118			62,555,446			60,556,864

Book value per common share	$	26.30		$	24.33		$	22.65		$	18.40		$	17.27

Tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP)	$	15.89		$	14.18		$	12.34		$	11.98		$	10.98

See Table 23 below for the calculation of tangible common equity and the reconciliation of tangible common equity to tangible assets.

Table 23: Reconciliation of Tangible Common Equity and the Ratio of Tangible Common Equity to Tangible Assets (non-GAAP)



(Dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Total common stockholders’ equity	$	2,988,157		$	2,246,434		$	2,084,564		$	1,151,111		$	1,046,003
Intangible assets:
Goodwill	(1,055,520		)	(845,687		)	(842,651		)	(348,505		)	(327,686		)
Other intangible assets	(127,340		)	(91,334		)	(106,071		)	(52,959		)	(53,237		)
Total intangibles	(1,182,860		)	(937,021		)	(948,722		)	(401,464		)	(380,923		)
Tangible common stockholders’ equity	$	1,805,297		$	1,309,413		$	1,135,842		$	749,647		$	665,080

Total assets	$	21,259,143		$	16,543,337		$	15,055,806		$	8,400,056		$	7,559,658
Intangible assets:
Goodwill	(1,055,520		)	(845,687		)	(842,651		)	(348,505		)	(327,686		)
Other intangible assets	(127,340		)	(91,334		)	(106,071		)	(52,959		)	(53,237		)
Total intangibles	(1,182,860		)	(937,021		)	(948,722		)	(401,464		)	(380,923		)
Tangible assets	$	20,076,283		$	15,606,316		$	14,107,084		$	7,998,592		$	7,178,735

Ratio of common equity to assets	14.06		%	13.58		%	13.85		%	13.70		%	13.84		%
Ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP)	8.99		%	8.39		%	8.05		%	9.37		%	9.26		%

See Table 24 below for the calculation of core return on average assets.

Table 24: Calculation of Core Return on Average Assets (non-GAAP)



(Dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Twelve months ended

Net income available to common stockholders	$	237,828		$	215,713		$	92,940		$	96,790		$	74,107
Net non-core items, net of taxes, adjustment	31,738			4,520			26,109			4,619			15,515
Core earnings	$	269,566		$	220,233		$	119,049		$	101,409		$	89,622

Average total assets	$	17,871,748		$	15,771,362		$	10,074,951		$	7,760,233		$	7,164,788

Return on average assets	1.33		%	1.37		%	0.92		%	1.25		%	1.03		%
Core return on average assets (non-GAAP)	1.51		%	1.40		%	1.18		%	1.31		%	1.25		%

See Table 25 below for the calculation of return on tangible common equity.

Table 25: Calculation of Return on Tangible Common Equity (non-GAAP)



(Dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Twelve months ended

Net income available to common stockholders	$	237,828		$	215,713		$	92,940		$	96,790		$	74,107
Amortization of intangibles, net of taxes	8,720			8,132			4,659			3,611			2,972
Total income available to common stockholders	$	246,548		$	223,845		$	97,599		$	100,401		$	77,079

Net non-core items, net of taxes	31,738			4,520			26,109			4,619			15,515
Core earnings	269,566			220,233			119,049			101,409			89,622
Amortization of intangibles, net of taxes	8,720			8,132			4,659			3,611			2,972
Total core income available to common stockholders	$	278,286		$	228,365		$	123,708		$	105,020		$	92,594

Average common stockholders’ equity	$	2,396,024		$	2,157,097		$	1,390,815		$	1,105,775		$	938,521
Average intangible assets:
Goodwill	(921,635		)	(845,308		)	(455,453		)	(332,974		)	(281,133		)
Other intangible assets	(104,000		)	(97,820		)	(68,896		)	(51,710		)	(42,104		)
Total average intangibles	(1,025,635		)	(943,128		)	(524,349		)	(384,684		)	(323,237		)
Average tangible common stockholders’ equity	$	1,370,389		$	1,213,969		$	866,466		$	721,091		$	615,284

Return on average common equity	9.93		%	10.00		%	6.68		%	8.75		%	7.90		%
Return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)	17.99		%	18.44		%	11.26		%	13.92		%	12.53		%
Core return on average common equity (non-GAAP)	11.25		%	10.21		%	8.56		%	9.17		%	9.55		%
Core return on tangible common equity (non-GAAP)	20.31		%	18.81		%	14.28		%	14.56		%	15.05		%

See Table 26 below for the calculation of core net interest margin for the periods presented.

Table 26: Reconciliation of Core Net Interest Margin (non-GAAP)



(Dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Twelve months ended

Net interest income	$	605,275		$	552,552		$	354,930		$	279,206		$	278,595
FTE adjustment	7,322			5,297			7,723			7,722			8,517
Fully tax equivalent net interest income	612,597			557,849			362,653			286,928			287,112
Total accretable yield	(41,244		)	(35,263		)	(27,793		)	(24,257		)	(46,131		)
Core net interest income	$	571,353		$	522,586		$	334,860		$	262,671		$	240,981

Average earning assets	$	15,977,909		$	14,036,614		$	8,908,418		$	6,855,322		$	6,305,966

Net interest margin	3.83		%	3.97		%	4.07		%	4.19		%	4.55		%
Core net interest margin (non-GAAP)	3.58		%	3.72		%	3.76		%	3.83		%	3.82		%

See Table 27 below for the calculation of the efficiency ratio for the periods presented.

Table 27: Calculation of Efficiency Ratio



(Dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Twelve months ended

Non-interest expense	$	461,112		$	392,229		$	312,379		$	255,085		$	256,970
Non-core non-interest expense adjustment	(42,972		)	(6,118		)	(27,357		)	(8,435		)	(18,747		)
Other real estate and foreclosure expense adjustment	(3,282		)	(4,240		)	(3,042		)	(4,389		)	(4,861		)
Amortization of intangibles adjustment	(11,805		)	(11,009		)	(7,666		)	(5,942		)	(4,889		)
Efficiency ratio numerator	$	403,053		$	370,862		$	274,314		$	236,319		$	228,473

Net-interest income	$	605,275		$	552,552		$	354,930		$	279,206		$	278,595
Non-interest income	201,509			143,896			138,765			139,382			94,661
Non-core non-interest income adjustment	—			—			(3,972		)	(835		)	5,731
Fully tax-equivalent adjustment	7,322			5,297			7,723			7,722			8,517
Gain on sale of securities	(13,314		)	(61		)	(1,059		)	(5,848		)	(307		)
Efficiency ratio denominator	$	800,792		$	701,684		$	496,387		$	419,627		$	387,197

Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP)	50.33		%	52.85		%	55.27		%	56.32		%	59.01		%

Quarterly Results

Selected unaudited quarterly financial information for the last eight quarters is shown in Table 28.

Table 28: Quarterly Results



	Quarter
(In thousands, except per share data)	First		Second			Third		Fourth		Total
2019
Interest income	$	179,116	$	196,169		$	197,306	$	214,054	$	786,645
Interest expense	42,090		45,813			47,142		46,325		181,370
Net interest income	137,026		150,356			150,164		167,729		605,275
Provision for loan losses	9,285		7,079			21,973		4,903		43,240
Gain on sale of securities	2,740		2,823			7,374		377		13,314
Non-interest income, net of gain on sale of securities	31,021		36,183			76,401		44,590		188,195
Non-interest expense	101,409		110,743			106,865		142,095		461,112
Net income available to common stockholders	47,695		55,598			81,826		52,709		237,828
Basic earnings per share ⁽¹⁾	0.52		0.58			0.85		0.49		2.42
Diluted earnings per share ⁽¹⁾	0.51		0.58			0.84		0.49		2.41

2018
Interest income	$	157,139	$	166,268		$	178,984	$	178,296	$	680,687
Interest expense	22,173		29,431			36,016		40,515		128,135
Net interest income	134,966		136,837			142,968		137,781		552,552
Provision for loan losses	9,150		9,033			10,345		9,620		38,148
Gain (loss) on sale of securities	6		(7		)	54		8		61
Non-interest income, net of gain (loss) on sale of securities	37,529		38,055			33,671		34,580		143,835
Non-interest expense	98,073		98,507			100,253		95,396		392,229
Net income available to common stockholders	51,312		53,562			55,193		55,646		215,713
Basic earnings per share⁽¹⁾	0.56		0.58			0.60		0.60		2.34
Diluted earnings per share ⁽¹⁾	0.55		0.58			0.59		0.60		2.32

_________________________

(1) EPS are computed independently for each quarter and therefore the sum of each quarterly EPS may not equal the year-to-date EPS. As a result of the large stock issuances as part of the Company’s acquisitions, the computed independent quarterly average common shares outstanding and the computed year-to-date average common shares may differ significantly. The difference is based on the direct result of the varying denominator for each period presented.


ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Liquidity and Market Risk Management

Parent Company

The Company has leveraged its investment in its subsidiary bank and depends upon the dividends paid to it, as the sole shareholder of the subsidiary bank, as a principal source of funds for dividends to shareholders, stock repurchases and debt service requirements. At December 31, 2019, undivided profits of Simmons Bank were approximately $702.1 million, of which approximately $160.2 million was available for the payment of dividends to the Company without regulatory approval. In addition to dividends, other sources of liquidity for the Company are the sale of equity securities and the borrowing of funds.

Subsidiary Bank

Generally speaking, the Company’s subsidiary bank relies upon net inflows of cash from financing activities, supplemented by net inflows of cash from operating activities, to provide cash used in investing activities. Typical of most banking companies, significant financing activities include: deposit gathering; use of short-term borrowing facilities, such as federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements; and the issuance of long-term debt. The subsidiary bank’s primary investing activities include loan originations and purchases of investment securities, offset by loan payoffs and investment cash flows and maturities.

Liquidity represents an institution’s ability to provide funds to satisfy demands from depositors and borrowers by either converting assets into cash or accessing new or existing sources of incremental funds. A major responsibility of management is to maximize net interest income within prudent liquidity constraints. Internal corporate guidelines have been established to constantly measure liquid assets as well as relevant ratios concerning earning asset levels and purchased funds. The management and Board of Directors of the subsidiary bank monitor these same indicators and makes adjustments as needed. At December 31, 2019, the subsidiary bank and total corporate liquidity remain strong.

Liquidity Management

The objective of our liquidity management is to access adequate sources of funding to ensure that cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers are met in an orderly and timely manner. Sources of liquidity are managed so that reliance on any one funding source is kept to a minimum. Our liquidity sources are prioritized for both availability and time to activation.

Our liquidity is a primary consideration in determining funding needs and is an integral part of asset/liability management. Pricing of the liability side is a major component of interest margin and spread management. Adequate liquidity is a necessity in addressing this critical task. There are seven primary and secondary sources of liquidity available to the Company. The particular liquidity need and timeframe determine the use of these sources.

The first source of liquidity available to the Company is federal funds. Federal funds are available on a daily basis and are used to meet the normal fluctuations of a dynamic balance sheet. Simmons Bank has approximately $415.0 million in Federal funds lines of credit from upstream correspondent banks that can be accessed, when needed. In order to ensure availability of these upstream funds we test these borrowing lines at least annually. Historical monitoring of these funds has made it possible for us to project seasonal fluctuations and structure our funding requirements on a month-to-month basis.

Second, Simmons Bank has lines of credit available with the Federal Home Loan Bank. While we use portions of those lines to match off longer-term mortgage loans, we also use those lines to meet liquidity needs. Approximately $3.2 billion of these lines of credit are currently available, if needed, for liquidity.

A third source of liquidity is that we have the ability to access large wholesale deposits from both the public and private sector to fund short-term liquidity needs.

A fourth source of liquidity is the retail deposits available through our network of financial centers throughout Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Although this method can be a somewhat more expensive alternative to supplying liquidity, this source can be used to meet intermediate term liquidity needs.

Fifth, we use a laddered investment portfolio that ensures there is a steady source of intermediate term liquidity. These funds can be used to meet seasonal loan patterns and other intermediate term balance sheet fluctuations. Approximately 98.8% of the investment portfolio is classified as available-for-sale. We also use securities held in the securities portfolio to pledge when obtaining public funds.

Sixth, we have a network of downstream correspondent banks from which we can access debt to meet liquidity needs.

Finally, we have the ability to access funds through the Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window.

We believe the various sources available are ample liquidity for short-term, intermediate-term and long-term liquidity.

Market Risk Management

Market risk arises from changes in interest rates. We have risk management policies to monitor and limit exposure to market risk. In asset and liability management activities, policies designed to minimize structural interest rate risk are in place. The measurement of market risk associated with financial instruments is meaningful only when all related and offsetting on- and off-balance-sheet transactions are aggregated, and the resulting net positions are identified.

Interest Rate Sensitivity

Interest rate risk represents the potential impact of interest rate changes on net income and capital resulting from mismatches in repricing opportunities of assets and liabilities over a period of time. A number of tools are used to monitor and manage interest rate risk, including simulation models and interest sensitivity gap analysis. Management uses simulation models to estimate the effects of changing interest rates and various balance sheet strategies on the level of the Company’s net income and capital. As a means of limiting interest rate risk to an acceptable level, management may alter the mix of floating and fixed-rate assets and liabilities, change pricing schedules and manage investment maturities during future security purchases.

The simulation model incorporates management’s assumptions regarding the level of interest rates or balance changes for indeterminate maturity deposits for a given level of market rate changes. These assumptions have been developed through anticipated pricing behavior. Key assumptions in the simulation models include the relative timing of prepayments, cash flows and maturities. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely estimate net interest income or precisely predict the impact of a change in interest rates on net income or capital. Actual results will differ from simulated results due to the timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes and changes in market conditions and management strategies, among other factors.

As of December 31, 2019, the model simulations projected that 100 and 200 basis point increases in interest rates would result in a positive variance in net interest income of 2.37% and 4.95%, respectively, relative to the base case over the next 12 months, while decreases in interest rates of 100 basis points and 200 basis points would result in a negative variance in net interest income of (1.60)% and (3.82)%, respectively, relative to the base case over the next 12 months. These are good faith estimates and assume that the composition of our interest sensitive assets and liabilities existing at each year-end will remain constant over the relevant twelve month measurement period and that changes in market interest rates are instantaneous and sustained across the yield curve regardless of duration of pricing characteristics of specific assets or liabilities. Also, this analysis does not contemplate any actions that we might undertake in response to changes in market interest rates. We believe these estimates are not necessarily indicative of what actually could occur in the event of immediate interest rate increases or decreases of this magnitude. As interest-bearing assets and liabilities reprice in different time frames and proportions to market interest rate movements, various assumptions must be made based on historical relationships of these variables in reaching any conclusion. Since these correlations are based on competitive and market conditions, we anticipate that our future results will likely be different from the foregoing estimates, and such differences could be material.

The table below presents our sensitivity to net interest income at December 31, 2019.

Table 29: Net Interest Income Sensitivity



Interest Rate Scenario	% Change from Base
Up 200 basis points	4.95%
Up 100 basis points	2.37%
Down 100 basis points	(1.60)%
Down 200 basis points	(3.82)%

ITEM 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX



Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	68
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	69
Report on Consolidated Financial Statements	70
Consolidated Balance Sheets, December 31, 2019 and 2018	72
Consolidated Statements of Income, Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	73
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	74
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	75
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	76
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	77



	Note:	Supplementary Data may be found in Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Quarterly Results” on page 64 hereof.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The management of Simmons First National Corporation (the “Company”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of the Company’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Because of inherent limitations, internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Accordingly, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 edition) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). As permitted by Securities and Exchange Commission guidance, management excluded from its assessment the operations of The Landrum Company acquisition made during 2019, which is described in Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The total assets acquired in The Landrum Company acquisition represented approximately 16% of the Company’s total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2019. Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 is effective based on the specified criteria.

BKD, LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, immediately follows.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Audit Committee, Board of Directors and Stockholders

Simmons First National Corporation

Pine Bluff, Arkansas

Opinion on the Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Simmons First National Corporation’s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 edition) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 edition) issued by COSO.

As permitted, the Company excluded the operations of The Landrum Company (Landrum) of Columbia, Missouri, a financial institution acquired on October 31, 2019, which constituted approximately 16% and 3% of total assets and total revenues, respectively, from the scope of management’s report on internal control over financial reporting. As such, Landrum has also been excluded from the scope of our audit of internal control over financial reporting.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated February 27, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying management’s report. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.



	BKD, LLP
	/s/ BKD, LLP

Little Rock, Arkansas

February 27, 2020

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Audit Committee, Board of Directors and Stockholders

Simmons First National Corporation

Pine Bluff, Arkansas

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Simmons First National Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 edition) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated February 27, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses

As more fully described in Note 1 and Note 5 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the allowance for loan losses represents losses that are estimated to have occurred. The allowance for loan losses is based on collectability of the loans in light of historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. The allowance consists of allocated and general components. The allocated component relates to specific allowances on loans that are classified as impaired. The general component relates to loans that are not classified as impaired and is based on historical charge-off experience and the expected loss, given default, derived from the Company's internal risk rating process. Other adjustments have been made to the allowance for pools of loans after an assessment of internal or external influences on credit quality that are not fully reflected in the historical loss or risk rating data. Management discloses that this evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

We identified the valuation of the allowance for loan losses as a critical audit matter. Auditing the allowance for loan losses involves a high degree of subjectivity in evaluating management's estimates, such as evaluating management's assessment of economic conditions and other qualitative or environmental factors, evaluating the adequacy of specific allowances associated with impaired loans or loans acquired that have experienced a deterioration in credit quality post-acquisition, and assessing the appropriateness of loan grades.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

•

Testing the design and operating effectiveness of controls, including those related to technology, over the allowance for loan losses, including data completeness and accuracy, classifications of loans by loan segment, historical loss data, the calculation of loss rates, the establishment of qualitative adjustments, grading and risk classification of loans and establishment of specific reserves on impaired loans, and management’s review and disclosure controls over the allowance for loan losses;


•	Testing of completeness and accuracy of the information utilized in the calculation of the allowance for loan losses


•	Testing the allowance for loan losses model’s computational accuracy;


•	Evaluating the qualitative adjustments to historical loss rates, including assessing the basis for the adjustments and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions;


•	Testing the internal loan review functions and evaluating the accuracy of loan grades, including utilizing our internal loan review professionals to assist us;


•	Assessing the reasonableness of specific allowances on certain impaired loans;


•	Evaluating the overall reasonableness of significant assumptions used by management, considering the past performance of the Company and evaluating trends identified within peer groups;


•	Evaluating the accuracy and completeness of disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

Mergers and Acquisitions

As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company consummated the acquisitions of two bank holding companies during the year ended December 31, 2019, resulting in the expansion of the Company’s operating footprint and additional goodwill of approximately $209.8 million being recognized on the Company’s consolidated statement balance sheet. As part of the acquisitions consummated during the year, management assessed that the acquisitions qualified as business combinations and all identifiable assets and liabilities acquired were valued at fair value as part of the purchase price allocation as of the respective acquisition date. The identification and valuation of such acquired assets and assumed liabilities requires management to exercise significant judgment and consider the use of outside vendors to estimate the fair value allocations.

We identified the consummated acquisitions and the valuation of acquired assets and assumed liabilities as a critical audit matter. Auditing the acquired assets and liabilities and other acquisition-related considerations involved a high degree of subjectivity in evaluating management’s fair value estimates and purchase price allocations, including the use of our internal valuation specialists.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:


•	Assessing management’s application of accounting guidance related to business combinations and management’s determination of whether the transactions were an acquisition of a business as defined within the ASC 805 framework;


•	Assessing the completeness and accuracy of management’s purchase accounting model, including the balance sheet acquired and related fair value purchase price allocations made to identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed;


•	Obtaining and reviewing all significant outside vendor valuation estimates, and challenging management’s review of the appropriateness of the valuations including but not limited to, testing critical inputs, assumptions applied and valuation models utilized by the outside vendors;


•	Assessing the accuracy of the goodwill calculation resulting from the acquisition consummated, which was the difference between the total net consideration paid and the fair value of the net assets acquired;


•	Utilizing internal valuation specialists to assist with testing the related fair value purchase price allocations made to identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed;


•	Reviewing and evaluating the adequacy of the disclosures made in the footnotes of the Company’s SEC filings.



	BKD, LLP
	/s/ BKD, LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1972.

Little Rock, Arkansas

February 27, 2020

Simmons First National Corporation

Consolidated Balance Sheets

December 31, 2019 and 2018



(In thousands, except share data)	2019			2018

ASSETS
Cash and non-interest bearing balances due from banks	$	277,208		$	171,792
Interest bearing balances due from banks and federal funds sold	719,415			661,666
Cash and cash equivalents	996,623			833,458
Interest bearing balances due from banks – time	4,554			4,934
Investment securities:
Held-to-maturity	40,927			289,194
Available-for-sale	3,453,338			2,151,752
Total investments	3,494,265			2,440,946
Mortgage loans held for sale	58,102			26,799
Other assets held for sale	260,332			1,790
Loans:
Legacy loans	9,630,076			8,430,388
Allowance for loan losses	(67,800		)	(56,599		)
Loans acquired, net of discount and allowance	4,795,184			3,292,783
Net loans	14,357,460			11,666,572
Premises and equipment	492,384			295,060
Foreclosed assets and other real estate owned	19,121			25,565
Interest receivable	62,707			49,938
Bank owned life insurance	254,152			193,170
Goodwill	1,055,520			845,687
Other intangible assets	127,340			91,334
Other assets	76,583			68,084
Total assets	$	21,259,143		$	16,543,337

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing transaction accounts	$	3,741,093		$	2,672,405
Interest bearing transaction accounts and savings deposits	9,090,878			6,830,191
Time deposits	3,276,969			2,896,156
Total deposits	16,108,940			12,398,752
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase	150,145			95,792
Other borrowings	1,297,599			1,345,450
Subordinated notes and debentures	388,260			353,950
Other liabilities held for sale	159,853			162
Accrued interest and other liabilities	165,422			102,797
Total liabilities	18,270,219			14,296,903

Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, 40,040,000 shares authorized; Series D, $0.01 par value, $1,000 liquidation value per share; 767 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019	767			—
Common stock, Class A, $0.01 par value; 175,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2019 and 2018; 113,628,601 and 92,347,643 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively	1,136			923
Surplus	2,117,282			1,597,944
Undivided profits	848,848			674,941
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	20,891			(27,374		)
Total stockholders’ equity	2,988,924			2,246,434
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	21,259,143		$	16,543,337

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Simmons First National Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Income

Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017



(In thousands, except per share data)	2019		2018		2017

INTEREST INCOME
Loans	$	710,935	$	616,037	$	352,351
Interest bearing balances due from banks and federal funds sold	7,486		5,996		1,933
Investment securities	66,898		57,318		40,115
Mortgage loans held for sale	1,326		1,336		605
TOTAL INTEREST INCOME	786,645		680,687		395,004

INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits	139,011		87,210		27,756
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase	1,010		423		347
Other borrowings	23,008		23,654		8,621
Subordinated notes and debentures	18,341		16,848		3,350
TOTAL INTEREST EXPENSE	181,370		128,135		40,074

NET INTEREST INCOME	605,275		552,552		354,930
Provision for loan losses	43,240		38,148		26,393

NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR LOAN LOSSES	562,035		514,404		328,537

NON-INTEREST INCOME
Trust income	25,040		23,128		18,570
Service charges on deposit accounts	44,782		42,508		36,079
Other service charges and fees	5,824		7,469		9,919
Mortgage lending income	15,017		9,230		9,708
SBA lending income	2,669		1,813		3,608
Investment banking income	2,313		3,141		2,793
Debit and credit card fees	29,289		32,268		34,258
Bank owned life insurance income	4,768		4,415		3,503
Gain on sale of securities, net	13,314		61		1,059
Other income	58,493		19,863		19,268
TOTAL NON-INTEREST INCOME	201,509		143,896		138,765

NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Salaries and employee benefits	227,795		216,743		154,314
Occupancy expense, net	32,008		29,610		21,159
Furniture and equipment expense	18,220		16,323		19,366
Other real estate and foreclosure expense	3,442		4,480		3,042
Deposit insurance	4,416		8,721		3,696
Merger related costs	36,379		4,777		21,923
Other operating expenses	138,852		111,575		88,879
TOTAL NON-INTEREST EXPENSE	461,112		392,229		312,379

INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES	302,432		266,071		154,923
Provision for income taxes	64,265		50,358		61,983

NET INCOME	238,167		215,713		92,940
Preferred stock dividends	339		—		—
NET INCOME AVAILABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS	$	237,828	$	215,713	$	92,940
BASIC EARNINGS PER SHARE ⁽¹⁾	$	2.42	$	2.34	$	1.34
DILUTED EARNINGS PER SHARE ⁽¹⁾	$	2.41	$	2.32	$	1.33

(1) Per share amounts for the year ended 2017 have been restated to reflect the effect of the two-for-one stock split on February 8, 2018.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Simmons First National Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017



(In thousands)	2019		2018			2017

NET INCOME	$	238,167	$	215,713		$	92,940

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period on available-for-sale securities	76,109		(13,626		)	2,645
Unrealized holding gain on the transfer of held-to-maturity securities to available-for-sale per ASU 2017-12	2,547		—			—
Less: Reclassification adjustment for realized gains included in net income	13,314		61			1,059
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax effect	65,342		(13,687		)	1,586

Less: Tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss)	17,077		(3,577		)	622

TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	48,265		(10,110		)	964

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$	286,432	$	205,603		$	93,904

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Simmons First National Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017



(In thousands)	2019			2018			2017
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income	$	238,167		$	215,713		$	92,940
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	36,257			28,412			21,062
Provision for loan losses	43,240			38,148			26,393
Gain on sale of investments	(13,314		)	(61		)	(1,059		)
Net accretion of investment securities and assets	(53,619		)	(48,684		)	(38,090		)
Net amortization (accretion) on borrowings	394			(380		)	561
Stock-based compensation expense	12,921			9,725			10,681
Gain on sale of premises and equipment held for sale, net of impairment	—			—			(615		)
Gain on sale of foreclosed assets and other real estate owned	(33		)	(650		)	(1,076		)
Gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale	(20,064		)	(12,844		)	(12,186		)
Loss (gain) on sale of loans	4,451			(10		)	(18		)
Gain on sale of Visa, Inc. class B common stock	(42,860		)	—			—
Fair value write-down of closed branches	—			836			325
Deferred income taxes	34,911			8,412			23,251
Gain on sale of insurance lines of business	—			—			(3,708		)
Income from bank owned life insurance	(4,854		)	(5,003		)	(3,503		)
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale	(755,500		)	(546,676		)	(507,907		)
Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans held for sale	756,642			556,759			526,245
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Interest receivable	3,231			(6,227		)	(2,432		)
Assets held in trading accounts	—			—			41
Other assets	42,189			(1,414		)	12,456
Accrued interest and other liabilities	(35,886		)	33,978			(14,194		)
Income taxes payable	20,074			(9,355		)	(14,604		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	266,347			260,679			114,563
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Net collections (originations) of loans	23,806			(912,793		)	(719,219		)
Proceeds from sale of loans	104,587			24,977			20,705
Decrease (increase) in due from banks - time	1,130			(1,620		)	3,233
Purchases of premises and equipment, net	(67,831		)	(29,740		)	(34,216		)
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment	—			—			3,475
Purchases of other real estate owned	—			—			(1,021		)
Proceeds from sale of foreclosed assets and other real estate owned	17,986			27,751			18,255
Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale securities	1,235,030			7,959			679,613
Proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale securities	776,084			258,325			487,717
Purchases of available-for-sale securities	(1,710,483		)	(825,914		)	(854,708		)
Proceeds from maturities of held-to-maturity securities	31,969			80,803			97,494
Purchases of held-to-maturity securities	—			(1,172		)	(860		)
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance death benefits	2,435			1,814			—
Purchases of bank owned life insurance	—			(4,000		)	(143		)
Proceeds from the sale of insurance lines of business	—			—			9,296
Cash received (paid) in business combinations	178,260			—			(48,092		)
Disposition of assets and liabilities held for sale	1,235			(55,211		)	—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	594,208			(1,428,821		)	(338,471		)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net change in deposits	(404,826		)	1,305,877			120,667
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated notes and other borrowings	25,500			326,355			—
Repayments of subordinated debentures and subordinated debt	—			(113,990		)	(3,000		)
Dividends paid on preferred stock	(339		)	—			—
Dividends paid on common stock	(63,921		)	(55,646		)	(35,116		)
Net change in other borrowed funds	(240,806		)	(34,574		)	521,865
Net change in federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase	40,207			(26,652		)	(71,003		)
Net shares (cancelled) issued under stock compensation plans	(2,389		)	1,162			2,260
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan	1,312			1,026			618
Repurchase of common stock	(10,128		)	—			—
Retirement of preferred stock	(42,000		)	—			—
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(697,390		)	1,403,558			536,291
INCREASE IN CASH EQUIVALENTS	163,165			235,416			312,383
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR	833,458			598,042			285,659
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF YEAR	$	996,623		$	833,458		$	598,042

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Simmons First National Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017



(In thousands, except share data ⁽¹⁾)	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Surplus			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Undivided Profits			Total
Balance, December 31, 2016	$	—		$	626		$	711,663		$	(15,212	)	$	454,034		$	1,151,111

Comprehensive income	—			—			—			964			92,940			93,904
Reclassify stranded tax effects due to 2017 tax law changes	—			—			—			(3,016		)	3,016			—
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan – 26,002 shares	—			—			618			—			—			618
Stock-based compensation plans, net – 359,286 shares	—			3			12,938			—			—			12,941
Stock issued for Hardeman acquisition – 1,599,940 common shares	—			16			42,622			—			—			42,638
Stock issued for OKSB acquisition –14,488,604 common shares	—			145			431,253			—			—			431,398
Stock issued for First Texas acquisition – 12,999,840 common shares	—			130			386,940			—			—			387,070
Dividends on common stock – $0.50 per share	—			—			—			—			(35,116		)	(35,116		)

Balance, December 31, 2017	—			920			1,586,034			(17,264		)	514,874			2,084,564

Comprehensive income	—			—			—			(10,110		)	215,713			205,603
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan – 39,782 shares	—			—			1,026			—			—			1,026
Stock-based compensation plans, net – 278,743 shares	—			3			10,884			—			—			10,887
Dividends on common stock – $0.60 per share	—			—			—			—			(55,646		)	(55,646		)

Balance, December 31, 2018	—			923			1,597,944			(27,374		)	674,941			2,246,434

Comprehensive income	—			—			—			48,265			238,167			286,432
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan - 60,413	—			1			1,311			—			—			1,312
Stock-based compensation plans, net - 261,200 shares	—			3			10,529			—			—			10,532
Stock issued for Reliance acquisition - 3,999,623 shares	42,000			40			102,790			—			—			144,830
Stock issued for Landrum acquisition - 17,349,722 shares	767			173			414,832			—			—			415,772
Preferred stock retirement	(42,000		)	—			—			—			—			(42,000		)
Stock repurchases - 390,000 shares	—			(4		)	(10,124		)	—			—			(10,128		)
Dividends on preferred stock	—			—			—			—			(339		)	(339		)
Dividends on common stock - $0.64 per share	—			—			—			—			(63,921		)	(63,921		)

Balance, December 31, 2019	$	767		$	1,136		$	2,117,282		$	20,891		$	848,848		$	2,988,924

(1) All share and per share amounts for the year ended 2017 have been restated to reflect the effect of the two-for-one stock split on February 8, 2018.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Simmons First National Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1: SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Operations and Principles of Consolidation

Simmons First National Corporation (“Company”) is primarily engaged in providing a full range of banking and other financial products and services to individual and corporate customers through its subsidiaries and their branch banks with offices. The Company is headquartered in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and conducts banking operations in communities throughout Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. The Company, through its subsidiaries, offers, among other things, consumer, real estate and commercial loans; checking, savings and time deposits; and specialized products and services (such as credit cards, trust and fiduciary services, investments, agricultural finance lending, equipment lending, insurance and small business administration (“SBA”) lending) from approximately 251 financial centers located throughout our market areas. The Company is subject to regulation of certain federal and state agencies and undergoes periodic examinations by those regulatory authorities.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. Significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Operating Segments

Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company is organized on a divisional basis. Each of the divisions provide a group of similar community banking services, including such products and services as loans; time deposits, checking and savings accounts; personal and corporate trust services; credit cards; investment management; insurance; and securities and investment services. Loan products include consumer, real estate, commercial, agricultural, equipment and SBA lending. The individual bank divisions have similar operating and economic characteristics. While the chief operating decision maker monitors the revenue streams of the various products, services, branch locations and divisions, operations are managed, financial performance is evaluated, and management makes decisions on how to allocate resources, on a Company-wide basis. Accordingly, the divisions are considered by management to be aggregated into one reportable operating segment, community banking.

The Company also considers its trust, investment and insurance services to be operating segments. Information on these segments is not reported separately since they do not meet the quantitative thresholds under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 280-10-50-12.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“US GAAP”), requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income items and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The estimates and assumptions used in the accompanying consolidated financial statements are based upon management’s evaluation of the relevant facts and circumstances as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and actual results may differ from these estimates. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, the Company’s allowance for loan losses.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the valuation of real estate acquired in connection with foreclosures or in satisfaction of loans and the valuation of acquired loans. Management obtains independent appraisals for significant properties in connection with the determination of the allowance for loan losses and the valuation of foreclosed assets.

Reclassifications

Various items within the accompanying consolidated financial statements for previous years have been reclassified to provide more comparative information. These reclassifications were not material to the consolidated financial statements.

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents are considered to include cash and non-interest bearing balances due from banks, interest bearing balances due from banks and federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell.

Investment Securities

Held-to-maturity securities, which include any security for which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are carried at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted, respectively, to interest income using the constant yield method over the period to maturity.

Available-for-sale securities, which include any security for which the Company has no immediate plan to sell but which may be sold in the future, are carried at fair value. Realized gains and losses, based on specifically identified amortized cost of the individual security, are included in other income. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded, net of related income tax effects, in stockholders’ equity. Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted, respectively, to interest income using the constant yield method over the period to maturity.

Trading securities, if any, which include any security held primarily for near-term sale, are carried at fair value. Gains and losses on trading securities are included in other income.

The Company applies accounting guidance related to recognition and presentation of other-than-temporary impairment under ASC Topic 320-10. When the Company does not intend to sell a debt security, and it is more likely than not, the Company will not have to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis, it recognizes the credit component of an other-than-temporary impairment of a debt security in earnings and the remaining portion in other comprehensive income. For held-to-maturity debt securities, the amount of an other-than-temporary impairment recorded in other comprehensive income for the noncredit portion of a previous other-than-temporary impairment is amortized prospectively over the remaining life of the security on the basis of the timing of future estimated cash flows of the security.

As a result of this guidance, the Company’s consolidated statements of income reflect the full impairment (that is, the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and fair value) on debt securities that the Company intends to sell or would more likely than not be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis. For available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities that management has no intent to sell and believes that it more likely than not will not be required to sell prior to recovery, only the credit loss component of the impairment is recognized in earnings, while the noncredit loss is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income. The credit loss component recognized in earnings is identified as the amount of principal cash flows not expected to be received over the remaining term of the security as projected based on cash flow projections.

Mortgage Loans Held For Sale

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale are carried at fair value which is determined on an aggregate basis. Adjustments to fair value are recognized monthly and reflected in earnings. The Company regularly sells mortgages into the capital markets to mitigate the effects of interest rate volatility during the period from the time an interest rate lock commitment (“IRLC”) is issued until the IRLC funds creating a mortgage loan held for sale and its subsequent sale into the secondary/capital markets. Loan sales are typically executed on a mandatory basis. Under a mandatory commitment, the Company agrees to deliver a specified dollar amount with predetermined terms by a certain date. Generally, the commitment is not loan specific, and any combination of loans can be delivered into the outstanding commitment provided the terms fall within the parameters of the commitment. Upon failure to deliver, the Company is subject to fees based on market movement.

The IRLCs are derivative instruments; their fair values at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were not material. Gains and losses resulting from sales of mortgage loans are recognized when the respective loans are sold to correspondent lenders, investors or aggregators. Gains and losses are determined by the difference between the sale price and the carrying amount in the loans sold, net of discounts collected, or premiums paid. Hedge instruments are, likewise, carried at fair value and associated gains/losses are realized at time of settlement.

Loans

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-offs are reported at their outstanding principal adjusted for any loans charged off, the allowance for loan losses and any unamortized deferred fees or costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans.

For loans amortized at cost, interest income is accrued based on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, as well as premiums and discounts, are deferred and amortized as a level yield adjustment over the respective term of the loan.

The accrual of interest on loans, except on certain government guaranteed loans, is discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days past due unless the credit is well-secured and in process of collection. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.

Discounts and premiums on purchased residential real estate loans are amortized to income using the interest method over the remaining period to contractual maturity, adjusted for anticipated prepayments. Discounts and premiums on purchased consumer loans are recognized over the expected lives of the loans using methods that approximate the interest method.

For discussion of the Company’s accounting for acquired loans, see Acquisition Accounting, Acquired Loans later in this section.

Allowance for Loan Losses

Allocations to the allowance for loan losses are categorized as either general reserves or specific reserves.

The allowance for loan losses is calculated monthly based on management’s assessment of several factors such as (1) historical loss experience based on volumes and types, (2) volume and trends in delinquencies and nonaccruals, (3) lending policies and procedures including those for loan losses, collections and recoveries, (4) national, state and local economic trends and conditions, (5) external factors and pressure from competition, (6)the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff, (7) seasoning of new products obtained and new markets entered through acquisition and (8) other factors and trends that will affect specific loans and categories of loans. The Company establishes general allocations for each major loan category. This category also includes allocations to loans which are collectively evaluated for loss such as credit cards, one-to-four family owner occupied residential real estate loans and other consumer loans. General reserves have been established, based upon the aforementioned factors and allocated to the individual loan categories.

Specific reserves are provided on loans that are considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will not receive all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan, including scheduled principal and interest payments. This includes loans that are delinquent 90 days or more, nonaccrual loans and certain other loans identified by management. Certain other loans identified by management consist of performing loans where management expects that the Company will not receive all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan, including scheduled principal and interest payments. Specific reserves are accrued for probable losses on specific loans evaluated for impairment for which the basis of each loan, including accrued interest, exceeds the discounted amount of expected future collections of interest and principal or, alternatively, the fair value of loan collateral. Accrual of interest is discontinued and interest accrued and unpaid is removed at the time such amounts are delinquent 90 days unless management is aware of circumstances which warrant continuing the interest accrual. Interest is recognized for nonaccrual loans only upon receipt and only after all principal amounts are current according to the terms of the contract.

Management’s evaluation of the allowance for loan losses is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates. The actual amounts of loan losses realized in the near term could differ from the amounts estimated in arriving at the allowance for loan losses reported in the financial statements.

On January 1, 2020, the Company was required to adopt a new credit loss methodology, the Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) methodology, which requires earlier recognition of credit losses. See Note 20, New Accounting Standards, for additional information regarding adoption.

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

In addition to the allowance for loan losses, the Company has established a reserve for unfunded commitments, classified in other liabilities. This reserve is maintained at a level sufficient to absorb losses arising from unfunded loan commitments. The adequacy of the reserve for unfunded commitments is determined monthly based on methodology similar to the Company’s methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses. Net adjustments to the reserve for unfunded commitments are included in other non-interest expense.

Acquisition Accounting, Loans Acquired

The Company accounts for its acquisitions under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, are recorded at fair value. No allowance for loan losses related to the acquired loans is recorded on the acquisition date as the fair value of the loans acquired incorporates assumptions regarding credit risk. Loans acquired are recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in ASC Topic 820. The fair value estimates associated with the loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows.

The Company evaluates loans acquired in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-20, Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. The fair value discount on these loans is accreted into interest income over the weighted average life of the loans using a constant yield method. These loans are not considered impaired. The Company evaluates purchased impaired loans in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. Purchased loans are considered impaired if there is evidence of credit deterioration since origination and if it is probable that not all contractually required payments will be collected. All loans acquired are considered impaired if there is evidence of credit deterioration since origination and if it is probable that not all contractually required payments will be collected.

For impaired loans accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30, the Company continues to estimate cash flows expected to be collected on purchased credit impaired loans. The Company evaluates at each balance sheet date whether the present value of the purchased credit impaired loans determined using the effective interest rates has decreased significantly and if so, recognize a provision for loan loss in our consolidated statement of income. For any significant increases in cash flows expected to be collected, the Company adjusts the amount of accretable yield recognized on a prospective basis over the remaining life of the purchased credit impaired loan.

For further discussion of our acquisition and loan accounting, see Note 2, Acquisitions, and Note 6, Loans Acquired.

Trust Assets

Trust assets (other than cash deposits) held by the Company in fiduciary or agency capacities for its customers are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets since such items are not assets of the Company.

Premises and Equipment

Depreciable assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is charged to expense using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized by the straight-line method over the terms of the respective leases or the estimated useful lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter.

Foreclosed Assets Held For Sale

Assets acquired by foreclosure or in settlement of debt and held for sale are valued at estimated fair value as of the date of foreclosure, and a related valuation allowance is provided for estimated costs to sell the assets. Management evaluates the value of foreclosed assets held for sale periodically and increases the valuation allowance for any subsequent declines in fair value. Changes in the valuation allowance are charged or credited to other expense.

Bank Owned Life Insurance

The Company maintains bank-owned life insurance policies on certain current and former employees and directors, which are recorded at their cash surrender values as determined by the insurance carriers. The appreciation in the cash surrender value of the policies is recognized as a component of non-interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that also lack physical substance but can be separately distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset or liability. The Company performs an annual goodwill impairment test, and more frequently if circumstances warrant, in accordance with ASC Topic 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, as amended by Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2011-08 - Testing Goodwill for Impairment. ASC Topic 350 requires that goodwill and intangible assets that have indefinite lives be reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently if certain conditions occur. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the estimated life of the asset, and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicated that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment losses on recorded goodwill, if any, will be recorded as operating expenses.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company may enter into derivative contracts for the purposes of managing exposure to interest rate risk to meet the financing needs of its customers. A derivative instrument is a financial tool which derives its value from the value of some other financial instrument, variable index, including certain hedging instruments embedded in other contracts. These products are primarily designed to reduce interest rate risk for either the Company or its customers who proactively manage these risks.

The Company records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. In an effort to meet the financing needs of its customers, the Company has entered into fair value hedges. Fair value hedges include interest rate swap agreements on fixed rate loans. To qualify for hedge accounting, derivatives must be highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged and must be designated as a hedge at the point of inception of the derivative contract.

For derivatives designated as hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of the hedged item, the gain or loss is recognized in earnings in the period of change together with the offsetting loss or gain of the hedging instrument. The fair value hedges are considered to be highly effective and any hedge ineffectiveness was deemed not material. Fair value adjustments related to cash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income and are reclassified to earnings when the hedged transaction is reflected in earnings.

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

The Company sells securities under agreements to repurchase to meet customer needs for sweep accounts. At the point funds deposited by customers become investable, those funds are used to purchase securities owned by the Company and held in its general account with the designation of Customers’ Securities. A third party maintains control over the securities underlying overnight repurchase agreements. The securities involved in these transactions are generally U.S. Treasury or Federal Agency issues. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase generally mature on the banking day following that on which the investment was initially purchased and are treated as collateralized financing transactions which are recorded at the amounts at which the securities were sold plus accrued interest. Interest rates and maturity dates of the securities involved vary and are not intended to be matched with funds from customers.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, applies to all contracts with customers to provide goods or services in the ordinary course of business. However, Topic 606 specifically does not apply to revenue related to financial instruments, guarantees, insurance contracts, leases, or nonmonetary exchanges. Given these scope exceptions, interest income recognition and measurement related to loans and investments securities, the Company’s two largest sources of revenue, are not accounted for under Topic 606. Also, the Company does not use Topic 606 to account for gains or losses on its investments in securities, loans, and derivatives due to the scope exceptions.

Certain revenue streams, such as service charges on deposit accounts, gains or losses on the sale of OREO, and trust income, fall under the scope of Topic 606 and the Company must recognize revenue at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. Topic 606 is applied using five steps: 1) identify the contract with the customer, 2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, 3) determine the transaction price, 4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and 5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company has evaluated the nature of all contracts with customers that fall under the scope of Topic 606 and determined that further disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers into categories was not necessary. There has not been significant revenue recognized in the current reporting periods resulting from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods. In addition, there has not been a significant change in timing of revenues received from customers.

A description of performance obligations for each type of contract with customers is as follows:

Service charges on deposit accounts – The Company’s primary source of funding comes from deposit accounts with its customers. Customers pay certain fees to access their cash on deposit including, but not limited to, non-transactional fees such as account maintenance, dormancy or statement rendering fees, and certain transaction-based fees such as ATM, wire transfer, overdraft or returned check fees. The Company generally satisfies its performance obligations as services are rendered. The transaction prices are fixed, and are charged either on a periodic basis or based on activity.

Sale of OREO – In the normal course of business, the Company will enter into contracts with customers to sell OREO, which has generally been foreclosed upon by the Company. The Company generally satisfies its performance obligation upon conveyance of property from the Company to the customer, generally by way of an executed agreement. The transaction price is fixed, and on occasion the Company will finance a portion of the proceeds the customers uses to purchase the property. These properties are generally sold without recourse or warranty.

Trust Income – The Company enters into contracts with its customers to manage assets for investment, and/or transact on their accounts. The Company generally satisfies its performance obligations as services are rendered. The management fee is a fixed percentage-based fee calculated upon the average balance of assets under management and is charged to customers on a monthly basis.

Bankcard Fee Income – Periodic bankcard fees, net of direct origination costs, are recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the period the fee entitles the cardholder to use the card.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with income tax accounting guidance in ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. The income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur.

Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

The Company files consolidated income tax returns with its subsidiaries.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during each year. Diluted earnings per share are computed using the weighted average common shares and all potential dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. All share and per share amounts have been restated to reflect the effect of the two-for-one stock split during February 2018.

The computation of per share earnings is as follows:



(In thousands, except per share data)	2019		2018		2017
Net income available to common stockholders	$	237,828	$	215,713	$	92,940

Average common shares outstanding	98,351		92,268		69,385
Average potential dilutive common shares	446		562		468
Average diluted common shares	98,797		92,830		69,853

Basic earnings per share	$	2.42	$	2.34	$	1.34
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.41	$	2.32	$	1.33

There were no stock options excluded from the earnings per share calculation due to the related exercise price exceeding the average market price for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company has adopted various stock-based compensation plans. The plans provide for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance stock units. Pursuant to the plans, shares are reserved for future issuance by the Company, upon exercise of stock options or awarding of performance or bonus shares granted to directors, officers and other key employees.

NOTE 2: ACQUISITIONS

The Landrum Company

On October 31, 2019, the Company completed its merger with The Landrum Company (“Landrum”), pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of July 30, 2019 (“Landrum Agreement”), at which time Landrum was merged with and into the Company, with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation. Pursuant to the terms of the Landrum Agreement, the shares of Landrum Class A Common Voting Stock, par value $0.01 per share, and Landrum Class B Common Nonvoting Stock, par value $0.01 per share, were converted into the right to receive, in the aggregate, approximately 17,350,000 shares of the Company’s common stock and each share of Landrum’s series E preferred stock was converted into the right to receive one share of the Company’s comparable series D preferred stock. The Company issued 17,349,722 shares of its common stock and 767 shares of its series D preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, in exchange for all outstanding shares of Landrum capital stock to effect the merger.

