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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2020
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                             to                              .

Commission file number 001-34003
TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Delaware   51-0350842
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization) 		(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
110 West 44th Street   10036
New York New York (Zip Code)
 (Address of principal executive offices)
Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (646) 536-2842
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading symbol Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value TTWO NASDAQ Global Select Market
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý    No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý    No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ý Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐    No ý

As of January 28, 2021, there were 115,177,650 shares of the Registrant's Common Stock outstanding, net of treasury stock.




Table of Contents
INDEX

2
2
2
3
4
5
6
8
22
36
37
38
38
38
38
39
40


(All other items in this report are inapplicable)

1

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.    Financial Statements
TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
  December 31, 2020 March 31, 2020
(Unaudited)
ASSETS    
Current assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,649,832  $ 1,357,664 
Short-term investments 772,683  644,003 
Restricted cash and cash equivalents 764,419  546,604 
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $350 and $443 at December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, respectively
581,136  592,555 
Inventory 26,733  19,108 
Software development costs and licenses 48,784  40,316 
Deferred cost of goods sold 19,854  19,598 
Prepaid expenses and other 296,518  273,503 
Total current assets 4,159,959  3,493,351 
Fixed assets, net 135,257  131,888 
Right-of-use assets 161,750  154,284 
Software development costs and licenses, net of current portion 436,702  401,778 
Goodwill 534,535  386,494 
Other intangibles, net 117,618  51,260 
Deferred tax assets 127,312  116,676 
Long-term restricted cash and cash equivalents 98,538  89,124 
Other assets 194,428  123,977 
Total assets $ 5,966,099  $ 4,948,832 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY    
Current liabilities:    
Accounts payable $ 100,159  $ 65,684 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 1,219,614  1,169,884 
Deferred revenue 991,476  777,784 
Lease liabilities 30,540  25,187 
Total current liabilities 2,341,789  2,038,539 
Non-current deferred revenue 31,813  28,339 
Non-current lease liabilities 156,835  152,059 
Non-current software development royalties 108,667  104,417 
Other long-term liabilities 171,704  86,234 
Total liabilities $ 2,810,808  $ 2,409,588 
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 13)
Stockholders' equity:    
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, 5,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020
—  — 
Common stock, $.01 par value, 200,000 shares authorized; 137,504 and 135,927 shares issued and 115,083 and 113,506 outstanding at December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, respectively
1,375  1,359 
Additional paid-in capital 2,327,913  2,134,748 
Treasury stock, at cost; 22,421 common shares at December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020
(820,572) (820,572)
Retained earnings 1,652,159  1,282,085 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (5,584) (58,376)
Total stockholders' equity 3,155,291  2,539,244 
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 5,966,099  $ 4,948,832 
   See accompanying Notes.
2

Table of Contents
TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
  Three Months Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended
December 31,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Net revenue $ 860,889  $ 930,129  $ 2,533,341  $ 2,328,429 
Cost of goods sold 346,244  437,093  1,255,438  1,146,810 
Gross profit 514,645  493,036  1,277,903  1,181,619 
Selling and marketing 139,906  137,068  338,376  378,455 
General and administrative 98,624  84,531  292,230  236,023 
Research and development 86,428  82,520  233,752  227,680 
Depreciation and amortization 14,007  12,330  40,116  35,611 
Business reorganization (377) (246) (138) 467 
Total operating expenses 338,588  316,203  904,336  878,236 
Income from operations 176,057  176,833  373,567  303,383 
Interest and other, net 1,098  11,943  12,022  30,422 
Gain on long-term investments, net 39,291  —  38,636  — 
Income before income taxes 216,446  188,776  424,225  333,805 
Provision for income taxes 34,198  25,134  54,151  52,068 
Net income $ 182,248  $ 163,642  $ 370,074  $ 281,737 
Earnings per share:        
Basic earnings per share $ 1.58  $ 1.44  $ 3.23  $ 2.49 
Diluted earnings per share $ 1.57  $ 1.43  $ 3.20  $ 2.47 
 See accompanying Notes.
3

Table of Contents
TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
(in thousands)
  Three Months Ended
December 31, 		Nine Months Ended December 31,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Net income $ 182,248  $ 163,642  $ 370,074  $ 281,737 
Other comprehensive income (loss):        
Foreign currency translation adjustment 30,135  18,172  53,697  (3,192)
Cash flow hedges:
Change in unrealized gains —  (3,728) (3,817) 2,297 
Reclassification to earnings (600) 2,184  (1,933) (1,157)
Tax effect on effective cash flow hedges —  (386) 845  301 
Change in fair value of effective cash flow hedge (600) (1,930) (4,905) 1,441 
Change in fair value of available for sale securities (295) (267) 4,000  453 
Other comprehensive income (loss) 29,240  15,975  52,792  (1,298)
Comprehensive income $ 211,488  $ 179,617  $ 422,866  $ 280,439 
   
See accompanying Notes.
4

TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
(in thousands)
  Nine Months Ended December 31,
  2020 2019
Operating activities:    
Net income $ 370,074  $ 281,737 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:    
Amortization and impairment of software development costs and licenses 113,392  115,823 
Depreciation 40,790  35,246 
Amortization and impairment of intellectual property 22,006  15,981 
Stock-based compensation 139,835  176,598 
Gain on long-term investments (40,588) — 
Other, net (89) 1,809 
Changes in assets and liabilities:  
Accounts receivable 19,544  (249,709)
Inventory (6,452) 3,688 
Software development costs and licenses (144,951) (18,552)
Prepaid expenses and other assets (49,321) (215,060)
Deferred revenue 208,182  11,751 
Deferred cost of goods sold 463  18,602 
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities 114,776  262,061 
Net cash provided by operating activities 787,661  439,975 
Investing activities:    
Change in bank time deposits 73,000  114,720 
Proceeds from available-for-sale securities 363,628  243,170 
Purchases of available-for-sale securities (563,815) (311,995)
Purchases of fixed assets (40,207) (34,790)
Proceeds from sale of long-term investment 22,472  — 
Purchases of long-term investments (16,452) (26,142)
Business acquisitions (79,525) (12,040)
Net cash used in investing activities (240,899) (27,077)
Financing activities:    
Tax payment related to net share settlements on restricted stock awards (60,586) (71,260)
Issuance of common stock 14,215  10,515 
Net cash used in financing activities (46,371) (60,745)
Effects of foreign currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents 19,006  (1,705)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents 519,397  350,448 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 1,993,392  1,391,986 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 2,512,789  $ 1,742,434 


See accompanying Notes.
5

TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY (Unaudited)
(in thousands)
Three Months Ended December 31, 2020
  Common Stock Additional
Paid-in
Capital 		Treasury Stock Retained
Earnings 		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss) 		Total
Stockholders'
Equity
  Shares Amount Shares Amount
Balance, September 30, 2020 137,349  $ 1,373  $ 2,285,394  (22,421) $ (820,572) $ 1,469,911  $ (34,824) $ 2,901,282 
Net income —  —  —  —  —  182,248  —  182,248 
Change in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment —  —  —  —  —  —  30,135  30,135 
Change in gains on cash flow hedge, net —  —  —  —  —  —  (600) (600)
Net unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net of taxes —  —  —  —  —  —  (295) (295)
Stock-based compensation —  —  47,192  —  —  —  —  47,192 
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and cancellations 141  2  (1) —  —  —  —  1 
Net share settlement of restricted stock awards (60) (1) (12,383) —  —  —  —  (12,384)
Employee share purchase plan settlement 74  1  7,711  —  —  —  —  7,712 
Balance, December 31, 2020 137,504  $ 1,375  $ 2,327,913  (22,421) $ (820,572) $ 1,652,159  $ (5,584) $ 3,155,291 

Three Months Ended December 31, 2019
  Common Stock Additional
Paid-in
Capital 		Treasury Stock Retained
Earnings 		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss) 		Total
Stockholders'
Equity
  Shares Amount Shares Amount
Balance, September 30, 2019 135,616  $ 1,356  $ 2,059,720  (22,421) $ (820,572) $ 995,721  $ (54,462) $ 2,181,763 
Net income —  —  —  —  —  163,642  —  163,642 
Change in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment —  —  —  —  —  —  18,172  18,172 
Change in gains on cash flow hedge, net —  —  —  —  —  —  (1,930) (1,930)
Net unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net of taxes —  —  —  —  —  —  (267) (267)
Stock-based compensation —  —  45,055  —  —  —  —  45,055 
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and cancellations 171  2  (2) —  —  —  —  — 
Net share settlement of restricted stock awards (80) (1) (9,781) —  —  —  —  (9,782)
Employee share purchase plan settlement 64  1  5,381  —  —  —  —  5,382 
Balance, December 31, 2019 135,771  $ 1,358  $ 2,100,373  (22,421) $ (820,572) $ 1,159,363  $ (38,487) $ 2,402,035 



6

Nine Months Ended December 31, 2020
  Common Stock Additional
Paid-in
Capital 		Treasury Stock Retained
Earnings 		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss) 		Total
Stockholders'
Equity
  Shares Amount Shares Amount
Balance, March 31, 2020 135,927  $ 1,359  $ 2,134,748  (22,421) $ (820,572) $ 1,282,085  $ (58,376) $ 2,539,244 
Net income —  —  —  —  —  370,074  —  370,074 
Change in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment —  —  —  —  —  —  53,697  53,697 
Change in gains on cash flow hedge, net —  —  —  —  —  —  (4,905) (4,905)
Net unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net of taxes —  —  —  —  —  —  4,000  4,000 
Stock-based compensation —  —  141,904  —  —  —  —  141,904 
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and cancellations 1,235  13  (12) —  —  —  —  1 
Net share settlement of restricted stock awards (401) (5) (60,581) —  —  —  —  (60,586)
Employee share purchase plan settlement 139  2  14,213  —  —  —  —  14,215 
Issuance of shares related to Playdots, Inc. acquisition 604  6  97,641  —  —  —  —  97,647 
Balance, December 31, 2020 137,504  $ 1,375  $ 2,327,913  (22,421) $ (820,572) $ 1,652,159  $ (5,584) $ 3,155,291 

Nine Months Ended December 31, 2019
  Common Stock Additional
Paid-in
Capital 		Treasury Stock Retained
Earnings 		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss) 		Total
Stockholders'
Equity
  Shares Amount Shares Amount
Balance, March 31, 2019 134,602  $ 1,346  $ 2,019,369  (22,421) $ (820,572) $ 877,626  $ (37,189) $ 2,040,580 
Net income —  —  —  —  —  281,737  —  281,737 
Change in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment —  —  —  —  —  —  (3,192) (3,192)
Change in gains on cash flow hedge, net —  —  —  —  —  —  1,441  1,441 
Net unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net of taxes —  —  —  —  —  —  453  453 
Stock-based compensation —  —  141,761  —  —  —  —  141,761 
Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and cancellations 1,674  17  (17) —  —  —  —  — 
Net share settlement of restricted stock awards (631) (7) (71,253) —  —  —  —  (71,260)
Employee share purchase plan settlement 126  2  10,513  —  —  —  —  10,515 
Balance, December 31, 2019 135,771  $ 1,358  $ 2,100,373  (22,421) $ (820,572) $ 1,159,363  $ (38,487) $ 2,402,035 


