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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
____________________________________
FORM 20-F
 ____________________________________
(Mark One)
REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) or (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report                     
For the transition period from                      to                     
Commission file number 1-12874
 ____________________________________
TEEKAY CORPORATION
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
 ____________________________________
Republic of The Marshall Islands
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
Not Applicable
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)
4th Floor, Belvedere Building, 69 Pitts Bay Road, Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda
Telephone: (441) 298-2530
(Address and telephone number of principal executive offices)

N. Angelique Burgess
4th Floor, Belvedere Building, 69 Pitts Bay Road, Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda
Telephone: (441) 298-2530
Fax: (441) 292-3931
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered, or to be registered, pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value of $0.001 per share TK New York Stock Exchange


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Securities registered, or to be registered, pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.
None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.
None
 ____________________________________
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.
101,108,886 shares of Common Stock, par value of $0.001 per share.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.   Yes  ¨   No  ý
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.  Yes  ¨   No  ý
Indicate by check mark if the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant (1) has submitted electronically, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large Accelerated Filer  ¨                 Accelerated Filer  ý                 Non-Accelerated Filer  ¨ Emerging growth company  ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ¨

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
U.S. GAAP x International Financial Reporting Standards as issued
by the International Accounting Standards Board
¨ Other ¨
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:    Item 17  ¨    Item 18  ¨
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ý


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TEEKAY CORPORATION
INDEX TO REPORT ON FORM 20-F
INDEX
PAGE
Item 1.
6
Item 2.
6
Item 3.
6
6
9
26
Item 4.
27
A.
27
B.
29
31
32
33
33
33
33
34
C.
42
D.
42
E.
42
1.
43
2.
44
3.
44
Item 4A.
44
Item 5.
44
44
45
46
47
56
61
62
62
Item 6.
66
67
68
69
69
70
70
71
Item 7.
71
71
72
72
72
Item 8.
73
Item 9.
74
Item 10.
74
74
3

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74
75
75
75
79
79
Item 11.
79
Item 12.
82
82
Item 13.
82
Item 14.
82
Item 15.
82
82
Item 16A.
83
Item 16B.
83
Item 16C.
83
Item 16D.
83
Item 16E.
83
Item 16F.
83
Item 16G.
83
Item 16H.
84
84
Item 17.
84
Item 18.
84
Item 19.
84
87

4

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PART I
This annual report of Teekay Corporation on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2020 (or Annual Report) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this report.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this Annual Report to “Teekay,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” and similar terms refer to Teekay Corporation and its subsidiaries. References in this Annual Report to "Teekay LNG" refer to Teekay LNG Partners L.P. (NYSE: TGP), and to "Teekay Tankers" refer to Teekay Tankers Ltd. (NYSE: TNK). In addition, references in this Annual Report to "Altera" refer to Altera Infrastructure L.P., previously known as Teekay Offshore Partners L.P. (NYSE: TOO), which was a subsidiary of Teekay Corporation until September 2017, and an equity-accounted investment until May 8, 2019.

In addition to historical information, this Annual Report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements relate to future events and our operations, objectives, expectations, performance, financial condition and intentions. When used in this Annual Report, the words “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report include, in particular, statements regarding:

our future financial condition and results of operations and our future revenues, expenses and capital expenditures, and our expected financial flexibility and sources of liquidity to pursue capital expenditures, acquisitions and other expansion opportunities, including vessel acquisitions;
our dividend policy and our ability to pay cash dividends on our shares of common stock or any increases in quarterly distributions, and the distribution and dividend policies of our publicly-listed subsidiaries, Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers (or the Daughter Entities), including any increases in distribution or dividend levels of the Daughter Entities;
our liquidity needs and meeting our going concern requirements, including our working capital deficit, anticipated funds and sources of financing for liquidity needs and the sufficiency of cash flows, and our estimation that we will have sufficient liquidity for at least the next 12 months;
our ability and plans to obtain financing for new projects and commitments (including Teekay Tankers’ recent declarations of purchase options on certain tankers), refinance existing debt obligations and fulfill our debt obligations;
our plans for Teekay Parent, which excludes our interests in the Daughter Entities and includes Teekay Corporation and its remaining subsidiaries, to reduce or eliminate operational risk in any floating production, storage and offloading (or FPSO) units, and to increase its free cash flow per share, reduce its net debt and further strengthen its balance sheet;
the expected scope, duration and effects of the novel coronavirus pandemic, including its impact on global supply and demand for liquefied natural gas (or LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (or LPG), crude oil and petroleum products and fleet utilization, and the consequences of any future epidemic or pandemic crises;
conditions and fundamentals of the markets in which we operate, including the balance of supply and demand in these markets and charter and spot rates, estimated growth in world fleets and vessel scrapping, and oil production, refinery capacity and competition for providing services;
our expectations regarding tax liabilities, including whether applicable tax authorities may agree with our tax positions;
our expectations as to the useful lives of our vessels;
our future growth prospects;
the impact of future changes in the demand for and price of oil, and the related effects on the demand for and price of natural gas;
expected costs, capabilities, acquisitions and conversions, and the commencement of any related charters or other contracts;
our ability to maximize the use of our vessels, including the re-deployment or disposition of vessels no longer under long-term time charter or on a short-term charter contracts;
our expectations regarding the ability of our customers to make charter payments to us;
the possibility of future resumption of the LNG plant in Yemen operated by Yemen LNG Company Limited (or YLNG) and the expected repayment of deferred hire amounts from YLNG on Teekay LNG's two 52%-owned vessels, the Marib Spirit and Arwa Spirit;
expected results of modifications of the M-type, Electronically Controlled, Gas Injection (or MEGI) engines in certain LNG carriers;
our expectations regarding the timing and schedule for completion of the receiving and regasification terminal in Bahrain in accordance with all necessary conditions, requirements and applicable consents by Bahrain LNG W.L.L., a joint venture owned by Teekay LNG (30%), National Oil & Gas Authority (or NOGA) (30%), Gulf Investment Corporation (or GIC) (24%) and Samsung C&T (or Samsung) (16%) (or the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture), as well as the current and future performance of the terminal (including assumptions concerning its operational status) and our expectation of continued receipt of terminal use payments from the customer under its long-term contract;
the status and outcome of any pending legal claims, actions or disputes;
Teekay Tankers’ expected recovery of fuel price increases from the charterers of its vessels through higher rates for voyage charters;
the future valuation or impairment of our assets, including goodwill;
our expectations and estimates regarding future charter business, with respect to minimum charter hire payments, revenues and our vessels' ability to perform to specifications and maintain their hire rates in the future;
compliance with financing agreements and the expected effect of restrictive covenants in such agreements;
5

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operating expenses, availability of crew and crewing costs, number of off-hire days, drydocking requirements and durations and the adequacy and cost of insurance, and expectations as to cost-saving initiatives;
the effectiveness of our risk management policies and procedures and the ability of the counterparties to our derivative and other contracts to fulfill their contractual obligations;
the impact on us and the shipping industry of environmental liabilities and developments, including climate change;
the impact of any sanctions on our operations and our ongoing compliance with such sanctions;
the expected impact of the cessation of the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (or LIBOR), Brexit, the adoption of the “Poseidon Principles” by financial institutions or any change in jurisdictional economic substance requirements;
the impact and expected cost of, and our ability to comply with, new and existing governmental regulations and maritime self-regulatory organization standards applicable to our business, including, among others, the expected cost to install ballast water treatment systems (or BWTS) on our vessels;
the impact of increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, lenders, customers and other stakeholders with respect to environmental, social and governance (or ESG) policies and practices, and the Company’s ability to meet its corporate ESG goals;
our ability to obtain all permits, licenses and certificates with respect to the conduct of our operations;
the expectations as to the chartering of unchartered vessels;
our entering into joint ventures or partnerships with companies;
our hedging activities relating to foreign exchange, interest rate and spot market risks, and the effects of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange, interest rate and spot market rates on our business and results of operations;
the potential impact of new accounting guidance or the adoption of new accounting standards; and
our business strategy and other plans and objectives for future operations.
Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that are inherently subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include, but are not limited to, those factors discussed below in “Item 3 – Key Information – Risk Factors” and other factors detailed from time to time in other reports we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (or the SEC).

We do not intend to revise any forward-looking statements in order to reflect any change in our expectations or events or circumstances that may subsequently arise. You should carefully review and consider the various disclosures included in this Annual Report and in our other filings made with the SEC that attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, prospects and results of operations.
Item 1.Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisors
Not applicable.
Item 2.Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
Not applicable.
Item 3.Key Information
Selected Financial Data
Set forth below is selected consolidated financial and other data of Teekay for fiscal years 2016 through 2020, which have been derived from our consolidated financial statements. The data below should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto and the Reports of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm thereon with respect to fiscal years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020 (which are included herein) and “Item 5 – Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (or GAAP).
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  Years Ended December 31,
  2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Income Statement Data: (in thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data)
Revenues $ 1,815,672  $ 1,945,391  $ 1,707,758  $ 1,880,332  $ 2,328,569 
Income from vessel operations (1)
314,579  204,042  164,319  6,700  384,290 
Interest expense (225,647) (279,059) (254,126) (268,400) (282,966)
Interest income 8,342  7,804  8,525  6,290  4,821 
Realized and unrealized losses on non-designated derivative instruments (35,857) (13,719) (14,852) (38,854) (35,091)
Equity income (loss) 77,333  (14,523) 61,054  (37,344) 85,639 
Foreign exchange (loss) gain (20,718) (13,574) 6,140  (26,463) (6,548)
Loss on deconsolidation of Altera (2)
—  —  (7,070) (104,788) — 
Other loss (18,062) (14,475) (2,013) (53,981) (39,013)
Income tax expense (8,988) (25,482) (19,724) (12,232) (24,468)
Net income (loss) 90,982  (148,986) (57,747) (529,072) 86,664 
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests (173,915) (161,591) (21,490) 365,796  (209,846)
Net loss attributable to shareholders of Teekay Corporation (82,933) (310,577) (79,237) (163,276) (123,182)
Per Common Share Data:
Basic and diluted loss attributable to shareholders of Teekay Corporation (0.82) (3.08) (0.79) (1.89) (1.62)
Cash dividends declared —  0.0550  0.2200  0.2200  0.2200 
Balance Sheet Data (at end of year):
Cash and cash equivalents $ 348,785  $ 353,241  $ 424,169  $ 445,452  $ 567,994 
Restricted cash 57,105  101,626  81,470  106,722  237,248 
Vessels and equipment 4,483,430  5,033,130  5,517,133  5,208,544  9,138,886 
Net investments in direct financing and sales-type leases
528,641  818,809  575,163  495,990  660,594 
Total assets 6,945,912  8,072,864  8,391,670  8,092,437  12,814,752 
Total debt (3)
3,766,072  4,702,844  4,993,368  4,578,162  7,032,385 
Capital stock and additional paid-in capital 1,057,319  1,052,284  1,045,659  919,078  887,075 
Non-controlling interest 1,989,883  2,089,730  2,058,037  2,102,465  3,189,928 
Total equity 2,471,291  2,571,593  2,867,028  2,879,656  4,089,293 
Number of outstanding shares of common stock 101,108,886  100,784,422  100,435,210  89,127,041  86,149,975 
Other Financial Data:
EBITDA (4)
$ 578,406  $ 438,423  $ 483,885  $ 231,099  $ 961,102 
Adjusted EBITDA (4)
1,086,126  951,913  775,633  951,118  1,287,003 
Total debt to total capitalization (5)
60.4  % 64.6  % 63.5  % 61.4  % 63.2  %
Net debt to total net capitalization (6)
57.6  % 62.3  % 61.0  % 58.3  % 60.4  %
Capital expenditures:
Expenditures for vessels and equipment $ 26,507  $ 109,523  $ 693,792  $ 1,054,052  $ 648,326 
(1)Income from vessel operations includes, among other things, the following:
Years Ended December 31,
 
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
 
(in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
Write-down and loss on sale
$ (200,238) $ (170,310) $ (53,693) $ (270,743) $ (112,246)
Gain on commencement of sales-type lease 44,943  —  —  —  — 
Restructuring charges
(10,719) (12,040) (4,065) (5,101) (26,811)
$ (166,014) $ (182,350) $ (57,758) $ (275,844) $ (139,057)
(2)On September 25, 2017, Teekay, Altera and Brookfield Business Partners L.P., together with its institutional partners (collectively, Brookfield), completed a strategic partnership (or the 2017 Brookfield Transaction), which resulted in the deconsolidation of Altera as of that date. For additional information regarding the deconsolidation of Altera, please read "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 13" in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2019.
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(3)Total debt represents short-term debt, the current portion of long-term debt and long-term debt, and the current and long-term portion of obligations related to finance leases.
(4)EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. EBITDA represents earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA before foreign exchange (loss) gain, other loss, write-down and loss on sale of assets, adjustments for direct financing and sales-type leases to a cash basis, amortization of in-process revenue contracts, credit loss provision adjustments, unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments, realized losses on stock purchase warrants and interest rate swaps, realized losses on interest rate swap amendments and terminations, loss on deconsolidation of Altera, write-downs related to equity-accounted investments, and our share of the above items in non-consolidated joint ventures which are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are used as supplemental financial performance measures by management and by external users of our financial statements, such as investors. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA assist our management and security holders by increasing the comparability of our fundamental performance from period to period and against the fundamental performance of other companies in our industry that provide EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA-based information. This increased comparability is achieved by excluding the potentially disparate effects between periods or companies of interest expense, taxes, depreciation or amortization (or other items in determining Adjusted EBITDA), which items are affected by various and possibly changing financing methods, capital structure and historical cost basis and which items may significantly affect net income between periods. We believe that including EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA benefits security holders in (a) selecting between investing in us and other investment alternatives and (b) monitoring our ongoing financial and operational strength and health in order to assess whether to continue to hold our equity, or debt securities, as applicable.
Neither EBITDA nor Adjusted EBITDA should be considered as an alternative to net income, operating income or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA exclude some, but not all, items that affect net income and operating income, and these measures may vary among other companies. Therefore, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as presented below may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies.
The following table reconciles our historical consolidated EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss).
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Income Statement Data:
(in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
Reconciliation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to Net income (loss)
Net income (loss) $ 90,982  $ (148,986) $ (57,747) $ (529,072) $ 86,664 
Income tax expense 8,988  25,482  19,724  12,232  24,468 
Depreciation and amortization
261,131  290,672  276,307  485,829  571,825 
Interest expense, net of interest income
217,305  271,255  245,601  262,110  278,145 
EBITDA
578,406  438,423  483,885  231,099  961,102 
Foreign exchange loss (gain) (a)
20,718  13,574  (6,140) 26,463  6,548 
Other loss (b) (c)
18,062  14,475  2,013  53,981  39,013 
Write-down and loss on sale 200,238  170,310  53,693  270,743  112,246 
Gain on commencement of sales-type lease (44,943) —  —  —  — 
Direct finance lease payments received in excess of revenue recognized
13,164  21,636  11,082  18,737  28,348 
Amortization of in-process revenue contracts and other
(1,402) (4,131) (10,217) (13,460) (24,195)
Realized and unrealized losses on non-designated derivative instruments 35,857  13,719  14,852  38,854  35,091 
Realized gains (losses) from the settlements of non-designated derivative instruments (864) 1,532  —  2,047  (8,646)
Loss on deconsolidation of Altera —  —  7,070  104,788  — 
Adjustments related to equity (loss) income (d)
266,890  282,375  219,395  217,866  137,496 
Adjusted EBITDA
1,086,126  951,913  775,633  951,118  1,287,003 
(a)Foreign currency exchange loss (gain) includes an unrealized gain of $26.8 million in 2020 (2019 – loss of $13.2 million, 2018 – gain of $21.2 million, 2017 – gain of $82.7 million, and 2016 – gain of $75.0 million) on cross currency swaps.
(b)In June 2016, as part of its financing initiatives, Altera canceled the construction contracts for its two UMS newbuildings. As a result, Altera accrued for potential damages resulting from the cancellations and reversed contingent liabilities previously recorded that were relating to the delivery of the UMS newbuildings. This net loss provision of $23.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 was reported in other loss in our consolidated statement of income. The newbuilding contracts were held in Altera's separate subsidiaries and obligations of these subsidiaries were non-recourse to Altera.
(c)During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded a write-down of a cost-accounted investment of $19.0 million. This investment was subsequently sold in 2017, resulting in a gain on sale of $1.3 million. During 2017, the Company recognized an additional tax indemnification guarantee liability of $50.0 million relating to Teekay LNG's 70%-owned consolidated subsidiary Teekay Nakilat Corporation.
(d)Adjustments related to equity (loss) income is a non-GAAP financial measure and should not be considered as an alternative to equity income or any other measure of financial performance or liquidity presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjustments related to equity (loss) income exclude some, but not all, items that affect equity (loss) income, and these measures may vary among other companies. Therefore, adjustments related to equity (loss) income as presented in this Annual Report may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Adjustments related to equity (loss) income includes depreciation and amortization, net interest expense, income tax expense, amortization of in-process revenue contracts, adjustments for direct financing and sales-type lease to a cash basis, write-down and loss (gain) on sales of vessels, realized and unrealized loss (gain) on derivative instruments and other items, realized loss (gain) on foreign currency forward contracts, and write-down and gain on sale of equity-accounted investments, in each case related to our equity-accounted entities, on the basis of our ownership percentages of such entities. Adjustments related to equity (loss) income are as follows:
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Year Ended December 31,
 
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
(in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
Depreciation and amortization
53,065  68,921  111,019  82,706  69,702 
Interest expense, net of interest income
112,259  99,567  98,731  57,956  45,962 
Income tax expense 1,504  1,757  900  503  245 
Amortization of in-process revenue contracts and other
(3,792) (3,793) (5,424) (4,418) (5,482)
Adjustments for direct financing and sales-type lease to a cash basis
38,118  24,574  19,486  14,402  13,231 
Write-down and loss on sale 17,000  —  16,277  5,479  5,304 
Other items including realized and unrealized loss (gain) on derivative instruments
48,736  18,746  (18) 12,667  8,534 
Write-down and (gain) on sale of equity-accounted investments
—  72,603  (21,576) 48,571  — 
Adjustments related to equity (loss) income 266,890  282,375  219,395  217,866  137,496 
(5)Total capitalization represents total debt and total equity.
(6)Net debt is a non-GAAP financial measure. Net debt represents total debt less cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. Total net capitalization represents net debt and total equity.
Risk Factors
Some of the risks summarized below and discussed in greater detail in the following pages relate principally to the industry in which we operate and to our business in general. Other risks relate principally to the securities market and to ownership of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the events described in this section could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and ability to pay interest or principal or dividends on, and the trading price of our public debt and common stock.
Risk Factor Summary
Risks Related to Our Industry
Changes in the oil and natural gas markets could result in decreased demand for our vessels and services.
A decline in natural gas or oil prices may adversely affect our growth prospects and results of operations.
Adverse economic conditions, including disruptions in the global credit markets, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Marine transportation and oil production are inherently risky, and an incident involving loss or damage to a vessel, significant loss of product or environmental contamination by any of our vessels could harm our reputation and business.
The cyclical nature of the tanker industry may lead to volatile changes in charter rates and significant fluctuations in the utilization of our vessels.
The novel coronavirus (or COVID-19) pandemic is dynamic. The continuation of this pandemic, and the emergence of other epidemic or pandemic crises, could have material adverse effects on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Terrorist attacks, increased hostilities, political change or war could lead to further economic instability, increased costs and business disruption.
Acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels continue to be a risk, which could adversely affect our business.
Risks Related to Our Business
Adverse economic conditions or other developments may affect our customers’ ability to charter our vessels and pay for our services and may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
The intense competition in our markets may lead to reduced profitability or reduced expansion opportunities.
The loss of any key customer or its inability to pay for our services could result in a significant loss of revenue in a given period.
Our ability to repay or refinance debt obligations and to fund capital expenditures will depend on certain financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. We will need to obtain additional financing, which financing may limit our ability to make cash dividends and distributions, increase our financial leverage and result in dilution to our equityholders.
Charter rates for conventional oil and product tankers may fluctuate substantially over time and may be lower when we are attempting to re-charter these vessels. Any changes in charter rates for LNG and LPG carriers could adversely affect redeployment opportunities.
Current market conditions limit our access to capital and our growth.
Our future performance and ability to secure future employment for our LNG and LPG vessels depends on continued growth in LNG production, demand and supply for LNG and LPG, and associated demand and supply for LNG and LPG shipping.
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Teekay LNG may have more difficulty entering into long-term, fixed-rate LNG time-charters if the active short-term, medium-term or spot LNG shipping markets continue to develop.
Reductions to the value of the Teekay LNG common units and Teekay Tankers common stock pledged as collateral for our equity margin credit facility could result in breaches of such credit facility.
Declining market values of our vessels could adversely affect our liquidity and result in breaches of our financing agreements.
Over time, the value of our vessels may decline, which could result in both write-downs and an adverse effect on our operating results.
We have recognized asset impairments in the past and we may recognize additional impairments in the future.
Our cash flow depends substantially on the ability of our subsidiaries, primarily our Daughter Entities, to make distributions to us.
Teekay Parent may need to divest assets or issue additional securities to raise capital to meet its future liquidity needs.
Our insurance may not be sufficient to cover losses that may occur to our property or as a result of our operations.
The duration of our FPSO contracts is the life of the relevant oil field or is subject to early termination options by the field operator or vessel charterer. If a unit is not redeployed or sold on termination of its contract, we may incur costs to decommission and scrap the unit.
We have substantial debt levels and may incur additional debt.
Exposure to interest rate fluctuations will result in fluctuations in our cash flows and operating results.
Use of LIBOR is scheduled to cease, and interest rates on our LIBOR-based obligations may increase in the future.
Financing agreements containing operating and financial restrictions may restrict our business and financing activities.
Our and many of our customers’ substantial operations outside the United States expose us and them to political, governmental and economic instability.
Maritime claimants could arrest, or port authorities could detain, our vessels, which could interrupt our cash flow.
Many of our seafaring employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements and the failure to renew those agreements or any future labor agreements may disrupt operations and adversely affect our cash flows.
We and certain of our joint venture partners may be unable to attract and retain qualified, skilled employees or crew to operate our business.
Exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations results in fluctuations in our cash flows and operating results.
Our operating results are subject to seasonal fluctuations.
We may experience operational problems with vessels that reduce revenue and increase costs.
Actual results of new technologies or technology upgrades may differ from expected results and affect our results of operations.
Sanctions against key participants in the Yamal LNG Project could impede performance of the Yamal LNG Project.
Failure, shutdown or other adverse events impacting the Yamal LNG Project may result in Teekay LNG’s inability to re-deploy the ARC7 LNG carriers.
Teekay LNG or its joint venture partners may be unable to operate an LNG receiving and regasification terminal and may be exposed from time to time to conditions, developments, or requirements that may adversely affect Teekay LNG or its joint venture.
Our joint venture arrangements impose obligations upon us but limit our control of the joint ventures.
We depend on certain joint venture partners to assist us in operating our businesses and competing in our markets.
We may be unable to realize benefits from acquisitions and growth through acquisitions may harm our financial condition and performance.
The Daughter Entities may expend substantial sums during the construction of future potential newbuildings or upgrades to their existing vessels, without earning revenue and without assurance that they will be completed.
We may make substantial capital expenditures to expand the size of our fleet and generally are required to make significant installment payments for acquisitions of newbuilding vessels. Depending on how we finance our expenditures, our financial leverage could increase or our shareholders could be diluted.
Teekay Tankers’ U.S. Gulf lightering business competes with alternative methods of delivering crude oil to ports, which may limit its earnings in this area of its operations.
Teekay Tankers’ full service lightering operations are subject to specific risks that could lead to accidents, oil spills or property damage.
Legal and Regulatory Risks
Past port calls by our vessels, or third-party vessels from which we derived revenue sharing agreements (or RSA) revenues, to countries that are subject to sanctions imposed by the United States and the European Union could harm our business.
Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the UK Bribery Act, the UK Criminal Finances Act, and other similar legislation in other jurisdictions could result in fines, criminal penalties, contract terminations and an adverse effect on our business.
Our operations are subject to substantial environmental and other regulations, which may significantly increase our expenses.
Climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions may adversely impact our operations and markets.
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Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, lenders, customers and other market participants with respect to ESG policies and practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to additional risks.
Regulations relating to ballast water discharge may adversely affect our operational results and financial condition.
Our operations may be subject to economic substance requirements in the Marshall Islands and other offshore jurisdictions.
Information and Technology Risks
A cyber-attack could materially disrupt our business.
Our failure to comply with data privacy laws could damage our customer relationships and expose us to litigation risks and potential fines.
Risks Related to an Investment in Our Securities
Because we are organized under the laws of the Marshall Islands, it may be difficult to serve us with legal process or enforce judgments against us, our directors or our management.
Tax Risks
U.S. tax authorities could treat us as a “passive foreign investment company,” which could have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders.
We are subject to taxes. The imposition of taxes, including as a result of a change in tax law or accounting requirements, may reduce our cash available for distribution to shareholders.
Risks Related to Our Industry
Changes in the oil and natural gas markets could result in decreased demand for our vessels and services.

Demand for our vessels and services in transporting, production of oil, petroleum products, LNG and LPG depend upon world and regional oil, petroleum and natural gas markets. Any decrease in shipments of oil, petroleum products, LNG or LPG in those markets could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Historically, those markets have been volatile as a result of the many conditions and events that affect the price, production and transport of oil, petroleum products, LNG or LPG, and competition from alternative energy sources. A slowdown of the U.S. and world economies may result in reduced consumption of oil, petroleum products and natural gas and decreased demand for our vessels and services, which would reduce vessel earnings.

A decline in natural gas or oil prices may adversely affect our growth prospects and results of operations.

Oil prices are volatile and have recently reached their lowest levels since 1998 for certain crude oil grades. Low energy prices may negatively affect both the competitiveness of natural gas as a fuel for power generation and the market price of natural gas, to the extent that natural gas prices are benchmarked to the price of crude oil. Low energy prices have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect energy and master limited partnership capital markets and available sources of financing for our capital expenditures and debt repayment obligations. A sustained low energy price environment may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and our ability to make cash distributions, as a result of a number of factors, some of which may be beyond our control, including:

fluctuations in worldwide and regional supply of, demand for and price of natural gas;
the termination of production of oil at the fields we service, which may result in early termination of FPSO contracts;
lower demand for vessels of the types we own and operate, which may reduce available charter rates and revenue to us upon redeployment of our vessels following expiration or termination of existing contracts or upon the initial chartering of vessels, or which may result in extended periods of our vessels being idle between contracts;
customers potentially seeking to renegotiate or terminate existing vessel contracts, failing to extend or renew contracts upon expiration, or seeking to negotiate cancelable contracts;
the inability or refusal of customers to make charter payments to us due to financial constraints or otherwise; or
declines in vessel values, which may result in losses to us upon vessel sales or impairment charges against our earnings.

Adverse economic conditions, including disruptions in the global credit markets, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Economic downturns and financial crises in the global markets could produce illiquidity in the capital markets, market volatility, increased exposure to interest rate and credit risks and reduced access to capital markets. If global financial markets and economic conditions significantly deteriorate in the future, we may face restricted access to the capital markets or bank lending, which may make it more difficult and costly to fund future growth. Decreased access to such resources could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The United Kingdom exited the European Union (or EU) on January 31, 2020. On December 24, 2020, the United Kingdom reached a trade agreement with the EU. While the trade agreement did not impose any new tariffs or quotas on goods, there is a risk that the disruption of free movement between the United Kingdom and the EU could result in disruption of the exchange of people, business and services. As a result, uncertainty regarding the relationship between the United Kingdom and the EU following this exit may create economic instability in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, which could affect our operations, including our access to bank loans, and may lead to an adverse effect on our business. While we will seek to minimize associated risk by implementing mitigation plans, any such plans may not be effective.

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Marine transportation and oil production are inherently risky, and an incident involving loss or damage to a vessel, significant loss of product or environmental contamination by any of our vessels could harm our reputation and business.

Our vessels, crew and cargoes are at risk of being damaged, injured or lost because of events such as:

marine disaster;
bad weather or natural disasters;
mechanical failures;
grounding, fire, explosions and collisions;
piracy (hijacking and kidnapping);
cyber-attack;
acute-onset illness in connection with global or regional pandemics or similar public health crises;
mental health of crew members;
human error; and
war and terrorism.

An accident involving any of our vessels could result in any of the following:

significant litigation with our customers and other third parties;
death or injury to persons, loss of property or environmental damage or pollution;
delays in the delivery of cargo;
liabilities or costs to recover any spilled oil and to restore the environment affected by the spill;
loss of revenues from or termination of charter contracts;
governmental fines, penalties or restrictions on conducting business;
higher insurance rates; and
damage to our reputation and customer relationships generally.

Any of these results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition, any damage to, or environmental contamination involving, oil production facilities serviced by our vessels could result in the suspension or curtailment of operations by our customer, which would in turn result in loss of revenues to us.

The cyclical nature of the tanker industry may lead to volatile changes in charter rates and significant fluctuations in the utilization of our vessels, which may adversely affect our earnings and profitability.

Historically, the tanker industry has been cyclical, experiencing volatility in profitability due to changes in the supply of and demand for tanker capacity and changes in the supply of and demand for oil and oil products. The cyclical nature of the tanker industry may cause significant increases or decreases in the revenue we earn from our vessels and may also cause significant increases or decreases in the value of our vessels. If the tanker market is depressed, our earnings may decrease, particularly with respect to the conventional tanker vessels owned by Teekay Tankers, which accounted for approximately 49% of our consolidated revenues during each of 2020 and 2019. These vessels are primarily employed on the spot-charter market, which is highly volatile and fluctuates based upon tanker and oil supply and demand. Declining spot rates in a given period generally will result in corresponding declines in operating results for that period. The successful operation of our vessels in the spot-charter market depends upon, among other things, obtaining profitable spot charters and minimizing, to the extent possible, time spent waiting for charters and time spent traveling unladen to pick up cargo. Future spot rates may not be sufficient to enable our vessels trading in the spot tanker market to operate profitably or to provide sufficient cash flow to service our debt obligations. The factors affecting the supply of and demand for tankers are outside of our control, and the nature, timing and degree of changes in industry conditions are unpredictable.

Factors that influence demand for tanker capacity include:

demand for oil and oil products;
supply of oil and oil products;
regional availability of refining capacity;
global and regional economic and political conditions;
the distance oil and oil products are to be moved by sea;
demand for floating storage of oil; and
changes in seaborne and other transportation patterns.

Factors that influence the supply of tanker capacity include:
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the number of newbuilding deliveries;
the scrapping rate of older vessels;
conversion of tankers to other uses;
the number of vessels that are out of service; and
environmental concerns and regulations.

Changes in demand for transportation of oil over longer distances and in the supply of tankers to carry that oil may materially affect our revenues, profitability and cash flows.

The COVID-19 pandemic is dynamic. The continuation of this pandemic, and the emergence of other epidemic or pandemic crises, could have material adverse effects on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

The novel coronavirus pandemic is dynamic, including the developments of variants of the virus, and its ultimate scope, duration and effects are uncertain. We expect that this pandemic, and any future epidemic or pandemic crises, could result in direct and indirect adverse effects on our industry and customers, which in turn may impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although global demand for LNG has remained relatively stable, the pandemic has resulted and may continue to result in a significant decline in global demand for LPG, crude oil and petroleum products. As our business includes the transportation of LNG, LPG, oil and petroleum products on behalf of our customers, any significant decrease in demand for the cargo we transport could adversely affect demand for our vessels and services. COVID-19 has been a contributing factor to the decline in spot tanker rates and short-term time charter rates since mid-May 2020 and has also increased certain crewing-related costs, which has reduced our cash flows, and was a contributing factor to the non-cash write-down of certain of Teekay LNG's multi-gas vessels, certain tankers owned by Teekay Tankers and one FPSO unit, as described in "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 18 - Write-down and Loss on Sale.”

Other effects of the current pandemic include, or may include, among others:

disruptions to our operations as a result of the potential health impact on our employees and crew, and on the workforces of our customers and business partners;     
disruptions to our business from, or additional costs related to, new regulations, directives or practices implemented in response to the pandemic, such as travel restrictions (including for any of our onshore personnel or any of our crew members to timely embark or disembark from our vessels), increased inspection regimes, hygiene measures (such as quarantining and physical distancing) or increased implementation of remote working arrangements;
potential delays in the loading and discharging of cargo on or from our vessels, and any related off hire due to quarantine, worker health, vetting requirements, or regulations, which in turn could disrupt our operations and result in a reduction of revenue;
potential shortages or a lack of access to required spare parts for our vessels, or potential delays in any repairs to, scheduled or unscheduled maintenance or modifications, or drydocking of, our vessels, as a result of a lack of berths available by shipyards from a shortage in labor or due to other business disruptions;
potential delays in vessel inspections and related certifications by class societies, customers or government agencies;
potential reduced cash flows and financial condition, including potential liquidity constraints;
reduced access to capital, including the ability to refinance any existing obligations, as a result of any credit tightening generally or due to declines in global financial markets, including to the prices of publicly-traded securities of us, our peers and of listed companies generally;
a reduced ability to opportunistically sell any of our vessels on the second-hand market, either as a result of a lack of buyers or a general decline in the value of second-hand vessels;
a decline in the market value of our vessels, which may cause us to (a) incur additional impairment charges or (b) breach certain covenants under our financing agreements (including our secured facility agreements and financial leases) relating to vessel-to-loan covenants; and
potential deterioration in the financial condition and prospects of our customers, or joint venture or business partners, or attempts by customers or third parties to invoke force majeure contractual clauses as a result of delays or other disruptions.
Although disruption and effects from the COVID-19 pandemic may be temporary or moderated by expanding vaccine accessibility, given the dynamic nature of these circumstances and the worldwide nature of our business and operations, the duration of any potential business disruption and the related potential financial impact to us cannot be reasonably estimated at this time but could materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition in the future.

Terrorist attacks, increased hostilities, political change or war could lead to further economic instability, increased costs and business disruption.

Terrorist attacks, and the current or future conflicts in Libya, the Middle East, East Asia, South East Asia, West Africa and elsewhere, and political change, may adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and ability to raise capital and future growth. Recent hostilities in the Middle East especially among Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Yemen and elsewhere may lead to additional armed conflicts or to further acts of terrorism and civil disturbance in the United States or elsewhere, which may contribute to economic instability and disruption of oil, LNG and LPG production and distribution, which could result in reduced demand for our services and have an adverse impact on our operations and or our ability to conduct business.

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In addition, oil facilities, shipyards, vessels, pipelines and oil fields could be targets of future terrorist attacks and warlike operations and our vessels could be targets of hijackers, terrorists or warlike operations. Any such attacks could lead to, among other things, bodily injury or loss of life, vessel or other property damage, increased vessel operational costs, including insurance costs, and the inability to transport oil to or from certain locations. Terrorist attacks, war, hijacking or other events beyond our control that adversely affect the distribution, production or transportation of oil, LNG and LPG to be shipped by us could entitle customers to terminate charters, which would harm our cash flow and business.

Acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels continue to be a risk, which could adversely affect our business.

Acts of piracy have historically affected ocean-going vessels trading in regions of the world such as the South China Sea, Gulf of Guinea and the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia. While there continues to be a significant risk of piracy incidents in the Southern Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean, recently there have been increases in the frequency and severity of piracy incidents off the coast of West Africa and a resurgent risk of piracy and/or armed robbery in the Straits of Malacca, Sulu & Celebes Sea, Gulf of Mexico and surrounding waters. If these piracy attacks result in regions in which our vessels are deployed being named on the Joint War Committee Listed Areas, war risk insurance premiums payable for such coverage may increase significantly and such insurance coverage may be more difficult to obtain. In addition, crew costs, including costs which are incurred to the extent we employ on-board security guards and escort vessels, could increase in such circumstances. We may not be adequately insured to cover losses from these incidents, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, hijacking as a result of an act of piracy against our vessels, or an increase in cost or unavailability of insurance for our vessels, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business

Adverse economic conditions or other developments may affect our customers’ ability to charter our vessels and pay for our services and may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Adverse economic conditions or other developments relating directly to our customers may lead to a decline in our customers’ operations or ability to pay for our services, which could result in decreased demand for our vessels and services. Our customers’ inability to pay for any reason could also result in their default on our current contracts and charters. The decline in the amount of services requested by our customers or their default on our contracts with them could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The intense competition in our markets may lead to reduced profitability or reduced expansion opportunities.

Our vessels operate in highly competitive markets. Competition arises primarily from other vessel owners, including major oil companies and independent companies. We also compete with owners of other size vessels. Our market share is insufficient to enforce any degree of pricing discipline in the markets in which we operate, and our competitive position may erode in the future. Any new markets that we enter could include participants that have greater financial strength and capital resources than we have. We may not be successful in entering new markets.

One of our objectives is to enter into additional long-term, fixed-rate charters for our LNG and LPG carriers. The process of obtaining new long-term time charters is highly competitive and generally involves an intensive screening process and competitive bids, and often extends for several months. We expect competition for providing services for potential gas and offshore projects from other experienced companies, including state-sponsored entities. Our competitors may have greater financial resources than us. This increased competition may cause greater price competition for charters. As a result of these factors, we may be unable to expand our relationships with existing customers or to obtain new customers on a profitable basis, if at all, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The loss of any key customer or its inability to pay for our services could result in a significant loss of revenue in a given period.

We have derived, and believe that we will continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenues from a limited number of customers. No customer accounted for over 10% of our consolidated revenues during 2020 (2019 – one customer for 12%, or $227.6 million; 2018 – one customer for 11%, or $195.0 million). The loss of any significant customer or a substantial decline in the amount of services requested by a significant customer, or the inability of a significant customer to pay for our services, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could lose a customer or the benefits of a contract if:

the customer fails to make payments because of its financial inability, disagreements with us or otherwise;
we agree to reduce the payments due to us under a contract because of the customer’s inability to continue making the original payments;
upon our breach of the relevant contract, the customer exercises certain rights to terminate the contract;
the customer terminates the contract because we fail to deliver the vessel within a fixed period of time, the vessel is lost or damaged beyond repair, there are serious deficiencies in the vessel or prolonged periods of off-hire, or we default under the contract;
under some of our contracts, the customer terminates the contract because of the termination of the customer's sales agreement or a prolonged force majeure affecting the customer, including damage to or destruction of relevant facilities, war or political unrest preventing us from performing services for that customer; or
the customer becomes subject to applicable sanctions laws which prohibit our ability to lawfully charter our vessel to such customer.

If we lose a key customer, we may be unable to obtain replacement long-term charters. If a customer exercises its right under some charters to purchase the vessel, or terminate the charter, we may be unable to acquire an adequate replacement vessel or charter. Any replacement newbuilding would not generate revenues during its construction and we may be unable to charter any replacement vessel on terms as favorable to us as those of the terminated charter.

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The loss of any of our significant customers or a reduction in revenues from them could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and our ability to pay dividends and service our debt.

Two of the six MALT LNG Carriers in Teekay LNG's 52%-owned MALT Joint Venture, the Marib Spirit and Arwa Spirit, were chartered-out to Yemen LNG under long-term charter contracts with YLNG. However, due to the political unrest in Yemen, YLNG decided to temporarily close operation of its LNG plant in Yemen in 2015. As a result, commencing January 1, 2016, the MALT Joint Venture agreed to successive deferral arrangements with YLNG pursuant to which a portion of the charter payments were deferred. Concurrently with the expiration of the most recent deferral arrangement, in April 2019, the MALT Joint Venture entered into a suspension agreement with YLNG (the Suspension Agreement) pursuant to which the MALT Joint Venture and YLNG agreed to suspend the two charter contracts for a period of up to three years from the date of the agreement.

Our ability to repay or refinance debt obligations and to fund capital expenditures will depend on certain financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. We will need to obtain additional financing, which financing may limit our ability to make cash dividends and distributions, increase our financial leverage and result in dilution to our equityholders.

To fund existing and future debt obligations and capital expenditures and to meet the minimum liquidity requirements under the financial covenants in our credit facilities, we will be required to obtain additional sources of financing, in addition to amounts generated from operations. These anticipated sources of financing include raising additional debt and capital, including equity issuances.

Our ability to obtain external financing may be limited by our financial condition at the time of any such financing as well as by adverse market conditions in general. Even if we are successful in obtaining necessary funds, the terms of such financings could limit our ability to pay cash dividends or distributions to security holders or operate our businesses as currently conducted. In addition, issuing additional equity securities may result in significant equityholder dilution and would increase the aggregate amount of cash required to maintain quarterly dividends and distributions. The sale of certain assets will reduce cash from operations and the cash available for distribution to equityholders. For more information on our liquidity requirements, please read “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 16b – Commitments and Contingencies – Liquidity."

Charter rates for conventional oil and product tankers may fluctuate substantially over time and may be lower when we are attempting to re-charter these vessels, which could adversely affect our operating results. Any changes in charter rates for LNG carriers and LPG carriers could also adversely affect redeployment opportunities for those vessels.

Our ability to re-charter our conventional oil and product tankers following expiration of existing time-charter contracts and the rates payable upon any renewal or replacement charters will depend upon, among other things, the state of the conventional tanker market. Conventional oil and product tanker trades are highly competitive and have experienced significant fluctuations in charter rates based on, among other things, oil, refined petroleum product and vessel demand. For example, an oversupply of conventional oil tankers can significantly reduce their charter rates. There also exists volatility in charter rates for LNG and LPG carriers, which could also adversely affect redeployment opportunities for those vessels. If upon scheduled expiration or any early termination we are unable to renew or replace fixed-rate charters on favorable terms, if at all, or if we choose not to renew or replace fixed-rate charters, we may employ applicable vessels in the volatile spot market. Increasing our exposure to the spot market, particularly during periods of unfavorable market conditions, could harm our results of operations and make them more volatile.

Current market conditions limit our access to capital and our growth.

We have relied primarily upon bank financing and debt and equity offerings, primarily by the Daughter Entities, to fund our growth. Current market conditions generally in the energy and shipping sectors and for master limited partnerships have significantly reduced our and the Daughter Entities’ access to capital, particularly equity capital, compared to periods prior to mid-2014. Issuing additional common equity given current market conditions is more dilutive and costly than it has been in the past. Lack of access to debt or equity capital at reasonable rates would adversely affect our growth prospects and our ability to refinance debt and pay dividends to our equityholders.

Our future performance and ability to secure future employment for our LNG and LPG vessels depends on continued growth in LNG production, demand and supply for LNG and LPG, and associated demand and supply for LNG and LPG shipping.

A significant portion of our future performance will depend on growth in LNG production, demand and supply for LNG and LPG, and associated demand and supply for LNG and LPG shipping services.

Expansion of the LNG and LPG shipping sectors depends on growth in world and regional demand and supply for LNG and LPG and marine transportation of LNG and LPG, as well as the supply of LNG and LPG. Demand or supply for LNG and LPG and for the marine transportation of LNG and LPG could be negatively affected by a number of factors, such as:

increases in the cost of natural gas derived from LNG relative to the cost of natural gas generally;
increases in the cost of LPG relative to the cost of naphtha and other competing petrochemicals;
increases in the production of natural gas in areas linked by pipelines to consuming areas, the extension of existing, or the development of new, pipeline systems in markets we may serve, or the conversion of existing non-natural gas pipelines to natural gas pipelines in those markets;
decreases in the consumption of natural gas due to increases in its price relative to other energy sources or other factors making consumption of natural gas less attractive;
increases in availability of additional sources of natural gas, including shale gas;
increases in the number of LNG or LPG newbuilding vessels, which could lead to an oversupply of vessels in the market and in turn create downward pressure on the demand for LNG and LPG shipping services;
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changes in weather patterns leading to warmer winters in the Northern Hemisphere and lower gas demand in the tradition peak heating season;
increases in availability of alternative or renewable energy sources; and
negative global or regional economic or political conditions, particularly in LNG and LPG consuming regions, which could reduce energy consumption or its rate of growth, including labor or political unrest or military conflicts affecting existing or proposed areas of LNG production or regasification.
Furthermore, spot charter rates initially came under pressure commencing in February 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, trading prices of our equity securities have been volatile due in part to the recent impact of the pandemic on the energy and financial markets overall. The ongoing pandemic may significantly impact global economic activity (including the demand for LNG and LPG, and associated shipping rates, which may in turn negatively affect our spot chartered vessels) and may disrupt, delay or lead to cancellations of the construction of new LNG projects (including production, liquefaction, regasification, storage and distribution facilities), which in turn could negatively affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Reduced demand for LNG and LPG shipping could have a material adverse effect on our future growth and could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Teekay LNG may have more difficulty entering into long-term, fixed-rate LNG time-charters if the active short-term, medium-term or spot LNG shipping markets continue to develop.

LNG shipping historically has been transacted with long-term, fixed-rate time-charters, usually with terms ranging from 15 to 20 years. One of Teekay LNG’s principal strategies is to enter into additional long-term, fixed-rate LNG time-charters. In recent years, the amount of LNG traded on a spot and short-term basis (defined as contracts with a duration of three years or less) has been increasing.

If the active spot, short-term or medium-term markets continue to develop, Teekay LNG may have increased difficulty entering into long-term, fixed-rate time-charters for its LNG carriers and, as a result, its cash flow may decrease and be less stable. In addition, an active short-term, medium-term or spot LNG shipping market may require Teekay LNG to enter into charters with rates based on changing market prices, as opposed to contracts based on a fixed rate, which could result in a decrease in its cash flow in periods when the market price for shipping LNG is depressed.

Reductions to the value of the Teekay LNG common units and Teekay Tankers common stock pledged as collateral for our equity margin credit facility could result in breaches of such credit facility.

Teekay Parent’s $150 million equity margin revolving credit facility is secured by common units of Teekay LNG and shares of Class A common stock of Teekay Tankers that are owned by Teekay Parent. Availability under the credit facility relates to the value of the common units and common stock pledged as collateral for the facility. The value of the pledged securities of Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers will likely vary significantly over time due to various factors affecting the trading prices of such securities, including many factors outside our or their control. If the value of the collateral were to decline and to cause loan-to-value requirements in the credit facility not to be satisfied, and we are unable to effect a cure within the applicable grace period, our lenders could accelerate our debt and require us to repay all outstanding amounts in full and/or terminate the commitments under the facility. If we are unable to repay such amounts from our liquidity reserves or other sources of financing, our lenders could enforce on our collateral security under the facility (including the pledged securities), which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. No amount is drawn under the equity margin revolving credit facility as of the date of this Annual Report.

Declining market values of our vessels could adversely affect our liquidity and result in breaches of our financing agreements.

Market values of vessels fluctuate depending upon general economic and market conditions affecting relevant markets and industries and competition from other shipping companies and other modes of transportation. In addition, as vessels become older, they generally decline in value. Declining vessel values could adversely affect our liquidity by limiting our ability to raise cash by refinancing vessels. Declining vessel values could also result in a breach of loan and obligations under finance lease covenants and events of default under certain of our credit facilities that require us to maintain certain loan-to-value ratios. If we are unable to cure any such breach within the prescribed cure period in a particular financing facility, the lenders under these facilities could accelerate our debt or obligations under finance lease and foreclose on our vessels pledged as collateral or require an early termination of the credit facility or finance lease. In certain circumstances, such a breach could result in cross-defaults under our other financing agreements. As of December 31, 2020, the total outstanding debt credit facilities and obligations under finance leases with this type of loan-to-value covenant tied to conventional tanker values was $609.6 million and tied to LNG carrier values was $359.4 million. We have nine financing arrangements that require us to maintain vessel value to outstanding loan and lease principal balance ratios ranging from 77.5% to 135%. As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with these required ratios.

Over time, the value of our vessels may decline, which could adversely affect our operating results.

Vessel values for oil and product tankers, and LNG and LPG carriers can fluctuate substantially over time due to a number of different factors, including:

prevailing economic conditions in oil and energy markets;
a substantial or extended decline in demand for oil or natural gas;
increases in the supply of vessel capacity;
the age of the vessel relative to other alternative vessels that are available in the market;
competition from more technologically advanced vessels; and
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the cost of retrofitting or modifying existing vessels, as a result of technological advances in vessel design or equipment, changes in applicable environmental or other regulations or standards, or otherwise.
Vessel values may decline from existing levels. If operation of a vessel is not profitable, or if we cannot redeploy a chartered vessel at attractive rates upon charter termination, rather than continue to incur costs to maintain and finance the vessel, we may seek to dispose of it. Our inability to dispose of the vessel at a fair market value or the disposal of the vessel at a fair market value that is lower than its book value could result in a loss on its sale and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Further, if we determine at any time that a vessel’s future useful life and earnings require us to impair its value on our financial statements, we may need to recognize a significant impairment charge against our earnings. Such a determination involves numerous assumptions and estimates, some of which require more discretion and are less predictable. We recognized asset impairment charges of $188.7 million, $182.3 million and $53.9 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. The 2020 charge included impairments of $70.7 million for two of our FPSO units, the Petrojarl Banff and Sevan Hummingbird, $51.0 million for seven of Teekay LNG’s multi-gas carriers and $67.0 million for nine of Teekay Tankers’ Aframax tankers. The 2019 charge included impairments of $178.3 million for three of our FPSO units, the Petrojarl Banff, Sevan Hummingbird and Petrojarl Foinaven. The FPSO units were fully written down in 2020. If a unit is not redeployed or sold on termination of its contract, we may incur costs to decommission and scrap the unit.

We have recognized asset impairments in the past and we may recognize additional impairments in the future, which will reduce our earnings and net assets.

If we determine at any time that an asset has been impaired, we may need to recognize an impairment charge that will reduce our earnings and net assets. We review our vessels for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable, which occurs when an asset's carrying value is greater than the estimated undiscounted future cash flows the asset is expected to generate over its remaining useful life. We review our goodwill for impairment annually and if a reporting unit's goodwill carrying value is greater than the estimated fair value, the goodwill attributable to that reporting unit is impaired. We evaluate our investments in equity-accounted joint ventures for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such investment may have experienced an other-than-temporary decline in value below its carrying value.

Our cash flow depends substantially on the ability of our subsidiaries, primarily our Daughter Entities, to make distributions to us.

The source of our cash flow includes cash distributions and dividends from our subsidiaries, primarily Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers. The amount of cash our subsidiaries can distribute to us principally depends upon the amount of distributions or dividend declared by each of their Boards of Directors and the amount of cash they generate from their operations. Teekay LNG has paid a quarterly distribution of $0.25 per common unit commencing with its quarterly distribution paid in May 2020 and anticipates increasing the distribution amount to $0.2875 per common unit commencing with the first quarter of 2021 quarterly distributions to be paid in May 2021. Teekay Tankers has not paid a quarterly dividend since March 2018, as it focuses on building net asset value through balance sheet delevering and reducing its cost of capital.

The amount of cash our subsidiaries generate from their operations may fluctuate from quarter-to-quarter based on, among other things:

the rates they obtain from their charters, voyages and contracts;
the price and level of production of, and demand for, crude oil, LNG and LPG;
the level of their operating costs, such as the cost of crews and repairs and maintenance;
the number of off-hire days for their vessels and the timing of, and number of days required for, dry docking of vessels;
the rates, if any, at which our subsidiaries may be able to redeploy vessels, after they complete their charters or contracts and are redelivered to us;
the rates, if any, at which Teekay Tankers can deploy tankers in the spot market;
delays in the delivery of any future newbuildings or in any future conversions of upgrades of existing vessels, and the beginning of payments under charters relating to those vessels;
the utilization levels of their vessels trading in the spot or short-term market;
prevailing global and regional economic and political conditions;
currency exchange rate fluctuations; and
the effect of governmental regulations and maritime self-regulatory organization standards on the conduct of business.

The actual amount of cash our subsidiaries have available for distribution also depends on other factors such as:

the level of their capital expenditures, including for maintaining vessels or converting existing vessels for other uses and complying with regulations;
their debt service and cash reserve requirements, financial covenants and restrictions on distributions contained in their debt agreements, including financial ratio covenants which may indirectly restrict loans, distributions or dividends;
fluctuations in their working capital needs;
their ability to make working capital borrowings; and
the amount of any cash reserves, including reserves for future working capital and other matters, established by the Boards of Directors of the Daughter Entities at their discretion.
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The amount of cash our subsidiaries generate from operations may differ materially from their profit or loss for the period, which will be affected by non-cash items and the timing of debt service payments. As a result of this and the other factors mentioned above, our subsidiaries may make cash distributions during periods when they record losses and may not make cash distributions during periods when they record net income.