Prior to the acquisition, Landrum, headquartered in Columbia, Missouri, conducted banking business through its subsidiary bank, Landmark Bank, from 39 branches located in Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. Including the effects of the acquisition method accounting adjustments, the Company acquired approximately $3.4 billion in assets, including approximately $2.0 billion (inclusive of loan discounts), and approximately $3.0 billion in deposits. The systems conversion occurred on February 14, 2020, at which time Landmark Bank merged into Simmons Bank, with Simmons Bank as the surviving institution.

Goodwill of $131.3 million was recorded as a result of the transaction. The merger strengthened the Company’s market share and brought forth additional opportunities in the Company’s current footprint, which gave rise to the goodwill recorded. The goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes.

A summary, at fair value, of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Landrum transaction, as of the acquisition date, is as follows:



(In thousands)	Acquired from Landrum			Fair Value Adjustments			Fair Value
Assets Acquired
Cash and due from banks	$	215,285		$	—		$	215,285
Due from banks - time	248			—			248
Investment securities	1,021,755			4,100			1,025,855
Loans acquired	2,049,137			(43,201		)	2,005,936
Allowance for loan losses	(22,736		)	22,736			—
Foreclosed assets	373			(183		)	190
Premises and equipment	63,878			20,588			84,466
Bank owned life insurance	19,206			—			19,206
Goodwill	407			(407		)	—
Core deposit intangible	—			24,345			24,345
Other intangibles	412			4,704			5,116
Other assets	33,924			(7,251		)	26,673
Total assets acquired	$	3,381,889		$	25,431		$	3,407,320

Liabilities Assumed
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing transaction accounts	$	716,675		$	—		$	716,675
Interest bearing transaction accounts and savings deposits	1,465,429			—			1,465,429
Time deposits	867,197			299			867,496
Total deposits	3,049,301			299			3,049,600
Other borrowings	10,055			—			10,055
Subordinated debentures	34,794			(877		)	33,917
Accrued interest and other liabilities	31,057			(1,748		)	29,309
Total liabilities assumed	3,125,207			(2,326		)	3,122,881
Equity	256,682			(256,682		)	—
Total equity assumed	256,682			(256,682		)	—
Total liabilities and equity assumed	$	3,381,889		$	(259,008	)	$	3,122,881
Net assets acquired							284,439
Purchase price							415,779
Goodwill							$	131,340

The purchase price allocation and certain fair value measurements remain preliminary due to the timing of the merger. Management will continue to review the estimated fair values and evaluate the assumed tax positions. The Company expects to finalize its analysis of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities in this transaction over the next few months, within one year of the merger. Therefore, adjustments to the estimated amounts and carrying values may occur.

The Company’s operating results include the operating results of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities of Landrum subsequent to the acquisition date.

Reliance Bancshares, Inc.

On April 12, 2019, the Company completed its merger with Reliance Bancshares, Inc. (“Reliance”), headquartered in the St. Louis, Missouri, metropolitan area, pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger (“Reliance Agreement”), dated November 13, 2018, as amended February 11, 2019. In the merger, each outstanding share of Reliance common stock, as well as each Reliance common stock equivalent was canceled and converted into the right to receive shares of the Company’s common stock and/or cash in accordance with the terms of the Reliance Agreement. In addition, each share of Reliance’s Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock was converted into the right to receive one share of Simmons’ comparable Series A Preferred Stock or Series B Preferred Stock, respectively, and each share of Reliance’s Series C Preferred Stock was converted into the right to receive one share of Simmons’ comparable Series C Preferred Stock (unless the holder of such Series C Preferred Stock elected to receive alternate consideration in accordance with the Reliance Agreement). The Company issued 3,999,623 shares of its common stock and paid $62.7 million in cash to effect the merger. The Company also issued $42.0 million of its Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock. On May 13, 2019, the Company redeemed all of the preferred stock issued in connection with the merger, and paid all accrued and unpaid dividends up to the date of redemption. On October 29, 2019, the Company amended its Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to cancel the Series C Preferred Stock, having 140 authorized shares, of which no shares were ever issued or outstanding.

Prior to the acquisition, Reliance conducted banking business through its subsidiary bank, Reliance Bank, from 22 branches located in Missouri and Illinois. Including the effects of the acquisition method accounting adjustments, the Company acquired approximately $1.5 billion in assets, including approximately $1.1 billion in loans (inclusive of loan discounts), and approximately $1.2 billion in deposits. Contemporaneously with the completion of the Reliance merger, Reliance Bank was merged into Simmons Bank, with Simmons Bank as the surviving institution.

Goodwill of $78.5 million was recorded as a result of the transaction. The merger strengthened the Company’s market share and brought forth additional opportunities in the Company’s St. Louis metropolitan area footprint, which gave rise to the goodwill recorded. The goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes.

A summary, at fair value, of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Reliance transaction, as of the acquisition date, is as follows:



(In thousands)	Acquired from Reliance			Fair Value Adjustments			Fair Value
Assets Acquired
Cash and due from banks	$	25,693		$	—		$	25,693
Due from banks - time	502			—			502
Investment securities	287,983			(1,873		)	286,110
Loans acquired	1,138,527			(41,657		)	1,096,870
Allowance for loan losses	(10,808		)	10,808			—
Foreclosed assets	11,092			(5,180		)	5,912
Premises and equipment	32,452			(3,001		)	29,451
Bank owned life insurance	39,348			—			39,348
Core deposit intangible	—			18,350			18,350
Other assets	25,165			6,911			32,076
Total assets acquired	$	1,549,954		$	(15,642	)	$	1,534,312



(In thousands)	Acquired from Reliance		Fair Value Adjustments			Fair Value
Liabilities Assumed
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing transaction accounts	$	108,845	$	(33	)	$	108,812
Interest bearing transaction accounts and savings deposits	639,798		—			639,798
Time deposits	478,415		(1,758		)	476,657
Total deposits	1,227,058		(1,791		)	1,225,267
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase	14,146		—			14,146
Other borrowings	162,900		(5,500		)	157,400
Accrued interest and other liabilities	8,185		268			8,453
Total liabilities assumed	1,412,289		(7,023		)	1,405,266
Equity	137,665		(137,665		)	—
Total equity assumed	137,665		(137,665		)	—
Total liabilities and equity assumed	$	1,549,954	$	(144,688	)	$	1,405,266
Net assets acquired						129,046
Purchase price						207,539
Goodwill						$	78,493

The Company’s operating results include the operating results of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities of Reliance subsequent to the acquisition date.

Southwest Bancorp, Inc.

On October 19, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Southwest Bancorp, Inc. (“OKSB”) headquartered in Stillwater, Oklahoma, including its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Bank SNB. The Company issued 14,488,604 shares of its common stock valued at approximately $431.4 million as of October 19, 2017, plus $94.9 million in cash in exchange for all outstanding shares of OKSB common stock.

Prior to the acquisition, OKSB conducted banking business through Bank SNB from 29 branches located in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Colorado. In addition, OKSB owned a loan production office in Denver, Colorado. Including the effects of the acquisition method accounting adjustments, the Company acquired approximately $2.7 billion in assets, including approximately $2.0 billion in loans (inclusive of loan discounts) and approximately $2.0 billion in deposits. The Company completed the systems conversion and merged Bank SNB into Simmons Bank in May 2018.

Goodwill of $229.1 million was recorded as a result of the transaction. The acquisition allowed the Company to enter the Texas, Oklahoma and Colorado banking markets and it also strengthened the Company’s Kansas franchise and its product offerings in the healthcare and real estate industries, all of which gave rise to the goodwill recorded. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

A summary, at fair value, of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the OKSB transaction, as of the acquisition date, is as follows:



(In thousands)	Acquired from OKSB			Fair Value Adjustments			Fair Value
Assets Acquired
Cash and due from banks	$	79,517		$	—		$	79,517
Investment securities	485,468			(1,295		)	484,173
Loans acquired	2,039,524			(43,071		)	1,996,453
Allowance for loan losses	(26,957		)	26,957			—
Foreclosed assets	6,284			(1,127		)	5,157
Premises and equipment	21,210			5,457			26,667
Bank owned life insurance	28,704			—			28,704
Goodwill	13,545			(13,545		)	—
Core deposit intangible	1,933			40,191			42,124
Other intangibles	3,806			—			3,806
Other assets	33,455			(9,141		)	24,314
Total assets acquired	$	2,686,489		$	4,426		$	2,690,915



Liabilities Assumed
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing transaction accounts	$	485,971	$	—		$	485,971
Interest bearing transaction accounts and savings deposits	869,252		—			869,252
Time deposits	613,345		(2,213		)	611,132
Total deposits	1,968,568		(2,213		)	1,966,355
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase	11,256		—			11,256
Other borrowings	347,000		—			347,000
Subordinated debentures	46,393		—			46,393
Accrued interest and other liabilities	17,440		5,364			22,804
Total liabilities assumed	2,390,657		3,151			2,393,808
Equity	295,832		(295,832		)	—
Total equity assumed	295,832		(295,832		)	—
Total liabilities and equity assumed	$	2,686,489	$	(292,681	)	$	2,393,808
Net assets acquired						297,107
Purchase price						526,251
Goodwill						$	229,144

During 2018, the Company finalized its analysis of the loans acquired along with other acquired assets and assumed liabilities.

The Company’s operating results include the operating results of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities of OKSB subsequent to the acquisition date.

First Texas BHC, Inc.

On October 19, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of First Texas BHC, Inc. (“First Texas”) headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, including its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Southwest Bank. The Company issued 12,999,840 shares of its common stock valued at approximately $387.1 million as of October 19, 2017, plus $70.0 million in cash in exchange for all outstanding shares of First Texas common stock.

Prior to the acquisition, First Texas, through Southwest Bank, operated 15 banking centers, a trust office and a limited service branch in north Texas and a loan production office in Austin, Texas. Including the effects of the acquisition method accounting adjustments, the Company acquired approximately $2.4 billion in assets, including approximately $2.2 billion in loans (inclusive of loan discounts) and approximately $1.9 billion in deposits. The Company completed the systems conversion and merged Southwest Bank into Simmons Bank in February 2018.

Goodwill of $240.8 million was recorded as a result of the transaction. The acquisition allowed the Company to enter the Texas banking markets and it also strengthened the Company’s specialty product offerings in the area of SBA lending and trust services, all of which gave rise to the goodwill recorded. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

A summary, at fair value, of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the First Texas transaction, as of the acquisition date, is as follows:



(In thousands)	Acquired from First Texas			Fair Value Adjustments			Fair Value
Assets Acquired
Cash and due from banks	$	59,277		$	—		$	59,277
Investment securities	81,114			(596		)	80,518
Loans acquired	2,246,212			(37,834		)	2,208,378
Allowance for loan losses	(20,864		)	20,664			(200		)
Premises and equipment	24,864			10,123			34,987
Bank owned life insurance	7,190			—			7,190
Goodwill	37,227			(37,227		)	—
Core deposit intangible	—			7,328			7,328
Other assets	18,263			11,485			29,748
Total assets acquired	$	2,453,283		$	(26,057	)	$	2,427,226

Liabilities Assumed
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing transaction accounts	$	74,410		$	—		$	74,410
Interest bearing transaction accounts and savings deposits	1,683,298			—			1,683,298
Time deposits	124,233			(283		)	123,950
Total deposits	1,881,941			(283		)	1,881,658
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase	50,000			—			50,000
Other borrowings	235,000			—			235,000
Subordinated debentures	30,323			589			30,912
Accrued interest and other liabilities	11,727			1,669			13,396
Total liabilities assumed	2,208,991			1,975			2,210,966
Equity	244,292			(244,292		)	—
Total equity assumed	244,292			(244,292		)	—
Total liabilities and equity assumed	$	2,453,283		$	(242,317	)	$	2,210,966
Net assets acquired							216,260
Purchase price							457,103
Goodwill							$	240,843

During 2018, the Company finalized its analysis of the loans acquired along with other acquired assets and assumed liabilities.

The Company’s operating results include the operating results of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities of First Texas subsequent to the acquisition date.

Hardeman County Investment Company, Inc.

On May 15, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Hardeman County Investment Company, Inc. (“Hardeman”), headquartered in Jackson, Tennessee, including its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, First South Bank. The Company issued 1,599,940 shares of its common stock valued at approximately $42.6 million as of May 15, 2017, plus $30.0 million in cash in exchange for all outstanding shares of Hardeman common stock.

Prior to the acquisition, Hardeman conducted banking business through First South Bank from 10 branches located in western Tennessee. Including the effects of the acquisition method accounting adjustments, the Company acquired approximately $462.9 million in assets, including approximately $251.6 million in loans (inclusive of loan discounts) and approximately $389.0 million in deposits. The Company completed the systems conversion and merged First South Bank into Simmons Bank in September 2017. As part of the systems conversion, five existing Simmons Bank and First South Bank branches were consolidated or closed.

Goodwill of $29.4 million was recorded as a result of the transaction. The merger strengthened the Company’s position in the western Tennessee market, and the Company will be able to achieve cost savings by integrating the two companies and combining accounting, data processing, and other administrative functions, all of which gave rise to the goodwill recorded. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

A summary, at fair value, of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Hardeman transaction, as of the acquisition date, is as follows:



(In thousands)	Acquired from Hardeman			Fair Value Adjustments			Fair Value
Assets Acquired
Cash and due from banks	$	8,001		$	—		$	8,001
Interest bearing balances due from banks - time	1,984			—			1,984
Investment securities	170,654			(285		)	170,369
Loans acquired	257,641			(5,992		)	251,649
Allowance for loan losses	(2,382		)	2,382			—
Foreclosed assets	1,083			(452		)	631
Premises and equipment	9,905			1,258			11,163
Bank owned life insurance	7,819			—			7,819
Goodwill	11,485			(11,485		)	—
Core deposit intangible	—			7,840			7,840
Other intangibles	—			830			830
Other assets	2,639			(1		)	2,638
Total assets acquired	$	468,829		$	(5,905	)	$	462,924



(In thousands)	Acquired from Hardeman		Fair Value Adjustments			Fair Value
Liabilities Assumed
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing transaction accounts	$	76,555	$	—		$	76,555
Interest bearing transaction accounts and savings deposits	214,872		—			214,872
Time deposits	97,917		(368		)	97,549
Total deposits	389,344		(368		)	388,976
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase	17,163		—			17,163
Other borrowings	3,000		—			3,000
Subordinated debentures	6,702		—			6,702
Accrued interest and other liabilities	1,891		1,924			3,815
Total liabilities assumed	418,100		1,556			419,656
Equity	50,729		(50,729		)	—
Total equity assumed	50,729		(50,729		)	—
Total liabilities and equity assumed	$	468,829	$	(49,173	)	$	419,656
Net assets acquired						43,268
Purchase price						72,639
Goodwill						$	29,371

During 2018, the Company finalized its analysis of the loans acquired along with other acquired assets and assumed liabilities.

The Company’s operating results include the operating results of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities of Hardeman subsequent to the acquisition date.

The following is a description of the methods used to determine the fair values of significant assets and liabilities presented in the acquisitions above.

Cash and due from banks, time deposits due from banks and federal funds sold – The carrying amount of these assets is a reasonable estimate of fair value based on the short-term nature of these assets.

Investment securities – Investment securities were acquired with an adjustment to fair value based upon quoted market prices if material. Otherwise, the carrying amount of these assets was deemed to be a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Loans acquired – Fair values for loans were based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered factors including the type of loan and related collateral, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, term of loan and whether or not the loan was amortizing, and current discount rates. The discount rates used for loans are based on current market rates for new originations of comparable loans and include adjustments for liquidity concerns. The discount rate does not include a factor for credit losses as that has been included in the estimated cash flows. Loans were grouped together according to similar characteristics and were treated in the aggregate when applying various valuation techniques.

Foreclosed assets – These assets are presented at the estimated present values that management expects to receive when the properties are sold, net of related costs of disposal.

Premises and equipment – Bank premises and equipment were acquired with an adjustment to fair value, which represents the difference between the Company’s current analysis of property and equipment values completed in connection with the acquisition and book value acquired.

Bank owned life insurance – Bank owned life insurance is carried at its current cash surrender value, which is the most reasonable estimate of fair value.

Goodwill – The consideration paid as a result of the acquisition exceeded the fair value of the assets acquired, resulting in an intangible asset, goodwill. Goodwill established prior to the acquisitions, if applicable, was written off.

Core deposit intangible – This intangible asset represents the value of the relationships that the acquired banks had with their deposit customers. The fair value of this intangible asset was estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology that gave appropriate consideration to expected customer attrition rates, cost of the deposit base and the net maintenance cost attributable to customer deposits. Core deposit intangible established prior to the acquisitions, if applicable, was written off.

Other intangibles – These intangible assets represent the value of the relationships that Hardeman had with their insurance customers and Landrum had with their wealth management customers. The fair value of these intangible assets was estimated based on a combination of discounted cash flow methodology and a market valuation approach. Intangible assets for the OKSB and Landrum acquisitions included mortgage servicing rights. Other intangibles established prior to the acquisitions, if applicable, were written off.

Other assets – The fair value adjustment results from certain assets whose value was estimated to be less than book value, such as certain prepaid assets, receivables and other miscellaneous assets. Otherwise, the carrying amount of these assets was deemed to be a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Deposits – The fair values used for the demand and savings deposits that comprise the transaction accounts acquired, by definition equal the amount payable on demand at the acquisition date. The Company performed a fair value analysis of the estimated weighted average interest rate of the certificates of deposits compared to the current market rates and recorded a fair value adjustment for the difference when material.

Securities sold under agreement to repurchase – The carrying amount of securities sold under agreement to repurchase is a reasonable estimate of fair value based on the short-term nature of these liabilities.

Other borrowings – The fair value of other borrowings is estimated based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company for borrowings with similar terms and maturities.

Subordinated debentures – The fair value of subordinated debentures is estimated based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company for borrowings with similar terms and maturities.

Accrued interest and other liabilities – The adjustment establishes a liability for unfunded commitments equal to the fair value of that liability at the date of acquisition. The carrying amount of accrued interest and the remainder of other liabilities was deemed to be a reasonable estimate of fair value.

NOTE 3: INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities that are classified as held-to-maturity (“HTM”) and available-for-sale (“AFS”) are as follows:



	Years Ended December 31,
	2019									2018
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)			Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)			Estimated Fair Value

Held-to-Maturity
U.S. Government agencies	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	16,990	$	—	$	(49	)	$	16,941
Mortgage-backed securities	10,796		71		(59		)	10,808		13,346		5		(412		)	12,939
State and political subdivisions	27,082		849		—			27,931		256,863		3,029		(954		)	258,938
Other securities	3,049		67		—			3,116		1,995		17		—			2,012
Total HTM	$	40,927	$	987	$	(59	)	$	41,855	$	289,194	$	3,051	$	(1,415	)	$	290,830

Available-for-Sale
U.S. Treasury	$	449,729	$	112	$	(112	)	$	449,729	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—
U.S. Government agencies	194,207		1,313		(1,271		)	194,249		157,523		518		(3,740		)	154,301
Mortgage-backed securities	1,738,584		8,510		(4,149		)	1,742,945		1,552,487		3,097		(32,684		)	1,522,900
State and political subdivisions	860,539		20,983		(998		)	880,524		320,142		171		(5,470		)	314,843
Other securities	185,087		822		(18		)	185,891		157,471		2,251		(14		)	159,708
Total AFS	$	3,428,146	$	31,740	$	(6,548	)	$	3,453,338	$	2,187,623	$	6,037	$	(41,908	)	$	2,151,752

Securities with limited marketability, such as stock in the Federal Reserve Bank and the FHLB, are carried at cost and are reported as other AFS securities in the table above.

Certain investment securities are valued at less than their historical cost. Total fair value of these investments at December 31, 2019 and 2018, was $1.3 billion and $1.7 billion, which is approximately 36.6% and 70.3%, respectively, of the Company’s combined AFS and HTM investment portfolios.

The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s investments with unrealized losses, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at:



	Less Than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
(In thousands)	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2019

Held-to-Maturity
Mortgage-backed securities	$	3,489	$	(30	)	$	2,300	$	(29	)	$	5,789	$	(59	)
Total HTM	$	3,489	$	(30	)	$	2,300	$	(29	)	$	5,789	$	(59	)

Available-for-Sale
U.S. Treasury	$	299,667	$	(112	)	$	—	$	—		$	299,667	$	(112	)
U.S. Government agencies	14,454		(130		)	86,239		(1,141		)	100,693		(1,271		)
Mortgage-backed securities	405,540		(1,326		)	349,293		(2,823		)	754,833		(4,149		)
State and political subdivisions	111,088		(975		)	2,730		(23		)	113,818		(998		)
Other securities	3,982		(18		)	—		—			3,982		(18		)
Total AFS	$	834,731	$	(2,561	)	$	438,262	$	(3,987	)	$	1,272,993	$	(6,548	)

December 31, 2018

Held-to-Maturity
U.S. Government agencies	$	992	$	(2	)	$	15,948	$	(47	)	$	16,940	$	(49	)
Mortgage-backed securities	—		—			12,177		(412		)	12,177		(412		)
State and political subdivisions	39,149		(208		)	50,889		(746		)	90,038		(954		)
Total HTM	$	40,141	$	(210	)	$	79,014	$	(1,205	)	$	119,155	$	(1,415	)

Available-for-Sale
U.S. Government agencies	$	26,562	$	(221	)	$	108,636	$	(3,519	)	$	135,198	$	(3,740	)
Mortgage-backed securities	163,560		(1,146		)	1,037,679		(31,538		)	1,201,239		(32,684		)
State and political subdivisions	129,075		(1,406		)	132,020		(4,064		)	261,095		(5,470		)
Other securities	65		(13		)	99		(1		)	164		(14		)
Total AFS	$	319,262	$	(2,786	)	$	1,278,434	$	(39,122	)	$	1,597,696	$	(41,908	)

The declines reflected in the preceding table primarily resulted from the rate for these investments yielding less than current market rates. Based on evaluation of available evidence, management believes the declines in fair value for these securities are temporary. Management does not have the intent to sell these securities, and management believes it is more likely than not the Company will not have to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis less any current period credit losses.

Declines in the fair value of HTM and AFS securities below their cost that are deemed to be other than temporary are reflected in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers, among other things, (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (ii) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (iii) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

Management has the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as HTM until they mature, at which time the Company expects to receive full value for the securities. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2019, management also had the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as AFS for a period of time sufficient for a recovery of cost. The unrealized losses are largely due

to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2019, management believes the impairments detailed in the table above are temporary. Should the impairment of any of these securities become other than temporary, the cost basis of the investment will be reduced and the resulting loss recognized in net income in the period the other-than-temporary impairment is identified.

Income earned on securities for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, is as follows:



(In thousands)	2019		2018		2017
Taxable:
Held-to-maturity	$	1,207	$	2,157	$	2,521
Available-for-sale	45,934		40,926		25,996

Non-taxable:
Held-to-maturity	1,412		7,424		8,693
Available-for-sale	18,345		6,811		2,905
Total	$	66,898	$	57,318	$	40,115

The amortized cost and estimated fair value by maturity of securities are shown in the following table. Securities are classified according to their contractual maturities without consideration of principal amortization, potential prepayments or call options. Accordingly, actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities.



	Held-to-Maturity				Available-for-Sale
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
One year or less	$	4,897	$	4,919	$	494,432	$	494,338
After one through five years	15,972		16,325		72,949		73,370
After five through ten years	7,387		7,928		129,088		131,267
After ten years	1,875		1,875		825,155		842,798
Securities not due on a single maturity date	10,796		10,808		1,738,584		1,742,945
Other securities (no maturity)	—		—		167,938		168,620
Total	$	40,927	$	41,855	$	3,428,146	$	3,453,338

Total other short-term investments was $163.7 million as of December 31, 2019. The carrying value, which approximates the fair value, of securities pledged as collateral, to secure public deposits and for other purposes, amounted to $1.7 billion at December 31, 2019 and $1.0 billion at December 31, 2018.