See accompanying Notes.
7

Table of Contents
TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. (the "Company," "we," "us," or similar pronouns) was incorporated in the state of Delaware in 1993. We are a leading developer, publisher, and marketer of interactive entertainment for consumers around the globe. We develop and publish products principally through Rockstar Games, 2K, Private Division, Social Point, and Playdots. Our products are designed for console systems and personal computers, including smart phones and tablets, and are delivered through physical retail, digital download, online platforms, and cloud streaming services.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are unaudited and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and, in our opinion, reflect all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Interim results may not be indicative of the results that may be expected for the full fiscal year. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. As permitted under U.S. GAAP, interim accounting for certain expenses, including income taxes, are based on full year assumptions when appropriate. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may affect economic conditions in a number of different ways and result in uncertainty and risk.
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), although we believe that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with our annual Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.
Certain immaterial reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting for Fair Value Measurement
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements by removing, modifying, or adding certain disclosures. We adopted this update effective April 1, 2020. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Accounting for Credit Losses
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that will require the reflection of expected credit losses and will also require consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to determine credit loss estimates. It also eliminates the concept of other-than-temporary impairment and requires credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a reduction in the amortized cost basis of the securities. For most financial instruments, the standard will require the use of a forward-looking expected loss model rather than the incurred loss model for recognizing credit losses, which will generally result in the earlier recognition of credit losses on financial instruments. We adopted this update effective April 1, 2020 under a modified retrospective basis. No adjustment to retained earnings was recorded as a result of the adoption of this standard, which did not have a material impact on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting for Reference Rate Reform
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides temporary optional guidance to ease potential accounting impacts associated with transitioning away from reference rates that are expected to be discontinued, such as interbank offered rates and LIBOR. The guidance includes practical expedients for contract modifications due to reference rate reform. Generally, contract modifications related to reference rate reform may be considered an event that does not require remeasurement or reassessment of a previous accounting determination at the modification date. This guidance is effective immediately and is only available through December 31, 2022. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Accounting for Income Taxes
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which enhances and simplifies various aspects of the income tax accounting guidance, including requirements such as tax basis step-up in goodwill obtained in a transaction that is not a business combination, ownership changes in investments, and interim-period accounting for enacted changes in tax law. ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning December 15, 2020 (April 1, 2021 for the Company), with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance, and we do not expect that the impact of adopting this guidance will be material to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

2. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

Disaggregation of revenue
Service and other revenue
Service and other revenue is primarily comprised of revenue from game related services, virtual currency transactions, and in-game purchases which are recognized over an estimated service period.
Product revenue
Product revenue is primarily comprised of the portion of revenue from software products that is recognized when the customer takes control of the product (i.e., upon delivery of the software product).
Net revenue by product revenue and service and other was as follows:
Three Months Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Net revenue recognized:
Service and other $ 578,830  $ 481,301  $ 1,662,456  $ 1,327,433 
Product 282,059  448,828  870,885  1,000,996 
Total net revenue $ 860,889  $ 930,129  $ 2,533,341  $ 2,328,429 
9


Recurrent consumer spending revenue
Recurrent consumer spending revenue is generated from ongoing consumer engagement and includes revenue from virtual currency, add-on content, and in-game purchases.

Full game and other revenue
Full game and other revenue primarily includes the initial sale of full game software products, which may include offline and/or significant game related services.
Net revenue by full game and other revenue and recurrent consumer spending was as follows:
Three Months Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Net revenue recognized:
Recurrent consumer spending $ 533,475  $ 340,496  $ 1,508,604  $ 973,822 
Full game and other 327,414  589,633  1,024,737  1,354,607 
Total net revenue $ 860,889  $ 930,129  $ 2,533,341  $ 2,328,429 

Geography
We attribute net revenue to geographic regions based on software product destination. Net revenue by geographic region was as follows:
Three Months Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Net revenue recognized:
United States $ 528,324  $ 536,841  $ 1,502,397  $ 1,361,981 
International 332,565  393,288  1,030,944  966,448 
Total net revenue $ 860,889  $ 930,129  $ 2,533,341  $ 2,328,429 

Platform
Net revenue by platform was as follows:
Three Months Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Net revenue recognized:
Console $ 656,079  $ 679,799  $ 1,909,033  $ 1,766,431 
PC and other 204,810  250,330  624,308  561,998 
Total net revenue $ 860,889  $ 930,129  $ 2,533,341  $ 2,328,429 
10


Distribution channel

Our products are delivered through digital online services (digital download, online platforms, and cloud streaming) and physical retail and other. Net revenue by distribution channel was as follows:
Three Months Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Net revenue recognized:
Digital online $ 728,510  $ 700,321  $ 2,166,035  $ 1,743,876 
Physical retail and other 132,379  229,808  367,306  584,553 
Total net revenue $ 860,889  $ 930,129  $ 2,533,341  $ 2,328,429 

Deferred Revenue
We record deferred revenue when payments are due or received in advance of the fulfillment of our associated performance obligations. Deferred revenue, including current and non-current balances as of December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020 were $1,023,289 and $806,123, respectively. For the three months ended December 31, 2020, the additions to our deferred revenue balance were due primarily to cash payments received or due in advance of satisfying our performance obligations, while the reductions to our deferred revenue balance were due primarily to the recognition of revenue upon fulfillment of our performance obligations, both of which were in the ordinary course of business.
During the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, $109,713 and $193,468, respectively, of revenue was recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the respective period. During the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, $722,658 and $758,301, respectively, of revenue was recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the respective period. As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate amount of contract revenue allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations is $1,134,398, which includes our deferred revenue balances and amounts to be invoiced and recognized in future periods. We expect to recognize approximately $1,011,585 of this balance as revenue over the next 12 months, and the remainder thereafter. This balance does not include an estimate for variable consideration arising from sales-based royalty license revenue in excess of the contractual minimum guarantee.
As of December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, our contract asset balances were $105,460 and $81,625, respectively, which are recorded within Prepaid expenses and other in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

3. MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT
In November 2017, we entered into a new management agreement (the "2017 Management Agreement"), with ZelnickMedia Corporation ("ZelnickMedia") that replaces our previous agreement with ZelnickMedia and pursuant to which ZelnickMedia provides financial and management consulting services through March 31, 2024. The 2017 Management Agreement became effective January 1, 2018. As part of the 2017 Management Agreement, Strauss Zelnick, the President of ZelnickMedia, continues to serve as Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Karl Slatoff, a partner of ZelnickMedia, continues to serve as President of the Company. The 2017 Management Agreement provides for an annual management fee of $3,100 over the term of the agreement and a maximum annual bonus opportunity of $7,440 over the term of the agreement, based on the Company achieving certain performance thresholds.
In consideration for ZelnickMedia's services, we recorded consulting expense (a component of General and administrative expenses) of $2,655 and $3,166 during the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $7,925 and $6,541 during the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We recorded stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units granted to ZelnickMedia, which is included in General and administrative expenses, of $6,887 and $5,956 during the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $20,544 and $17,457 during the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
11

In connection with the 2017 Management Agreement, we have granted restricted stock units as follows:
  Nine Months Ended December 31,
  2020 2019
Time-based 79  92 
Market-based(1) 145  168 
Performance-based(1)    
IP 24  28 
Recurrent Consumer Spending ("RCS") 24  28 
Total—Performance-based 48  56 
Total Restricted Stock Units 272  316 
_______________________________________________________________________________

(1)Represents the maximum number of shares eligible to vest.
Time-based restricted stock units granted in fiscal year 2021 will vest on April 13, 2022, and those granted in fiscal year 2020 will vest on April 13, 2021, in each case provided that the 2017 Management Agreement has not been terminated prior to such vesting date.
Market-based restricted stock units granted in fiscal year 2021 are eligible to vest on April 13, 2022, and those granted in fiscal year 2020 are eligible to vest on April 13, 2021, in each case provided that the 2017 Management Agreement has not been terminated prior to such vesting date. Market-based restricted stock units are eligible to vest based on the Company's Total Shareholder Return (as defined in the relevant grant agreement) relative to the Total Shareholder Return (as defined in the relevant grant agreement) of the companies that constitute the NASDAQ Composite Index as of the grant date measured over a two-year period. To earn the target number of market-based restricted stock units (which represents 50% of the number of the market-based restricted stock units set forth in the table above), the Company must perform at the 50th percentile, with the maximum number of market-based restricted stock units earned if the Company performs at the 75th percentile.
Performance-based restricted stock units granted in fiscal year 2021 are eligible to vest on April 13, 2022, and those granted in fiscal year 2020 are eligible to vest on April 13, 2021, in each case provided that the 2017 Management Agreement has not been terminated prior to such vesting date. The performance-based restricted stock units, of which 50% are tied to "IP" and 50% to "RCS" (as defined in the relevant grant agreement), are eligible to vest based on the Company's achievement of certain performance metrics (as defined in the relevant grant agreement) of either individual product releases of "IP" or "RCS" measured over a two-year period. The target number of performance-based restricted stock units that may be earned pursuant to these grants is equal to 50% of the grant amounts set forth in the above table (the numbers in the table represent the maximum number of performance-based restricted stock units that may be earned). At the end of each reporting period, we assess the probability of each performance metric and upon determination that certain thresholds are probable, we record expense for the unvested portion of the shares of performance-based restricted stock units.
The unvested portion of time-based, market-based and performance-based restricted stock units held by ZelnickMedia were 588 and 613 as of December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, respectively. During the three and nine months ended December 31, 2020, 297 restricted stock units previously granted to ZelnickMedia vested, and no restricted stock units were forfeited by ZelnickMedia.

4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Recurring fair value measurements
The carrying amounts of our financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other, accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other current liabilities, approximate fair value because of their short maturities.
We follow a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of "observable inputs" and minimize the use of "unobservable inputs." The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:
•Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

12

•Level 2—Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

•Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.
The table below segregates all assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (which is measured at least annually) into the most appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to determine the fair value at the measurement date.
  December 31, 2020 Quoted prices
in active
markets for
identical
assets
(level 1) 		Significant
other
observable
inputs
(level 2) 		Significant
unobservable
inputs
(level 3) 		Balance Sheet Classification
Money market funds $ 745,564  $ 745,564  $ —  $ —  Cash and cash equivalents
Bank-time deposits 471,688  471,688  —  —  Cash and cash equivalents
Commercial paper 37,005  —  37,005  —  Cash and cash equivalents
Corporate bonds 300  —  300  —  Cash and cash equivalents
Corporate bonds 509,949  —  509,949  —  Short-term investments
Bank-time deposits 118,000  118,000  —  —  Short-term investments
US Treasuries 45,041  45,041  —  —  Short-term investments
Asset-backed securities 699  —  699  —  Short-term investments
Commercial paper 98,994  —  98,994  —  Short-term investments
Money market funds 469,988  469,988  —  —  Restricted cash and cash equivalents
Bank-time deposits 560  560  —  —  Restricted cash and cash equivalents
Money market funds 98,538  98,538  —  —  Long-term restricted cash and cash equivalents
Private equity 6,178  —  —  6,178  Other assets
Foreign currency forward contracts (128) —  (128) —  Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
Total recurring fair value measurements, net $ 2,602,376  $ 1,949,379  $ 646,819  $ 6,178   
 

13

  March 31, 2020 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (level 1) Significant other observable inputs (level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (level 3) Balance Sheet Classification
Money market funds $ 497,861  $ 497,861  $ —  $ —  Cash and cash equivalents
Bank-time deposits 313,757  313,757  —  —  Cash and cash equivalents
Commercial paper 97,544  —  97,544  —  Cash and cash equivalents
Corporate bonds 9,888  —  9,888  —  Cash and cash equivalents
Money market funds 546,604  546,604  —  —  Restricted cash and cash equivalents
Corporate bonds 334,631  —  334,631  —  Short-term investments
Bank-time deposits 191,000  191,000  —  —  Short-term investments
US Treasuries 30,819  30,819  —  —  Short-term investments
Commercial paper 87,553  —  87,553  —  Short-term investments
Cross-currency swap 11,275  —  11,275  —  Prepaid expenses and other
Money market funds 89,124  89,124  —  —  Long-term restricted cash and cash equivalents
Private equity 2,759  —  —  2,759  Other assets
Foreign currency forward contracts (11) —  (11) —  Accrued and other current liabilities
Total recurring fair value measurements, net $ 2,212,804  $ 1,669,165  $ 540,880  $ 2,759   

We did not have any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements, nor did we have any transfers into or out of Level 3 during the nine months ended December 31, 2020.
Nonrecurring fair value measurements

We hold equity investments in certain unconsolidated entities without a readily determinable fair value. These strategic investments represent less than a 20% ownership interest in each of the privately-held affiliates, and we do not maintain power over or control of the entities. We have elected the practical expedient in Topic 321, Investments-Equity Securities, to measure these investments at cost less any impairment, adjusted for observable price changes, if any. Based on these considerations, we estimate that the carrying value of the acquired shares represents the fair value of the investment. At December 31, 2020, we held $45,000 of such investments in Other assets within our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