Teekay Parent may need to divest assets or issue additional securities to raise capital to meet its future liquidity needs.

As at December 31, 2020, Teekay Parent had total cash and cash equivalents of $44.8 million and total liquidity, including cash, cash equivalents and undrawn credit facilities, of $173.4 million. As at December 31, 2020, the outstanding principal amounts of Teekay Parent’s 9.25% senior notes that mature in November 2022 and of its 5.0% convertible senior notes that mature in January 2023 were $243.4 million and $112.2 million, respectively. If we are unable to meet these or other liquidity needs or to refinance these future obligations, we may need to evaluate alternatives such as divesting of interests in the Daughter Entities or other assets or seeking to raise capital through the issuance of debt, hybrid or equity securities. However, there can be no assurance that we would be able to complete any such transactions on acceptable terms, if at all.

Our insurance may not be sufficient to cover losses that may occur to our property or as a result of our operations.

The operation of oil and product tankers, lightering vessels, oil and gas transfer operations, LNG and LPG carriers, FPSO units and LNG Facilities is inherently risky. Although we carry hull and machinery (marine and war risk) and protection and indemnity insurance, and other liability insurance covers, all risks may not be adequately insured against, and any particular claim may not be paid or paid in full. In addition, only certain of our LNG and LPG carriers carry insurance covering the loss of revenues resulting from vessel off-hire time based on its cost compared to our off-hire experience. Any significant off-hire time of our vessels could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Any claims relating to our operations covered by insurance would be subject to deductibles, and since it is possible that a large number of claims may be brought, the aggregate amount of these deductibles could be material. Certain of our insurance coverage is maintained through mutual protection and indemnity associations and as a member of such associations we may be required to make additional payments over and above budgeted premiums if member claims exceed association reserves. In addition, the cost of this protection and indemnity coverage has significantly increased and may continue to increase. Even if our insurance coverage is adequate to cover our losses, we may not be able to obtain a timely replacement vessel in the event of a total loss of a vessel.

We may be unable to procure adequate insurance coverage at commercially reasonable rates in the future. For example, more stringent environmental regulations have led in the past to increased costs for, and in the future may result in the lack of availability of, insurance against risks of environmental damage or pollution. A catastrophic oil spill, marine disaster or natural disaster could result in losses that exceed our insurance coverage, which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. Any uninsured or under-insured loss could harm our business and financial condition. In addition, our insurance may be voidable by the insurers as a result of certain of our actions, such as our ships failing to maintain certification with applicable maritime regulatory organizations.

Changes in the insurance markets attributable to structural changes in insurance markets, economic factors, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, outbreaks of communicable diseases, terrorist attacks, environmental catastrophes or political changes may also make certain types of insurance more difficult for us to obtain. In addition, the insurance that may be available may be significantly more expensive than our existing coverage or be available only with restrictive terms.

The duration of our FPSO contracts is the life of the relevant oil field or is subject to early termination options by the field operator or vessel charterer. If the oil field no longer produces oil or is abandoned or the contract term is terminated early or not extended, we will no longer generate revenue under the related contract and will need to seek to redeploy, sell or scrap the affected vessels.

As at December 31, 2020, we had two FPSO units operating in our fleet. The duration of our FPSO contract for the Sevan Hummingbird FPSO unit is subject to early termination options. The likelihood of the contract being terminated early may be negatively affected by reductions in oil field reserves, low oil prices generally or other factors. If we are unable to promptly redeploy the unit at rates at least equal to those under the existing contract, if at all, our operating results will be harmed. Any potential redeployment may not be under a long-term contract, which may affect the stability of our business and operating results. If the unit is not redeployed or sold, we may incur costs to decommission and scrap the unit.

On termination of the FPSO contract for the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO unit, it will be recycled in accordance with EU ship recycling regulations. We expect to receive a lump sum payment from the customer at the end of the contract, which may not cover the costs of recycling the FPSO unit.

Factors that may affect an operator’s decision to initiate or continue production include: changes in oil prices; capital budget limitations; the availability of necessary drilling and other governmental permits; the availability of qualified personnel and equipment; the quality of drilling prospects in the area; and regulatory changes. The rate of oil production at fields we service may decline from existing or future levels, and may be terminated, which could harm our business and operating results. Oil production levels are affected by several factors, all of which are beyond our control, including: geologic factors, including general declines in production that occur naturally over time; mechanical failure or operator error; the rate of technical developments in extracting oil and related infrastructure and implementation costs; and operator decisions based on revenue compared to costs from continued operations.
In the first quarter of 2020, CNR International (U.K.) Limited (or CNRI) provided formal notice to Teekay of its intention to decommission the Banff field and remove the Petrojarl Banff FPSO and the Apollo Spirit FSO from the field in 2020. The oil production under the existing contract for the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit ceased on June 1, 2020, at which time Teekay Parent began incurring decommissioning/asset retirement costs. The actual asset retirement and decommissioning costs may exceed our current estimates.

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We have substantial debt levels and may incur additional debt.

As of December 31, 2020, our consolidated long-term debt and obligations related to finance leases totaled $3.8 billion and we had the capacity to borrow an additional $0.6 billion under our revolving credit facilities. These credit facilities may be used by us for general corporate purposes. In addition to our consolidated debt, our total proportionate interest in debt of joint ventures we do not control was $2.1 billion as of December 31, 2020, of which Teekay Tankers or Teekay LNG has guaranteed $1.2 billion and the remaining $0.9 billion has limited or no recourse to Teekay LNG. Our consolidated debt, finance lease obligations and joint venture debt could increase substantially. We will continue to have the ability to incur additional debt, subject to limitations in our credit facilities. Our level of debt could have important consequences to us, including:

our ability to obtain additional financing, if necessary, for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other purposes, and our ability to refinance our credit facilities may be impaired or such financing may not be available on favorable terms, if at all;
we will need to use a substantial portion of our cash flow to make principal and interest payments on our debt, reducing the funds that would otherwise be available for operations, future business opportunities, repurchases of equity securities and dividends to shareholders;
our debt level may make us more vulnerable than our competitors with less debt to competitive pressures or a downturn in our industry or the economy generally; and
our debt level may limit our flexibility in obtaining additional financing, pursuing other business opportunities and responding to changing business and economic conditions.

Exposure to interest rate fluctuations will result in fluctuations in our cash flows and operating results.

We are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes primarily through our borrowings that require us to make interest payments based on LIBOR, EURIBOR or NIBOR. Significant increases in interest rates could adversely affect our profit margins, results of operations and our ability to service our debt and finance lease obligations. In accordance with our risk management policy, we use interest rate swaps on certain of our debt and cross currency swaps on the NOK bonds to reduce our exposure to market risk from changes in interest rates. The principal objective of these contracts is to minimize the risks and costs associated with our floating rate debt. However, any hedging activities entered into by us may not be effective in fully mitigating our interest rate risk from our variable rate indebtedness.

In addition, we are exposed to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to the interest rate swap agreements. For further information about our financial instruments at December 31, 2020, that are sensitive to changes in interest rates, please read "Item 11 - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."

Use of LIBOR is currently scheduled to cease in the future, and interest rates on our LIBOR-based obligations may increase in the future.

LIBOR is the subject of recent national, international and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. In March 2021, the UK Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it will cease the publication of LIBOR after December 31, 2021, with the exception of certain tenors of U.S. dollar LIBOR which will cease publication after June 30, 2023. It is unclear whether an extension will be granted or new methods of calculating LIBOR will be established such that it continues to exist after the scheduled expiration dates, or if alternative rates will be adopted. Global regulators are working with the financial sector to transition away from the use of LIBOR and towards the adoption of alternative reference rates. For example, the U.S. Federal Reserve, in conjunction with the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a steering committee comprised of large U.S. financial institutions, is considering replacing U.S. dollar LIBOR with a new index calculated by short-term repurchase agreements, backed by Treasury securities (or SOFR). SOFR is observed and backward-looking, which stands in contrast with LIBOR under the current methodology, which is an estimated forward-looking rate and relies, to some degree, on the expert judgment of submitting panel members. Whether or not SOFR attains market acceptance as a LIBOR replacement tool remains in question and there can be no assurance that the transition to a new benchmark rate or other financial metric will be an adequate alternative to LIBOR or produce the economic equivalent of LIBOR. As a result, it is not possible at this time to know the ultimate impact that a phase-out of LIBOR may have.

While some of the agreements governing our revolving credit facilities, term loan facilities, interest rate swaps and finance lease facilities provide for an alternate method of calculating interest rates in the event that a LIBOR rate is unavailable, if LIBOR ceases to exist or if the methods of calculating LIBOR change from their current form, there may be adverse impacts on the financial markets generally and interest rates on borrowings under our revolving credit facilities, term loan facilities, interest rate swaps and finance lease facilities may be materially adversely affected.

In addition, we may need to renegotiate certain LIBOR-based revolving credit facilities, term loan facilities, interest rate swaps and finance lease facilities, which could adversely impact our cost of debt. There can be no assurance that we will be able to modify existing documentation or renegotiate existing transactions before the discontinuation of LIBOR.

Financing agreements containing operating and financial restrictions may restrict our business and financing activities.

The operating and financial restrictions and covenants in our revolving credit facilities, term loans, lease obligations, indentures and in any of our future financing agreements could adversely affect our ability to finance future operations or capital needs or to pursue and expand our business activities. For example, these financing arrangements restrict our ability to:

incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness;
pay dividends or make other distributions or repurchase or redeem our capital stock;
prepay, redeem or repurchase certain debt;
issue certain preferred shares or similar equity securities;
make loans and investments;
enter into a new line of business;
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incur or permit certain liens to exist;
enter into transactions with affiliates;
create unrestricted subsidiaries;
transfer, sell, convey or otherwise dispose of assets;
make certain acquisitions and investments;
enter into agreements restricting our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and
consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of our assets.
In addition, certain of our debt agreements require us to comply with certain financial covenants. Our ability to comply with covenants and restrictions contained in debt instruments and finance lease obligations may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions. If any such events were to occur, we may fail to comply with these covenants. If we breach any of the restrictions, covenants, ratios or tests in our financing agreements or indentures and we are unable to cure such breach within the prescribed cure period, our obligations may, at the election of the relevant lender, become immediately due and payable, and the lenders’ commitment under our credit facilities, if any, to make further loans available to us may terminate. In certain circumstances, this could lead to cross-defaults under our other financing agreements which in turn could result in obligations becoming due and commitments being terminated under such agreements. A default under financing agreements could also result in foreclosure on any of our vessels and other assets securing related loans and finance leases or our need to sell assets or take other actions in order to meet our debt obligations.

Furthermore, the termination of any of our charter contracts by our customers could result in the repayment of the debt facilities to which the chartered vessels relate.

Our and many of our customers’ substantial operations outside the United States expose us and them to political, governmental and economic instability, which could harm our operations.

Because our operations, and the operations of certain of our customers, are primarily conducted outside of the United States, they may be affected by economic, political and governmental conditions in the countries where we or our customers engage in business, or where our vessels are registered. Any disruption caused by these factors could harm our business, including through reduction in the levels of oil exploration, development and production activities in these areas or restricting the pool of customers. We derive some of our revenues from shipping oil and gas from politically and economically unstable regions. Conflicts in these regions have included attacks on ships and other efforts to disrupt shipping.

Hostilities, strikes, or other political or economic instability in regions where we operate or where we may operate could have a material adverse effect on the growth of our business, results of operations and financial condition and ability to make cash distributions. In addition, tariffs, trade embargoes and other economic sanctions by the United States or other countries against countries in which we operate, or to which we trade, or to which we or any of our customers, joint venture partners or business partners become subject, could harm our business and ability to make cash distributions. For example, general trade tensions between the United States and China escalated in 2018 and continued through much of 2019, with the United States imposing a series of tariffs on China and China responding by imposing tariffs on United States products. Although during the last quarter of 2019, the United States and China negotiated an agreement to reduce trade tensions which became effective in February 2020, our business could be harmed by increasing trade protectionism or trade tensions between the United States and China, as well as any trade embargoes or other economic sanctions by the United States or other countries against countries in the Middle East, Asia, Russia or elsewhere as a result of terrorist attacks, hostilities, or diplomatic or political pressures that limit trading activities with those countries. In addition, a government could requisition one or more of our vessels, which is most likely during war or national emergency. Any such requisition would cause a loss of the vessel and could harm our cash flow and financial results.

Maritime claimants could arrest, or port authorities could detain, our vessels, which could interrupt our cash flow.

Crew members, suppliers of goods and services to a vessel, shippers of cargo and other parties may be entitled to a maritime lien against that vessel for unsatisfied debts, claims or damages. In many jurisdictions, a maritime lienholder may enforce its lien by arresting a vessel through foreclosure proceedings. The arrest or attachment of one or more of our vessels could interrupt our cash flow and require us to pay large sums of funds to have the arrest or attachment lifted. In addition, in some jurisdictions, such as South Africa, under the “sister ship” theory of liability, a claimant may arrest both the vessel that is subject to the claimant’s maritime lien and any “associated” vessel, which is any vessel owned or controlled by the same owner. Claimants could try to assert “sister ship” liability against one vessel in our fleet for claims relating to another of our ships. In addition, port authorities may seek to detain our vessels in port, which could adversely affect our operating results or relationships with customers.

Many of our seafaring employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements and the failure to renew those agreements or any future labor agreements may disrupt operations and adversely affect our cash flows.

A significant portion of our seafarers are employed under collective bargaining agreements. We may become subject to additional labor agreements in the future. We may suffer labor disruptions if relationships deteriorate with the seafarers or the unions that represent them. Our collective bargaining agreements may not prevent labor disruptions, particularly when the agreements are being renegotiated. Salaries are typically renegotiated annually or bi-annually for seafarers and annually for onshore operational staff and may increase our cost of operation. Any labor disruptions could harm our operations and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We and certain of our joint venture partners may be unable to attract and retain qualified, skilled employees or crew necessary to operate our business.

Our success depends in large part on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled and qualified personnel. In crewing our vessels, we require technically skilled employees with specialized training who can perform physically demanding work. Any inability we experience in the future to hire, train and retain a sufficient number of qualified employees could impair our ability to manage, maintain and grow our business.

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Exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations results in fluctuations in our cash flows and operating results.

Substantially all of our revenues are earned in U.S. Dollars, although we are paid in Euros, Australian Dollars, and British Pounds under some of our charters. A portion of our operating costs are incurred in currencies other than U.S. Dollars. This partial mismatch in operating revenues and expenses leads to fluctuations in net income due to changes in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to other currencies, in particular the British Pound, the Euro, Singapore Dollar, Australian Dollar, and Canadian Dollar. We also make payments under two Euro-denominated term loans. If the amount of these and other Euro-denominated obligations exceeds our Euro-denominated revenues, we must convert other currencies, primarily the U.S. Dollar, into Euros. An increase in the strength of the Euro relative to the U.S. Dollar would require us to convert more U.S. Dollars to Euros to satisfy those obligations.

Because we report our operating results in U.S. Dollars, changes in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to other currencies also result in fluctuations of our reported revenues and earnings. Under U.S. accounting guidelines, all foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities, such as cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, restricted cash, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, advances from affiliates and long-term debt are revalued and reported based on the prevailing exchange rate at the end of the applicable period. This revaluation historically has caused us to report significant unrealized foreign currency exchange gains or losses each period. The primary source of these gains and losses is our Euro-denominated term loans and our Norwegian Krone-denominated bonds.

Our operating results are subject to seasonal fluctuations.

We operate our conventional tankers in markets that have historically exhibited seasonal variations in demand and, therefore, in charter rates. This seasonality may result in quarter-to-quarter volatility in our results of operations. Tanker markets are typically stronger in the winter months as a result of increased oil consumption in the Northern Hemisphere. In addition, unpredictable weather patterns in these months tend to disrupt vessel scheduling, which historically has increased oil price volatility and oil trading activities in the winter months. As a result, our revenues have historically been weaker during the fiscal quarters ended June 30 and September 30, and stronger in our fiscal quarters ended March 31 and December 31.

We may experience operational problems with vessels that reduce revenue and increase costs.

FPSO units are complex and their operations are technically challenging. Marine transportation and oil production operations are subject to mechanical risks and problems as well as environmental risks. Operational problems may lead to loss of revenue or higher than anticipated operating expenses or require additional capital expenditures. Any of these results could harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

Actual results of new technologies or technology upgrades may differ from expected results and affect our results of operations.

Teekay LNG has invested and is investing in vessel technology upgrades such as MEGI engines and other equipment and designs for certain LNG carriers, including, among other things, to improve fuel efficiency and vessel performance. These new engine designs and other equipment may not perform to expectations during actual operations, which may result in our exposure to performance claims based on failure to achieve specified performance requirements included in certain charter party agreements. During certain operations, actual fuel consumption for Teekay LNG’s MEGI LNG carriers may exceed specified levels in certain charter party agreements, which may result in reimbursement by Teekay LNG to the charterer for the cost of the excess fuel consumed. Teekay LNG is in the process of installing additional equipment on certain of its MEGI LNG carriers to lower fuel consumption on these vessels. Continued reimbursement obligations, unrecovered capital expenditures, delays in the installation of the equipment, or new equipment installations not performing to our expectations could harm our results of operations or financial condition.

Sanctions against key participants in the Yamal LNG Project could impede performance of the Yamal LNG Project, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

The U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (or OFAC) placed Russia-based Novatek, a 50.1% owner of the Yamal LNG Project, on the Sectoral Sanctions Identifications List. OFAC also previously imposed sanctions on an investor in Novatek and these sanctions also remain in effect. The current restrictions on Novatek prohibit U.S. persons (and their subsidiaries) from participating in debt financing transactions of greater than 60 days maturity with Novatek and, by virtue of Novatek’s 50.1% ownership interest, the Yamal LNG Project. The EU also imposed certain sanctions on Russia. These sanctions require an EU license or authorization before a party can provide certain technologies or technical assistance, financing, financial assistance, or brokering with regard to these technologies. However, the technologies being currently sanctioned by the EU appear to focus on oil exploration projects, not gas projects. In addition, OFAC and other governments or organizations may impose additional sanctions on Novatek, the Yamal LNG Project or other project participants, which may further hinder the ability of the Yamal LNG Project to receive necessary financing. Although we believe that we are in compliance with all applicable sanctions, laws and regulations, and intend to maintain such compliance, the scope of these sanctions laws may be subject to change.

In September 2019, OFAC imposed sanctions on COSCO Shipping Tanker (Dalian) Co., Ltd. (or COSCO Dalian). At the time, COSCO Dalian owned 50% of China LNG Shipping (Holdings) Limited (or CLNG), which in turn, owns a 50% interest in our Yamal LNG joint venture (or the Yamal LNG Joint Venture), which owns six on-the-water ARC7 LNG carriers. As a result of COSCO Dalian’s 50% ownership of CLNG and CLNG’s 50% interest in the Yamal LNG Joint Venture, both CLNG and the joint venture at the time qualified as “Blocked Persons" under OFAC's deeming rules. In October 2019, the COSCO group completed an ownership restructuring on arms'-length terms pursuant to which its 50% interest in CLNG was transferred from COSCO Dalian to a non-sanctioned COSCO entity, which automatically resulted in CLNG and the Yamal LNG Joint Venture no longer being classified as “Blocked Persons.” Although, CLNG and, by implication, our Yamal LNG Joint Venture were absolved from sanctions as a result of the October 2019 restructuring, OFAC subsequently lifted its sanctions against COSCO Dalian in January 2020. We do not expect any material financial impact to us from these resolved issues.

Future sanctions may prohibit the Yamal LNG Joint Venture from performing under its contracts with the Yamal LNG Project, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and ability to make cash distributions on our units.

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In addition to the Yamal LNG Joint Venture, participants in other projects in which we are involved (including, with respect to such other projects, our joint venture partners, customers, and their respective shareholders or management) may be subject to sanctions, which sanctions may have a material adverse effect on the success of those projects or our joint ventures and, in turn, on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure, shutdown or other adverse events impacting the Yamal LNG Project may result in Teekay LNG's inability to re-deploy the ARC7 LNG carriers.

The charter party under the Yamal LNG Joint Venture’s time-charter contracts for the Yamal LNG Project is Yamal Trade Pte. Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yamal LNG, the project’s sponsor. If the Yamal LNG Project were to shut down or face other adverse events, in either case on a permanent or even temporary basis, Teekay LNG may be unable to redeploy the ARC7 LNG carriers under other time-charter contracts or may be forced to scrap the vessels. Any such events could adversely affect our results of operations and Teekay LNG's ability to make cash distributions.

Teekay LNG or its joint venture partners may be unable to operate an LNG receiving and regasification terminal and may be exposed from time to time to conditions, developments, or requirements that may adversely affect Teekay LNG or its joint venture.

Teekay LNG has a 30% ownership interest in an LNG regasification and receiving terminal in Bahrain. Although the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture has completed mechanical construction and commissioning of the Bahrain terminal and is currently receiving terminal use payments, certain handover arrangements in respect of the Bahrain terminal remain subject to the approval of the lenders of the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture. As a result, the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture may experience associated delays in the formal acceptance of the terminal and the commencement of commercial operations if the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture does not satisfy all applicable conditions and obtain all necessary consents in accordance with its financing agreements. Accordingly, Teekay LNG or its joint venture partners may be unable to operate the LNG receiving and regasification terminal properly, whether due to a lack of satisfaction of such conditions, a lack of obtaining such consents, a lack of industry experience, or otherwise, which could affect their ability to operate the terminal, including as a result of a reduction in the expected output of the terminal. Any such reduction could decrease revenues to the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture which may harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, the development, construction and operation of large-scale energy and regasification projects, such as the Bahrain terminal, are inherently subject to unforeseen conditions or developments. Such conditions or developments may include, among others: shortages or delays in deliveries of equipment, materials or labor; significant cost over-runs; labor disruptions; government issues; regulatory changes; legal disputes with third-parties, including contractors, sub-contractors and customers; investigations involving various authorities; adverse weather conditions; unanticipated increases in equipment, material or labor costs; reductions in access to financing, an increase in the amount of required support from shareholders of the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture under the terms of the financing, the ability to comply with all conditions and requirements under the terms of the financing, and the ability to obtain any applicable waivers or consents from our lenders on a timely basis, or at all; unforeseen engineering, technical and technological design, environmental, infrastructure or engineering issues; the inability to operate the Bahrain terminal at its full designed capacity; a temporary shutdown of the Bahrain terminal; and a general inability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Bahrain terminal, including all the benefits associated with the long-term contract with the customer. In the event that one or more of these conditions or developments were to materialize or continue for a prolonged period (in particular, any legal disputes with third parties or the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture’s inability to comply with all conditions and requirements under the terms of its financing or obtain any applicable waivers or consents from its lenders under the terms of its financing), our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

Our joint venture arrangements impose obligations upon us but limit our control of the joint ventures, which may affect our ability to achieve our joint venture objectives.

For financial or strategic reasons, we conduct a portion of our business through joint ventures. Generally, we are obligated to provide proportionate financial support for the joint ventures although our control of the business entity may be substantially limited. Due to this limited control, we generally have less flexibility to pursue our own objectives through joint ventures or to access available cash of the joint ventures than we would with our own subsidiaries. There is no assurance that our joint venture partners will continue their relationships with us in the future or that we will be able to achieve our financial or strategic objectives relating to the joint ventures and the markets in which they operate. In addition, our joint venture partners may have business objectives that are inconsistent with ours, experience financial and other difficulties (including under relevant sanctions and anti-bribery and corruption laws) that may affect the success of the joint venture or be unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations under the joint ventures, which may affect our financial condition or results of operations. In addition, we do not have control over the operations of, nor do we have any legal claim to the revenues and expenses of our equity-accounted investments. Consequently, the cash flow generated by our equity-accounted investments may not be available for use by us in the period that such cash flows are generated, if at all.

We depend on certain joint venture partners to assist us in operating our businesses and competing in our markets.

Our ability to compete for certain projects, enter into new charters, secure financings and expand our customer relationships depends in part on our ability to leverage our relationship with our joint venture partners and their reputation and relationships in the shipping industry. If our joint venture partners suffer material damage to its financial condition, reputation or relationships, it may harm the ability of us or our subsidiaries to:

renew existing charters and contracts of affreightment upon their expiration;
obtain new charters and contracts of affreightment;
successfully interact with shipyards during periods of shipyard construction constraints;
obtain financing on commercially acceptable terms, if at all; or
maintain satisfactory relationships with suppliers and other third parties.

If our or our subsidiaries’ ability to do any of the things described above is impaired, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and our ability to make cash distributions.

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We may be unable to make or realize expected benefits from acquisitions and growth through acquisitions may harm our financial condition and performance.

A principal component of our long-term strategy is to continue to grow by expanding our business both in the geographic areas and markets where we have historically focused as well as into new geographic areas, market segments and services. We may not be successful in expanding our operations and any expansion may not be profitable. In order to achieve growth, we may acquire new companies or businesses which transactions may involve business risks commonly encountered in acquisitions of companies, including:

interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of one or more of an acquired company’s businesses and our businesses;
additional demands on members of our senior management while integrating acquired businesses, which would decrease the time they have to manage our existing business, service existing customers and attract new customers;
difficulties identifying suitable acquisition candidates;
difficulties integrating the operations, personnel and business culture of acquired companies;
difficulties coordinating and managing geographically separate organizations;
adverse effects on relationships with our existing suppliers and customers, and those of the companies acquired;
difficulties entering geographic markets or new market segments in which we have no or limited experience; and
loss of key officers and employees of acquired companies.

Acquisitions may not be profitable to us at the time of their completion and may not generate revenues sufficient to justify our investment. In addition, our acquisition growth strategy exposes us to risks that may harm our results of operations and financial condition, including risks that we may: fail to realize anticipated benefits, such as cost-savings, revenue and cash flow enhancements and earnings accretion; decrease our liquidity by using a significant portion of our available cash or borrowing capacity to finance acquisitions; incur additional indebtedness, which may result in significantly increased interest expense or financial leverage, or issue additional equity securities to finance acquisitions, which may result in significant shareholder dilution; incur or assume unanticipated liabilities, losses or costs associated with the business acquired; or incur other significant charges, such as impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets, asset devaluation or restructuring charges.

Unlike newbuildings, existing vessels typically do not carry warranties as to their condition. While we generally inspect existing vessels prior to purchase, such an inspection would normally not provide us with as much knowledge of a vessel’s condition as we would possess if it had been built for us and operated by us during its life. Repairs and maintenance costs for existing vessels are difficult to predict and may be substantially higher than for vessels we have operated since they were built. These costs could decrease our cash flow and reduce our liquidity.

The Daughter Entities may expend substantial sums during the construction of potential future newbuildings or upgrades to their existing vessels, without earning revenue and without assurance that they will be completed.

We may be required to expend substantial sums as progress payments during the construction of any potential future newbuildings or any vessel upgrades, but we may not derive any revenue from the vessel until after its delivery or completion of such upgrades. In addition, under some of our time charters if our delivery of a vessel to a customer is delayed, we may be required to pay liquidated damages in amounts equal to or, under some charters, almost double the hire rate during the delay. For prolonged delays, the customer may terminate the time charter and, in addition to the resulting loss of revenues, we may be responsible for additional substantial liquidated charges.

Our newbuilding financing commitments typically have been pre-arranged. However, if we are unable to obtain financing required to complete payments on any potential future newbuilding orders, we could effectively forfeit all or a portion of the progress payments previously made.

We may make substantial capital expenditures to expand the size of our fleet and generally are required to make significant installment payments for acquisitions of newbuilding vessels. Depending on whether we finance our expenditures through cash from operations or by incurring debt or issuing equity securities, our financial leverage could increase, or our shareholders could be diluted.

We regularly evaluate and pursue opportunities to provide the marine transportation requirements for new or expanding LNG and LPG projects. The award process relating to LNG transportation opportunities typically involves various stages and takes several months to complete. We may not be awarded charters relating to any of the projects we pursue. If we bid on and are awarded contracts relating to any LNG and LPG projects, we will need to incur significant capital expenditures to build the related LNG and LPG carriers.

To fund any future capital expenditures, we will be required to use cash from operations or incur borrowings or raise capital through the sale of debt or additional equity securities. Our ability to obtain bank financing or to access the capital markets for future offerings may be limited by our financial condition at the time of any such financing or offering as well as by adverse market conditions resulting from, among other things, general economic conditions and contingencies and uncertainties that are beyond our control. Our failure to obtain the funds for necessary future capital expenditures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Even if we are successful in obtaining necessary funds, incurring additional debt may significantly increase our interest expense and financial leverage, which could limit our financial flexibility and ability to pursue other business opportunities. Issuing additional equity securities may result in significant shareholder dilution and would increase the aggregate amount of cash required to pay quarterly dividends.

In addition, although delivery of the completed vessel will not occur until much later (approximately two to three years from the time the order is placed), we typically must pay an initial installment up-front upon signing the purchase contract. During the construction period, we generally are required to make installment payments on newbuildings prior to their delivery, in addition to incurring financing, miscellaneous construction and project management costs, but we do not derive any income from the vessel until after its delivery. If we finance these payments by issuing debt or equity securities, we will increase the aggregate amount of interest or cash required to maintain our current level of quarterly distributions/dividends to unitholders/shareholders prior to generating cash from the operation of the newbuilding.
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Teekay Tankers’ U.S. Gulf lightering business competes with alternative methods of delivering crude oil to ports, which may limit its earnings in this area of its operations.

Teekay Tankers’ U.S. Gulf lightering business faces competition from alternative methods of delivering crude oil shipments to port, including offshore offloading facilities. While we believe that lightering offers advantages over alternative methods of delivering crude oil to U.S. Gulf ports, Teekay Tankers’ lightering revenues may be limited due to the availability of alternative methods.

Teekay Tankers’ full service lightering operations are subject to specific risks that could lead to accidents, oil spills or property damage.

Lightering is subject to specific risks arising from the process of safely bringing two large moving tankers next to each other and mooring them for lightering operations. These operations require a high degree of expertise and present a higher risk of collision compared to when docking a vessel or transferring cargo at port. Lightering operations, similar to marine transportation in general, are also subject to risks due to events such as mechanical failures, human error, and weather conditions.
Legal and Regulatory Risks
Past port calls by our vessels, or third-party vessels from which we derived RSA revenues, to countries that are subject to sanctions imposed by the United States and the European Union may impact investors’ decisions to invest in our securities.

The United States has imposed sanctions on several countries or regions such as Cuba, North Korea, Syria, Sudan, Iran, Yemen and Venezuela. The EU lifted its previously enacted sanctions on Iran in January 2016. At that time, the U.S. lifted its secondary sanctions on Iran which applied to foreign persons but has retained its primary sanctions which apply to U.S. entities and their foreign subsidiaries. In the past, conventional oil tankers owned or chartered-in by us, or third-party vessels participating in RSAs from which we derive revenue, made limited port calls to those countries for the loading and discharging of oil products. Those port calls did not violate U.S. or EU sanctions at the time, and we intend to maintain our compliance with all U.S. and EU sanctions. In addition, we have no future contracted loadings or discharges in any of those countries and intend not to enter into voyage charter contracts for the transport of oil or gas to or from Iran or Syria.

We believe that our compliance with these sanctions and our lack of any future port calls to those countries does not and will not adversely impact our revenues, because port calls to these countries have never accounted for any material amount of our revenues. However, some investors might decide not to invest in us simply because we have previously called on, or through our participation in RSAs have previously received revenue from calls on, ports in these sanctioned countries. Any such investor reaction could adversely affect the market for our common shares.

Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the UK Bribery Act, the UK Criminal Finances Act and other similar legislation in other jurisdictions could result in fines, criminal penalties, contract terminations and an adverse effect on our business.

We operate our vessels worldwide, which may require our vessels to trade in countries known to have a reputation for corruption. We are committed to doing business in accordance with applicable anti-corruption laws and have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics which is consistent and in full compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (or the FCPA), the Bribery Act 2010 of the United Kingdom (or the UK Bribery Act) and the Criminal Finances Act 2017 of the United Kingdom (the CFA). We are subject, however, to the risk that we, our affiliated entities or our or their respective officers, directors, employees and agents may take actions determined to be in violation of such anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws, including the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act and the CFA. Any such violation could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil and/or criminal penalties, or curtailment of operations in certain jurisdictions, and might adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, actual or alleged violations could damage our reputation and ability to do business. Furthermore, detecting, investigating, and resolving actual or alleged violations is expensive and can consume significant time and attention of our senior management.

Our operations are subject to substantial environmental and other regulations, which may significantly increase our expenses.

Our operations are affected by extensive and changing international, national and local environmental protection laws, regulations, treaties and conventions which are in force in international waters, the jurisdictional waters of the countries in which our vessels operate, as well as the countries of our vessels’ registration, including those governing oil spills, discharges to air and water, and the handling and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes. Many of these requirements are designed to reduce the risk of oil spills and other pollution. In addition, we believe that the heightened environmental, quality and security concerns of insurance underwriters, regulators and charterers will lead to additional regulatory requirements, including enhanced risk assessment and security requirements and greater inspection and safety requirements on vessels. For example, new or amended legislation relating to ship recycling, sewage systems, emission control (including emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants) as well as ballast water treatment and ballast water handling may be adopted. The IMO has also established progressive standards limiting emissions from ships starting from 2023 towards 2030 and 2050 goals. These and other laws or regulations may require significant additional capital expenditures or operating expenses in order for us to comply with the laws and regulations and maintain our vessels in compliance with international and national regulations. In addition, the higher emissions of Teekay LNG’s steam vessels relative to more modern vessels could make it more difficult to secure employment for these vessels and reduce the rates at which Teekay LNG can charter these vessels to its customers.

The environmental and other laws and regulations applicable to us can affect the resale value or useful lives of our vessels, require a reduction in cargo capacity, ship modifications or operational changes or restrictions, lead to decreased availability of insurance coverage for environmental matters or result in the denial of access to certain jurisdictional waters or ports, or detention in, certain ports. Under local, national and foreign laws, as well as international treaties and conventions, we could incur material liabilities, including clean-up obligations, in the event that there is a release of petroleum or other hazardous substances from our vessels or otherwise in connection with our operations. We could also become subject to personal injury or property damage claims relating to the release of or exposure to hazardous materials associated with our operations. In addition, failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may result in administrative and civil penalties, criminal sanctions or the suspension or termination of our operations, including, in certain instances, seizure or detention of our vessels.

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Climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions may adversely impact our operations and markets.

An increasing concern for, and focus on climate change has promoted extensive existing and proposed international, national and local regulations intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (including from various jurisdictions and the IMO). These regulatory measures may include the adoption of cap and trade regimes, carbon taxes, increased efficiency standards and incentives or mandates for renewable energy. Compliance with these or other regulations and our efforts to participate in reducing greenhouse gas emissions will likely increase our compliance costs, require additional capital expenditures to reduce vessel emissions and require changes to our business.

Our business includes transporting oil, refined petroleum products, LNG and LPG. Regulatory changes and growing public concern about the environmental impact of climate change may lead to reduced demand for hydrocarbon products and decreased demand for our services, while increasing or creating greater incentives for use of alternative energy sources. We expect regulatory and consumer efforts aimed at combating climate change to intensify and accelerate. Although we do not expect demand for oil and gas to decline dramatically over the short-term, in the long-term, climate change initiatives will likely significantly affect demand for oil and gas and for alternatives. Any such change could adversely affect our ability to compete in a changing market and our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, lenders, customers and other market participants with respect to ESG policies and practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to additional risks.

Companies across all industries are facing increasing scrutiny relating to their ESG policies. Investor advocacy groups, certain institutional investors, investment funds, lenders and other market participants are increasingly focused on ESG practices and, in recent years, have placed increasing importance on the implications and social cost of their investments. The increased focus and activism related to ESG and similar matters may hinder access to capital, as investors and lenders may decide to reallocate capital or to not commit capital as a result of their assessment of a company’s ESG practices. Companies that do not adapt to or comply with investor, lender or other industry shareholder expectations and standards, which are evolving, or which are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, may suffer from reputational damage and their business, financial condition and stock price may be adversely affected.

We may face increasing pressures from investors, lenders, customers and other market participants, which are increasingly focused on climate change, to prioritize sustainable energy practices, reduce our carbon footprint and promote sustainability. As a result, we may be required to implement more stringent ESG procedures or standards so that our existing and future investors and lenders remain invested in us and make further investments in us, or in order for customers to consider conducting future business with us, especially given our business of transporting oil, refined petroleum products, LNG and LPG. In addition, it is likely we will incur additional costs and require additional resources to monitor, report and comply with wide-ranging ESG requirements. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Regulations relating to ballast water discharge which came into effect during September 2017 may adversely affect our operational results and financial condition.

The International Maritime Organization, the United Nations agency for maritime safety and the prevention of pollution by vessels (or the IMO) has imposed updated guidelines for ballast water management systems specifying the maximum amount of viable organisms allowed to be discharged from a vessel’s ballast water. Depending on the date of the International Oil Pollution Prevention renewal survey, existing vessels constructed before September 8, 2017 were required to comply with updated applicable standards on or after September 8, 2019. For most vessels, compliance with the applicable standard will involve installing on-board systems to treat ballast water and eliminate unwanted organisms. Ships constructed on or after September 8, 2017 are required to comply with the applicable standards on or after September 8, 2017. We are currently implementing ballast water management system upgrades on certain of our vessels in accordance with the required timelines imposed by the IMO. The cost of compliance with these regulations, including as a result of installing such systems, may be substantial and may adversely affect our results of operation and financial condition. In addition to the requirements under the IMO, the U.S. Coast Guard (or USCG) has imposed mandatory ballast water management practices for all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks and entering U.S. waters. These USCG regulations may have the effect of restricting our vessels from entering U.S. waters, unless we equip our vessels with pre-approved BWTS or receive authorization by a duly-issued permit or exemption.

As a Marshall Islands corporation with our headquarters in Bermuda and with a majority of our subsidiaries being Marshall Islands entities and also having subsidiaries in other offshore jurisdictions, our operations may be subject to economic substance requirements, which could impact our business.

Finance ministers of the EU rate jurisdictions for tax transparency, governance, real economic activity and corporate tax rate. Countries that do not adequately cooperate with the finance ministers are put on a “grey list” or a “blacklist”. Bermuda and the Marshall Islands were removed from the blacklist in May and October 2019, respectively. Subsequently, in February 2020, Bermuda and the Marshall Islands were "white-listed" by the EU and continue to remain on the white list.

EU member states have agreed upon a set of measures, which they can choose to apply against the listed countries, including increased monitoring and audits, withholding taxes, special documentation requirements and anti-abuse provisions. The European Commission has stated it will continue to support member states' efforts to develop a more coordinated approach to sanctions for the listed countries. EU legislation prohibits EU funds from being channeled or transited through entities in countries on the blacklist. Jurisdictions in which we operate could be put on the blacklist in the future.

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We are a Marshall Islands corporation with our headquarters in Bermuda. A majority of our subsidiaries are Marshall Islands entities and a number of our subsidiaries are either organized or registered in Bermuda. These jurisdictions have enacted economic substance laws and regulations with which we are obligated to comply. We believe that we and our subsidiaries are compliant with the Bermuda and the Marshall Islands economic substance requirements and do not foresee that these requirements will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. However, if there were a change in the requirements or interpretation thereof, or if there were an unexpected change to our operations, any such change could result in non-compliance with the economic substance legislation and related fines or other penalties, increased monitoring and audits, and dissolution of the non-compliant entity, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.
Information and Technology Risks
A cyber-attack could materially disrupt our business.

We rely on information technology systems and networks in our operations and the administration of our business. Cyber-attacks have increased in number and sophistication in recent years. Our operations could be targeted by individuals or groups seeking to sabotage or disrupt our information technology systems and networks, or to steal data. A successful cyber-attack could materially disrupt our operations, including the safety of our operations, or lead to unauthorized release of information or alteration of information on our systems. Any such attack or other breaches of our information technology systems could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our failure to comply with data privacy laws could damage our customer relationships and expose us to litigation risks and potential fines.

Data privacy is subject to frequently changing rules and regulations, which sometimes conflict among the various jurisdictions and countries in which we provide services and continue to develop in ways which we cannot predict, including with respect to evolving technologies such as cloud computing. The EU adopted the General Data Privacy Regulation (or GDPR), a comprehensive legal framework to govern data collection, use and sharing and related consumer privacy rights, which took effect in May 2018. The GDPR includes significant penalties for non-compliance. Our failure to adhere to or successfully implement processes in response to changing regulatory requirements in this area could result in legal liability or impairment to our reputation in the marketplace, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to an Investment in Our Securities
Because we are organized under the laws of the Marshall Islands, it may be difficult to serve us with legal process or enforce judgments against us, our directors or our management.

We are organized under the laws of the Marshall Islands, and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, a majority of our directors and officers are non-residents of the United States, and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these non-residents are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States. Even if successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Marshall Islands and of other jurisdictions may prevent or restrict the enforcement of a judgment against us or our assets or our directors and officers.
Tax Risks
In addition to the following risk factors, you should read "Item 4E – Taxation of the Company", "Item 10 – Additional Information – Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations" and "Item 10 – Additional Information – Non-United States Tax Considerations" for a more complete discussion of the expected material U.S. federal and non-U.S. income tax considerations relating to us and the ownership and disposition of our common stock.
U.S. tax authorities could treat us as a “passive foreign investment company,” which could have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders.
A non-U.S. entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be treated as a “passive foreign investment company” (or PFIC) for such purposes in any taxable year in which, after taking into account the income and assets of the corporation and, pursuant to a “look-through” rule, any other corporation or partnership in which the corporation directly or indirectly owns at least 25% of the stock or equity interests (by value), either (i) at least 75% of its gross income consists of “passive income” or (ii) at least 50% of the average value of the entity’s assets is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of “passive income.” For purposes of these tests, “passive income” includes dividends, interest, gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and rents and royalties other than rents and royalties that are received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business. By contrast, income derived from the performance of services does not constitute “passive income.”

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There are legal uncertainties involved in determining whether the income derived from our and our look-through subsidiaries' time-chartering activities constitutes rental income or income derived from the performance of services, including the decision in Tidewater Inc. v. United States, 565 F.3d 299 (5th Cir. 2009), which held that income derived from certain time-chartering activities should be treated as rental income rather than services income for purposes of a foreign sales corporation provision of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (or the Code). However, the Internal Revenue Service (or the IRS) stated in an Action on Decision (AOD 2010-01) that it disagrees with, and will not acquiesce to, the way that the rental versus services framework was applied to the facts in the Tidewater decision, and in its discussion stated that the time charters at issue in Tidewater would be treated as producing services income for PFIC purposes. The IRS’s statement with respect to Tidewater cannot be relied upon or otherwise cited as precedent by taxpayers. Consequently, in the absence of any binding legal authority specifically relating to the statutory provisions governing PFICs, there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court would not follow the Tidewater decision in interpreting the PFIC provisions of the Code. Nevertheless, based on our and our look-through subsidiaries' current assets and operations, we intend to take the position that we are not now and have never been a PFIC. No assurance can be given, however, that this position would be sustained by a court if contested by the IRS or that we would not constitute a PFIC for any future taxable year if there were to be changes in our and our look-through subsidiaries' assets, income or operations.

If the IRS were to determine that we are or have been a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined below under "Item 10 – Additional Information – Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations") held our common stock, such U.S. Holder would face adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. For a more comprehensive discussion regarding the tax consequences to U.S. Holders if we are treated as a PFIC, please read "Item 10 – Additional Information – Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations – United States Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders – Consequences of Possible PFIC Classification".
We are subject to taxes, which reduces our cash available for distribution to shareholders.
We or our subsidiaries are subject to tax in certain jurisdictions in which we or our subsidiaries are organized, own assets or have operations, which reduces the amount of our cash available for distribution. In computing our tax obligations in these jurisdictions, we are required to take various tax accounting and reporting positions, including in certain cases estimates, on matters that are not entirely free from doubt and for which we may not have received rulings from the governing authorities. We cannot assure you that upon review of these positions, the applicable authorities will agree with our positions. A successful challenge by a tax authority could result in additional tax imposed on us or our subsidiaries, further reducing the cash available for distribution. We have established reserves in our financial statements that we believe are adequate to cover our liability for any such additional taxes. We cannot assure you, however, that such reserves will be sufficient to cover any additional tax liability that may be imposed on our subsidiaries. In addition, changes in our operations or ownership could result in additional tax being imposed on us or on our subsidiaries in jurisdictions in which operations are conducted. For example, changes in the ownership of our stock may cause us to be unable to claim an exemption from U.S. federal income tax under Section 883 of the Code. If we were not exempt from tax under Section 883 of the Code, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on income we earn from voyages into or out of the United States, the amount of which is not within our complete control. In addition, we may rely on an exemption to be deemed non-resident in Canada for Canadian tax purposes under subsection 250(6) of the Canada Income Tax Act for (i) corporations whose principal business is international shipping and that derive all or substantially all of their revenue from international shipping, and (ii) corporations that are holding companies that have over half of the cost base of their investments in eligible international shipping subsidiaries and receive substantially all of their revenue as dividends from those eligible international shipping subsidiaries exempt under subsection 250(6). If we were to cease to qualify for the subsection 250(6) exemption, we could be subject to Canadian income tax and also Canadian withholding tax on outbound distributions, which could have an adverse effect on our operating results. In addition, to the extent Teekay Corporation were to distribute dividends as a corporation determined to be resident in Canada, stockholders who are not resident in Canada for purposes of the Canada Income Tax Act would generally be subject to Canadian withholding tax in respect of such dividends paid by Teekay Corporation.

Typically, most of our and our subsidiaries' time-charter and spot-voyage charter contracts require the charterer to reimburse us for a certain period of time in respect of taxes incurred as a consequence of the voyage activities of our vessels, while performing under the relevant charter. However, our rights to reimbursement under charter contracts may not survive for as long as the applicable tax statutes of limitations in the jurisdictions in which we operate. As such, we may not be able to obtain reimbursement from our charterers where any applicable taxes that are not paid before the contractual claim period has expired.
Item 4.Information on the Company
A.Overview, History and Development
Overview
Teekay Corporation is an operational leader, project developer and portfolio manager in the marine midstream space. We primarily provide oil and gas transportation services to the world’s leading oil and gas companies. We generate a significant portion of revenue from long-term, fixed-rate contracts with a diverse base of energy and utility companies. Over the past 20 years, we have undergone a transformation from being primarily an owner of ships in the cyclical spot tanker business to expanding into the liquefied natural gas (or LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (or LPG) shipping sectors through our publicly-listed subsidiary Teekay LNG Partners L.P. (NYSE: TGP) (or Teekay LNG), continuing our conventional tanker business through our publicly-listed subsidiary Teekay Tankers Ltd. (NYSE: TNK) (or Teekay Tankers), and now operating on a limited basis in the offshore production sector through our ownership of TPO AS.

The combined Teekay entities operate total assets under management of approximately $9 billion, comprised of approximately 135 liquefied gas, offshore, and conventional tanker assets (excluding vessels managed for third parties). With offices in 10 countries and approximately 5,350 seagoing and shore-based employees, Teekay provides a comprehensive set of marine services to the world’s leading oil and gas companies. We are one of the world’s largest independent owners and operators of LNG carriers and one of the world’s largest owners and operators of mid-sized crude tankers. Our organizational structure can be divided into our controlling interests in our publicly-listed subsidiaries, Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers (or the Daughter Entities), and Teekay and its remaining subsidiaries (or Teekay Parent).
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Our business strategy across the Teekay Group is focused on the following:
Generate attractive long-term risk-adjusted returns, utilizing our market leading positions, global footprint and operational excellence;
Offer a wide breadth of marine midstream solutions to meet our customers’ needs; and
Provide superior customer service by maintaining high reliability, safety, environmental and quality standards.

As of January 1, 2021, the Teekay group had approximately $9 billion of contracted, forward fixed-rate revenues. The revenue-weighted average remaining term of the Teekay group’s contracts was approximately 10.4 years as of January 1, 2021, excluding spot market contracts and extension options. “Revenue-weighted average” represents the average remaining fixed contract duration of the applicable contracts, weighted on the basis of aggregate fixed forward payments to be received from each operating segment, excluding extension options. Fixed forward payments for our equity-accounted investments and joint ventures are proportionately adjusted in the calculation to reflect our ownership interests in such investments and joint ventures.

Teekay LNG includes all of our LNG and LPG carriers. LNG carriers are usually chartered to carry LNG pursuant to time-charter contracts, where a vessel is hired for a fixed period of time. LPG carriers are mainly chartered to carry LPG and ammonia on time charters, on contracts of affreightment or spot voyage charters. As of December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG’s fleet had a total cargo carrying capacity of approximately 8.9 million cubic meters. Please read “– B. Operations – Our Fleet.”

Teekay Tankers includes all of our conventional crude oil tankers and product carriers. Teekay Tankers' conventional crude oil tankers and product tankers primarily operate in the spot tanker market or are subject to time charters or contracts of affreightment that are priced on a spot market basis or are short-term, fixed-rate contracts. Teekay Tankers considers contracts that have an original term of less than one year in duration to be short-term. Certain of its conventional crude oil tankers and product tankers are on fixed-rate time-charter contracts with an initial duration of at least one year. Our conventional Aframax, Suezmax, and large product tankers are among the vessels included in Teekay Tankers. Please read “– B. Operations – Our Fleet.”

We have chartering staff located in Singapore; London, England; and Houston, USA. Each office serves our clients headquartered in that office’s region. Fleet operations, vessel positions and charter market rates are monitored around the clock. We believe that monitoring such information is critical to making informed bids on competitive brokered business.

Teekay Parent currently owns three FPSO units; however, Teekay Parent does not intend to retain these assets over the long term. Please read “– B. Operations – Teekay Parent.”

The Teekay organization was founded in 1973. We maintain our principal executive office at 4th Floor, Belvedere Building, 69 Pitts Bay Road, Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda. Our telephone number at such address is (441) 298-2530.

The SEC maintains an Internet site at www.sec.gov, that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Our website is www.teekay.com. The information contained on our website is not part of this annual report.
Our Ownership of the Daughter Entities and Recent Equity Offerings and Transactions by Daughter Entities
Our ownership of Teekay Tankers was 28.6% as of December 31, 2020. We maintain voting control of Teekay Tankers through our ownership of shares of Class A and Class B Common Stock and continue to consolidate this subsidiary. Our ownership of Teekay LNG was 42.4% (including our general partner interest) as of December 31, 2020. We maintain control of Teekay LNG by virtue of our control of the general partner and continue to consolidate this subsidiary. Please read “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 4 – Equity Financing Transactions of the Daughter Entities.”

In May 2019, we sold our then remaining interests in Altera to Brookfield (or the 2019 Brookfield Transaction).

Please read “Item 5 – Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Developments and Results of Operations” for more information on recent transactions.
Seasonality of our operations
Our tankers operate in markets that have historically exhibited seasonal variations in tanker demand and, therefore, in spot-charter rates. This seasonality may result in quarter-to-quarter volatility in our results of operations. Tanker markets are typically stronger in the winter months as a result of increased oil consumption in the northern hemisphere but weaker in the summer months as a result of lower oil consumption in the northern hemisphere and refinery maintenance. In addition, unpredictable weather patterns during the winter months tend to disrupt vessel scheduling, which historically has increased oil price volatility and oil trading activities in the winter months. As a result, revenues generated by the tankers in our fleet have historically been weaker during our fiscal quarters ended June 30 and September 30, and stronger in our fiscal quarters ended December 31 and March 31.

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B.Operations
We have three primary lines of business: liquefied gas carriers, conventional tankers, and offshore production (FPSO units). We manage these businesses for the benefit of all stakeholders. We allocate capital and assess performance from the separate perspectives of Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers, and Teekay Parent, as well as from the perspective of the lines of business (the Line of Business approach). The primary focus of our organizational structure, internal reporting and allocation of resources by the chief operating decision maker, is on Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers, and Teekay Parent (the Legal Entity approach). However, we continue to incorporate the Line of Business approach as in certain cases there is more than one line of business in each of Teekay LNG, Teekay Tankers and Teekay Parent, and we believe this information allows a better understanding of our performance and prospects for future net cash flows.

Teekay LNG

Teekay LNG’s vessels primarily compete in the LNG and LPG markets. LNG carriers are usually chartered to carry LNG pursuant to time-charter contracts, where a vessel is hired for a fixed period of time and the charter rate is payable to the owner on a monthly basis and in advance. LNG shipping historically has been transacted with long-term, fixed-rate time-charter contracts. LNG projects require significant capital expenditures and typically involve an integrated chain of dedicated facilities and cooperative activities. Accordingly, the overall success of an LNG project depends heavily on long-range planning and coordination of project activities, including marine transportation. Most shipping requirements for new LNG projects continue to be provided on a long-term basis, though the level of spot voyages (typically consisting of a single voyage), short-term time-charters and medium-term time-charters have grown in recent years.