There were approximately $13.3 million of gross realized gains and $4,000 of gross realized losses from the sale of securities during the year ended December 31, 2019. The gross realized gains recognized during 2019 were primarily due to adjustments made to the bond portfolio during the first quarter based upon projected cash flow changes and, during the third quarter the Company sold approximately $89 million of bonds as part of a plan to rebalance its investment portfolio resulting in a net gain on the sale of securities of $7.3 million. There were approximately $65,000 of gross realized gains and $4,000 of gross realized losses from the sale of securities during the year ended December 31, 2018. There were approximately $2.4 million of gross realized gains and $1.3 million of gross realized losses from the sale of securities during the year ended December 31, 2017. The income tax expense/benefit related to security gains/losses was 26.135% of the gross amounts in 2019 and 2018 and 39.225% in 2017.

The state and political subdivision debt obligations are predominately rated bonds, primarily issued in states in which we are located, and are evaluated on an ongoing basis.

NOTE 4: OTHER ASSETS AND OTHER LIABILITIES HELD FOR SALE

On December 20, 2019, the Company, through Simmons Bank, entered into a Branch Purchase and Assumption Agreement (the “Spirit Agreement”) with Spirit of Texas Bank, SSB (“Spirit”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Spirit of Texas Bancshares, Inc., pursuant to which Spirit will purchase certain assets and assume certain liabilities (the “Texas Branch Sale”) associated with five Simmons Bank locations in Austin, San Antonio, and Tilden, Texas (collectively, the “Texas Branches”).

Pursuant to the terms of the Spirit Agreement, Spirit has agreed to assume certain deposit liabilities and to acquire certain loans, as well as cash, real property, personal property and other fixed assets associated with the Texas Branches. The combined loan and deposit balances of the Texas Branches (excluding certain loans and deposits not subject to the Texas Branch Sale) as of December 31, 2019 were approximately $259.9 million and $159.9 million, respectively.

Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the Spirit Agreement, the purchase price for the transaction will be computed as the difference of (A) the sum of (i) the aggregate balance of the deposits to be assumed, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon, (ii) the amount of certain accrued expenses, and (iii) the amount of certain other liabilities to be assumed, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon, and (B) the sum of (i) the aggregate outstanding principal balance of the loans to be acquired, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon, (ii) the aggregate amount of cash on hand, (iii) the amount of certain prepaid expenses, (iv) the appraised value of the real property to be acquired, and (v) the aggregate net book value of the personal property and ATMs to be acquired. The purchase price is subject to a customary post-closing adjustment based on the delivery within 30 calendar days following the closing date of a final closing statement setting forth the purchase price and any necessary adjustment payment amount. Additionally, Spirit will pay a premium to Simmons Bank in an amount equal to the average aggregate daily closing balance of the deposits to be acquired for the 15-business day period prior to the closing date multiplied by 5%.

The completion of the Texas Branch Sale is subject to certain customary closing conditions. Subject to the satisfaction of such conditions, Spirit and Simmons Bank expect to close the Texas Branch Sale on February 28, 2020.

Pending Branch Sale (Subsequent Event)

On February 10, 2020, the Company, through Simmons Bank, entered into a Branch Purchase and Assumption Agreement (the “First Western Agreement”) with First Western Trust Bank (“First Western”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of First Western Financial, Inc., pursuant to which First Western will purchase certain assets and assume certain liabilities (the “Colorado Branch Sale”) associated with four Simmons Bank locations in Denver, Englewood, Highlands Ranch, and Lone Tree, Colorado (collectively, the “Colorado Branches”).

Pursuant to the terms of the First Western Agreement, First Western has agreed to assume certain deposit liabilities and to acquire certain loans, as well as cash, personal property and other fixed assets associated with the Colorado Branches. The combined loan and deposit balances of the Colorado Branches (excluding certain loans and deposits not subject to the Colorado Branch Sale) as of December 31, 2019, were approximately $105 million and $58 million, respectively.

Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the First Western Agreement, the purchase price for the transaction will be computed as the difference of (A) the sum of (i) the aggregate balance of the deposits to be assumed, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon, (ii) the amount of certain accrued expenses, and (iii) the amount of certain other liabilities to be assumed, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon, and (B) the sum of (i) the aggregate outstanding principal balance of the loans to be acquired, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon, (ii) the aggregate amount of cash on hand, (iii) the amount of certain prepaid expenses, and (iv) the aggregate net book value of the personal property and ATMs to be acquired. The purchase price is subject to a customary post-closing adjustment based on the delivery within 30 calendar days following the closing date of a final closing statement setting forth the purchase price and any necessary adjustment payment amount. Additionally, First Western will pay a premium to Simmons Bank in an amount equal to the average aggregate daily closing balance of the deposits to be acquired for the 30-business day period prior to the closing date multiplied by the Applicable Percentage. The “Applicable Percentage” equals (1) if the Colorado Branch Sale is completed on or before May 31, 2020, 6.06%, (2) if the Colorado Branch Sale is completed after May 31, 2020, but on or before July 31, 2020, 7.06%, or (3) if the Colorado Branch Sale is completed after July 31, 2020, 8.06%.

The completion of the Colorado Branch Sale is subject to certain customary closing conditions. Subject to the satisfaction of such conditions, First Western and Simmons Bank expect to close the Colorado Branch Sale in the second or third quarter of 2020.

NOTE 5: LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES

At December 31, 2019, the Company’s loan portfolio was $14.43 billion, compared to $11.72 billion at December 31, 2018. The various categories of loans are summarized as follows:



(In thousands)	2019		2018
Consumer:
Credit cards	$	204,802	$	204,173
Other consumer	191,946		201,297
Total consumer	396,748		405,470
Real estate:
Construction and development	1,760,894		1,300,723
Single family residential	1,444,620		1,440,443
Other commercial	3,678,908		3,225,287
Total real estate	6,884,422		5,966,453
Commercial:
Commercial	1,909,796		1,774,909
Agricultural	163,396		164,514
Total commercial	2,073,192		1,939,423
Other	275,714		119,042
Loans	9,630,076		8,430,388
Loans acquired, net of discount and allowance ⁽¹⁾	4,795,184		3,292,783
Total loans	$	14,425,260	$	11,723,171

_________________________

(1) See Note 6, Loans Acquired, for segregation of loans acquired by loan class.

Loan Origination/Risk Management – The Company seeks to manage its credit risk by diversifying its loan portfolio, determining that borrowers have adequate sources of cash flow for loan repayment without liquidation of collateral; obtaining and monitoring collateral; providing an adequate allowance for loans losses by regularly reviewing loans through the internal loan review process. The loan portfolio is diversified by borrower, purpose and industry. The Company seeks to use diversification within the loan portfolio to reduce its credit risk, thereby minimizing the adverse impact on the portfolio if weaknesses develop in either the economy or a particular segment of borrowers. Collateral requirements are based on credit assessments of borrowers and may be used to recover the debt in case of default. Furthermore, a factor that influenced the Company’s judgment regarding the allowance for loan losses consists of a nine-year historical loss average segregated by each primary loan sector. On an annual basis, historical loss rates are calculated for each sector.

Consumer – The consumer loan portfolio consists of credit card loans and other consumer loans. Credit card loans are diversified by geographic region to reduce credit risk and minimize any adverse impact on the portfolio. Although they are regularly reviewed to facilitate the identification and monitoring of creditworthiness, credit card loans are unsecured loans, making them more susceptible to be impacted by economic downturns resulting in increasing unemployment. Other consumer loans include direct and indirect installment loans and overdrafts. Loans in this portfolio segment are sensitive to unemployment and other key consumer economic measures.

Real estate – The real estate loan portfolio consists of construction loans, single family residential loans and commercial loans. Construction and development loans (“C&D”) and commercial real estate loans (“CRE”) can be particularly sensitive to valuation of real estate. Commercial real estate cycles are inevitable. The long planning and production process for new properties and rapid shifts in business conditions and employment create an inherent tension between supply and demand for commercial properties. While general economic trends often move individual markets in the same direction over time, the timing and magnitude of changes are determined by other forces unique to each market. CRE cycles tend to be local in nature and longer than other credit cycles. Factors influencing the CRE market are traditionally different from those affecting residential real estate markets; thereby making predictions for one market based on the other difficult. Additionally, submarkets within commercial real estate – such as office, industrial, apartment, retail and hotel – also experience different cycles, providing an opportunity to lower the overall risk through diversification across types of CRE loans. Management realizes that local demand and supply conditions will also mean that different geographic areas will experience cycles of different amplitude and length. The Company monitors these loans closely.

Commercial – The commercial loan portfolio includes commercial and agricultural loans, representing loans to commercial customers and farmers for use in normal business or farming operations to finance working capital needs, equipment purchases or other expansion projects. Collection risk in this portfolio is driven by the creditworthiness of the underlying borrowers, particularly cash flow from customers’ business or farming operations. The Company continues its efforts to keep loan terms short, reducing the negative impact of upward movement in interest rates. Term loans are generally set up with one or three year balloons, and the Company has instituted a pricing mechanism for commercial loans. It is standard practice to require personal guaranties on commercial loans for closely-held or limited liability entities.

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans – Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payment obligations as they become due, as well as when required by regulatory provisions. Loans may be placed on nonaccrual status regardless of whether or not such loans are considered past due. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Nonaccrual loans, excluding loans acquired, at December 31, 2019 and 2018, segregated by class of loans, are as follows:



(In thousands)	2019		2018
Consumer:
Credit cards	$	382	$	296
Other consumer	1,378		2,159
Total consumer	1,760		2,455
Real estate:
Construction and development	4,538		1,269
Single family residential	18,102		11,939
Other commercial	9,361		7,205
Total real estate	32,001		20,413
Commercial:
Commercial	36,575		10,049
Agricultural	500		1,284
Total commercial	37,075		11,333
Total	$	70,836	$	34,201

An age analysis of past due loans, excluding loans acquired, segregated by class of loans, is as follows:



(In thousands)	Gross 30-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or More Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans		90 Days Past Due & Accruing
December 31, 2019
Consumer:
Credit cards	$	848	$	641	$	1,489	$	203,313	$	204,802	$	259
Other consumer	4,057		595		4,652		187,294		191,946		—
Total consumer	4,905		1,236		6,141		390,607		396,748		259
Real estate:
Construction and development	4,968		605		5,573		1,755,321		1,760,894		—
Single family residential	13,414		8,769		22,183		1,422,437		1,444,620		—
Other commercial	4,302		3,969		8,271		3,670,637		3,678,908		—
Total real estate	22,684		13,343		36,027		6,848,395		6,884,422		—
Commercial:
Commercial	6,253		12,174		18,427		1,891,369		1,909,796		—
Agricultural	207		450		657		162,739		163,396		—
Total commercial	6,460		12,624		19,084		2,054,108		2,073,192		—
Other	—		—		—		275,714		275,714		—
Total	$	34,049	$	27,203	$	61,252	$	9,568,824	$	9,630,076	$	259

December 31, 2018
Consumer:
Credit cards	$	1,033	$	506	$	1,539	$	202,634	$	204,173	$	209
Other consumer	4,264		896		5,160		196,137		201,297		4
Total consumer	5,297		1,402		6,699		398,771		405,470		213
Real estate:
Construction and development	533		308		841		1,299,882		1,300,723		—
Single family residential	7,769		4,127		11,896		1,428,547		1,440,443		—
Other commercial	3,379		2,773		6,152		3,219,135		3,225,287		—
Total real estate	11,681		7,208		18,889		5,947,564		5,966,453		—
Commercial:
Commercial	4,472		5,105		9,577		1,765,332		1,774,909		11
Agricultural	467		1,055		1,522		162,992		164,514		—
Total commercial	4,939		6,160		11,099		1,928,324		1,939,423		11
Other	—		—		—		119,042		119,042		—
Total	$	21,917	$	14,770	$	36,687	$	8,393,701	$	8,430,388	$	224

Impaired Loans – A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will not receive all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loans, including scheduled principal and interest payments. This includes loans that are delinquent 90 days or more, nonaccrual loans and certain other loans identified by management. Certain other loans identified by management consist of performing loans with specific allocations of the allowance for loan losses. Impaired loans are carried at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.

Impairment is evaluated in total for smaller-balance loans of a similar nature and on an individual loan basis for other loans. Impaired loans, or portions thereof, are charged-off when deemed uncollectible.

Impaired loans, net of government guarantees and excluding loans acquired, segregated by class of loans, are as follows:



(In thousands)	Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Recorded Investment With No Allowance		Recorded Investment With Allowance		Total Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Average Investment in Impaired Loans		Interest Income Recognized
December 31, 2019
Consumer:
Credit cards	$	382	$	382	$	—	$	382	$	—	$	373	$	50
Other consumer	1,537		1,378		—		1,378		—		1,659		41
Total consumer	1,919		1,760		—		1,760		—		2,032		91
Real estate:
Construction and development	4,648		4,466		72		4,538		4		2,464		61
Single family residential	19,466		15,139		2,963		18,102		42		15,470		382
Other commercial	10,645		4,713		3,740		8,453		694		9,983		247
Total real estate	34,759		24,318		6,775		31,093		740		27,917		690
Commercial:
Commercial	53,436		6,582		28,998		35,580		5,007		28,219		697
Agricultural	525		383		116		499		—		908		22
Total commercial	53,961		6,965		29,114		36,079		5,007		29,127		719
Total	$	90,639	$	33,043	$	35,889	$	68,932	$	5,747	$	59,076	$	1,500

December 31, 2018
Consumer:
Credit cards	$	296	$	296	$	—	$	296	$	—	$	266	$	85
Other consumer	2,311		2,159		—		2,159		—		3,719		112
Total consumer	2,607		2,455		—		2,455		—		3,985		197
Real estate:
Construction and development	1,344		784		485		1,269		211		1,651		50
Single family residential	12,906		11,468		616		12,084		36		13,257		399
Other commercial	8,434		2,976		5,458		8,434		—		13,608		410
Total real estate	22,684		15,228		6,559		21,787		247		28,516		859
Commercial:
Commercial	10,361		5,733		4,628		10,361		437		10,003		301
Agricultural	2,419		1,180		—		1,180		—		1,412		43
Total commercial	12,780		6,913		4,628		11,541		437		11,415		344
Total	$	38,071	$	24,596	$	11,187	$	35,783	$	684	$	43,916	$	1,400

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, impaired loans, net of government guarantees and excluding loans acquired, totaled $68.9 million and $35.8 million, respectively. Allocations of the allowance for loan losses relative to impaired loans were $5,747,000 and $684,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Approximately $1.5 million, $1.4 million and $1.8 million of interest income was recognized on average impaired loans of $59.1 million, $43.9 million and $50.8 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Interest recognized on impaired loans on a cash basis during 2019, 2018 and 2017 was not material.

Included in certain impaired loan categories are troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). When the Company restructures a loan to a borrower that is experiencing financial difficulty and grants a concession that it would not otherwise consider, a “troubled debt restructuring” results and the Company classifies the loan as a TDR. The Company grants various types of concessions, primarily interest rate reduction and/or payment modifications or extensions, with an occasional forgiveness of principal.

Under ASC Topic 310-10-35 – Subsequent Measurement, a TDR is considered to be impaired, and an impairment analysis must be performed. The Company assesses the exposure for each modification, either by collateral discounting or by calculation of the present value of future cash flows, and determines if a specific allocation to the allowance for loan losses is needed.

Once an obligation has been restructured because of such credit problems, it continues to be considered a TDR until paid in full; or, if an obligation yields a market interest rate and no longer has any concession regarding payment amount or amortization, then it is not considered a TDR at the beginning of the calendar year after the year in which the improvement takes place. The Company returns TDRs to accrual status only if (1) all contractual amounts due can reasonably be expected to be repaid within a prudent period, and (2) repayment has been in accordance with the contract for a sustained period, typically at least six months.

The following table presents a summary of TDRs, excluding loans acquired, segregated by class of loans.



	Accruing TDR Loans			Nonaccrual TDR Loans			Total TDR Loans
(Dollars in thousands)	Number	Balance		Number	Balance		Number	Balance
December 31, 2019
Real estate:
Construction and development	—	$	—	1	$	72	1	$	72
Single-family residential	7	1,151		12	671		19	1,822
Other commercial	1	476		2	80		3	556
Total real estate	8	1,627		15	823		23	2,450
Commercial:
Commercial	4	2,784		3	79		7	2,863
Total commercial	4	2,784		3	79		7	2,863
Total	12	$	4,411	18	$	902	30	$	5,313

December 31, 2018
Real estate:
Construction and development	—	$	—	3	$	485	3	$	485
Single-family residential	6	230		10	616		16	846
Other commercial	2	3,306		2	1,027		4	4,333
Total real estate	8	3,536		15	2,128		23	5,664
Commercial:
Commercial	4	2,833		6	718		10	3,551
Total commercial	4	2,833		6	718		10	3,551
Total	12	$	6,369	21	$	2,846	33	$	9,215

100

The following table presents loans that were restructured as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, excluding loans acquired, segregated by class of loans.



						Modification Type
(Dollars in thousands)	Number of Loans	Balance Prior to TDR		Balance at December 31,		Change in Maturity Date		Change in Rate		Financial Impact on Date of Restructure
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Real estate:
Single-family residential	4	$	997	$	996	$	996	$	—	$	—
Total real estate	4	997		996		996		—		—
Total	4	$	997	$	996	$	996	$	—	$	—

Year Ended December 31, 2018
Consumer:
Other consumer	1	$	91	$	91	$	91	$	—	$	—
Total consumer	1	91		91		91		—		—
Real estate:
Construction and development	1	99		98		98		—		—
Single-family residential	1	61		62		62		—		—
Other commercial	2	392		390		390		—		212
Total real estate	4	552		550		550		—		212
Commercial:
Commercial	3	2,363		2,358		2,358		—		190
Total commercial	3	2,363		2,358		2,358		—		190
Total	8	$	3,006	$	2,999	$	2,999	$	—	$	402

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company modified four loans with a total recorded investment of $997,000 prior to modification which were deemed troubled debt restructuring. The restructured loans were modified by deferring amortized principal payments, changing the maturity date and requiring interest-only payments for a period of up to 12 months. A specific reserve was not determined necessary for these loans based on the fair value of the collateral. Also, there was no immediate financial impact from the restructuring of these loans as it was not considered necessary to charge-off interest or principal on the date of restructure. During the year ended December 31, 2019, three of the previously restructured loans with prior balances of $81,600 were paid off.

During year ended December 31, 2018, the Company modified eight loans with a total recorded investment of $3.0 million prior to modification which were deemed troubled debt restructuring. The restructured loans were modified by deferring amortized principal payments, changing the maturity date and requiring interest-only payments for a period of up to 12 months. Based upon the fair value of the collateral, a specific reserve of $402,000 was determined necessary for these loans. Also, there was no immediate financial impact from the restructuring of these loans, as it was not considered necessary to charge-off interest or principal on the date of restructure. During the year ended December 31, 2018, seven of the previously restructured loans with prior balances of $655,000 were paid off.

There were four loans, consisting of commercial and real estate construction loans, considered TDRs for which a payment default occurred during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company charged off approximately $552,000 for these loans. The Company defines a payment default as a payment received more than 90 days after its due date.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, there were two commercial real estate loans for which a payment default occurred that had been modified as a TDR within 12 months or less of the payment default. A charge off of approximately $92,400 was recorded for these loans and assets valued at $2,169,300 were transferred to OREO. Also, there was one single-family residential loan for which a payment default occurred that had been modified as a TDR within 12 months or less of the payment default. A charge off of approximately $26,500 was recorded for this loan.

In addition to the TDRs that occurred during the periods provided in the preceding tables, the Company had TDRs with pre-modification loan balances of $2,288,000 at December 31, 2018, for which OREO was received in full or partial satisfaction of

101

the loans. There were no TDRs with pre-modification loan balances for which OREO was received in full or partial satisfaction of the loans during the year ended December 31, 2019. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had $5,789,000 and $3,899,000, respectively, of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had $4,458,000 and $3,530,000, respectively, of OREO secured by residential real estate properties.

Credit Quality Indicators – As part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, management tracks certain credit quality indicators including trends related to (i) the weighted-average risk rating of commercial and real estate loans, (ii) the level of classified commercial and real estate loans, (iii) net charge-offs, (iv) non-performing loans (see details above) and (v) the general economic conditions in the States of Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas.

The Company utilizes a risk rating matrix to assign a risk rate to each of its commercial and real estate loans. Loans are rated on a scale of 1 to 8. A description of the general characteristics of the 8 risk ratings is as follows:


•	Risk Rate 1 – Pass (Excellent) – This category includes loans which are virtually free of credit risk. Borrowers in this category represent the highest credit quality and greatest financial strength.


•	Risk Rate 2 – Pass (Good) - Loans under this category possess a nominal risk of default. This category includes borrowers with strong financial strength and superior financial ratios and trends. These loans are generally fully secured by cash or equivalents (other than those rated “excellent”).


•	Risk Rate 3 – Pass (Acceptable – Average) - Loans in this category are considered to possess a normal level of risk. Borrowers in this category have satisfactory financial strength and adequate cash flow coverage to service debt requirements. If secured, the perfected collateral should be of acceptable quality and within established borrowing parameters.

•

Risk Rate 4 – Pass (Monitor) - Loans in the Watch (Monitor) category exhibit an overall acceptable level of risk, but that risk may be increased by certain conditions, which represent “red flags”. These “red flags” require a higher level of supervision or monitoring than the normal “Pass” rated credit. The borrower may be experiencing these conditions for the first time, or it may be recovering from weakness, which at one time justified a higher rating. These conditions may include: weaknesses in financial trends; marginal cash flow; one-time negative operating results; non-compliance with policy or borrowing agreements; poor diversity in operations; lack of adequate monitoring information or lender supervision; questionable management ability/stability.

•

Risk Rate 5 – Special Mention - A loan in this category has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Special Mention loans are not adversely classified (although they are “criticized”) and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Borrowers may be experiencing adverse operating trends, or an ill-proportioned balance sheet. Non-financial characteristics of a Special Mention rating may include management problems, pending litigation, a non-existent, or ineffective loan agreement or other material structural weakness, and/or other significant deviation from prudent lending practices.

•

Risk Rate 6 – Substandard - A Substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified must have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. The loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. This does not imply ultimate loss of the principal, but may involve burdensome administrative expenses and the accompanying cost to carry the loan.

•

Risk Rate 7 – Doubtful - A loan classified Doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in a substandard loan except that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full (on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values) highly questionable and improbable. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity, or capital, and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the asset, its classification as loss is deferred. Pending factors include: proposed merger or acquisition; liquidation procedures; capital injection; perfection of liens on additional collateral; and refinancing plans. Loans classified as Doubtful are placed on nonaccrual status.

•

Risk Rate 8 – Loss - Loans classified Loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loans has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless loan, even though partial recovery may be affected in the future. Borrowers in the Loss category are often in bankruptcy, have formally suspended debt repayments, or have otherwise ceased normal business operations. Loans should be classified as Loss and charged-off in the period in which they become uncollectible.

102

Loans acquired are evaluated using this internal grading system. Loans acquired are evaluated individually and include purchased credit impaired loans of $13.4 million and $4.1 million that are accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30 and are classified as substandard (Risk Rating 6) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of the remaining loans acquired and accounted for under ASC Topic 310-20, $103.1 million and $50.4 million were classified (Risk Ratings 6, 7 and 8 – see classified loans discussion below) at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Purchased credit impaired loans are loans that showed evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and for which it is probable, at acquisition, that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts contractually owed. Their fair value was initially based on the estimate of cash flows, both principal and interest, expected to be collected or estimated collateral values if cash flows are not estimable, discounted at prevailing market rates of interest. The difference between the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition and the fair value at acquisition is recognized as interest income on a level-yield method over the life of the loan. Contractually required payments for interest and principal that exceed the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition are not recognized as a yield adjustment. Increases in expected cash flows subsequent to the initial investment are recognized prospectively through adjustment of the yield on the loan over its remaining life. Decreases in expected cash flows are recognized as impairment.