During the three and nine months ended December 31, 2020, we recognized a gain on the sale of a portion of one of these investments of $19,791 and an unrealized gain based on our sale constituting an observable price change of $20,797 related to the same investment. Both gains are reflected in Gain on long-term investments, net within our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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5. SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS
Our Short-term investments consisted of the following:
  December 31, 2020
    Gross
Unrealized 		 
  Cost or
Amortized Cost 		Gains Losses Fair Value
Short-term investments        
Bank time deposits $ 118,000  $ —  $ —  $ 118,000 
Available-for-sale securities:        
Corporate bonds 508,431  1,617  (99) 509,949 
US Treasuries 44,948  94  (1) 45,041 
Asset-backed securities 697  2  —  699 
Commercial paper 98,994  —  —  98,994 
Total Short-term investments $ 771,070  $ 1,713  $ (100) $ 772,683 
 
  March 31, 2020
    Gross
Unrealized
  Cost or
Amortized Cost 		Gains Losses Fair Value
Short-term investments        
Bank time deposits $ 191,000  $ —  $ —  $ 191,000 
Available-for-sale securities:        
Corporate bonds 337,752  307  (3,428) 334,631 
US Treasuries 30,481  338  —  30,819 
Commercial paper 87,553  —  —  87,553 
Total Short-term investments $ 646,786  $ 645  $ (3,428) $ 644,003 
The following table summarizes the contracted maturities of our short-term investments at December 31, 2020:
  December 31, 2020
  Amortized
Cost 		Fair
Value
Short-term investments    
Due in 1 year or less $ 573,013  $ 574,084 
Due in 1 - 2 years 197,361  197,900 
Due in 2 - 3 years 696  699 
Total Short-term investments $ 771,070  $ 772,683 

6. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
Our risk management strategy includes the use of derivative financial instruments to reduce the volatility of earnings and cash flows associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We do not enter into derivative financial contracts for speculative or trading purposes. We recognize derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and we measure those instruments at fair value. We classify cash flows from derivative transactions as cash flows from operating activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Foreign currency forward contracts
The following table shows the gross notional amounts of foreign currency forward contracts:
December 31, 2020 March 31, 2020
Forward contracts to sell foreign currencies $ 114,105  $ 122,024 
Forward contracts to purchase foreign currencies 81,050  52,596 
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For the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we recorded a loss of $5,832 and a loss of $556, respectively, and for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 we recorded a loss of $9,518 and a loss of $1,643, respectively, related to foreign currency forward contracts in Interest and other, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Our foreign currency exchange forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments under hedge accounting and are used to reduce the impact of foreign currency on certain balance sheet exposures and certain revenue and expense. These instruments are generally short-term in nature, with typical maturities of less than one year, and are subject to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.
Cross-currency swap
In August 2017, we entered into a cross-currency swap agreement related to an intercompany loan that has been designated and accounted for as a cash flow hedge of foreign currency exchange risk. During the three months ended June 30, 2020, we settled the intercompany loan and cross-currency swap, thereby discontinuing the cash flow hedge. As a result, we reclassified $3,109 from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to earnings as an increase to Interest and other, net on our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. We also received $7,420 in cash to settle our corresponding derivative asset.
7. INVENTORY
Inventory balances by category were as follows:
  December 31, 2020 March 31, 2020
Finished products $ 21,848  $ 17,984 
Parts and supplies 4,885  1,124 
Inventory $ 26,733  $ 19,108 
Estimated product returns included in inventory at December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020 were $367 and $506, respectively.

8. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT COSTS AND LICENSES
Details of our capitalized software development costs and licenses were as follows:
  December 31, 2020 March 31, 2020
  Current Non-current Current Non-current
Software development costs, internally developed $ 35,506  $ 353,982  $ 17,367  $ 305,970 
Software development costs, externally developed 8,592  65,445  10,971  92,908 
Licenses 4,686  17,275  11,978  2,900 
Software development costs and licenses $ 48,784  $ 436,702  $ 40,316  $ 401,778 
During the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we recorded $5,532 and $0, respectively, of software development impairment charges (a component of Cost of goods sold). During the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we recorded $25,227 and $0, respectively, of software development impairment charges (a component of Cost of goods sold). The impairment charge recorded during the three months ended December 31, 2020 related to a decision not to proceed with further development of certain interactive entertainment software. The additional impairment charge recorded during the nine months ended December 31, 2020 related to unamortized capitalized costs for the development of a title, which were anticipated to exceed the net realizable value of the asset at the time they were impaired.

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9. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:
  December 31, 2020 March 31, 2020
Software development royalties $ 680,428  $ 822,416 
Compensation and benefits 170,780  81,791 
Licenses 118,664  57,651 
Refund liability 72,795  77,829 
Marketing and promotions 62,664  40,797 
Other 114,283  89,400 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 1,219,614  $ 1,169,884 

10. DEBT
Credit Agreement
On February 8, 2019, we entered into an unsecured Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) that runs through February 8, 2024. The Credit Agreement provides for an unsecured five-year revolving credit facility with commitments of $200,000, including sublimits for (i) the issuance of letters of credit in an aggregate face amount of up to $25,000 and (ii) borrowings and letters of credit denominated in Pounds Sterling, Euros, and Canadian Dollars in an aggregate principal amount of up to $25,000. In addition, the Credit Agreement contains uncommitted incremental capacity permitting the incurrence of up to an additional $250,000 in term loans or revolving credit facilities.
Loans under the Credit Agreement will bear interest at a rate of (a) 0.250% to 0.750% above a certain base rate (3.25% at December 31, 2020) or (b) 1.125% to 1.750% above LIBOR (approximately 1.44% at December 31, 2020), which rates are determined by reference to our consolidated total net leverage ratio. We had no outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2020.
Information related to availability on our Credit Agreement was as follows:
December 31, 2020 March 31, 2020
Available borrowings $ 197,874  $ 198,336 
Outstanding letters of credit 2,126  1,664 
We recorded interest expense and fees related to the Credit Agreement of $141 and $82 for the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $305 and $248 for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Credit Agreement also includes, among other terms and conditions, maximum leverage ratio, minimum cash reserves and, in certain circumstances, minimum interest coverage ratio financial covenants, as well as limitations on us and each of our subsidiaries’ ability to: create, incur, assume or be liable for indebtedness; dispose of assets outside the ordinary course; acquire, merge or consolidate with or into another person or entity; create, incur or allow any lien on any of its property; make investments; or pay dividends or make distributions, in each case subject to certain exceptions. In addition, the Credit Agreement provides for certain events of default such as nonpayment of principal and interest when due thereunder, breaches of representations and warranties, noncompliance with covenants, acts of insolvency and default on indebtedness held by third parties (subject to certain limitations and cure periods).

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11. EARNINGS PER SHARE ("EPS")
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:
  Three Months Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Computation of Basic earnings per share:        
Net income $ 182,248  $ 163,642  $ 370,074  $ 281,737 
Weighted average shares outstanding—basic 115,004  113,251  114,436  112,996 
Basic earnings per share $ 1.58  $ 1.44  $ 3.23  $ 2.49 
Computation of Diluted earnings per share:
Net income $ 182,248  $ 163,642  $ 370,074  $ 281,737 
Weighted average shares outstanding—basic 115,004  113,251  114,436  112,996 
Add: dilutive effect of common stock equivalents 1,113  1,003  1,137  1,013 
Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted 116,117  114,254  115,573  114,009 
Diluted earnings per share $ 1.57  $ 1.43  $ 3.20  $ 2.47 
During the nine months ended December 31, 2020, 1,235 restricted stock awards vested, we granted 872 unvested restricted stock awards, and 29 unvested restricted stock awards were forfeited.

12. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
The following table provides the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss:
  Nine Months Ended December 31, 2020
  Foreign
currency
translation
adjustments 		Unrealized
gain (loss) on
forward contracts 		Unrealized
gain (loss) on
cross-currency swap 		Unrealized
gain (loss) on
available-for-
sales
securities 		Total
Balance at March 31, 2020 $ (60,535) $ 600  $ 4,305  $ (2,746) $ (58,376)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 53,697  —  (2,972) 4,000  54,725 
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss —  (600) (1,333) —  (1,933)
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ (6,838) $ —  $ —  $ 1,254  $ (5,584)

  Nine Months Ended December 31, 2019
  Foreign
currency
translation
adjustments 		Unrealized
gain (loss) on
derivative
instruments 		Unrealized
gain (loss) on
cross-currency swap 		Unrealized
gain (loss) on
available-for-
sales
securities 		Total
Balance at March 31, 2019 $ (33,090) $ 600  $ (5,285) $ 586  $ (37,189)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (3,192) —  2,598  453  (141)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss —  —  (1,157) —  (1,157)
Balance at December 31, 2019 $ (36,282) $ 600  $ (3,844) $ 1,039  $ (38,487)

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13. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
We have entered into various agreements in the ordinary course of business that require substantial cash commitments over the next several years. Other than agreements entered into in the ordinary course of business and in addition to the agreements requiring known cash commitments as reported in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, we did not have any significant changes to our commitments since March 31, 2020.
Included in our Restricted cash as of December 31, 2020, was the cash portion of our offer to acquire Codemasters Group Holdings PLC, a UK-based game publisher and developer. As of January 13, 2021, the offer lapsed, and the cash was no longer restricted.
Legal and Other Proceedings
We are, or may become, subject to demands and claims (including intellectual property and employment related claims) and are involved in routine litigation in the ordinary course of business which we do not believe to be material to our business or financial condition or results of operations. We have appropriately accrued amounts related to certain of these claims and legal and other proceedings. While it is reasonably possible that a loss may be incurred in excess of the amounts accrued in our financial statements, we believe that such losses, unless otherwise disclosed, would not be material.
14. BUSINESS REORGANIZATION
In the first quarter of fiscal year 2018, we announced and initiated actions to implement a strategic reorganization at one of our labels (the "2018 Plan"). In connection with this initiative, we recorded a benefit of $377 and $246 for business reorganization during the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and a benefit of $138 and expense of $467 during the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, due to updating estimates for employee separation costs. During the nine months ended December 31, 2020, we made payments of $3,500 related to these reorganization activities. As of December 31, 2020, $1,166 remained accrued in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and $1,550 in Other non-current liabilities. Although we may record additional expense or benefit in future periods to true-up estimates, we do not expect to incur additional reorganization costs in connection with the 2018 Plan.
15. INCOME TAXES
The provision for income taxes for the three months ended December 31, 2020 is based on our projected annual effective tax rate for fiscal year 2021, adjusted for specific items that are required to be recognized in the period in which they are incurred. The provision for income taxes was $34,198 for the three months ended December 31, 2020 as compared to $25,134 for the prior year period.
When compared to the statutory rate of 21%, the effective tax rate of 15.8% for the three months ended December 31, 2020 was due primarily to a tax benefit of $7,116 due to tax credits, excess tax benefits of $3,392 from employee stock-based compensation and the geographic mix of earnings.
The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 is based on our projected annual effective tax rate for fiscal year 2021, adjusted for specific items that are required to be recognized in the period in which they are incurred. The provision for income taxes was $54,151 for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 as compared to $52,068 for the prior year period.
When compared to the statutory rate of 21%, the effective tax rate of 12.8% for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 was due primarily to a tax benefit of $17,778 due to tax credits and excess tax benefits of $13,580 from employee stock-based compensation and geographic mix of earnings.
We are regularly examined by domestic and foreign taxing authorities. Examinations may result in tax assessments in excess of amounts claimed and the payment of additional taxes. We believe our tax positions comply with applicable tax law, and that we have adequately provided for reasonably foreseeable tax assessments. It is possible that settlement of audits or the expiration of the statute of limitations may have an impact on our effective tax rate in future periods.
16. ACQUISITIONS
On September 4, 2020, we completed the acquisition of privately-held Playdots, Inc. ("Playdots"), a New York City based free-to-play mobile game developer, for consideration of $97,846 in cash and 604 shares of our common stock. The cash portion was funded from our cash on hand. Of the cash consideration, $13,440 was contractually deferred and accrued for within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities within our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at acquisition. During the three months ended December 31, 2020, we paid out $3,840. As of December 31, 2020, $9,600 remained accrued within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities within our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at acquisition.
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We acquired Playdots as part of our ongoing strategy to expand selectively our portfolio of owned intellectual property and to diversify and strengthen further our mobile offerings.