In the LNG market, Teekay LNG competes principally with other private and state-controlled energy and utilities companies that generally operate captive fleets, and independent ship owners and operators. Many major energy companies compete directly with independent owners by transporting LNG for third parties in addition to their own LNG. Given the complex, long-term nature of LNG projects, major energy companies historically have transported LNG through their captive fleets. However, independent fleet operators have been obtaining an increasing percentage of charters for new or expanded LNG projects as some major energy companies have continued to divest non-core businesses.

LNG carriers transport LNG internationally between liquefaction facilities and import terminals. After natural gas is transported by pipeline from production fields to a liquefaction facility, it is supercooled to a temperature of approximately negative 260 degrees Fahrenheit. This process reduces its volume to approximately 1/600th of its volume in a gaseous state. The reduced volume facilitates economical storage and transportation by ship over long distances, enabling countries with limited natural gas reserves or limited access to long-distance transmission pipelines to meet their demand for natural gas. LNG carriers include a sophisticated containment system that holds the LNG and provides insulation to reduce the amount of LNG that boils off naturally. That natural boil off is either used as fuel to power the engines on the ship or it can be reliquified and put back into the tanks. LNG is transported overseas in specially built tanks on double-hulled ships to a receiving terminal, where it is offloaded and stored in insulated tanks. In regasification facilities at the receiving terminal, the LNG is returned to its gaseous state (or regasified) and then shipped by pipeline for distribution to natural gas customers.

With the exception of the Arctic Spirit and Polar Spirit, which are the only two ships in the world that utilize the Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Industries Self Supporting Prismatic Tank IMO Type B (or IHI SPB) independent tank technology, Teekay LNG's fleet makes use of one of the Gaz Transport and Technigaz (or GTT) membrane containment systems. The GTT membrane systems are used in the majority of LNG tankers now being constructed. New LNG carriers generally have an expected lifespan of approximately 35 to 40 years. Unlike the oil tanker industry, there are currently no regulations that require the phase-out from trading of LNG carriers after they reach a certain age. As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG's LNG carriers, including equity-accounted vessels, had an average age of approximately eight years, compared to the world LNG carrier fleet average age of approximately 10 years. In addition, as at that date, there were approximately 622 vessels in the world LNG fleet and approximately 163 additional LNG carriers under construction or on order for delivery through 2023, inclusive of floating storage units and floating storage regasification units.

In the LPG market, Teekay LNG competes principally with independent ship owners and operators, and other private and state-controlled energy and chemical companies that generally operate captive fleets.

LPG shipping involves the transportation of three main categories of cargo: liquid petroleum gases, including propane, butane and ethane; petrochemical gases including ethylene, propylene and butadiene; and ammonia. LPG carriers are mainly chartered to carry LPG on time-charters, contracts of affreightment or spot voyage charters. The two largest consumers of LPG are residential users and the petrochemical industry. Residential users, particularly in developing regions where electricity and gas pipelines are not developed, do not have fuel switching alternatives and generally are not LPG price sensitive. The petrochemical industry, however, has the ability to switch between LPG and other feedstock fuels depending on price and availability of alternatives. As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG's LPG and multi-gas carriers had an average age of approximately ten years compared to world average of 15 years as of December 31, 2020.

As of December 31, 2020, the worldwide LPG carrier fleet consisted of approximately 1,498 vessels and approximately 99 additional LPG vessels on order for delivery through 2023. LPG carriers range in size from approximately 100 to approximately 98,000 cubic meters (or cbm). Approximately 41% (in terms of vessel numbers) of the worldwide fleet is less than 5,000 cbm. New LPG carriers generally have an expected lifespan of approximately 30 to 35 years.

Teekay LNG includes all of our LNG and LPG carriers. As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG had ownership interests in 47 LNG carriers. In addition, as at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG had full ownership of seven LPG carriers and 50% ownership, through its 50% joint venture agreement with Exmar LPG BVBA (or the Exmar LPG Joint Venture), in another 20 LPG carriers and three chartered-in LPG carriers.
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Teekay Tankers
Teekay Tankers owns all of our conventional crude oil tankers and product carriers. Our conventional crude oil tankers and product tankers primarily operate in the spot-tanker market or are subject to time charters or contracts of affreightment that are priced on a spot-market basis or are short-term, fixed-rate contracts. We consider contracts that have an original term of less than one year in duration to be short-term. Certain of our conventional crude oil tankers and product tankers are on fixed-rate time-charter contracts with an initial duration of at least one year.

Most of Teekay Tankers’ conventional tankers operate pursuant to revenue sharing agreements (or RSAs). The RSAs are designed to spread the costs and risks associated with operation of vessels and to share the net revenues (revenues less voyage expenses and other applicable expenses) earned by all of the vessels in the RSA, based on the actual earning days each vessel is available and the relative performance capabilities, including speed and bunker consumption of each vessel. The performance capabilities of each vessel are adjusted on standard intervals based on current data. In addition, Teekay Tankers' share of the net revenues includes additional amounts, consisting of a per vessel per day fee and a percentage of the gross revenues related to the vessels of third-party vessel owners, based on their responsibilities in employing the vessels subject to the RSAs on voyage charters or time-charters. As of December 31, 2020, 43 of Teekay Tankers' owned and leased vessels and three of Teekay Tankers' time-chartered in vessels operated in the spot market through employment on spot voyage charters. 21 of Teekay Tankers' Suezmax tankers, 12 of the Aframax tankers and six of the LR2 product tankers in its fleet, as well as 18 vessels not in its fleet and owned by third parties, were subject to RSAs. The vessels subject to the RSAs are employed and operated in the spot market or pursuant to time charters of less than one year.

Teekay Tankers’ vessels compete primarily in the Aframax and Suezmax tanker markets. In these markets, international seaborne oil and other petroleum products transportation services are provided by two main types of operators: captive fleets of major oil companies (both private and state-owned) and independent ship-owner fleets. Many major oil companies and other oil trading companies, the primary charterers of our vessels, also operate their own vessels and transport their own oil and oil for third-party charterers in direct competition with independent owners and operators. Competition for charters in the Aframax and Suezmax spot charter market is intense and is based upon price, location, the size, age, condition and acceptability of the vessel, and the reputation of the vessel’s manager.

Teekay Tankers competes principally with other owners in the spot-charter market through the global tanker charter market. This market is comprised of tanker broker companies that represent both charterers and ship-owners in chartering transactions. Within this market, some transactions, referred to as “market cargoes,” are offered by charterers through two or more brokers simultaneously and shown to the widest possible range of owners; other transactions, referred to as “private cargoes,” are given by the charterer to only one broker and shown selectively to a limited number of owners whose tankers are most likely to be acceptable to the charterer and are in position to undertake the voyage.

Teekay Tankers’ competition in the Aframax (85,000 to 124,999 dwt) market is also affected by the availability of other size vessels that compete in that market. Suezmax (125,000 to 199,999 dwt) vessels and Panamax (55,000 to 84,999 dwt) vessels can compete for many of the same charters for which our Aframax tankers compete; Aframax size vessels and VLCCs (200,000 to 319,999 dwt) can compete for many of the same charters for which our Suezmax tankers may compete. Because of their large size, Very Large Crude Carriers (or VLCCs) and Ultra Large Crude Carriers (or ULCCs) (320,000+ dwt) rarely compete directly with Aframax tankers, and ULCCs rarely compete with Suezmax tankers for specific charters. However, because VLCCs and ULCCs comprise a substantial portion of the total capacity of the market, movements by such vessels into Suezmax trades and of Suezmax vessels into Aframax trades would heighten the already intense competition.

Teekay Tankers also competes in the Long Range 2 (or LR2) (85,000 to 109,999 dwt) product tanker market. Competition in the LR2 product tanker market is affected by the availability of other size vessels that compete in the market. Long Range 1 (or LR1) (55,000-84,999 dwt) size vessels can compete for many of the same charters for which Teekay Tankers' LR2 tankers compete.

The operation of tanker vessels, as well as the seaborne transportation of crude oil and refined petroleum products, is a competitive market. There are several large operators of Aframax, Suezmax, and LR2 tonnage that provide these services globally.

Teekay Tankers believes that it has competitive advantages in the Aframax and Suezmax tanker market as a result of the quality, type and dimensions of its vessels and its market share in the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Basins. As of December 31, 2020, its Aframax/LR2 tanker fleet had an average age of approximately 12.2 years and its Suezmax tanker fleet had an average age of approximately 11.0 years. This compares to an average age for the world oil tanker fleet of approximately 11.3 years, for the world Aframax/LR2 tanker fleet of approximately 11.2 years and for the world Suezmax tanker fleet of approximately 10.3 years.

Teekay Tankers acquired a ship-to-ship transfer business (now known as Teekay Marine Solutions or TMS) in July 2015 from a company jointly owned by Teekay and I.M. Skaugen SE (or Skaugen). TMS provided a full suite of ship-to-ship transfer services in the oil, gas and dry bulk industries. In addition to full service lightering and lightering support, it also provided consultancy, terminal management and project development services. In April 2020, Teekay Tankers completed the sale of its non-U.S. portion of the TMS business, as well as its LNG terminal management business.
Teekay Parent
Our long-term vision is for Teekay Parent to be primarily a portfolio manager and project developer with the Teekay Group’s fixed assets primarily owned directly by its Daughter Entities. Our primary financial objectives for Teekay Parent are to increase the value of our investments in Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers, increase Teekay Parent’s free cash flow per share and, as a service provider to its Daughter Entities and to third parties, provide scale and other benefits across the Teekay Group. We also intend to (a) continue to reduce debt of Teekay Parent, including by selling assets in the future and using the net proceeds to repay debt and (b) seek to increase the distributions of Teekay LNG in a sustainable manner and consider paying dividends from Teekay Tankers from time to time, balanced with other capital allocation priorities.
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FPSO Units
FPSO units are offshore production facilities that are ship-shaped or cylindrical-shaped and store processed crude oil in tanks located in the hull of the vessel. FPSO units are typically used as production facilities to develop marginal oil fields or deepwater areas remote from existing pipeline infrastructure. Of four major types of floating production systems, FPSO units are the most common type. Typically, the other types of floating production systems do not have significant storage and need to be connected into a pipeline system or use an FSO unit for storage. FPSO units are less weight-sensitive than other types of floating production systems and their extensive deck area provides flexibility in process plant layouts. In addition, the ability to utilize surplus or aging tanker hulls for conversion to an FPSO unit provides a relatively inexpensive solution compared to the new construction of other floating production systems. A majority of the cost of an FPSO comes from its top-side production equipment and thus, FPSO units are expensive relative to conventional tankers. An FPSO unit carries on board all the necessary production and processing facilities normally associated with a fixed production platform. As the name suggests, FPSO units are not fixed permanently to the seabed but are designed to be moored at one location for long periods of time. In a typical FPSO unit installation, the untreated well-stream is brought to the surface via subsea equipment on the sea floor that is connected to the FPSO unit by flexible flow lines called risers. The risers carry oil, gas and water from the ocean floor to the vessel, which processes it on board. The resulting crude oil is stored in the hull of the vessel and subsequently transferred to tankers either via a buoy or tandem loading system for transport to shore.

Traditionally for large field developments, the major oil companies have owned and operated new, custom-built FPSO units. FPSO units for smaller fields have generally been provided by independent FPSO contractors under life-of-field production contracts, where the contract’s duration is for the useful life of the oil field. FPSO units have been used to develop offshore fields around the world since the late 1970s. Most independent FPSO contractors have backgrounds in marine energy transportation, oil field services or oil field engineering and construction.
The Sevan Hummingbird FPSO unit is on a charter contract with Spirit Energy Ltd (or Spirit Energy) in the North Sea until March 2023. The contract is based on a fixed charter rate and is subject to early termination options.
In March 2020, Teekay Parent entered into a new bareboat charter contract with the existing charterer of the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO unit, which can be extended up to December 2030. Under the terms of the new contract, Teekay Parent received a cash payment of $67 million in April 2020 and will receive a nominal per day rate over the life of the contract and a lump sum payment at the end of the contract period, which is expected to cover the costs of recycling the FPSO unit in accordance with the EU ship recycling regulations.
Oil production under the existing contract for the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit ceased on June 1, 2020, at which time Teekay Parent began incurring decommissioning/asset retirement costs. Under the agreement with the customer, Teekay Parent has until June 2023 to complete the required decommissioning work. In December 2020, Teekay Parent entered into a contract to recycle the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit in Denmark in 2021.
Our Consolidated Fleet under Management
As at December 31, 2020, Teekay and its Daughter Entities operated under management a fleet of 140 vessels (excluding vessels managed for third parties), including chartered-in vessels but excluding an Aframax tanker newbuilding that is scheduled to be delivered in the fourth quarter of 2022 under a seven-year time charter-in contract. The following table summarizes our fleet under management as at December 31, 2020:
Owned and Leased
Vessels 
Chartered-in 
Vessels
Total
Teekay LNG
Gas
LNG Vessels 47  (1) —  47 
LPG/Multigas Vessels 27  (2) (3) 30 
74 
  
77 
Teekay Tankers
Conventional Tankers
Aframax Tankers 17  19 
Suezmax Tankers 26  —  26 
VLCC Tanker (4) — 
Product Tankers    10 
STS Support Vessels —    
53     59 
Teekay Parent
FPSO Units    — 
FSO Unit —  (5)
  
Total 130     10  140 
(1)Includes a 70% interest in five LNG carriers, a 52% interest in six LNG carriers, a 50% interest in seven LNG carriers, a 40% interest in four LNG carriers, a 33% interest in four LNG carriers, a 30% interest in two LNG carriers, and a 20% interest in two LNG carriers.
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(2)Includes a 50% interest in 20 LPG carriers.
(3)Includes a 50% interest in all three LPG carriers.
(4)VLCC is 50%-owned by Teekay Tankers.
(5)The in-charter contract for the Suksan Salamander FSO unit was terminated in March 2021.

Our vessels are of Bahamian, Belgian, Danish International Register, Hong Kong, Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Singapore, and Spanish registry.

Many of our Aframax and Suezmax vessels have been designed and constructed as substantially identical sister ships. These vessels can, in many situations, be interchanged, providing scheduling flexibility and greater capacity utilization. In addition, spare parts and technical knowledge can be applied to all the vessels in the particular series, thereby generating operating efficiencies. In addition to the vessels shown in the above table, Teekay LNG also owns a 30% interest in an LNG receiving and regasification terminal in Bahrain.

Please read “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 8 – Long-Term Debt” for information with respect to major encumbrances against our vessels.
Safety, Management of Ship Operations and Administration
Safety and Environmental Compliance are our top operational priorities. We operate our vessels in a manner intended to protect the safety and health of our employees, and to minimize the impact on the environment and society. We seek to effectively manage risk in the organization using a three-tiered approach at an operational, management and corporate level, enabling a clear line of sight throughout the organization. All of our operational employees receive training in the use of risk tools and the management system. We also have an approved competency management system in place to ensure our seafarers continue their professional development and are competent before being promoted to more senior roles.

We believe in continuous improvement, which has seen our safety and environmental culture develop over a significant time period. Health, Safety and Environmental Program milestones include the roll-out of our Environmental Leadership Program (2005), Safety in Action (2007), Quality Assurance and Training Officer Program (2008), Operational Leadership - The Journey (2010), E-Colours (2014), Significant Incident Potential (2015), Navigation Handbook (2016), Risk Tool Handbook (2017), Safety Management System upgrade (2018), and our recently revised Operational Leadership - The Journey. The Operational Leadership booklet sets out our operational expectations and responsibilities and contains our safety commitments, environmental commitments, leadership commitments and our Health, Safety, Security and Environmental & Quality Assurance Policy, which is signed by all employees and empowers them to work safely, to live Teekay’s vision, and to look after one another.

Key performance indicators facilitate regular monitoring of our operational performance. Targets are set on an annual basis to drive continuous improvement, and indicators are reviewed quarterly to determine if remedial action is necessary to reach the targets.

We, through certain of our subsidiaries, assist our operating subsidiaries in managing their ship operations. All vessels are operated under our comprehensive and integrated Safety Management System that complies with the International Safety Management Code (or ISM Code), the International Standards Organization’s (or ISO) 9001 for Quality Assurance, ISO 14001 for Environment Management Systems, ISO 45001 for Occupational Health and Safety Management System and the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 (MLC 2006) that became effective in 2013. The management system is certified by Det Norske Veritas Germanischer Lloyd (or DNV-GL), the Norwegian classification society. It has also been separately approved by the Australian and Spanish flag administrations. Although certification is valid for five years, compliance with the above-mentioned standards is confirmed on a yearly basis by a rigorous auditing procedure that includes both internal audits as well as external verification audits by DNV-GL and certain flag states.

Since 2010, we have produced a publicly available sustainability report that reflects the efforts, achievements, results and challenges faced by us and our affiliates relating to several key areas, including emissions, climate change, corporate social responsibility, diversity and health, safety environment and quality. We recognize the significance of ESG considerations and in 2020, set an ESG strategy foundation which will direct our efforts and performance in the years ahead. Our strategy is focused on three broad areas; allocate capital to support the global energy transition, operate our existing fleets as safely and efficiently as possible, and further strengthen our ESG profile. Annual targets are set for the organization and are closely monitored.

We provide, through certain of our subsidiaries, expertise in various functions critical to the operations of our operating subsidiaries. We believe this arrangement affords a safe, efficient and cost-effective operation. Our subsidiaries also provide to us access to human resources, financial and other administrative functions pursuant to administrative services agreements.

Critical ship management functions undertaken by our subsidiaries are:

vessel maintenance (including repairs and dry docking) and certification;
crewing by competent seafarers;
procurement of stores, bunkers and spare parts;
management of emergencies and incidents;
supervision of shipyard and projects during new-building, conversions, lay up and recycling;
terminal support;
insurance; and
financial management services.

These functions are supported by onboard and onshore systems for maintenance, inventory, purchasing and budget management.
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Our day-to-day focus on cost efficiencies is applied to all aspects of our operations. In 2003, Teekay Corporation and two other shipping companies established a purchasing cooperation agreement called the TBW Alliance, which leverages the purchasing power of the combined fleets, mainly in such commodity areas as marine lubricants, coatings and chemicals and gases.
Risk of Loss and Insurance
The operation of any ocean-going vessel or facility carries an inherent risk of catastrophic marine disasters, death or injury of persons and property losses caused by adverse weather conditions, mechanical failures, human error, war, terrorism, piracy and other circumstances or events. In addition, the transportation and transfer/lightering of crude oil, petroleum products, LNG and LPG is subject to the risk of spills and to business interruptions due to political circumstances in foreign countries, hostilities, labor strikes, sanctions and boycotts, whether relating to us or any of our joint venture partners, suppliers or customers. The occurrence of any of these events may result in loss of revenues or increased costs.

We carry hull and machinery (marine and war risks) and protection and indemnity insurance coverage, and other liability insurance, to protect against most of the accident-related risks involved in the conduct of our business. Hull and machinery insurance covers loss of or damage to a vessel due to marine perils such as collision, grounding and weather. Protection and indemnity insurance indemnifies us against liabilities incurred while operating vessels, including injury to our crew or third parties, cargo loss and pollution. The current maximum amount of our coverage for pollution is $1 billion per vessel per incident. We also carry insurance policies covering war risks (including piracy and terrorism) and, for some of our LNG carriers, loss of revenues resulting from vessel off-hire time due to a marine casualty.

We believe that our current insurance coverage is adequate to protect against most of the accident-related risks involved in the conduct of our business and that we maintain appropriate levels of environmental damage and pollution insurance coverage. However, we cannot guarantee that all covered risks are adequately insured against, that any particular claim will be paid or that we will be able to procure adequate insurance coverage at commercially reasonable rates in the future. More stringent environmental regulations have resulted in increased costs for, and may result in the lack of availability of, insurance against risks of environmental damage or pollution. In addition, the cost of protection and indemnity insurance has significantly increased during 2021.

In our operations, we use a thorough risk management program that includes, among other things, risk analysis tools, maintenance and assessment programs, a seafarers' competence training program, seafarers' workshops and membership in emergency response organizations.

We have achieved certification under the standards reflected in ISO 9001 for quality assurance, ISO 14001 for environment management systems, ISO 45001:2018, and the IMO’s International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and Pollution Prevention on a fully integrated basis.
Operations Outside of the United States
Because our operations are primarily conducted outside of the United States, we are affected by currency fluctuations, to the extent we do not contract in U.S. dollars, and by changing economic, political and governmental conditions in the countries where we engage in business or where our vessels are registered. Past political conflicts in those regions, particularly in the Arabian Gulf, have included attacks on tankers, mining of waterways and other efforts to disrupt shipping in the area. Vessels trading in certain regions have also been subject to acts of piracy. In addition to tankers, targets of terrorist attacks could include oil pipelines, LNG facilities and offshore oil fields. The escalation of existing or the outbreak of future, hostilities or other political instability in regions where we operate could affect our trade patterns, increase insurance costs, increase tanker operational costs and otherwise adversely affect our operations and performance. In addition, tariffs, trade embargoes, and other economic sanctions by the United States or other countries against countries in the Indo-Pacific Basin or elsewhere as a result of terrorist attacks or otherwise may limit trading activities with those countries, which could also adversely affect our operations and performance.
Customers
We have derived, and believe that we will continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenues from a limited number of customers. Our customers include major energy and utility companies, major oil traders, large oil and LNG consumers and petroleum product producers, government agencies, and various other entities that depend upon marine transportation. No customer accounted for over 10% of our consolidated revenues during 2020 (2019 – one customer for 12%, or $227.6 million; 2018 – one customer for 11%, or $195.0 million). The loss of any significant customer or a substantial decline in the amount of services requested by a significant customer, or the inability of a significant customer to pay for our services, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Flag, Classification, Audits and Inspections
Our vessels are registered with reputable flag states, and the hull and machinery of all of our vessels have been “Classed” by one of the major classification societies and members of International Association of Classification Societies ltd (or IACS): Bureau Veritas (or BV), Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, the American Bureau of Shipping or DNV-GL.

The applicable classification society certifies that the vessel’s design and build conform to the applicable Class rules and meets the requirements of the applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and the international conventions to which that country is a signatory. The classification society also verifies throughout the vessel’s life that it continues to be maintained in accordance with those rules. In order to validate this, the vessels are surveyed by the classification society, in accordance with the classification society rules, which in the case of our vessels follows a comprehensive five-year special survey cycle, renewed every fifth year. During each five-year period, the vessel undergoes annual and intermediate surveys, the scrutiny and intensity of which is primarily dictated by the age of the vessel.

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In addition to class surveys, the vessel’s flag state also verifies the condition of the vessel during annual flag state inspections, either independently or by additional authorization to class. Also, port state authorities of a vessel’s port of call are authorized under international conventions to undertake regular and spot checks of vessels visiting their jurisdiction.

Processes followed onboard are audited by either the flag state or the classification society acting on behalf of the flag state to ensure that they meet the requirements of the ISM Code. DNV-GL typically carries out this task. We also follow an internal process of internal audits undertaken annually at each office and vessel.

We follow a comprehensive inspections scheme supported by our sea staff, shore-based operational and technical specialists and members of our QATO program. We typically carry out a minimum of two such inspections annually, which helps ensure that:

our vessels and operations adhere to our operating standards;
the structural integrity of the vessel is being maintained;
machinery and equipment are being maintained to give reliable service;
we are optimizing performance in terms of speed and fuel consumption; and
our vessels’ appearance supports our brand and meets customer expectations.

Our customers also often carry out vetting inspections under the Ship Inspection Report Program, which is a significant safety initiative introduced by the Oil Companies International Marine Forum to specifically address concerns about sub-standard vessels. The inspection results permit charterers to screen a vessel to ensure that it meets their general and specific risk-based shipping requirements.

We believe that the heightened environmental and quality concerns of insurance underwriters, regulators and charterers will generally lead to greater scrutiny, inspection and safety requirements on all vessels in the oil tanker and LNG and LPG carrier markets and will accelerate the scrapping or phasing out of older vessels throughout these markets.

Overall, we believe that our well-maintained and high-quality vessels provide us with a competitive advantage in the current environment of increasing regulation and customer emphasis on quality of service.
Regulations
General
Our business and the operation of our vessels are significantly affected by international conventions and national, state and local laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which our vessels operate, as well as in the country or countries of their registration. Because these conventions, laws and regulations change frequently, we cannot predict the ultimate cost of compliance or their impact on the resale price or useful life of our vessels. Additional conventions, laws, and regulations may be adopted that could limit our ability to do business or increase the cost of our doing business, and that may materially affect our operations. We are required by various governmental and quasi-governmental agencies to obtain permits, licenses, and certificates with respect to our operations. Subject to the discussion below and to the fact that the kinds of permits, licenses and certificates required for the operations of the vessels we own will depend on a number of factors, we believe that we will be able to continue to obtain all permits, licenses and certificates material to the conduct of our operations.
International Maritime Organization
The IMO is the United Nations’ agency for maritime safety and prevention of pollution. IMO regulations relating to pollution prevention for oil tankers have been adopted by many of the jurisdictions in which our tanker fleet operates. Under IMO regulations and subject to limited exceptions, a tanker must be of double-hull construction in accordance with the requirements set out in these regulations or be of another approved design ensuring the same level of protection against oil pollution. All of our tankers and gas carriers are double-hulled.
Many countries, but not the United States, have ratified and follow the liability regime adopted by the IMO and set out in the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, as amended (or CLC). Under this convention, a vessel’s registered owner is strictly liable for pollution damage caused in the territorial waters of a contracting state by discharge of persistent oil (e.g., crude oil, fuel oil, heavy diesel oil or lubricating oil), subject to certain defenses. The right to limit liability to specified amounts that are periodically revised is forfeited under the CLC when the spill is caused by the owner’s actual fault or when the spill is caused by the owner’s intentional or reckless conduct. Vessels trading to contracting states must provide evidence of insurance covering the limited liability of the owner. In jurisdictions where the CLC has not been adopted, various legislative regimes or common law governs, and liability is imposed either on the basis of fault or in a manner similar to the CLC.
IMO regulations also include the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (or SOLAS), including amendments to SOLAS implementing the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (or ISPS), the ISM Code, the International Convention on Load Lines of 1966, and, specifically with respect to LNG and LPG carriers, the International Code for Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (the IGC Code) and International Code for Ships operating in Polar Waters (or Polar Code). SOLAS provides rules for the construction of and the equipment required for commercial vessels and includes regulations for their safe operation. Flag states which have ratified the convention and the treaty generally employ the classification societies, which have incorporated SOLAS requirements into their class rules, to undertake surveys to confirm compliance.
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SOLAS and other IMO regulations concerning safety, including those relating to treaties on the training of shipboard personnel, lifesaving appliances, navigation, radio equipment and the global maritime distress and safety system, are applicable to our operations. Non-compliance with IMO regulations, including SOLAS, the ISM Code, ISPS Code, IGC Code for LNG and LPG carriers and Polar Code may subject us to increased liability or penalties, may lead to decreases in available insurance coverage for affected vessels and may result in the denial of access to or detention in some ports. For example, the United States Coast Guard (or USCG) and European Union authorities have indicated that vessels not in compliance with the ISM Code will be prohibited from trading in the United States and European Union ports. The ISM Code requires vessel operators to obtain a safety management certification for each vessel they manage, evidencing the shipowner’s development and maintenance of an extensive safety management system. Each of the existing vessels in our fleet is currently ISM Code-certified, and we obtain, a safety management certificate for each newbuilding on delivery.
LNG and LPG carriers are also subject to regulation under the IGC Code. Each LNG and LPG carrier must obtain a certificate of compliance evidencing that it meets the requirements of the IGC Code, including requirements relating to its design and construction. Each of our LNG and LPG carriers is currently IGC Code-compliant. Amendments to the IGC Code, aligning wheelhouse window fire-rating requirements with those in SOLAS chapter II-2, were adopted in 2016 and became effective on January 1, 2020.
Annex VI to the IMO’s International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (or MARPOL) (or Annex VI) sets limits on sulfur oxide (or SOx) and nitrogen oxide (or NOx) emissions from ship exhausts and prohibits emissions of ozone depleting substances, emissions of volatile compounds from cargo tanks and the incineration of specific substances. Annex VI also includes a world-wide cap on the sulfur content of fuel oil and allows for special “emission control areas” (or ECAs) to be established with more stringent controls on sulfur emissions. Annex VI provides for a three-tier reduction in NOx emissions from marine diesel engines, with the final tier (or Tier III) to apply to engines installed on vessels constructed on or after January 1, 2016, and which operate in the North American ECA or the U.S. Caribbean Sea ECA as well as ECAs designated in the future by the IMO. Tier III limits are 80% below Tier I and these cannot be achieved without additional means such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (or SCR). In October 2016, the IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee (or MEPC) approved the designation of the North Sea (including the English Channel) and the Baltic Sea as ECAs for NOx emissions; these ECAs and the related amendments to Annex VI of MARPOL (with some exceptions) entered into effect on January 1, 2019. This requirement will be applicable for new ships constructed on or after January 1, 2021 if they visit the Baltic or North Sea (including the English Channel) and requires the future trading area of a ship to be assessed at the contract stage. There are exemption provisions to allow ships with only Tier II engines, to navigate in a NOx Tier III ECA if the ship is departing from a shipyard where the ship is newly built or visiting a shipyard for conversion/repair/maintenance without loading/unloading cargoes.
Effective January 1, 2020, Annex VI imposes a global limit for sulfur in fuel oil used on board ships of 0.50% m/m (mass by mass), regardless of whether a ship is operating outside a designated ECA. The ECA limit of 0.10% will still apply, as will any applicable local regulations. Effective March 1, 2020, the carriage of non-compliant fuel is prohibited. To comply with the 2020 global sulfur limit for fuel, ships may utilize different fuels containing low or very low sulfur (e.g., low sulfur fuel oil (or LSFO), very low sulfur fuel oil (VLSFO), low sulfur marine gas oil (or LSMGO), biofuels or other compliant fuels such as LNG), or utilize exhaust gas cleaning systems, known as “scrubbers”. Amendments to the information to be included in bunker delivery notes relating to the supply of marine fuel oil to ships fitted with alternative mechanisms to address sulfur emission requirements (e.g., scrubbers) became effective January 1, 2019. At present, we have not installed any scrubbers on our existing gas fleet (nor do we have plans to do so). All of our LNG vessels are in compliance with 2020 global sulfur fuel regulations. Our fuel strategy is to use LNG as the primary fuel (except the Q-Flex LNG vessels) and compliant fuels as a secondary fuel.

We have implemented procedures to comply with the 2020 sulfur limit in our conventional tanker fleet. We switched to burning compliant low sulfur fuel before the January 1, 2020 implementation date; we have not installed any scrubbers on our conventional tanker fleet. Although the IMO has issued ISO 8217:2017 and PAS 23263:19, at present, neither the IMO nor the International Organization for Standardization has implemented globally accepted quality standards for 0.50% m/m fuel oil. We intend, and where applicable, expect our charterers to procure 0.50% m/m fuel oil from top tier suppliers. However, until such time that a globally accepted quality standard is issued, the quality of 0.50% m/m fuel oil that is supplied to the entire industry (including in respect of our vessels) is inherently uncertain. Low quality or a lack of access to high-quality low sulfur fuel may lead to a disruption in our operations (including mechanical damage to our vessels), which could impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

As of March 1, 2018, amendments to Annex VI impose new requirements for ships of 5,000 gross tonnage and above to collect fuel oil consumption data for ships, as well as certain other data including proxies for transport work. Amendments to MARPOL Annex VI that make the data collection system for fuel oil consumption of ships mandatory were adopted at the 70th session of the MEPC held in October 2016 and entered into force on March 1, 2018. The amendments require operators to update the vessels' Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (or SEEMP) to include a part II describing the ship-specific methodology that will be used for collecting and measuring data for fuel oil consumption, distance travelled, hours underway, ensuring data quality is maintained and the processes that will be used to report the data to the Administration. This has been verified as compliant on all ships for calendar year 2019. The data collection period for the 2020 calendar year has been completed, and the verification of the data is on-going. A Confirmation of Compliance has been provided by the Ship's Flag State Administration / Recognized Organization on behalf of Flag State and is kept on board.

IMO regulations required that as of January 1, 2015, all vessels operating within ECAs worldwide recognized under MARPOL Annex VI must comply with 0.1% sulfur requirements. Certain modifications were necessary in order to optimize operation on LSMGO of equipment originally designed to operate on Heavy Fuel Oil (or HFO), and to ensure our compliance with the EU Directive. In addition, LSMGO is more expensive than HFO, and this impacts the costs of operations. We are primarily exposed to increased fuel costs through in our spot trading vessels, although our competitors bear a similar cost increase as this is a regulatory item applicable to all vessels. All required vessels in our fleet trading to and within regulated low sulfur areas are able to comply with fuel requirements.
The IMO has issued guidance regarding protecting against acts of piracy off the coast of Somalia. We comply with these guidelines.
IMO Guidance for countering acts of piracy and armed robbery is published by the IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee (or MSC). MSC.1/Circ.1339 (Piracy and armed robbery against ships in waters off the coast of Somalia) outlines Best Management Practices for protection against Somalia based Piracy. Specifically, MSC.1/Circ.1339 provides guidance to shipowners and ship operators, shipmasters, and crews on preventing and suppressing acts of piracy and armed robbery and was adopted by the IMO through Resolution MSC.324(89). The Best Management Practices (or
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BMP) is a joint industry publication by BIMCO, ICS, IGP&I Clubs, INTERTANKO and OCIMF VIQ Version 7 as the latest. Our fleet follows the guidance within BMP 5 when transiting in other regions with recognized threat levels for piracy and armed robbery, including West Africa.

The IMO's Ballast Water Management Convention entered into force on September 8, 2017. The convention stipulates two standards for discharged ballast water. The D-1 standard covers ballast water exchange while the D-2 standard covers ballast water treatment. The convention requires the implementation of either the D-1 or D-2 standard. There will be a transitional period from the entry into force to the International Oil Pollution Prevention (or IOPP) renewal survey in which ballast water exchange (reg. D-1) can be employed. The IMO’s MEPC agreed to a compromise on the implementation dates for the D-2 discharge standard: ships constructed on or after September 8, 2017 must comply with the D-2 standard upon delivery. Existing ships should be D-2 compliant on the first IOPP renewal following entry into force if the survey is completed on or after September 8, 2019, or a renewal IOPP survey was completed on or after September 8, 2014 but prior to September 8, 2017. Ships should be D-2 compliant on the second IOPP renewal survey after September 8, 2017 if the first renewal survey after that date was completed prior to September 8, 2019 and if the previous two conditions are not met. Vessels will be required to meet the discharge standard D-2 by installing an approved BWTS.
Besides the IMO convention, ships sailing in U.S. waters are required to deploy a type approved BWTS which is compliant with USCG regulations. The USCG has approved a number of BWTSs both nationally and internationally, out of which Alfa Laval (Sweden), Ocean Saver (Norway), Techcross, and De Nora are under Teekay’s approved list for retrofit. We estimate that the installation of approved BWTS will cost between $2 million and $3 million per vessel.
MARPOL Annex I also state that oil residue may be discharged directly from the sludge tank to the shore reception facility through standard discharge connections. They may also be discharged to the incinerator or to an auxiliary boiler suitable for burning the oil by means of a dedicated discharge pump. Amendments to Annex I expand on the requirements for discharge connections and piping to ensure residues are properly disposed of. Annex I is applicable for existing vessels with a first renewal survey beginning on or after January 1, 2017.
Amendments to MARPOL Annex V were adopted at the 70th session of the MEPC held in October 2016 and entered into force on March 1, 2018. The changes include criteria for determining whether cargo residues are harmful to the marine environment and a new Garbage Record Book (or GRB) format with a new garbage category for e-waste. Solid bulk cargo as per regulation VI/1-1.2 of SOLAS, other than grain, shall now be classified as per the criteria in the new Appendix I of MARPOL Annex V, and the shipper shall then declare whether or not the cargo is harmful to the marine environment. A new form of the GRB has been included in Appendix II to MAROL Annex V. The GRB is now divided into two parts: Part I - for all garbage other than cargo residues, applicable to all ships. PART II - for cargo residues only applicable to ships carrying solid bulk cargo. These changes are reflected in the vessels latest revised GRB.
The IMO has also adopted an International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (or Polar Code) which deals with matters regarding the design, construction, equipment, operation, search and rescue and environmental protection in relation to ships operating in waters surrounding the two poles. The Polar Code includes both safety and environmental provisions. The Polar Code and related amendments entered into force in January 2017. The Polar Code is mandatory for new vessels built after January 1, 2017. For existing ships, this code will be applicable from the first intermediate or renewal survey, whichever occurs first, beginning on or after January 1, 2018. All of our vessels trading in this area are fully compliant with the Polar Code.
MSC 91 adopted amendments to SOLAS Regulation II-2/10 to clarify that a minimum of two-way portable radiotelephone apparatus for each fire party for firefighters' communication shall be carried on board. These radio devices shall be of explosion proof type or intrinsically safe type. All existing ships built before July 1, 2014 should comply with this requirement by the first safety equipment survey after July 1, 2018. All new vessels constructed (keel laid) on or after July 1, 2014 must comply with this requirement at the time of delivery. Amendments to SOLAS Regulation II-1/3/-12 on protection against noise, Regulation II-2/1 and II 2/10 on firefighting came into force on July 1, 2014. Existing ships built before July 1, 2014 were required to comply by July 1, 2019.
As per MSC. 338(91), requirements have been highlighted for audio and visual indicators for breathing apparatus which will alert the user before the volume of the air in the cylinder has been reduced to no less than 200 liters. This applies to ships constructed on or after July 1, 2014. Ships constructed before July 1, 2014 were required to comply no later than July 1, 2019. As of December 31, 2020, all of our vessels are in compliance with these requirements.
Cyber-related risks are operational risks that are appropriately assessed and managed in accordance with the safety management requirements of the ISM Code. Cyber risks are required to be appropriately addressed in our safety management system no later than the first annual verification of the company's Document of Compliance after January 1, 2021.
The Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) 2006 was adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 94th (Maritime) Session (2006), establishing minimum working and living conditions for seafarers. The convention entered into force August 20, 2013, with further amendments approved by the International Labour Conference at its 103rd Session (2014). The MLC establishes a single, coherent instrument embodying all up-to-date standards of existing international maritime labour conventions and recommendations, as well as the fundamental principles to be found in other international labour conventions. All of our maritime labour contracts comply with the MLC.

The IMO continues to review and introduce new regulations and as such, it is difficult to predict what additional requirements, if any, may be adopted by the IMO and what effect, if any, such regulations might have on our operations.

European Union (or EU)

The EU has adopted legislation that: bans from European waters manifestly sub-standard vessels (defined as vessels that have been detained twice by EU port authorities in the preceding two years); creates obligations on the part of EU member port states to inspect minimum percentages of vessels using these ports annually; provides for increased surveillance of vessels posing a high risk to maritime safety or the marine environment; and provides the EU with greater authority and control over classification societies, including the ability to seek to suspend or revoke the authority of negligent societies.
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Two regulations that are part of the implementation of the Port State Control Directive, came into force on January 1, 2011 and introduced a ranking system (published on a public website and updated daily) displaying shipping companies operating in the EU with the worst safety records. The ranking is judged upon the results of the technical inspections carried out on the vessels owned by a particular shipping company. Those shipping companies that have the most positive safety records are rewarded by subjecting them to fewer inspections, while those with the most safety shortcomings or technical failings recorded upon inspection will in turn be subject to a greater frequency of official inspections to their vessels.
The EU has, by way of Directive 2005/35/EC, as amended by Directive 2009/123/EC, created a legal framework for imposing criminal penalties in the event of discharges of oil and other noxious substances from ships sailing in its waters, irrespective of their flag. This relates to discharges of oil or other noxious substances from vessels. Minor discharges shall not automatically be considered as offences, except where repetition leads to deterioration in the quality of the water. The persons responsible may be subject to criminal penalties if they have acted with intent, recklessly or with serious negligence and the act of inciting, aiding and abetting a person to discharge a polluting substance may also lead to criminal penalties.
The EU adopted a Directive requiring the use of low sulfur fuel. Since January 1, 2015, vessels have been required to burn fuel with sulfur content not exceeding 0.1% while within EU member states’ territorial seas, exclusive economic zones and pollution control zones that are included in SOX Emission Control Areas. Other jurisdictions have also adopted similar regulations.
All ships above 5,000 gross tonnage calling EU waters are required to comply with EU-MRV regulations. These regulations came into force on July 1, 2015 and aim to reduce greenhouse gas (or GHG) emissions within the EU. It requires ships carrying out maritime transport activities to or from European Economic Area (or EEA) ports to monitor and report information including verified data on their CO2 emissions from January 1, 2018 onwards. Data collection takes place on a per voyage basis and started from January 1, 2018. The reported CO2 emissions, together with additional data (e.g. cargo, energy efficiency parameters), are to be verified by independent verifiers and sent to a central database, managed by the European Maritime Safety Agency (or EMSA). Teekay Corporation signed an agreement with DNV-GL for monitoring, verification & reporting as required by this regulation. We are presently using IMOS/Veslink forms which will have smooth interface with DNV-GL. The reporting period for the 2019 calendar year has been completed and emission reports for the vessels which have carried out EU voyages have been submitted in the THETIS Database. Based on emission reports submitted in THETIS, a document of compliance has been issued and is placed on board.

The EU Ship Recycling Regulation was adopted in 2013. This regulation aims to prevent, reduce and minimize accidents, injuries and other negative effects on human health and the environment when ships are recycled and the hazardous waste they contain is removed. The legislation applies to all ships flying the flag of an EU country and to vessels with non-EU flags that call at an EU port or anchorage. It sets out responsibilities for ship owners and for recycling facilities both in the EU and in other countries. Each new ship is required to have on board an inventory of the hazardous materials (such as asbestos, lead or mercury) it contains in either its structure or equipment. The use of certain hazardous materials is forbidden. Before a ship is recycled, its owner must provide the company carrying out the work with specific information about the vessel and prepare a ship recycling plan. Recycling may only take place at facilities listed on the EU ‘List of facilities’.

The EU Ship Recycling Regulation generally entered into force on December 31, 2018, with certain provisions applicable from December 31, 2020. Compliance timelines are as follows: EU-flagged newbuildings were required to have onboard a verified Inventory of Hazardous Materials (or IHM) with a Statement of Compliance by December 31, 2018, existing EU-flagged vessels are required to have onboard a verified IHM with a Statement of Compliance by December 31, 2020, and non-EU-flagged vessels calling at EU ports are also required to have onboard a verified IHM with a Statement of Compliance latest by December 31, 2020. Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers contracted a class-approved HazMat expert company to assist in the preparation of Inventory of Hazardous Materials and obtaining Statements of Compliance for its vessels. The EU Commission also adopted a European List of approved ship recycling facilities, as well as four further decisions dealing with certification and other administrative requirements set out in the EU Ship Recycling Regulation. In 2014, the Council Decision 2014/241/EU authorized EU countries having ships flying their flag or registered under their flag to ratify or to accede to the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships. The Hong Kong Convention is not yet ratified.

North Sea

Our FPSO units operate in the North Sea.

There is no international regime in force which deals with compensation for oil pollution from offshore craft such as FPSOs. Whether the CLC and the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1971, as amended by the 1992 Protocol (or the Fund Convention), which deal with liability and compensation for oil pollution and the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976, as amended by the 1996 Protocol (or the 1976 Limitation of Liability Convention), which deals with limitation of liability for maritime claims, apply to FPSOs is neither straightforward nor certain. This is due to the definition of “ship” under these conventions and the requirement that oil is “carried” onboard the relevant vessel. Nevertheless, the wording of the 1992 Protocol to the CLC leaves room for arguing that FPSOs and oil pollution caused by them can come under the ambit of these conventions for the purposes of liability and compensation. However, the application of these conventions also depends on their implementation by the relevant domestic laws of the countries which are parties to them.

The UK’s Merchant Shipping Act 1995, as amended (or MSA), implements the CLC but uses a wider definition of a “ship” than the one used in the CLC and in its 1992 Protocol but still refers to the criteria used by the CLC. It is therefore doubtful that FPSOs fall within its wording. However, the MSA also includes separate provisions for liability for oil pollution. These apply to vessels which fall within a much wider definition and include non-seagoing vessels. It is arguable that the wording of these MSA provisions is wide enough to cover oil pollution caused by offshore crafts such as FPSOs. The liability regime under these MSA provisions is similar to that imposed under the CLC but limitation of liability is subject to the 1976 Limitation of Liability Convention regime (as implemented in the MSA).

With regard to the 1976 Limitation of Liability Convention, it is, again, doubtful whether it applies to FPSOs, as it contains certain exceptions in relation to vessels constructed for or adapted to and engaged in drilling and in relation to floating platforms constructed for the purpose of exploring or exploiting natural resources of the seabed or its subsoil. However, these exceptions are not included in the legislation implementing the 1976 Limitation of Liability Convention in the UK, which is also to be found in the MSA. In addition, the MSA sets out a very wide definition of “ship” in
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relation to which the 1976 Limitation of Liability Convention is to apply and there is room for argument that if FPSOs fall within that definition of “ship”, they are subject in the UK to the limitation provisions of the 1976 Limitation of Liability Convention.

In the absence of an international regime regulating liability and compensation for oil pollution caused by offshore oil and gas facilities, the Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement 1974 was entered into by a number of oil companies and became effective in 1975. This is a voluntary industry oil pollution compensation scheme which is funded by the parties to it. These are operators or intending operators of offshore facilities used in the exploration for and production of oil and gas located within the jurisdictions of a number of “Designated States” which include the UK, Denmark, Norway, Germany, France, Greenland, Ireland, the Netherlands, the Isle of Man and the Faroe Islands. The scheme provides for strict liability of the relevant operator for pollution damage and remedial costs, subject to a limit, and the operators must provide evidence of financial responsibility in the form of insurance or other security to meet the liability under the scheme.

With regard to FPSOs, Chapter 7 of Annex I of MARPOL (which contains regulations for the prevention of oil pollution) sets out special requirements for fixed and floating platforms, including, amongst others, FPSOs and FSUs. The IMO’s MEPC has issued guidelines for the application of MARPOL Annex I requirements to FPSOs and FSUs.

The EU’s Directive 2004/35/CE on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage (or the Environmental Liability Directive) deals with liability for environmental damage on the basis of the “polluter pays” principle. Environmental damage includes damage to protected species and natural habitats and damage to water and land. Under this Directive, operators whose activities caused environmental damage or the imminent threat of such damage are to be held liable for the damage (subject to certain exceptions). With regard to environmental damage caused by specific activities listed in the Directive, operators are strictly liable. This is without prejudice to their right to limit their liability in accordance with national legislation implementing the 1976 Limitation of Liability Convention. The Directive applies both to damage which has already occurred and where there is an imminent threat of damage. It also requires the relevant operator to take preventive action, to report an imminent threat and any environmental damage to the regulators and to perform remedial measures, such as clean-up. The Environmental Liability Directive is implemented in the UK by the Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) Regulations 2015.

In June 2013, the EU adopted Directive 2013/30/EU on safety of offshore oil and gas operations and amending Directive 2004/35/EC (or the Offshore Safety Directive). This Directive lays down minimum requirements for member states and the European Maritime Safety Agency for the purposes of reducing the occurrence of major accidents related to offshore oil and gas operations, thus increasing protection of the marine environment and coastal economies against pollution, establishing minimum conditions for safe offshore exploration and exploitation of oil and gas, and limiting disruptions to the EU’s energy production and improving responses to accidents. The Offshore Safety Directive sets out extensive requirements, such as preparation of a major hazard report with risk assessment, emergency response plan and safety and environmental management system applicable to the relevant oil and gas installation before the planned commencement of the operations, independent verification of safety and environmental critical elements identified in the risk assessment for the relevant oil and gas installation, and ensuring that factors such as the applicant’s safety and environmental performance and its financial capabilities or security to meet potential liabilities arising from the oil and gas operations are taken into account when considering granting a license.

Under the Offshore Safety Directive, Member States are to ensure that the relevant licensee is financially liable for the prevention and remediation of environmental damage (as defined in the Environmental Liability Directive) caused by offshore oil and gas operations carried out by or on behalf of the licensee or the operator. Member States must lay down rules on penalties applicable to infringements of the legislation adopted pursuant to this Directive. Member States were required to bring into force laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by July 19, 2015. The Offshore Safety Directive has been implemented in the UK by a number of different UK Regulations, including the Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) (England) Regulations 2015, as amended, (which revoked and replaced the Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) Regulations 2015)) and the Offshore Installations (Offshore Safety Directive) (Safety Case etc.) Regulations 2015, as amended, both of which entered into force on July 19, 2015.

In addition to the regulations imposed by the IMO and EU, countries having jurisdiction over North Sea areas impose regulatory requirements in connection with operations in those areas, including HSE in the United Kingdom and NPD in Norway. These regulatory requirements, together with additional requirements imposed by operators in North Sea oil fields, require that we make further expenditures for sophisticated equipment, reporting and redundancy systems on FPSOs and for the training of seagoing staff. Additional regulations and requirements may be adopted or imposed that could limit our ability to do business or further increase the cost of doing business in the North Sea.

United States

The United States has enacted an extensive regulatory and liability regime for the protection and clean-up of the environment from oil spills, including discharges of oil cargoes, bunker fuels or lubricants, primarily through the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (or OPA 90) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (or CERCLA). OPA 90 affects all owners, bareboat charterers, and operators whose vessels trade to the United States or its territories or possessions or whose vessels operate in United States waters, which include the U.S. territorial sea and 200-mile exclusive economic zone around the United States. CERCLA applies to the discharge of “hazardous substances” rather than “oil” and imposes strict joint and several liability upon the owners, operators or bareboat charterers of vessels for clean-up costs and damages arising from discharges of hazardous substances. We believe that petroleum products, LNG and LPG should not be considered hazardous substances under CERCLA, but additives to oil or lubricants used on LNG or LPG carriers and other vessels might fall within its scope.