Classified loans for the Company include loans in Risk Ratings 6, 7 and 8. Loans may be classified, but not considered impaired, due to one of the following reasons: (1) The Company has established minimum dollar amount thresholds for loan impairment testing. Loans rated 6 – 8 that fall under the threshold amount are not tested for impairment and therefore are not included in impaired loans. (2) Of the loans that are above the threshold amount and tested for impairment, after testing, some are considered to not be impaired and are not included in impaired loans. Total classified loans, excluding loans accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30, were $209.8 million and $119.0 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The following table presents a summary of loans by credit risk rating, segregated by class of loans.



(In thousands)	Risk Rate 1-4		Risk Rate 5		Risk Rate 6		Risk Rate 7		Risk Rate 8		Total
December 31, 2019
Consumer:
Credit cards	$	204,161	$	—	$	641	$	—	$	—	$	204,802
Other consumer	190,350		—		1,596		—		—		191,946
Total consumer	394,511		—		2,237		—		—		396,748
Real estate:
Construction and development	1,754,269		49		6,576		—		—		1,760,894
Single family residential	1,415,603		4,868		24,146		3		—		1,444,620
Other commercial	3,621,296		28,873		28,739		—		—		3,678,908
Total real estate	6,791,168		33,790		59,461		3		—		6,884,422
Commercial:
Commercial	1,835,335		25,185		49,276		—		—		1,909,796
Agricultural	162,808		41		547		—		—		163,396
Total commercial	1,998,143		25,226		49,823		—		—		2,073,192
Other	275,714		—		—		—		—		275,714
Loans acquired	4,653,295		43,602		97,900		170		217		4,795,184
Total	$	14,112,831	$	102,618	$	209,421	$	173	$	217	$	14,425,260

103



(In thousands)	Risk Rate 1-4		Risk Rate 5		Risk Rate 6		Risk Rate 7		Risk Rate 8		Total
December 31, 2018
Consumer:
Credit cards	$	203,667	$	—	$	506	$	—	$	—	$	204,173
Other consumer	198,840		—		2,457		—		—		201,297
Total consumer	402,507		—		2,963		—		—		405,470
Real estate:
Construction and development	1,296,988		1,910		1,825		—		—		1,300,723
Single family residential	1,420,052		1,628		18,528		235		—		1,440,443
Other commercial	3,193,289		17,169		14,829		—		—		3,225,287
Total real estate	5,910,329		20,707		35,182		235		—		5,966,453
Commercial:
Commercial	1,742,002		8,357		24,550		—		—		1,774,909
Agricultural	162,824		75		1,615		—		—		164,514
Total commercial	1,904,826		8,432		26,165		—		—		1,939,423
Other	119,042		—		—		—		—		119,042
Loans acquired	3,187,083		51,255		54,097		348		—		3,292,783
Total	$	11,523,787	$	80,394	$	118,407	$	583	$	—	$	11,723,171

Net (charge-offs)/recoveries for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, excluding loans acquired, segregated by class of loans, were as follows:



(In thousands)	2019			2018
Consumer:
Credit cards	$	(3,564	)	$	(3,046	)
Other consumer	(2,537		)	(6,080		)
Total consumer	(6,101		)	(9,126		)
Real estate:
Construction and development	(375		)	(1,775		)
Single family residential	(703		)	(494		)
Other commercial	(745		)	(2,645		)
Total real estate	(1,823		)	(4,914		)
Commercial:
Commercial	(21,651		)	(5,878		)
Agricultural	—			—
Total commercial	(21,651		)	(5,878		)
Total	$	(29,575	)	$	(19,918	)

Allowance for Loan Losses

Allowance for Loan Losses – The allowance for loan losses is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, which represents management’s best estimate of probable losses that have been incurred within the existing portfolio of loans. The allowance, in the judgment of management, is necessary to reserve for estimated loan losses and risks inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company’s allowance for loan loss methodology includes allowance allocations calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 310-10, Receivables, and allowance allocations calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 450-20, Loss Contingencies. Accordingly, the methodology is based on the Company’s internal grading system, specific impairment analysis, qualitative and quantitative factors.

104

As mentioned above, allocations to the allowance for loan losses are categorized as either specific allocations or general allocations.

A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will not receive all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan, including scheduled principal and interest payments. For a collateral dependent loan, the Company’s evaluation process includes a valuation by appraisal or other collateral analysis. This valuation is compared to the remaining outstanding principal balance of the loan. If a loss is determined to be probable, the loss is included in the allowance for loan losses as a specific allocation. If the loan is not collateral dependent, the measurement of loss is based on the difference between the expected and contractual future cash flows of the loan.

The general allocation is calculated monthly based on management’s assessment of several factors such as (1) historical loss experience based on volumes and types, (2) volume and trends in delinquencies and nonaccruals, (3) lending policies and procedures including those for loan losses, collections and recoveries, (4) national, state and local economic trends and conditions, (5) external factors and pressure from competition, (6) the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff, (7) seasoning of new products obtained and new markets entered through acquisition and (8) other factors and trends that will affect specific loans and categories of loans. The Company establishes general allocations for each major loan category. This category also includes allocations to loans which are collectively evaluated for loss such as credit cards, one-to-four family owner occupied residential real estate loans and other consumer loans.

The following table details activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.



(In thousands)	Commercial			Real Estate			Credit Card			Other Consumer and Other			Total
December 31, 2019
Balance, beginning of year⁽²⁾	$	20,514		$	29,743		$	3,923		$	2,419		$	56,599
Provision for loan losses ⁽¹⁾	24,000			10,797			3,692			2,287			40,776
Charge-offs	(22,023		)	(2,319		)	(4,585		)	(4,894		)	(33,821		)
Recoveries	372			496			1,021			2,357			4,246
Net charge-offs	(21,651		)	(1,823		)	(3,564		)	(2,537		)	(29,575		)
Balance, end of year⁽²⁾	$	22,863		$	38,717		$	4,051		$	2,169		$	67,800

Period-end amount allocated to:
Loans individually evaluated for impairment	$	5,007		$	740		$	—		$	—		$	5,747
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	17,856			37,977			4,051			2,169			62,053
Balance, end of year ⁽²⁾	$	22,863		$	38,717		$	4,051		$	2,169		$	67,800

December 31, 2018
Balance, beginning of year ⁽²⁾	$	7,007		$	27,281		$	3,784		$	3,596		$	41,668
Provision for loan losses ⁽¹⁾	19,385			7,376			3,185			4,903			34,849
Charge-offs	(6,623		)	(5,905		)	(4,051		)	(6,637		)	(23,216		)
Recoveries	745			991			1,005			557			3,298
Net charge-offs	(5,878		)	(4,914		)	(3,046		)	(6,080		)	(19,918		)
Balance, end of year⁽²⁾	$	20,514		$	29,743		$	3,923		$	2,419		$	56,599

Period-end amount allocated to:
Loans individually evaluated for impairment	$	437		$	247		$	—		$	—		$	684
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	20,077			29,496			3,923			2,419			55,915
Balance, end of year⁽²⁾	$	20,514		$	29,743		$	3,923		$	2,419		$	56,599

_________________________

105

(1) Provision for loan losses of $2,464,000 attributable to loans acquired was excluded from this table for the year ended December 31, 2019 (total provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $43,240,000). There were $3,015,000 in charge-offs for loans acquired and recoveries of $900,000 for loans acquired during the year ended December 31, 2019 resulting in an ending balance in the allowance related to loans acquired of $444,000. Provision for loan losses of $3,299,000 attributable to loans acquired was excluded from this table for the year ended December 31, 2018 (total provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $38,148,000). There were $3,622,000 in charge-offs for loans acquired during the year ended December 31, 2018 resulting in an ending balance in the allowance related to loans acquired of $95,000.

(2) Allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2019 includes $444,000 of allowance for loans acquired (not shown in the table above). Allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2018 and 2017 includes $95,000 and $418,000 allowance for loans acquired, respectively. The total allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $68,244,000, $56,694,000 and $42,086,000, respectively.

Activity in the allowance for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2017 was as follows:



(In thousands)	Commercial			Real Estate			Credit Card			Other Consumer and Other			Total
December 31, 2017
Balance, beginning of year ⁽²⁾	$	7,739		$	21,817		$	3,779		$	2,951		$	36,286
Provision for loan losses ⁽¹⁾	7,002			12,463			2,889			2,173			24,527
Charge-offs	(7,837		)	(7,989		)	(3,905		)	(3,767		)	(23,498		)
Recoveries	103			990			1,021			2,239			4,353
Net charge-offs	(7,734		)	(6,999		)	(2,884		)	(1,528		)	(19,145		)
Balance, end of year⁽²⁾	$	7,007		$	27,281		$	3,784		$	3,596		$	41,668

_________________________

(1) Provision for loan losses of $1,866,000 attributable to loans acquired was excluded from this table for the year ended December 31, 2017 (total provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $26,393,000). There were $2,402,000 in charge-offs for loans acquired during 2017 resulting in an ending balance in the allowance related to loans acquired of $418,000.

(2) Allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2017 includes $418,000 allowance for loans acquired (not shown in the table above). The total allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2017 was $42,086,000.

The Company’s recorded investment in loans, excluding loans acquired, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 related to each balance in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment on the basis of the Company’s impairment methodology was as follows:



(In thousands)	Commercial		Real Estate		Credit Card		Other Consumer and Other		Total
December 31, 2019
Loans individually evaluated for impairment	$	36,079	$	31,093	$	382	$	1,378	$	68,932
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	2,037,113		6,853,329		204,420		466,282		9,561,144
Balance, end of period	$	2,073,192	$	6,884,422	$	204,802	$	467,660	$	9,630,076

December 31, 2018
Loans individually evaluated for impairment	$	13,062	$	24,253	$	296	$	2,159	$	39,770
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	1,926,361		5,942,200		203,877		318,180		8,390,618
Balance, end of period	$	1,939,423	$	5,966,453	$	204,173	$	320,339	$	8,430,388

106

NOTE 6: LOANS ACQUIRED

During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company evaluated $1.995 billion of net loans ($2.011 billion gross loans less $15.818 million discount) purchased in conjunction with the acquisition of Landrum in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-20, Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. The Company evaluated the remaining $11.2 million of net loans ($15.823 million gross loans less $4.6 million discount) purchased in conjunction with the acquisition of Landrum for impairment in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. Purchased loans are considered impaired if there is evidence of credit deterioration since origination and if it is probable that not all contractually required payments will be collected.

During the second quarter of 2019, the Company evaluated $1.097 billion of net loans ($1.127 billion gross loans less $30.6 million discount) purchased in conjunction with the acquisition of Reliance in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-20. The Company evaluated the remaining $176,000 of net loans ($385,000 gross loans less $209,000 discount) purchased in conjunction with the acquisition of Reliance for impairment in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-30.

During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company evaluated $1.985 billion of net loans ($2.021 billion gross loans less $36.3 million discount) purchased in conjunction with the acquisition of OKSB in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-20. The Company evaluated the remaining $11.4 million of net loans ($18.1 million gross loans less $6.7 million discount) purchased in conjunction with the acquisition of OKSB for impairment in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-30.

Also during the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company evaluated $2.208 billion of net loans ($2.246 billion gross loans less $37.8 million discount) purchased in conjunction with the acquisition of First Texas in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-20.

During the second quarter of 2017, the Company evaluated $249.2 million of net loans ($254.2 million gross loans less $5.0 million discount) purchased in conjunction with the acquisition of Hardeman in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-20. The Company evaluated the remaining $2.4 million of net loans ($3.4 million gross loans less $990,000 discount) purchased in conjunction with the acquisition of Hardeman for impairment in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 310-30.

For the acquisitions discussed above, the fair value discount associated with each acquisition is being accreted into interest income over the weighted average life of the loans using a constant yield method. See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 2, Acquisitions, for further discussions regarding the Company’s acquisition accounting policies and specific information on loans acquired from the above acquisitions.

107

The following table reflects the carrying value of all loans acquired as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Loans Acquired At December 31,
(In thousands)	2019		2018
Consumer:
Other consumer	$	57,748	$	15,658
Real estate:
Construction and development	475,967		429,605
Single family residential	997,444		566,188
Other commercial	2,526,247		1,848,679
Total real estate	3,999,658		2,844,472
Commercial:
Commercial	585,720		430,914
Agricultural	152,058		1,739
Total commercial	737,778		432,653
Total loans acquired ⁽¹⁾	$	4,795,184	$	3,292,783

_________________________

(1) Loans acquired are reported net of a $444,000 and $95,000 allowance as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Nonaccrual loans acquired, excluding purchased credit impaired loans accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30, segregated by class of loans, are as follows (see Note 5, Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses, for discussion of nonaccrual loans):



(In thousands)	December 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Consumer:
Other consumer	$	327	$	140
Real estate:
Construction and development	751		114
Single family residential	9,593		6,603
Other commercial	7,221		1,167
Total real estate	17,565		7,884
Commercial:
Commercial	4,349		13,578
Agricultural	253		38
Total commercial	4,602		13,616
Total	$	22,494	$	21,640

108

An age analysis of past due loans acquired segregated by class of loans, is as follows (see Note 5, Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses, for discussion of past due loans):



(In thousands)	Gross 30-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or More Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans		90 Days Past Due & Accruing
December 31, 2019
Consumer:
Other consumer	$	827	$	140	$	967	$	56,781	$	57,748	$	—
Real estate:
Construction and development	824		473		1,297		474,670		475,967		—
Single family residential	12,904		5,020		17,924		979,520		997,444		597
Other commercial	3,343		2,481		5,824		2,520,423		2,526,247		—
Total real estate	17,071		7,974		25,045		3,974,613		3,999,658		597
Commercial:
Commercial	4,326		1,377		5,703		580,017		585,720		—
Agricultural	1,016		6		1,022		151,036		152,058		—
Total commercial	5,342		1,383		6,725		731,053		737,778		—

Total	$	23,240	$	9,497	$	32,737	$	4,762,447	$	4,795,184	$	597



December 31, 2018
Consumer:
Other consumer	$	337	$	49	$	386	$	15,272	$	15,658	$	2
Real estate:
Construction and development	8,283		27		8,310		421,295		429,605		—
Single family residential	4,706		3,049		7,755		558,433		566,188		—
Other commercial	168		577		745		1,847,934		1,848,679		—
Total real estate	13,157		3,653		16,810		2,827,662		2,844,472		—
Commercial:
Commercial	1,302		9,542		10,844		420,070		430,914		—
Agricultural	31		5		36		1,703		1,739		—
Total commercial	1,333		9,547		10,880		421,773		432,653		—

Total	$	14,827	$	13,249	$	28,076	$	3,264,707	$	3,292,783	$	2

109

The following table presents a summary of loans acquired by credit risk rating, segregated by class of loans (see Note 5, Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses, for discussion of loan risk rating). Loans accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30 are all included in Risk Rate 1-4 in this table.



(In thousands)	Risk Rate 1-4		Risk Rate 5		Risk Rate 6		Risk Rate 7		Risk Rate 8		Total
December 31, 2019
Consumer:
Other consumer	$	57,318	$	—	$	430	$	—	$	—	$	57,748
Real estate:
Construction and development	474,750		21		1,159		—		37		475,967
Single family residential	978,681		1,181		17,455		127		—		997,444
Other commercial	2,446,685		40,872		38,690		—		—		2,526,247
Total real estate	3,900,116		42,074		57,304		127		37		3,999,658
Commercial:
Commercial	548,928		1,528		35,041		43		180		585,720
Agricultural	146,933		—		5,125		—		—		152,058
Total commercial	695,861		1,528		40,166		43		180		737,778

Total	$	4,653,295	$	43,602	$	97,900	$	170	$	217	$	4,795,184

December 31, 2018
Consumer:
Other consumer	$	15,380	$	—	$	278	$	—	$	—	$	15,658
Real estate:
Construction and development	393,122		27,621		8,862		—		—		429,605
Single family residential	553,460		2,081		10,299		348		—		566,188
Other commercial	1,822,179		9,137		17,363		—		—		1,848,679
Total real estate	2,768,761		38,839		36,524		348		—		2,844,472
Commercial:
Commercial	401,300		12,416		17,198		—		—		430,914
Agricultural	1,642		—		97		—		—		1,739
Total commercial	402,942		12,416		17,295		—		—		432,653

Total	$	3,187,083	$	51,255	$	54,097	$	348	$	—	$	3,292,783

Loans acquired were individually evaluated and recorded at estimated fair value, including estimated credit losses, at the time of acquisition. These loans are systematically reviewed by the Company to determine the risk of losses that may exceed those identified at the time of the acquisition. Techniques used in determining risk of loss are similar to the Company’s legacy loan portfolio, with most focus being placed on those loans which include the larger loan relationships and those loans which exhibit higher risk characteristics.

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The following is a summary of the loans acquired in the Landrum acquisition on October 31, 2019, as of the date of acquisition.



(In thousands)	Not Impaired			Impaired
Contractually required principal and interest at acquisition	$	2,033,315		$	15,822
Non-accretable difference (expected losses and foregone interest)	—			(4,646		)
Cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition	2,033,315			11,176
Accretable yield	(38,555		)	—
Basis in acquired loans at acquisition	$	1,994,760		$	11,176

The following is a summary of the loans acquired in the Reliance acquisition on April 12, 2019, as of the date of acquisition.



(In thousands)	Not Impaired			Impaired
Contractually required principal and interest at acquisition	$	1,138,142		$	385
Non-accretable difference (expected losses and foregone interest)	—			(210		)
Cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition	1,138,142			175
Accretable yield	(41,447		)
Basis in acquired loans at acquisition	$	1,096,695		$	175

The following is a summary of the loans acquired in the OKSB acquisition on October 19, 2017, as of the date of acquisition.



(In thousands)	Not Impaired			Impaired
Contractually required principal and interest at acquisition	$	2,021,388		$	18,136
Non-accretable difference (expected losses and foregone interest)	—			(6,731		)
Cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition	2,021,388			11,405
Accretable yield	(36,340		)	—
Basis in acquired loans at acquisition	$	1,985,048		$	11,405

The following is a summary of the loans acquired in the First Texas acquisition on October 19, 2017, as of the date of acquisition.



(In thousands)	Not Impaired			Impaired
Contractually required principal and interest at acquisition	$	2,246,212		$	—
Non-accretable difference (expected losses and foregone interest)	—			—
Cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition	2,246,212			—
Accretable yield	(37,834		)	—
Basis in acquired loans at acquisition	$	2,208,378		$	—

The following is a summary of the loans acquired in the Hardeman acquisition on May 15, 2017, as of the date of acquisition.



(In thousands)	Not Impaired			Impaired
Contractually required principal and interest at acquisition	$	254,189		$	3,452
Non-accretable difference (expected losses and foregone interest)	—			(990		)
Cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition	254,189			2,462
Accretable yield	(5,002		)	—
Basis in acquired loans at acquisition	$	249,187		$	2,462

In addition to the accretable yield on acquired loans not considered to be impaired, the amount of the estimated cash flows expected to be received from the purchased credit impaired loans in excess of the fair values recorded for the purchased credit impaired loans is also referred to as the accretable yield. The accretable yield is recognized as interest income over the estimated lives of the loans. Each quarter, the Company estimates the cash flows expected to be collected from the acquired purchased credit impaired loans, and adjustments may or may not be required. This has resulted in an increase in interest income that is spread on a level-yield basis over the remaining expected lives of the loans. These adjustments will be recognized over the remaining lives of the purchased credit impaired loans. The accretable yield adjustments recorded in future periods will change as the Company continues to evaluate expected cash flows from the purchased credit impaired loans.

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Changes in the carrying amount of the accretable yield for all purchased impaired loans were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.



(In thousands)	Accretable Yield			Carrying Amount of Loans
Balance, January 1, 2017	$	1,655		$	17,802
Additions	—			13,793
Accretable yield adjustments	4,893			—
Accretion	(5,928		)	5,928
Payments and other reductions, net	—			(20,407		)
Balance, December 31, 2017	620			17,116

Additions	—			—
Accretable yield adjustments	2,045			—
Accretion	(1,205		)	1,205
Payments and other reductions, net	—			(14,271		)
Balance, December 31, 2018	1,460			4,050

Additions	—			11,351
Accretable yield adjustments	39			—
Accretion	(51		)	51
Payments and other reductions, net	—			(2,068		)
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	1,448		$	13,384

Purchased impaired loans are evaluated on an individual borrower basis. Because some loans evaluated by the Company were determined to have experienced impairment in the estimated credit quality or cash flows, the Company recorded a provision and established an allowance for loan losses for loans acquired resulting in a total allowance on loans acquired of $444,000 at December 31, 2019, $95,000 at December 31, 2018 and $418,000 at December 31, 2017.

NOTE 7: RIGHT-OF-USE LEASE ASSETS AND LEASE LIABILITIES

As of the first quarter 2019, the Company accounts for its leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases, which requires recognition of most leases, including operating leases, with a term greater than 12 months on the balance sheet. At lease commencement, the lease contract is reviewed to determine whether the contract is a finance lease or an operating lease; a lease liability is recognized on a discounted basis, related to the Company’s obligation to make lease payments; and a right-of-use asset is also recognized related to the Company’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components (such as taxes, insurance and common area maintenance costs) separately as such amounts are generally readily determinable under the lease contracts. Lease payments over the expected term are discounted using the Company’s FHLB advance rates for borrowings of similar term. If it is reasonably certain that a renewal or termination option will be exercised, the effects of such options are included in the determination of the expected lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; the Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company’s leases are classified as operating leases with a term, including expected renewal or termination options, greater than one year, and are related to certain office facilities and office equipment. As of December 31, 2019, right-of-use lease assets included in premises and equipment are $40.7 million and lease liabilities included in other liabilities are $40.9 million.

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Other information related to the Company’s operating leases is presented in the table below:



	2019			2018		2017
Operating lease cost for the years ended December 31	$	13,560,000		$	13,378,000	$	7,780,000

Weighted average remaining lease term	8.37 years
Weighted average discount rate	3.27		%

The Company’s remaining undiscounted minimum lease payments on operating leases as of December 31, 2019 are as follows:



Year	(In thousands)
2020	$	10,071
2021	8,394
2022	7,095
2023	5,236
2024	3,345
Thereafter	13,659
Total undiscounted minimum lease payments	47,800
Less: Net present value adjustment	6,946
Lease liability included in other liabilities	$	40,854

See Note 20, New Accounting Standards, for additional information related to the adoption of ASC Topic 842.

NOTE 8: GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill is tested annually, or more often than annually if circumstances warrant, for impairment. If the implied fair value of goodwill is lower than its carrying amount, goodwill impairment is indicated, and goodwill is written down to its implied fair value. Subsequent increases in goodwill value are not recognized in the financial statements. Goodwill totaled $1.1 billion at December 31, 2019 and $845.7 million at December 31, 2018.

During 2019, the Company recorded $131.3 million and $78.5 million of goodwill as a result of its acquisitions of Landrum and Reliance, respectively. Goodwill impairment was neither indicated nor recorded in 2019, 2018 or 2017.

Core deposit premiums represent the value of the relationships that acquired banks had with their deposit customers and are amortized over periods ranging from 10 to 15 years and are periodically evaluated, at least annually, as to the recoverability of their carrying value. Other intangible assets represent the value of other acquired relationships, including relationships with trust and wealth management customers, and are being amortized over various periods ranging from 10 to 15 years.