The acquisition-date fair value of the consideration totaled $195,493, which consisted of the following:


Fair value of purchase consideration
Cash $ 97,846 
Common stock (604 shares)
97,647 
Total $ 195,493 

We used the acquisition method of accounting and recognized assets at their fair value as of the date of acquisition, with the excess recorded to goodwill. The preliminary fair values of net tangible and intangible assets are management’s estimates based on the information available at the acquisition date and may change over the measurement period, which will end no later than one year from the acquisition date, as additional information is received. The following table summarizes the preliminary acquisition date fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed from Playdots:

Fair Value Weighted average useful life
Cash acquired $ 12,098  N/A
Other tangible net assets 8,206  N/A
Other liabilities assumed (24,680) N/A
Intangible Assets
Developed game technology 69,000  6
User base 6,200  1
Branding and trade names 3,400  8
Game engine technology 2,200  4
Goodwill 119,069  N/A
Total $ 195,493 
Goodwill, which is not deductible for U.S. income tax purposes, is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce of the acquired business and expected synergies at the time of the acquisition.

The amounts of revenue and earnings of Playdots included in our Consolidated Statement of Operations from the acquisition date to the period ending December 31, 2020 are as follows:

Three Months Ended December 31, 2020 Nine Months Ended December 31, 2020
Net revenue 7,269  8,503 
Net income (loss) (12,368) (18,417)

The following table summarizes the pro-forma consolidated results of operations (unaudited) for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, as though the acquisition had occurred on April 1, 2019, the beginning of Fiscal 2020, and Playdots had been included in our consolidated results for the entire periods subsequent to that date.


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Three Months Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Pro-forma Net revenue $ 860,000  $ 937,690  $ 2,553,352  $ 2,341,580 
Pro-forma Net income $ 182,951  $ 153,691  $ 360,201  $ 247,406 

The unaudited pro-forma consolidated results above are based on the historical financial statements of the Company and Playdots and not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisition was completed at the beginning of Fiscal 2020 and are not indicative of the future operating results of the combined company. The financial information for Playdots prior to the acquisition has been included in the pro-forma results of operations and includes certain adjustments to the historical consolidated financial statements of Playdots to align with our accounting policies. The pro-forma consolidated results of operations also include the business combination accounting effects resulting from the acquisition, including amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets acquired and the related tax effects assuming that the business combination occurred on April 1, 2019.

Transaction costs of $41 and $2,553 for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2020, respectively, which have been recorded within General and administrative expense in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, have been excluded from the above pro-forma consolidated results of operations due to their non-recurring nature.
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Item 2.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
CAUTIONARY NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The statements contained herein, which are not historical facts, are considered forward-looking statements under federal securities laws and may be identified by words such as "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "potential," "predicts," "projects," "seeks," "should," "will," or words of similar meaning and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the outlook for our future business and financial performance. Such forward-looking statements are based on the current beliefs of our management as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to them, which are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks, and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Actual outcomes and results may vary materially from these forward-looking statements based on a variety of risks and uncertainties including the uncertainty of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures taken in response thereto; the effect that measures taken to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic have on our operations, including our ability to timely deliver our titles and other products, and on the operations of our counterparties, including retailers, including digital storefronts and platform partners, and distributors; the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer demand and the discretionary spending patterns of our customers; the impact of reductions in interest rates by the Federal Reserve and other central banks, including on our short-term investment portfolio; the impact of potential inflation; volatility in foreign currency exchange rates; other risks included herein; as well as, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" included in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020; and our other periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All forward-looking statements are qualified by these cautionary statements and speak only as of the date they are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
Our Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is provided in addition to the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and notes to assist readers in understanding our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the MD&A and our annual consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.
Overview
Our Business
We are a leading developer, publisher, and marketer of interactive entertainment for consumers around the globe. We develop and publish products principally through Rockstar Games, 2K, Private Division, Social Point, and Playdots. Our products are currently designed for console gaming systems, such as Sony's PlayStation®4 ("PS4") and PlayStation 5 ("PS5"), Microsoft's Xbox One® ("Xbox One") and Xbox Series X ("Xbox Series X"), and Nintendo's Switch™ ("Switch"), and personal computers ("PC"), including smartphones and tablets. We deliver our products through physical retail, digital download, online platforms, and cloud streaming services.
We endeavor to be the most creative, innovative, and efficient company in our industry. Our core strategy is to capitalize on the popularity of video games by developing and publishing high-quality interactive entertainment experiences across a range of genres. We focus on building compelling entertainment franchises by publishing a select number of titles for which we can create sequels and incremental revenue opportunities through virtual currency, add-on content, and in-game purchases. Most of our intellectual property is internally owned and developed, which we believe best positions us financially and competitively. We have established a portfolio of proprietary software content for the major hardware platforms in a wide range of genres, including action, adventure, family/casual, racing, role-playing, shooter, sports, and strategy, which we distribute worldwide. We believe that our commitment to creativity and innovation is a distinguishing strength, enabling us to differentiate our products in the marketplace by combining advanced technology with compelling storylines and characters that provide unique gameplay experiences for consumers. We have created, acquired, or licensed a group of highly recognizable brands to match the broad consumer demographics that we serve, ranging from adults to children and game enthusiasts to casual gamers. Another cornerstone of our strategy is to support the success of our products in the marketplace through innovative marketing programs and global distribution on platforms and through channels that are relevant to our target audience.
Our revenue is primarily derived from the sale of internally developed software titles and software titles developed by third parties. Operating margins are dependent in part upon our ability to release new, commercially successful software products and to manage effectively their development and marketing costs. We have internal development studios located in Australia, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Spain, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Software titles published by our Rockstar Games label are primarily internally developed. We expect Rockstar Games, our wholly-owned publisher of the Grand Theft Auto, Max Payne, Midnight Club, Red Dead Redemption, and other popular
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franchises, to continue to be a leader in the action/adventure product category and to create groundbreaking entertainment. We believe that Rockstar Games has established a uniquely original, popular cultural phenomenon with its Grand Theft Auto series, which is the interactive entertainment industry's most iconic and critically acclaimed brand and has sold-in over 335 million units. Our most recent installment, Grand Theft Auto V, which was released in 2013, has sold in over 140 million units worldwide and includes access to Grand Theft Auto Online. On October 26, 2018, Rockstar Games launched Red Dead Redemption 2, which has been a critical and commercial success that set numerous entertainment industry records. To date, Red Dead Redemption 2 has sold-in more than 35 million units worldwide. Rockstar Games is also well known for developing brands in other genres, including the L.A. Noire, Bully, and Manhunt franchises. Rockstar Games continues to expand on our established franchises by developing sequels, offering downloadable episodes, content, and virtual currency.
Our 2K label has published a variety of popular entertainment properties across all key platforms and across a range of genres including shooter, action, role-playing, strategy, sports and family/casual entertainment. We expect 2K to continue to develop new, successful franchises in the future. 2K's internally owned and developed franchises include the critically acclaimed, multi-million unit selling BioShock, Mafia, Sid Meier's Civilization, and XCOM series. 2K also publishes successful externally developed brands, such as Borderlands. 2K's realistic sports simulation titles include our flagship NBA 2K series, which continues to be the top-ranked NBA basketball video game, the WWE 2K professional wrestling series, and PGA TOUR 2K. In March 2020, 2K announced a multi-year partnership with the National Football League encompassing multiple future video games that will be non-simulation football game experiences and will launch starting in fiscal year 2022.
Our Private Division label is dedicated to bringing titles from top independent developers to market and is the publisher and owner of Kerbal Space Program. Private Division released The Outer Worlds and Ancestors: The Humankind Odyssey, during fiscal year 2020, and Disintegration during fiscal year 2021, based on new IP from renowned industry creative talent. Kerbal Space Program 2 is planned for release in fiscal year 2023.
Social Point develops and publishes popular free-to-play mobile games that deliver high-quality, deeply engaging entertainment experiences, including its two most successful games, Dragon City and Monster Legends. In addition, Social Point has a robust development pipeline with a number of exciting games planned for launch in the coming years.
On September 4, 2020, we acquired privately held Playdots, Inc. ("Playdots") for consideration having an acquisition date fair value of $195.5 million, consisting of $97.8 million in cash and the issuance of 0.6 million shares of our common stock. (See Note 16 of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.) Founded in 2013 and based in New York City, Playdots builds mobile games with unique and thoughtful designs. They are best known for Two Dots, which has been downloaded over 80 million times since its launch six years ago and continues to deeply engage audiences throughout the world.
We are continuing to execute on our growth initiatives in Asia, where our strategy is to broaden the distribution of our existing products and expand our online gaming presence, especially in China and South Korea. 2K has secured a multi-year license from the NBA to develop an online version of the NBA simulation game in China, Taiwan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia. NBA 2K Online, our free-to-play NBA simulation game that is based on the console edition of NBA 2K, which was co-developed by 2K and Tencent, is the top online PC sports game in China with more than 51 million registered users. We have released two iterations of NBA 2K Online and continue to enhance the title with new features.
We have expanded our relationship with the NBA through the NBA 2K League. This groundbreaking competitive gaming league is jointly owned by us and the NBA and consists of teams operated by actual NBA franchises. The NBA 2K League follows a professional sports league format: head-to-head competition throughout a regular season, followed by a bracketed playoff system and a finals match-up that was held in August of each of the NBA 2K League's first three seasons. The NBA 2K League's fourth season is set to take place in calendar year 2021.
Trends and Factors Affecting our Business
Product Release Schedule.    Our financial results are affected by the timing of our product releases and the commercial success of those titles. Our Grand Theft Auto products in particular have historically accounted for a significant portion of our revenue. Sales of Grand Theft Auto products generated 28.9% of our net revenue for the nine months ended December 31, 2020. The timing of our Grand Theft Auto product releases may affect our financial performance on a quarterly and annual basis.
Economic Environment and Retailer Performance.    We continue to monitor economic conditions, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, that may unfavorably affect our businesses, such as deteriorating consumer demand, pricing pressure on our products, credit quality of our receivables, and foreign currency exchange rates. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected and may continue to affect our business operations, including our employees, customers, partners, and communities, and there is substantial uncertainty in the nature and degree of its continued effects over time. During fiscal year 2021, as in the final quarter of fiscal year 2020, we noted a positive impact to our results that we believe was partly due to
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increased consumer engagement with our products because of the COVID-19 pandemic related business closures and movement restrictions, such as "shelter in place" and "lockdown" orders, implemented around the world, as well as the online accessibility and social nature of our products. However, we cannot be certain as to the duration of these effects and the potential offsetting impacts of deteriorating economic conditions and decreased consumer spending generally. We have developed and continue to develop plans to help mitigate the negative impact of the pandemic on our business, such as our transition to working from home, based on our concern for the health and safety of our teams, for the vast majority of our teams, which to date has resulted in minimal disruption. However, these efforts may not be effective, and a protracted economic downturn may limit the effectiveness of our mitigation efforts. Any of these considerations described above could cause or contribute to the risks described under the heading "Risk Factors" included in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, or stock price. Therefore, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will not be fully reflected in our financial results until future periods, and, at this time, we are not able to predict its ultimate impact on our business.
Additionally, our business is dependent upon a limited number of customers that account for a significant portion of our revenue. Our five largest customers accounted for 77.4% and 70.0% of net revenue during the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, our five largest customers comprised 71.8% and 58.1% of our gross accounts receivable, respectively, with our significant customers (those that individually comprised more than 10% of our gross accounts receivable balance) accounting for 59.1% and 48.8% of such balance at December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, respectively. We had two customers who accounted for 39.5% and 19.6%, respectively, of our gross accounts receivable as of December 31, 2020 and two customers who accounted for 29.4% and 19.4%, respectively, of our gross accounts receivable as of March 31, 2020. The economic environment has affected our customers in the past and may do so in the future, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Bankruptcies or consolidations of our large retail customers could adversely affect our business, due to uncollectible accounts receivables and the concentration of purchasing power among the remaining large retailers. The COVID-19 pandemic may lead to increased consolidation as larger, better capitalized competitors will be in a stronger position to withstand prolonged periods of economic downturn and sustain their business through the financial volatility. Certain of our large customers sell used copies of our games, which may negatively affect our business by reducing demand for new copies of our games. While the online and downloadable content that we now offer for certain of our titles may serve to reduce used game sales, we expect used game sales to continue to adversely affect our business.
Hardware Platforms.    We derive most of our revenue from the sale of products made for video game consoles manufactured by third parties, such as Sony's PS4 and PS5, Microsoft's Xbox One and Xbox Series X, and Nintendo's Switch, which comprised 75.4% of our net revenue by product platform for the nine months ended December 31, 2020. The success of our business is dependent upon the consumer acceptance of these platforms and the continued growth in their installed base. When new hardware platforms are introduced, such as those released in November 2020 by Sony and Microsoft, demand for interactive entertainment playable on older platforms typically declines, which may negatively affect our business during the market transition to the new consoles. The new Sony and Microsoft consoles provide "backwards compatibility" (i.e. the ability to play games for the previous generation of consoles), which could mitigate the risk of such a decline. However, we cannot be certain how backwards compatibility will affect demand for our products. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic or other events may affect the availability of these new consoles, which may also affect demand. We manage our product delivery on each current and future platform in a manner we believe to be most effective to maximize our revenue opportunities and achieve the desired return on our investments in product development. Accordingly, our strategy is to focus our development efforts on a select number of the highest quality titles for these platforms, while also expanding our offerings for other platforms such as tablets, smartphones, and online games.
Online Content and Digital Distribution.    The interactive entertainment software industry is delivering a growing amount of content through digital online delivery methods. We provide a variety of online delivered products and offerings. Virtually all of our titles that are available through retailers as packaged goods products are also available through direct digital download (from digital storefronts we own and others owned by third parties) as well as a large selection of our catalog titles. In addition, we aim to drive ongoing engagement and incremental revenue from recurrent consumer spending on our titles through virtual currency, add-on content, and in-game purchases. We also publish an expanding variety of titles for tablets and smartphones, which are delivered to consumers through digital download. As disclosed in our "Results of Operations," below, net revenue from digital online channels comprised 85.5% of our net revenue for the nine months ended December 31, 2020. We expect online delivery of games and game offerings to continue to grow and to continue to be the primary part of our business over the long-term.
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Product Releases
We released the following key titles during the nine months ended December 31, 2020:
Title Publishing
Label 		  Internal or External
Development 		  Platform(s)   Date Released
PGA TOUR 2K21 2K External PS4, Xbox One, Switch, PC, Stadia August 21, 2020
NBA 2K21 2K Internal PS4, Xbox One, Switch, PC, Stadia September 4, 2020
WWE 2K Battlegrounds 2K External PS4, Xbox One, Switch, PC, Stadia September 18, 2020
Mafia I: Definitive Edition 2K External PS4, Xbox One, PC September 25, 2020
Borderlands 3 2K External Xbox Series X (digital only) November 10, 2020
NBA 2K21 2K Internal Xbox Series X November 10, 2020
Borderlands 3 2K External PS5 (digital only) November 12, 2020
NBA 2K21 2K Internal PS5 November 12, 2020
Red Dead Online - Standalone Rockstar Games Internal PS4, Xbox One, PC, Steam, Epic Store December 1, 2020
Product Pipeline
We have announced the following future key titles to date (this list does not represent all titles currently in development):
Title Publishing
Label 		  Internal or External
Development 		  Platform(s)   Expected Release Date
Grand Theft Auto V Rockstar Games Internal PS5, Xbox Series X Fiscal 2022
Kerbal Space Program 2 Private Division Internal PS4, Xbox One, PC Fiscal 2023