Under OPA 90, vessel owners, operators and bareboat charterers are “responsible parties” and are jointly, severally, and strictly liable (unless the oil spill results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war and the responsible party reports the incident and reasonably cooperates with the appropriate authorities) for all containment and clean-up costs and other damages arising from discharges or threatened discharges of oil from their vessels. These other damages are defined broadly to include: natural resources damages and the related assessment costs; real and personal property damages; net loss of taxes, royalties, rents, fees and other lost revenues; lost profits or impairment of earning capacity due to property or natural resources damage; net cost of public services necessitated by a spill response, such as protection from fire, safety or health hazards; and loss of subsistence use of natural resources.
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OPA 90 limits the liability of responsible parties in an amount it periodically updates. The liability limits do not apply if the incident was proximately caused by violation of applicable U.S. federal safety, construction or operating regulations, including IMO conventions to which the United States is a signatory, or by the responsible party’s gross negligence or willful misconduct, or if the responsible party fails or refuses to report the incident or to cooperate and assist in connection with the oil removal activities. Liability under CERCLA is also subject to limits unless the incident is caused by gross negligence, willful misconduct, or a violation of certain regulations. We currently maintain for each of our vessels pollution liability coverage in the maximum coverage amount of $1 billion per incident. A catastrophic spill could exceed the coverage available, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Under OPA 90, with limited exceptions, all newly built or converted tankers delivered after January 1, 1994 and operating in U.S. waters must be double-hulled. All our tankers and gas carriers are double-hulled.
OPA 90 also requires owners and operators of vessels to establish and maintain with the USCG evidence of financial responsibility in an amount at least equal to the relevant limitation amount for such vessels under the statute. The USCG has implemented regulations requiring that an owner or operator of a fleet of vessels must demonstrate evidence of financial responsibility in an amount sufficient to cover the vessel in the fleet having the greatest maximum limited liability under OPA 90 and CERCLA. Evidence of financial responsibility may be demonstrated by insurance, surety bond, self-insurance, guaranty or an alternate method subject to approval by the USCG. Under the self-insurance provisions, the ship owners or operators must have a net worth and working capital, measured in assets located in the United States against liabilities located anywhere in the world, that exceeds the applicable amount of financial responsibility. We have complied with the USCG regulations by using self-insurance for certain vessels and obtaining financial guaranties from a third party for the remaining vessels. If other vessels in our fleet trade into the United States in the future, we expect to obtain guaranties from third-party insurers.
OPA 90 and CERCLA permit individual U.S. states to impose their own liability regimes with regard to oil or hazardous substance pollution incidents occurring within their boundaries, and some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited strict liability for spills. Several coastal states, such as California, Washington and Alaska require state-specific evidence of financial responsibility and vessel response plans. We comply with all applicable state regulations in the ports where our vessels call.
Owners or operators of vessels, including tankers operating in U.S. waters, are required to file vessel response plans with the USCG, and their tankers are required to operate in compliance with USCG approved plans. Such response plans must, among other things: address a “worst case” scenario and identify and ensure, through contract or other approved means, the availability of necessary private response resources to respond to a “worst case discharge”; describe crew training and drills; and identify a qualified individual with full authority to implement removal actions.
All our vessels have USCG approved vessel response plans. In addition, we conduct regular oil spill response drills in accordance with the guidelines set out in OPA 90. The USCG has announced it intends to propose similar regulations requiring certain vessels to prepare response plans for the release of hazardous substances. Similarly, we also have California Vessel Contingency Plans on board vessels which are likely to call ports in State of California.
OPA 90 and CERCLA do not preclude claimants from seeking damages resulting from the discharge of oil and hazardous substances under other applicable law, including maritime tort law. Such claims could include attempts to characterize the transportation of LNG or LPG aboard a vessel as an ultra-hazardous activity under a doctrine that would impose strict liability for damages resulting from that activity. The application of this doctrine varies by jurisdiction.
The U.S. Clean Water Act (or the Clean Water Act) also prohibits the discharge of oil or hazardous substances in U.S. navigable waters and imposes strict liability in the form of penalties for unauthorized discharges. The Clean Water Act imposes substantial liability for the costs of removal, remediation and damages and complements the remedies available under OPA 90 and CERCLA discussed above.
Our vessels that discharge certain effluents, including ballast water, in U.S. waters must obtain a Clean Water Act permit from the Environmental Protection Agency (or EPA) titled the “Vessel General Permit” (or VGP) and comply with a range of effluent limitations, best management practices, reporting, inspections and other requirements. The Vessel General Permit incorporated USCG requirements for ballast water exchange and includes specific technology-based requirements for vessels, as well as an implementation schedule to require vessels to meet the ballast water effluent limitations by the first dry docking after January 1, 2016, depending on the vessel size. The Vessel Incidental Discharge Act (or VIDA) was signed into law on December 4, 2018 and establishes a new framework for the regulation of vessel incidental discharges under the CWA. VIDA requires the EPA to develop performance standards for approximately 30 discharges by December 2020 (similar to the discharges in the EPA 2013 VGP). In most cases, the future standards will be at least as stringent as the existing EPA 2013 VGP requirements and will be technology-based. Two years thereafter, the USCG is required to develop corresponding implementation, compliance, and enforcement regulations. These may include requirements governing the design, construction, testing, approval, installation and use of devices to achieve the EPA national standards of performance (or NSPs). Under VIDA, all provisions of the VGP remain in force and effect as currently written until the USCG regulations are finalized. Vessels that are constructed after December 1, 2013 are subject to the ballast water numeric effluent limitations. Several U.S. states have added specific requirements to the Vessel General Permit and, in some cases, may require vessels to install ballast water treatment technology to meet biological performance standards. Every five years the Vessel General Permit gets reissued, however the provisions of the 2013 VGP, as currently written, will apply beyond 2018, until the EPA publishes new NSPs and the USCG develops implementing regulations for those NSPs which could take up to four years.
Since January 1, 2014, the California Air Resources Board has required that vessels that burn fuel within 24 nautical miles of California burn fuel with 0.1% sulfur content or less.
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China

China previously established ECAs in the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Sea, which took effect on January 1, 2016. The Hainan ECA took effect on January 1, 2019. From January 1, 2019, all the ECAs have merged, and the scope of Domestic Emission Controls Areas (or DECAs) were extended to 12 nautical miles from the coastline, covering the Chinese mainland territorial coastal areas as well as the Hainan Island territorial coastal waters. From January 1, 2019, all vessels navigating within the Chinese mainland territorial coastal DECAs and at berths are required to use marine fuel with sulfur content of maximum 0.50% m/m. As per the new regulation, ships can also use alternative methods such as an Exhaust Gas Scrubber, LNG or other clean fuel that reduces the SOx to the same level or lower than the maximum required limits of sulfur when using fossil fuel in the DECA areas or when at berth. All the vessels without an exhaust gas cleaning system entering the emission control area are only permitted to carry and use the compliant fuel oil specified by the new regulation.
From July 1, 2019, vessels engaged on international voyages (except tankers) that are equipped to connect to shore power must use shore power if they berth for more than three hours (or for more than two hours for inland river control area) in berths with shore supply capacity in the coastal control areas.
From January 1, 2020, all vessels navigating within the Chinese mainland territorial coastal DECAs should use marine fuel with a maximum 0.5% m/m sulfur cap. All the vessels entering China inland waterway emission control area are to use the fuel oil with sulfur content not exceeding 0.1% m/m. Any vessel using or carrying non-compliant fuel oil due to the non-availability of compliant fuel oil is to submit a fuel oil non-availability report to the China Maritime Safety Administration (or CMSA) of the next arrival port before entering waters under the jurisdiction of China.
From March 1, 2020, all vessels entering waters under the jurisdiction of the People’s Republic of China are prohibited to carry fuel oil of sulfur content exceeding 0.50% m/m on board ships. Any vessel carrying non-compliant fuel oil in the waters under the jurisdiction of China is to:
discharge the non-compliant fuel oil; or
as permitted by the CMSA of calling port, to retain the non-compliant fuel oil on board with a commitment letter stating it will not be used in waters under the jurisdiction of China.

New Zealand

New Zealand's Craft Risk Management Standard (or CRMS) requirements are based on the IMO's guidelines for the control and management of ships' biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species.
Marine pests and diseases brought in on vessel hulls (or biofouling) are a threat to New Zealand's marine resources. From May 15, 2018, all vessels arriving in New Zealand will need to have a clean hull. Vessels staying up to 20 days and only visiting designated ports (places of first arrival) will be allowed a slight amount of biofouling. Vessels staying longer and visiting other places will only be allowed a slime layer and goose barnacles.
Republic of Korea

The Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries announced an air quality control program that defines selected South Korean ports and areas as ECAs. The ECAs cover Korea’s five major port areas: Incheon, Pyeongtaek & Dangjin, Yeosu & Gwangyang, Busan and Ulsan. From September 1, 2020, ships at berth or at anchor in the new Korean ECAs must burn fuel with a maximum sulfur content of 0.10%. Ships must switch to compliant fuel within one hour of mooring/anchoring and burn compliant fuel until not more than one hour before departure. From January 1, 2022, the requirements will be expanded, and the 0.10% sulfur limit will apply at all times while operating within the ECAs.
A Vessel Speed Reduction Program has also been introduced as a part of an air quality control program on voluntary compliance basis to certain types of ships (Crude, Chemical and LNG carriers) calling at ports Busan, Ulsan, Yeosu, Gwangyang and Incheon.
India

On October 2, 2019, the Government of India urged its citizens and government agencies to take steps towards phasing out single-use plastics (or SUP). As a result, all shipping participants operating in Indian waters are required to contribute to the Indian government’s goal of phasing out SUPs.
The Directorate General of Shipping, India (or DGS) has mandated certain policies as a result, and in order to comply with these required policies, all cargo vessels are required as of January 31, 2020 to prepare a vessel-specific Ship Execution Plan (or SEP) detailing the inventory of all SUP used on board the vessel and which has not been exempted by DGS. This SEP will be reviewed to determine the prohibition of SUP on the subject vessel.
Vessels will be allowed to use an additional 10% of SUP items in the SEP that have not been prohibited. Amendments to the finalized SEP are discouraged save for material corrections.
Foreign vessels visiting Indian ports are not allowed to use prohibited items while at a place or port in India. However, these items are allowed to be on board provided they are stored at identified locations. SEPs are also required to detail the prevention steps that will be implemented during a vessel’s call at an Indian port to prevent unsanctioned usage of SUPs. This includes the preparation and use of a deck and official log entry identifying all SUP items on board the vessel.
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Greenhouse Gas Regulation
In February 2005, the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (or the Kyoto Protocol) took effect. Pursuant to the Kyoto Protocol, adopting countries are required to implement national programs to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. In December 2009, more than 27 nations, including the United States, entered into the Copenhagen Accord. The Copenhagen Accord is non-binding but is intended to pave the way for a comprehensive, international treaty on climate change. In December 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted by a large number of countries at the 21st Session of the Conference of Parties (commonly known as COP 21, a conference of the countries which are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; the COP is the highest decision-making authority of this organization). The Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016, deals with greenhouse gas emission reduction measures and targets from 2020 in order to limit the global temperature increases to well below 2˚ Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Although shipping was ultimately not included in the Paris Agreement, it is expected that the adoption of the Paris Agreement may lead to regulatory changes in relation to curbing greenhouse gas emissions from shipping.
In July 2011, the IMO adopted regulations imposing technical and operational measures for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. These new regulations formed a new chapter in MARPOL Annex VI and became effective on January 1, 2013. The new technical and operational measures include the “Energy Efficiency Design Index” (or the EEDI), which is mandatory for newbuilding vessels, and the “Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan,” which is mandatory for all vessels. In October 2016, the IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee (or MEPC) adopted updated guidelines for the calculation of the EEDI. In October 2014, the IMO’s MEPC agreed in principle to develop a system of data collection regarding fuel consumption of ships. In October 2016, the IMO adopted a mandatory data collection system under which vessels of 5,000 gross tonnages and above are to collect fuel consumption and other data and to report the aggregated data so collected to their flag state at the end of each calendar year. The new requirements entered into force on March 1, 2018.
All vessels are required to submit fuel consumption data to their respective administration/registered organizations for onward submission to the IMO for analysis and to help with decision making on future measures. The amendments require operators to update the vessel's SEEMP to include descriptions of the ship-specific methodology that will be used for collecting and measuring data for fuel oil consumption, distance travelled, hours underway and processes that will be used to report the data to the Administration, in order to ensure data quality is maintained.
All of our vessels were verified as being compliant before December 31, 2018, with the first data collection period being for the 2019 calendar year. A Confirmation of Compliance was issued by the administration/registered organization, which must be kept on board the ship. The IMO also approved a roadmap for the development of a comprehensive IMO strategy on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships with an initial strategy adopted on April 13, 2018 and a revised strategy to be adopted in 2023. Further, the MEPC adopted two other sets of amendments to MARPOL Annex VI related to carbon intensity regulations. The MEPC agreed on combining the technical and operational measures with an entry into force date on January 1, 2023. The Energy Efficiency Existing Ships Index (or EEXI) will be implemented for existing ships as a technical measure to reduce CO2 emissions. The Carbon Intensity Index (or CII) will be implemented as an operational carbon intensity measure to benchmark and improve efficiency. Regulations and frameworks are expected to be fully defined at the next MEPC meeting in June 2021.

The EU has also indicated that it intends to propose an expansion of an existing EU emissions trading regime to include emissions of greenhouse gases from vessels, and individual countries in the EU may impose additional requirements. The EU has adopted Regulation (EU) 2015/757 on the monitoring, reporting and verification (or MRV) of CO2 emissions from vessels (or the MRV Regulation), which entered into force on July 1, 2015. The MRV Regulation aims to quantify and reduce CO2 emissions from shipping. It lists the requirements on the MRV of carbon dioxide emissions and requires ship owners and operators to annually monitor, report and verify CO2 emissions for vessels larger than 5,000 gross tonnage calling at any EU and EFTA (Norway and Iceland) port (with a few exceptions, such as fish-catching or fish-processing vessels). Data collection takes place on a per voyage basis and started on January 1, 2018. The reported CO2 emissions, together with additional data, such as cargo and energy efficiency parameters, are to be verified by independent verifiers and sent to a central inspection database hosted by the European Maritime Safety Agency to collate all the data applicable to the EU region. Companies responsible for the operation of large ships using EU ports are required to report their CO2 emissions. While the EU was considering a proposal for the inclusion of shipping in the EU Emissions Trading System as from 2021 (in the absence of a comparable system operating under the IMO), it appears that the decision to include shipping may be deferred until 2023.
In the United States, the EPA issued an “endangerment finding” regarding greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act. While this finding in itself does not impose any requirements on our industry, it authorizes the EPA to regulate GHG emissions directly through a rule-making process. In addition, climate change initiatives are being considered in the United States Congress and by individual states. Any passage of new climate control legislation or other regulatory initiatives by the IMO, EU, the United States or other countries or states where we operate that restrict emissions of greenhouse gases could have a significant financial and operational impact on our business that we cannot predict with certainty at this time.
Many financial institutions that lend to the maritime industry have adopted the Poseidon Principles, which establish a framework for assessing and disclosing the climate alignment of ship finance portfolios. The Poseidon Principles set a benchmark for the banks who fund for the maritime sector, which is based on the IMO GHG strategy. The IMO approved an initial GHG strategy in April 2018 to reduce GHG emissions generated from shipping activity, which represents a significant shift in climate ambition for a sector that currently accounts for 2%-3% of global carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, the Poseidon Principles are expected to enable financial institutions to align their ship finance portfolios with responsible environmental behavior and incentivize international shipping's decarbonization.
Vessel Security
The ISPS was adopted by the IMO in December 2002 in the wake of heightened concern over worldwide terrorism and became effective on July 1, 2004. The objective of ISPS is to enhance maritime security by detecting security threats to ships and ports and by requiring the development of security plans and other measures designed to prevent such threats. Each of the existing vessels in our fleet currently complies with the requirements of ISPS and Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 (U.S. specific requirements). Procedures are in place to inform the relevant reporting regimes such as Maritime Security Council Horn of Africa, the Maritime Domain Awareness for Trade - Gulf of Guinea, the Information Fusion Center whenever our vessels are calling in the Indian Ocean Region, or West Coast of Africa or Southeast Asia high-risk areas respectively. In order to mitigate the security risk, security arrangements are required for vessels which travel through these high-risk areas.
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C.Organizational Structure
Our organizational structure includes, among others, our interests in Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers, which are our publicly-traded subsidiaries.

The following chart provides an overview of our organizational structure as at March 1, 2021. Please read Exhibit 8.1 to this Annual Report for a list of our subsidiaries as at March 1, 2021.

TK-20201231_G1.JPG
(1)Teekay LNG is controlled by its general partner. Teekay Corporation indirectly owns a 100% beneficial ownership in the general partner. However, in certain limited cases, approval of a majority of the unitholders of Teekay LNG is required to approve certain actions.
(2)Teekay Tankers has two classes of shares: Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Teekay Corporation indirectly owns 100% of the Class B shares which have up to five votes each but aggregate voting power capped at 49%. As a result of Teekay Corporation’s ownership of Class A and Class B shares, it holds aggregate voting power of 53.9% as of March 1, 2021.
(3)We are entitled to distributions on our general and limited partner interests in Teekay LNG. Prior to the elimination of Teekay LNG’s incentive distribution rights in May 2020, the general partner of Teekay LNG was also entitled to distributions payable with respect to incentive distribution rights. Incentive distribution rights represent the right to receive an increasing percentage of quarterly distributions of available cash from operating surplus after the minimum quarterly distribution and the target distribution levels have been achieved.

Teekay LNG is a Marshall Islands limited partnership formed by us in 2004 as part of our strategy to expand our operations in the LNG and LPG shipping sectors. Teekay LNG provides LNG and LPG marine transportation services, primarily under long-term, fixed-rate contracts with major energy and utility companies. As of December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG’s fleet, including its equity investees, included 47 LNG carriers and 30 LPG/multi-gas carriers. Teekay LNG’s ownership interests in these vessels range from 20% to 100%. Teekay LNG also has a 30% interest in an LNG receiving and regasification terminal in Bahrain.

In December 2007, we added Teekay Tankers to our structure. Teekay Tankers is a Marshall Islands corporation formed by us to own our conventional tanker business. As of December 31, 2020, Teekay Tankers’ fleet included 19 double-hull Aframax tankers (including two chartered-in vessels), 26 double-hull Suezmax tankers, ten product tankers (including one chartered-in vessel), and one VLCC, all of which trade either in the spot tanker market or under short- or medium-term, fixed-rate time-charter contracts. Teekay Tankers owns 100% of its fleet, other than a 50% interest in the VLCC and the in-chartered vessels. Prior to October 1, 2018, we provided Teekay Tankers with certain commercial, technical, administrative, and strategic services under a long-term management agreement through a wholly-owned subsidiary. As of October 1, 2018, Teekay Tankers elected to receive commercial and technical management services directly from its wholly-owned subsidiaries, who receive various services from us and our affiliates.

We entered into an omnibus agreement with Teekay LNG, Altera and related parties governing, among other things, when we, Teekay LNG, and Altera may compete with each other and certain rights of first offer on LNG carriers, oil tankers, shuttle tankers, FSO units and FPSO units.

Teekay Parent owns three FPSO units, in addition to its interests in its subsidiaries. For additional information about Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers please read "Item 4B – Information on the Company – Operations".
D.Property, Plant and Equipment
Other than our vessels, and Teekay LNG’s 30% interest, through the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture, in an LNG receiving and regasification terminal, we do not have any material property. Please read “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 8 – Long-Term Debt for information about major encumbrances against our vessels.
E.Taxation of the Company
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United States Taxation
The following is a discussion of material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to us. This discussion is based upon provisions of the Code, legislative history, applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations (or Treasury Regulations), judicial authority and administrative interpretations, all as in effect on the date of this Annual Report, and which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, or are subject to different interpretations. Changes in these authorities may cause the tax consequences to vary substantially from the consequences described below.
Taxation of Operating Income. A significant portion of our gross income will be attributable to the transportation of crude oil and related products. For this purpose, gross income attributable to transportation (or Transportation Income) includes income derived from, or in connection with, the use (or hiring or leasing for use) of a vessel to transport cargo, or the performance of services directly related to the use of any vessel to transport cargo, and thus includes income from time charters, contracts of affreightment, bareboat charters, and voyage charters.
Fifty percent (50%) of Transportation Income that either begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States (or U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income) is considered to be derived from sources within the United States. Transportation Income that both begins and ends in the United States (or U.S. Source Domestic Transportation Gross Income) is considered to be 100% derived from sources within the United States. Transportation Income exclusively between non-U.S. destinations is considered to be 100% derived from sources outside the United States. Transportation Income derived from sources outside the United States generally is not subject to U.S. federal income tax.

Based on our current operations, and the operations of our subsidiaries, a substantial portion of our Transportation Income is from sources outside the United States and not subject to U.S. federal income tax. Unless the exemption from U.S. taxation under Section 883 of the Code (or the Section 883 Exemption) applies, our U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income generally is subject to U.S. federal income taxation under either the net basis and branch profits taxes or the 4% gross basis tax, each of which is discussed below. Furthermore, certain of our subsidiaries engaged in activities which could give rise to U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income rely on our ability to claim the Section 883 Exemption.

The Section 883 Exemption. In general, the Section 883 Exemption provides that if a non-U.S. corporation satisfies the requirements of Section 883 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations thereunder (or the Section 883 Regulations), it will not be subject to the net basis and branch profits taxes or the 4% gross basis tax described below on its U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income. As discussed below, we believe the Section 883 Exemption will apply and we will not be taxed on our U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income. The Section 883 Exemption does not apply to U.S. Source Domestic Transportation Gross Income.

A non-U.S. corporation will qualify for the Section 883 Exemption if, among other things, it (i) is organized in a jurisdiction outside the United States that grants an exemption from tax to U.S. corporations on international Transportation Gross Income (or an Equivalent Exemption), (ii) meets one of three ownership tests (or Ownership Tests) described in the Section 883 Regulations, and (iii) meets certain substantiation, reporting and other requirements (or the Substantiation Requirements).

We are organized under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The U.S. Treasury Department has recognized the Republic of the Marshall Islands as a jurisdiction that grants an Equivalent Exemption. We also believe that we will be able to satisfy the Substantiation Requirements necessary to qualify for the Section 883 Exemption. Consequently, our U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income (including for this purpose, our share of any such income earned by our subsidiaries that have properly elected to be treated as partnerships or disregarded as entities separate from us for U.S. federal income tax purposes) will be exempt from U.S. federal income taxation provided we satisfy one of the Ownership Tests. We believe that we should satisfy one of the Ownership Tests because our stock is primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market in the United States within the meaning of Section 883 of the Code and the Section 883 Regulations. We can give no assurance, however, that changes in the ownership of our stock subsequent to the date of this report will permit us to continue to qualify for the Section 883 exemption.

Net Basis Tax and Branch Profits Tax. If the Section 883 Exemption does not apply, our U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income may be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States (or Effectively Connected Income) if we have a fixed place of business in the United States and substantially all of our U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income is attributable to regularly scheduled transportation or, in the case of income derived from bareboat charters, is attributable to a fixed place of business in the United States. Based on our current operations, none of our potential U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income is attributable to regularly scheduled transportation or is derived from bareboat charters attributable to a fixed place of business in the United States. As a result, we do not anticipate that any of our U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income will be treated as Effectively Connected Income. However, there is no assurance that we will not earn income pursuant to regularly scheduled transportation or bareboat charters attributable to a fixed place of business in the United States in the future, which will result in such income being treated as Effectively Connected Income. U.S. Source Domestic Transportation Gross Income generally will be treated as Effectively Connected Income.

Any income we earn that is treated as Effectively Connected Income would be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax (the current statutory rate is 21%) and a 30% branch profits tax imposed under Section 884 of the Code. In addition, a branch interest tax could be imposed on certain interest paid, or deemed paid, by us.

On the sale of a vessel that has produced Effectively Connected Income, we generally would be subject to the net basis and branch profits taxes with respect to our gain recognized up to the amount of certain prior deductions for depreciation that reduced Effectively Connected Income. Otherwise, we would not be subject to U.S. federal income tax with respect to gain realized on the sale of a vessel, provided the sale is considered to occur outside of the United States under U.S. federal income tax principles.

The 4% Gross Basis Tax. If the Section 883 Exemption does not apply and we are not subject to the net basis and branch profits taxes described above, we will be subject to a 4% U.S. federal income tax on our subsidiaries' U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income, without benefit of deductions. For 2020, we estimate that, if the Section 883 Exemption and the net basis tax did not apply, the U.S. federal income tax on such U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income would have been approximately $9.1 million. In addition, we estimate that certain of
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our subsidiaries that are unable to claim the Section 883 Exemption were subject to approximately $2.0 million in U.S. federal income tax on the U.S. source portion of their U.S. Source International Transportation Gross Income for 2020. If the Section 883 Exemption does not apply, the amount of such tax for which we or our subsidiaries may be liable in any year will depend upon the amount of income we earn from voyages into or out of the United States in such year, however, which is not within our complete control.
Marshall Islands Taxation
We believe that neither we nor our subsidiaries will be subject to taxation under the laws of the Marshall Islands, nor that distributions by our subsidiaries to us will be subject to any taxes under the laws of the Marshall Islands, other than taxes, fines, or fees due to (i) the incorporation, dissolution, continued existence, merger, domestication (or similar concepts) of legal entities registered in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, (ii) filing certificates (such as certificates of incumbency, merger, or re-domiciliation) with the Marshall Islands registrar, (iii) obtaining certificates of good standing from, or certified copies of documents filed with, the Marshall Islands registrar, (iv) compliance with Marshall Islands law concerning vessel ownership, such as tonnage tax, or (v) non-compliance with economic substance regulations or with requests made by the Marshall Islands Registrar of Corporations relating to our books and records and the books and records of our subsidiaries.
Other Taxation
We and our subsidiaries are subject to taxation in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions because we or our subsidiaries are either organized, or conduct business or operations in such jurisdictions. In other non-U.S. jurisdictions, we and our subsidiaries rely on statutory exemptions from tax. However, we cannot assure that any statutory exemptions from tax on which we or our subsidiaries rely will continue to be available as tax laws in those jurisdictions may change or we or our subsidiaries may enter into new business transactions relating to such jurisdictions, which could affect our and our subsidiaries' tax liability. Please read “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 21 – Income Taxes."
Item 4A.Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 5.Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this report. In addition, refer to Item 5 in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2019 for our discussion and analysis comparing financial condition and results of operations from 2019 to 2018.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overview
Teekay Corporation (or Teekay) is an operational leader and project developer in the marine midstream space. Teekay provides a comprehensive set of marine services to the world's leading oil and gas companies. We have a 100% general partnership interest in one publicly-listed master limited partnership, Teekay LNG Partners L.P. (or Teekay LNG), a controlling interest in publicly-listed Teekay Tankers Ltd. (or Teekay Tankers, and together with Teekay LNG, the Daughter Entities), and we directly own three floating production storage and offloading (or FPSO) units. Until May 2019, when we sold our remaining interest, we had a 49% general partnership interest and other equity and debt interests in another publicly-listed master limited partnership, Altera Infrastructure L.P., (or Altera) previously known as Teekay Offshore Partners L.P. (or Teekay Offshore). Teekay and its subsidiaries, other than Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers, are referred to herein as Teekay Parent.

Structure

To understand our financial condition and results of operations, a general understanding of our organizational structure is required. Our organizational structure can be divided into (a) our controlling interests in the Daughter entities and (b) Teekay Parent. Since we control the voting interests of the Daughter Entities through our ownership of the sole general partner interest of Teekay LNG and of Class A and Class B common shares of Teekay Tankers, we consolidate the results of these subsidiaries.

As of December 31, 2020, we had economic interests in Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers of 42.4% and 28.6%, respectively. Please read “Item 4C – Information on the Company – Organizational Structure.”

Teekay LNG primarily holds assets that generate long-term fixed-rate cash flows. The strategic rationale for establishing this master limited partnership in 2004 was to illuminate the higher value of fixed-rate cash flows to Teekay investors, realize advantages of a lower cost of equity when investing in new liquefied natural gas (or LNG) projects, enhance returns to Teekay through fee-based revenue and ownership of the partnership's incentive distribution rights (which Teekay LNG repurchased from us in May 2020) and increase our access to capital for growth. In 2007, as part of our continued asset management strategy, we formed Teekay Tankers to expand our conventional oil tanker business. Teekay Tankers holds all of our conventional tanker assets and engages in a mix of short to medium term fixed-rate charter contracts and spot tanker market trading. Teekay Tankers also owns a ship-to-ship transfer business that performs full service lightering and lightering support operations in the U.S. Gulf and Caribbean. In addition to Teekay Parent’s investments in Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers, Teekay Parent continues to own three FPSO units, conducts business in Australia through the provision of operational and maintenance marine services, and provides marine and corporate services to Teekay LNG (and certain of its joint ventures) and to Teekay Tankers.

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Our long-term vision is for Teekay Parent to be primarily a portfolio manager and project developer of various fixed assets and businesses within our area of expertise. Our primary financial objectives for Teekay Parent are to increase the value of our investments in our assets, increase Teekay Parent’s free cash flow per share, continue to reduce the debt of Teekay Parent (including by potentially selling assets in the future and using the net proceeds to repay debt), and, as a service provider to its Daughter Entities and third parties, provide scale and other benefits across the Teekay Group.

Teekay previously entered into an omnibus agreement with Teekay LNG, Altera and related parties governing, among other things, when Teekay, Teekay LNG and Altera may compete with each other and certain rights of first offer on LNG carriers, oil tankers, shuttle tankers, floating storage and offtake (or FSO) units and FPSO units.

We have three primary lines of business: liquefied gas carriers, conventional tankers and offshore production (FPSO units). We manage these businesses for the benefit of all stakeholders. We allocate capital and assess performance from the separate perspectives of Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers, and Teekay Parent, as well as from the perspective of the lines of business (the Line of Business approach). The primary focus of our organizational structure, internal reporting and allocation of resources by the chief operating decision maker, is on Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers, and Teekay Parent (the Legal Entity approach). As a result, a substantial majority of the information provided in this Annual Report is presented in accordance with the Legal Entity approach. However, we have continued to incorporate the Line of Business approach in our financial reporting because in certain cases there is more than one line of business in each of Teekay LNG, Teekay Tankers and Teekay Parent, and we believe this information allows a better understanding of our performance and prospects for future net cash flows. We presented our investment in Altera as a separate operating segment until its sale to Brookfield in May 2019.
IMPORTANT FINANCIAL AND OPERATIONAL TERMS AND CONCEPTS
We use a variety of financial and operational terms and concepts when analyzing our performance. These include the following:

Revenues. Revenues primarily include revenues from voyage charters, time charters accounted for under operating, direct financing and sales-type leases, and FPSO contracts. Revenues are affected by hire rates and the number of days a vessel operates, and previously also the daily production volume and/or the oil price for certain FPSO units. Revenues are also affected by the mix of business between time charters and voyage charters and to a lesser extent whether our vessels are subject to an RSA. Hire rates for voyage charters are more volatile, as they are typically tied to prevailing market rates at the time of a voyage.

Voyage Expenses. Voyage expenses are all expenses unique to a particular voyage, including any fuel expenses, port fees, cargo loading and unloading expenses, canal tolls, agency fees and commissions. Voyage expenses are typically paid by the customer under time charters and FPSO contracts and by us under voyage charters.

Vessel Operating Expenses. Under all types of charters and contracts for our vessels, except for bareboat charters, we are responsible for vessel operating expenses, which include crewing, repairs and maintenance, insurance, stores, lube oils and communication expenses. The two largest components of our vessel operating expenses are crew costs and repairs and maintenance. We expect these expenses to increase as our fleet matures and to the extent that it expands. We are taking steps to maintain these expenses at a stable level but expect an increase in line with inflation in respect of crew, material, and maintenance costs. The strengthening or weakening of the U.S. Dollar relative to foreign currencies may result in significant decreases or increases, respectively, in our vessel operating expenses, depending on the currencies in which such expenses are incurred.

Income from Vessel Operations. To assist us in evaluating our operations by segment, we analyze our income from vessel operations for each segment, which represents the income we receive from the segment after deducting operating expenses, but prior to the deduction of interest expense, realized and unrealized gains (losses) on non-designated derivative instruments, income taxes, foreign currency and other income and losses.

Dry docking. We must periodically dry dock each of our vessels for inspection, repairs and maintenance and any modifications to comply with industry certification or governmental requirements. Generally, we dry dock each of our vessels every two and a half to five years, depending upon the type of vessel and its age. In addition, a shipping society classification intermediate survey is performed on our LNG carriers between the second and third year of the five-year dry-docking cycle. We capitalize a substantial portion of the costs incurred during dry docking and for the survey and amortize those costs on a straight-line basis from the completion of a dry docking or intermediate survey over the estimated useful life of the dry dock. We expense as incurred costs for routine repairs and maintenance performed during dry dockings that do not improve or extend the useful lives of the assets and annual class survey costs for our FPSO units. The number of dry dockings undertaken in a given period and the nature of the work performed determine the level of dry-docking expenditures.

Depreciation and Amortization. Our depreciation and amortization expense typically consists of:

charges related to the depreciation and amortization of the historical cost of our fleet (less an estimated residual value) over the estimated useful lives of our vessels;
charges related to the amortization of dry-docking expenditures over the useful life of the dry dock; and
charges related to the amortization of intangible assets, including the fair value of time charters and customer relationships where amounts have been attributed to those items in acquisitions; these amounts are amortized over the period in which the asset is expected to contribute to our future cash flows.

Time-Charter Equivalent (TCE) Rates. Bulk shipping industry freight rates are commonly measured in the shipping industry in terms of “time-charter equivalent” (or TCE) rates, which represent revenues less voyage expenses divided by revenue days.

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Revenue Days. Revenue days are the total number of calendar days our vessels were in our possession during a period, less the total number of off-hire days during the period associated with major repairs, dry dockings or special or intermediate surveys. Consequently, revenue days represent the total number of days available for the vessel to earn revenue. Idle days, which are days when the vessel is available for the vessel to earn revenue, yet is not employed, are included in revenue days. We use revenue days to explain changes in our revenues between periods.

Calendar-Ship-Days. Calendar-ship-days are equal to the total number of calendar days that our vessels were in our possession during a period. As a result, we use calendar-ship-days primarily in explaining changes in vessel operating expenses, time-charter hire expense and depreciation and amortization.
ITEMS YOU SHOULD CONSIDER WHEN EVALUATING OUR RESULTS
You should consider the following factors when evaluating our historical financial performance and assessing our future prospects:

Our voyage revenues are affected by cyclicality in the tanker markets. The cyclical nature of the tanker industry causes significant increases or decreases in the revenue we earn from our vessels, particularly those we trade in the spot market.

Tanker rates also fluctuate based on seasonal variations in demand. Tanker markets are typically stronger in the winter months as a result of increased oil consumption in the northern hemisphere but weaker in the summer months as a result of lower oil consumption in the northern hemisphere and increased refinery maintenance. In addition, unpredictable weather patterns during the winter months tend to disrupt vessel scheduling, which historically has increased oil price volatility and oil trading activities in the winter months. As a result, revenues generated by our vessels have historically been weaker during the quarters ended June 30 and September 30, and stronger in the quarters ended December 31 and March 31. However, there may be years where other events override typical seasonality. This was the case in 2020 when high global oil production and a rise in floating storage led to strong tanker rates in the first and second quarters of the year before giving way to much weaker rates in the third and fourth quarters due to lower oil demand as a result of COVID-19, a significant reduction in global oil supply, and the return of ships from floating storage.

The COVID-19 pandemic is dynamic, and its ultimate scope, duration and effects on us, our customers and suppliers and our industry are uncertain.

Although global demand for LNG has remain relatively stable, COVID-19 has resulted and may continue to result in a significant decline in global demand for LPG and crude oil. As our business includes the transportation of LNG, LPG and oil on behalf of our customers, any significant decrease in demand for the cargo we transport could adversely affect demand for our vessels and services.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, we did not experience any material business interruptions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 has been a contributing factor to the decline in spot tanker rates and short-term time charter rates since mid-May 2020 and has also increased certain crewing-related costs, which reduced our cash flows, and was a contributing factor to the non-cash write-down of certain of Teekay LNG's multi-gas vessels, certain tankers owned by Teekay Tankers and one FPSO unit, as described in "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 18 - Write-down and Loss on Sale." The pandemic was also a contributing factor to the reduction in certain tax accruals as described in "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 21 - Income Tax Expense". We are continuing to monitor the potential impact of the pandemic on us, including monitoring counterparty risk associated with our vessels under contract and monitoring the impact on potential vessel impairments. We have also introduced a number of measures to protect the health and safety of our crews on our vessels, as well as our onshore staff.

Effects of the current pandemic may include, among others: deterioration of worldwide, regional or national economic conditions and activity and of demand for LNG, LPG and oil; operational disruptions to us or our customers due to worker health risks and the effects of new regulations, directives or practices implemented in response to the pandemic (such as travel restrictions for individuals and vessels and quarantining and physical distancing); potential delays in (a) the loading and discharging of cargo on or from our vessels, (b) vessel inspections and related certifications by class societies, customers or government agencies, (c) maintenance, modifications or repairs to, or drydocking of, our existing vessels due to worker health or other business disruptions, and (d) the timing of crew changes; reduced cash flow and financial condition, including potential liquidity constraints; potential reduced access to capital as a result of any credit tightening generally or due to continued declines in global financial markets; potential reduced ability to opportunistically sell any of our vessels on the second-hand market, either as a result of a lack of buyers or a general decline in the value of second-hand vessels; potential decreases in the market values of our vessels and any related impairment charges or breaches relating to vessel-to-loan financial covenants; potential disruptions, delays or cancellations in the construction of new LNG projects (including production, liquefaction, regasification, storage and distribution facilities), which could reduce our future growth opportunities; and potential deterioration in the financial condition and prospects of our customers or business partners.

Given the dynamic nature of the pandemic, including the development of variants of the virus, the duration of any potential business disruption and the related financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time and could materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Please read “Item 3 - Key Information - Risk Factors” for additional information about potential risks of COVID-19 on our business.

IMO 2020 Low Sulfur Fuel Regulation

Effective January 1, 2020, the International Maritime Organization imposed a 0.50% m/m (mass by mass) global limit for sulfur in fuel oil used onboard ships. To comply with this new regulatory standard, ships may utilize different fuels containing low or zero sulfur or utilize exhaust gas cleaning systems, known as “scrubbers”. To date, neither Teekay LNG nor Teekay Tankers has installed any scrubbers on their existing fleets, but each has taken and continues to take steps to comply with the 2020 sulfur limit. Detailed plans to address this changeover have been successfully implemented. 

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Teekay LNG communicated with its charterers in seeking to promote the use of LNG as the primary fuel whenever possible. All charterers accepted the rationale as a logical means of compliance. Vessels are supplied with compliant low sulfur heavy fuel oil and low sulfur marine gas oil which are used as pilot fuels, maneuvering or heel out situations, or in the case of heavy fuel oil only vessels, as the primary fuel. Under time charters, as both the LNG and compliant fuel is supplied by the charterers, there has been minimal impact on revenues and voyage expenses for our LNG fleet.

Teekay Tankers' transition to low sulfur fuel did not have a significant impact on its operating results. The future fuel price spread between high sulfur fuel and low sulfur fuel is uncertain; however, the use of higher cost low sulfur fuel has and is expected to continue to increase Teekay Tankers' voyage expenses. Teekay Tankers expects that it will be able to recover fuel price increases from the charterers of its vessels through higher revenues from voyage charters.

The size of and types of vessels in our fleet continues to change. Our results of operations reflect changes in the size and composition of our fleet due to certain vessel deliveries, vessel dispositions and changes to the number of vessels we charter in, as well as our entry into new markets. Please read “– Results of Operations” below for further details about vessel dispositions, deliveries and vessels chartered in. Due to the nature of our business, we expect our fleet to continue to fluctuate in size and composition.

Vessel operating and other costs are facing industry-wide cost pressures. We continue to maintain our operating expense increases at near inflationary levels; however, regulatory compliance has increased cost pressures on operators in recent years which may lead to increased operational expenses in the future. In 2020, we have been impacted by COVID-19 and the implications of resulting logistical challenges across our fleet. We had to defer the scheduled maintenance for certain of our vessels from 2020 to 2021. Additionally, due to increased length of stay for seafarers on board the vessels, we have had an increase in crewing costs.
    
Our net income is affected by fluctuations in the fair value of our derivative instruments. Most of our existing cross currency and interest rate swap agreements and foreign currency forward contracts are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Although we believe the non-designated derivative instruments are economic hedges, the changes in their fair value are included in our consolidated statements of income (loss) as unrealized gains or losses on non-designated derivatives. The unrealized changes in fair value do not affect our cash flows or liquidity.

The amount and timing of dry dockings of our vessels can affect our revenues between periods. Our vessels are off-hire at various times due to scheduled and unscheduled maintenance. During 2020 and 2019, on a consolidated basis and excluding vessels in our equity-accounted joint ventures,- we incurred 591 and 886 off-hire days relating to dry docking, respectively. The financial impact from these periods of off-hire, if material, is explained in further detail below in "– Results of Operations”. During 2021, 17 of our vessels are scheduled for dry docking, excluding vessels in our equity-accounted joint ventures, compared to 13 vessels which dry docked during 2020.

Our financial results are affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Under GAAP, all foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities (including cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, advances from affiliates, and long-term debt) are revalued and reported based on the prevailing exchange rate at the end of the period. These foreign currency translations fluctuate based on the strength of the U.S. Dollar relative mainly to the Euro and NOK and are included in our results of operations. The translation of all foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities at each reporting date results in unrealized foreign currency exchange gains or losses but do not currently impact our cash flows.

The duration of our FPSO contract for the Sevan Hummingbird FPSO unit is subject to early termination options. If the charterer exercised its early termination option, we will no longer generate revenue under the related contract and will need to seek to redeploy, sell or scrap the unit. The likelihood of the contract being terminated early is affected by reductions in oil field reserves, low oil prices generally or other factors. If we are unable to promptly redeploy the unit at a rate at least equal to the existing contract, if at all, our operating results will be harmed. Any potential redeployment may not be under a long-term contract, which may affect the stability of our cash flow. If the unit is not redeployed or sold, we may incur costs to decommission and scrap the unit. FPSO units, in particular, are specialized vessels that have very limited alternative uses and high fixed costs. In addition, FPSO units typically require substantial capital investments prior to being redeployed to a new field and production service agreement. Any idle time prior to the commencement of a new contract or our inability to redeploy the vessel at an acceptable rate may have an adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Certain of Teekay LNG's consolidated and equity-accounted vessels earned revenues based partly on spot market rates. All of Teekay LNG's wholly-owned multi-gas carriers, and certain of our LPG carriers in our 50%-owned Exmar LPG Joint Venture were either trading or are currently trading in the spot market. Volatility of spot rates will affect our results from period to period.

We do not control access to cash flow generated by our investments in equity-accounted joint ventures. We do not have control over the operations of, nor do we have any legal claim to the revenue and expenses of our investments in, our equity-accounted joint ventures. Consequently, the cash flow generated by our investments in equity-accounted joint ventures may not be available for use by us in the period that such cash flows are generated.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The results of operations that follow have first been divided into (a) our controlling interests in our publicly-traded subsidiaries Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers and (b) Teekay Parent. Within these groups, we have further subdivided the results into their respective lines of business. The following table (a) presents revenues and income (loss) from vessel operations for each of Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers, and for Teekay Parent, and (b) reconciles these amounts to our consolidated financial statements. 
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  Revenues Income (loss) from vessel operations
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) 2020 2019 2020 2019
Teekay LNG 591,103  601,256  226,093  299,253 
Teekay Tankers 886,434  943,917  141,572  123,883 
Teekay Parent 338,135  413,806  (53,086) (219,094)
Elimination of intercompany (1)
—  (13,588) —  — 
Teekay Corporation Consolidated 1,815,672  1,945,391  314,579  204,042 
(1)During 2019, Teekay Tankers' ship-to-ship transfer business provided operational and maintenance services to Teekay LNG Bahrain Operations L.L.C., an entity wholly-owned by Teekay LNG, for the LNG receiving and regasification terminal in Bahrain. Also during 2019, the Magellan Spirit LNG carrier was chartered by Teekay LNG to Teekay Parent for a short period of time.

Summary

Teekay Corporation's consolidated income from vessels operations increased to $314.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $204.0 million in the prior year. The primary reasons for this increase are as follows:

TK-20201231_G2.JPG

a decrease in loss from vessel operations in Teekay Parent of $166.0 million primarily due to lower impairment charges relating to FPSO units in 2020, a gain on commencement of a sales-type lease and improved results as a result of a new bareboat charter agreement for the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO unit in 2020, partially offset by decommissioning costs incurred for the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit after it ceased operations in June 2020;
an increase in income from vessel operations in Teekay Tankers of $17.7 million primarily due to higher overall average realized spot TCE rates earned by its Suezmax and LR2 product tankers, fewer off-hire days related to dry dockings and lower off-hire bunker expenses, a higher number of vessels on time-charter out contracts earning higher rates, as well as higher earnings from Teekay Tankers' full service lightering (or FSL) dedicated vessels in 2020, partially offset by impairment charges of $66.7 million in 2020;
partially offset by
a decrease in income from vessel operations in Teekay LNG of $73.2 million primarily due to a $51.0 million write-down of seven multi-gas carriers during 2020 and due to the sale of the WilPride and WilForce LNG carriers in January 2020.
Details of the changes to our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 are provided in the following section.

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Year Ended December 31, 2020 versus Year Ended December 31, 2019
Teekay LNG
As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG’s liquefied gas fleet consisted of a controlling interest in 22 LNG carriers and seven LPG/multi-gas carriers. In addition, Teekay LNG also has interests of 20% to 52% in 25 LNG carriers, 23 LPG/multi-gas carriers and one LNG regasification terminal in Bahrain that are accounted for using the equity method.
Recent Developments in Teekay LNG
During March 2021, Teekay LNG secured a one-year, variable-rate charter contract, with a one-year option at a fixed rate for the Creole Spirit LNG carrier, which commenced in March 2021.

During July 2020, Teekay LNG's 52%-owned joint venture with Marubeni Corporation (or the MALT Joint Venture) secured an eight-month charter contract for the Methane Spirit, after its previous charter contract ended. In addition, in December 2020, the MALT Joint Venture secured a two-year, fixed-rate charter contract, with a one-year option, for the Methane Spirit which is expected to commence in April 2021.

During April and May 2020, the MALT Joint Venture also secured the following charter contracts: a one-year, fixed-rate charter contract, with a one-year option, for the Arwa Spirit which commenced in May 2020 after its previous charter contract ended; and a six-month charter contract for the Marib Spirit which commenced in June 2020 after its prior charter contract ended. In October 2020, the charterer of the Marib Spirit exercised its options to extend the current charter by 14 months at a higher charter rate, extending the vessel's charter coverage to early-2022, and has another one-year option available. In March 2021, the charterer of the Arwa Spirit exercised its one-year option to extend the charter contract to May 2022.

In March 2020, Teekay LNG received notice from the Manager, which commercially manages its seven wholly-owned multi-gas vessels, that it would dissolve the pool in which these seven multi-gas vessels were then being managed, effective September 2020, in accordance with its rights in the then-existing commercial management agreement. This notice, along with the lower near-term outlook for these types of vessels that resulted from the economic environment at that time (including the COVID-19 pandemic), impacted its assessment of the expected earnings for these vessels which resulted in a write-down of its seven multi-gas carriers during 2020 - see "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 18 – Write-down and Loss on Sale". In July 2020, Teekay LNG entered into a new commercial management agreement with its third-party commercial manager (or the Manager) to commercially manage its seven wholly-owned multi-gas vessels for a two-year term, which came into effect in September 2020 upon the vessels redelivering from the previous pool arrangement and termination of the prior commercial management agreement. In early-2021, Teekay LNG's commercial manager publicly announced that it intends to merge its business and operations with another third-party commercial manager. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2021, upon which the surviving entity will continue to commercially manage Teekay LNG's seven wholly-owned multi-gas vessels for the remaining two-year term under the current commercial management agreement.

In January 2020, Awilco LNG ASA (or Awilco) repurchased the WilPride and WilForce LNG carriers, respectively, and paid Teekay LNG the associated vessel purchase obligations, deferred hire amounts and interest on deferred hire amounts totaling $260.4 million relating to these two vessels. Teekay LNG used the proceeds from the sales to repay $157 million of term loans that were collateralized by these vessels and to fund working capital requirements.

In November 2019, Teekay LNG's joint venture with National Oil & Gas Authority (or NOGA), Gulf Investment Corporation and Samsung C&T (or the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture), in which Teekay LNG has a 30% interest, completed the mechanical construction and commissioning of the LNG receiving and regasification terminal in Bahrain. The project began receiving terminal use payments in January 2020 under its terminal use agreement with NOGA which ends in February 2039.
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Operating Results – Teekay LNG
The following table compares Teekay LNG’s operating results, equity income and number of calendar-ship-days for its vessels for 2020 and 2019:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except calendar-ship-days) 2020 2019
Revenues 591,103  601,256 
Voyage expenses (17,394) (21,387)
Vessel operating expenses (116,396) (111,585)
Time-charter hire expense (23,564) (19,994)
Depreciation and amortization (129,752) (136,765)
General and administrative expenses (1)
(26,904) (22,521)
Write-down of and sale of vessels (51,000) 13,564 
Restructuring charges —  (3,315)
Income from vessel operations 226,093  299,253 
Liquefied Gas Carriers (1)
226,093  300,520 
Conventional Tankers (1)(2)
—  (1,267)
226,093  299,253 
Equity income – Liquefied Gas Carriers 72,233  58,819 
Calendar-Ship-Days (3)
Liquefied Gas Carriers 10,990  11,650 
Conventional Tankers —  317 
(1)Includes direct general and administrative expenses and indirect general and administrative expenses allocated to the liquefied gas carriers and conventional tankers based on estimated use of corporate resources.
(2)Further information on Teekay LNG’s conventional tanker results can be found in “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 3 – Segment Reporting.”
(3)Calendar-ship-days presented relate to consolidated vessels only.

Income from vessel operations for Teekay LNG decreased to $226.1 million in 2020 compared to $299.3 million in 2019, primarily as a result of:

a decrease of $64.6 million due to the write-down of seven multi-gas carriers in 2020 compared to a write-down of one conventional tanker in 2019 and a gain recognized on the derecognition of the WilPride and WilForce LNG carriers in 2019;
a decrease of $10.5 million due to the sales of the Toledo Spirit, Alexander Spirit, WilPride, and WilForce LNG carriers between January 2019 and January 2020;
a decrease of $8.0 million during 2020, primarily due to an increase in vessel operating expenses due to timing of repairs and maintenance expenditures, and an increase in general and administrative expenses related to professional fees associated with the elimination of Teekay LNG's incentive distribution rights, and higher insurance premiums; and
a decrease of $4.6 million due to lower rates earned for the Bahrain Spirit in 2020 as the vessel was trading primarily as a floating storage unit (or FSU) for the majority of 2020 compared to higher rates earned when it traded as an LNG carrier in 2019 prior to the completion of the LNG terminal in Bahrain in November 2019, and lower rates earned on the redeployment of the Magellan Spirit in May 2019;
partially offset by

an increase of $13.3 million due to fewer off-hire days during 2020, primarily for scheduled dry dockings and unscheduled repairs for certain vessels.
Equity income related to Teekay LNG’s liquefied gas carriers increased to $72.2 million in 2020 compared to $58.8 million in 2019. The changes were primarily a result of:

an increase of $45.3 million due to the deliveries of four ARC7 LNG carrier newbuildings (the Nikolay Yevgenov, the Vladimir Voronin, the Georgiy Ushakov and the Yakov Gakkel) in June 2019, August 2019, November 2019, and December 2019, respectively; delivery of the Pan Africa in January 2019; and the commencement of the terminal use agreement of the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture in early-2020;
an increase of $9.5 million due to higher charter rates earned by certain vessels in Teekay LNG's 50/50 LPG joint venture with Exmar NV (or the Exmar LPG Joint Venture); and
an increase of $3.4 million due to fewer off-hire days during 2020, primarily for scheduled dry dockings and unscheduled repairs for certain vessels in the MALT Joint Venture;
partially offset by

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a decrease of $29.4 million due to higher unrealized losses on non-designated interest rate swaps relating to decreases in long-term forward LIBOR benchmark interest rates relative to the beginning of 2020 and credit loss provisions recognized during 2020 that followed the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020 (please see "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and "Item 18 - Financial Statements: Note 11: Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments") which were primarily due to the commencement of the sales-type lease for the Bahrain regasification terminal and associated FSU in January 2020 and declines in estimated charter-free valuations for certain types of LNG carriers servicing time-charter contracts accounted for as direct financing and sales-type leases; and
a decrease of $17.0 million due to impairment charges recorded on four LPG carriers in the Exmar LPG Joint Venture in 2020.
Teekay Tankers
As at December 31, 2020, Teekay Tankers owned and leased 52 double-hulled conventional oil and product tankers, time chartered-in two Aframax and one Long Range 2 (or LR2) product tankers, and owned a 50% interest in one Very Large Crude Carrier (or VLCC).
Recent Developments in Teekay Tankers
In March 2021, Teekay Tankers declared purchase options to acquire six Aframax tankers for a total cost of $128.8 million, as part of the repurchase options under the sale-leaseback arrangements described in "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 10 - Obligations Related to Finance Leases" of this Annual Report. Teekay Tankers expects to complete the purchase and delivery of these vessels in September 2021.

In February 2021, Teekay Tankers agreed to sell two Aframax tankers for a combined sales price of $32.0 million. Both tankers were delivered in March 2021.

In December 2020, Teekay Tankers entered into a time charter-in contract for one Aframax tanker newbuilding for a firm period of seven years at an initial daily rate of $18,700. The contract includes three one-year option periods and a purchase option at the end of the second option period. The vessel is expected to be delivered to Teekay Tankers during the fourth quarter of 2022.

In November 2020, Teekay Tankers declared purchase options to acquire two Suezmax tankers for a total cost of $56.7 million, as part of the repurchase options under the sale-leaseback arrangements described in "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 10 - Obligations Related to Finance Leases" of this Annual Report. Teekay Tankers expects to complete the purchase and delivery of these vessels in May 2021.

In October 2020, Teekay Tankers completed the repurchase of two Aframax tankers previously under the sale-leaseback arrangements described in "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 10 - Obligations Related to Finance Leases" of this Annual Report, for a total cost of $29.6 million, using available cash.