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Changes in the carrying amount and accumulated amortization of the Company’s core deposit premiums and other intangible assets at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:



(In thousands)	2019			2018
Core deposit premiums:
Balance, beginning of year	$	79,807		$	89,325
Acquisitions⁽¹⁾	42,695			—
Amortization	(10,694		)	(9,518		)
Balance, end of year	111,808			79,807
Books of business and other intangibles:
Balance, beginning of year	11,527			16,746
Acquisitions⁽²⁾	5,116			—
Disposition of intangible asset	—			(3,849		)
Amortization	(1,111		)	(1,370		)
Balance, end of year	15,532			11,527
Total other intangible assets, net	$	127,340		$	91,334

_________________________

(1) Core deposit premiums of $24.3 million and $18.4 million were recorded as part of the Landrum and Reliance acquisitions during the fourth and second quarters of 2019, respectively. See Note 2, Acquisitions, for additional information on acquisitions completed during the period.

(2) The Company recorded $5.1 million during the fourth quarter 2019 primarily related to the wealth management operations acquired from Landrum. See Note 2, Acquisitions, for additional information on acquisitions completed during the period.

The carrying basis and accumulated amortization of the Company’s other intangible assets at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:



(In thousands)	2019			2018
Core deposit premiums:
Gross carrying amount	$	148,679		$	105,984
Accumulated amortization	(36,871		)	(26,177		)
Core deposit premiums, net	111,808			79,807
Books of business and other intangibles:
Gross carrying amount	20,350			15,234
Accumulated amortization	(4,818		)	(3,707		)
Books of business and other intangibles, net	15,532			11,527
Total other intangible assets, net	$	127,340		$	91,334

Core deposit premium amortization expense recorded for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $10.7 million, $9.5 million and $6.0 million, respectively. Amortization expense recorded for books of business and other intangibles was $1.1 million, $1.4 million and $1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The Company’s estimated remaining amortization expense on other intangible assets as of December 31, 2019 is as follows:



Year	(In thousands)
2020	$	13,712
2021	13,650
2022	13,598
2023	13,316
2024	12,413
Thereafter	60,651
Total	$	127,340

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NOTE 9: TIME DEPOSITS

Time deposits included approximately $2.15 billion and $1.44 billion of certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more, at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of this total approximately $837.3 million and $753.2 million of certificates of deposit were over $250,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Brokered time deposits were $1.06 billion and $1.39 billion at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Maturities of all time deposits are as follows: 2020 – $2.60 billion; 2021 – $492.43 million; 2022 – $112.03 million; 2023 – $47.20 million; 2024 – $16.82 million; thereafter – $4.47 million.

Deposits are the Company’s primary funding source for loans and investment securities. The mix and repricing alternatives can significantly affect the cost of this source of funds and, therefore, impact the interest margin.

NOTE 10: INCOME TAXES

The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31 is comprised of the following components:



(In thousands)	2019		2018		2017
Income taxes currently payable	$	29,354	$	41,946	$	38,732
Deferred income taxes	34,911		8,412		23,251
Provision for income taxes	$	64,265	$	50,358	$	61,983

The tax effects of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts that give rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and their approximate tax effects, are as follows as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:



(In thousands)	2019			2018
Deferred tax assets:
Loans acquired	$	20,783		$	12,536
Allowance for loan losses	16,732			13,947
Valuation of foreclosed assets	2,626			1,474
Tax NOLs from acquisition	18,118			7,242
Deferred compensation payable	2,750			2,707
Accrued equity and other compensation	6,677			8,182
Acquired securities	3,393			397
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities	—			9,196
Right-of-use lease liability	10,221			—
Other	7,886			7,042
Gross deferred tax assets	89,186			62,723
Deferred tax liabilities:
Goodwill and other intangible amortization	(41,221		)	(30,471		)
Accumulated depreciation	(36,554		)	(13,361		)
Right-of-use lease asset	(10,176		)	—
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities	(3,720		)	—
Other	(7,651		)	(5,360		)
Gross deferred tax liabilities	(99,322		)	(49,192		)
Net deferred tax (liability) asset	$	(10,136	)	$	13,531

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A reconciliation of income tax expense at the statutory rate to the Company’s actual income tax expense is shown below for the years ended December 31:



(In thousands)	2019			2018			2017
Computed at the statutory rate ⁽¹⁾	$	63,442		$	55,875		$	54,223
Increase (decrease) in taxes resulting from:
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit	5,860			5,015			1,582
Discrete items related to ASU 2016-09	(38		)	(2,439		)	(1,480		)
Tax exempt interest income	(4,390		)	(3,168		)	(4,209		)
Tax exempt earnings on BOLI	(852		)	(869		)	(926		)
Federal tax credits	(2,933		)	(3,003		)	(1,586		)
Impact of DTA remeasurement	—			—			11,471
Other differences, net	3,176			(1,053		)	2,908
Actual tax provision	$	64,265		$	50,358		$	61,983

_________________________

(1) The statutory rate was 21% for 2019 and 2018 compared to 35% for 2017.

The Company follows ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, which prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Benefits from tax positions should be recognized in the financial statements only when it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority that would have full knowledge of all relevant information. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be derecognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is no longer met. ASC Topic 740 also provides guidance on the accounting for and disclosure of unrecognized tax benefits, interest and penalties. The Company has no history of expiring net operating loss carryforwards and is projecting significant pre-tax and financial taxable income in future years. The Company expects to fully realize its deferred tax assets in the future.

Income tax expense was lower during 2018 than 2017 largely due to discrete tax benefits related to tax accounting for a cost segregation study, excess tax benefits related to restricted stock and a state tax deferred tax asset (“DTA”) adjustment. The purpose of the cost segregation study was to analyze the costs included in various projects and recognize the benefit of recording tax depreciation in 2017 when the federal rate was higher. The purpose of the state DTA adjustment was due to an analysis of projected state apportionment after the 2017 acquisitions of First South Bank, Bank SNB and Southwest Bank were merged into Simmons Bank in 2018.

On December 22, 2017, the President signed tax reform legislation (the “2017 Act”) which included a broad range of tax reform provisions affecting businesses, including corporate tax rates, business deductions, and international tax provisions. The 2017 Act reduced the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. Under US GAAP, deferred tax assets and liabilities are required to be measured at the enacted tax rate expected to apply when temporary differences are to be realized or settled and the effect of a change in tax law is recorded discretely as a component of the income tax provision related to continuing operations in the period of enactment. As a result, the Company was required to remeasure its deferred taxes as of December 22, 2017 based upon the new 21% tax rate and the change was recorded in the 2017 income tax provision. The 2017 Act resulted in a one-time non-cash adjustment to income of $11.5 million in 2017.

On December 22, 2017, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which provided guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the 2017 Act. SAB 118 provided a measurement period that should not exceed one year from the 2017 Act enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740, Income Taxes. The Company’s financial results for the year ended December 31, 2017 reflected the income tax effects for the 2017 Act including several provisional amounts based on reasonable estimates. Any items that were estimated in 2017 were finalized in 2018 with no material impact to the company’s federal income tax expense.

In February 2018, FASB issued ASU No. 2018-2, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) (“ASU 2018-2”), that allowed a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Act. Previous US GAAP required the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of a change in tax laws or rates to be presented in net income from continuing operations. Consequently, the original deferred

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tax amount recorded through AOCI at the old rate will remain in AOCI despite the fact that its related deferred tax asset/liability will be reduced through continuing operations to reflect the new rate, resulting in “stranded” tax effects in AOCI. ASU 2018-2 required a reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for those stranded tax effects resulting from the newly enacted federal corporate income tax rate. As permitted, the Company elected to early adopt the provisions of ASU 2018-2 during the fourth quarter 2017, which resulted in a reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings in the amount of $3.0 million.

The amount of unrecognized tax benefits may increase or decrease in the future for various reasons including adding amounts for current tax year positions, expiration of open income tax returns due to the statutes of limitation, changes in management’s judgment about the level of uncertainty, status of examinations, litigation and legislative activity and the addition or elimination of uncertain tax positions.

Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code imposes an annual limit on the ability of a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” to use its U.S. net operating losses to reduce its tax liability. The Company has engaged in two tax-free reorganization transactions in which acquired net operating losses are limited pursuant to Section 382. In total, approximately $84.0 million of federal net operating losses subject to the IRC Section 382 annual limitation are expected to be utilized by the Company, of which $52.1 million is related to the Reliance acquisition that closed during second quarter 2019. All of the acquired Reliance net operating losses are expected to be fully utilized by 2027, with the remaining acquired net operating loss carryforwards expected to be fully utilized by 2036.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction. The Company’s U.S. federal income tax returns are open and subject to examinations from the 2016 tax year and forward. The Company’s various state income tax returns are generally open from the 2016 and later tax return years based on individual state statute of limitations.

NOTE 11: SECURITIES SOLD UNDER AGREEMENTS TO REPURCHASE

The Company utilizes securities sold under agreements to repurchase to facilitate the needs of its customers and to facilitate secured short-term funding needs. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are stated at the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction. The Company monitors collateral levels on a continuous basis. The Company may be required to provide additional collateral based on the fair value of the underlying securities. Securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements are maintained with the Company’s safekeeping agents.

The gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements was $133.2 million and $95.5 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The remaining contractual maturity of the securities sold under agreements to repurchase in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 is presented in the following tables.



	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
(In thousands)	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
December 31, 2019
Repurchase agreements:
U.S. Government agencies	$	133,220	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	133,220

December 31, 2018
Repurchase agreements:
U.S. Government agencies	$	95,542	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	95,542

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NOTE 12: OTHER BORROWINGS AND SUBORDINATED NOTES AND DEBENTURES

Debt at December 31, 2019 and 2018 consisted of the following components.



(In thousands)	2019			2018
Other Borrowings
FHLB advances, net of discount, due 2020 to 2033, 0.55% to 7.37%, secured by real estate loans	$	1,262,691		$	1,345,450
Other long-term debt	34,908			—
Total other borrowings	1,297,599			1,345,450

Subordinated Notes and Debentures
Subordinated notes payable, due 4/1/2028, fixed-to-floating rate (fixed rate of 5.00% through 3/31/2023, floating rate of 2.15% above the three month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly)	330,000			330,000
Trust preferred securities, net of discount, due 9/15/2037, floating rate of 1.37% above the three month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly	10,310			10,310
Trust preferred securities, net of discount, due 6/6/2037, floating rate of 1.57% above the three month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, callable without penalty	10,310			10,310
Trust preferred securities, due 12/15/2035, floating rate of 1.45% above the three month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, callable without penalty	6,702			6,702
Trust preferred securities, net of discount, due 6/15/2037, floating rate of 1.85% above the three month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, callable without penalty	25,015			—
Trust preferred securities, net of discount, due 12/15/2036, floating rate of 1.85% above the three month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, callable without penalty	3,004			—
Other subordinated debentures, due 12/31/36, floating rate of prime rate minus 1.1%, reset quarterly	5,927			—
Unamortized debt issuance costs	(3,008		)	(3,372		)
Total subordinated notes and debentures	388,260			353,950
Total other borrowings and subordinated debt	$	1,685,859		$	1,699,400

In March 2018, the Company issued $330.0 million in aggregate principal amount, of 5.00% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (“the Notes”) at a public offering price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes. The Company incurred $3.6 million in debt issuance costs related to the offering during March 2018. The Notes will mature on April 1, 2028 and will bear interest at an initial fixed rate of 5.00% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears. From and including April 1, 2023 to, but excluding, the maturity date or the date of earlier redemption, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an annual interest rate equal to the then-current three month LIBOR rate plus 215 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. The Notes will be subordinated in right of payment to the payment of the Company’s other existing and future senior indebtedness, including all of its general creditors. The Notes are obligations of the Company only and are not obligations of, and are not guaranteed by, any of its subsidiaries. During 2018, the Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the sale of the Notes to repay certain outstanding indebtedness, including the amounts borrowed under the Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), certain trust preferred securities, both discussed below, and unsecured debt from correspondent banks. The Notes qualify for Tier 2 capital treatment.

In 2017, the Company entered into the Credit Agreement with U.S. Bank National Association and executed an unsecured Revolving Credit Note pursuant to which the Company may borrow, prepay and re-borrow up to $75.0 million, the proceeds of which were primarily used to pay off amounts outstanding under a term note assumed with the First Texas acquisition. The Credit Agreement contained customary representations, warranties, and covenants of the Company, including, among other things, covenants that impose various financial ratio requirements. In October 2018, the Company and U.S. Bank National Association entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement, which extended the expiration date from October 5, 2018 to October 4, 2019, reduced the $75.0 million to $50.0 million, and increased the commitment fee on the unused portion from an annual rate of 0.25% to 0.30%. In December 2018, the Company entered into a Second Amendment to the Credit Agreement that clarified the financial metrics contained in certain affirmative covenants are evaluated on a consolidated basis. On October 4, 2019, all amounts borrowed, together with applicable interest, fees, and other amounts owed by the Company were due and payable. The balance due under the Credit Agreement at the expiration date was zero. The Company did not renew the Credit Agreement upon the expiration date.

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The Company assumed subordinated debt of $33.9 million and $6.7 million in connection with the Landrum and Hardeman acquisitions in October 2019 and May 2017, respectively. In connection with the OKSB and First Texas acquisitions in October 2017, the Company assumed subordinated debt in an aggregate principal amount, net of discounts, of $77.3 million, all of which was repaid by the Notes and the Credit Agreement, previously discussed.

At December 31, 2019, the Company had $1.25 billion of Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances outstanding with original or expected maturities of one year or less, all of which are FHLB Owns the Option (“FOTO”) advances. FOTO advances are a low cost, fixed-rate source of funding in return for granting to FHLB the flexibility to choose a termination date earlier than the maturity date. Typically, FOTO exercise dates follow a specified lockout period at the beginning of the term when FHLB cannot terminate the FOTO advance. If FHLB exercises its option to terminate the FOTO advance at one of the specified option exercise dates, there is no termination or prepayment fee, and replacement funding will be available at then-prevailing market rates, subject to FHLB’s credit and collateral requirements. The Company’s FOTO advances outstanding at the end of the year have ten years to fifteen years maturity dates with lockout periods that have expired and, as a result, are considered and monitored by the Company as short-term advances. The possibility of the FHLB exercising the options is analyzed by the Company along with the market expected rate outcome.

The Company had total FHLB advances of $1.26 billion at December 31, 2019, with approximately $3.2 billion of additional advances available from the FHLB. The FHLB advances are secured by mortgage loans and investment securities totaling approximately $5.9 billion at December 31, 2019.

The trust preferred securities are tax-advantaged issues that qualified for Tier 1 capital treatment until December 31, 2017, when the Company reached $15 billion in assets. They still qualify for inclusion as Tier 2 capital at December 31, 2019. Distributions on these securities are included in interest expense on long-term debt. Each of the trusts is a statutory business trust organized for the sole purpose of issuing trust securities and investing the proceeds thereof in junior subordinated debentures of the Company, the sole asset of each trust. The preferred securities of each trust represent preferred beneficial interests in the assets of the respective trusts and are subject to mandatory redemption upon payment of the junior subordinated debentures held by the trust. The common securities of each trust are wholly-owned by the Company. Each trust’s ability to pay amounts due on the trust preferred securities is solely dependent upon the Company making payments on the related junior subordinated debentures. The Company’s obligations under the junior subordinated securities and other relevant trust agreements, in aggregate, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of each respective trust’s obligations under the trust securities issued by each respective trust.

The Company’s long-term debt primarily includes subordinated debt and long-term FHLB advances with an original maturity of greater than one year. Aggregate annual maturities of long-term debt at December 31, 2019, are as follows:



Year	(In thousands)
2020	$	3,299
2021	3,016
2022	2,187
2023	2,366
2024	2,446
Thereafter	422,545
Total	$	435,859

NOTE 13: CAPITAL STOCK

On February 27, 2009, at a special meeting, the Company’s shareholders approved an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation to establish 40,040,000 authorized shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value. The aggregate liquidation preference of all shares of preferred stock cannot exceed $80,000,000.

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On October 29, 2019, the Company filed its Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (“October Amended Articles”) with the Arkansas Secretary of State. The October Amended Articles classified and designated Series D Preferred Stock, Par Value $0.01 Per Share, out of the Company’s authorized preferred stock. The October Amended Articles also canceled the Company’s 7% Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock, Par Value $0.01 Per Share, Series C Preferred Stock, of which no shares were ever issued or outstanding.

On January 18, 2018, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a two-for-one stock split of the Company’s outstanding Class A common stock (“Common Stock”) in the form of a 100% stock dividend for shareholders of record as of the close of business on January 30, 2018. The new shares were distributed by the Company’s transfer agent, Computershare, and the Company’s common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on February 9, 2018. All previously reported share and per share data included in filings subsequent to February 8, 2018 are restated to reflect the retroactive effect of this two-for-one stock split.

On March 19, 2018, the Company filed a shelf registration with the SEC. The shelf registration statement provides increased flexibility and more efficient access to raise capital from time to time through the sale of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depository shares, warrants, purchase contracts, purchase units, subscription rights, units or a combination thereof, subject to market conditions. Specific terms and prices are determined at the time of any offering under a separate prospectus supplement that the Company is required to file with the SEC at the time of the specific offering.

On April 19, 2018, shareholders of the Company approved an increase in the number of authorized shares from 120,000,000 to 175,000,000.

On July 23, 2012, the Company approved a stock repurchase program which authorized the repurchase of up to 1,700,000 shares (split adjusted) of common stock. On October 22, 2019, the Company announced a new stock repurchase program (the “Program”) that replaced the stock repurchase program approved on July 23, 2012, under which the Company may repurchase up to $60,000,000 of its Class A common stock currently issued and outstanding. The Program will terminate on October 31, 2021 (unless terminated sooner).

Under the Program, the Company may repurchase shares of its common stock through open market and privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The timing, pricing, and amount of any repurchases under the Program will be determined by the Company’s management at its discretion based on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, trading volume and market price of the Company’s common stock, corporate considerations, the Company’s working capital and investment requirements, general market and economic conditions, and legal requirements. The Program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any common stock and may be modified, discontinued, or suspended at any time without prior notice. The Company anticipates funding for this Program to come from available sources of liquidity, including cash on hand and future cash flow.

During 2019, we repurchased 390,000 shares at an average price of $25.97 under the Program. We had no stock repurchases during 2018.

NOTE 14: TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, Simmons Bank had extensions of credit to executive officers and directors and to companies in which Simmons Bank’s executive officers or directors were principal owners in the amount of $20.1 million at December 31, 2019 and $66.4 million at December 31, 2018.



(In thousands)	2019			2018
Balance, beginning of year	$	66,391		$	58,867
New extensions of credit	2,503			7,661
Repayments	(48,756		)	(137		)
Balance, end of year	$	20,138		$	66,391

In management’s opinion, such loans and other extensions of credit, deposits and vendor contracts (which were not material) were made in the ordinary course of business and were made on substantially the same terms (including interest rates and collateral) as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated persons or through a competitive bid process. Further, in management’s opinion, these extensions of credit did not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features.

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NOTE 15: EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Retirement Plans

The Company offers a qualified 401(k) Plan in which the Company makes matching contributions to encourage employees to save money for their retirement. The 401(k) Plan covers substantially all employees. Under the terms of the 401(k) Plan, employees may defer a portion of their eligible pay, up to the maximum allowed by I.R.S regulation, and the Company matches 100% of the first 3% of compensation and 50% of the next 2% of compensation for a total match of 4% of eligible pay for each participant who defers 5% or more of his or her eligible pay. Additionally, the Company may make profit-sharing contributions to the 401(k) Plan which are allocated among participants based upon 401(k) Plan compensation without regard to participant contributions. Contribution expense to the plan totaled $13,021,000, $10,769,000 and $6,343,000 in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The Company also provides deferred compensation agreements with certain active and retired officers. The agreements provide monthly payments of retirement compensation for either stated periods or for the life of the participant. The charges to income for the plans were $2,294,000 for 2019, $2,309,000 for 2018 and $1,596,000 for 2017. Such charges reflect the straight-line accrual over the employment period of the present value of benefits due each participant, as of their full eligibility date, using an appropriate discount factor.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company established an Employee Stock Purchase Plan in 2015 which generally allows participants to make contributions of up to $25,000 per year, for the purpose of acquiring the Company’s common stock. At the end of each plan year, full shares of the Company’s stock are purchased for each employee based on that employee’s contributions. The Company has issued both general and special stock offerings under the plan. Substantially all employees are eligible for the general stock offering, under which full shares of the Company’s stock are purchased for an amount equal to 95% of their fair market value at the end of the plan year, or, if lower, 95% of their fair market value at the beginning of the plan year.

The special stock offering is available to substantially all non-highly compensated employees with at least six months of service, and these employees may allocate up to $10,000 to this offering. Under the special stock offering, full shares of the Company’s stock are purchased for an amount equal to 85% of their fair market value at the end of the plan year, or, if lower, 85% of their fair market value at the beginning of the plan year.

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

The Company’s Board of Directors has adopted various stock-based compensation plans. The plans provide for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance stock units. Pursuant to the plans, shares are reserved for future issuance by the Company upon exercise of stock options or awarding of bonus shares granted to directors, officers and other key employees.

Stock-based compensation expense for all stock-based compensation awards is based on the grant date fair value. For all awards except stock option awards, the grant date fair value is the market value per share as of the grant date. For stock option awards, the fair value is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, changes to which can materially affect the fair value estimate. Additionally, there may be other factors that would otherwise have a significant effect on the value of employee stock options granted but are not considered by the model. Accordingly, while management believes that the Black-Scholes option-pricing model provides a reasonable estimate of fair value, the model does not necessarily provide the best single measure of fair value for the Company’s employee stock options.

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model that uses various assumptions. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock and other factors. The Company uses historical data to estimate option exercise and employee termination within the valuation model. The expected term of options granted is derived from the output of the option valuation model and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant, and are based partially on historical experience.

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Share and per share information regarding stock-based compensation plans has been adjusted to reflect the effects of the Company’s two-for-one stock split which became effective on February 8, 2018. The table below summarizes the transactions under the Company’s active stock compensation plans at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and changes during the years then ended:



	Stock Options Outstanding				Stock Awards Outstanding				Stock Units Outstanding
(Shares in thousands)	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Number of Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Number of Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance, December 31, 2016	946		$	21.43	278		$	20.48	406		$	22.70
Granted	—		—		—		—		906		28.86
Stock options exercised	(122	)	17.66		—		—		—		—
Stock awards/units vested (earned)	—		—		(91	)	19.40		(449	)	27.13
Forfeited/expired	(12	)	22.67		(25	)	21.91		(35	)	25.76

Balance, December 31, 2017	812		21.98		162		20.85		828		26.13
Granted	—		—		—		—		429		29.16
Stock options exercised	(112	)	19.22		—		—		—		—
Stock awards/units vested (earned)	—		—		(80	)	20.41		(311	)	25.56
Forfeited/expired	(5	)	21.73		(10	)	20.12		(129	)	27.95

Balance, December 31, 2018	695		22.42		72		21.45		817		27.65
Granted	—		—		—		—		842		26.05
Stock options exercised	(3	)	12.79		—		—		—		—
Stock awards/units vested (earned)	—		—		(49	)	20.72		(405	)	26.75
Forfeited/expired	—		—		(2	)	21.82		(102	)	28.10

Balance, December 31, 2019	692		$	22.46	21		$	23.19	1,152		$	26.79

Exercisable, December 31, 2019	692		$	22.46

The following table summarizes information about stock options under the plans outstanding at December 31, 2019:



					Options Outstanding			Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices					Number of Shares (In thousands)	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Weighted Average Exercise Price	Number of Shares (In thousands)	Weighted Average Exercise Price
$	9.46	—	$	9.46	1	2.04	$9.46	1	$9.46
10.65		—	10.65		3	3.07	10.65	3	10.65
10.76		—	10.76		1	0.05	10.76	1	10.76
20.29		—	20.29		71	5.00	20.29	71	20.29
20.36		—	20.36		2	4.88	20.36	2	20.36
22.20		—	22.20		74	5.23	22.20	74	22.20
22.75		—	22.75		436	5.61	22.75	436	22.75
23.51		—	23.51		97	6.05	23.51	97	23.51
24.07		—	24.07		7	5.71	24.07	7	24.07

$	9.46	—	$	24.07	692	5.55	$22.46	692	$22.46

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The table below summarizes the Company’s performance stock unit activity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:



(In thousands)	Performance Stock Units
Non-vested, December 31, 2016	181
Granted	57
Vested (earned)	(57	)
Forfeited	(4	)

Non-vested, December 31, 2017	177
Granted	72
Vested (earned)	(55	)
Forfeited	(17	)

Non-vested, December 31, 2018	177
Granted	118
Vested (earned)	(93	)
Forfeited	(3	)

Non-vested, December 31, 2019	199

Stock-based compensation expense was $12,921,000 in 2019, $11,227,000 in 2018 and $11,763,000 in 2017. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period for all stock-based awards. There was no unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options at December 31, 2019. Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested stock awards and stock units was $20,852,000 at December 31, 2019. At such date, the weighted-average period over which this unrecognized expense is expected to be recognized was 1.9 years.