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our most critical accounting policies, which are those that require significant judgment, include revenue recognition; price protection and allowances for returns; capitalization and recognition of software development costs and licenses; fair value estimates including valuation of goodwill, intangible assets, and long-lived assets; valuation and recognition of stock-based compensation; and income taxes. In-depth descriptions of these can be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.
During the nine months ended December 31, 2020 there were no significant changes to the above critical accounting policies and estimates, with the exception of our adoption of Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. Refer to Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.
Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.

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Operating Metric

Net Bookings

We monitor Net Bookings as a key operating metric in evaluating the performance of our business. Net Bookings is defined as the net amount of products and services sold digitally or sold-in physically during the period and includes licensing fees, merchandise, in-game advertising, strategy guides, and publisher incentives. Net Bookings were as follows:

Three Months Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,
2020 2019 Increase/
(decrease) 		% Increase/
(decrease) 		2020 2019 Increase/
(decrease) 		% Increase/
(decrease)
Net Bookings $ 814,282  $ 888,179  $ (73,897) (8.3) % $ 2,768,066  $ 2,260,935  $ 507,131  22.4  %
For the three months ended December 31, 2020, Net Bookings decreased by $73.9 million as compared to the prior year period due primarily to a decrease in Net Bookings from The Outer Worlds, which released in October 2019, Red Dead Redemption 2, which released on PC in November 2019, our WWE 2K franchise, which benefited from the release of WWE 2K20 in the prior year period, and Borderlands 3, which released in September 2019, partially offset by an increase in Net Bookings from our NBA 2K franchise, Grand Theft Auto Online, and our Mafia franchise.
For the nine months ended December 31, 2020, Net Bookings increased by $507.1 million as compared to the prior year period due primarily to increases from our NBA 2K franchise, Grand Theft Auto Online and Grand Theft Auto V, our Mafia franchise, PGA TOUR 2K21, which released in August 2020, Dragon City, and Two Dots, which was part of our Playdots Inc. acquisition completed in September 2020, partially offset by a decrease in Net Bookings from Borderlands 3, and The Outer Worlds, which released in October 2019.
Results of Operations
The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, net revenue by geographic region, net revenue by platform, net revenue by distribution channel, and net revenue by content type:
  Three Months Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,
(thousands of dollars) 2020 2019 2020 2019
Net revenue $ 860,889  100.0  % $ 930,129  100.0  % $ 2,533,341  100.0  % $ 2,328,429  100.0  %
Cost of goods sold 346,244  40.2  % 437,093  47.0  % 1,255,438  49.6  % 1,146,810  49.3  %
Gross profit 514,645  59.8  % 493,036  53.0  % 1,277,903  50.4  % 1,181,619  50.7  %
Selling and marketing 139,906  16.3  % 137,068  14.7  % 338,376  13.4  % 378,455  16.3  %
General and administrative 98,624  11.5  % 84,531  9.1  % 292,230  11.5  % 236,023  10.1  %
Research and development 86,428  10.0  % 82,520  8.9  % 233,752  9.2  % 227,680  9.8  %
Depreciation and amortization 14,007  1.6  % 12,330  1.3  % 40,116  1.6  % 35,611  1.5  %
Business reorganization (377) —  % (246) —  % (138) —  % 467  —  %
Total operating expenses 338,588  39.3  % 316,203  34.0  % 904,336  35.7  % 878,236  37.7  %
Income from operations 176,057  20.5  % 176,833  19.0  % 373,567  14.7  % 303,383  13.0  %
Interest and other, net 1,098  0.1  % 11,943  1.3  % 12,022  0.5  % 30,422  1.3  %
Gain on long-term investments, net 39,291  4.6  % —  —  % 38,636  1.5  % —  —  %
Income before income taxes 216,446  25.1  % 188,776  20.3  % 424,225  16.7  % 333,805  14.3  %
Provision for income taxes 34,198  4.0  % 25,134  2.7  % 54,151  2.1  % 52,068  2.2  %
Net income $ 182,248  21.2  % $ 163,642  17.6  % $ 370,074  14.6  % $ 281,737  12.1  %

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Three Months Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Net revenue by geographic region:
United States $ 528,324  61.4  % $ 536,841  57.7  % $ 1,502,397  59.3  % $ 1,361,981  58.5  %
International 332,565  38.6  % 393,288  42.3  % 1,030,944  40.7  % 966,448  41.5  %
Net revenue by platform:
Console $ 656,079  76.2  % $ 679,799  73.1  % $ 1,909,033  75.4  % $ 1,766,431  75.9  %
PC and other 204,810  23.8  % 250,330  26.9  % 624,308  24.6  % 561,998  24.1  %
Net revenue by distribution channel:
Digital online $ 728,510  84.6  % $ 700,321  75.3  % $ 2,166,035  85.5  % $ 1,743,876  74.9  %
Physical retail and other 132,379  15.4  % 229,808  24.7  % 367,306  14.5  % 584,553  25.1  %
Net revenue by content:
Recurrent consumer spending $ 533,475  62.0  % $ 340,496  36.6  % $ 1,508,604  59.5  % $ 1,354,607  58.2  %
Full game and other 327,414  38.0  % 589,633  63.4  % 1,024,737  40.5  % 973,822  41.8  %