In September 2020, Teekay Tankers entered into a time charter-out contract for one Aframax tanker with a one-year term at a daily rate of $18,700. This charter-out contract commenced in October 2020.

Between March and May 2020, Teekay Tankers entered into time charter-out contracts for five Suezmax tankers and one LR2 tanker with one-year terms at average daily rates of $45,600 and $29,000, respectively, and two Aframax tankers with one to two-year terms at an average daily rate of $25,600. These charter-out contracts commenced between April and June 2020.

During the first quarter of 2020, Teekay Tankers completed the sale of three Suezmax tankers in separate transactions for a combined sales price of approximately $60.9 million. Two Suezmax tankers were delivered in February 2020, and one Suezmax tanker was delivered in March 2020.

In April 2020, Teekay Tankers sold the non-U.S. portion of its ship-to-ship business, as well as its LNG terminal management business, for approximately $27.1 million, including an adjustment for the final amounts of cash and other working capital present on the closing date. The sale resulted in a gain on sale of approximately $3.1 million. Of the total proceeds, $14.3 million was received in May 2020 and the remaining $12.7 million was received in July 2020.

Operating Results – Teekay Tankers

The following table compares Teekay Tankers’ operating results, equity income and number of calendar-ship-days for its vessels for 2020 and 2019.
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  Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except calendar-ship-days) 2020 2019
Revenues 886,434  943,917 
Voyage expenses (297,225) (402,294)
Vessel operating expenses (184,233) (208,601)
Time-charter hire expense (36,341) (43,189)
Depreciation and amortization (117,212) (124,002)
General and administrative expenses (39,006) (36,404)
Write-down and loss on sale of assets (69,446) (5,544)
Restructuring charges (1,398) — 
Income from vessel operations 141,573  123,883 
Equity income 5,100  2,345 
Calendar-Ship-Days (1)
Conventional Tankers 20,673  22,350 
(1)Calendar-ship-days presented relate to owned and in-chartered consolidated vessels only.
Tanker Market
2020 was a year of two distinct halves in the tanker market, with a strong first half of the year giving way to a much weaker second half. The tanker market started 2020 on a positive note as firm supply and demand fundamentals existing during the fourth quarter of 2019 continued into the early part of the year. Rates were boosted by an increase in oil production during March and April due to the short-lived oil price war between Russia and Saudi Arabia which resulted in an increase in cargos. This increased production occurred just as oil demand started to plummet as a result of COVID-19 lockdowns across the globe which led to a significant mismatch between global oil supply and demand and a historic build in global oil inventories. The rapid build in inventories drove oil prices to multi-year lows and pushed the crude oil futures curve into a steep contango, which encouraged oil traders to charter ships for floating storage. The increasing number of tankers being utilized for storage led to a tightening of available fleet supply which, in combination with healthy cargo supply, resulted in increased tanker fleet utilization. As a result, spot tanker rates increased to multi-year highs during the first and second quarters of the year.

Tanker market dynamics shifted towards the end of the second quarter of 2020 due to steep oil production cuts from the OPEC+ group of suppliers in response to lower oil demand. The OPEC+ group implemented record oil production cuts of 9.7 million barrels per day (or mb/d) from May 2020 which negatively affected tanker demand. Although the OPEC+ group brought 2.0 mb/d of supply back in August 2020, this still left tanker trade volumes well below pre-COVID levels. Spot rates deteriorated further during the fourth quarter of the year as a number of ships which were being used as floating storage returned to the trading fleet, thus increasing available fleet supply. In addition, a resurgence in COVID-19 cases during the fourth quarter, particularly in Europe and North America, led to renewed lockdowns and caused both a slowdown in oil demand and reduced refinery throughput. This weakness in rates has carried on into early 2021.

Looking ahead, Teekay Tankers expects that tanker demand will start to recover during 2021 as oil demand increases and oil inventories are brought back to more normal levels. However, the timing of this recovery remains uncertain and depends to a large extent on how the COVID-19 pandemic evolves over the coming months. As per the International Energy Agency (or IEA), global oil demand is expected to grow by 5.5 mb/d in 2021 following an 8.8 mb/d decline in 2020. The demand recovery is expected to accelerate during the second half of 2021 as COVID-19 vaccination programs are rolled-out worldwide. Global oil supply is likely to remain constrained in the near-term, particularly with Saudi Arabia announcing a cut of 1.0 mb/d during February and March 2021. However, Teekay Tankers expects oil supply volumes to increase during the latter part of the year in tandem with the oil demand recovery, which will be positive for tanker demand.

Fleet supply fundamentals continue to look very positive due to a significantly reduced level of newbuild ordering, a diminishing tanker orderbook, and the potential for higher scrapping due to an aging world fleet. As of January 2021, the tanker orderbook totaled 54.2 million deadweight tonnes (or mdwt), or just over eight percent of the existing fleet size. The level of newbuild orders remains low, and is expected to remain so due to uncertainty over vessel technology and a more restrictive financial landscape. Although the level of tanker scrapping was very low in 2020, scrapping facilities have now returned to full operation, and the level may pick up during periods of potentially weaker spot tanker rates in 2021.

In summary, the tanker market has weakened since the middle of 2020 and the next few months look to be challenging. However, tanker demand should continue to gradually recover through 2021 which, coupled with a positive fleet supply outlook, should help the tanker market begin to rebalance.

Teekay Tankers' income from vessel operations increased to $141.6 million in 2020 compared to $123.9 million in 2019, primarily as a result of:

a net increase of $70.1 million due to higher overall average realized spot TCE rates earned by Suezmax tankers and LR2 product tankers, as well as a higher extension rate from one time-charter out contract, partially offset by lower overall average realized spot TCE rates earned by Aframax tankers and lower earnings from FSL dedicated vessels; and
a net increase of $39.7 million primarily due to a higher number of vessels on time-charter out contracts earning higher rates compared to spot rates for 2019;
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partially offset by
a decrease of $66.7 million due to an increase in write-downs mainly related to the impairment of nine Aframax tankers and four right-of-use assets due to the weak near-term tanker market outlook, a reduction of charter rates as a result of the current economic environment, and a decline in vessel values during 2020;
a decrease of $11.2 million due to the sale of one Suezmax tanker in the fourth quarter of 2019 and three Suezmax tankers in the first quarter of 2020;
a decrease of $6.3 million primarily due to the depreciation related to capitalized expenditures for vessels which dry docked during 2019 and 2020; and
a decrease of $5.2 million primarily due to increased crewing-related costs that have been impacted by disruptions resulting from the COVID-19 global pandemic.
Equity income increased to $5.1 million in 2020 from $2.3 million in 2019 primarily due to higher spot rates realized by Teekay Tankers' 50% ownership interest in a VLCC, which has been trading in a third party-managed VLCC pooling arrangement.
Teekay Parent
As at December 31, 2020, Teekay Parent had direct interests in three 100%-owned FPSO units, which are included in Teekay Parent’s Offshore Production business. In addition, included in Teekay Parent’s Other and Corporate G&A segment was one FSO unit in-chartered from Altera until March 2021. Teekay Parent also redelivered one FSO unit to Altera in August 2020, one bunker barge to a third party in May 2020, two shuttle tankers to Altera in March 2020, and one FSO unit to Altera in April 2019. The remaining portion of the Other and Corporate G&A segment primarily relates to Teekay Parent's marine services business in Australia as well as marine and corporate services provided to Teekay LNG's equity-accounted joint ventures and Altera.
Recent Developments in Teekay Parent
In the third quarter of 2020, Teekay Parent recognized an impairment charge of $9.1 million relating to its right-of-use asset for the Suksan Salamander FSO unit. Teekay Parent reduced its expected cash flows from the Suksan Salamander FSO unit, which it in-chartered from Altera under an operating lease, to take into account progress relating to the early termination of the in-charter and the novation of the charter contracts with the customer to Altera. The novation of the charter contracts was completed in March 2021 and the in-charter terminated at the same time.
During 2020, Teekay Parent made changes to its expected cash flows from the Sevan Hummingbird FPSO unit based on the market environment and oil prices, and contract discussions with the customer. The carrying value of the unit was fully written down in the third quarter of 2020, resulting in impairment charges of $37.2 million for the year ended December 30, 2020.
In the first quarter of 2020, CNR International (U.K.) Limited (or CNRI) provided formal notice to Teekay of its intention to decommission the Banff field and remove the Petrojarl Banff FPSO and the Apollo Spirit FSO from the field in 2020. The oil production under the existing contract for the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit ceased on June 1, 2020, at which time Teekay Parent began incurring decommissioning/asset retirement costs. Accordingly, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the asset retirement obligation for the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit was increased based on changes to cost estimates and the carrying value of the unit was fully written down in the third quarter of 2020, resulting in impairment charges of $33.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. In December 2020, Teekay Parent entered into a contract to recycle the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit in Denmark in 2021. The cost of recycling the unit, including lay-up and towage costs, is estimated to be approximately $10 million.
In March 2020, Teekay Parent entered into a new bareboat charter contract with the existing charterer of the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO, which can be extended up to December 2030. Under the terms of the new contract, Teekay Parent received a cash payment of $67 million in April 2020 and will receive a nominal per day rate over the life of the contract and a lump sum payment at the end of the contract period, which is expected to cover the costs of recycling the FPSO unit in accordance with the EU ship recycling regulations. This transaction resulted in a gain on commencement of sales-type lease of $44.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.
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Operating Results – Teekay Parent

The following table compares Teekay Parent’s operating results and the number of calendar-ship-days for its vessels for 2020 and 2019.
 
Offshore
Production
Other and
Corporate G&A
Teekay Parent
Total
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except calendar-ship-days) 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019
Revenues 108,952  210,816  229,183  202,990  338,135  413,806 
Voyage expenses (24) (36) 10  (7) (14) (43)
Vessel operating expenses (94,945) (159,822) (204,230) (166,416) (299,175) (326,238)
Time-charter hire expense (7,972) (41,813) (12,406) (25,326) (20,378) (67,139)
Depreciation and amortization (14,166) (29,710) —  (195) (14,166) (29,905)
General and administrative expenses (1)
(1,872) (9,272) (11,446) (13,248) (13,318) (22,520)
Write-down and loss on sales of vessels (70,692) (178,330) (9,100) —  (79,792) (178,330)
Gain on commencement of sales-type lease 44,943  —  —  —  44,943  — 
Restructuring charges (2,278) —  (7,043) (8,725) (9,321) (8,725)
Loss from vessel operations (38,054) (208,167) (15,032) (10,927) (53,086) (219,094)
Calendar-Ship-Days (2)
FPSO Units 1,098  1,095  —  —  1,098  1,095 
FSO Units 244  365  366  477  610  842 
Shuttle Tankers 113  642  —  —  113  642 
(1)Includes direct general and administrative expenses and indirect general and administrative expenses allocated to offshore production, and other and corporate G&A based on estimated use of corporate resources.
(2)Apart from three FPSO units in 2020 and 2019, all remaining calendar-ship-days presented relate to in-chartered days.
Teekay Parent – Offshore Production
Loss from vessel operations for Teekay Parent’s Offshore Production business was $38.1 million for 2020, compared to loss from vessel operations of $208.2 million for 2019. The changes are primarily a result of:

a decrease in loss of $107.6 million due to lower impairment charges in 2020;
a decrease in loss of $74.0 million for 2020, primarily due to a $44.9 million gain on commencement of the sales-type lease and improved results associated with the new bareboat charter agreement for the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO unit in 2020; and
a decrease in loss of $10.9 million for 2020, related to the Sevan Hummingbird FPSO unit, primarily due to a new contract that took effect in the fourth quarter of 2019 at a higher rate as well as lower depreciation as a result of write-downs of the unit to its estimated fair value in the third quarter of 2019, and then to nil in the third quarter of 2020;
partially offset by

an increase in loss of $22.3 million for 2020, related to the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit, primarily due to cessation of production on the Banff field in June 2020 and the associated decommissioning costs incurred.
Teekay Parent – Other and Corporate G&A
Loss from vessel operations for Teekay Parent’s Other and Corporate G&A segment was $15.0 million for 2020, compared to loss from vessel operations of $10.9 million for 2019. The increase in loss was primarily due to the write-down of the Suksan Salamander FSO unit, as described above in "Recent Developments in Teekay Parent," partially offset by decreases in corporate expenses and restructuring charges.
Equity-Accounted Investment in Altera
We recognized equity losses from Altera of $75.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Included in that amount was a write-down of our investment in Altera of $64.9 million and a loss on sale of Altera of $8.9 million.
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Other Consolidated Operating Results
The following table compares our other consolidated operating results for 2020 and 2019:
  Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages) 2020 2019
Interest expense (225,647) (279,059)
Interest income 8,342  7,804 
Realized and unrealized losses on non-designated derivative instruments (35,857) (13,719)
Foreign exchange loss (20,718) (13,574)
Other loss (18,062) (14,475)
Income tax expense (8,988) (25,482)

Interest expense. Interest expense decreased to $225.6 million in 2020, compared to $279.1 million in 2019, primarily due to:

a decrease of $20.5 million relating to Teekay LNG primarily due to a decrease in LIBOR and reduction in debt balances as a result of principal and bond repayments throughout 2019 and 2020;
a decrease of $13.8 million primarily due to Teekay Tankers' significant prepayments of loan principal during the fourth quarter of 2019 and during 2020, and the debt refinancings completed during 2020, which resulted in lower interest rates in comparison to those under the previous facilities, along with overall lower average LIBOR rates, partially offset by the write-off of previously capitalized loan costs and non-capitalized loan costs associated with the debt refinancings;
a decrease of $8.9 million as part of the proceeds from the sale of the WilForce and WilPride were used to the repay Teekay LNG's term loans that were collateralized by these vessels; and
a decrease of $7.9 million relating to Teekay Parent as a result of the repurchase in 2019 and at maturity of the 8.5% senior notes (or the 2020 Notes) in January 2020, partially offset by an increase in debt issuance cost amortization, and the higher interest rate for the 9.25% senior secured notes due November 2022 (or the 2022 Notes) issued by Teekay Parent in May 2019.
Realized and unrealized losses on non-designated derivative instruments. Realized and unrealized (losses) related to derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes are included as a separate line item in the consolidated statements of income (loss). Net realized and unrealized losses on non-designated derivatives were $35.9 million for 2020, compared to $13.7 million for 2019, as detailed in the table below:
Year Ended
December 31, 2020
$
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
$
Realized (losses) gains relating to:
Interest rate swap agreements (17,483) (8,296)
Foreign currency forward contracts 138  (147)
Stock purchase warrants —  (25,559)
Forward freight agreements (1,242) 1,490 
(18,587) (32,512)
Unrealized (losses) gains relating to:
Interest rate swap agreements (17,558) (7,878)
Foreign currency forward contracts 202  (200)
Stock purchase warrants —  26,900 
Forward freight agreements 86  (29)
(17,270) 18,793 
Total realized and unrealized losses on derivative instruments (35,857) (13,719)

The realized losses relate to amounts we actually realized for settlements related to these derivative instruments in normal course and amounts paid to terminate interest rate swap agreement terminations.

During 2020 and 2019, we had interest rate swap agreements with aggregate average net outstanding notional amounts of approximately $0.9 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively, with average fixed rates of approximately 3.1% and 3.0%, respectively. Short-term variable benchmark interest rates during these periods were generally lower than these fixed rates, and, as such, we incurred realized losses of $17.5 million and $8.3 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively, under the interest rate swap agreements.

Primarily as a result of significant changes in long-term benchmark interest rates during 2020 and 2019, we recognized unrealized losses of $17.6 million in 2020 compared to unrealized gains of $7.9 million in 2019 under the interest rate swap agreements.

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Prior to the 2019 Brookfield Transaction, Teekay held 15.5 million common unit warrants issued by Altera to Teekay in connection with the 2017 Brookfield Transaction (or the Brookfield Transaction Warrants) and 1,755,000 warrants to purchase common units of Altera issued to Teekay in connection with Altera's private placement of Series D Preferred Units in June 2016 (or the Series D Warrants). Please read “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 15 – Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized an unrealized gain of $26.9 million on these warrants, which was partially offset by a realized loss of $25.6 million during the same period. As part of the 2019 Brookfield Transaction, Teekay sold to Brookfield all of the Company’s remaining interests in Altera, which included, among other things, both the Brookfield Transaction Warrants and Series D Warrants.

Foreign Exchange Loss. Foreign currency exchange losses were $20.7 million in 2020 compared to losses of $13.6 million in 2019. Our foreign currency exchange gains and losses, substantially all of which are unrealized, are primarily due to the relevant period-end revaluation of our Norwegian-Krone (or NOK)-denominated debt and our Euro-denominated term loans, finance leases and restricted cash for financial reporting purposes and the realized and unrealized (losses) gains on our cross currency swaps. Gains on NOK-denominated and Euro-denominated monetary liabilities reflect a stronger U.S. Dollar against the NOK and Euro on the date of revaluation or settlement compared to the rate in effect at the beginning of the period. Losses on NOK-denominated and Euro-denominated monetary liabilities reflect a weaker U.S. Dollar against the NOK and Euro on the date of revaluation or settlement compared to the rate in effect at the beginning of the period.

For 2020, foreign currency exchange loss included realized losses of $6.6 million (2019 – $5.1 million) and unrealized gains of $26.8 million (2019 – losses of $13.2 million) on our cross currency swaps, realized losses on maturity and termination of cross currency swaps of $33.8 million (2019 – nil) and an unrealized gain of $3.5 million (2019 – gain of $5.8 million) on the revaluation of our NOK-denominated debt.

Other loss. Other loss increased to $18.1 million in 2020 compared to $14.5 million in 2019 primarily due to unrealized credit loss provisions recognized in 2020 as a result of declines of estimated charter-free valuations of certain LNG vessels (new credit loss accounting standard adopted January 1, 2020), which are servicing time-charter contracts accounted for as direct financing and sales-type leases, and the impact of such declines on our expectation of the value of such vessels upon completion of their existing charter contracts, partially offset by losses on the repurchase of 2020 Notes during 2019.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $9.0 million in 2020 compared to $25.5 million in 2019. The income tax expense in 2020 includes the reversal of freight tax liabilities as a result of an agreement with a tax authority, which was based in part on an initiative of the tax authority in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic and included the waiver of interest and penalties on unpaid taxes, which was partially offset by an increase in freight taxes recognized in a certain jurisdiction due to uncertainty surrounding a recent tax law change and the limited transparency into the actions of the tax authority in this jurisdiction. For additional information, please read "Item 18 - Financial Statements: Note 21 - Income Tax Expense" of this Annual Report.
Year Ended December 31, 2019 versus Year Ended December 31, 2018
For a discussion of our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared with the year ended December 31, 2018, please see "Item 5 – Recent Developments and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2019.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Liquidity and Cash Needs

Teekay Corporation Consolidated

Overall, our consolidated operations are capital intensive. We finance the purchase of our vessels primarily through a combination of borrowings from commercial banks, the issuance of equity and debt securities (primarily by our Daughter Entities), through partnering with joint venture partners and cash generated from operations. In addition, we may use sale and leaseback arrangements as a source of long-term liquidity. We use certain of our revolving credit facilities to finance changes in working capital or other expenditures which may arise. As at December 31, 2020, Teekay Corporation’s total consolidated cash and cash equivalents was $348.8 million, compared to $354.4 million at December 31, 2019 (which included cash presented in assets held for sale). Teekay Corporation’s total consolidated liquidity, including cash, cash equivalents, undrawn credit facilities and the undrawn portion of a loan, which is determined based on certain borrowing criteria to finance Teekay Tankers' RSAs, was $1.0 billion as at December 31, 2020 and $672.0 million as at December 31, 2019.

Our revolving credit facilities and term loans are described in "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 8 – Long-Term Debt.” They contain covenants and other restrictions typical of debt financing secured by vessels that restrict our ship-owning subsidiaries from, among other things: incurring or guaranteeing indebtedness; changing ownership or structure, including mergers, consolidations, liquidations and dissolutions; making dividends or distributions if we are in default; making capital expenditures in excess of specified levels; making certain negative pledges and granting certain liens; selling, transferring, assigning or conveying assets; making certain loans and investments; or entering into new lines of business.

Our long-term debt agreements generally provide for maintenance of minimum consolidated financial covenants and five of our loan agreements require the maintenance of vessel market value to loan ratios. As at December 31, 2020, these vessel market value to loan ratios were 405%, 273%, 142%, 215% and 190% compared to their minimum required ratios of 125%, 115%, 120%, 135% and 125%, respectively. The vessel values used in these ratios are the appraised values provided by third parties where available or prepared by us based on second-hand sale and purchase market data. Changes in the LNG/LPG carrier or conventional tanker markets could negatively affect our compliance with these ratios.

Certain loan agreements require Teekay LNG to maintain a minimum level of tangible net worth, and minimum liquidity (cash, cash equivalents and undrawn committed revolving credit lines with at least six months to maturity) of the greater of $35.0 million, and not to exceed a maximum level of financial leverage. Certain loan agreements require Teekay Tankers to maintain minimum liquidity (cash, cash equivalents and undrawn committed revolving credit lines with at least six months to maturity) of the greater of $35.0 million and at least 5.0% of Teekay Tankers' total consolidated debt and obligations related to finance leases.
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The indenture that governs our 2022 Notes (further described in the Teekay Parent section below) contains covenants that, among other things, restrict our and the guarantors’ ability to: incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness; pay dividends or make other distributions or repurchase or redeem our equity interests; prepay, redeem or repurchase certain debt; issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities; make investments; sell assets; incur liens, including the granting of any lien on any of the 2022 Note collateral, or further pledging any of the 2022 Note collateral as security, subject to permitted liens; enter into transactions with affiliates; and consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of our assets. The indenture also provides that under specific circumstances we may be required to offer to use all or a portion of the net proceeds of sales of our FPSO units or sales of Class B common stock of Teekay Tankers consummated prior to a specified date to repurchase 2022 Notes at a premium. The indenture further provides that we may be required, under certain circumstances, to offer to use all or a portion of the net proceeds of certain asset sales (other than a sale of an FPSO unit or shares of Class B common stock of Teekay Tankers prior to the specified date) to repurchase 2022 Notes.

As at December 31, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under our credit facilities and other long-term debt.

The aggregate annual long-term debt principal repayments required to be made by us subsequent to December 31, 2020, excluding payments made related to our finance lease obligations and after giving effect to Teekay LNG's term loan facility refinancing completed in February 2021, are $262.3 million (2021), $463.5 million (2022), $392.8 million (2023), $310.9 million (2024), $187.8 million (2025) and $469.8 million (thereafter).

We conduct our funding and treasury activities based on corporate policies designed to minimize borrowing costs and maximize investment returns while maintaining the safety of the funds and appropriate levels of liquidity for our purposes. We hold cash and cash equivalents primarily in U.S. Dollars, with some balances held in Australian Dollars, British Pounds, Canadian Dollars, Euros, Japanese Yen, Norwegian Krone and Singapore Dollars.

We are exposed to market risk from foreign currency fluctuations and changes in interest rates, spot tanker market rates for vessels and bunker fuel prices. We use foreign currency forward contracts, cross currency and interest rate swaps and forward freight agreements to manage currency, interest rate and spot tanker rates. Please read "Item 11 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our business includes transporting oil and gas products. Regulatory changes and growing public concern about the environmental impact of climate change may lead to reduced demand for these products and decreased demand for our services, while increasing or creating greater incentives for use of alternative energy sources. Please read "Item 3 - Key Information - Risk Factors - Climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions may adversely impact our operations and markets" for further discussion on potential impacts on our business.

Based on our liquidity at the date of this Annual Report and the liquidity we expect to generate from operations over the following year, assuming no further significant decline in spot tanker rates, we expect that we will have sufficient liquidity to meet our existing liquidity needs for at least the one-year period following the date of this Annual Report.

Teekay Parent

Teekay Parent primarily owns an equity ownership interest in the Daughter Entities, 100% ownership interests in the general partner of Teekay LNG and three FPSO units, provides management services to the Daughter Entities and third-parties, and in-chartered one FSO unit which was redelivered in March 2021. Teekay Parent’s primary short-term liquidity needs are the payment of operating expenses, asset retirement obligations, decommissioning costs and recycling costs associated with the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit, debt servicing costs and scheduled repayments of long-term debt, as well as funding its other working capital requirements. Teekay Parent’s primary sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, cash flows provided by operations, dividends/distributions and management fees received from the Daughter Entities and other investments, its undrawn credit facilities and proceeds from the sale of vessels to external parties (and in the past, to Teekay LNG, Teekay Tankers and Altera). As at December 31, 2020, Teekay Parent’s total cash and cash equivalents was $44.8 million, compared to $104.2 million at December 31, 2019. Teekay Parent’s total liquidity, including cash, cash equivalents and undrawn credit facilities, was $173.4 million as at December 31, 2020, compared to $195.3 million as at December 31, 2019.

In December 2020, Teekay Parent filed a continuous offering program (or COP) under which Teekay Parent may issue shares of its common stock, at market prices up to a maximum aggregate amount of $65.0 million. As of the date of filing this Annual Report, no shares of common stock have been issued under the COP.

On October 1, 2020, Teekay Parent secured a new equity margin revolving credit facility maturing in June 2022 to refinance its previous facility which was scheduled to mature in December 2020. The equity margin revolving credit facility provides for aggregate potential borrowings of up to $150 million and is secured by common units of Teekay LNG and shares of Class A common stock of Teekay Tankers that are owned by Teekay Parent. Availability under the credit facility relates to the value of the common units and common stock pledged as collateral for the facility. As part of the refinancing, 10.75 million Teekay LNG common units were included as additional security. Should the value of the collateral decrease beyond a certain threshold, any outstanding amounts are to be repaid in full. As of December 31, 2020, Teekay Parent did not have any amounts drawn on its equity margin revolving credit facility and had $128.6 million available to be drawn based on the value of the collateral as of that date.

During 2020, Teekay Parent commenced repurchasing some of its Convertible Senior Notes due January 15, 2023 (the Convertible Notes) and its 9.25% senior secured notes due November 2022 (or the 2022 Notes) in the open market. Teekay Parent acquired $12.8 million of the principal of the Convertible Notes for total consideration of $10.5 million and $6.6 million principal of its existing 2022 Notes for total consideration of $6.2 million, recognizing a gain of $1.5 million in 2020, included in other loss on the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss), in relation to the repurchases. Please see "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 8 – Long-Term Debt" for a description of the Convertible Notes.

On May 11, 2020, Teekay Parent and Teekay LNG agreed to eliminate all of Teekay LNG’s incentive distribution rights in exchange for the issuance to a subsidiary of Teekay Parent of 10.75 million newly-issued Teekay LNG common units. See Teekay LNG section below.

In January 2020, Teekay Parent used $36.7 million to repay all remaining 2020 Notes at maturity.

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Our Board of Directors approved the elimination of the quarterly dividend on Teekay’s common stock commencing with the first quarter of 2019. 

Based on Teekay Parent's liquidity at the date of this Annual Report and the liquidity Teekay Parent expects to generate from operations over the following year, Teekay Parent expects to have sufficient liquidity to meet its existing liquidity needs for at least the one-year period following the date of this Annual Report.

Teekay LNG

Teekay LNG's business strategy is to employ a substantial majority of its vessels on fixed-rate contracts primarily with large energy companies and their transportation subsidiaries. Its primary liquidity needs for 2021 through 2022 include payment of operating expenses, dry-docking expenditures, the funding of general working capital requirements, scheduled repayments and maturities of long-term debt and obligations related to finance leases, debt service costs, committed capital expenditures, its quarterly distributions, including payments of distributions on its Series A and Series B Preferred Units and common units, and funding any common and preferred unit repurchases it may undertake.

Teekay LNG anticipates that its primary sources of funds for its liquidity needs will be cash flows from operations, proceeds from financings, cash distributions it expects to receive from its equity-accounted joint ventures, and, to a lesser extent, existing undrawn revolving credit facilities.

Teekay LNG's ability to continue to expand the size of its fleet over the long term is dependent upon its ability to generate operating cash flow, obtain long-term bank borrowings, sale-leaseback financing and other debt, as well as its ability to raise debt or equity financing through public or private offerings.

As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG's consolidated cash and cash equivalents were $206.8 million, compared to $160.2 million at December 31, 2019. Its total liquidity, which consists of cash, cash equivalents and undrawn credit facilities, was $461.6 million as at December 31, 2020, compared to $326.4 million as at December 31, 2019.

As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG had a working capital deficit of $259.1 million. This working capital deficit primarily arose from $250.5 million of long-term debt being classified as current at December 31, 2020 relating to scheduled maturities and repayments in the 12 months following December 31, 2020, including $139.9 million of NOK bonds maturing in October 2021. Teekay LNG expects to manage its working capital deficit primarily with net operating cash flow and expected cash distributions from its equity-accounted joint ventures, expected debt refinancings, and, if necessary, availability under existing undrawn revolving credit facilities. As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG had undrawn revolving credit facilities of $254.8 million.

In December 2018, Teekay LNG announced that its general partner's board of directors had authorized a common unit repurchase program for the repurchase of up to $100 million of its common units. During 2020, Teekay LNG repurchased 1.4 million common units for $15.3 million and associated general partnership interest of $0.3 million. As at April 1, 2021, the remaining dollar value of units that may be purchased under the program is approximately $55.8 million.

In September 2020, Teekay LNG issued, in the Norwegian bond market, NOK 1 billion in senior unsecured bonds that mature in September 2025. The aggregate principal amount of the bonds was equivalent to $112.0 million and all interest and principal payments have been swapped into U.S. Dollars at a fixed interest rate of 5.74%. Teekay LNG used the net proceeds from the bond offering to repay revolving credit facilities and for general corporate purposes. These bonds are listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange.

On May 11, 2020, Teekay Parent and Teekay LNG agreed to eliminate all of Teekay LNG's incentive distribution rights, which were held by Teekay LNG's general partner (which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Teekay Parent), in exchange for the issuance to a subsidiary of Teekay Parent of 10.75 million newly-issued common units of Teekay LNG. The terms of the transaction were approved by the conflicts committee of the general partner's board of directors. The conflicts committee, which is comprised of independent members of the board of directors of the general partner, retained independent legal and financial advisors to assist it in evaluating and negotiating the transaction. Following the completion of this transaction on May 11, 2020, Teekay Parent now owns approximately 36 million of Teekay LNG's common units and remains the sole owner of the general partner, which together represents an economic interest of approximately 42% in Teekay LNG.

As part of its balanced capital allocation strategy, Teekay LNG increased its quarterly cash distributions on its common units by 32% in 2020 from $0.19 per common unit to $0.25 per common unit commencing with the quarterly distribution paid in May 2020. Teekay LNG has announced that it intends to increase its quarterly cash distributions on its common units by 15% from $0.25 per common unit to $0.2875 per common unit commencing with the quarterly distribution to be paid in May 2021.

For at least the one-year period following the date at the date of this Annual Report, Teekay LNG expects that its existing liquidity, combined with the cash flow it expects to generate from its operations and expects to receive as dividends from its equity-accounted joint ventures, will be sufficient to finance the majority of its liquidity needs. Teekay LNG's remaining liquidity needs include the need to refinance or repay certain of its loan facilities and to repay its bonds maturing during 2021 and 2022, which it expects to complete.
Teekay Tankers
Teekay Tankers' primary sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, cash flows provided by its operations, its undrawn credit facilities, and its capital raised through financing transactions.

As at December 31, 2020, Teekay Tankers' total consolidated cash and cash equivalents was $97.2 million, compared to $89.9 million, including cash in assets held for sale, at December 31, 2019. Teekay Tankers' total consolidated liquidity, including cash, cash equivalents, cash held for sale and undrawn credit facilities, was $372.6 million as at December 31, 2020, compared to $150.3 million as at December 31, 2019. Teekay Tankers' increased liquidity at December 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019 was primarily as a result of net operating cash flow generated in 2020,
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and net proceeds received from the sale of three Suezmax vessels and the sale of the non-US portion of its ship-to-ship support services business as well as its LNG terminal management business and the debt refinancing completed in January 2020 as described below.

In August 2020, Teekay Tankers entered into a $67.4 million term loan facility, which is scheduled to mature in August 2023, and which had an outstanding balance of $64.6 million as at December 31, 2020. Teekay Tankers used proceeds from the new term loan facility to repay a portion of the $85.1 million then outstanding under a prior term loan facility, which was scheduled to mature in 2021.

In January 2020, Teekay Tankers entered into a $532.8 million long-term revolving credit facility, which is scheduled to mature in December 2024, and which had an outstanding balance of $185.0 million drawn as at December 31, 2020. Teekay Tankers used proceeds from the new revolving credit facility to repay a portion of the $455.3 million then outstanding under its prior two revolving facilities, which were scheduled to mature in 2021 and 2022, respectively, and two term loans facilities, which were scheduled to mature in 2020 and 2021, respectively.

In November 2019, Teekay Tankers made the determination to transition away from its previous formulaic dividend policy, which was based on a payout of 30 to 50 percent of its quarterly adjusted net income, to primarily focus on building net asset value through balance sheet delivering and reducing its cost of capital.

Teekay Tankers' short-term liquidity requirements include the payment of operating expenses, dry-docking expenditures, debt servicing costs, scheduled repayments of long-term debt, scheduled repayments of its obligations related to finance leases (including the purchase price for the eight repurchase options declared under existing finance leases expected to complete in May 2021 and September 2021, which it intends to finance with future debt facilities or finance leases together with existing cash and undrawn credit facilities), as well as funding its other working capital requirements. Teekay Tankers' short-term charters and spot market tanker operations contribute to the volatility of its net operating cash flow, and thus may impact its ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet its short-term liquidity needs. Historically, the tanker industry has been cyclical, experiencing volatility in profitability and asset values resulting from changes in the supply of, and demand for, vessel capacity. In addition, tanker spot markets historically have exhibited seasonal variations in charter rates. Tanker spot markets are typically stronger in the winter months as a result of increased oil consumption in the northern hemisphere and unpredictable weather patterns that tend to disrupt vessel scheduling. However, there may be years where other events override typical seasonality. This was the case in 2020 when high global oil production and a rise in floating storage led to strong rates in the first and second quarters of the year before giving way to much weaker rates in the third and fourth quarters due to lower oil demand as a result of COVID-19, a significant reduction in global oil supply, and the return of ships from floating storage.

Teekay Tankers' long-term capital needs primarily include capital expenditures and repayment of its loan facilities and obligations related to finance leases. Generally, Teekay Tankers expects that its primary long-term sources of funds will be cash from operations, cash balances, long-term bank borrowings and other debt or equity financings. Teekay Tankers expects that it will rely upon external financing sources, including bank borrowings and the issuance of debt and equity securities, to fund acquisitions and capital expenditures, including opportunities it may pursue to purchase additional vessels.

Teekay Tankers anticipates that its primary sources of funds for its short-term liquidity needs will be cash flows from operations, existing cash and cash equivalents, undrawn short-term and long-term borrowings, and expected proceeds from refinancing the eight vessel repurchases described above, which it expects will be sufficient to meet its existing liquidity needs for at least the one-year period following the date of this Annual Report.
Cash Flows
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our consolidated cash and cash equivalents provided by (used for) operating, financing and investing activities for the periods presented:
(in thousands of U.S. Dollars) Year Ended December 31,
  2020 2019
Net operating cash flows 984,017  383,306 
Net financing cash flows (1,097,513) (382,229)
Net investing cash flows 63,061  (50,391)
Operating Cash Flows
Our consolidated net cash flow from operating activities fluctuates primarily as a result of changes in vessel utilization and TCE rates, changes in interest rates, fluctuations in working capital balances, the timing and amount of dry-docking expenditures, repairs and maintenance activities, vessel additions and dispositions, and foreign currency rates. Our exposure to the spot tanker market has contributed significantly to fluctuations in operating cash flows historically as a result of highly cyclical spot tanker rates. In addition, up until June 2020, the production performance of certain of our FPSO units that operated under contracts with a production-based compensation component has contributed to fluctuations in operating cash flows. Up until June 2020, as the charter contracts of some of our FPSO units included incentives based on oil prices, changes in global oil prices during recent years have also impacted our operating cash flows.

Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers do not have control over the operations of, nor do they have any legal claim to the revenue and expenses of their investments in its equity-accounted joint ventures. Consequently, the cash flow generated by their investments in equity-accounted joint ventures may not be available for use by Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers in the period that such cash flows are generated.

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Consolidated net cash flow from operating activities increased to $984.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, from $383.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This increase was primarily due to a $323.9 million increase in direct financing lease payments received, which mainly related to payments received by Teekay LNG upon the sale of the WilForce and WilPride LNG carriers in January 2020 and payment received by Teekay Parent in April 2020 as part of the bareboat charter with Britoil Limited (or BP) for the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO. There was also an increase of $118.8 million in income from operations (before depreciation, amortization, write-downs and gain on commencement of sales-type lease) of our businesses. For further discussion of changes in income from vessel operations from our businesses, please read “Item 5 – Operating and Financial Review and Prospects: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Developments and Results of Operations.” In addition, during 2020, there was a $104.0 million increase in cash flows from changes to non-cash working capital, distributions from equity-accounted joint ventures increased by $31.5 million, expenditures for dry docking decreased by $30.7 million and interest expense, including realized losses on interest rate swaps and cross currency swaps, decreased by a net amount of $9.4 million. These increases to operating cash flows were partially offset by asset retirement obligation expenditures of $17.5 million during 2020 relating to the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit.
Financing Cash Flows
We use our credit facilities to partially finance capital expenditures. Occasionally, we will use revolving credit facilities to finance these expenditures until longer-term financing is obtained, at which time we typically use all or a portion of the proceeds from the longer-term financings to prepay outstanding amounts under the revolving credit facilities. We actively manage the maturity profile of our outstanding financing arrangements. Our net payments on long-term debt, which are the proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs and prepayments of long-term debt, were $570.6 million in 2020, compared to $277.3 million in 2019. Scheduled debt repayments increased by $72.2 million in 2020 compared to 2019.

Teekay LNG received $317.8 million of net proceeds from the sale-leaseback financing transactions for the Yamal Spirit and Torben Spirit for the year ended December 31, 2019. Teekay Tankers received $63.7 million from sale-leaseback financing transactions completed for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Investing Cash Flows
During 2020, we incurred capital expenditures for vessels and equipment of $26.5 million, primarily for capitalized vessel modifications. During 2020, Teekay Tankers received proceeds of $25.0 million from the sale of the non-US portion of its ship-to-ship support services business as well as its LNG terminal management business, and also received proceeds on the sale of three Suezmax tankers of $60.9 million.

During 2019, we received $100 million from Brookfield for the sale of our remaining interests in Altera. We incurred capital expenditures for vessels and equipment of $109.5 million primarily for capitalized vessel modifications and shipyard construction installment payments in Teekay LNG. Teekay LNG received proceeds of $11.5 million from the sale of the Alexander Spirit and contributed $72.4 million to its equity-accounted joint ventures and loans to joint ventures for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily to fund project expenditures in the Yamal LNG Joint Venture and the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture. During 2019, Teekay Tankers received proceeds of $19.6 million related to the sale of one Suezmax tanker.
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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
The following table summarizes our long-term contractual obligations as at December 31, 2020:
Total 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Beyond 2025
  In millions of U.S. Dollars
Teekay LNG
Bond repayments (1)(2)
355.5  139.9  —  99.0  —  116.6  — 
Scheduled repayments of long-term debt (1) (3)
591.6  111.1  109.0  102.7  91.6  71.2  106.0 
Repayments on maturity of long-term debt (1) (3)
534.8  —  99.9  36.8  34.3  —  363.8 
Scheduled repayments of obligations related to finance leases (4)
1,741.4  138.6  137.0  135.5  132.0  129.7  1,068.6 
Commitments under operating leases (5)
232.4  47.7  35.0  24.0  23.9  23.9  77.9 
Equipment and other construction contract costs (6)
51.7  36.1  15.6  —  —  —  — 
3,507.4  473.4  396.5  398.0  281.8  341.4  1,616.3 
Teekay Tankers
Scheduled repayments of long-term debt and other
   debt (7)
77.7  21.2  11.2  8.5  36.8  —  — 
Repayments on maturity of long-term debt and other
   debt (7)
181.9  —  —  33.7  148.2  —  — 
Scheduled repayments of obligations related to finance leases (8)(9)
360.0  78.4  23.3  25.2  27.2  29.3  176.6 
Chartered-in vessels (operating leases) (10)(11)
59.0  10.3  3.3  6.8  6.8  6.8  25.0 
678.6  109.9  37.8  74.2  219.0  36.1  201.6 
Teekay Parent
Bond repayments (12)
355.6  —  243.4  112.2  —  —  — 
Chartered-in vessels (operating leases) (13)
33.3  9.2  9.2  9.2  5.7  —  — 
Asset retirement obligations (14)(15)
50.0  12.0  17.6  13.0  —  7.4  — 
438.9  21.2  270.2  134.4  5.7  7.4  — 
Total 4,624.9  604.5  704.5  606.6  506.5  384.9  1,817.9 
(1)Euro-denominated and NOK-denominated obligations are presented in U.S. Dollars and have been converted using the prevailing exchange rate as of December 31, 2020.
(2)Excludes expected interest payments of $15.8 million (2021), $11.3 million (2022), $8.9 million (2023), $6.4 million (2024) and $3.2 million (2025). Expected interest payments are based on NIBOR at December 31, 2020, plus margins that range up to 6.0%, as well as the prevailing U.S. Dollar/NOK exchange rate as of December 31, 2020. The expected interest payments do not reflect the effect of the related cross currency swaps that Teekay LNG has used as an economic hedge of its foreign exchange and interest rate exposure associated with its NOK-denominated long-term debt.
(3)Gives effect to the debt refinancing completed in February 2021, excludes expected interest payments of $23.6 million (2021), $20.6 million (2022), $17.6 million (2023), $15.1 million (2024), $12.9 million (2025) and $6.0 million (beyond 2025). Expected interest payments are based on existing interest rates (fixed-rate loans), LIBOR or EURIBOR at December 31, 2020, plus margins on debt that has been drawn that range up to 3.25% (variable-rate loans), as well as the prevailing U.S. Dollar/Euro exchange rate as of December 31, 2020. The expected interest payments do not reflect the effect of related interest rate swaps that Teekay LNG has used as an economic hedge for certain of its variable-rate debt. In addition, the above table does not reflect scheduled debt repayments in Teekay LNG's equity-accounted joint ventures.
(4)Includes, in addition to lease payments, amounts Teekay LNG are required to pay to purchase the leased vessels at the end of their respective lease terms.
(5)Teekay LNG has corresponding leases whereby it is the lessor and expects to receive approximately $217.8 million under those leases from 2021 to 2029.
(6)The Bahrain LNG Joint Venture, in which Teekay LNG has a 30% ownership interest, has an LNG receiving and regasification terminal in Bahrain. The Bahrain LNG Joint Venture completed the mechanical construction and commissioning of the Bahrain terminal in late-2019 and began receiving terminal use payments in early-2020 under its 20-year agreement with NOGA. As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG's 30% share of the estimated remaining costs included in the table above is $11.3 million, of which the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture has secured undrawn debt financing of $7 million related to its proportionate share.
In June 2019, Teekay LNG entered into an agreement with a contractor to supply reliquefaction equipment on certain of its LNG carriers in 2021 and 2022, for an estimated installed cost of $59.5 million. As at December 31, 2020, the estimated remaining cost of this installation is $40.3 million.
(7)Excludes expected interest payments of $6.5 million (2021), $6.0 million (2022), $5.4 million (2023) and $2.4 million (2024). Expected interest payments are based on the existing interest rates for variable-rate loans at LIBOR plus margins that range from 2.25% to 3.5% at December 31, 2020. The expected interest payments do not reflect the effect of the related interest rate swap that Teekay Tankers has used to hedge certain of its floating-rate debt.
(8)Gives effect to the purchase options declared by Teekay Tankers in November 2020 to acquire two Suezmax tankers in May 2021 under the sale-leaseback arrangements described in "Item 18 - Financial Statements: Note 10 - Obligations Related to Finance Leases"; excludes imputed interest payments of $24.6 million (2021), $20.2 million (2022), $18.4 million (2023), $16.4 million (2024), $14.2 million (2025) and $27.0 million (thereafter).
(9)In March 2021, Teekay Tankers declared purchase options to acquire six Aframax tankers in September 2021 for a total cost of $128.8 million, under the sale-leaseback arrangements described in "Item 18 - Financial Statements: Note 10 - Operating Leases and Obligations Related to Finance Leases". Giving effect to this transaction, the scheduled repayments of obligations related to finance leases, excluding imputed interest payments, are $201.2 million (2021), $12.3 million(2022), $13.1 million (2023), $13.9 million (2024), $14.8 million (2025) and $104.7 million (thereafter).
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(10)Includes one newbuilding Aframax tanker expected to be delivered to Teekay Tankers in late-2022 under a seven-year time charter-in contract.
(11)Excludes payments required if Teekay Tankers exercise all options to extend the terms of in-chartered leases signed as of December 31, 2020. If Teekay Tankers exercise all options to extend the terms of signed in-chartered leases, it expects total payments of $13.4 million (2021), $8.6 million (2022), $8.4 million (2023), $6.8 million (2024), $6.8 million (2025) and $47.9 million (thereafter).
(12)Excludes expected interest payments of $28.1 million (2021), $16.9 million (2022) and $2.8 million (2023). Expected interest payments are based on the existing interest rate for fixed-rate loans at 8.5% and 9.25%, and the existing interest rate for the variable-rate loan that is based on LIBOR plus a margin which was 4.25% as at December 31, 2020. The expected interest payments do not reflect the effect of related interest rate swap that Teekay Parent uses as an economic hedge of certain of its variable rate debt.
(13)Teekay Parent in-chartered one FSO unit from Altera, which was on a back-to-back out-charter to a third party. In the first quarter of 2021, the out-charter contract was novated to Altera and the in-charter contract terminated at the same time. Giving effect to the termination, our commitments for the FSO unit are $1.5 million during 2021 and $nil thereafter instead of the amounts shown in the table above.
(14)Teekay Parent has an asset retirement obligation (or ARO) relating to the subsea production facility associated with the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit operating in the North Sea. The obligation generally involves the costs associated with the restoration of the environment surrounding the facility and removal and disposal of all production equipment. We expect that the ARO will be covered in part by contractual payments of approximately $9.3 million, presented in other non-current assets on our consolidated balance sheet, to be received from the customer.
(15)Teekay Parent recognized an ARO relating to the clean-up and disposal of the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO unit. This obligation is expected to be settled at the end of the bareboat charter, currently assumed to be in 2025. Teekay Parent is entitled to receive $11.6 million from the charterer at the end of the bareboat charter, which is currently expected to cover the costs of the ARO. The present value of this receivable was $8.4 million as at December 31, 2020 and is included in net investments in direct financing leases and sales-type leases, net - non-current on our consolidated balance sheet. The present value of the estimated Petrojarl Foinaven ARO was $7.4 million as at December 31, 2020.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Our equity-accounted investments are described in “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 22 – Equity-accounted Investments.”
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates in the application of our accounting policies based on our best assumptions, judgments and opinions. On a regular basis, management reviews our accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our consolidated financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material. Accounting estimates and assumptions discussed in this section are those that we consider to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial statements because they inherently involve significant judgments and uncertainties. For a further description of our material accounting policies, please read “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”
Revenue Recognition
Description. We recognize revenue from voyage charters on either a load-to-discharge or discharge-to-discharge basis. Voyage revenues are recognized ratably from the beginning of when product is loaded to when it is discharged if using a load-to-discharge basis, or from when product is discharged (unloaded) at the end of the prior voyage to when it is discharged after the current voyage, if using a discharge-to-discharge basis. However, we do not begin recognizing voyage revenue for any of our vessels until a charter has been agreed to by the customer and us, even if the vessel has discharged its cargo and is sailing to the anticipated load port on its next voyage.

Judgments and Uncertainties. Whether to use the load-to-discharge basis or the discharge-to-discharge basis depends on whether the customer directs the use of the vessel throughout the period of use, pursuant to the terms of the voyage charter. This is a matter of judgment. However, we believe that if the customer has the right to direct the vessel to different load and discharge ports, among other things, a voyage charter contract contains a lease, and the lease term begins on the later of the vessel’s last discharge or inception of the voyage charter contract. As such, in this case revenue is recognized on a discharge-to-discharge basis. Otherwise, it is recognized on a load-to-discharge basis.

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions. If our assessment of whether the customer directs the use of the vessel throughout the period of use is not consistent with actual results, then the period over which voyage revenue is recognized would be different and as such our revenues could be overstated or understated for any given period by the amount of such difference.
Contingencies
Description. We may, from time to time, be involved in legal proceedings, claims or other situations involving uncertainty as to a possible loss, such as uncertain tax positions, that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. We accrue a provision for such loss contingencies if it is probable as of the reporting date, that an asset had been impaired or a liability incurred, based in information available prior to the issuance of the consolidated financial statements, and if the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.

Judgments and Uncertainties. The amount of loss contingencies recognized as a liability in our consolidated financial statements requires management to make significant estimates that may at times be inherently difficult to make given the uncertainties involved, including estimates of whether it is probable an asset had been impaired or a liability incurred, the amount of possible losses, the ability to recover some or all of the possible loss through insurance coverage, amongst others. Our loss contingencies are disclosed in more detail in "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 16d – Commitments and Contingencies" and "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 21 – Income Taxes".
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Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions. Our net income (loss) could be overstated or understated for any given period to the extent actual losses incurred, following resolution of our contingencies, are different than our prior estimates of recognized loss contingencies.
Vessel Lives and Depreciation
Description. The carrying value of each of our vessels represents its original cost at the time of delivery or purchase less depreciation and impairment charges. We depreciate the original cost, less an estimated residual value, of our vessels on a straight-line basis over each vessel’s estimated useful life. The carrying values of our vessels may not represent their market value at any point in time because the market prices of second-hand vessels tend to fluctuate with changes in charter rates, the cost of newbuildings, among other factors. Both charter rates and newbuilding costs tend to be cyclical in nature.

Judgments and Uncertainties. Depreciation is calculated using an estimated useful life of 25 years for tankers carrying crude oil and refined product, 30 years for LPG carriers and 35 years for LNG carriers, commencing the date the vessel is delivered from the shipyard, or a shorter period if regulations prevent us from operating the vessels for those periods of time. The Company’s current FPSO units are depreciated using an initial estimated useful life of 25 years commencing the date the unit is installed at the oil field and is in a condition that is ready to operate, or a shorter period if commercial considerations dictate otherwise. The estimated useful life of our vessels involves an element of judgment, which takes into account design life, commercial considerations and regulatory restrictions.

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions. The actual life of a vessel may be different than the estimated useful life, with a shorter actual useful life resulting in an increase in depreciation expense and potentially resulting in an impairment loss. A longer actual useful life will result in a decrease in depreciation expense.
Vessel Lives and Impairment
Description. We review vessels and equipment for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset, including the carrying value of the charter contract, if any, under which the vessel is employed, may not be recoverable. This occurs when the asset’s carrying value is greater than the future undiscounted cash flows the asset is expected to generate over its remaining useful life. If the estimated future undiscounted cash flows of an asset exceed the asset’s carrying value, no impairment is recognized even though the fair value of the asset may be lower than its carrying value. If the estimated future undiscounted cash flows of an asset are less than the asset’s carrying value and the fair value of the asset is less than its carrying value, the asset is written down to its fair value. Fair value is determined based on appraised values or discounted cash flows. In cases where an active second-hand sale and purchase market exists, an appraised value is generally the amount we would expect to receive if we were to sell the vessel. The appraised values are provided by third parties where available or prepared by us based on second-hand sale and purchase market data. In cases where an active second-hand sale and purchase market does not exist, or in certain other cases, fair value is calculated as the net present value of estimated future cash flows, which, in certain circumstances, will approximate the estimated market value of the vessel. For a vessel under charter, the discounted cash flows from that vessel may exceed or be less than its market value, as market values may assume the vessel is not employed on an existing charter.