The intrinsic value of stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable at December 31, 2019 was $2,993,000. Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period, which was $26.79 at December 31, 2019, and the exercise price multiplied by the number of options outstanding. There were 3,050 stock options exercised in 2019 with an intrinsic value of $43,000. There were 111,728 stock options exercised in 2018 with an intrinsic value of $561,000. There were 122,012 stock options exercised in 2017 with an intrinsic value of $1,329,000.

The fair value of the Company’s employee stock options granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, changes to which can materially affect the fair value estimate. There were no stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

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NOTE 16: ADDITIONAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

The following is a summary of the Company’s additional cash flow information during the years ended December 31:



(In thousands)	2019		2018		2017
Interest paid	$	182,541	$	122,801	$	39,384
Income taxes paid	51,999		25,718		35,770
Transfers of loans to foreclosed assets held for sale	4,760		16,858		6,983
Transfers of premises to foreclosed assets and other real estate owned	647		3,690		5,422
Transfers of premises held for sale to foreclosed assets and other real estate owned	—		—		3,188
Right-of-use lease assets obtained in exchange for lessee operating lease liabilities (adoption of ASU 2016-02)	32,757		—		—
Transfers of held-to-maturity to available-for-sale securities	216,373		—		—
Transfers of loans to other assets held for sale	259,939		—		—
Transfers of deposits to other liabilities held for sale	159,853		—		—

NOTE 17: OTHER INCOME AND OTHER OPERATING EXPENSES

Other income for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $58.5 million and primarily consisted of the gain on sale of Visa Inc. class B common stock of $42.9 million. Other income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $19.9 million and $19.3 million, respectively.

Other operating expenses consisted of the following:



(In thousands)	2019		2018		2017
Professional services	$	16,897	$	16,685	$	19,500
Postage	6,363		5,785		4,686
Telephone	7,685		5,947		4,262
Credit card expense	16,163		14,338		12,188
Marketing	16,499		8,410		11,141
Software and technology	25,146		15,558		2,204
Operating supplies	2,322		2,346		1,980
Amortization of intangibles	11,805		11,009		7,668
Branch right sizing expense	3,129		1,341		434
Other expense	32,843		30,156		24,816
Total other operating expenses	$	138,852	$	111,575	$	88,879

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NOTE 18: FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.

ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Topic 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:


•	Level 1 Inputs – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.


•	Level 2 Inputs – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.


•	Level 3 Inputs – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

In general, fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality and the Company’s creditworthiness, among other things, as well as unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time. The Company’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Furthermore, the reported fair value amounts have not been comprehensively revalued since the presentation dates, and therefore, estimates of fair value after the balance sheet date may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein. A more detailed description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.

Following is a description of the inputs and valuation methodologies used for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Available-for-sale securities – Where quoted market prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities would include highly liquid government bonds, mortgage products and exchange traded equities. Other securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the security’s terms and conditions, among other things. In order to ensure the fair values are consistent with ASC Topic 820, the Company periodically checks the fair values by comparing them to another pricing source, such as Bloomberg. The availability of pricing confirms Level 2 classification in the fair value hierarchy. The third-party pricing service is subject to an annual review of internal controls (SSAE 16), which is made available for the Company’s review. In certain cases where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, securities are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy. The Company’s investment in U.S. Treasury securities, if any, is reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs. The remainder of the Company’s available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs.

Derivative instruments – The Company’s derivative instruments are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The Company obtains fair value measurements from dealer quotes.

Other assets and liabilities held for sale - The Company’s other assets and liabilities held for sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 3 inputs. See Note 4, Other Assets and Other Liabilities Held for Sale.

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The following table sets forth the Company’s financial assets by level within the fair value hierarchy that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.



				Fair Value Measurements
(In thousands)	Fair Value			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2019
Available-for-sale securities
U.S. Treasury	$	449,729		$	449,729	$	—		$	—
U.S. Government agencies	194,249			—		194,249			—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,742,945			—		1,742,945			—
States and political subdivisions	880,524			—		880,524			—
Other securities	185,891			—		185,891			—
Other assets held for sale	260,332			—		—			260,332
Derivative asset	14,903			—		14,903			—
Other liabilities held for sale	(159,853		)	—		—			(159,853		)
Derivative liability	(12,650		)	—		(12,650		)	—

December 31, 2018
Available-for-sale securities
U.S. Government agencies	$	154,301		$	—	$	154,301		$	—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,522,900			—		1,522,900			—
States and political subdivisions	314,843			—		314,843			—
Other securities	159,708			—		159,708			—
Other assets held for sale	1,790			—		—			1,790
Derivative asset	6,242			—		6,242			—
Other liabilities held for sale	(162		)	—		—			(162		)
Derivative liability	(5,283		)	—		(5,283		)	—

Certain financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include the following:

Impaired loans (collateral dependent) – Loan impairment is reported when full payment under the loan terms is not expected. Allowable methods for determining the amount of impairment include estimating fair value using the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans. If the impaired loan is identified as collateral dependent, then the fair value method of measuring the amount of impairment is utilized. This method requires obtaining a current independent appraisal of the collateral and applying a discount factor to the value. A portion of the allowance for loan losses is allocated to impaired loans if the value of such loans is deemed to be less than the unpaid balance. If these allocations cause the allowance for loan losses to require an increase, such increase is reported as a component of the provision for loan losses. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan is confirmed. Impaired loans that are collateral dependent are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy when impairment is determined using the fair value method.

Appraisals are updated at renewal, if not more frequently, for all collateral dependent loans that are deemed impaired by way of impairment testing. Impairment testing is performed on all loans over $1.5 million rated Substandard or worse, all existing impaired loans regardless of size and all TDRs. All collateral dependent impaired loans meeting these thresholds have had updated appraisals or internally prepared evaluations within the last one to two years and these updated valuations are considered in the quarterly review and discussion of the corporate Special Asset Committee. On targeted CRE loans, appraisals/internally prepared valuations may be updated before the typical 1-3 year balloon/maturity period. If an updated valuation results in decreased value, a specific (ASC 310) impairment is placed against the loan, or a partial charge-down is initiated, depending on the circumstances and anticipation of the loan’s ability to remain a going concern, possibility of foreclosure, certain market factors, etc.

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Foreclosed assets and other real estate owned – Foreclosed assets and other real estate owned are reported at fair value, less estimated costs to sell. At foreclosure, if the fair value, less estimated costs to sell, of the real estate acquired is less than the Company’s recorded investment in the related loan, a write-down is recognized through a charge to the allowance for loan losses. Additionally, valuations are periodically performed by management and any subsequent reduction in value is recognized by a charge to income. The fair value of foreclosed assets and other real estate owned is estimated using Level 3 inputs based on unobservable market data. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the fair value of foreclosed assets and other real estate owned less estimated costs to sell was $19.1 million and $25.6 million, respectively.

The significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) used in the fair value measurement of collateral for collateral-dependent impaired loans and foreclosed assets primarily relate to the specialized discounting criteria applied to the borrower’s reported amount of collateral. The amount of the collateral discount depends upon the condition and marketability of the collateral, as well as other factors which may affect the collectability of the loan. Management’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset. It is reasonably possible that a change in the estimated fair value for instruments measured using Level 3 inputs could occur in the future. As the Company’s primary objective in the event of default would be to liquidate the collateral to settle the outstanding balance of the loan, collateral that is less marketable would receive a larger discount. During the reported periods, collateral discounts ranged from 10% to 40% for commercial and residential real estate collateral.

Mortgage loans held for sale – Mortgage loans held for sale are reported at fair value if, on an aggregate basis, the fair value of the loans is less than cost. In determining whether the fair value of loans held for sale is less than cost when quoted market prices are not available, the Company may consider outstanding investor commitments, discounted cash flow analyses with market assumptions or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Such loans are classified within either Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Where assumptions are made using significant unobservable inputs, such loans held for sale are classified as Level 3. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the aggregate fair value of mortgage loans held for sale exceeded their cost. Accordingly, no mortgage loans held for sale were marked down and reported at fair value.

The following table sets forth the Company’s financial assets by level within the fair value hierarchy that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.



			Fair Value Measurements Using
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2019
Impaired loans^{(1) (2)} (collateral dependent)	$	49,190	$	—	$	—	$	49,190
Foreclosed assets and other real estate owned ⁽¹⁾	18,798		—		—		18,798

December 31, 2018
Impaired loans ^{(1) (2)} (collateral dependent)	$	17,789	$	—	$	—	$	17,789
Foreclosed assets and other real estate owned ⁽¹⁾	23,714		—		—		23,714

______________________

(1) These amounts represent the resulting carrying amounts on the consolidated balance sheets for impaired collateral dependent loans and foreclosed assets and other real estate owned for which fair value re-measurements took place during the period.

(2) Specific allocations of $1,297,000 and $2,738,000 were related to the impaired collateral dependent loans for which fair value re-measurements took place during the periods ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure in annual financial statements of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or nonrecurring basis. The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments not previously disclosed.

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Cash and cash equivalents – The carrying amount for cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value (Level 1).

Interest bearing balances due from banks – The fair value of interest bearing balances due from banks – time is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies the rates currently offered on deposits of similar remaining maturities (Level 2).

Held-to-maturity securities – Fair values for held-to-maturity securities equal quoted market prices, if available, such as for highly liquid government bonds (Level 1). If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are estimated based on quoted market prices of similar securities. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the security’s terms and conditions, among other things (Level 2). In certain cases where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, securities are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy.

Loans – The fair value of loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows, using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities. Additional factors considered include the type of loan and related collateral, variable or fixed rate, classification status, remaining term, interest rate, historical delinquencies, loan to value ratios, current market rates and remaining loan balance. The loans were grouped together according to similar characteristics and were treated in the aggregate when applying various valuation techniques. The discount rates used for loans were based on current market rates for new originations of similar loans. Estimated credit losses were also factored into the projected cash flows of the loans. The fair value of loans is also estimated on an exit price basis incorporating the above factors (Level 3).

Deposits – The fair value of demand deposits, savings accounts and money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amount) (Level 2). The fair value of fixed-maturity time deposits is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities (Level 3).

Federal Funds purchased, securities sold under agreement to repurchase and short-term debt – The carrying amount for Federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreement to repurchase and short-term debt are a reasonable estimate of fair value (Level 2).

Other borrowings – For short-term instruments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. For long-term debt, rates currently available to the Company for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities are used to estimate the fair value (Level 2).

Subordinated debentures – The fair value of subordinated debentures is estimated using the rates that would be charged for subordinated debentures of similar remaining maturities (Level 2).

Accrued interest receivable/payable – The carrying amounts of accrued interest approximated fair value (Level 2).

Commitments to extend credit, letters of credit and lines of credit – The fair value of commitments is estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the present creditworthiness of the counterparties. For fixed rate loan commitments, fair value also considers the difference between current levels of interest rates and the committed rates. The fair values of letters of credit and lines of credit are based on fees currently charged for similar agreements or on the estimated cost to terminate or otherwise settle the obligations with the counterparties at the reporting date.

The fair value of a financial instrument is the current amount that would be exchanged between willing parties, other than in a forced liquidation. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

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The estimated fair values, and related carrying amounts, of the Company’s financial instruments are as follows:



	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements
(In thousands)	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
December 31, 2019
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	996,623	$	996,623	$	—	$	—	$	996,623
Interest bearing balances due from banks - time	4,554		—		4,554		—		4,554
Held-to-maturity securities	40,927		—		41,855		—		41,855
Mortgage loans held for sale	58,102		—		—		58,102		58,102
Interest receivable	62,707		—		62,707		—		62,707
Legacy loans, net	9,562,276		—		—		9,517,472		9,517,472
Loans acquired, net	4,795,184		—		—		4,772,716		4,772,716

Financial liabilities:
Non-interest bearing transaction accounts	3,741,093		—		3,741,093		—		3,741,093
Interest bearing transaction accounts and savings deposits	9,090,878		—		9,090,878		—		9,090,878
Time deposits	3,276,969		—		—		3,270,333		3,270,333
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase	150,145		—		150,145		—		150,145
Other borrowings	1,297,599		—		1,298,011		—		1,298,011
Subordinated notes and debentures	388,260		—		397,088		—		397,088
Interest payable	12,898		—		12,898		—		12,898

December 31, 2018
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	833,458	$	833,458	$	—	$	—	$	833,458
Interest bearing balances due from banks - time	4,934		—		4,934		—		4,934
Held-to-maturity securities	289,194		—		290,830		—		290,830
Mortgage loans held for sale	26,799		—		—		26,799		26,799
Interest receivable	49,938		—		49,938		—		49,938
Legacy loans, net	8,373,789		—		—		8,280,690		8,280,690
Loans acquired, net	3,292,783		—		—		3,256,174		3,256,174

Financial liabilities:
Non-interest bearing transaction accounts	2,672,405		—		2,672,405		—		2,672,405
Interest bearing transaction accounts and savings deposits	6,830,191		—		6,830,191		—		6,830,191
Time deposits	2,896,156		—		—		2,872,342		2,872,342
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase	95,792		—		95,792		—		95,792
Other borrowings	1,345,450		—		1,342,868		—		1,342,868
Subordinated debentures	353,950		—		355,812		—		355,812
Interest payable	9,897		—		9,897		—		9,897

The fair value of commitments to extend credit, letters of credit and lines of credit is not presented since management believes the fair value to be insignificant.

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NOTE 19: COMMITMENTS AND CREDIT RISK

The Company grants agri-business, commercial and residential loans to customers primarily throughout Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas, along with credit card loans to customers throughout the United States. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since a portion of the commitments may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer’s creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, commercial real estate and residential real estate.

At December 31, 2019, the Company had outstanding commitments to extend credit aggregating approximately $634,788,000 and $3,991,931,000 for credit card commitments and other loan commitments, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the Company had outstanding commitments to extend credit aggregating approximately $560,863,000 and $3,455,471,000 for credit card commitments and other loan commitments, respectively.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, including commercial paper, bond financing and similar transactions. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. The Company had total outstanding letters of credit amounting to $71,074,000 and $39,101,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, with terms ranging from 9 months to 15 years. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had no deferred revenue under standby letter of credit agreements.

At December 31, 2019, the Company did not have concentrations of 5% or more of the investment portfolio in bonds issued by a single municipality.

NOTE 20: NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

Cloud Computing Arrangements – In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract (“ASU 2018-15”), that amends the definition of a hosting arrangement and requires a customer in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to capitalize certain implementation costs as if the arrangement was an internal-use software project. The internal-use software guidance states that only qualifying costs incurred during the application development stage can be capitalized. The effective date is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. Entities have the option to apply the guidance prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption or retrospectively in accordance with the applicable guidance. At the time of adoption, entities will be required to disclose the nature of its hosting arrangements that are service contracts and provide disclosures as if the deferred implementation costs were a separate, major depreciable asset class. The Company early adopted ASU 2018-15 in the first quarter 2019 and elected to apply the guidance prospectively to all software implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. As of December 31, 2019, $3.8 million of applicable software implementation costs have been capitalized and have not had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.

Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements - In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (“ASU 2017-12”), that changes both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results in order to better align a company’s risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships. In summary, this amendment 1) expands the types of transactions eligible for hedge accounting; 2) eliminates the separate measurement and presentation of hedge ineffectiveness; 3) simplifies the requirements around the assessment of hedge effectiveness; 4) provides companies more time to finalize hedge documentation; and 5) enhances presentation and disclosure requirements. The effective date was for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. All transition requirements and elections should be applied to existing hedging relationships on the date of adoption and the effects should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. As part of this new guidance, entities are allowed to designate as the hedged item, an amount that is not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults or other events affecting the timing and amount of cash flows in a closed portfolio of prepayable financial instruments (this is referred to as the “last-of-layer” method). Under

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the last-of-layer method, entities are able to reclassify, only at the time of adoption, eligible callable debt securities from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale without tainting its intentions to hold future debt securities to maturity. The available-for-sale security must be reported at fair value and any unrealized gain or loss must be recorded as an adjustment to other comprehensive income upon adoption. The Company evaluated its held-to-maturity portfolio during the first quarter 2019 and identified certain municipal bonds with a fair value of $216.4 million that met the last-of-layer criteria under ASU 2017-12 and as a result, reclassified those to available-for-sale and recorded an unrealized gain of $2.5 million during the first quarter 2019.

Goodwill Impairment – In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), that eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test which required entities to compare the implied fair value of goodwill to its carrying amount. Under the amendments, the goodwill impairment will be measured as the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. An impairment charge should be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The effective date is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for interim or annual impairment tests beginning in 2017. The Company early adopted ASU 2017-04 during the second quarter 2019 to coincide with the Company’s formal impairment analysis. See Note 8, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for additional information.

Leases - In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), that establishes the principles to report transparent and economically neutral information about the assets and liabilities that arise from leases. The new guidance results in a more consistent representation of the rights and obligations arising from leases by requiring lessees to recognize the lease asset and lease liabilities that arise from leases in the consolidated balance sheet and to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about lease transactions, such as information about variable lease payments and options to renew and terminate leases. The effective date was for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. ASU 2016-02 requires entities to adopt the new lease standard using a modified retrospective transition method, meaning an entity initially applies the new lease standard at the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements. Due to complexities associated with using this method, in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, to relieve entities of the requirement to present prior comparative years’ results when they adopt the new lease standard and giving entities the option to recognize the cumulative effect of applying the new standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. Adoption of ASU 2016-02 resulted in the recognition of right-of-use assets of $32.8 million and right-of-use liabilities of $32.8 million on the consolidated balance sheet with no material impact to the results of operations. The Company has elected to adopt the guidance using the optional transition method, which allows for a modified retrospective method of adoption with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings without restating comparable periods. The Company also elected the relief package of practical expedients for which there is no requirement to reassess existence of leases, their classification, and initial direct costs as well as an exemption for short-term leases with a term of less than one year, whereby the Company did not recognize a lease liability or right-of-use asset on the consolidated balance sheet but instead will recognize lease payments as an expense over the lease term as appropriate. See Note 7, Right-of-Use Lease Assets and Lease Liabilities, for additional information related to the Company’s right-of-use lease obligations.

Stock Compensation: Scope of Modification Accounting - In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”), that provides clarity and reduces both (1) diversity in practice and (2) cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718, to a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. An entity may change the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award for many different reasons, and the nature and effect of the change can vary significantly. The guidance clarifies which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting and the guidance should be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. ASU 2017-09 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. Currently, the Company has not modified any existing awards nor has any plans to do so, therefore the adoption of ASU 2017-09 has not had a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.

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Statement of Cash Flows - In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), designed to address the diversity in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows, including debt prepayment or extinguishment costs, settlement of certain debt instruments, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and distributions received from equity method investees. The amendments also provide guidance on when an entity should separate or aggregate cash flows based on the predominance principle. The effective date is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The new standard is required to be applied retrospectively, but may be applied prospectively if retrospective application would be impracticable. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures since the amendment applies to the classification of cash flows. The adoption also did not have a material impact on the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities - In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”), that makes changes primarily affecting the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. In addition, the FASB clarified guidance related to the valuation allowance assessment when recognizing deferred tax assets resulting from unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities. In February 2018, the FASB issued 2018-03 that clarified certain guidance and contained narrow scope amendments. The effective date is for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. ASU 2016-01 did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial position. However, this new guidance requires the disclosed estimated fair value of the Company’s loan portfolio to be based on an exit price calculation, which considers liquidity, credit and nonperformance risk of its loans. The adoption of ASU 2016-01 did not have a material impact on the Company’s fair value disclosures.

Revenue Recognition - In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), that outlines a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for entities to follow in accounting for revenue from contracts with customers. The core principle of this revenue model is that an entity should recognize revenue for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to receive for those goods or services. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, deferring the effective date to annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The guidance does not apply to revenue associated with financial instruments, including loans and securities that are accounted for under other US GAAP, which comprises a significant portion of the Company’s revenue stream. However, the updated guidance affects the revenue recognition pattern for certain revenue streams, including service charges on deposit accounts, gains/losses on sale of other real estate owned (“OREO”), and trust income. The adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures. See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for additional information.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Income Taxes – In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), that removes certain exceptions for investments, intraperiod allocations and interim calculations, and adds guidance to reduce complexity in accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 introduces the following new guidance: i) guidance to evaluate whether a step-up in tax basis of goodwill relates to a business combination in which book goodwill was recognized or a separate transaction and ii) a policy election to not allocate consolidated income taxes when a member of a consolidated tax return is not subject to income tax. Additionally, ASU 2019-12 changes the following current guidance: i) making an intraperiod allocation, if there is a loss in continuing operations and gains outside of continuing operations, ii) determining when a deferred tax liability is recognized after an investor in a foreign entity transitions to or from the equity method of accounting, iii) accounting for tax law changes and year-to-date losses in interim periods, and iv) determining how to apply the income tax guidance to franchise taxes that are partially based on income. ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating all of the amendments in ASU 2019-12 and has not yet determined the impact of this new standard.

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Fair Value Measurement Disclosures – In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”), that eliminates, amends and adds disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. These amendments are part of FASB’s disclosure review project and they are expected to reduce costs for preparers while providing more decision-useful information for financial statement users. The eliminated disclosure requirements include the 1) the amount of, and reasons for, transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; 2) the policy of timing of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy; and 3) the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. Among other modifications, the amended disclosure requirements remove the term “at a minimum” from the phrase “an entity shall disclose at a minimum” to promote the appropriate exercise of discretion by entities and clarifies that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. Under the new disclosure requirements, entities must disclose the changes in unrealized gains or losses included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period and the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2018-13 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s fair value disclosures.

Credit Losses on Financial Instruments – In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which requires earlier measurement of credit losses, expands the range of information considered in determining expected credit losses and enhances disclosures. The main objective of ASU 2016-13 is to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. The amendments replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current US GAAP with a methodology (the current expected credit losses, or “CECL”, methodology) that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates.

The CECL methodology utilizes a lifetime “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for loans, held-to-maturity debt securities and other receivables measured at amortized cost at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The allowance for credit losses is adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. This methodology replaces the multiple existing impairment methods in current guidance, which generally require that a loss be incurred before it is recognized. Within the life cycle of a loan or other financial asset, this new guidance will generally result in the earlier recognition of the provision for credit losses and the related allowance for credit losses than current practice. For available-for-sale debt securities that the Company intends to hold and where fair value is less than cost, credit-related impairment, if any, will be recognized through an allowance for credit losses and adjusted each period for changes in credit risk.

The effective date for these amendments is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. In preparation for implementation of ASU 2016-13, the Company formed a cross functional team that assessed its data and system needs and evaluated the potential impact of adopting the new guidance. The Company anticipated a significant change in the processes and procedures to calculate the loan losses, including changes in assumptions and estimates to consider expected credit losses over the life of the loan versus the current accounting practice that utilizes the incurred loss model. In December 2018, the Federal Reserve, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and FDIC issued a final rule revising regulatory capital rules in anticipation of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 that provides an option to phase in over a three year period on a straight line basis the day-one impact on earnings and tier one capital. The Company is electing to apply the CECL transition provision. The impact will be reflected as an adjustment to beginning retained earnings, net of income taxes, at adoption.