Three Months Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to December 31, 2019
(thousands of dollars) 2020 % 2019 % Increase/
(decrease) 		% Increase/
(decrease)
Net revenue $ 860,889  100.0  % $ 930,129  100.0  % $ (69,240) (7.4) %
Software development costs and royalties (1)
83,514  9.7  % 130,985  14.1  % (47,471) (36.2) %
Internal royalties 137,657  16.0  % 166,432  17.9  % (28,775) (17.3) %
Product costs 67,156  7.8  % 90,959  9.8  % (23,803) (26.2) %
Licenses 57,917  6.7  % 48,717  5.2  % 9,200  18.9  %
Cost of goods sold 346,244  40.2  % 437,093  47.0  % (90,849) (20.8) %
Gross profit $ 514,645  59.8  % $ 493,036  53.0  % $ 21,609  4.4  %
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Includes $13,100 and $33,048 of stock-based compensation expense in 2020 and 2019, respectively, in software development costs and royalties.
For the three months ended December 31, 2020, net revenue decreased by $69.2 million as compared to the prior year period. The decrease was due to a decrease in net revenue of (i) $138.0 million from The Outer Worlds, which released in October 2019, (ii) $106.3 million from Red Dead Redemption 2, which released on PC in November 2019, (iii) $39.4 million from Borderlands 3, which released in September 2019, and (iv) $27.7 million from our WWE 2K franchise, which benefited from the release of WWE 2K20 in the prior year period. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in net revenue of (i) $130.0 million from our NBA 2K franchise, (ii) $58.1 million from Grand Theft Auto Online, (iii) $27.6 million from our Mafia franchise, and (iv) $16.8 million from PGA TOUR 2K21, which released in August 2020.
Net revenue from console games decreased by $23.7 million and accounted for 76.2% of our total net revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 73.1% for the prior year period. The decrease was due to a decrease in net revenue from The Outer Worlds, Red Dead Redemption 2, our WWE 2K franchise, and Borderlands 3, partially offset by an increase in net revenue from our NBA 2K franchise, Grand Theft Auto Online, and our Mafia franchise. Net revenue from PC and other decreased by $45.5 million and accounted for 23.8% of our total net revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 26.9% for the prior year period. The decrease was due to a decrease in net revenue from Red Dead Redemption 2, which released on PC in November 2019, The Outer Worlds, and Borderlands 3, partially offset by an increase in net revenue from Grand Theft Auto V and Grand Theft Auto Online, Dragon City, our Mafia franchise, Two Dots, and our NBA 2K franchise.
Net revenue from digital online channels increased by $28.2 million and accounted for 84.6% of our total net revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 75.3% for the prior year period. The increase was due to an increase in net revenue from our NBA 2K franchise, Grand Theft Auto Online, our Mafia franchise, and PGA TOUR 2K21, partially offset by a decrease in net revenue from The Outer Worlds, Red Dead Redemption 2, and Borderlands 3. Net revenue from physical retail and other channels decreased by $97.4 million and accounted for 15.4% of our total net revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 24.7% for the same period in the prior year period. The decrease in net revenue from physical retail and other channels was due primarily to a decrease in net revenue from Red Dead Redemption 2, The Outer Worlds, and our WWE 2K franchise.
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Recurrent consumer spending is generated from ongoing consumer engagement and includes revenue from virtual currency, add-on content, and in-game purchases. Net revenue from recurrent consumer spending increased by $193.0 million and accounted for 62.0% of net revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 36.6% of net revenue for the prior year period. The increase in net revenue from recurrent consumer spending is due primarily to an increase in net revenue from our NBA 2K franchise, Grand Theft Auto Online and Grand Theft Auto V, Dragon City, and Two Dots, partially offset by a decrease in net revenue from Red Dead Redemption 2. Net revenue from full game and other decreased by $262.2 million and accounted for 38.0% of net revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2020 as compared to 63.4% of net revenue for the prior year period. The decrease in net revenue from full game and other was due to a decrease in net revenue from The Outer Worlds, Red Dead Redemption 2, Borderlands 3, and our WWE 2K franchise, partially offset by an increase in net revenue from our Mafia franchise.
Gross profit as a percentage of net revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2020 was 59.8% as compared to 53.0% for the prior year period. The increase in gross profit as a percentage of net revenue was due to lower capitalized software amortization due primarily to the timing of releases, lower internal royalties due to the timing of when royalties are earned, and product costs based on the timing of releases.
Net revenue earned outside of the United States decreased by $60.7 million and accounted for 38.6% of our total net revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 42.3% in the prior year period. The decrease in net revenue outside of the United States was due to a decrease in net revenue from Red Dead Redemption 2 and The Outer Worlds, partially offset by an increase in net revenue from Grand Theft Auto Online and our NBA 2K franchise. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates increased net revenue by $4.1 million and increased gross profit by $3.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the prior year period.
Operating Expenses
(thousands of dollars) 2020 % of net revenue 2019 % of net revenue Increase/
(decrease) 		% Increase/
(decrease)
Selling and marketing $ 139,906  16.3  % $ 137,068  14.7  % $ 2,838  2.1  %
General and administrative 98,624  11.5  % 84,531  9.1  % 14,093  16.7  %
Research and development 86,428  10.0  % 82,520  8.9  % 3,908  4.7  %
Depreciation and amortization 14,007  1.6  % 12,330  1.3  % 1,677  13.6  %
Business reorganization (377) —  % (246) —  % (131) 53.3  %
Total operating expenses(1)
$ 338,588  39.3  % $ 316,203  34.0  % $ 22,385  7.1  %
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense, which was allocated as follows (in thousands):
2020 2019
Selling and marketing $ 4,131  $ 4,113 
General and administrative 15,538  14,911 
Research and development 8,347  11,327 
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates increased total operating expenses by $3.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the prior year period.
Selling and marketing
Selling and marketing expenses increased by $2.8 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the prior year period, due primarily to increases in (i) personnel expenses due to increased headcount and higher incentive compensation, (ii) IT expenses for cloud-based services, and (iii) customer service expenses. The increase was partially offset by lower overall marketing expense due to lower marketing expenses for Red Dead Redemption 2, The Outer Worlds, our WWE 2K franchise, Borderlands 3, and Civilization VI, partially offset by higher marketing expenses for Grand Theft Auto Online, our NBA 2K franchise, Two Dots, Word Life, Dragon City, Red Dead Online, and our Mafia franchise.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses increased by $14.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the prior year period, due primarily to increases in (i) personnel expenses for additional headcount and higher incentive compensation, (ii) professional fees related to consulting, including for our offer to acquire Codemasters Group Holdings PLC, a UK-based game publisher and developer, and (iii) IT expenses for cloud-based services.
General and administrative expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 included occupancy expense (primarily rent, utilities and office expenses) of $6.8 million and $6.6 million, respectively, related to our development studios.
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Research and development
Research and development expenses increased by $3.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the prior year period, due primarily to increases in (i) personnel expenses for higher incentive compensation and (ii) IT expenses for cloud-based services. These increases were partially offset by (i) lower production and development expenses primarily due to additional capitalization of costs for development on titles having established technological feasibility compared to the prior year, and (iii) lower travel expenses due to restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $1.7 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the prior year period, due primarily to IT infrastructure and leasehold improvements for new office locations.
Business reorganization
For the three months ended December 31, 2020, business reorganization expense decreased by $0.1 million as compared to the prior year period and was not material.
Interest and other, net
Interest and other, net was income of $1.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $11.9 million for the prior year period. The change was due primarily to lower interest income due to lower interest rates.
Gain on long-term investments, net
Gain on long-term investments, net for the three months ended December 31, 2020 was $39.3 million and was due primarily to the sale of a portion of one of our investments and the resulting change in value based on the observable price change of the remaining portion of that investment.
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes for the three months ended December 31, 2020 is based on our projected annual effective tax rate for fiscal year 2021, adjusted for specific items that are required to be recognized in the period in which they are incurred. The provision for income taxes was $34.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020 as compared to $25.1 million for the prior year period.

When compared to the statutory rate of 21.0%, the effective tax rate of 15.8% for the three months ended December 31, 2020 was due primarily to a tax benefit of $7.1 million from tax credits and excess tax benefits of $3.4 million from employee stock-based compensation offset by the geographic mix of earnings.
In the prior year period, when compared to our statutory rate of 21%, the effective tax rate of 13.3% for the three months ended December 31, 2019 was due primarily to a tax benefit of $9.1 million as a result of tax credits anticipated to be utilized and $2.6 million due to a geographic mix of earnings.
The change in the effective tax rate, when compared to the prior year period's effective tax rate, is due primarily to increased expense related to the geographic mix of earnings and decreased tax credits, partially offset by increased excess tax benefits from employee stock-based compensation in the current period.
The accounting for share-based compensation will increase or decrease our effective tax rate based on the difference between our share-based compensation expense and the deductions taken on our tax return, which depends on the stock price at the time of the employee award vesting. Since we recognize excess tax benefits on a discrete basis, we anticipate that our effective tax rate will vary from quarter to quarter depending on our stock price in each period.
We anticipate that additional excess tax benefits or shortfalls from employee stock compensation, tax credits, and changes in our geographic mix of earnings could have a significant impact on our effective tax rate in the future. In addition, we are regularly examined by domestic and foreign taxing authorities. Examinations may result in tax assessments in excess of amounts claimed and the payment of additional taxes. We believe our tax positions comply with applicable tax law, and that we have adequately provided for reasonably foreseeable tax assessments. It is possible that settlement of audits and/or the expiration of the statute of limitations could have an impact on our effective tax rate in future periods.
On May 19, 2019, a public referendum held in Switzerland approved the Federal Act on Tax Reform and AVH (Old-Age and Survivors Insurance) Financing ("TRAF"), which was effective for us on January 1, 2020. The TRAF abolished preferential tax regimes at the cantonal level. The cantons established transition rules which provided us a step-up in tax basis for which a deferred tax asset of $45.3 million and valuation allowance of $33.4 million were established. It is possible that
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realization of deferred tax assets relating to the Swiss cantonal basis step-up may change due to changes in forecasted future earnings in Switzerland.
On March 27, 2020, the U.S. enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"), which provides numerous tax and other stimulus measures. An additional economic stimulus package, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, was approved on December 27, 2020. We do not expect that these measures will have a material impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Net income and earnings per share
For the three months ended December 31, 2020, net income was $182.2 million, as compared to $163.6 million in the prior year period. Diluted earnings per share for the three months ended December 31, 2020 was $1.57, as compared to diluted earnings per share of $1.43 in the prior year period. Diluted weighted average shares of 116.1 million were 1.9 million shares higher as compared to the prior year period, due primarily to normal stock compensation activity, including vests as well as grants and forfeitures in the prior year being fully outstanding in the current year period. See Note 11 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding earnings per share.
Nine Months Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to December 31, 2019
(thousands of dollars) 2020 % 2019 % Increase/
(decrease) 		% Increase/
(decrease)
Net revenue $ 2,533,341  100.0  % $ 2,328,429  100.0  % $ 204,912  8.8  %
Software development costs and royalties (1) 374,332  14.8  % 451,422  19.4  % (77,090) (17.1) %
Internal royalties 479,524  18.9  % 339,312  14.6  % 140,212  41.3  %
Product costs 194,702  7.7  % 225,162  9.7  % (30,460) (13.5) %
Licenses 206,880  8.2  % 130,914  5.6  % 75,966  58.0  %
Cost of goods sold 1,255,438  49.6  % 1,146,810  49.3  % 108,628  9.5  %
Gross profit $ 1,277,903  50.4  % $ 1,181,619  50.7  % $ 96,284  8.1  %
(1)Includes $61,529 and $91,678 of stock-based compensation expense in 2020 and 2019, respectively, in software development costs and royalties.
For the nine months ended December 31, 2020, net revenue increased by $204.9 million as compared to the prior year period. The increase was due primarily to an increase in net revenue of (i) $258.9 million from our NBA 2K franchise, (ii) $227.0 million from Grand Theft Auto Online and Grand Theft Auto V, (iii) $68.6 million from our Mafia franchise, (iv) $52.4 million from PGA TOUR 2K21, which released in August 2020, and (vi) $24.7 million from Red Dead Online. These increases were offset by a decrease in net revenue of (i) $193.6 million from Borderlands 3, which released in September 2019, (ii) $134.3 million from Red Dead Redemption 2, which released on PC in November 2019, and (iii) $126.3 million from The Outer Worlds, which released in October 2019.
Net revenue from console games increased by $142.6 million and accounted for 75.4% of our total net revenue for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 75.9% for the prior year period. The increase was due to an increase in net revenue from our NBA 2K franchise, Grand Theft Auto Online, our Mafia franchise, and PGA TOUR 2K21, partially offset by a decrease in net revenue from Borderlands 3, Red Dead Redemption 2, and The Outer Worlds. Net revenue from PC and other increased by $62.3 million and accounted for 24.6% of our total net revenue for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 24.1% for the prior year period. The increase was due to an increase in net revenue from Grand Theft Auto V and Grand Theft Auto Online, our NBA 2K franchise, Civilization VI, Dragon City, our Mafia franchise, and Red Dead Online and Red Dead Redemption 2, which released on PC in November 2019, partially offset by a decrease in net revenue from Borderlands 3 and The Outer Worlds.
Net revenue from digital online channels increased by $422.2 million and accounted for 85.5% of our total net revenue for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 74.9% for the prior year period. The increase was due to an increase in net revenue from our NBA 2K franchise, Grand Theft Auto Online and Grand Theft Auto V, our Mafia franchise, and PGA TOUR 2K21, partially offset by a decrease in net revenue from Borderlands 3 and The Outer Worlds. Net revenue from physical retail and other channels decreased by $217.2 million and accounted for 14.5% of our total net revenue for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 25.1% for the prior year period. The decrease was due to a decrease in net revenue from Red Dead Redemption 2, Borderlands 3, and The Outer Worlds, partially offset by an increase in net revenue from our Mafia franchise.
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Recurrent consumer spending is generated from ongoing consumer engagement and includes revenue from virtual currency, add-on content, and in-game purchases. Net revenue from recurrent consumer spending increased by $534.8 million and accounted for 59.5% of net revenue for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 41.8% of net revenue for the prior year period. The increase was due to an increase in net revenue from our NBA 2K franchise, Grand Theft Auto Online and Grand Theft Auto V, Red Dead Online, Civilization VI, and Dragon City. Net revenue from full game and other decreased by $329.9 million and accounted for 40.5% of net revenue for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 as compared to 58.2% of net revenue for the prior year period. The decrease was due to a decrease in net revenue from Borderlands 3, Red Dead Redemption 2, and The Outer Worlds, partially offset by an increase in net revenue from our Mafia franchise, and PGA TOUR 2K21.
Gross profit as a percentage of net revenue for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 was 50.4% as compared to 50.7% for the prior year period. The decrease in gross profit as a percentage of net revenue was due to higher internal royalties and license royalties due primarily to the timing of when royalties are earned, partially offset by lower development royalties, capitalized software amortization, and product costs based on the timing of releases.
Net revenue earned outside of the United States increased by $64.5 million, and accounted for 40.7% of our total net revenue for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 41.5% in the prior year period. The increase in net revenue outside of the United States was due to an increase in net revenue from Grand Theft Auto Online and Grand Theft Auto V, our NBA 2K franchise, our Mafia franchise, PGA TOUR 2K21, and Dragon City, partially offset by a decrease in net revenue from Red Dead Redemption 2, Borderlands 3, and The Outer Worlds. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates increased net revenue by $6.4 million and increased gross profit by $4.7 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the prior year period.
Operating Expenses
(thousands of dollars) 2020 % of net revenue 2019 % of net revenue Increase/
(decrease) 		% Increase/
(decrease)
Selling and marketing $ 338,376  13.4  % $ 378,455  16.3  % $ (40,079) (10.6) %
General and administrative 292,230  11.5  % 236,023  10.1  % 56,207  23.8  %
Research and development 233,752  9.2  % 227,680  9.8  % 6,072  2.7  %
Depreciation and amortization 40,116  1.6  % 35,611  1.5  % 4,505  12.7  %
Business reorganization (138) —  % 467  —  % (605) (129.6) %
Total operating expenses (1)
$ 904,336  35.7  % $ 878,236  37.7  % $ 26,100  3.0  %
(1)Includes stock-based compensation expense, which was allocated as follows (in thousands):
2020 2019
Selling and marketing 13,298  14,333 
General and administrative $ 42,568  $ 42,054 
Research and development 22,440  28,633 
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates increased total operating expenses by $4.3 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the prior year period.
Selling and marketing
Selling and marketing expenses decreased by $40.1 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the prior year period, due primarily to lower overall marketing expenses due to lower marketing expenses for Borderlands 3, Red Dead Redemption 2, The Outer Worlds, and our WWE 2K franchise, partially offset by higher marketing expenses for Dragon City, Word Life, and Two Dots. This decrease was partially offset by higher personnel expenses due to increased headcount and higher incentive compensation.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses increased by $56.2 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the prior year period, due to increases in (i) charitable contributions made in connection with our COVID-19 pandemic response and relief efforts, (ii) personnel expenses for additional headcount and higher incentive compensation, and (iii) professional fees related to consulting, including for our acquisition of Playdots and our offer to acquire Codemasters Group Holdings PLC.
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General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 included occupancy expense (primarily rent, utilities and office expenses) of $20.5 million and $18.9 million, respectively, related to our development studios.
Research and development
Research and development expenses increased by $6.1 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the prior year period, due primarily to increases in (i) personnel expenses for higher headcount and higher incentive compensation, (ii) IT expenses for cloud-based services, (iii) online support costs, and (iv) professional fees. These increases were partially offset by (i) lower production and development expenses primarily due to additional capitalization of costs for development on titles having established technological feasibility compared to the prior year and (ii) lower travel expenses due to restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expenses for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 increased by $4.5 million, as compared to the prior year period, due primarily to leasehold improvements for new office locations and IT infrastructure.
Business reorganization
During the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the prior year period, business reorganization expense decreased $0.6 million and was not material.
Interest and other, net
Interest and other, net was income of $12.0 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $30.4 million for the prior year period. The change was due primarily to lower interest income due to lower interest rates, partially offset by foreign currency gains including a $3.1 million reclassification from Accumulated other comprehensive loss as a result of discontinuing our cash flow hedge related to our cross-currency swap.