Judgments and Uncertainties. Our estimates of future undiscounted cash flows used to determine whether a vessel's carrying value is recoverable involves assumptions about future charter rates, vessel utilization, operating expenses, dry-docking expenditures, vessel residual values, redeployment assumptions for vessels on long-term charter, the probability of the vessels being sold and the remaining estimated life of our vessels. Our estimated charter rates are based on rates under existing vessel contracts and market rates at which we expect we can re-charter our vessels. For conventional tankers, such market rates for the first three years are based on prevailing market three-year time-charter rates and thereafter, a ten-year historical average of actual spot charter rates earned by our vessels, adjusted to exclude years which management has determined are outliers. We consider years that have been impacted by rare events or circumstances that have distorted the historical ten-year trailing average to such a degree that this average will not be representative of what a reasonable outlook would be if we did not exclude such years as outliers. We have identified such outlier events or circumstances in the current ten-year historical period as at December 31, 2020, which has resulted in the exclusion of the three years from 2011 to 2013 from our averages. Our estimated charter rates are also discounted for the years when the vessel age is 15 years and older, as compared to the estimated charter rates for years when the vessel is younger than 15 years. Such discounts reflect expectations of lower utilization and higher fuel consumption for older vessels. During the fourth quarter of 2020, we determined that a five-year historical average of actual spot charter rates earned by our vessels resulted in an estimate of future charter rates that was inconsistent with our forward view of the tanker market. As such, we changed our historical reference period used to estimate future charter rate rates from the average of the most recent five historical years to the average of the most recent ten historical years, adjusted for years which management has determined as outliers. For LNG carriers, market rates at which we expect we can re-charter such vessels are based on a ten-year historical industry average of spot charter rates taking into account the propulsion type and size of the vessel, except for LNG carriers with a steam turbine propulsion system in which case a five-year historical industry average is used due to this type of vessel being less efficient than newer vessels and management viewing the five-year historical average as more representative of the future outlook for this type of vessel. Our estimates of vessel utilization, including estimated off-hire time, are based on historical experience. Our estimates of operating expenses and dry-docking expenditures are based on historical operating and dry-docking costs and our expectations of future inflation and operating requirements. Vessel residual values are a product of a vessel’s lightweight tonnage and an estimated scrap rate. The probability of the vessel being sold is based on our current plans and expectations. The remaining estimated lives of our vessels used in our estimates of future cash flows are consistent with those used in the calculations of depreciation.

In our experience, certain assumptions relating to our estimates of future cash flows are more predictable by their nature, including estimated revenue under existing contract terms, ongoing operating costs and remaining vessel life. Certain assumptions relating to our estimates of future cash flows require more judgment and are inherently less predictable, such as future charter rates beyond the firm period of existing contracts, the probability and timing of vessels being sold and vessel residual values, due to factors such as the volatility in vessel charter rates and vessel values. We believe that the assumptions used to estimate future cash flows of our vessels are reasonable at the time they are made. We can make no assurances, however, as to whether our estimates of future cash flows, particularly future vessel charter rates or vessel values, will be accurate.

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Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions. If we conclude that a vessel or equipment is impaired, we recognize a loss in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value at the date of impairment. The written-down amount becomes the new lower cost basis and will result in a lower annual depreciation expense in periods subsequent to the vessel impairment. Consequently, any changes in our estimates of future undiscounted cash flows may result in a different conclusion as to whether a vessel or equipment is impaired, leading to a different impairment amount, including no impairment, and a different future annual depreciation expense.

The following table presents, by type of vessel, the aggregate market values and carrying values of certain of our vessels that we have determined have a market value that may be less than their carrying values as of December 31, 2020. We have excluded those assets operating on charter contracts where the remaining term is significant and the estimated future undiscounted cash flows relating to such charter contracts are sufficiently greater than the carrying value of the vessels such that we consider it unlikely that an impairment would be recognized in 2021. While the market values of these vessels may be below their carrying values, no impairment has been recognized on any of these vessels as the estimated future undiscounted cash flows relating to such vessels are greater than their carrying values. The vessels included in the following table generally include those vessels employed on single-voyage, or “spot” charters, as well as those vessels near the end of existing charter contracts.

We would consider the vessels reflected in the following table to be at a higher risk of impairment compared to other vessels in our fleet. This table is disaggregated for vessels which have estimated future undiscounted cash flows that are marginally or significantly greater than their respective carrying values. The recognition of an impairment in the future may be more likely for those vessels that have estimated future undiscounted cash marginally greater than their respective carrying values. Vessels with estimated future cash flows significantly greater than their respective carrying values would not likely be impaired in the next 12 months unless they are disposed of. In deciding whether to dispose of a vessel, we determine whether it is economically preferable to sell the vessel or continue to operate it. This assessment includes an estimate of the net proceeds expected to be received if the vessel is sold in its existing condition compared to the present value of the vessel’s estimated future cash flows. Such estimates are based on the terms of the existing charter, charter market outlook, future vessel values, and estimated operating costs, given a vessel’s type, condition and age.
Type of Vessel
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except number of vessels)
Number of
Vessels
Market Values (1)
Carrying Values
Conventional Tankers (2)
18  338,700  577,371 
Conventional Tankers (3)
26  660,400  866,354 
Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers (3)
154,000  316,717 
Total 48  1,153,100  1,760,442 

(1)Market values are determined in reference to second-hand market comparables. Since vessel values can be volatile, our estimates of market value shown above may not be indicative of either the current or future prices we could obtain if we sold any of the vessels.
(2)Undiscounted cash flows for these vessels are marginally greater than their carrying values.
(3)Undiscounted cash flows for these vessels are significantly greater than their carrying values. There were no LNG carriers whose undiscounted cash flows were marginally greater than their respective carrying values.
The table above excludes Teekay LNG's seven wholly-owned multi-gas carriers whose aggregate estimated market value and aggregate carrying value at December 31, 2020 were $105.8 million and $103.1 million, respectively. Such vessels are at a higher risk of impairment due to their design and operating performance.
Our estimates of future cash flows are more sensitive to changes in certain assumptions, such as future charter rates. For example, if at December 31, 2020 the 10-year historical average of actual spot charter rates earned by our conventional tankers, adjusted to exclude years which management has determined as outliers, was increased by 5% or greater, then we would not have written down any of the four vessels we wrote down in the fourth quarter of 2020 by $21.9 million to their estimated fair value at such date. In addition, for those 18 conventional tankers in the table above where the undiscounted cash flows are marginally greater than the carrying values, if at December 31, 2020 the 10-year historical average of actual spot charter rates earned by our conventional tankers, adjusted to exclude years which management has determined as outliers, was reduced by either 5% or 10%, 8 or 17, respectively, of the 18 conventional tankers would have been impaired, resulting in an additional impairment of $136.1 million or $220.3 million, respectively. For those 26 conventional tankers in the table above where the undiscounted cash flows are significantly greater than the carrying values, even if, at December 31, 2020, the 10-year historical average of actual spot charter rates earned by our conventional tankers, adjusted to exclude years which management has determined as outliers, was reduced by 10%, none of those 26 vessels would be impaired. For the four LNG carriers in the table above, even if, at December 31, 2020, our estimates of future charter rates beyond the firm period of existing contracts was reduced by 10%, none of those four vessels would be impaired.
Credit Losses
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (or FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-13, Financial Instruments Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (or ASU 2016-13). ASU 2016-13 introduced a new credit loss methodology, which requires earlier recognition of credit losses, while providing additional transparency about credit risk. This new credit loss methodology utilizes a lifetime “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for loans, held-to-maturity debt securities and other receivables at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The expected credit losses are subsequently adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. This methodology replaced multiple impairment methods under previous GAAP for these types of assets, which generally required that a loss be incurred before it was recognized. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020. A substantial majority of our exposure to potential credit losses relates to Teekay LNG's direct financing and sales-type leases, including those within its equity-accounted joint ventures. See "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 13 - Financial Instruments" for a description of these direct financing and sales-type leases.

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Judgments and Uncertainties. ASU 2016-13 gives entities the flexibility to select an appropriate method to measure the estimate of expected credit losses. That is, entities are permitted to use estimation techniques that are practical and relevant to their circumstances, as long as they are applied consistently over time and aim to faithfully estimate expected credit losses. We have determined the credit loss provision related to the lease receivable component of the net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases using an internal historical loss rate method. We concluded that using a loss rate method which is primarily based on internal historical data is inherently more representative than primarily using external data, which may include all industries, or all oil and gas or all marine transportation, which are not as comparable. In addition, a substantial majority of our customers are private single-purpose entities or subsidiaries or joint ventures of larger listed-entities that do not publish financial information nor do they have published credit ratings determined by credit rating agencies. In the limited circumstances where relevant and reliable external data is available and where judged to be appropriate, we have considered such data in making adjustments to our internally derived loss rate. Judgment is required to determine the applicability and reliability of the external data used. The credit loss provision for the residual value component is based on the current estimated fair value of the vessel as depreciated to the end of the charter contract as compared to the expected carrying value, with such potential gain or loss on maturity being included in the credit loss provision in increasing magnitude on a straight-line basis the closer the contract is to its maturity. Given the volatility in vessel values, the selection of the method to estimate the credit loss provision for the residual value component involves judgment.

We believe that the assumptions used to estimate our expected credit losses are reasonable at the time they are made. We can make no assurances, however, as to whether our estimates will be accurate.

In addition to the judgment used in selecting the methods to measure the credit loss provision, there is also judgment used in applying the methods. We have used judgment in determining whether or not the risk characteristics of a specific direct financing lease or sales-type lease at the measurement date are consistent with those used to measure the internal historical loss rate, and to determine whether we expect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts to differ from the conditions that existed to measure the internal historical loss rate. In addition, judgment has been used to determine the internal historical loss rate, as it is based in part on estimates of the occurrence or non-occurrence of future events which will dictate the amount of recoveries earned or additional losses incurred associated with known losses incurred to date. Judgment has also been used to determine the adjustment required to the internal historical loss rate, in those circumstances where relevant and reliable external data was identified. Furthermore, the current estimated fair value of the vessels used in our estimate of expected credit losses for direct financing and sales-type leases has been determined based on second-hand market comparable values. Judgment is used when vessels sold are different in age, size and technical specifications compared to our vessels. Since vessel values can be volatile, our estimates may not be indicative of either the current or future prices we could obtain if we sold any of the vessels.
Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions. To the extent the methods, and judgments used in applying these methods, that we use to measure our estimate of expected credit losses results in a credit loss provision that is different from actual results, our credit loss provision at the end of each period and the change in the credit loss provision in each period will be different than what would have otherwise been. More specifically, if the judgments used in determining our unadjusted historical loss rate for our direct financing and sales-type leases results were changed and such changes resulted in a 5% increase (decrease) to our unadjusted historical loss rate, our 2020 net income before non-controlling interest and total equity would have both decreased (increased) by $1.9 million. In addition, if we had increased (decreased) our estimates of the residual value of the vessels by 5%, our 2020 net income before non-controlling interest and total equity would have both increased (decreased) by $9.9 million.
Valuation of Derivative Financial Instruments
Description. Our risk management policies permit the use of derivative financial instruments to manage foreign currency fluctuation, interest rate, bunker fuel price and spot tanker market rate risk. See “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 15 – Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities”. Changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments that are not designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes are recognized in earnings in the consolidated statements of income (loss). Changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes are recorded in other comprehensive income and are reclassified to earnings in the consolidated statements of income (loss) when the hedged transaction is reflected in earnings. During the life of the hedge, we formally assess whether each derivative designated as a hedging instrument continues to be highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of hedged items. If we determine that a hedge has ceased to be highly effective, we will discontinue hedge accounting prospectively.

Judgments and Uncertainties. A substantial majority of the fair value of our derivative instruments and the change in fair value of our derivative instruments from period to period result from our use of interest rate and cross currency swap agreements. The fair value of our derivative instruments is the estimated amount that we would receive or pay to terminate the agreements in an arm’s length transaction under normal business conditions at the reporting date, taking into account current interest rates, foreign exchange rates and the current credit worthiness of us and the swap counterparties. The estimated amount for interest rate and cross currency swaps is the present value of estimated future cash flows, being equal to the difference between the benchmark interest rate and the fixed rate in the interest rate and cross currency swap agreement, multiplied by the notional principal amount of the interest rate and cross currency swap agreement at each interest reset date.

The fair value of our interest rate and cross currency swap agreements at the end of each period is most significantly impacted by the interest rate implied by the benchmark interest rate yield curve, including its relative steepness. Interest rates have experienced significant volatility in recent years in both the short and long-term. While the fair value of our interest rate swap agreements is typically more sensitive to changes in short-term rates, significant changes in the long-term benchmark interest rate and foreign currency exchange rates also materially impact our interest rate and cross currency swap agreements.

The fair value of our interest rate swap agreements is also impacted by changes in our specific credit risk included in the discount factor. We discount our interest rate swap agreements with reference to the credit default swap spreads of similarly rated global industrial companies and by considering any underlying collateral. The process of determining credit worthiness requires significant judgment in determining which source of credit risk information most closely matches our risk profile.

The benchmark interest rate yield curve and our specific credit risk are expected to vary over the life of the interest rate and cross currency swap agreements. The larger the notional amount of the interest rate and cross currency swap agreements outstanding and the longer the remaining
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duration of the interest rate and cross currency swap agreements, the larger the impact of any variability in these factors will be on the fair value of our interest rate and cross currency swaps. We economically hedge the interest rate exposure on a significant amount of our long-term debt and for long durations. As such, we have historically experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, material variations in the period-to-period fair value of our derivative instruments.

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions. Although we measure the fair value of our derivative instruments utilizing the inputs and assumptions described above, if we were to terminate the agreements at the reporting date, the amount we would pay or receive to terminate the derivative instruments may differ from our estimate of fair value. If the estimated fair value differs from the actual termination amount, an adjustment to the carrying amount of the applicable derivative asset or liability would be recognized in earnings for the current period. Such adjustments could be material. See “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 15 – Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” for the effects on the change in fair value of our derivative instruments on our consolidated statements of income (loss).
Taxes
Description. The expenses we recognize relating to taxes are based on our income, statutory tax rates and our interpretations of the tax regulations in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. We review our tax positions quarterly and adjust the balances as new information becomes available.

Judgments and Uncertainties. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The future realization of deferred tax assets depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character in either the carryback or carryforward period. This analysis requires, among other things, the use of estimates and projections in determining future reversals of temporary differences, forecasts of future profitability and evaluating potential tax-planning strategies. In addition, we recognize the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only if it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and respective governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgment is required in evaluating uncertainties.

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions. If we determined that we were able to realize a net deferred tax asset in the future or if an uncertain tax position was sustained upon examination, and such amount was in excess of the net amount previously recognized, we would increase our net income in the period such determination was made. Likewise, if we determined that we were not able to realize all or a part of our deferred tax asset in the future or if an uncertain tax position was not sustained upon examination, we would decrease our net income in the period such determination was made. See “Item 18 - Financial Statements: Note 21 - Income Taxes”.

Impairment of Investments in Equity-Accounted Joint Ventures.

Description. We evaluate our investments in equity-accounted joint ventures for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such investments may have experienced an other-than-temporary decline in value below its carrying value. If this is the case, the carrying value of the investment in equity-accounted joint venture is written down to its estimated fair value and the resulting impairment is recognized in our consolidated statement of income (loss).

Judgments and Uncertainties. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of investments in equity-accounted joint ventures requires significant judgment in determining whether the estimated value of an investment in an equity-accounted joint venture has declined below its carrying value and if so, whether this is an other-than-temporary decline in value. Such judgments include, among other things, estimates of future charter rates, operating expenses and vessel values, timing of vessels sales and deliveries and future growth prospects. In determining whether an impairment of an equity method investment is other-than-temporary, factors to consider include the length of time and extent to which the fair value of the investment is less than its carrying value; the financial condition and near-term prospects of the equity method investee, including recent operating losses or specific events that may negatively influence the future earnings potential of the investee; and the intent and ability of the holder to retain its investment in the investee for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. As at December 31, 2020, we conducted an impairment test for Teekay LNG's investment in the MALT Joint Venture and determined that its estimated fair value had declined below its carrying value, although it was determined that such decline was not other-than-temporary.

Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions. If we determine that an investment in an equity-accounted joint venture is impaired, we recognize a loss in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying value of the investment over its estimated fair value at the date of impairment. The written-down amount becomes the new lower cost basis of the investment. In addition, we may assign the impairment to individual assets held by the equity-accounted joint venture, such as vessels and equipment, and this would result in an increase in our proportionate share of comprehensive earnings of the joint venture in future periods due to lower depreciation expense of the vessels and equipment of the equity-accounted joint venture. Consequently, differences in conclusions about whether an investment in an equity-accounted joint venture is impaired and the amount of such impairment may result in a different impairment amount, including no impairment, and a different equity income (loss) in future periods.
Item 6.Directors, Senior Management and Employees
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Directors and Senior Management
Our directors and executive officers as of the date of this Annual Report and their ages as of December 31, 2020 are listed below:
Name Age Position
David Schellenberg 57
Chair (1)(2)(3)
Peter Antturi 62 Director
Rudolph Krediet 43
Director (3)
Heidi Locke Simon 53
Director (2)(4)(5)
Alan Semple 61
Director (6)
Arthur Bensler 63 Executive Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel
William Hung 49 Executive Vice President, Strategic Development
Kenneth Hvid 52
Director (5), President and Chief Executive Officer
Mark Kremin 50 President and Chief Executive Officer, Teekay Gas Group Ltd.
Vincent Lok 52 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Kevin Mackay 52 President and Chief Executive Officer, Teekay Tankers Ltd.

(1)Chair of Nominating and Governance Committee.
(2)Member of Audit Committee.
(3)Member of Compensation and Human Resources Committee.
(4)Chair of Compensation and Human Resources Committee.
(5)Member of Nominating and Governance Committee.
(6)Chair of Audit Committee.

Certain biographical information about each of these individuals included in the table above is set forth below:

David Schellenberg joined the board of Teekay Corporation in 2017 and was appointed as its Chair in June 2019. Mr. Schellenberg joined the board of Teekay GP L.L.C., the general partner of Teekay LNG Partners L.P., in May 2019 and the board of Teekay Tankers Ltd. in June 2019. He is a member of the Audit Committees of both Teekay Corporation and Teekay Tankers Ltd. Mr. Schellenberg brings over 25 years of financial and operating leadership experience to these roles. He is currently a Managing Director and Principal with Highland West Capital, a private equity firm in Vancouver, Canada. Prior to that, Mr. Schellenberg was with specialty aviation and aerospace businesses, Conair Group and its subsidiary Cascade Aerospace, from 2000 to 2013 and served as President and Chief Executive Officer from 2007 to 2013. Mr. Schellenberg also acted as a Managing Director in the Corporate Office of the Jim Pattison Group, Canada’s second largest private company, from 1991 to 2000. Mr. Schellenberg is a member of the Young Presidents’ Organization, holds an MBA and is a Fellow of the Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada (FCPA, FCA).

Peter Antturi joined the board of Teekay Corporation in June 2019 and brings over 30 years of financial and operational experience in the shipping industry to this role. Mr. Antturi serves as an executive officer and director of Teekay Corporation’s largest shareholder, Resolute Investments, Ltd. (Resolute), as well as other subsidiaries and affiliates of Kattegat Limited, a parent company of Resolute. Mr. Antturi previously worked with Teekay from 1991 through 2005, serving as President of Teekay’s shuttle tanker division, as Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Controller and in other finance and accounting positions. Prior to joining Teekay, Mr. Antturi held various accounting and finance roles in the shipping industry since 1985.

Rudolph Krediet joined the board of Teekay Corporation in 2017 and brings over 20 years of experience as a financial investment professional to this role. He has served as a partner at Anholt Services (USA), Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kattegat Trust, which oversees the trust’s globally diversified investment portfolio, since 2013. Mr. Krediet acted as Principal at Compass Group Management LLC, the manager of Compass Diversified Holdings, a publicly traded investment holding company, from 2010 to 2013, and as Vice President from 2006 to 2009. He acted as Vice President at CPM Roskamp Champion, a global leader in the design of manufacturing of oil seed processing equipment, from 2003 to 2004. Mr. Krediet has an MBA from the Darden Graduate School of Business at the University of Virginia.

Heidi Locke Simon joined the board of Teekay Corporation in 2017 and brings over 25 years of strategic management experience to this role. She was formerly a partner at Bain & Company, a global management consulting organization, where she worked from 1993 to 2012. Prior to this, Ms. Locke Simon was an Investment Banking Analyst at Goldman, Sachs & Co. She contributed to HBS Community Partners, a volunteer consulting organization, from 2013 to 2016. She also served as a Board Observer with Teekay Corporation from 2016 to 2017 and as a director of KQED Public Media from 2008 to 2014, and she has served as a director of Turning Green since 2004. Ms. Locke Simon holds an MBA from Harvard Business School.

Alan Semple has served as a director of Teekay Corporation since 2015, and joined the board of Teekay GP L.L.C., the general partner of Teekay LNG Partners L.P., in May 2019. He currently serves as the Chair of the Audit Committees of both Teekay Corporation and Teekay GP L.L.C. Mr. Semple brings over 30 years of finance experience, primarily in the energy industry, to these roles. He was formerly a director and Chief Financial Officer at John Wood Group PLC (Wood Group), a provider of engineering, production support and maintenance management services to the oil and gas and power generation industries, a role he held from 2000 until his retirement in 2015. Prior to this, Mr. Semple held a number of senior finance roles in Wood Group from 1996. Mr. Semple currently serves on the board of Cactus, Inc. (NYSE: WHD) where he is the Chair of the Audit Committee. He also served as a director and Chair of the Audit Committee of Cobham PLC (LSE: COB) until 2018.

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Arthur Bensler joined Teekay in 1998 as General Counsel. He was promoted to the position of Vice President and General Counsel in 2002, became the Corporate Secretary in 2003, and was further promoted to Senior Vice President and General Counsel in 2004 and to Executive Vice President and General Counsel in 2006. Mr. Bensler has served as a director of Teekay Tankers Ltd. since 2013, and also served as its Chair from 2013 until June 2019. Mr. Bensler served as Corporate Secretary of Teekay Tankers Ltd. from 2007 until 2014 and was reappointed in July 2019. Prior to joining Teekay, Mr. Bensler was a partner in a large Vancouver, Canada-based law firm, where he practiced corporate, commercial and maritime law from 1987 until 1998.

William Hung joined Teekay in 1995 and has served as Executive Vice President, Strategic Development since 2016. Prior to this position, Mr. Hung worked in a variety of roles at Teekay including Chartering, Business Development, Finance and Accounting, Commercial and Strategic Development. Additionally, Mr. Hung served as Chief Executive Officer of Tanker Investments Ltd. from 2014 until its merger with Teekay Tankers Ltd. in 2017.

Kenneth Hvid has served as Teekay’s President and Chief Executive Officer since 2017 and joined the board of Teekay Corporation in June 2019. He has served as a director of Teekay Tankers Ltd. since 2017 and was appointed as its Chair in June 2019. He has also served as a director of Teekay GP L.L.C., the general partner of Teekay LNG Partners L.P., since 2018, having previously served as a director from 2011 to 2015, and was appointed as its Chair in May 2019. Mr. Hvid joined Teekay Corporation in 2000 and was promoted to Senior Vice President, Teekay Gas Services, in 2004 and to President of the Teekay Navion Shuttle Tankers and Offshore division in 2006. He served as Teekay Corporation’s Chief Strategy Officer and Executive Vice President from 2011 to 2015. He also served as a director of Altera Infrastructure GP L.L.C. (formerly known as Teekay Offshore GP L.L.C.) from 2011 to June 2020, and as President and Chief Executive Officer of Teekay Offshore Group Ltd. from 2015 to 2016. Mr. Hvid has 30 years of global shipping experience, 12 of which were spent with A.P. Moller in Copenhagen, San Francisco and Hong Kong. In 2007, Mr. Hvid joined the board of Gard P. & I. (Bermuda) Ltd.

Mark Kremin was appointed as President and Chief Executive Officer of Teekay Gas Group Ltd., a company that provides services to Teekay LNG Partners L.P. and its subsidiaries, in 2017. He had previously been appointed as President of Teekay Gas Services in 2015, having acted as its Vice President since 2006. Mr. Kremin joined Teekay Corporation as in-house counsel in 2000, and subsequently held various commercial roles within Teekay Gas. He represents Teekay Gas on the boards of joint ventures with partners in Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Mr. Kremin has over 20 years’ experience in shipping. Prior to joining Teekay, he was an attorney in an admiralty law firm in Manhattan. Prior to attending law school in New York City, he worked for a leading owner and operator of container ships.

Vincent Lok has served as Teekay’s Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since 2007. He has held a number of financial positions since joining Teekay in 1993, including Controller from 1997 until his promotions to the positions of Vice President, Finance in 2002, Senior Vice President and Treasurer in 2004, and Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in 2006. Mr. Lok served as a director of Teekay GP L.L.C., the general partner of Teekay LNG Partners L.P., from 2015 to 2018 and also served as the Chief Financial Officer of Teekay Tankers Ltd. from 2007 until 2017. Prior to joining Teekay, Mr. Lok worked in the audit practice of Deloitte & Touche LLP. Mr. Lok is a Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA, CA) and a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) charterholder.

Kevin Mackay was appointed as President and Chief Executive Officer of Teekay Tankers Ltd., a controlled subsidiary of Teekay Corporation, in 2014. Mr. Mackay joined Teekay Tankers Ltd. from Phillips 66, where he headed the global marine business unit, and held a similar role as the General Manager, Commercial Marine, at ConocoPhillips from 2009 to 2012 before the formation of Phillips 66. Mr. Mackay started his career working for Neptune Orient Lines in Singapore from 1991 to 1995. He then joined AET Inc. Limited (formerly American Eagle Tankers Inc.) in Houston, becoming the Regional Director – Americas, Senior Vice President. Mr. Mackay holds a B.Sc. (Econ) Honours from the London School of Economics & Political Science and has extensive international experience.

Compensation of Directors and Senior Management

Director Compensation

The aggregate cash fees received by the five non-employee directors listed above under Directors and Senior Management and the one individual who served as non-employee director and retired in June 2020, for their service as directors, plus reimbursement of their out-of-pocket expenses, was approximately $0.7 million. Each non-employee director receives an annual cash retainer of $90,000. The Chair of the Board also receives an annual cash retainer of $215,000. Members of the Audit Committee, Compensation and Human Resources Committee, and Nominating and Governance Committee each receive an annual cash fee of $10,000. The Chairs of the Audit Committee, Compensation and Human Resources Committee, and Nominating and Governance Committee each receive an annual cash fee of $20,000, $17,500 and $15,000, respectively. The Chair of the Board does not receive an additional cash retainer for being a member of the Audit Committee or the Compensation and Human Resources Committee or serving as the Chair of the Nominating and Governance Committee.

Each non-employee director also receives a $110,000 annual retainer to be paid by way of a grant of, at the director’s election, restricted stock or stock options under our 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (or the 2013 Plan). Pursuant to this annual retainer, during 2020, we granted 156,150 shares of restricted stock in June 2020.

The Chair of the Board also receives a $150,000 annual retainer to be paid by way of a grant of, at the Chair’s election, restricted stock or stock options under our 2013 Equity Incentive Plan. Pursuant to this annual retainer, during 2020, we granted 47,318 shares of restricted stock to David Schellenberg.

The restricted stock awards described in this section vests as to one-third of the shares on each of the first three anniversaries of their respective grant dates.
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Annual Executive Compensation
The aggregate compensation earned in 2020 by Teekay’s six executive officers listed above under Directors and Senior Management (or the Executive Officers), excluding equity-based compensation described below, was $6.5 million. This is comprised of base salary ($2.7 million), annual bonus ($2.8 million) and pension and other benefits ($1.0 million). These amounts were paid primarily in Canadian Dollars, but are reported here in U.S. Dollars using an average exchange rate of 1.34 Canadian Dollars for each U.S. Dollar for 2020. Teekay’s annual bonus plan considers both company performance and team performance.
Long-Term Incentive Program
Teekay’s long-term incentive program focuses on the returns realized by our shareholders and is intended to acknowledge and retain those executives who can influence our long-term performance. The long-term incentive plan provides a balance against short-term decisions and encourages a longer time horizon for decisions. This program consists of grants of stock option and restricted stock units. All grants in 2020 were made under our 2013 Plan.

During June 2020, we granted 631,422 restricted stock units to Teekay's Executive Officers under our 2013 Plan. The restricted stock units vest as to one-third of the shares on each of the first three anniversaries of their grant dates.
Options to Purchase Securities from Registrant or Subsidiaries
In March 2013, we adopted the 2013 Plan and suspended the 1995 Stock Option Plan and the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan (collectively referred to as the Plans). As at December 31, 2020, we had reserved pursuant to our 2013 Plan 5,581,663 shares (December 31, 2019 – 5,606,429) of common stock.

During 2019 and 2018, we granted options under the 2013 Plan to acquire up to 2,620,582 and 1,048,916 shares of Common Stock, respectively, to eligible officers, employees and directors. There were no granted options in 2020, only restricted stock units were granted. Each option under the Plans has a 10-year term and vests equally over three years from the grant date. The outstanding options under the Plans as at December 31, 2020 are exercisable at prices ranging from $3.98 to $56.76 per share, with a weighted-average exercise price of $10.02 per share and expire between March 14, 2021 and March 14, 2029.

Starting in 2013, employees who provide services to our publicly-traded subsidiaries (Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers) received a proportion of their annual equity compensation award under the equity compensation plan of the applicable Daughter Entity (the Teekay LNG Partners L.P. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan or the Teekay Tankers Ltd. 2007 Long-Term Incentive Plan, depending on their level of contribution towards the applicable subsidiary. These awards generally took the form of Restricted Stock Units (or RSUs), which are described as Phantom Units under the Teekay LNG Partners L.P. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan, but we refer to all of these awards as RSUs for purposes of this disclosure. Teekay Tankers also granted stock options starting in 2014 to certain senior employees. The RSUs vest and become payable with respect to one-third of the shares on each of the first three years following the grant date and accrue distributions or dividends from the date of the grant to the date of vesting. Stock options vest one-third on each of the first three years and expire ten years after the date of their grant.

Board Practices
Our Board of Directors currently consists of six members as listed above under Directors and Senior Management. The Board of Directors is divided into three classes, with members of each class elected to hold office for a term of three years in accordance with the classification indicated below or until his or her successor is elected and qualified.

Directors Heidi Locke Simon and Rudolph Krediet were elected at the 2020 annual meeting, while Director Bjorn Moller did not stand for re-election at the annual meeting and retired from the Board of Directors at such time. Directors Kenneth Hvid and Alan Semple have terms expiring in 2021, and Messrs. Hvid and Semple intend to stand for re-election at the 2021 annual meeting. Directors Peter Antturi and David Schellenberg each have terms expiring in 2022. David Schellenberg currently serves as Chair of the Board.

There are no service contracts between us and any of our directors providing for benefits upon termination of their employment or service.

The Board of Directors has determined that each of the current members of the Board, other than Kenneth Hvid, Teekay’s President and Chief Executive Officer, has no material relationship with Teekay (either directly or as a partner, shareholder or officer of an organization that has a relationship with Teekay), and is independent within the meaning of our director independence standards, which reflect the New York Stock Exchange (or NYSE) director independence standards as currently in effect and as they may be changed from time to time. In making this determination, the Board considered the relationships of Rudolph Krediet, Heidi Locke Simon and Peter Antturi with our largest shareholder or its affiliates and concluded these relationships do not materially affect their independence as directors. Please read “Item 7 – Major Shareholders and Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.”

The Board of Directors has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines that address, among other things, director qualification standards, director functions and responsibilities, director access to management, director compensation and management succession. This document is available under “Investors – Teekay Corporation – Governance” from the home page of our web site at www.teekay.com.

The NYSE does not require a company like ours, which is a “foreign private issuer”, to have a majority of independent directors on the Board of Directors or to establish compensation or nominating/corporate governance committees composed of independent directors.

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The Board of Directors has the following three committees: Audit Committee, Compensation and Human Resources Committee, and Nominating and Governance Committee. The membership of these committees during 2020 and the function of each of the committees are described below. Each of the committees is currently comprised of independent members, other than Mr. Hvid’s membership on the Nominating and Governance Committee, and operates under a written charter adopted by the Board. All of the committee charters are available under “Investors – Teekay Corporation – Governance” from the home page of our website at www.teekay.com. During 2020, the Board held four meetings. Each director attended all Board meetings. During 2020, the Board held 18 regular committee meetings. Each director who was a member of a regular committee attended all applicable committee meetings.

In addition to the committees and meetings discussed above, the Board of Directors also struck an ad hoc special committee in 2020 in connection with the sale of Teekay’s interest in the incentive distribution rights of Teekay LNG. The committee consisted of Board members Heidi Locke Simon, Peter Antturi and Alan Semple, and held two meetings during 2020. Each committee member attended both meetings.

Our Audit Committee is composed entirely of directors who satisfy applicable NYSE and SEC audit committee independence standards. Our Audit Committee is currently comprised of Alan Semple (Chair), Heidi Locke Simon and David Schellenberg. All members of the committee are financially literate and the Board has determined that Mr. Semple qualifies as an audit committee financial expert.

The Audit Committee assists the Board in fulfilling its responsibilities for general oversight of:

the integrity of our consolidated financial statements;
our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements;
the independent auditors’ qualifications and independence; and
the performance of our internal audit function and independent auditors.

Our Compensation and Human Resources Committee is composed entirely of directors who satisfy applicable NYSE compensation committee independence standards. This committee is currently comprised of Heidi Locke Simon (Chair), Rudolph Krediet and David Schellenberg.

The Compensation and Human Resources Committee:

reviews and approves corporate goals and objectives relevant to the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation, evaluates the Chief Executive Officer’s performance in light of these goals and objectives, and determines the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation;
reviews and approves the evaluation process and compensation structure for executive officers, other than the Chief Executive Officer, evaluates their performance and sets their compensation based on this evaluation;
reviews and makes recommendations to the Board regarding compensation for directors;
establishes and oversees long-term incentive compensation and equity-based plans; and
oversees our other compensation plans, policies and programs.

Our Nominating and Governance Committee is currently comprised of David Schellenberg (Chair), Kenneth Hvid, and Heidi Locke Simon.

The Nominating and Governance Committee:

identifies individuals qualified to become Board members and recommends to the Board of Directors nominees for election as directors;
maintains oversight of the operation and effectiveness of the Board and our corporate governance;
develops, updates and recommends to the Board corporate governance principles and policies applicable to us, and monitors compliance with these principles and policies; and
oversees the evaluation of the Board and its committees.
The Board's Role in Oversight of Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance
Our Corporate Governance Guidelines outline the Board’s role in oversight of our health, safety and environmental performance and our performance on sustainability and diversity efforts. In addition, the Board is responsible for evaluating and overseeing compliance with our policies, practices and contributions made in fulfillment of our social responsibilities and commitment to sustainability.
Crewing and Staff
As at December 31, 2020, we employed approximately 4,710 seagoing staff serving on our consolidated and equity-accounted vessels managed by us, and approximately 640 shore-based personnel, compared to approximately 5,050 seagoing and 650 shore-based personnel as at December 31, 2019, and approximately 4,800 seagoing and 780 shore-based personnel as at December 31, 2018.

We regard attracting and retaining motivated seagoing personnel as a top priority. Through our global manning organization comprised of offices in Glasgow, Scotland; Manila, Philippines; Mumbai, India; Sydney, Australia; and Madrid, Spain, we offer seafarers what we believe are competitive employment packages and comprehensive benefits. We also intend to provide opportunities for personal and career development, which relate to our philosophy of promoting internally.

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We are a party to a collective bargaining agreement with the Philippine Seafarers’ Union, an affiliate of the International Transport Workers’ Federation (or ITF), and an agreement with ITF London that cover substantially all of our junior officers and seafarers that operate our Bahamian-flagged vessels. We are also party to collective bargaining agreements with various Australian maritime unions that cover officers and seafarers employed through our Australian operations. Our officers and seafarers for our Spanish-flagged vessels are covered by a collective bargaining agreement with Spain’s Union General de Trabajadores and Comisiones Obreras. We believe our relationships with these labor unions are good, with long-term collective bargaining agreements that demonstrate commitment from both parties.

Our commitment to training is fundamental to the development of the highest caliber seafarers for our marine operations. Our cadet training program is designed to balance academic learning with hands-on training at sea. We have relationships with training institutions in Canada, Croatia, India, Norway, Philippines, Turkey and the United Kingdom. After receiving formal instruction at one of these institutions, the cadets’ training continues on-board a Teekay vessel. We also have an accredited Teekay-specific competence management system that is designed to ensure a continuous flow of qualified officers who are trained on our vessels and are familiar with our operational standards, systems and policies. We believe that high-quality manning and training policies will play an increasingly important role in distinguishing larger independent tanker companies that have in-house, or affiliate, capabilities from smaller companies that must rely on outside ship managers and crewing agents.
Share Ownership
The following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership, as of December 31, 2020, of our common stock by the five directors and six Executive Officers as a group, described above under Directors and Senior Management. The information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Under SEC rules, a person or entity beneficially owns any shares that the person or entity (a) has or shares voting or investment power over or (b) has the right to acquire as of March 1, 2021 (60 days after December 31, 2020) through the exercise of any common stock option or other right. Unless otherwise indicated, each person or entity has sole voting and investment power (or shares such powers with his or her spouse) with respect to the shares set forth in the following table. Information for certain holders is based on information delivered to us.
Identity of Person or Group Shares Owned Percent of Class
All directors and executive officers as a group (11 persons) (1)(2)
2,171,779
2.2% (3)
 ____________________________
(1)Includes 1,815,855 shares of common stock subject to stock options exercisable as of March 1, 2021 under our equity incentive plans with a weighted-average exercise price of $9.05 that expire between March 6, 2022 and June 10, 2029. Excludes 1,561,979 shares of common stock subject to stock options that may become exercisable after March 1, 2021 under the plans with a weighted average exercise price of $4.77, that expire between March 12, 2028 and June 10, 2029. Excludes shares held by our largest shareholder, Resolute, whose ultimate parent is Path Spirit Limited (or Path), which is the trust protector for the trust that indirectly owns all of Resolute’s outstanding equity. For additional information on the relationships between Resolute and certain of our directors, please see the section titled “Item 7 – Major Shareholders and Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions – Relationships with our Major Shareholder”, below.
(2)Each director is expected to hold shares of Teekay having a value of at least four times the value of the annual cash retainer paid to them for their Board service (excluding fees for Chair or Committee service) no later than March 1, 2021 or the fifth anniversary of the date on which the director joined the Board, whichever is later. In addition, each Executive Officer is expected to acquire shares of Teekay’s common stock equivalent in value to one to three times their annual base salary by 2018 or, for executive officers subsequently joining Teekay or achieving a position covered by the guidelines, within five years after the guidelines become applicable to them.
(3)Based on a total of 101.1 million outstanding shares of our common stock as of December 31, 2020. Each director and Executive Officer beneficially owns less than 1% of the outstanding shares of common stock.
Item 7.Major Shareholders and Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions
Major Shareholders
The following table sets forth information regarding beneficial ownership, as of December 31, 2020, of Teekay’s common stock by each person we know to beneficially own more than 5% of the common stock. Information for certain holders is based on their latest filings with the SEC. The number of shares beneficially owned by each person or entity is determined under SEC rules and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Under SEC rules, a person or entity beneficially owns any shares as to which the person or entity has or shares voting or investment power. In addition, a person or entity beneficially owns any shares that the person or entity has the right to acquire as of March 1, 2021 (60 days after December 31, 2020) through the exercise of any stock option or other right. Unless otherwise indicated, each person or entity has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares set forth in the following table.
Identity of Person or Group Shares Owned
Percent of Class (3)
Resolute Investments, Ltd. (1)
31,936,012 31.6%
Cobas Asset Management, SGIIC, S.A. (2)
15,620,271 15.4%
 ____________________________
(1)Includes shared voting and shared dispositive power. The ultimate controlling person of Resolute is Path, which is the trust protector for the trust that indirectly owns all of Resolute’s outstanding equity. This information is based in part on the Schedule 13D/A (Amendment No. 10) filed by Resolute and Path with the SEC on January 29, 2018. Resolute’s beneficial ownership was 31.6% on December 31, 2020, and 31.7% on December 31, 2019. For additional information on the relationships between Resolute and certain of our directors, please see the section titled "Item 7 – Major Shareholders and Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions – Relationships with our Major Shareholder”, below.
(2)Includes sole and shared voting power. This information is based on the Schedule 13G/A filed by this investor with the SEC on February 16, 2021.
(3)Based on a total of 101.1 million outstanding shares of our common stock as of December 31, 2020.

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Our major shareholders have the same voting rights as our other shareholders. No corporation or foreign government or other natural or legal person owns more than 50% of our outstanding common stock. We are not aware of any arrangements, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of Teekay.

Teekay and certain of its subsidiaries have relationships or are parties to transactions with other Teekay subsidiaries, including Teekay’s publicly-traded subsidiaries Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers. Certain of these relationships and transactions are described below.
Relationships with Our Major Shareholder
As of December 31, 2020, Resolute owned approximately 31.6% of our outstanding common stock. The ultimate controlling person of Resolute is Path, which is the trust protector for the trust that indirectly owns all of Resolute’s outstanding equity. One of our current directors, Heidi Locke Simon, is engaged as a consultant to Kattegat Limited, the parent company of Resolute, to oversee its investments, including that in the Teekay group of companies. Director Rudolph Krediet is partner at Anholt Services (USA), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kattegat Limited. Director Peter Antturi serves as an executive officer and director of Resolute and other Kattegat Limited subsidiaries and affiliates.
Our Directors and Executive Officers
Our current Chair of the Board, David Schellenberg, also serves as a director of Teekay GP L.L.C. (the general partner of Teekay LNG) and of Teekay Tankers Ltd. Kenneth Hvid, our President and Chief Executive Officer, also serves as Chair of Teekay GP L.L.C and Teekay Tankers Ltd. Arthur Bensler, our Executive Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel, is a director of Teekay Tankers. Our director, Alan Semple, is also a director of Teekay GP L.L.C.

Other of our officers currently serve as the Chief Executive Officer of Teekay Tankers Ltd. and as the Chief Executive Officer of Teekay Gas Group Ltd., which provides executive personnel and other services to Teekay LNG.

Because the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Teekay Tankers Ltd. and the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Teekay Gas Group Ltd., who provide or provided services to Teekay LNG, were employees of Teekay or other of its subsidiaries, their compensation (other than any awards under the respective long-term incentive plans of Teekay Tankers and Teekay LNG) is or was paid by Teekay or such other applicable entities. Pursuant to agreements with Teekay, each of Teekay Tankers and Teekay LNG agreed to reimburse Teekay or its applicable subsidiaries for time spent by the executive officers on providing services to such public entities and their subsidiaries. For 2020, these reimbursement obligations totaled approximately $1.9 million and $1.4 million, respectively, for Teekay Tankers and Teekay LNG. For both 2019 and 2018, these reimbursement obligations totaled approximately $1.8 million and $1.4 million, respectively, for Teekay Tankers and Teekay LNG.
Relationships with the Daughter Entities
Please see “Item 4C – Information on the Company – Organizational Structure” for information about our ownership interests in Teekay Tankers and Teekay LNG. Please see “Item 4A – Information on the Company – Overview, History and Development – Our Ownership of the Daughter Entities and Recent Equity Offerings and Transactions by Daughter Entities” for information about certain equity issuances by the Daughter Entities to Teekay. In May 2019, we sold our remaining interests in our equity-accounted investment, Altera, to Brookfield (or the 2019 Brookfield Transaction).
Competition with Teekay Tankers, Teekay LNG and Altera
We have entered into an omnibus agreement with Teekay LNG, Altera and related parties governing, among other things, when Teekay, Teekay LNG, and Altera may compete with each other and providing for rights of first offer on the transfer or rechartering of certain LNG carriers, oil tankers, shuttle tankers, FSO units and FPSO units. Subject to applicable exceptions, the omnibus agreement generally provides that, without the approval of the other applicable parties, (a) neither Teekay nor Teekay LNG will own or operate offshore vessels (i.e. dynamically positioned shuttle tankers, FSO units and FPSO units) that are subject to contracts with a duration of three years or more, excluding extension options, (b) neither Teekay nor Altera will own or operate LNG carriers and (c) neither Teekay LNG nor Altera will own or operate crude oil tankers, other than crude oil tankers included in their respective fleets as of the dates of their respective initial public offerings and certain replacement tankers. If Teekay or its affiliates no longer control the general partner of Teekay LNG or Altera or if there is a change of control of Teekay, the general partner of Teekay LNG or Altera or Teekay, as applicable, may terminate relevant noncompetition and rights of first offer provisions of the omnibus agreement. During 2018, Brookfield acquired a 51% ownership interest in the general partner of Altera and thereby obtained the right to appoint a majority of the directors of the general partner’s Board of Directors. This transaction constituted a change of control, giving Altera the right to elect to terminate the omnibus agreement. Teekay divested its remaining ownership interest in Altera and its general partner in 2019. To date, Altera has not terminated the omnibus agreement.

In addition, Teekay Tankers’ organization documents provide that Teekay may pursue business opportunities attractive to both parties and of which either party becomes aware. These business opportunities may include, among other things, opportunities to charter out, charter in or acquire oil tankers or to acquire tanker businesses.
Sales of Vessels and Project Interests
From time to time, Teekay has sold to Teekay Tankers and Teekay LNG vessels or interests in vessel-owning subsidiaries or joint ventures. These transactions include those described under “Item 5 – Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
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Time Chartering Arrangements

Commencing in April 2008, Teekay Parent had chartered in from Teekay LNG the LNG carriers Arctic Spirit and Polar Spirit under a fixed-rate time charter for a period of ten years. The contracts for Arctic Spirit and Polar Spirit terminated in March and April 2018, respectively. Commencing in May 2019, Teekay LNG chartered in the Magellan Spirit LNG carrier from Teekay Parent on a short-term time-charter contract until October 31, 2019. During 2019, and 2018, Teekay LNG earned revenues of $11.6 million, and $9.4 million, respectively, under these time-charter contracts.
Services and Management Agreements
Services Agreements. In connection with its initial public offering in May 2005 and subsequent thereto, Teekay LNG and certain of its subsidiaries entered into services agreements with certain other subsidiaries of Teekay, pursuant to which the other Teekay subsidiaries agreed to provide to Teekay LNG and their operating subsidiaries administrative, strategic, business development, advisory, commercial and ship management services. The Teekay subsidiaries provide these services directly or subcontract for certain of these services with other entities, including other Teekay subsidiaries. Under the agreements, Teekay LNG pays arm’s-length fees for the services that include reimbursement of any direct and indirect expenses the other Teekay subsidiaries incur in providing these services.

During 2020, 2019 and 2018, Teekay LNG incurred expenses of $20.3 million, $20.4 million and $31.6 million, respectively, for services rendered to them by us for these services.

Management Agreement. In connection with its initial public offering, Teekay Tankers entered into the long-term management agreement with Teekay Tankers Management Services Ltd. (TTMS, or the Manager), a subsidiary of Teekay. On October 1, 2018, TTMS merged with Teekay Shipping Ltd. (or TSL), a subsidiary of Teekay and assumed the role as Manager.

Pursuant to the Management Agreement, the Manager has agreed to provide the following types of services to Teekay Tankers: commercial (primarily vessel chartering), technical (primarily vessel maintenance and crewing), administrative (primarily accounting, legal and financial) and strategic (primarily advising on acquisitions, strategic planning and general management of the business). Since commencement of the Management Agreement, the Manager subcontracted with Teekay Tankers Operations Ltd. (or TTOL) to provide to Teekay Tankers, through its subsidiaries or affiliates, commercial management and technical services for most of Teekay Tankers’ fleet. In August 2014, Teekay Tankers purchased from us a 50% interest in TTOL and in May 2017, Teekay Tankers acquired the remaining 50% interest in TTOL. On October 1, 2018, Teekay Tankers elected to provide its own commercial and technical services, effectively eliminating the prior subcontracting arrangement between the Manager and TTOL.

In return for commercial and technical services under the Management Agreement, prior to October 1, 2018, Teekay Tankers paid the Manager an agreed-upon fee for the commercial services (other than for Teekay Tankers' vessels participating in pooling arrangements) and a technical services fee equal to the average rate Teekay charges third parties to technically manage their vessels of a similar size. In addition, Teekay Tankers pays fees for administrative and strategic services that reimburse the Manager for its related direct and indirect expenses in providing such services and which includes a profit margin. During 2020, 2019, and 2018, Teekay Tankers incurred $31.8 million, $32.6 million, and $43.3 million, respectively, for all of these services, and during 2020, 2019 and 2018 the Manager paid to the Teekay Tankers subsidiaries with which it subcontracted for certain services, $0.7 million, $0.8 million and $13.8 million, respectively.

The management agreement also provides for the payment of a performance fee in order to provide the Manager an incentive to increase cash available for distribution to Teekay Tankers’ shareholders. Teekay Tankers did not incur any performance fees for 2020, 2019, or 2018.

Other

Please see "Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 13 – Related Party Transactions” for information about other related party transactions.

Item 8.Financial Information
Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes
Please see "Item 18 – Financial Statements" below for additional information required to be disclosed under this Item.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time we have been, and we expect to continue to be, subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of our business, principally personal injury and property casualty claims. Such claims, even if lacking merit, could result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources. We believe that any adverse outcome of existing claims, individually or in the aggregate, would not have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows, when taking into account our insurance coverage and rights to seek indemnification from charterers. For information about recent legal proceedings, please read “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 16c – Legal Proceedings and Claims.”
Dividend Policy
Since our initial public offering in 1995 until the quarter ended December 31, 2018, we had declared and paid a regular cash dividend. Our Board of Directors approved the elimination of the quarterly dividend on Teekay’s common stock commencing with the quarter ended March 31, 2019.

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Commencing with the quarter ended March 31, 2019, our Board of Directors has not declared or paid a cash dividend, consistent with our strategy to further strengthen our balance sheet and the Board's belief that it is in the best interests of our shareholders to conserve more of our cash flows to reduce debt levels.

In 2020, Teekay LNG increased its quarterly cash distributions on common units by 32% from $0.19 per common unit to $0.25 per common unit commencing with the quarterly distribution paid in May 2020. Teekay LNG intends to further increase its quarterly cash distributions by 15% to $0.2875 per common unit commencing with the distribution for the first quarter of 2021 payable in May 2021.

In 2018, Teekay Tankers eliminated its regular dividend payments in order to preserve liquidity during the cyclical downturn of the tanker spot market. With a current focus on building net asset value through balance sheet delevering and reducing its cost of capital, any future dividends by Teekay Tankers would be paid when, as and if determined by the Board of Directors.

Pursuant to our dividend reinvestment program, holders of shares of our common stock are permitted to choose, in lieu of receiving cash dividends, to reinvest any dividends in additional shares of common stock at then-prevailing market prices, but without brokerage commissions or service charges.