Based on additional analysis performed, the Company has estimated that the allowance for credit losses will be approximately

1.40% to 1.50% of total loans upon adoption in the first quarter of 2020. This estimate is based upon the Company’s analysis of current conditions, assumptions and economic forecasts at this point in time.

The preliminary estimate is subject to change based on continuing review and challenge of the models, methodologies and judgments as we work to finalize the CECL model. The impact at adoption is also influenced by the loan portfolio composition and quality at the adoption date, as well as, macroeconomic conditions and forecast at that time. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 in 2020 could also impact the Company’s ongoing earnings, perhaps materially.

Implementation efforts for the adoption of CECL are near completion, including model development and validation, fulfillment of additional data needs for new disclosures and reporting requirements, and drafting of accounting policies. Model validations and user acceptance testing began in the last half of 2019, with loss forecast modeling taking place in the first half of 2019.

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The Company has finalized the relevant assumptions and overall estimation methodology including the following:


•	Loan Segmentation - Loans with similar risk characteristics are aggregated into homogeneous segments for collective assessment.


•	Reasonable and Supportable Forecast - Economic variables that are correlated with the historical loss performance of the portfolio segments are forecast utilizing a blended macroeconomic scenario over a one-year forecast horizon for all portfolio segments.


•	Reversion to Historical Loss Experience - The Company has elected to utilize a one-year straight-line reversion to historical loss experience over the remaining contractual life, adjusted for prepayments.


•	Individual Assessment - Loans that no longer share similar risk characteristics are individually assessed for estimated credit losses over the remaining life of the loans.


•	Qualitative Adjustments - The Company has elected qualitative adjustments to provide consideration for factors that have not been fully accounted for in the quantitative modeling process.

Presently, the Company is not aware of any other changes to the Accounting Standards Codification that will have a material impact on the Company’s present or future financial position or results of operations.

NOTE 21: DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

The Company utilizes derivative instruments to manage exposure to various types of interest rate risk for itself and its customers within policy guidelines. Transactions should only be entered into with an associated underlying exposure. All derivative instruments are carried at fair value.

Derivative contracts involve the risk of dealing with institutional derivative counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. Institutional counterparties must have an investment grade credit rating and be approved by the Company’s asset/liability management committee. In arranging these products for its customers, the Company assumes additional credit risk from the customer and from the dealer counterparty with whom the transaction is undertaken. Credit risk exists due to the default credit risk created in the exchange of the payments over a period of time. Credit exposure on interest rate swaps is limited to the net favorable value and interest payments of all swaps with each counterparty. Access to collateral in the event of default is reasonably assured. Therefore, credit exposure may be reduced by the amount of collateral pledged by the counterparty.

Hedge Structures

The Company will seek to enter derivative structures that most effectively address the risk exposure and structural terms of the underlying position being hedged. The term and notional principal amount of a hedge transaction will not exceed the term or principal amount of the underlying exposure. In addition, the Company will use hedge indices which are the same as, or highly correlated to, the index or rate on the underlying exposure. Derivative credit exposure is monitored on an ongoing basis for each customer transaction and aggregate exposure to each counterparty is tracked. The Company has set a maximum outstanding notional contract amount at 10% of the Company’s assets.

Customer Risk Management Interest Rate Swaps

The Company’s qualified loan customers have the opportunity to participate in its interest rate swap program for the purpose of managing interest rate risk on their variable rate loans with the Company. The Company enters into such agreements with customers, then offsetting agreements are executed between the Company and an approved dealer counterparty to minimize market risk from changes in interest rates. The counterparty contracts are identical to customer contracts in terms of notional amounts, interest rates, and maturity dates, except for a fixed pricing spread or fee paid to the Company by the dealer counterparty. These interest rate swaps carry varying degrees of credit, interest rate and market or liquidity risks. The fair value of these derivative instruments is recognized as either derivative assets or liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company has a limited number of swaps that are standalone without a similar agreement with the loan customer.

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The Company has entered interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert the loan interest rate from floating rate based on LIBOR or Prime rate to a fixed rate for the customer. The Company has entered into offsetting agreements with dealer counterparties. The following table summarizes the fair values of loan derivative contracts recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.



	December 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
(In thousands)	Notional		Fair Value		Notional		Fair Value
Derivative assets	$	401,969	$	14,903	$	274,247	$	6,242
Derivative liabilities	387,075		12,650		245,717		5,283

Risk Participation Agreements

The Company has a limited number of Risk Participation Agreement swaps, that are associated with loan participations, where the Company is not the counterparty to the interest rate swaps that are associated with the risk participation sold. The interest rate swap mark to market only impacts the Company if the swap is in a liability position to the counterparty and the customer defaults on payments to the counterparty. The notional amount of these contingent agreements is $62.9 million as of December 31, 2019.

Energy Hedging

During 2019, the Company began providing energy derivative services to qualifying, high quality oil and gas borrowers for hedging purposes. The Company serves as an intermediary on energy derivative products between the Company’s borrowers and dealers. The Company will only enter into back-to-back trades, thus maintaining a balanced book between the dealer and the borrower.

Energy hedging risk exposure to the Company’s customer increases as energy prices for crude oil and natural gas rise. As prices decrease, exposure to the exchange increases. These risks are mitigated by customer credit underwriting policies and establishing a predetermined hedge line for each borrower and by monitoring the exchange margin.

The outstanding notional value as of December 31, 2019 for energy hedging Customer Sell to Company swaps were $20.7 million and the corresponding Company Sell to Dealer swaps were $20.7 million and the corresponding net fair value of the derivative asset and derivative liability was $709,000.

NOTE 22: CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

The Company and/or its subsidiaries have various unrelated legal proceedings, which, in the aggregate, are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the financial position of the Company and its subsidiaries.

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NOTE 23: STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Simmons Bank is subject to legal limitations on dividends that can be paid to the parent company without prior approval of the applicable regulatory agencies. The approval of the Commissioner of the Arkansas State Bank Department is required if the total of all dividends declared by an Arkansas state bank in any calendar year exceeds seventy-five percent (75%) of the total of its net profits, as defined, for that year combined with seventy-five percent (75%) of its retained net profits of the preceding year. At December 31, 2019, Simmons Bank had approximately $160.2 million available for payment of dividends to the Company, without prior regulatory approval.

The Company’s subsidiary bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and its subsidiary bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company’s capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

Effective January 1, 2015, the Company and the subsidiary bank became subject to new capital regulations (the “Basel III Capital Rules”) adopted by the Federal Reserve in July 2013 establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. Banks. The Basel III Capital Rules substantially revised the risk-based capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and depository institutions compared to the previous U.S. risk-based capital rules. Full compliance with all of the final rule’s requirements was phased in over a multi-year schedule. The final rules included a new common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets (CET1) ratio of 4.5% and a common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets. CET1 generally consists of common stock; retained earnings; accumulated other comprehensive income and certain minority interests; all subject to applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. The capital conservation buffer was fully phased in on January 1, 2019.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total, Tier 1 and common equity Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined) and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). As of December 31, 2019, the Company and its subsidiary bank met all capital adequacy requirements under the Basel III Capital Rules and exceeded the fully phased in capital conservation buffer.

As of the most recent notification from regulatory agencies, the subsidiary bank was well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized, the Company and its subsidiary bank must maintain minimum total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, common equity Tier 1 risk-based and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the table. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the institutions’ categories.

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The Company’s and the subsidiary banks’ actual capital amounts and ratios are presented in the following table.



	Actual			Minimum For Capital Adequacy Purposes			To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision
(In thousands)	Amount		Ratio (%)	Amount		Ratio (%)	Amount	Ratio (%)
December 31, 2019
Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio
Simmons First National Corporation	$	2,272,858	13.7	$	1,327,216	8.0	N/A
Simmons Bank	1,852,880		12.9	1,149,073		8.0	1,436,341	10.0
Landmark Bank	291,378		13.9	167,700		8.0	209,624	10.0
Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio
Simmons First National Corporation	1,807,954		10.9	995,204		6.0	N/A
Simmons Bank	1,777,602		12.3	867,123		6.0	1,156,164	8.0
Landmark Bank	290,016		13.8	126,094		6.0	168,125	8.0
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio
Simmons First National Corporation	1,807,187		10.9	746,086		4.5	N/A
Simmons Bank	1,777,602		12.3	650,342		4.5	939,383	6.5
Landmark Bank	270,016		12.9	94,192		4.5	136,055	6.5
Tier 1 Leverage Ratio
Simmons First National Corporation	1,807,954		9.6	753,314		4.0	N/A
Simmons Bank	1,777,602		10.7	664,524		4.0	830,655	5.0
Landmark Bank	290,016		8.8	131,825		4.0	164,782	5.0

December 31, 2018
Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio
Simmons First National Corporation	$	1,778,938	13.3	$	1,070,038	8.0	N/A
Simmons Bank	1,532,864		11.5	1,066,340		8.0	1,332,925	10.0
Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio
Simmons First National Corporation	1,361,380		10.2	800,812		6.0	N/A
Simmons Bank	1,469,260		11.0	801,415		6.0	1,068,553	8.0
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio
Simmons First National Corporation	1,361,380		10.2	600,609		4.5	N/A
Simmons Bank	1,469,260		11.0	601,061		4.5	868,199	6.5
Tier 1 Leverage Ratio
Simmons First National Corporation	1,361,380		8.8	618,809		4.0	N/A
Simmons Bank	1,469,260		9.5	618,636		4.0	773,295	5.0

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NOTE 24: CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION (PARENT COMPANY ONLY)

Condensed Balance Sheets

December 31, 2019 and 2018



(In thousands)	2019		2018
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	104,068	$	219,063
Investment securities	743		2,848
Investments in wholly-owned subsidiaries	3,269,224		2,368,870
Loans	657		774
Intangible assets, net	133		133
Premises and equipment	27,351		5,804
Other assets	31,738		29,974
TOTAL ASSETS	$	3,433,914	$	2,627,466

LIABILITIES
Long-term debt	$	413,760	$	353,950
Other liabilities	31,230		27,082
Total liabilities	444,990		381,032

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred stock	767		—
Common stock	1,136		923
Surplus	2,117,282		1,597,944
Undivided profits	848,848		674,941
Accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss):
Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on available-for-sale securities, net of income taxes of $7,392 and ($9,686) at December 31, 2019 and 2018 respectively	20,891		(27,374		)
Total stockholders’ equity	2,988,924		2,246,434
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	3,433,914	$	2,627,466

138

Condensed Statements of Income

Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017



(In thousands)	2019			2018			2017
INCOME
Dividends from subsidiaries	$	67,893		$	145,980		$	69,107
Other income	13,658			658			4,111
Income	81,551			146,638			73,218
EXPENSE	40,594			32,714			32,234
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	40,957			113,924			40,984
Provision for income taxes	(5,680		)	(10,732		)	(12,311		)

Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	46,637			124,656			53,295
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	191,530			91,057			39,645

NET INCOME	238,167			215,713			92,940
Preferred stock dividends	339			—			—

NET INCOME AVAILABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS	$	237,828		$	215,713		$	92,940

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income

Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017



(In thousands)	2019		2018			2017
NET INCOME	$	238,167	$	215,713		$	92,940

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Equity in other comprehensive income (loss) of subsidiaries	48,265		(10,110		)	964

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$	286,432	$	205,603		$	93,904

139

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017



(In thousands)	2019			2018			2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

Net income	$	238,167		$	215,713		$	92,940
Items not requiring (providing) cash
Stock-based compensation expense	12,921			9,725			10,681
Depreciation and amortization	1,637			880			1,183
Deferred income taxes	(3,632		)	26			1,190
Equity in undistributed net income of bank subsidiaries	(191,530		)	(91,057		)	(39,645		)

Changes in:
Other assets	3,299			1,524			8,585
Other liabilities	(2,648		)	17,340			(6,769		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	58,214			154,151			68,165

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES

Net originations of loans	117			219			90
Net (purchases of) proceeds from premises and equipment	(23,184		)	3,342			(18		)
Repayment of (advances to) subsidiaries	—			2,667			(15,000		)
Proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale securities	2,544			152			42
Purchases of available-for-sale securities	(439		)	(211		)	(2,752		)
Cash paid in business combinations	(36,811		)	—			(100,468		)
Other, net	29			(1,903		)	—
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(57,744		)	4,266			(118,106		)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES

Proceeds from issuance of subordinated notes	—			326,355			—
Issuance (repayment) of long-term debt, net	2,000			(231,352		)	8,014
(Cancellation) issuance of common stock, net	(1,077		)	2,188			2,878
Stock repurchases	(10,128		)	—			—
Dividends paid on preferred stock	(339		)	—			—
Dividends paid on common stock	(63,921		)	(55,646		)	(35,116		)
Preferred stock retirement	(42,000		)	—			—
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(115,465		)	41,545			(24,224		)

(DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	(114,995		)	199,962			(74,165		)

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR	219,063			19,101			93,266

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF YEAR	$	104,068		$	219,063		$	19,101

140

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) was carried out as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s current disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

(b) Changes in Internal Controls. Our management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, regularly review our disclosure controls and procedures and make changes intended to ensure the quality of our financial reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the Company’s fourth quarter of its 2019 fiscal year that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

(c) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting, as well as the attestation report of BKD, LLP on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting are included in Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are incorporated herein by this reference.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held April 23, 2020, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A on or about March 17, 2020.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

141

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) 1 and 2. Financial Statements and any Financial Statement Schedules

The financial statements and financial statement schedules listed in the accompanying index to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules are filed as part of this report.

(b) Listing of Exhibits



Exhibit No.		Description

2.1		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 6, 2014, by and between Simmons First National Corporation and Community First Bancshares, Inc., as amended on September 11, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Annex A to the Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus filed by Simmons First National Corporation on October 8, 2014 (File No. 000-06253)).

2.2		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 27, 2014, by and between Simmons First National Corporation and Liberty Bancshares, Inc., as amended on September 11, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Annex B to the Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus filed by Simmons First National Corporation on October 8, 2014 (File No. 000-06253)).

2.3		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 28, 2015, by and between Simmons First National Corporation and Ozark Trust & Investment Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K for April 29, 2015 (File No. 000-06253)).

2.4		Stock Purchase Agreement by and among Citizens National Bank, Citizens National Bancorp, Inc. and Simmons First National Corporation, dated as of May 18, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K for May 18, 2016 (File No. 000-06253)).

2.5		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of November 17, 2016, by and between Simmons First National Corporation and Hardeman County Investment Company, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K for November 17, 2016 (File No. 000-06253)).

2.6		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 14, 2016, by and between Simmons First National Corporation and Southwest Bancorp, Inc., as amended on July 19, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.11 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter ended June 30, 2017 (File No. 000-06253)).

2.7		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of January 23, 2017, by and between Simmons First National Corporation and First Texas, BHC, Inc., as amended on July 19, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.12 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter ended June 30, 2017 (File No. 000-06253)).

2.8		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of November 13, 2018, by and between Simmons First National Corporation and Reliance Bancshares, Inc., as amended on February 11, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Annex A to the Proxy Statement/Prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) by Simmons First National Corporation for March 4, 2019 (File No. 333-229378)).

2.9		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 30, 2019, by and between Simmons First National Corporation and The Landrum Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K for July 30, 2019 (File No. 000-6253)).

3.1		Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Simmons First National Corporation, as amended on October 29, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K on November 1, 2019 (File No. 000-06253)).

3.2		As Amended By-Laws of Simmons First National Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-233559) filed by Simmons First National Corporation on August 30, 2019 (File No. 000-06253)).

142



Exhibit No.		Description
4.1		Instruments defining the rights of security holders, including indentures. Simmons First National Corporation hereby agrees to furnish copies of instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. No issuance of debt exceeds ten percent of the total assets of the Corporation and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

4.2		Description of Registrant’s Securities. *

10.1		Simmons First National Corporation 2015 Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Simmons’ definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 14, 2017 (File No. 000-06253)).

10.2		Deferred Compensation Agreement for Marty D. Casteel dated January 22, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (File No. 000-06253).

10.3		Deferred Compensation Agreement for George A. Makris, Jr. dated January 2, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K for January 2, 2013 (File No. 000-06253)).

10.4		Amendment to Deferred Compensation Agreement for George A. Makris, Jr. dated January 25, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year ended December 31, 2017 (File No. 000-06253)).

10.5		Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Agreement for Robert A. Fehlman effective February 27, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year ended December 31, 2016 (File No. 000-06253)).

10.6		Executive Severance Agreement for George A. Makris, Jr. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 11, 2016 (File No. 000-06253)).

10.7		Executive Severance Agreement for Stephen C. Massanelli (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 11, 2016 (File No. 000-06253)).

10.8		Deferred Compensation Agreement, adopted January 25, 2010, between Simmons First National Corporation and Marty D. Casteel (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K for January 25, 2010 (File No. 000-06253)).

10.9		Change in Control Agreement for Robert A. Fehlman (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 29, 2010 (File No. 000-06253)).

10.10		Change in Control Agreement for Marty D. Casteel (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 29, 2010 (File No. 000-06253)).

10.11		Deferred Compensation Agreement for Jena Compton dated February 28, 2017.*

10.12		Executive Severance Agreement for Jena Compton dated February 5, 2016.*

10.13		Executive Severance Agreement for Paul Kanneman dated January 2, 2017.*

10.14		Amended Executive Severance Agreement for David Garner dated April 30, 2014.*

10.15		Executive Severance Agreement for Patrick Burrow dated December 29, 2014.*

10.16		Branch Purchase and Assumption Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2019, by and between Spirit of Texas Bank, SSB and Simmons Bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 23, 2019 (File No. 000-06253)).

143



Exhibit No.		Description
14.1		Amended and Restated Simmons First National Corporation Code of Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K on July 19, 2018 (File No. 000-06253)).

14.2		Finance Group Code of Ethics, dated July 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14 to Simmons First National Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year ended December 31, 2003 (File No. 000-06253)).

21		Subsidiaries of the Registrant.*

23		Consent of BKD, LLP.*

31.1		Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) Certification – George A. Makris, Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.*

31.2		Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) Certification – Robert A. Fehlman, Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Treasurer.*

31.3		Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) Certification – David W. Garner, Executive Vice President, Executive Director of Finance and Accounting and Chief Accounting Officer.*

32.1		Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Sections 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – George A. Makris, Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.*

32.2		Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Sections 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Robert A. Fehlman, Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Treasurer.*

32.3		Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Sections 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – David W. Garner, Executive Vice President, Executive Director of Finance and Accounting and Chief Accounting Officer.*

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. **

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.**

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.**

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.**

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase. **

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.**

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). **

______________________________________________________________________________________________



*		Filed herewith

**		Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, these interactive data files are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under those sections.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

144

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.



	/s/ Patrick A. Burrow		February 27, 2020
	Patrick A. Burrow, Secretary

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on or about February 27, 2020.



Signature		Title

/s/ George A. Makris, Jr.		Chairman, Chief Executive Officer
George A. Makris, Jr.		and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Robert A. Fehlman		Senior Executive Vice President,
Robert A. Fehlman		Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and
		Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer)

/s/ David W. Garner		Executive Vice President, Executive Director of Finance and
David W. Garner		and Accounting and Chief Accounting Officer
		(Principal Accounting Officer)

/s/ Jay D. Burchfield		Director
Jay D. Burchfield

/s/ Marty D. Casteel		Director
Marty D. Casteel

/s/ William E. Clark II		Director
William E. Clark II

		Director
Steven A. Cossé

/s/ Mark C. Doramus		Director
Mark C. Doramus

/s/ Edward Drilling		Director
Edward Drilling

/s/ Eugene Hunt		Director
Eugene Hunt

/s/ Jerry M. Hunter		Director
Jerry M. Hunter

/s/ Susan S. Lanigan		Director
Susan S. Lanigan

145




		Director
W. Scott McGeorge

/s/ Tom Purvis		Director
Tom Purvis

/s/ Robert L. Shoptaw		Director
Robert L. Shoptaw

/s/ Russell Teubner		Director
Russell Teubner

/s/ Malynda K. West		Director
Malynda K. West

146


•	the likely impact on us, our subsidiaries, shareholders and employees and the communities served by us;


•	the timeliness of the proposed transaction considering the business climate and our strategic plans;


•	the possibility of any legal defects or regulatory issues involved in the proposed transaction;


•	the risk of non-consummation of the transaction due to lack of financing, regulatory issues or other identified risks;


•	current market price of our common stock and consolidated assets;


•	the relationship of the offered price for our common stock to our board of directors’ opinion of our current value in a negotiated transaction;


•	such other factors as our board of directors may deem pertinent.


ii.	Employee's Disability prior to age 60 while still in the employ of Employer, or


(a)	the failure by the Board to reelect or appoint the Executive to a position with duties, functions and responsibilities substantially equivalent to the position held by the Executive on the Control Change Date;


(b)	a material modification by the Board of the duties, functions responsibilities of the Executive without his consent;


(c)	the failure of the Company to permit the Executive to exercise such responsibilities as are consistent with the Executive's position and are of such a nature as are usually associated with such office of a corporation engaged in substantially the same business as the Company;


(d)	the Company requires the Executive to relocate his employment more than fifty (50) miles from his place of employment, without the consent of the Executive, excluding reasonably required business travel or temporary assignments for a reasonable period of time;


(f)	the Company shall fail to make a payment when due to the Executive.


(a)	the Executive’s employment is involuntarily terminated as specified in Section 2.2, or


(b)	the Executive voluntarily terminates employment as specified in Section 2.3.


(e)	a reduction in Executive’s compensation or benefits; or



Name of Direct or Indirect Subsidiary	State of Incorporation or Organization
Simmons Bank	AR
Simmons First Investment Group, Inc.	AR
Simmons First Insurance Services, Inc.	AR
Simmons First Properties, Inc.	TN
Simmons First Insurance Services of TN, LLC	TN
FS Providence PCC of Grenada, LLC	TN
PGR, LLC	AR
El Toro Holdings, LLC	FL
Simmons First Special Assets, Inc.	TN
PSH LLC	MO
Simmons First Auto, Inc.	TN
Simmons First Investments, Inc.	NV
Simmons First REIT of MO, LLC	MO
Simmons First SW REIT, Inc.	DE
Simmons First REIT of TN, Inc.	MD
104 A, LLC	MO
DHF LLC	MO
Harob, Inc.	TX
Heartland Insurance, LLC	AR
Simmons NMTC Holding, LLC	AR
Stillwater NMTC, LLC	OK
RB RE Holdings, LLC	MO
Santa Ana Holdings, LLC	MO
SDB Real Estate, LLC	TX
SHD LLC	TX
SWC PPR, LLC	AZ
Rockwell Community Development, Inc.	OK
FNBE Real Estate, Inc.	OK
Quad J Holdings, LLC	OK
Venture Holding Company, LLC	TN
MU Investment Property, LLC	MO
Big Creek Investors, LLC	MO
CRK Properties, Inc.	OK
WHNH, LLC	AR
Heartland Bank Liquidating Trust	AR
Montesano Investment, LLC	AR
Zwolle Investment, LLC	AR
Landmark Bank	MO
Landmark Agency of Texas, Inc.	TX
Landmark Agency, Inc.	OK
Cradduck LMB Investment Fund 2, LLC	MO



Name of Direct or Indirect Subsidiary	State of Incorporation or Organization
REI Subsidiary CDE 12, LLC	OK
SWB Recovery Corp.	TX
Simmons First Risk Management, Inc.	NV
Simmons First Mortgage Company	AR
LBI Capital Trust V	DE
SNB Capital Corporation	OK
Hardeman County Statutory Trust I	DE
Community First Statutory Trust III	DE
Landrum Statutory Trust III	DE
Landco Partners II, LP	MO
Landrum Statutory Trust IV	DE