Gain on long-term investments, net
Gain on long-term investments, net for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 was $38.6 million and was due primarily to the sale of a portion of one of our investments and the resulting change in value based on the observable price change of the remaining portion of that investment.
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 is based on our projected annual effective tax rate for fiscal year 2021, adjusted for specific items that are required to be recognized in the period in which they are incurred. The provision for income taxes was $54.2 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 as compared to a provision for income taxes of $52.1 million for the prior year period.

When compared to the statutory rate of 21.0%, the effective tax rate of 12.8% for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 was due primarily to a benefit of $17.8 million as a result of tax credits anticipated to be utilized and excess tax benefits of $13.6 million from employee stock-based compensation.

In the prior year period, when compared to our blended statutory rate of 21%, the effective tax rate of 15.6% for the nine months ended December 31, 2019 was due primarily to a benefit of $15.1 million as a result of tax credits anticipated to be utilized, a tax benefit of $11.6 million from changes in unrecognized tax benefits due to audit settlements, and a benefit of $5.8 million from our geographic mix of earnings. To a lesser extent, the rate was also affected by excess tax benefits from employee stock-based compensation. These benefits were partially offset by a tax expense of $19.8 million from the reversal of net deferred tax benefits relating to the Altera case, discussed below.

The change in the effective tax rate, when compared to the prior year period's effective tax rate, is due primarily to increased benefits related to excess tax benefits from employee stock-based compensation and to tax credits offset by decreased tax expense relating to the Altera case, discussed below, and decreased tax benefits related to the changes in unrecognized tax benefits due to audit settlements.

The accounting for share-based compensation will increase or decrease our effective tax rate based on the difference between our share-based compensation expense and the deductions taken on our tax return, which depends on the stock price at the time of the employee award vesting. Since we recognize excess tax benefits on a discrete basis, we anticipate that our effective tax rate will vary from quarter to quarter depending on our stock price in each period.
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We anticipate that additional excess tax benefits or shortfalls from employee stock compensation, tax credits, and changes in our geographic mix of earnings could have a significant impact on our effective tax rate in the future. In addition, we are regularly examined by domestic and foreign taxing authorities. Examinations may result in tax assessments in excess of amounts claimed and the payment of additional taxes. We believe our tax positions comply with applicable tax law, and that we have adequately provided for reasonably foreseeable tax assessments. It is possible that settlement of audits and/or the expiration of the statute of limitations could have an impact on our effective tax rate in future periods.