The timing and amount of our dividends, if any, will depend, among other things, on our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, restrictions in financing agreements and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. Since we primarily are a holding company, with limited assets other than the ownership interests in our subsidiaries, our ability to pay dividends on the common stock depends on the earnings and cash flow of our subsidiaries and distributions from our subsidiaries. Our Board of Directors may change our common stock dividends at any time.
Significant Changes
Please read “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 23 – Subsequent Events for descriptions of significant changes that have occurred since December 31, 2020”. Please read “Item 5 – Operating and Financial Review and Prospects: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Development and Results of Operations.”
Item 9.The Offer and Listing
Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “TK”.
Item 10.Additional Information
Memorandum and Articles of Association
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended, have been filed as Exhibits 1.1 and 1.2 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on April 7, 2009, and are hereby incorporated by reference into this Annual Report. Our Bylaws have previously been filed as exhibit 1.3 to our Report on Form 6-K (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on August 31, 2011, and are hereby incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

The rights, preferences and restrictions attaching to each class of our capital stock are described in Exhibit 2.3 (entitled ““Description of Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Exchange Act”) to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on April 9, 2020, and are hereby incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

The necessary actions required to change the rights of holders of our capital stock and the conditions governing the manner in which annual and special meetings of shareholders are convened are described in our Bylaws filed as exhibit 1.3 to our Report on Form 6-K (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on August 31, 2011, and hereby incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

There are no limitations on the rights to own securities, including the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on the securities imposed by the laws of the Republic of The Marshall Islands or by our Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws.
Material Contracts
The following is a summary of each material contract, other than material contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which we or any of our subsidiaries is a party:

(a)Amended 2003 Equity Incentive Plan.
(b)Amended 1995 Stock Option Plan.
(c)Form of Indemnification Agreement between Teekay and each of its officers and directors.
(d)Amended and Restated Omnibus Agreement dated as of December 19, 2006, among Teekay Corporation, Teekay GP L.L.C., Teekay LNG Partners L.P., Altera and related parties, which governs, among other things, when Teekay Corporation, Teekay LNG Partners L.P. and Altera may compete with each other and to provide the applicable parties certain rights of first offer on LNG carriers, oil tankers, shuttle tankers, FSO units and FPSO units.
(e)2013 Equity Incentive Plan.
(f)Agreement Regarding Registration Rights Agreement, dated May 30, 2014, between Kattegat Private Trustees (Bermuda) Ltd., as sole trustee of the Kattegat Trust, and Teekay Corporation
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(g)Agreement dated July 7, 2014, between Teekay LNG Operating L.L.C. and China LNG Shipping (Holdings) Limited to form TC LNG Shipping L.L.C. in connection with the Yamal LNG Project.
(h)Agreement dated December 17, 2014, for a $450,000,000 secured loan facility between Nakilat Holdco L.L.C. and Qatar National Bank SAQ. The loan bears interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 1.85%. The facility requires quarterly repayments, with a bullet payment in 2026.
(i)Registration Rights Agreement dated June 29, 2016, by and among Teekay Corporation and the investors named therein.
(j)Master Services Agreement dated September 25, 2017, by and between Teekay Corporation, Altera and Brookfield TK TOLP L.P.
(k)Indenture dated as of January 26, 2018, between Teekay Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee relating to 5.000% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023.
(l)Indenture dated May 13, 2019, among Teekay Corporation and Wilmington Trust, National Association, for $250,000,000 9.250% Senior Secured Notes due 2022.
(m)Purchase Agreement dated May 2, 2019, for $250,000,000 9.250% Senior Secured Notes due 2022.
(n)Secured Revolving Credit Facility Agreement dated January 28, 2020, between Teekay Tankers Ltd., Nordea Bank Abp, New York Branch and various other banks, for a $532.8 million long-term debt facility which is scheduled to mature in December 2024.
(o)Margin Loan Agreement dated September 29, 2020, among Teekay Finance Limited, Citibank, N.A. and others, for an equity margin revolving credit facility that provides aggregate potential borrowings of up to $150 million, scheduled to mature in June 2022.
(p)Equity Distribution Agreement dated December 29, 2020, between Teekay Corporation and Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
(q)Exchange Agreement dated May 9, 2020 between Teekay GP L.L.C. and Teekay LNG Partners L.P.
Exchange Controls and Other Limitations Affecting Security Holders
We are not aware of any governmental laws, decrees or regulations, including foreign exchange controls, in the Republic of the Marshall Islands that restrict the export or import of capital or that affect the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to holders of our securities that are non-resident and not citizens and otherwise not conducting business or transactions in the Marshall Islands.

We are not aware of any limitations on the right of non-resident or foreign owners to hold or vote our securities imposed by the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands or our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws.
Taxation
Teekay Corporation was incorporated in the Republic of Liberia on February 9, 1979 and was domesticated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands on December 20, 1999. Its principal executive offices are located in Bermuda. The following provides information regarding taxes to which a U.S. Holder of our common stock may be subject.
Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following is a discussion of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to shareholders. This discussion is based upon provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (or the Code), legislative history, applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations (or Treasury Regulations), judicial authority and administrative interpretations, all as in effect on the date of this Annual Report and which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, or are subject to different interpretations. Changes in these authorities may cause the tax consequences to vary substantially from the consequences described below. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this section to “we,” “our” or “us” are references to Teekay Corporation.

This discussion is limited to shareholders who hold their common stock as a capital asset for tax purposes. This discussion does not address all tax considerations that may be important to a particular shareholder in light of the shareholder’s circumstances, or to certain categories of shareholders that may be subject to special tax rules, such as:

dealers in securities or currencies,
traders in securities that have elected the mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities,
persons whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar,
persons holding our common stock as part of a hedge, straddle, conversion or other “synthetic security” or integrated transaction,
certain U.S. expatriates,
financial institutions,
insurance companies,
persons subject to the alternative minimum tax,
persons that actually or under applicable constructive ownership rules own 10% or more of our common stock (by vote or value), and
entities that are tax-exempt for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

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If a partnership (including any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our common stock, the tax treatment of a partner generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partners in partnerships holding our common stock should consult their tax advisors to determine the appropriate tax treatment of the partnership’s ownership of our common stock.

This discussion does not address any U.S. estate tax considerations or tax considerations arising under the laws of any state, local or non-U.S. jurisdiction. Each shareholder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal, state, local, non-U.S. and other tax consequences of the ownership or disposition of our common stock.
United States Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders
As used herein, the term U.S. Holder means a beneficial owner of our common stock that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes: (i) a U.S. citizen or U.S. resident alien (or a U.S. Individual Holder), (ii) a corporation or other entity taxable as a corporation, that was created or organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust that either is subject to the supervision of a court within the United States and has one or more U.S. persons with authority to control all of its substantial decisions or has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.
Distributions
Subject to the discussion of passive foreign investment companies (or PFICs) below, any distributions made by us with respect to our common stock to a U.S. Holder generally will constitute dividends, which may be taxable as ordinary income or “qualified dividend income” as described in more detail below, to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits allocated to the U.S. Holder's common stock, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits allocated to the U.S. Holder's common stock will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in our common stock and thereafter as capital gain, which will be either long-term or short-term capital gain depending upon whether the U.S. Holder has held the common stock for more than one year. U.S. Holders that are corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes generally will not be entitled to claim a dividends received deduction with respect to any distributions they receive from us. For purposes of computing allowable foreign tax credits for U.S. federal income tax purposes, dividends received with respect to our common stock will be treated as foreign source income and generally will be treated as “passive category income.

Subject to holding period requirements and certain other limitations, dividends received with respect to our common stock by a U.S. Holder who is an individual, trust or estate (or a Non-Corporate U.S. Holder) will be treated as “qualified dividend income” that is taxable to such Non-Corporate U.S. Holder at preferential capital gain tax rates provided that we are not classified as a PFIC for the taxable year during which the dividend is paid or the immediately preceding taxable year (we intend to take the position that we are not now and have never been classified as a PFIC, as discussed below). Any dividends received with respect to our common stock not eligible for these preferential rates will be taxed as ordinary income to a Non-Corporate U.S. Holder.

Special rules may apply to any “extraordinary dividend” paid by us. Generally, an extraordinary dividend is a dividend with respect to a share of common stock if the amount of the dividend is equal to or in excess of 10% of a common stockholder’s adjusted tax basis (or fair market value in certain circumstances) in such common stock. In addition, extraordinary dividends include dividends received within a one-year period that, in the aggregate, equal or exceed 20% of a stockholder’s adjusted tax basis (or fair market value in certain circumstances). If we pay an “extraordinary dividend” on our common stock that is treated as “qualified dividend income,” then any loss recognized by a Non-Corporate U.S. Holder from the sale or exchange of such common stock will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of the amount of such dividend.

Certain Non-Corporate U.S. Holders are subject to a 3.8% tax on certain investment income, including dividends. Non-Corporate U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of this tax on their ownership of our common stock.
Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of Common Stock
Subject to the discussion of PFICs below, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss upon a sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized by the U.S. Holder from such sale, exchange or other disposition and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such stock. Subject to the discussion of extraordinary dividends above, such gain or loss generally will be treated as (i) long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period is greater than one year at the time of the sale, exchange or other disposition, or short -term capital gain or loss otherwise and (ii) U.S.-source gain or loss, as applicable, for foreign tax credit purposes. Non-Corporate U.S. Holders may be eligible for preferential rates of U.S. federal income tax in respect of long-term capital gains. A U.S. Holder’s ability to deduct capital losses is subject to certain limitations.

Certain Non-Corporate U.S. Holders are subject to a 3.8% tax on certain investment income, including capital gains from the sale or other disposition of stock. Non-Corporate U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of this tax on their disposition of our common stock.
Consequences of Possible PFIC Classification
A non-U.S. entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be treated as a PFIC in any taxable year in which, after taking into account the income and assets of the corporation pursuant to a “look through” rule, any other corporation or partnership in which the corporation directly or indirectly owns at least 25% of the stock or equity interests (by value), either: (i) at least 75% of its gross income is “passive” income, or (ii) at least 50% of the average value of its assets is attributable to assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of these tests, “passive income” includes dividends, interest, gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and rents and
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royalties other than rents and royalties that are received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business. By contrast, income derived from the performance of services does not constitute “passive income.”

There are legal uncertainties involved in determining whether the income derived from our and our look-through subsidiaries’ time-chartering activities constitutes rental income or income derived from the performance of services, including legal uncertainties arising from the decision in Tidewater Inc. v. United States, 565 F.3d 299 (5th Cir. 2009), which held that income derived from certain time-chartering activities should be treated as rental income rather than services income for purposes of a foreign sales corporation provision of the Code. However, the IRS stated in an Action on Decision (AOD 2010-01) that it disagrees with, and will not acquiesce to, the way that the rental versus services framework was applied to the facts in the Tidewater decision, and in its discussion stated that the time charters at issue in Tidewater would be treated as producing services income for PFIC purposes. The IRS’s statement with respect to Tidewater cannot be relied upon or otherwise cited as precedent by taxpayers. Consequently, in the absence of any binding legal authority specifically relating to the statutory provisions governing PFICs, there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court would not follow the Tidewater decision in interpreting the PFIC provisions of the Code. Moreover, the market value of our common stock and our publicly-traded look-through subsidiaries may be treated as reflecting the value of our assets, and our publicly traded look-through subsidiaries’ assets, respectively, at any given time. Therefore, a decline in the market value of our common stock, or the stock of our publicly-traded look-through subsidiaries, which is not within our control, may impact the determination of whether we are a PFIC. Nevertheless, based on our and our look-through subsidiaries’ current assets and operations, we intend to take the position that we are not now and have never been a PFIC. No assurance can be given, however, that the IRS or a court of law will accept our position or that we would not constitute a PFIC for any future taxable year if there were to be changes in our or our look-through subsidiaries' assets, income or operations.

As discussed more fully below, if we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder generally would be subject to different taxation rules depending on whether the U.S. Holder makes a timely and effective election to treat us as a “qualified electing fund” (or a QEF election). As an alternative to making a QEF election, a U.S. Holder should be able to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our common stock, as discussed below.

Taxation of U.S. Holders Making a Timely QEF Election. A U.S. Holder who makes a timely QEF election (or an Electing Holder) must report the Electing Holder’s pro rata share of our ordinary earnings and net capital gain, if any, for each taxable year for which we are a PFIC that ends with or within the Electing Holder’s taxable year, regardless of whether or not the Electing Holder received distributions from us in that year. Such income inclusions would not be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income. The Electing Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our common stock will be increased to reflect taxed but undistributed earnings and profits. Distributions of earnings and profits that were previously taxed will result in a corresponding reduction in the Electing Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our common stock and will not be taxed again once distributed. An Electing Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock. A U.S. Holder makes a QEF election with respect to any year that we are a PFIC by filing IRS Form 8621 with the U.S. Holder’s timely filed U.S. federal income tax return (including extensions).

If a U.S. Holder has not made a timely QEF election with respect to the first year in the U.S. Holder’s holding period of our common stock during which we qualified as a PFIC, the U.S. Holder may be treated as having made a timely QEF election by filing a QEF election with the U.S. Holder’s timely filed U.S. federal income tax return (including extensions) and, under the rules of Section 1291 of the Code, a “deemed sale election” to include in income as an “excess distribution” (described below) the amount of any gain that the U.S. Holder would otherwise recognize if the U.S. Holder sold the U.S. Holder’s common stock on the “qualification date.” The qualification date is the first day of our taxable year in which we qualified as a “qualified electing fund” with respect to such U.S. Holder. In addition to the above rules, under very limited circumstances, a U.S. Holder may make a retroactive QEF election if the U.S. Holder failed to file the QEF election documents in a timely manner. If a U.S. Holder makes a timely QEF election for one of our taxable years, but did not make such election with respect to the first year in the U.S. Holder’s holding period of our common stock during which we qualified as a PFIC and the U.S. Holder did not make the deemed sale election described above, the U.S. Holder also will be subject to the more adverse rules described below.

A U.S. Holder’s QEF election will not be effective unless we annually provide the U.S. Holder with certain information concerning our income and gain, calculated in accordance with the Code, to be included with the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax return. We have not provided our U.S. Holders with such information in prior taxable years and do not intend to provide such information in the current taxable year. Accordingly, U.S. Holders will not be able to make an effective QEF election at this time. If, contrary to our expectations, we determine that we are or will be a PFIC for any taxable year, we will provide U.S. Holders with the information necessary to make an effective QEF election with respect to our common stock.

Taxation of U.S. Holders Making a Mark-to-Market Election. If we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year and, as we anticipate, our common stock was treated as “marketable stock”, then, as an alternative to making a QEF election, a U.S. Holder would be allowed to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our common stock, provided the U.S. Holder completes and files IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the relevant instructions and related Treasury Regulations. If that election is made for the first year a U.S. Holder holds or is deemed to hold our common stock and for which we are a PFIC, the U.S. Holder generally would include as ordinary income in each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the U.S. Holder’s common stock at the end of the taxable year over the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common stock.

The U.S. Holder also would be permitted an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common stock over the fair market value thereof at the end of the taxable year that we are a PFIC, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in our common stock would be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss recognized. Gain recognized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock in taxable years that we are a PFIC would be treated as ordinary income, and any loss recognized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock in taxable years that we are a PFIC would be treated as ordinary loss to the extent that such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included in income by the U.S. Holder. Because the mark-to-market election may not be applicable to marketable stock held indirectly through a foreign corporation that is not a controlled foreign corporation, however, it may not apply to a U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any of our subsidiaries that were also determined to be PFICs.

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If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election for one of our taxable years and we were a PFIC for a prior taxable year during which such U.S. Holder held our common stock and for which (i) we were not a QEF with respect to such U.S. Holder and (ii) such U.S. Holder did not make a timely mark-to-market election, such U.S. Holder would also be subject to the more adverse rules described below in the first taxable year for which the mark-to-market election is in effect and also to the extent the fair market value of the U.S. Holder’s common stock exceeds the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common stock at the end of the first taxable year for which the mark-to-market election is in effect.

Taxation of U.S. Holders Not Making a Timely QEF or Mark-to-Market Election. If we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder who does not make either a QEF election or a “mark-to-market” election for that year (a Non-Electing Holder) would be subject to special rules resulting in increased tax liability with respect to (i) any excess distribution (i.e., the portion of any distributions received by the Non-Electing Holder on our common stock in a taxable year in excess of 125% of the average annual distributions received by the Non-Electing Holder in the three preceding taxable years, or, if shorter, the Non-Electing Holder’s holding period for our common stock), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock. Under these special rules:

the excess distribution or gain would be allocated ratably over the Non-Electing Holder’s aggregate holding period for our common stock;
the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the taxable year we were first treated as a PFIC with respect to the Non-Electing Holder would be taxed as ordinary income in the current taxable year;
the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year; and
an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year.

Additionally, for each year during which a U.S. Holder holds our common stock, we are a PFIC, and the total value of all PFIC stock that such U.S. Holder directly or indirectly holds exceeds certain thresholds, such U.S. Holder will be required to file IRS Form 8621 with its annual U.S. federal income tax return to report its ownership of our common stock. In addition, if a Non-Electing Holder, who is an individual, dies while owning our common stock, such Non-Electing Holder’s successor generally would not receive a step-up in tax basis with respect to such common stock.

U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the PFIC rules, including the PFIC annual reporting requirements, as well as the applicability, availability and advisability of, and procedure for, making QEF, Mark-to-Market and other available elections with respect to us and our subsidiaries, and the U.S. federal income tax consequences of making such elections.

U.S. Return Disclosure Requirements for U.S. Individual Holders

U.S. Individual Holders who hold certain specified foreign financial assets, including stock in a foreign corporation that is not held in an account maintained by a financial institution, with an aggregate value in excess of $50,000 on the last day of a taxable year, or $75,000 at any time during that taxable year, may be required to report such assets on IRS Form 8938 with their U.S. federal income tax return for that taxable year. This reporting requirement does not apply to U.S. Individual Holders who report their ownership of our common stock under the PFIC annual reporting rules described above. Penalties apply for failure to properly complete and file IRS Form 8938. U.S. Individual Holders are encouraged to consult with their tax advisors regarding the possible application of this disclosure requirement to their investment in our common stock.
United States Federal Income Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders
A beneficial owner of our common stock (other than a partnership, including any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that is not a U.S. Holder is a Non-U.S. Holder.
Distributions
In general, a Non-U.S. Holder will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on distributions received from us with respect to our common stock unless the distributions are effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment that the Non-U.S. Holder maintains in the United States). If a Non-U.S. Holder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States and the distributions are deemed to be effectively connected to that trade or business (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment that the Non-U.S. Holder maintains in the United States), the Non-U.S. Holder generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on those distributions in the same manner as if it were a U.S. Holder. In addition, a Non-U.S. Holder that is a foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be subject to branch profits tax at a rate of 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) on the after-tax earnings and profits attributable to such distributions.
Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of Common Stock
In general, a Non-U.S. Holder is not subject to U.S. federal income tax on any gain resulting from the disposition of our common stock unless (i) such gain is effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a permanent establishment that the Non-U.S. Holder maintains in the United States) or (ii) the Non-U.S. Holder is an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year in which such disposition occurs and meets certain other requirements. If a Non-U.S. Holder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States and the disposition of our common stock is deemed to be effectively connected to that trade or business (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment that the Non-U.S. Holder maintains in the United States), the Non-U.S. Holder generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the resulting gain in the same manner as if it were a U.S. Holder. In addition, a Non-U.S. Holder that is a foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be subject to branch profits tax at a rate of 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) on the after-tax earnings and profits attributable to such gain.
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Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
In general, distributions taxable as dividends with respect to, or the proceeds from a sale, redemption or other taxable disposition of, our common stock held by a Non-Corporate U.S. Holder will be subject to information reporting requirements, unless such distribution taxable as a dividend is paid and received outside the United States by a non-U.S. payor or non-U.S. middleman (within the meaning of U.S. Treasury Regulations), or such proceeds are effected through an office outside the U.S. of a broker that is considered a non-U.S. payor or non-U.S. middleman (within the meaning of U.S. Treasury Regulations). These amounts also generally will be subject to backup withholding if the Non-Corporate U.S. Holder:

fails to timely provide an accurate taxpayer identification number;
is notified by the IRS that it has failed to report all interest or distributions required to be shown on its U.S. federal income tax returns; or
in certain circumstances, fails to comply with applicable certification requirements.

Information reporting and backup withholding generally will not apply to distributions taxable as dividends on our common stock to a Non-U.S. Holder if such dividend is paid and received outside the United States by a non-U.S. payor or non-U.S. middleman (within the meaning of U.S. Treasury Regulations) or the Non-U.S. Holder properly certifies under penalties of perjury as to its non-U.S. status (generally on IRS Form W-8BEN, W-8BEN-E, W-8ECI, or W-8EXP, as applicable) and certain other conditions are met or the Non-U.S. Holder otherwise establishes an exemption.

Payment of proceeds to a Non-U.S. Holder from a sale, redemption or other taxable disposition of our common stock to or through the U.S. office of a broker, or through a broker that is considered a U.S. payor or U.S. middleman (within the meaning of U.S. Treasury Regulations), generally will be subject to information reporting and backup withholding, unless the Non-U.S. Holder properly certifies under penalties of perjury as to its non-U.S. status (generally on IRS Form W-8BEN, W-8BEN-E, W-8ECI, or W-8EXP, as applicable) and certain other conditions are met or the Non-U.S. Holder otherwise establishes an exemption.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, a Non-Corporate U.S. Holder or Non-U.S. Holder generally may obtain a credit for any amount withheld against its liability for U.S. federal income tax (and obtain a refund of any amounts withheld in excess of such liability) by accurately completing and timely filing a U.S. federal income tax return with the IRS.
Non-United States Tax Considerations
Marshall Islands Tax Considerations. Because we and our subsidiaries do not, and do not expect that we or they will, conduct business, transactions or operations in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and because all documentation related to issuances of shares of our common stock was and is expected to be executed outside of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, under current Marshall Islands law, holders of our common stock that are not citizens of and do not reside in, maintain offices in, or engage in business, operations, or transactions in the Republic of the Marshall Islands will not be subject to Marshall Islands taxation or withholding on dividends we make to our shareholders. In addition, such shareholders will not be subject to Marshall Islands stamp, capital gains or other taxes on the purchase, ownership or disposition of our common stock, and they will not be required by the Republic of the Marshall Islands to file a tax return relating to the common stock.

It is the responsibility of each shareholder to investigate the legal and tax consequences, under the laws of pertinent jurisdictions, including the Marshall Islands, of such shareholder's investment in us. Accordingly, each shareholder is urged to consult a tax counsel or other advisor with regard to those matters. Further, it is the responsibility of each shareholder to file all state, local and non-U.S., as well as U.S. federal tax returns that may be required of such shareholder.
Documents on Display
Documents concerning us that are referred to herein may be accessed on our website under “Investors – Teekay Corporation – Financials & Presentations” from the home page of our web site at www.teekay.com, or may be inspected at our principal executive offices at 4th Floor, Belvedere Building, 69 Pitts Bay Road, Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda. Those documents electronically filed via the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval (or EDGAR) system may also be obtained from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov, free of charge.
Item 11.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to market risk from foreign currency fluctuations and changes in interest rates, bunker fuel prices and spot tanker market rates for vessels. We use foreign currency forward contracts, cross currency and interest rate swaps and forward freight agreements to manage currency, interest rate, bunker fuel price and spot tanker market rate risks but we do not use these financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Please read “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 15 – Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.”
Foreign Currency Fluctuation Risk
Our primary economic environment is the international shipping market. Transactions in this market generally utilize the U.S. Dollar. Consequently, a substantial majority of our revenues and most of our operating costs are in U.S. Dollars. We incur certain voyage expenses, vessel operating expenses, dry docking and overhead costs in foreign currencies, the most significant of which are the Australian Dollar, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Euro, Norwegian Krone and Singaporean Dollar. There is a risk that currency fluctuations will have a negative effect on the value of cash flows.

In some cases, we hedge our near-term foreign currency exposure but this hedging does not exceed three years forward.

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As at December 31, 2020, we were not committed to any foreign currency forward contracts.
Although the majority of our transactions, assets and liabilities are denominated in U.S. Dollars, certain of our subsidiaries have foreign currency-denominated liabilities. There is a risk that currency fluctuations will have a negative effect on the value of our cash flows. As at December 31, 2020, we had Euro-denominated term loans of 125 million Euros ($152.7 million). We receive Euro-denominated revenue from certain of our time charters. These Euro cash receipts generally are sufficient to pay the principal and interest payments on our Euro-denominated term loans. Consequently, we have not entered into any foreign currency forward contracts with respect to our Euro-denominated term loans, although there is no assurance that our net exposure to fluctuations in the Euro will not increase in the future.

We enter into cross currency swaps in connection with our NOK bond issuances, and pursuant to these swaps we receive the principal amount in NOK on the maturity date of the swap, in exchange for payment of a fixed U.S. Dollar amount. In addition, the cross currency swaps exchange a receipt of floating interest in NOK based on NIBOR plus a margin for a payment of U.S. Dollar fixed interest. The purpose of the cross currency swaps is to economically hedge the foreign currency exposure on the payment of interest and principal of Teekay LNG's NOK-denominated bonds due in 2021 through 2025. In addition, the cross currency swaps economically hedge the interest rate exposure on the NOK bonds due in 2021 through 2025. We have not designated, for accounting purposes, these cross currency swaps as cash flow hedges of Teekay LNG's NOK-denominated bonds due in 2021 through 2025.

As at December 31, 2020, we were committed to the following cross currency swaps:
Notional
Amount
NOK (1)
Notional
Amount
USD (1)
Floating Rate Receivable Fixed
Rate
Payable
   
Reference
Rate
Margin
Fair Value (1)
$
Remaining
Term (years)
1,200,000 146,500 NIBOR 6.00% 7.72% (9,051) 0.8
850,000 102,000 NIBOR 4.60% 7.89% (10,971) 2.7
1,000,000 112,000 NIBOR 5.15% 5.74% 4,505 4.7
(15,517)
(1)In thousands of Norwegian Krone and U.S. Dollars.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes primarily through our borrowings that require us to make interest payments based on LIBOR, NIBOR or EURIBOR. Significant increases in interest rates could adversely affect our operating margins, results of operations and our ability to service our debt. We use interest rate swaps to reduce our exposure to market risk from changes in interest rates. Generally, our approach is to economically hedge a substantial majority of floating-rate debt associated with our vessels that are operating on long-term fixed-rate contracts. We manage the rest of our debt based on our outlook for interest rates and other factors. Please read "Item 3 – Risk Factors" for more details on the potential phasing out of LIBOR as an interest “benchmark”.

We are exposed to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to the interest rate swap agreements. In order to minimize counterparty risk, we only enter into derivative transactions with counterparties that are rated A- or better by Standard & Poor’s or A3 or better by Moody’s at the time of the transaction. In addition, to the extent possible and practical, interest rate swaps are entered into with different counterparties to reduce concentration risk.

The table below provides information about our financial instruments at December 31, 2020, that are sensitive to changes in interest rates, including our debt and obligations related to finance leases and interest rate swaps, but excluding any amounts related to our equity-accounted investments. For long-term debt and obligations related to finance leases, the table presents principal cash flows and related weighted-average interest rates by expected maturity dates. For interest rate swaps, the table presents notional amounts and weighted-average interest rates by expected contractual maturity dates.    
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      Expected Maturity Date      
  2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total Fair Value
Asset /
(Liability)
Rate (1)
  (in millions of U.S. dollars)
Short-Term Debt:
Variable Rate ($U.S.) (2)
10.0 10.0 (10.0) 3.6%
Long-Term Debt:
Variable Rate ($U.S.) (2)
75.7 171.9 99.9 262.4 53.1 381.5 1,044.5 (1,040.5) 3.7%
Variable Rate (Euro) (3) (4)
28.6 30.1 63.6 30.4 152.7 (155.6) 1.1%
Variable Rate (NOK) (4) (5)
139.9 99.0 116.6 355.5 (359.6) 5.7%
Fixed-Rate Debt ($U.S.) 18.1 261.5 130.3 18.1 18.1 88.3 534.4 (522.7) 6.7%
Average Interest Rate 4.3% 8.9% 4.9% 4.3% 4.3% 4.3% 6.7%
Obligations Related to Finance Leases:
Variable-Rate ($U.S.) (6)
27.1 27.1 27.2 25.4 24.8 302.1 433.7 (452.4) 4.6%
Fixed-Rate ($U.S.) (6) (7) (8)
123.2 70.1 74.2 78.3 82.7 838.8 1,267.3 (1,416.3) 6.1%
Average Interest Rate (9)
6.1% 6.1% 6.1% 6.1% 6.1% 6.1% 6.1%
Interest Rate Swaps:
Contract Amount ($U.S.) (10)
249.3 44.4 159.4 196.5 28.0 133.6 811.2 (73.4) 3.0%
Average Fixed Pay Rate (2)
3.6% 3.2% 3.4% 1.5% 3.6% 3.2% 3.0%
Contract Amount (Euro) (4) (11)
11.9 12.9 45.9 70.7 (6.4) 3.9%
Average Fixed Pay Rate (3)
3.7% 3.7% 3.9% —% —% —% 3.9%
(1)Rate refers to the weighted-average effective interest rate for our short-term debt, long-term debt and obligations related to finance leases, including the margin we pay on our floating-rate debt, which, as of December 31, 2020, ranged from 0.3% to 4.25% for U.S. Dollar-denominated debt. The average interest rate for our obligations related to finance leases is the weighted-average interest rate implicit in our obligations related to finance leases at the inception of the leases.
(2)Interest payments on U.S. Dollar-denominated debt and interest rate swaps are based on LIBOR. The repayment amounts give effect to the refinancing completed in February 2021 of one of Teekay LNG's term loans scheduled to mature in 2021 with a new $191.5 million term loan maturing in 2026 (please read “Item 18 – Financial Statements: Note 23 – Subsequent Events").
(3)Interest payments on Euro-denominated debt and interest rate swaps are based on EURIBOR.
(4)Euro-denominated and NOK-denominated amounts have been converted to U.S. Dollars using the prevailing exchange rate as of December 31, 2020.
(5)Interest payments on Teekay LNG's NOK-denominated debt and on Teekay LNG's cross currency swaps are based on NIBOR. Teekay LNG's NOK-denominated debt has been economically hedged with cross currency swaps, to swap all interest and principal payments at maturity into U.S. Dollars, with the interest payments fixed at rates between 5.74% to 7.89%, and the transfer of principal fixed at $360.5 million upon maturities.
(6)The amount of obligations related to finance leases represents the present value of minimum lease payments together with our purchase obligation, as applicable.
(7)Gives effect to the purchase options declared by Teekay Tankers in November 2020 to acquire two Suezmax tankers in May 2021 under the sale-leaseback arrangements described in "Item 18 - Financial Statements: Note 10 - Obligations Related to Finance Leases".
(8)In March 2021, Teekay Tankers declared purchase options to acquire six Aframax tankers in September 2021 for a total cost of $128.8 million, under the sale-leaseback arrangements described in "Item 18 - Financial Statements: Note 10 - Obligations Related to Finance Leases". Giving effect to this transaction, the scheduled repayments of obligations related to finance leases are $246.0 million (2021), $59.1 million (2022), $62.1 million (2023), $65.0 million (2024), $68.2 million (2025) and $766.9 million (thereafter).
(9)The average interest rate is the weighted-average interest rate implicit in the obligations related to fixed-rate finance leases at the inception of the leases.
(10)The average variable receive rate for our U.S. Dollar-denominated interest rate swaps is set at 3-month or 6-month LIBOR.
(11)The average variable receive rate for our Euro-denominated interest rate swaps is set at 1-month EURIBOR or 6-month EURIBOR.
Commodity Price Risk
From time to time, we may use bunker fuel swap contracts relating to a portion of our bunker fuel expenditures. As at December 31, 2020, we were not committed to any bunker fuel swap contracts.
Spot Tanker Market Rate Risk
We are exposed to fluctuations in spot tanker market rates which can adversely affect our revenues. To reduce its exposure, Teekay Tankers uses forward freight agreements (or FFAs) in non-hedge-related transactions to increase or decrease its exposure to spot market rates, within defined limits. Net gains and losses from FFAs are recorded within realized and unrealized losses on non-designated derivative instruments in our consolidated statements of income (loss). As at December 31, 2020, Teekay Tankers was not committed to any forward freight agreements.
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Item 12.Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities
Not applicable.
PART II
Item 13.Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies
None.
Item 14.Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
Item 15.Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (or the Exchange Act)) that are designed to ensure that (i) information required to be disclosed in our reports that are filed or submitted under the Exchange Act, are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based on the evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020.

The Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer do not expect that our disclosure controls or internal controls will prevent all errors and all fraud. Although our disclosure controls and procedures were designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within us have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based partly on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for us.

Our internal controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance as to the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation and presentation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based upon the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. This evaluation included review of the documentation of controls, evaluation of the design effectiveness of controls, testing of the operating effectiveness of controls and a conclusion on this evaluation.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements even when determined to be effective and can only provide reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate. However, based on the evaluation, management believes that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.

Our independent auditors, KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. Their attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting can be found on page F-3 of this Annual Report.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
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During the year ended December 31, 2020, we completed the implementation of a new global accounting system designed for greater system enablement and automation of the accounting and financial reporting processes. Although this implementation digitized certain accounting activities and allowed for enhanced capabilities within the accounting function, it did not significantly affect the overall control and procedures followed by us in establishing internal controls over financial reporting.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the year ended December 31, 2020 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert
The Board has determined that Director and Chair of the Audit Committee, Alan Semple, qualifies as an audit committee financial expert and is independent under applicable NYSE and SEC standards.
Item 16B. Code of Ethics
We have adopted a Standards of Business Conduct Policy that applies to all employees and directors. This document is available under “Investors – Teekay Corporation – Governance” from the home page of our website (www.teekay.com). We also intend to disclose under “Investors – Teekay Corporation – Governance” in the Investors section of our web site any waivers to or amendments of our Standards of Business Conduct Policy that benefit our directors and executive officers.
Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Our principal accountant for 2020 and 2019 was KPMG LLP, Chartered Professional Accountants. The following table shows the fees Teekay and our subsidiaries paid or accrued for audit and other services provided by KPMG LLP for 2020 and 2019.
 
Fees (in thousands of U.S. dollars)
2020 2019
Audit Fees (1)
2,833  2,723 
Audit-Related Fees (2)
49  33 
Tax Fees (3)
—  23 
Total 2,882  2,779 
(1)Audit fees represent fees for professional services provided in connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements and effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, reviews of our quarterly consolidated financial statements and audit services provided in connection with other statutory or regulatory filings for Teekay or our subsidiaries including professional services in connection with the review of our regulatory filings for public offerings of our subsidiaries. Audit fees for 2020 and 2019 include approximately $1,099,700 and $928,300, respectively, of fees paid to KPMG LLP by Teekay LNG that were approved by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the general partner of Teekay LNG. Audit fees for 2020 and 2019 include approximately $645,900 and $588,200, respectively, of fees paid to KPMG LLP by our subsidiary Teekay Tankers that were approved by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of Teekay Tankers.
(2)Audit-related fees consisted of employee benefit plan audits and attestation services for regulatory requirements.
(3)For 2019, tax fees principally included corporate tax compliance fees.

The Audit Committee has the authority to pre-approve audit-related and non-audit services not prohibited by law to be performed by our independent auditors and associated fees. Engagements for proposed services either may be separately pre-approved by the Audit Committee or entered into pursuant to detailed pre-approval policies and procedures established by the Audit Committee, as long as the Audit Committee is informed on a timely basis of any engagement entered into on that basis. The Audit Committee separately pre-approved all engagements and fees paid to our principal accountants in 2020 and 2019.
Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees
Not applicable.
Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
Neither Teekay nor any “affiliated purchaser,” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) of the Exchange Act, purchased any shares of our common stock during 2019 and 2020.
Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant
Not applicable.
Item 16G. Corporate Governance
The following are the significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies, and which difference are permitted by New York Stock Exchange (or NYSE) rules for “foreign private issuers” such as Teekay Corporation:

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In lieu of obtaining shareholder approval prior to the adoption of equity compensation plans or prior to certain equity issuances (including, among others, issuing 20% or more of our outstanding shares of common stock or voting power in a transaction), the Board of Directors approves such adoption or issuance; and
One member of the Board of Directors’ Nominating and Governance Committee is not independent under NYSE standards.

There are no other significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by U.S. domestic companies under the listing requirements of the NYSE.
Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure
Not applicable.
PART III
Item 17.Financial Statements
Not applicable.
Item 18.Financial Statements
The following consolidated financial statements and schedule, together with the related reports of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm thereon, are filed as part of this Annual Report:
  Page
F - 1, F - 3
Consolidated Financial Statements
F - 4
F - 5
F - 6
F - 7
F - 8
F - 9
F - 49

All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are not required, are inapplicable or have been disclosed in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and therefore have been omitted.
Item 19.Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed as part of this Annual Report:
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1.1
Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Teekay Corporation. (1)
1.2
Articles of Amendment of Articles of Incorporation of Teekay Corporation. (1)
1.3
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Teekay Corporation. (2)
2.1
Agreement Regarding Registration Rights Agreement, dated May 30, 2014, between Kattegat Private Trustees (Bermuda) Ltd., as sole trustee of the Kattegat Trust, and Teekay Corporation
2.2
Specimen of Teekay Corporation Common Stock Certificate.
2.3
Description of Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Exchange Act. (3)
2.4
Indenture dated as of January 26, 2018, between Teekay Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee relating to 5.000% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023. (4)
4.1
Amended 1995 Stock Option Plan. (5)
4.2
Amended 2003 Equity Incentive Plan. (6)
4.4
Form of Indemnification Agreement between Teekay and each of its officers and directors.
4.5
Amended and Restated Omnibus Agreement dated as of December 19, 2006, among Teekay Corporation, Teekay GP L.L.C., Teekay LNG Partners L.P., Teekay LNG Operating L.L.C., Teekay Offshore GP L.L.C., Teekay Offshore Partners L.P., Teekay Offshore Operating GP. L.L.C. and Teekay Offshore Operating L.P. (7)
4.6
2013 Equity Incentive Plan. (8)
4.7
Agreement dated July 7, 2014; Teekay LNG Operating L.L.C. entered into a shareholder agreement with China LNG Shipping (Holdings) Limited to form TC LNG Shipping L.L.C in connection with the Yamal LNG Project. (9)
4.8
Agreement dated December 17, 2014, for a $450,000,000 secured loan facility between Nakilat Holdco L.L.C. and Qatar National Bank SAQ. (9)
4.9
Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 29, 2016, by and among Teekay Corporation and the investors named therein.(10)
Master Services Agreement dated as of September 25, 2017, by and between Teekay Corporation, Teekay Offshore Partners L.P. and Brookfield TK TOLP L.P. (11)
Indenture dated May 13, 2019, among Teekay Corporation and Wilmington Trust, National Association, for $250,000,000 9.250% Senior Secured Notes due 2022. (12)
Purchase agreement dated May 2, 2019, for $250,000,000 9.250% Senior Secured Notes due 2022. (13)
Secured Revolving Credit Facility Agreement dated January 28, 2020, between Teekay Tankers Ltd., Nordea Bank Abp, New York Branch and various other banks, for a $532.8 million long-term debt facility. (14)
Margin Loan Agreement dated September 29, 2020, among Teekay Finance Limited, Citibank, N.A. and others, for an equity margin revolving credit facility that provides aggregate potential borrowings of up to $150 million, scheduled to mature in June 2022.
Equity Distribution Agreement dated December 29, 2020, between Teekay Corporation and Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
Exchange Agreement dated May 9, 2020 between Teekay GP L.L.C. and Teekay LNG Partners L.P.
8.1
List of Subsidiaries.
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Teekay’s Chief Executive Officer.
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Teekay’s Chief Financial Officer.
Teekay Corporation Certification of Kenneth Hvid, Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Teekay Corporation Certification of Vincent Lok, Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Consent of KPMG LLP, as independent registered public accounting firm.
101.INS XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
_________________________
(1)Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Report on Form 20-F (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on April 7, 2009, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
(2)Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Report on Form 6-K (File No.1-12874), filed with the SEC on August 31, 2011, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
(3)Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Report on Form 20-F (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on April 9, 2020, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
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(4)Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 6-K (File No.1-12874), filed with the SEC on January 26, 2018, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
(5)Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 20-F (File No.1-12874), filed with the SEC on April 2, 2001, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
(6)Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Report on Form 20-F (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on April 25, 2012, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
(7)Previously filed as exhibit 4.15 to the Company’s Report on Form 20-F (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on April 19, 2007, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
(8)Previously filed as exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-187142), filed with the SEC on March 8, 2013, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Registration Statement.
(9)Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Report on Form 20-F (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on April 29, 2015, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
(10)Previously filed as exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Report on Form 6-K (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on June 30, 2016, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
(11)Previously filed as exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Report on Form 6-K (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on November 22, 2017, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
(12)Previously filed as exhibits 4.1 and 4.2 to the Company’s Report on Form 6-K (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2019, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
(13)Previously filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Report on Form 6-K (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on November 26, 2019, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.
(14)Previously filed as exhibit 4.32 to the Company’s Report on Form 20-F (File No. 1-12874), filed with the SEC on April 9, 2020, and hereby incorporated by reference to such Report.


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SIGNATURE
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf.
TEEKAY CORPORATION
By:   /s/ Vincent Lok
Vincent Lok
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
Dated:
April 1, 2021
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
TEEKAY CORPORATION
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Teekay Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income (loss), comprehensive income (loss), cash flows, and changes in total equity for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedule I (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated April 1, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Change in Accounting Principles
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its accounting policies as of January 1, 2019 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-02 Leases and ASU 2017-12 Derivatives and Hedging – Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, and has changed its accounting policies as of January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASU 2016-13).
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Recoverability of vessels and equipment in the Teekay LNG liquefied gas carriers segment and Teekay Tankers conventional tankers segment
As discussed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $51.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 in relation to 7 multi-gas carriers in the Teekay LNG liquefied gas carriers segment, and an impairment charge of $65.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 in relation to 9 conventional tankers in the Teekay Tankers conventional tankers segment. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company assesses vessels and equipment that are intended to be held and used in the Company’s business for impairment when events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. If the asset’s carrying value exceeds the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated over its remaining useful life, the carrying value of the asset is reduced to its estimated fair value. Estimates of undiscounted expected cash flows involve, amongst others, assumptions about estimated future charter rates. The carrying value of vessels and equipment reported on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020, was $4,483.4 million, which includes vessels and equipment in the Teekay LNG liquefied gas carriers and Teekay Tankers conventional tankers segments.
We identified the assessment of the recoverability of vessels and equipment in the Teekay LNG liquefied gas carriers and Teekay Tankers conventional tankers segments as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate the estimated future charter rates used in determining the undiscounted expected cash flows. Changes in estimated future charter rates could have had a significant impact on the recoverability of vessels and equipment in these two segments.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of an internal control related to the determination of the estimated future charter rates. We assessed a selection of estimated future charter rates by comparing them to historical rates and third-party industry publications for vessels with similar characteristics, including type and size. We compared the Company’s historical revenue projections to actual results to assess the Company’s ability to accurately project future revenue.
Allowance for credit losses of net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases
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As discussed in Note 11b to the consolidated financial statements, as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, the Company recorded an allowance for expected credit losses for its net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases (net investment in leases), including those within equity-accounted joint ventures, totaling $51.3 million on January 1, 2020 and $86.0 million on December 31, 2020. The credit loss provision relates to the lease receivable component of these direct financing and sales-type leases and is determined using a historical loss rate method.
We identified the assessment of the allowance for expected credit losses for the Company’s net investment in leases as a critical audit matter. In particular, subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate certain assumptions and inputs involved in determining the historical loss rate. Certain of the assumptions and inputs in the determination of the historical loss rate were based in part on estimates of the occurrence or non-occurrence of future events which impact the amount of recoveries earned or additional losses incurred. Changes in the historical loss rate could have had a significant impact on the credit loss provision for the Company’s net investment in leases.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s allowance for expected credit losses process. This included controls related to the determination of certain of the assumptions and inputs used to estimate the historical loss rate. We evaluated the Company’s historical loss rate estimate by testing certain inputs and assumptions that the Company used and considered the relevance and reliability of such inputs and assumptions. We compared the losses incurred to date to historical financial results, historical charter rates, and contractual agreements. We assessed a selection of projected charter rates used to estimate the amount of future recoveries earned by comparing them to historical rates and third-party industry publications for vessels with similar characteristics, including type, size, and age and to recent experience.

/s/ KPMG LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2011.
Vancouver, Canada
April 1, 2021

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
TEEKAY CORPORATION
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Teekay Corporation and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income (loss), comprehensive income (loss), cash flows, and changes in total equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedule I (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated April 1, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
An entity’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. An entity’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the entity; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the entity are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the entity; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the entity’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.


 
/s/ KPMG LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
Vancouver, Canada
April 1, 2021
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share amounts)
Year Ended
December 31, 2020
$
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
$
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
$
Revenues (notes 2 and 13)
1,815,672  1,945,391  1,728,488 
Voyage expenses (314,633) (423,677) (409,617)
Vessel operating expenses (note 13)
(599,804) (644,445) (637,474)
Time-charter hire expenses (note 13)
(80,283) (118,761) (86,458)
Depreciation and amortization (261,131) (290,672) (276,307)
General and administrative expenses (note 13)
(79,228) (81,444) (96,555)
Write-down and loss on sale (note 18)
(200,238) (170,310) (53,693)
Gain on commencement of sales-type lease (note 2)
44,943  —  — 
Restructuring charges (note 20)
(10,719) (12,040) (4,065)
Income from vessel operations 314,579  204,042  164,319 
Interest expense (225,647) (279,059) (254,126)
Interest income 8,342  7,804  8,525 
Realized and unrealized losses on non-designated derivative instruments (note 15)
(35,857) (13,719) (14,852)
Equity income (loss) (note 22)
77,333  (14,523) 61,054 
Foreign exchange (loss) gain (notes 8 and 15)
(20,718) (13,574) 6,140 
Loss on deconsolidation of Altera (note 13)
—  —  (7,070)
Other loss (note 14)
(18,062) (14,475) (2,013)
Net income (loss) before income taxes 99,970  (123,504) (38,023)
Income tax expense (note 21)
(8,988) (25,482) (19,724)
Net income (loss) 90,982  (148,986) (57,747)
Net (income) attributable to non-controlling interests (note 1)
(173,915) (161,591) (21,490)
Net loss attributable to the shareholders of Teekay Corporation (82,933) (310,577) (79,237)
Per common share of Teekay Corporation (note 19)
• Basic and diluted loss attributable to shareholders of Teekay Corporation (0.82) (3.08) (0.79)
• Cash dividends declared —  0.055  0.220 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (note 19)
• Basic and diluted 101,053,095  100,719,224  99,670,176 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Year Ended
December 31, 2020
$
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
$
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
$
Net income (loss) 90,982  (148,986) (57,747)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
Unrealized loss on qualifying cash flow hedging instruments (66,958) (57,615) (11)
Pension adjustments, net of taxes (548) (1,153) (196)
Foreign exchange loss on currency translation —  —  (132)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss
To interest expense:
Realized loss (gain) on qualifying cash flow hedging instruments 2,320  (376) 152 
To equity income:
Realized loss (gain) on qualifying cash flow hedging instruments 15,570  537  (1,291)
Foreign exchange gain on currency translation —  —  (3,161)
Loss on deconsolidation of Altera (note 13)
—  —  7,720 
Other comprehensive (loss) income: (49,616) (58,607) 3,081 
Comprehensive income (loss) 41,366  (207,593) (54,666)
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests (140,106) (122,844) (20,948)
Comprehensive loss attributable to shareholders of Teekay Corporation (98,740) (330,437) (75,614)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
As at
December 31, 2020
$
As at
December 31, 2019
$
ASSETS
Current
Cash and cash equivalents (notes 8 and 17)
348,785  353,241 
Restricted cash – current (notes 10, 15 and 17)
11,144  56,777 
Accounts receivable, including non-trade of $7,931 (2019 – $12,793) and related party balances of nil (2019 – $1,677)
150,997  199,957 
Accrued revenue 50,952  107,111 
Prepaid expenses 63,521  77,165 
Current portion of net investments in direct financing and sales-type leases, net (note 2)
14,826  273,986 
Assets held for sale (note 18)
32,974  65,458 
Other current assets (note 15)
16,772  9,173 
Total current assets 689,971  1,142,868 
Restricted cash – non-current (notes 10, 15 and 17)
45,961  44,849 
Vessels and equipment (note 8)
At cost, less accumulated depreciation of $1,161,658 (2019 – $1,259,404)
2,325,097  2,654,466 
Vessels related to finance leases, at cost, less accumulated amortization of $281,786 (2019 – $253,553) (note 10)
2,105,372  2,219,026 
Operating lease right-of-use assets (notes 1 and 9)
52,961  159,638 
Total vessels and equipment 4,483,430  5,033,130 
Net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases, net – non-current (note 2)
513,815  544,823 
Investments in and loans, net to equity-accounted investments (note 22)
1,075,653  1,173,728 
Goodwill, intangibles and other non-current assets (notes 5 and 15)
137,082  133,466 
Total assets 6,945,912  8,072,864 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current
Accounts payable 124,066  135,496 
Accrued liabilities and other (notes 6 and 15)
332,086  295,001 
Short-term debt (note 7)
10,000  50,000 
Current portion of long-term debt (note 8)
261,366  523,312 
Current obligations related to finance leases (note 10)
150,408  95,339 
Current portion of operating lease liabilities (notes 1 and 9)
25,108  61,431 
Liabilities related to assets held for sale —  2,980 
Total current liabilities 903,034  1,163,559 
Long-term debt (note 8)
1,793,741  2,303,840 
Long-term obligations related to finance leases (note 10)
1,550,557  1,730,353 
Long-term operating lease liabilities (notes 1 and 9)
29,182  87,171 
Other long-term liabilities (notes 6 and 15)
198,107  216,348 
Total liabilities 4,474,621  5,501,271 
Commitments and contingencies (notes 8, 9, 10, 15 and 16)
Equity
Common stock and additional paid-in capital ($0.001 par value; 725,000,000 shares authorized; 101,108,886 shares outstanding and issued (2019 – 100,784,422)) (note 12)
1,057,319  1,052,284 
Accumulated deficit (527,028) (546,684)
Non-controlling interest 1,989,883  2,089,730 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (note 1)
(48,883) (23,737)
Total equity 2,471,291  2,571,593 
Total liabilities and equity 6,945,912  8,072,864 
Subsequent events (note 23)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Year Ended
December 31, 2020
$
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
$
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
$
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash held for sale provided by (used for)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income (loss) 90,982  (148,986) (57,747)
Non-cash and non-operating items:
Depreciation and amortization 261,131  290,672  276,307 
Unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments and loss on sale of warrants (note 15)
(9,563) 20,007  (34,570)
Write-down and loss on sale (note 18)
200,238  170,310  53,693 
Gain on commencement of sales-type lease (note 2)
(44,943) —  — 
Equity (income) loss, net of dividends received and return of capital (5,575) 54,826  (44,312)
Income tax expense (note 21)
8,988  25,482  19,724 
Foreign currency exchange loss including the effect of the termination of cross currency swaps and other 90,028  19,353  28,484 
Change in operating assets and liabilities (note 17)
392,731  (48,358) (59,444)
Net operating cash flow 984,017  383,306  182,135 
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of issuance costs 1,182,249  527,465  1,325,482 
Prepayments of long-term debt (1,712,828) (804,748) (771,827)
Scheduled repayments of long-term debt and settlement of related swaps (note 8)
(305,971) (233,734) (671,803)
Proceeds from short-term debt 235,000  200,000  — 
Prepayment of short-term debt (275,000) (150,000) — 
Proceeds from financing related to sale-leaseback of vessels —  381,526  611,388 
Repayments of obligations related to finance leases (95,131) (95,946) (74,680)
Extinguishment of obligations related to finance leases (29,596) (111,617) — 
Net proceeds from equity issuances of Teekay Corporation —  —  103,655 
Repurchase of Teekay LNG common units (15,635) (25,729) — 
Distribution paid from subsidiaries to non-controlling interests (79,803) (63,343) (64,676)
Cash dividends paid —  (5,523) (22,082)
Other financing activities (798) (580) (671)
Net financing cash flow (1,097,513) (382,229) 434,786 
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Expenditures for vessels and equipment, net of warranty settlement (26,507) (109,523) (693,792)
Proceeds from sale of vessels and equipment (note 18)
60,915  31,523  28,837 
Proceeds from sale of assets, net of cash sold (notes 13 and 18)
24,977  100,000  81,823 
Capital contributions and advances to equity-accounted joint ventures (991) (72,391) (65,952)
Proceeds from repayments of advances to equity-accounted joint ventures
14,650  —  — 
Cash of transferred subsidiaries on sale, net of proceeds received
—  —  (25,254)
Other investing activities (9,983) —  10,882 
Net investing cash flow 63,061  (50,391) (663,456)
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash held for sale (50,435) (49,314) (46,535)
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash held for sale, beginning of the year 456,325  505,639  552,174 
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash held for sale, end of the year 405,890  456,325  505,639 
Supplemental cash flow information (note 17)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN TOTAL EQUITY
(in thousands of U.S. dollars and shares)
  TOTAL EQUITY
Thousands
of Shares
of Common
Stock
Outstanding
#
Common
Stock and
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
$
Accumulated
Deficit
$
Accumulated Other
Compre-
hensive
Loss
$
Non-
controlling
Interest
$
Total
$
Balance at December 31, 2017 89,127  919,078  (135,892) (5,995) 2,102,465  2,879,656 
Net (loss) income —  —  (79,237) —  21,490  (57,747)
Other comprehensive income —  —  —  3,623  (542) 3,081 
Dividends declared:
Common stock ($0.220 per share)
—  —  (22,231) —  —  (22,231)
Other dividends —  —  —  —  (64,676) (64,676)
Reinvested dividends —  —  — 
Employee stock compensation and other
(note 12)
180  6,823  —  —  —  6,823 
Equity offerings (note 12)
11,127  103,655  —  —  —  103,655 
Equity component of convertible notes (note 8)
—  16,099  —  —  —  16,099 
Change in accounting policy (note 1)
—  —  2,556  —  2,101  4,657 
Changes to non-controlling interest from equity contributions and other
—  —  409  99  (2,801) (2,293)
Balance at December 31, 2018 100,435  1,045,659  (234,395) (2,273) 2,058,037  2,867,028 
Net (loss) income —  —  (310,577) —  161,591  (148,986)
Other comprehensive loss —  —  —  (19,860) (38,747) (58,607)
Dividends declared:
Common stock ($0.055 per share)
—  —  (5,385) —  —  (5,385)
Other dividends —  —  —  —  (63,343) (63,343)
Reinvested dividends —  —  — 
Employee stock compensation and other
(note 12)
348  6,623  —  —  —  6,623 
Change in accounting policies (note 1)
—  —  606  (1,604) (1,993) (2,991)
Changes to non-controlling interest from equity contributions and other
—  —  3,067  —  (25,815) (22,748)
Balance at December 31, 2019 100,784  1,052,284  (546,684) (23,737) 2,089,730  2,571,593 
Net (loss) income —  —  (82,933) —  173,915  90,982 
Other comprehensive loss
—  —  —  (15,807) (33,809) (49,616)
Dividends declared:
Other dividends —  —  —  —  (79,803) (79,803)
Employee stock compensation and other
(note 12)
325  5,035  —  —  —  5,035 
Change in accounting policy (note 1)
—  —  (17,666) —  (37,434) (55,100)
Changes to non-controlling interest from equity contributions and other
—  —  120,255  (9,339) (122,716) (11,800)
Balance at December 31, 2020 101,109  1,057,319  (527,028) (48,883) 1,989,883  2,471,291 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of presentation
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (or GAAP). They include the accounts of Teekay Corporation (or Teekay), which is incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, its wholly-owned or controlled subsidiaries and any variable interest entities (or VIEs) of which Teekay is the primary beneficiary (collectively, the Company).