On July 27, 2015, the U.S. Tax Court issued an opinion in Altera Corp. v. Commissioner, which concluded that related parties in an intercompany cost-sharing arrangement are not required to share costs related to stock-based compensation. In February 2016, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service appealed the decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. On June 7, 2019, the Ninth Circuit reversed the 2015 decision of the U.S. Tax Court. As a result of this decision, we are no longer reflecting a net tax benefit within our financial statements related to the removal of stock-based compensation from our intercompany cost-sharing arrangement. During the nine months ended December 31, 2020, we removed the deferred tax asset and a deferred tax liability associated with this matter, resulting in a cumulative net discrete income tax expense of $19.8 million. The taxpayer in the case requested a rehearing before the full Ninth Circuit which was denied on November 12, 2019. In February 2020, the taxpayer appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which denied certiorari on June 22, 2020.
On May 19, 2019, a public referendum held in Switzerland approved the Federal Act on Tax Reform and AVH (Old-Age and Survivors Insurance) Financing ("TRAF"), which was effective for us on January 1, 2020. The TRAF abolished preferential tax regimes at the cantonal level. The cantons established transition rules which provided us a step-up in tax basis for which a deferred tax asset of $45.3 million and valuation allowance of $33.4 million were established. It is possible that realization of deferred tax assets relating to the Swiss cantonal basis step-up may change due to changes in forecasted future earnings in Switzerland.
On March 27, 2020, the U.S. enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"), which provides numerous tax and other stimulus measures. An additional economic stimulus package, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, was approved on December 27, 2020. We do not expect that these measures will have a material impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Net income and earnings per share
For the nine months ended December 31, 2020, net income was $370.1 million, as compared to $281.7 million in the prior year period. For the nine months ended December 31, 2020, diluted earnings per share was $3.20 as compared to diluted earnings per share of $2.47 in the prior year period. Diluted weighted average shares of 115.6 million were 1.6 million shares higher as compared to the prior year period, due primarily to normal stock compensation activity, including vests as well as grants and forfeitures in the prior year being fully outstanding in the current year period. See Note 11 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding earnings per share.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary cash requirements have been to fund (i) the development, manufacturing, and marketing of our published products, (ii) working capital, (iii) acquisitions, and (iv) capital expenditures. We expect to rely on cash and cash equivalents as well as on short-term investments, funds provided by our operating activities, and our Credit Agreement to satisfy our working capital needs.
Short-term Investments
As of December 31, 2020, we had $772.7 million of short-term investments, which are highly liquid in nature and represent an investment of cash that is available for current operations. From time to time, we may purchase additional short-term investments depending on future market conditions and liquidity needs. As of December 31, 2020, based on the composition of our investment portfolio and relatively lower interest rates as a result of the recent actions by central banks around the world, including the interest rate cuts by the U.S. Federal Reserve, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and related adverse economic conditions, we anticipate investment yields may remain low, which would lower our future interest income. Such impact is not expected to be material to our liquidity.
Credit Agreement
On February 8, 2019, we entered into an unsecured Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) that runs through February 8, 2024. The Credit Agreement provides for an unsecured five-year revolving credit facility with commitments of $200 million, including sublimits for (i) the issuance of letters of credit in an aggregate face amount of up to $25 million and (ii) borrowings and letters of credit denominated in Pounds Sterling, Euros, and Canadian Dollars in an aggregate principal
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amount of up to $25 million. In addition, the Credit Agreement contains uncommitted incremental capacity permitting the incurrence of up to an additional $250 million in term loans or revolving credit facilities.
Loans under the Credit Agreement will bear interest at a rate of (a) 0.250% to 0.750% above a certain base rate (3.25% at December 31, 2020) or (b) 1.125% to 1.750% above LIBOR (approximately 1.44% at December 31, 2020), which rates are determined by reference to our consolidated total net leverage ratio.
As of December 31, 2020, there was $197.9 million available to borrow under the Credit Agreement, and we had $2.1 million of letters of credit outstanding. At December 31, 2020, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement.
The Credit Agreement also includes, among other terms and conditions, maximum leverage ratio, minimum cash reserves and, in certain circumstances, minimum interest coverage ratio financial covenants, as well as limitations on the Company’s and each of its subsidiaries’ ability to: create, incur, assume or be liable for indebtedness; dispose of assets outside the ordinary course; acquire, merge or consolidate with or into another person or entity; create, incur or allow any lien on any of its property; make investments; or pay dividends or make distributions, in each case subject to certain exceptions. In addition, the Credit Agreement provides for certain events of default such as nonpayment of principal and interest when due thereunder, breaches of representations and warranties, noncompliance with covenants, acts of insolvency, and default on indebtedness held by third parties (subject to certain limitations and cure periods).
Financial Condition
We are subject to credit risks, particularly if any of our receivables represent a limited number of customers or are concentrated in foreign markets. If we are unable to collect our accounts receivable as they become due, it could adversely affect our liquidity and working capital position.
Generally, we have been able to collect our accounts receivable in the ordinary course of business. We do not hold any collateral to secure payment from customers. We have trade credit insurance on the majority of our customers to mitigate accounts receivable risk.
A majority of our trade receivables are derived from sales to major retailers, including digital storefronts and platform partners, and distributors. Our five largest customers accounted for 77.4% and 70.0% of net revenue during the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, five customers accounted for 71.8% and 58.1% of our gross accounts receivable, respectively. Customers that individually accounted for more than 10% of our gross accounts receivable balance comprised 59.1% and 48.8% of such balances at December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, respectively. We had two customers who accounted for 39.5% and 19.6% of our gross accounts receivable as of December 31, 2020, respectively, and two customers who accounted for 29.4% and 19.4% of our gross accounts receivable as of March 31, 2020, respectively. Based upon performing ongoing credit evaluations, maintaining trade credit insurance on a majority of our customers and our past collection experience, we believe that the receivable balances from these largest customers do not represent a significant credit risk, although we actively monitor each customer's credit worthiness and economic conditions that may affect our customers' business and access to capital. We are monitoring the current global economic conditions, including credit markets and other factors as it relates to our customers in order to manage the risk of uncollectible accounts receivable, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
We believe our current cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and projected cash flows from operations, along with availability under our Credit Agreement, will provide us with sufficient liquidity to satisfy our cash requirements for working capital, capital expenditures, and commitments on both a short-term and long-term basis. Our liquidity and capital resources were not materially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and related volatility and slowdown in the global financial markets during the first two quarters of fiscal year 2021. Included in our Restricted cash as of December 31, 2020, was the cash portion of our offer to acquire Codemasters Group Holdings PLC, a UK-based game publisher and developer. As of January 13, 2021, the offer lapsed, and the cash was no longer restricted.
As of December 31, 2020, the amount of cash and cash equivalents held outside of the U.S. by our foreign subsidiaries was $845.3 million. These balances are dispersed across various locations around the world. We believe that such dispersion meets the business and liquidity needs of our foreign affiliates. In addition, we expect to have the ability to generate sufficient cash domestically to support ongoing operations for the foreseeable future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, as enacted in December 2017, includes a number of provisions, which generally establish a territorial-style system for taxing foreign income of domestic multinational corporations. Our current intention is to reinvest indefinitely earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, and therefore we have not recorded any tax liabilities associated with the repatriation of foreign earnings.
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Our Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of up to 14.2 million shares of our common stock. Under this program, we may purchase shares from time to time through a variety of methods, including in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable securities laws. Repurchases are subject to the availability of stock, prevailing market conditions, the trading price of the stock, our financial performance, and other conditions. The program does not require us to repurchase shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time for any reason.
During the nine months ended December 31, 2020, we did not make any repurchases of our common stock in the open market. We have repurchased a total of 10.4 million shares of our common stock under the program, and as of December 31, 2020, 3.8 million shares of our common stock remained available for repurchase under the share repurchase program.
Our changes in cash flows were as follows:
  Nine Months Ended
December 31,
(thousands of dollars) 2020 2019
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 787,661  $ 439,975 
Net cash used in investing activities (240,899) (27,077)
Net cash used in financing activities (46,371) (60,745)
Effects of foreign currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents 19,006  (1,705)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents $ 519,397  $ 350,448 
At December 31, 2020, we had $2,512.8 million of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents, compared to $1,993.4 million at March 31, 2020. The increase was due to Net cash provided by operating activities from sales of our products, partially offset by the timing of payments. This net increase was partially offset by (1) Net cash used in investing activities primarily related to changes in bank time deposits and net purchases of available for sale securities, our purchase of Playdots, as well as purchases of fixed assets and (2) Net cash used in financing activities, which was primarily for tax payments related to net share settlements of our restricted stock awards.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
We have entered into various agreements in the ordinary course of business that require substantial cash commitments over the next several years. Other than agreements entered into in the ordinary course of business and in addition to the agreements requiring known cash commitments as reported in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, we did not have any significant changes to our commitments since March 31, 2020.
Legal and Other Proceedings: We are, or may become, subject to demands and claims (including intellectual property and employment related claims) and are involved in routine litigation in the ordinary course of business which we do not believe to be material to our business or financial statements. We have appropriately accrued amounts related to certain of these claims and legal and other proceedings. While it is reasonably possible that a loss may be incurred in excess of the amounts accrued in our financial statements, we believe that such losses, unless otherwise disclosed, would not be material.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, we did not have any material relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial parties, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or variable interest entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. As such, we are not exposed to any financing, liquidity, market, or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in such relationships.
International Operations
Net revenue earned outside of the United States is principally generated by our operations in Europe, Asia, Australia, Canada, and Latin America. For the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, 38.6% and 42.3%, respectively, of our net revenue was earned outside of the United States. We are subject to risks inherent in foreign trade, including increased credit risks, tariffs and duties, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, shipping delays, and international political, regulatory and economic developments, all of which can have a significant effect on our operating results.
Fluctuations in Quarterly Operating Results and Seasonality
We have experienced fluctuations in quarterly and annual operating results as a result of the timing of the introduction of new titles; variations in sales of titles developed for particular platforms; market acceptance of our titles; development and promotional expenses relating to the introduction of new titles; sequels or enhancements of existing titles; projected and actual
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changes in platforms; the timing and success of title introductions by our competitors; product returns; changes in pricing policies by us and our competitors; the accuracy of retailers' forecasts of consumer demand; the size and timing of acquisitions; the timing of orders from major customers; and order cancellations and delays in product shipment. Sales of our full game products are also seasonal, with peak demand typically occurring in the fourth calendar quarter during the holiday season. For certain of our software products with multiple performance obligations, we defer the recognition of our net revenue over an estimated service period, which generally ranges from 6 to 15 months. As a result, the quarter in which we generate the highest net bookings may be different from the quarter in which we recognize the highest amount of net revenue. Quarterly comparisons of operating results are not necessarily indicative of future operating results.
Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk is the potential loss arising from fluctuations in market rates and prices. Our market risk exposures primarily include fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates relates primarily to our short-term investment portfolio and variable rate debt under the Credit Agreement.
We seek to manage our interest rate risk by maintaining a short-term investment portfolio that includes corporate bonds with high credit quality and maturities less than two years. Since short-term investments mature relatively quickly and can be reinvested at the then-current market rates, interest income on a portfolio consisting of short-term securities is more subject to market fluctuations than a portfolio of longer-term maturities. However, the fair value of a short-term portfolio is less sensitive to market fluctuations than a portfolio of longer-term securities. We do not currently use derivative financial instruments in our short-term investment portfolio. Our investments are held for purposes other than trading.
As of December 31, 2020, we had $772.7 million of short-term investments, which included $654.7 million of available-for-sale securities. The available-for-sale securities were recorded at fair market value with unrealized gains or losses resulting from changes in fair value reported as a separate component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, in Stockholders' equity. We also had $1,649.8 million of cash and cash equivalents that are comprised primarily of money market funds and bank-time deposits. We determined that, based on the composition of our investment portfolio, there was no material interest rate risk exposure to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements or liquidity as of December 31, 2020.
Historically, fluctuations in interest rates have not had a significant effect on our operating results. Under our Credit Agreement, loans will bear interest at our election of (a) 0.250% to 0.750% above a certain base rate (3.25% at December 31, 2020), or (b) 1.125% to 1.750% above the LIBOR rate (approximately 1.44% at December 31, 2020), with the margin rate subject to the achievement of certain average liquidity levels. Changes in market rates may affect our future interest expense if there is an outstanding balance on our line of credit. At December 31, 2020, there were no outstanding borrowings under our Credit Agreement.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
We transact business in foreign currencies and are exposed to risks resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Accounts relating to foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars using prevailing exchange rates at the relevant period end. Translation adjustments are included as a separate component of Stockholders' equity on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, our foreign currency translation adjustment was a gain of $30.1 million and a gain of $18.2 million, respectively. For the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, our foreign currency translation adjustment was a gain of $53.7 million and a loss of $3.2 million, respectively. For the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we recognized a foreign currency exchange transaction gain of $0.4 million and a gain of $1.0 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we recognized a foreign currency exchange transaction gain of $5.4 million and a loss of $1.7 million, respectively, included in Interest and other, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Balance Sheet Hedging Activities
We use foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with non-functional currency denominated cash balances and intercompany funding loans, non-functional currency denominated accounts receivable and non-functional currency denominated accounts payable. These transactions are not designated as hedging instruments and are accounted for as derivatives whereby the fair value of the contracts is reported as either assets or liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and gains and losses resulting from changes in the fair value are reported in Interest and other, net, in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. We do not enter into derivative
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financial contracts for speculative or trading purposes. At December 31, 2020, we had $114.1 million of forward contracts outstanding to sell foreign currencies in exchange for U.S. dollars and $81.1 million of forward contracts outstanding to buy foreign currencies in exchange for U.S. dollars, all of which have maturities of less than one year. At March 31, 2020, we had $122.0 million of forward contracts outstanding to sell foreign currencies in exchange for U.S. dollars and $52.6 million of forward contracts outstanding to buy foreign currencies in exchange for U.S. dollars, all of which have maturities of less than one year. For the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we recorded a loss of $5.8 million and a loss of $0.6 million, respectively. For the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we recorded a loss of $9.5 million and a loss of $1.6 million. As of December 31, 2020, the fair value of these outstanding forward contracts was an immaterial gain and was included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and, as of March 31, 2020, the fair value of outstanding forward contracts was an immaterial loss and was included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities. The fair value of these outstanding forward contracts is estimated based on the prevailing exchange rates of the various hedged currencies as of the end of the period.
Our hedging programs are designed to reduce, but do not entirely eliminate, the effect of currency exchange rate movements. We believe that the counterparties to these foreign currency forward contracts are creditworthy multinational commercial banks and that the risk of counterparty nonperformance is not material. Notwithstanding our efforts to mitigate some foreign currency exchange rate risks, there can be no assurance that our hedging activities will adequately protect us against the risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations, which may be more volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. For the three months ended December 31, 2020, 38.6% of our revenue was generated outside the United States. Using sensitivity analysis, a hypothetical 10% increase in the value of the U.S. dollar against all currencies would decrease revenues by 3.9%, while a hypothetical 10% decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar against all currencies would increase revenues by 3.9%. In our opinion, a substantial portion of this fluctuation would be offset by cost of goods sold and operating expenses incurred in local currency.
Item 4.    Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Based on an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of management, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act") were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2020, which were identified in connection with management's evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
On September 4, 2020, we acquired Playdots. Our management plans to exclude Playdots from its assessment of and report on internal control over financial reporting for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2021. We are currently in the process of incorporating the internal controls and procedures of Playdots into our internal control over financial reporting for purposes of our assessment of and report on internal control over financial reporting for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2022.
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Inherent limitations to any system of disclosure controls and procedures include, but are not limited to, the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of such controls by one or more persons. In addition, we have designed our system of controls based on certain assumptions, which we believe are reasonable, about the likelihood of future events, and our system of controls may therefore not achieve its desired objectives under all possible future events.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.    Legal Proceedings
We are, or may become, subject to demands and claims (including intellectual property and employment related claims) and are involved in routine litigation in the ordinary course of business which we do not believe to be material to our business or financial statements. We have appropriately accrued amounts related to certain of these claims and legal and other proceedings. While it is reasonably possible that a loss may be incurred in excess of the amounts accrued in our financial statements, we believe that such losses, unless otherwise disclosed, would not be material.
Item 1A.    Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the Risk Factors disclosed in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.
Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Share Repurchase Program—Our Board of Directors previously authorized the repurchase of up to 14,218 shares of our common stock. The authorizations permit us to purchase shares from time to time through a variety of methods, including in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable securities laws. Repurchases are subject to the availability of stock, prevailing market conditions, the trading price of the stock, our financial performance and other conditions. The program may be suspended or discontinued at any time for any reason. During the three months ended December 31, 2020, we did not make any repurchases of our common stock in the open market. As of December 31, 2020, we have repurchased a total of 10,400 shares of our common stock under this program and 3,818 shares of common stock remained available for repurchase under our share repurchase program. The table below details the share repurchases made by us during the three months ended December 31, 2020:
Period Shares
purchased 		Average price
per share 		Total number of
shares purchased
as part of publicly
announced plans
or programs 		Maximum number
of shares that
may yet be
purchased under
the repurchase
program
October 1-31, 2020 —  $ —  —  3,818 
November 1-30, 2020 —  $ —  —  3,818 
December 1-31, 2020 —  $ —  —  3,818 

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Item 6.    Exhibits
Exhibits:  
31.1 
31.2 
32.1 
32.2 
101.INS The Instance Document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Document
* Portions of this exhibit have been redacted in compliance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(10).
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019; and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).
39

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC.
(Registrant)
Date: February 8, 2021 By: /s/ STRAUSS ZELNICK
Strauss Zelnick
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: February 8, 2021 By: /s/ LAINIE GOLDSTEIN
Lainie Goldstein
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

40

Exhibit 31.1
TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC. and SUBSIDIARIES
CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
Section 302 Certification
I, Strauss Zelnick, certify that:
1.    I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. (the “registrant”);
2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.    The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a)    designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)    designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)    evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)    disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)     Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
February 8, 2021
/s/ STRAUSS ZELNICK
Strauss Zelnick
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer



Exhibit 31.2
TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC. and SUBSIDIARIES
CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
Section 302 Certification
I, Lainie Goldstein, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. (the “registrant”);
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
February 8, 2021
/s/ LAINIE GOLDSTEIN
Lainie Goldstein
Chief Financial Officer



EXHIBIT 32.1
TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC. and SUBSIDIARIES
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U. S. C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Strauss Zelnick, as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1)    The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)    The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
February 8, 2021
/s/ STRAUSS ZELNICK
Strauss Zelnick
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer



EXHIBIT 32.2
TAKE-TWO INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC. and SUBSIDIARIES
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U. S. C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Lainie Goldstein, as Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1)    The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)    The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
February 8, 2021
/s/ LAINIE GOLDSTEIN
Lainie Goldstein
Chief Financial Officer