Certain of Teekay’s significant non-wholly-owned subsidiaries are consolidated in these financial statements even though Teekay owns less than a 50% ownership interest in the subsidiaries. These significant subsidiaries include the following publicly traded subsidiaries (collectively, the Public Subsidiaries): Teekay LNG Partners L.P. (or Teekay LNG) and Teekay Tankers Ltd. (or Teekay Tankers). As of December 31, 2020, Teekay owned a 42.4% interest in Teekay LNG (33.9% – December 31, 2019), including common units and its general partner interest, and 28.6% of the capital stock of Teekay Tankers (28.7% – December 31, 2019), including Teekay Tankers’ outstanding shares of Class B common stock, which entitle the holders to five votes per share, subject to a 49% aggregate Class B Common Stock voting power maximum. While Teekay owns less than 50% of Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers, Teekay maintains control of Teekay LNG by virtue of its 100% ownership interest in the general partner of Teekay LNG, which is a master limited partnership, and maintains control of Teekay Tankers through its ownership of a sufficient number of Class A common shares and Class B common shares, which provide increased voting rights, to maintain a majority voting interest in Teekay Tankers and thus consolidates these subsidiaries.

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates. Significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (or COVID-19) as a pandemic. Given the dynamic nature of these circumstances, the full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may have direct or indirect impact on the Company's business and the related financial reporting implications cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, although it could materially affect the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition in the future. COVID-19 has resulted and may continue to result in a significant decline in global demand for oil. As the Company's business includes the transportation of crude oil and refined petroleum products on behalf of customers, any significant decrease in demand for the cargo the Company transports could adversely affect demand for the Company's vessels and services. Spot tanker rates have come under pressure since mid-May 2020 as a result of record OPEC+ oil production cuts and lower production from other oil producing countries, which reduced crude exports, and the unwinding of floating storage. COVID-19 has also been a contributing factor to the decline in short-term charter rates and the increase in certain crewing-related costs, which has had an impact on the Company's cash flows, and was a contributing factor to the write-down of certain tankers owned by Teekay Tankers during the year ended December 31, 2020, as described in Note 18 - Write-down and Loss on Sale. During the year ended December 31, 2020, COVID-19 was also a contributing factor to the write-down of certain of Teekay LNG's seven multi-gas vessels and one floating production storage and offloading (or FPSO) unit, as described in Note 18 - Write-down and Loss on Sale, as well as being a contributing factor to the reduction in certain tax accruals as described in Note 21 - Income Taxes.

Where Teekay’s ownership interest in a consolidated subsidiary is less than 100%, the non-controlling interests’ share of these non-wholly-owned subsidiaries is reported in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a separate component of equity. The non-controlling interests’ share of the net income of these non-wholly-owned subsidiaries is reported in the Company’s consolidated statements of income (loss) as a deduction from the Company’s net income (loss) to arrive at net (loss) income attributable to the shareholders of Teekay.

The basis for attributing net income or loss of each non-wholly-owned subsidiary to the controlling interest and the non-controlling interests (with the exception of Teekay LNG until May 11, 2020, when Teekay and Teekay LNG agreed to eliminate all of Teekay LNG's incentive distribution rights) is based on the relative ownership interests of the non-controlling interests compared to the controlling interest (Teekay), which is consistent with how dividends and distributions were paid or were payable for these non-wholly-owned subsidiaries. In periods when vessels are sold by Teekay LNG or Teekay Tankers that were previously purchased from wholly-owned subsidiaries of Teekay, the amount of the gain or loss from sale allocated to the controlling interest and non-controlling interest is adjusted to reflect the non-controlling interest’s share of the deferred gain or loss that was incurred when Teekay previously sold these vessels from its wholly-owned subsidiaries to its non-wholly-owned subsidiaries Teekay LNG or Teekay Tankers. As reflected in the table below, during 2018 and 2019, such vessel sales by Teekay LNG resulted in increases (decreases) in net income of Teekay LNG attributable to the controlling interest (non-controlling interest) by $6.1 million and $7.5 million, respectively. As reflected in the table below, during 2019 and 2020, such vessel sales by Teekay Tankers resulted in an increases (decreases) in net income of Teekay Tankers attributable to the non-controlling interest (controlling interest) by $18.4 million and $43.2 million, respectively.

Teekay LNG has limited partners and one general partner. Teekay LNG's general partner is wholly-owned by Teekay. Teekay LNG's limited partners hold common units and preferred units. For each quarterly period, the method of attributing Teekay LNG’s net income (loss) of that period to the non-controlling interests of Teekay LNG begins by attributing net income (loss) of Teekay LNG to the non-controlling interests which hold 100% of the preferred units of Teekay LNG based on the amount of preferred unit distributions declared for the quarterly period.

Until May 11, 2020, when Teekay and Teekay LNG agreed to eliminate all of Teekay LNG's incentive distribution rights, the remaining net income (loss) to be attributed to the controlling interest and the non-controlling interests of Teekay LNG was then divided into two components. The first component consisted of the cash distribution that Teekay LNG would declare and pay to limited and general partners for that quarterly period (or the Distributed Earnings). The second component consisted of the difference between (a) the net income (loss) of Teekay LNG that was available to be allocated to the common unitholders and the general partner and (b) the amount of the first component cash distribution (or the Undistributed Earnings). The portion of the Distributed Earnings that was allocated to the non-controlling interests was the amount of the cash distribution that Teekay LNG would declare and pay to the non-controlling interests for that quarterly period. The portion of the Undistributed Earnings that was allocated to the non-controlling interests was based on the relative ownership percentages of the non-controlling interests of Teekay LNG compared to the controlling interest. The controlling interests included both limited partner common units and the general partner interest.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
The total net income (loss) of Teekay’s consolidated partially-owned entities and the attribution of that net income (loss) to controlling and non-controlling interests is as follows:
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests Controlling Interest
Net income (loss) of consolidated partially-owned entities (1)
Non-public partially-owned subsidiaries
Preferred unit-holders
Distri-
buted Earnings
Undistri-
buted Earnings
Total Non-Controlling Interest
Distri-
buted Earnings
Undistri-
buted Earnings
Total Controlling Interest (Teekay)
Teekay LNG 9,955  25,702  —  32,816  68,473  —  28,839  28,839  97,312 
Teekay Tankers —  —  —  105,455  105,455  —  (18,138) (18,138) 87,317 
Other entities and eliminations —  —  —  —  (13)
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2020
9,955  25,702  —  138,271  173,915 
Teekay LNG 11,814  25,702  40,138  36,007  113,661  20,368  30,575  50,943  164,604 
Teekay Tankers —  —  —  47,887  47,887  —  (6,525) (6,525) 41,362 
Other entities and eliminations
—  —  —  —  43 
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2019
11,814  25,702  40,138  83,894  161,591 
Teekay LNG 13,506  25,701  30,463  (10,807) 58,863  15,026  2,986  18,012  76,875 
Teekay Tankers —  —  —  (37,423) (37,423) —  (15,125) (15,125) (52,548)
Other entities and eliminations
—  —  —  —  50 
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2018
13,506  25,701  30,463  (48,230) 21,490 
(1)Includes earnings attributable to common shares and preferred shares.

When Teekay’s non-wholly-owned subsidiaries declare dividends or distributions to their owners or require all of their owners to contribute capital to the non-wholly-owned subsidiaries, such amounts are paid to, or received from, each of the owners of the non-wholly-owned subsidiaries based on the relative ownership interests in the non-wholly-owned subsidiary. As such, any dividends or distributions paid to, or capital contributions received from, the non-controlling interests are reflected as a reduction (dividends or distributions) or an increase (capital contributions) in non-controlling interest in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

When Teekay’s non-wholly-owned subsidiaries issue additional equity interests to non-controlling interests, Teekay is effectively selling a portion of the non-wholly-owned subsidiaries. Consequently, the proceeds received by the subsidiaries from their issuance of additional equity interests are allocated between non-controlling interests and retained earnings in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The portion allocated to non-controlling interests on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets consists of the carrying value of the portion of the non-wholly-owned subsidiary that is effectively disposed of, with the remaining amount attributable to the controlling interests, which consists of the Company’s dilution gain or loss that is reflected in retained earnings.
Foreign currency
The consolidated financial statements are stated in U.S. Dollars and the functional currency of the Company is the U.S. Dollar. Transactions involving other currencies during the year are converted into U.S. Dollars using the exchange rates in effect at the time of the transactions. At the balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar are translated to reflect the year-end exchange rates. Resulting gains or losses are reflected in foreign exchange (loss) gain in the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss).

Revenues

The Company's FPSO contracts, time charters and voyage charters include both a lease component, consisting of the lease of the vessel, and a non-lease component, consisting of the operation of the vessel for the customer. The Company has elected not to separate the non-lease component from the lease component for all such charters where the lease component is classified as an operating lease and certain other required criteria are met, and to account for the combined component as an operating lease. Time-charter contracts accounted for as direct financing leases and sales type leases contain both a lease component (lease of the vessel) and a non-lease component (operation of the vessel). The Company has allocated the contract consideration between the lease component and non-lease component on a relative standalone selling price basis. The standalone selling price of the non-lease component has been determined using a cost-plus approach, whereby the Company estimates the cost to operate the vessel using cost benchmarking studies prepared by a third party, when available, or internal estimates when not available, plus a profit margin. The standalone selling price of the lease component has been determined using an adjusted market approach, whereby the Company calculates a rate excluding the operating component based on a market time-charter rate from published broker estimates, when available, or internal estimates when not available. Given that there are no observable standalone selling prices for either of these two components, judgment is required in determining the standalone selling price of each component.

FPSO contracts and time charters

Revenues from FPSO contracts and time charters accounted for as operating leases are recognized by the Company on a straight-line basis daily over the term of the contract. If collectability of the receipts from these contracts accounted for as operating leases is not probable, revenue that would have otherwise been recognized is limited to the amount collected from the charterer.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
Upon commencement of an FPSO contract or time charter accounted for as a sales-type lease or direct financing lease, the carrying value of the vessel is derecognized and the net investment in the lease is recognized, based on the fair value of the vessel. For direct financing leases and sales-type leases, the lease element of time charter hire receipts is allocated to the lease receivable and revenues over the term of the lease using the effective interest rate method. The non-lease element of receipts is recognized by the Company on a straight-line basis daily over the term of the contract. Drydock cost reimbursements allocable to the non-lease element of a time-charter are recognized on a straight-line basis over the period between the previous scheduled dry dock and the next scheduled dry dock. In addition, if collectability of non-lease receipts of payments from a customer is not probable, any such receipts are recognized as a liability unless the receipts are non-refundable and either the contract has been terminated or the Company has no remaining performance obligations.

The Company does not recognize revenues during days that the vessel is off-hire. When the FPSO contract or time charter contains a profit-sharing agreement, drydock cost reimbursements for time charters accounted for as operating leases, or other variable consideration, including performance-based metrics such as production tariffs and other operational performance measures, the Company recognizes this revenue in the period in which the changes in facts and circumstances on which the variable charter hire payments are based occur. In addition, performance based revenue based on a multi-period performance-based metric that is allocable to non-lease services provided is estimated and to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved and recognize such estimate of revenue over the performance period. Where the charterer is responsible for the operation of the vessel, the Company offsets any vessel operating expenses it incurs against reimbursements from the charterer.
The Company's accounting policy for the reimbursement of drydocking expenditures was impacted by the adoption of ASU 2016-02 (see accounting pronouncements below).

Voyage charters

Revenues from voyage charters are recognized on a proportionate performance method. The Company uses a discharge-to-discharge basis in determining proportionate performance for all spot voyages that contain a lease and a load-to-discharge basis in determining proportionate performance for all spot voyages that do not contain a lease. The Company does not begin recognizing revenue until a charter has been agreed to by the customer and the Company, even if the vessel has discharged its cargo and is sailing to the anticipated load port on its next voyage. Revenues from the Company’s vessels performing voyage charters subject to revenue sharing agreements (or RSAs) follow the same revenue recognition policy as voyage charters not subject to RSAs. The difference between the net revenue earned by a vessel of the Company performing voyage charters subject to RSAs and its allocated share of the aggregate net contribution is reflected within voyage expenses. The consolidated balance sheets reflect in accrued revenue the accrued portion of revenues for those voyages that commence prior to the balance sheet date and complete after the balance sheet date, and reflect in deferred revenues or other long-term liabilities the deferred portion of revenues which will be earned in subsequent periods.

Bareboat charters

Revenues from bareboat charters accounted for as operating leases are recognized by the Company on a straight-line basis daily over the term of the charter. If collectability of the bareboat hire receipts from bareboat charters accounted for as operating leases is not probable, revenue that would have otherwise been recognized is limited to the amount collected from the charterer.

Upon commencement of a bareboat charter accounted for as a sales-type lease, the carrying value of the vessel is derecognized and the net investment in the lease is recognized, based on the fair value of the vessel. For direct financing leases and sales-type leases, bareboat hire receipts are allocated to the lease receivable and voyage revenues over the term of the lease using the effective interest rate method.

Management fees and other
Revenues are also earned from the management of third-party vessels and, until the April 2020 sale by Teekay Tankers of its LNG terminal management business, LNG terminals. The Company recognizes fixed revenue on a straight-line basis over the duration of the management contract and variable revenue, such as monthly commissions, in the month they are earned. The Company presents the reimbursement of expenditures it incurs to provide the promised goods or services as revenue if it controls such goods or services before they are transferred to the customer and presents such reimbursement of expenditures as an offset against the expenditures if the Company does not control the goods or services them before they are transferred to the customer.
Operating expenses
Voyage expenses are all expenses unique to a particular voyage, including fuel expenses, port fees, cargo loading and unloading expenses, canal tolls, agency fees and commissions. In addition, the difference between the net revenue earned by a vessel of the Company performing voyage charters subject to an RSA and its allocated share of the aggregate net contribution is reflected within voyage expenses. The Company, as shipowner, pays voyage expenses under voyage charters. The Company’s customers pay voyage expenses under time charters, except when the vessel is off-hire during the term of a time charter in which case the Company pays voyage expenses.

Vessel operating expenses include crewing, ship management services, repairs and maintenance, insurance, stores, lube oils and communication expenses.

Voyage expenses and vessel operating expenses are recognized when incurred, except when the Company incurs pre-operational costs related to the repositioning of a vessel that relates directly to a specific customer contract, that generates or enhances resources of the Company that will be used in satisfying performance obligations in the future, whereby such costs are expected to be recovered via the customer contract. In this case, such costs are deferred and amortized over the duration of the customer contract.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
Cash and cash equivalents
The Company classifies all highly liquid investments with an original maturity date of three months or less as cash and cash equivalents.
Restricted cash
The Company maintains restricted cash deposits relating to certain term loans, collateral for derivatives, project tenders, leasing arrangements, amounts received from charterers to be used only for dry-docking expenditures and emergency repairs and other obligations.
Accounts receivable and other loan receivables
Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The consolidated balance sheets reflect in accounts receivable, any amounts where the right to consideration is conditioned upon the passage of time, and, in prepaid expenses and other, any accrued revenue where the right to consideration is conditioned upon something other than the passage of time.
The Company’s advances to equity-accounted for investments and any other investments in loan receivables are recorded at cost.
Vessels and equipment
All pre-delivery costs incurred during the construction of newbuildings, including interest, supervision and technical costs, are capitalized. The acquisition cost and all costs incurred to restore used vessels purchased by the Company to the standard required to properly service the Company’s customers are capitalized.

Interest costs capitalized to vessels and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, aggregated $nil, $0.3 million and $14.8 million, respectively.

Vessel capital modifications include the addition of new equipment or certain modifications to the vessel that are aimed at improving or increasing the operational efficiency and functionality of the asset. This type of expenditure is capitalized and depreciated over the estimated useful life of the modification. Expenditures covering recurring routine repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over a vessel’s estimated useful life, less an estimated residual value. Depreciation is calculated using an estimated useful life of 25 years for tankers carrying crude oil and refined product, 30 years for liquefied petroleum gas (or LPG) carriers and 35 years for LNG carriers, commencing the date the vessel is delivered from the shipyard, or a shorter period if regulations prevent the Company from operating the vessels for 25 years, 30 years, or 35 years, respectively. FPSO units are depreciated using an estimated useful life of 25 years commencing the date the unit is installed at the oil field and is in a condition that is ready to operate, or a shorter period if commercial considerations dictate otherwise. Depreciation of vessels and equipment, excluding amortization of dry-docking expenditures, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 aggregated $209.6 million, $239.9 million and $244.0 million, respectively. Depreciation includes depreciation of all owned vessels and amortization of vessels accounted for as finance leases.

Generally, the Company dry docks each conventional oil tanker and gas carrier every two and a half years to five years. FPSO units are generally not dry docked and maintenance is performed on these units while at sea. The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred during dry docking and amortizes those costs on a straight-line basis from the completion of a dry docking to the estimated completion of the next dry docking. The Company includes in capitalized dry-docking costs those costs incurred as part of the dry docking to meet classification and regulatory requirements. The Company expenses costs related to routine repairs and maintenance performed during dry docking, and for annual class survey costs on the Company’s FPSO units.

The following table summarizes the change in the Company’s capitalized dry-docking costs from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020:
Year Ended December 31,
2020
$
2019
$
2018
$
Balance at the beginning of the year 110,571  96,384  89,372 
Costs incurred for dry dockings 35,514  56,371  43,155 
Dry-dock amortization (41,578) (39,283) (33,684)
Write-down / sales of vessels (5,741) (2,901) (2,459)
Balance at the end of the year 98,766  110,571  96,384 

Vessels and equipment that are intended to be held and used in the Company's business are assessed for impairment when events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. If the asset’s net carrying value exceeds the estimated net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated over its remaining useful life, and the fair value of the asset is less than its carrying value, the carrying value of the asset is reduced to its estimated fair value. The estimated fair value for the Company’s impaired vessels is determined using discounted cash flows or appraised values. In cases where an active second-hand sale and purchase market does not exist, or in certain other cases, the Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of an impaired vessel. In cases where an active second-hand sale and purchase market exists, an appraised value is used to estimate the fair value of an impaired vessel. An appraised value is generally the amount the Company would expect to receive if it were to sell the vessel. Such appraisal is based on second-hand sale and purchase data, and other information provided by third parties.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
Vessels and equipment that are “held for sale” are measured at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell and are not depreciated while classified as held for sale. Interest and other expenses and related liabilities attributable to vessels and equipment classified as held for sale continue to be recognized as incurred.
Equity-accounted investments
The Company’s investments in certain joint ventures and other partially-owned entities in which the Company does not control the entity but has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the entity are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, investments are stated at initial cost and are adjusted for subsequent additional investments and the Company’s proportionate share of earnings or losses and distributions. The Company evaluates its equity-accounted for investments for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such investments may have experienced an other-than-temporary decline in value below its carrying value. If an equity-accounted for investment experiences an other-than-temporary decline in value and if the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value, the carrying value is written down to its estimated fair value and the resulting impairment is recorded in the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss).
Debt issuance costs
Debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability, including fees, commissions and legal expenses, are deferred and presented as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability and amortized on an effective interest rate method over the term of the relevant loan. Debt issuance costs which are not attributable to a specific debt liability or where the debt issuance costs exceed the carrying value of the related debt liability (primarily undrawn revolving credit facilities) are deferred and presented as non-current assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of debt issuance costs is included in interest expense in the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss).

Fees paid to substantially amend a non-revolving credit facility are associated with the extinguishment of the old debt instrument and included in determining the debt extinguishment gain or loss to be recognized. Other costs incurred with third parties directly related to the extinguishment are deferred and presented as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the replacement debt instrument and amortized using the effective interest rate method. In addition, any unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the old debt instrument are written off. If the amendment is considered not to be a substantial amendment, then the fees would be associated with the replacement or modified debt instrument and, along with any existing unamortized premium, discount and unamortized debt issuance costs, would be amortized as an adjustment of interest expense over the remaining term of the replacement or modified debt instrument using the effective interest method. Other related costs incurred with third parties directly related to the modification, other than the loan amendment fee, are expensed as incurred.

Fees paid to amend a revolving credit facility are deferred and amortized over the term of the modified revolving credit facility. If the borrowing capacity of the revolving credit facility increases as a result of the amendment, unamortized debt issuance costs of the original revolving credit facility are amortized over the remaining term of the modified revolving credit facility. If the borrowing capacity of the revolving credit facility decreases as a result of the amendment, a proportionate amount, based on the reduction in borrowing capacity, of the unamortized debt issuance costs of the original revolving credit facility are written off and the remaining amount is amortized over the remaining term of the modified revolving credit facility.

Credit losses

The Company utilizes a lifetime expected credit loss measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for net investments in direct financing and sales-type leases, loans to equity accounted joint ventures, guarantees of secured loan facilities of equity-accounted joint ventures, non-operating lease accounts receivable, contract assets and other receivables at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The expected credit losses are subsequently adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. The Company discontinues accrual of interest on financial assets if collection of required payments is no longer probable, and in those situations, recognizes payments received on non-accrual assets on a cash basis method, until collection of required payments becomes probable. The Company considers a financial asset to be past due when payment is not made with 30 days of it being owed, assuming there is no dispute or other uncertainty regarding the amount owing.

Expected credit loss provisions are presented on the consolidated balance sheets as a reduction to the carrying value of the related financial asset and as an other long-term liability for expected credit loss provisions that relate to guarantees of secured loan facilities of equity-accounted joint ventures. Changes in expected credit loss provisions are presented within other loss within the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Prior to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (or ASU 2016-13) on January 1, 2020, the Company:

recognized an allowance for doubtful accounts consisting of the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in existing accounts receivable. The Company determined the allowance based on historical write-off experience and customer economic data. The Company reviewed the allowance for doubtful accounts regularly and past due balances were reviewed for collectability. Account balances were charged off against the allowance when the Company believed that the receivable would not be recovered. There were no significant amounts recorded as allowance for doubtful accounts as at December 31, 2020 and 2019.

analyzed its loans for collectability during each reporting period. A loan loss provision was recognized when, based on current information and events, it was probable that the Company would be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors the Company considered in determining if a loan loss provision was required included, among other things, an assessment of the financial condition of the debtor, payment history of the debtor, general economic conditions, the credit rating of the debtor (when available) any information provided by the debtor regarding its ability to repay the loan and the fair value of the underlying collateral. When a loan loss provision was recognized, the Company measured the amount of the loss provision based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate and recognized the resulting loss in the consolidated statements of income (loss). The carrying value of the loan was adjusted each subsequent reporting period to reflect any changes in the present value of expected future cash flows.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
For charter contracts being accounted for as operating leases, if the remaining lease payments are no longer probable of being collected, any unpaid accounts receivable and any accrued revenue will be reversed against revenue and any subsequent payments will be recognized as revenue when collected until such time that the remaining lease payments are probable of being collected.     

Derivative instruments

All derivative instruments are initially recorded at fair value as either assets or liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and subsequently remeasured to fair value each period end, regardless of the purpose or intent for holding the derivative. The method of recognizing the resulting gain or loss is dependent on whether the derivative contract is designed to hedge a specific risk and whether the contract qualifies for hedge accounting. The Company does not apply hedge accounting to its derivative instruments, except for certain types of interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges (See Note 15).

When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the Company formally documents the relationship between the derivative and the hedged item. This documentation includes the strategy and risk management objective for undertaking the hedge and the method that will be used to assess the effectiveness of the hedge. Any gains and losses on the derivative that are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness are recognized immediately in earnings. The Company does not apply hedge accounting if it is determined that the hedge is not effective or will no longer be effective, the derivative is sold or exercised, or the hedged item is sold, repaid or no longer probable of occurring.

For derivative financial instruments designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative financial instruments are initially recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in total equity. In the periods when the hedged items affect earnings, the associated fair value changes on the hedging derivatives are transferred from total equity to the corresponding earnings line item (e.g. interest expense) in the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss). If a cash flow hedge is terminated or de-designated and the originally hedged item is still considered probable of occurring, the gains and losses initially recognized in total equity remain there until the hedged item impacts earnings, at which point they are transferred to the corresponding earnings line item in the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss). If the hedged items are no longer probable of occurring, amounts recognized in total equity are immediately transferred to the corresponding earnings line item in the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss).

For derivative financial instruments that are not designated or that do not qualify as hedges under Financial Accounting Standards Board (or FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (or ASC) 815, Derivatives and Hedging, changes in the fair value of the derivative financial instruments are recognized in earnings. Gains and losses from the Company’s non-designated interest rate swaps related to long-term debt, non-designated bunker fuel swap contracts and forward freight agreements, and non-designated foreign currency forward contracts are recorded in realized and unrealized loss on non-designated derivative instruments in the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss). Gains and losses from the Company’s non-designated cross currency swaps are recorded in foreign exchange (loss) gain in the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss).
Goodwill and intangible assets
Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. A reporting unit is a component of the Company that constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by management. When goodwill is reviewed for impairment, the Company will measure the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, with the maximum impairment not to exceed the carrying value of goodwill. Alternatively, the Company may bypass this step and use a fair value approach to identify potential goodwill impairment and, when necessary, measure the amount of impairment.

The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to determine the fair value of reporting units unless there is a readily determinable fair market value. Goodwill impairment is measured as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying value of goodwill.

Customer-related intangible assets are amortized over the expected life of a customer contract or the expected duration that the customer relationships are estimated to contribute to the cash flows of the Company. The amount amortized each year is weighted based on the projected revenue to be earned under the contracts or projected revenue to be earned as a result of the customer relationships. Intangible assets are assessed for impairment when and if impairment indicators exist. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an intangible asset is not recoverable and its carrying amount exceeds its fair value.
Lease obligations and right-of-use assets
For its chartered-in vessels and office leases, as of the lease commencement date, the Company recognizes a liability for its lease obligation, initially measured at the present value of lease payments not yet paid, and an asset for its right to use the underlying asset, initially measured equal to the lease liability and adjusted for lease payments made at or before lease commencement, lease incentives, and any initial direct costs. The discount rate used to determine the present value of the lease payments is the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term for an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The initial recognition of the lease obligation and right-of-use asset excludes short-term leases for the Company's chartered-in vessels and office leases. Short-term leases are leases with an original term of one year or less, excluding those leases with an option to extend the lease for greater than one year or an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is deemed reasonably certain to exercise. The initial recognition of this lease obligation and right-of-use asset excludes variable lease payments that are based on the usage or performance of the underlying asset and the portion of payments related to non-lease elements of vessel charters.

For those leases classified as operating leases, lease interest and right-of-use asset amortization in aggregate result in a straight-line expense profile that is presented in time charter hire expense for vessels and general and administrative expense for office leases, unless the right-of-use asset becomes impaired. For those leases classified as finance leases, the Company uses the effective interest rate method to subsequently account for the lease liability, whereby interest is recognized in interest expense in the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss). For
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
those leases classified as finance leases, the right-of-use asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the vessel, with such amortization included in depreciation and amortization in the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss). Variable lease payments that are based on the usage or performance of the underlying asset are recognized as an expense when incurred, unless achievement of a specified target triggers the lease payment, in which case an expense is recognized in the period when achievement of the target is considered probable.

The Company recognizes the expense from short-term leases and any non-lease components of vessels time chartered from other owners, on a straight-line basis over the firm period of the charters. The expense is included in time charter hire expense for vessel charters and general and administrative expenses for office leases.

The right-of-use asset is assessed for impairment when events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If the right-of-use asset’s net carrying value exceeds the net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated over its remaining useful life, the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset is reduced to its estimated fair value. The estimated fair value for the Company's impaired right-of-use assets from in-chartered vessels is determined using a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value. Subsequent to an impairment, a right-of-use asset related to an operating lease is amortized on a straight-line basis over its remaining life.

The Company has determined that all of its time-charter-in contracts contain both a lease component (lease of the vessel) and a non-lease component (operation of the vessel). The Company has allocated the contract consideration between the lease component and non-lease component on a relative standalone selling price basis. The standalone selling price of the non-lease component has been determined using a cost-plus approach, whereby the Company estimates the cost to operate the vessel using cost benchmarking studies prepared by a third party, when available, or internal estimates when not available, plus a profit margin. The standalone selling price of the lease component has been determined using an adjusted market approach, whereby the Company calculates a rate excluding the operating component based on a market time-charter rate information from published broker estimates, when available, or internal estimates when not available. Given that there are no observable standalone selling prices for either of these two components, judgment is required in determining the standalone selling price of each component. The bareboat charter contracts contain only a lease component.

Vessels sold and leased back by the Company, where the Company has a fixed price repurchase obligation or other situations where the leaseback would be classified as a finance lease, are accounted for as a failed sale of the vessel. For such transactions, the Company does not derecognize the vessel sold and continues to depreciate the vessel as if it was the legal owner. Proceeds received from the sale of the vessel are recognized as an obligation related to finance lease and bareboat charter hire payments made by the Company to the lessor are allocated between interest expense and principal repayments on the obligation related to finance lease.

In periods prior to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases (or ASU 2016-02) (see note 2), the Company's accounting policy was to recognize the expense from vessels time-chartered from other owners, which was included in time-charter hire expense, on a straight-line basis over the firm period of the charters.
Asset retirement obligation
The Company has asset retirement obligations (or AROs) relating to (a) the recycling of the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO unit in accordance with EU ship recycling regulations on completion of its current contract, and (b) the subsea production facility associated with the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit which operated in the North Sea. The obligation relating to the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit generally involves the costs associated with the restoration of the environment surrounding the facility and removal and disposal of all production equipment. The AROs will be covered in part by contractual payments to be received from the FPSO contract counterparties.

The Company records the fair value of an ARO as a liability in the period when the obligation arises. The fair value of the ARO is measured using expected future cash outflows discounted at the Company’s credit-adjusted risk-free interest rate. When the liability is recorded, the Company capitalizes the cost by increasing the carrying amount of the related equipment. Each period, the liability is increased for the change in its present value, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the useful life of the related asset. Changes in the amount or timing of the estimated ARO are recorded as an adjustment to the related asset and liability.

In the first quarter of 2020, CNR International (U.K.) Limited (or CNRI), provided formal notice to Teekay of its intention to cease production in June 2020 and decommission the Banff field shortly thereafter. As such, the Company removed the Petrojarl Banff FPSO and Apollo Spirit FSO from the Banff field in the third quarter of 2020 and expects to remove the subsea equipment by June 2023. The ARO for the FPSO unit was increased during 2020 based on changes to cost estimates. As at December 31, 2020, the ARO and associated receivable, which is recorded in goodwill, intangibles, and other non-current assets, were $42.4 million and $9.3 million, respectively (2019 – $30.9 million and $8.4 million, respectively). (See Note 6).
Repurchase of common stock
The Company accounts for repurchases of common stock by decreasing common stock by the par value of the stock repurchased. In addition, the excess of the repurchase price over the par value is allocated between additional paid in capital and retained earnings. The amount allocated to additional paid in capital is the pro-rata share of the capital paid in and the balance is allocated to retained earnings.
Share-based compensation
The Company grants stock options, restricted stock units, performance share units and restricted stock awards as incentive-based compensation to certain employees and directors. The Company measures the cost of such awards using the grant date fair value of the award and recognizes that cost, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which generally equals the vesting period. For stock-based compensation awards subject to graded vesting, the Company calculates the value for the award as if it was one single award with one expected life and amortizes the calculated expense for the entire award on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)

Compensation cost for awards with performance conditions is recognized when it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. The compensation cost of the Company’s stock-based compensation awards is substantially reflected in general and administrative expense.
Income taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method. Under the liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the anticipated future tax effects of temporary differences between the consolidated financial statement basis and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities using the applicable jurisdictional tax rates. A valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is recorded when it is determined that it is more likely than not that some or all of the benefit from the deferred tax asset will not be realized.

The Company recognizes the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only if it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from such positions are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense in the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss).

The Company believes that it and its subsidiaries are not subject to income taxation under the laws of the Republic of The Marshall Islands or Bermuda, and that distributions by its subsidiaries to the Company will not be subject to any income taxes under the laws of such countries. The Company qualifies for the Section 883 exemption under U.S. federal income tax purposes, with the exception of Teekay LNG.
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
The following table contains the changes in the balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to shareholders of Teekay for the periods presented.
Qualifying Cash Flow Hedging Instruments
$
Pension Adjustments
$
Foreign Exchange Gain (Loss) on Currency Translation
$
Total
$
Balance as of December 31, 2017 1,409  (10,697) 3,293  (5,995)
Other comprehensive (loss) income and other (506) 7,521  (3,293) 3,722 
Balance as of December 31, 2018 903  (3,176) —  (2,273)
Other comprehensive (loss) income and other (20,311) (1,153) —  (21,464)
Balance as of December 31, 2019 (19,408) (4,329) —  (23,737)
Other comprehensive loss and other (15,259) (548) —  (15,807)
Changes to non-controlling interest in AOCI from equity contributions (9,339) —  —  (9,339)
Balance as of December 31, 2020 (44,006) (4,877) —  (48,883)
Employee pension plans
The Company has defined contribution pension plans covering the majority of its employees. Pension costs associated with the Company’s required contributions under its defined contribution pension plans are based on a percentage of employees’ salaries and are charged to earnings in the year incurred. With the exception of certain of the Company’s employees in Australia, the Company’s employees are generally eligible to participate in defined contribution plans. These plans allow for the employees to contribute a certain percentage of their base salaries into the plans. The Company matches all or a portion of the employees’ contributions, depending on how much each employee contributes. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, the amount of cost recognized for the Company’s defined contribution pension plans was $8.3 million, $8.1 million and $7.9 million, respectively.

The Company also has defined benefit pension plans (or the Benefit Plans) covering certain of its employees in Australia. The Company accrues the costs and related obligations associated with its defined benefit pension plans based on actuarial computations using the projected benefits obligation method and management’s best estimates of expected plan investment performance, salary escalation, and other relevant factors. For the purpose of calculating the expected return on plan assets, those assets are valued at fair value. The overfunded or underfunded status of the defined benefit pension plans is recognized as assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company recognizes as a component of other comprehensive loss, the gains or losses that arise during a period but that are not recognized as part of net periodic benefit costs. The Company's funded status was a deficit of $2.8 million at December 31, 2020 and a deficit of $1.7 million at December 31, 2019.
Loss per common share
The computation of basic loss per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The computation of diluted earnings per share assumes the exercise of all dilutive stock options and restricted stock awards using the treasury stock method. The computation of diluted loss per share does not assume such exercises.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
Accounting pronouncements

The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019. ASU 2016-02 established a right-of-use model that requires a lessee to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. For lessees, leases are classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. ASU 2016-02 requires lessors to classify leases as a sales-type, direct financing or operating lease. A lease is a sales-type lease if any one of five criteria are met, each of which indicate that the lease, in effect, transfers control of the underlying asset to the lessee. If none of those five criteria are met, but two additional criteria are both met, indicating that the lessor has transferred substantially all of the risks and benefits of the underlying asset to the lessee and a third party, the lease is a direct financing lease. All leases that are not sales-type leases or direct financing leases are operating leases.

ASU 2016-02 was adopted using a transition approach whereby a cumulative effect adjustment is made as of the effective date, with no retrospective effect. ASU 2016-02 provides an optional practical expedient to lessors not to separate lease and non-lease components of a contract if certain criteria are met. The Company has elected to use this new optional transitional approach. In addition, the Company early adopted ASU 2019-01, which provides an exception for lessors who are not manufacturers or dealers to determine the fair value of leased property using the underlying asset's cost, instead of fair value. To determine the cumulative effect adjustment, the Company has not reassessed lease classification, initial direct costs for any existing leases, or whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases. The Company identified the following differences:

The adoption of ASU 2016-02 resulted in a change in the accounting method for the lease portion of the daily charter hire for the chartered-in vessels by the Company and the Company's equity-accounted joint ventures accounted for as operating leases with firm periods of greater than one year, as well as a small number of office leases. Under ASU 2016-02, the Company and the Company's equity-accounted joint ventures recognized an operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet for these charters and office leases based on the present value of future minimum lease payments, whereas previously no right-of-use asset or lease liability was recognized. This resulted in an increase in the Company's and its equity-accounted joint ventures' assets and liabilities. The pattern of expense recognition of chartered-in vessels remains substantially unchanged from the prior policy, unless the right-of-use asset becomes impaired. On January 1, 2019, a right-of-use asset of $170.0 million and a lease liability of $170.0 million were recognized for these chartered-in vessels. In addition, the existing carrying value of the Company's chartered-in vessels was reclassified from other non-current assets ($13.7 million) and from other long-term liabilities ($0.9 million) to a right-of-use asset as at January 1, 2019. The Company also recognized a right-of-use asset and liability for its office leases as at January 1, 2019, which is presented in other non-current assets and accrued liabilities and other, respectively. On December 31, 2019, the right-of-use asset and lease liability relating to the Company's chartered-in vessels were $148.6 million and $148.6 million, respectively, and the right-of-use asset and lease liability relating to office leases were $13.7 million and $13.9 million, respectively, and $0.2 million was reflected as a foreign exchange loss for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The adoption of ASU 2016-02 resulted in the recognition of revenue from the reimbursement of scheduled dry-dock expenditures, where a charter contract is accounted for as an operating lease, occurring upon completion of the scheduled dry-dock, instead of ratably over the period between the previous scheduled dry-dock and the next scheduled dry-dock. This change decreased investment in and loans to equity-accounted investments by $0.1 million and decreased total equity by $0.1 million as at December 31, 2019. The cumulative decrease to opening equity as at January 1, 2019 was $0.1 million.

The adoption of ASU 2016-02 resulted in direct financing and sales-type lease payments received being presented as an operating cash inflow instead of an investing cash inflow in the Company's consolidated statement of cash flows. Direct financing and sales-type lease payments received during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 were $340.9 million, $17.1 million and $10.9 million, respectively.

The adoption of ASU 2016-02 resulted in sale and leaseback transactions where the seller lessee has a fixed price repurchase option or other situations where the leaseback would be classified as a finance lease being accounted for as a failed sale of the vessel and a failed purchase of the vessel by the buyer lessor. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-02, such transactions were accounted for as a completed sale and a completed purchase. Consequently, for such transactions, the Company did not derecognize the vessel sold and continues to depreciate the vessel as if it was the legal owner. Proceeds received from the sale of the vessel were recognized as a financial liability and bareboat charter hire payments made by the Company to the lessor were allocated between interest expense and principal repayments on the financial liability. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 resulted in the sale and leaseback of the Yamal Spirit, the Torben Spirit, the Cascade Spirit and the Aspen Spirit during 2019 being accounted for as failed sales, and unlike the 22 vessels sold and leased back in similar transactions in prior years, the Company was not considered as holding a variable interest in the buyer lessor entity and thus, did not consolidate the buyer lessor entities (see Note 10).

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (or ASU 2016-13). ASU 2016-13 introduced a new credit loss methodology, which requires earlier recognition of potential credit losses, while also providing additional transparency about credit risk. This new credit loss methodology utilizes a lifetime “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for loans, held-to-maturity debt securities and other receivables at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The expected credit losses are subsequently adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. This methodology replaced multiple existing impairment methods under previous GAAP for these types of assets, which generally required that a loss be incurred before it was recognized.

The Company adopted this update on January 1, 2020 with a modified-retrospective approach, whereby a cumulative-effect adjustment was made to reduce partner's equity on January 1, 2020 without any retroactive application to prior periods. The Company's net investments in direct financing and sales-type leases, advances to equity-accounted joint ventures, guarantees of indebtedness of equity-accounted joint ventures and receivables related to non-operating lease revenue arrangements are subject to ASU 2016-13. On adoption, the Company decreased the carrying value of investments in and loans, net to equity-accounted investments by $40.0 million, non-controlling interest by $37.4 million, net investments in direct financing and sales-type leases by $15.1 million and increased accumulated deficit by $17.7 million, goodwill, intangibles and other non-current assets by $1.4 million and other long-term liabilities by $1.4 million. The cumulative adjustment recorded on initial adoption of this update does not reflect an increase in credit risk exposure to the Company compared to previous periods presented.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
In August 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging – Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (or ASU 2017-12). ASU 2017-12 eliminates the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness and generally requires, for qualifying hedges, the entire change in the fair value of a hedging instrument to be recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income and reclassified to earnings in the same income statement line as the hedged item when the hedged item affects earnings. The guidance also modifies the accounting for components excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, eases documentation and assessment requirements and modifies certain disclosure requirements. ASU 2017-12 became effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. This change decreased accumulated other comprehensive loss by $1.6 million as at January 1, 2019, and correspondingly increased opening equity as at January 1, 2019 by $1.6 million.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12 - Income Taxes (Topic 740) Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (or ASU 2019-12), as part of its initiative to reduce complexity in the accounting standards. The amendments in ASU 2019-12 eliminate certain exceptions related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences, among other changes. The guidance becomes effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those fiscal years with early adoption permitted, including adoption in any interim period. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of adopting this new guidance.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 - Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This update provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease potential accounting impacts associated with transitioning away from reference rates that are expected to be discontinued, such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (or LIBOR). This update applies only to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. This update is effective through December 31, 2022. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of adopting this new guidance.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06 - Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). This update simplifies the accounting for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock by reducing the number of accounting models and the number of embedded conversion features that could be recognized separately from the primary contract. This update also enhances transparency and improves disclosures for convertible instruments and earnings per share guidance. The Company is expected to adopt this update effective January 1, 2021 using the modified retrospective method of transition. The adoption of ASU 2020-06 is expected to impact the accounting for the Company’s Convertible Senior Notes due January 15, 2023 (the Convertible Notes) whereby the existing debt and equity components will be recombined into a single component accounted for as a single liability, at its amortized cost. In addition, the adoption of ASU 2020-06 is expected to result in the Company having to change from the use of the treasury stock method to the if-converted method to determine the dilutive impact of the Convertible Notes when calculating diluted earnings per share.
2. Revenues
The Company’s primary source of revenue is chartering its vessels and offshore units to its customers. The Company utilizes four primary forms of contracts, consisting of time charter contracts, voyage charter contracts, bareboat charter contracts and contracts for FPSO units. The Company also generates revenue from the management and operation of vessels owned by third parties and by equity-accounted investments as well as providing corporate management services to such entities.

Time Charters
Pursuant to a time charter, the Company charters a vessel to a customer for a period of time, generally one year or more. The performance obligations within a time charter contract, which will include the lease of the vessel to the charterer as well as the operation of the vessel, are satisfied as services are rendered over the duration of such contract, as measured using the time that has elapsed from commencement of performance. In addition, any expenses that are unique to a particular voyage, including any fuel expenses, port fees, cargo loading and unloading expenses, canal tolls, agency fees and commissions, are the responsibility of the customer, as long as the vessel is not off-hire.

Hire is typically invoiced monthly in advance for time charter contracts, based on a fixed daily hire amount. However, certain sources of variability exist. Those include penalties, such as those that relate to periods the vessels are off-hire and where minimum speed and performance metrics are not met. In addition, certain time charters contracts contain provisions that allow the Company to be compensated for increases in the Company’s costs during the term of the charter. Such provisions may be in the form of annual hire rate adjustments for changes in inflation indices or interest rates or in the form of cost reimbursements for vessel operating expenditures or dry-docking expenditures. Finally, in a small number of charters, the Company may earn profit share consideration, which occurs when actual spot tanker rates earned by the vessel exceed certain thresholds for a period of time. The Company does not engage in any specific tactics to minimize vessel residual value risk.

Voyage Charters
Voyage charters are charters for a specific voyage that are usually priced on a current or "spot" market rate. The performance obligations within a voyage charter contract, which will typically include the lease of the vessel to the charterer as well as the operation of the vessel, are satisfied as services are rendered over the duration of the voyage, as measured using the time that has elapsed from commencement of performance. In addition, any expenses that are unique to a particular voyage, including fuel expenses, port fees, cargo loading and unloading expenses, canal tolls, agency fees and commissions, are the responsibility of the vessel owner. The Company’s voyage charters will normally contain a lease; however, judgment is necessary to determine whether this is the case based upon the decision-making rights the charterer has under the contract. Consideration for such contracts is fixed or variable, depending on certain conditions. Delays caused by the charterer result in additional consideration. Payment for the voyage is not due until the voyage is completed. The duration of a single voyage will typically be less than three months. As such, accrued revenue at the end of a period will be invoiced and paid in the subsequent period. The amount of accrued revenue at any point in time will depend on the percent completed of each voyage in progress as well as the freight rate agreed for those specific voyages. The Company does not engage in any specific tactics to minimize vessel residual value risk due to the short-term nature of the contracts.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
Bareboat Charters
Pursuant to a bareboat charter, the Company charters a vessel to a customer for a fixed period of time, generally one year or more, at rates that are generally fixed. However, the customer is responsible for operation and maintenance of the vessel with its own crew as well as any expenses that are unique to a particular voyage, including any fuel expenses, port fees, cargo loading and unloading expenses, canal tolls, agency fees and commissions. If the vessel goes off-hire due to a mechanical issue or any other reason, the monthly hire received by the vessel owner is normally not impacted by such events. The performance obligations within a bareboat charter, which will include the lease of the vessel to the charterer, are satisfied over the duration of such contract, as measured using the time that has elapsed from commencement of the lease. Hire is typically invoiced monthly in advance for bareboat charters, based on a fixed daily hire amount.

FPSO Contracts
Pursuant to an FPSO contract, the Company charters an FPSO unit to a customer for a period of time, generally more than one year. The performance obligations within an FPSO contract, which include the lease of the FPSO unit to the charterer as well as the operation of the FPSO unit, are satisfied as services are rendered over the duration of such contract, as measured using the time that has elapsed from commencement of performance. Hire is typically invoiced monthly in arrears, based on a fixed daily hire amount. In certain FPSO contracts, the Company is entitled to a lump sum amount due upon commencement of the contract and may also be entitled to termination fees if the contract is canceled early. While the fixed daily hire amount may be the same over the term of the FPSO contract, in some FPSO contracts, the fixed daily hire amount may increase or decrease over the duration of the FPSO contract. As a result of the Company accounting for compensation from such charters on a straight-line basis over the duration of the charter, FPSO contracts where revenue is recognized before the Company is entitled to such amounts under the FPSO contracts will result in the Company recognizing a contract asset and FPSO contracts where revenue is recognized after the Company is entitled to such amounts under the FPSO contracts will result in the Company recognizing deferred revenue.

Certain sources of consideration variability exist within FPSO contracts. Those include penalties, such as those that relate to periods where production on the FPSO unit is interrupted. In addition, certain FPSO contracts may contain provisions that allow the Company to be compensated for increases in the Company’s costs to operate the unit during the term of the contract. Such provisions may be in the form of annual hire rate adjustments for changes in inflation indices or in the form of cost reimbursements for vessel operating expenditures incurred. Finally, the Company may earn additional compensation from monthly production tariffs, which are based on the volume of oil produced, the price of oil, as well as other monthly or annual operational performance measures. Variable consideration of the Company's contracts is typically recognized as incurred as either such revenue is allocated and accounted for under lease accounting requirements or alternatively such consideration is allocated to distinct periods under a contract during which such variable consideration was incurred. Since June 2020, the Company no longer earns variable or tariff revenues from its FPSO contracts.

The Company does not engage in any specific tactics to minimize residual value risk. Given the uncertainty involved in oil field production estimates and the result impact on oil field life, FPSO contracts typically will include extension options or options to terminate early.

Management Fees and Other
The Company also generates revenue from the management and operation of vessels owned by third parties and by equity-accounted investments as well as providing corporate management services to such entities. Such services may include the arrangement of third-party goods and services for the vessel’s owner. The performance obligations within these contracts will typically consist of crewing, technical management, insurance and potentially commercial management. The performance obligations are satisfied concurrently and consecutively rendered over the duration of the management contract, as measured using the time that has elapsed from commencement of performance. Consideration for such contracts will generally consist of a fixed monthly management fee, plus the reimbursement of crewing costs for vessels being managed. Management fees are typically invoiced monthly.

Revenue Table
The following tables contain the Company’s total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, by contract type, by segment and by business line within segments.
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Teekay LNG Liquefied Gas Carriers Teekay LNG Conventional Tankers Teekay Tankers Conventional Tankers Teekay Parent Offshore Production Teekay Parent Other Eliminations and Other Total
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
Time charters 543,408  —  127,598  —  17,152  —  688,158 
Voyage charters 38,687  —  741,804  —  —  —  780,491 
FPSO contracts
—  —  —  108,952  —  —  108,952 
Management fees and other
9,008  —  17,032  —  212,031  —  238,071 
591,103  —  886,434  108,952  229,183  —  1,815,672 
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Teekay LNG Liquefied Gas Carriers Teekay LNG Conven-tional Tankers Teekay Tankers Conventional Tankers Teekay Parent Offshore Production Teekay Parent Other Eliminations and Other Total
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
Time charters 533,294  6,742  17,495  —  33,961  (11,562) 579,930 
Voyage charters 36,351  —  881,603  —  —  —  917,954 
Bareboat charters 18,387  —  —  —  —  —  18,387 
FPSO contracts
—  —  —  210,816  —  —  210,816 
Management fees and other
6,482  —  44,819  —  169,029  (2,026) 218,304 
594,514  6,742  943,917  210,816  202,990  (13,588) 1,945,391 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Teekay LNG Liquefied Gas Carriers Teekay LNG Conven-tional Tankers Teekay Tankers Conventional Tankers Teekay Parent Offshore Production Teekay Parent Other Eliminations and Other Total
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
Time charters 420,262  17,405  59,976  —  33,737  (9,418) 521,962 
Voyage charters 23,922  14,591  671,928  —  —  —  710,441 
Bareboat charters 23,820  —  —  —  —  729  24,549 
FPSO contracts
—  —  —  261,736  —  —  261,736 
Management fees and other
10,435  327  44,589  —  156,186  (1,737) 209,800 
478,439  32,323  776,493  261,736  189,923  (10,426) 1,728,488 


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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
The following table contains the Company's total revenue by those contracts or components of contracts accounted for as leases and by those contracts or components not accounted for as leases for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:
Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
$
$
$
Lease revenue
Lease revenue from lease payments of operating leases 1,450,742  1,554,883  1,322,259 
Interest income on lease receivables 51,378  51,676  41,963 
Variable lease payments – cost reimbursements (1)
49,099  50,024  39,233 
Variable lease payments – other (2)
5,218  48,813  96,679 
1,556,437  1,705,396  1,500,134 
Non-lease revenue
Non-lease revenue – related to sales-type or direct financing leases
21,164  21,691  18,554 
Management fees and other income 238,071  218,304  209,800 
259,235  239,995  228,354 
Total 1,815,672  1,945,391  1,728,488 
(1)Reimbursement for vessel operating expenditures and dry-docking expenditures received from the Company's customers relating to such costs incurred by the Company to operate the vessel for the customer.
(2)Compensation from time charter contracts based on spot market rates in excess of a base daily hire amount, production tariffs based on the volume of oil produced, the price of oil, and other monthly or annual operational performance measures.

Operating Leases
As at December 31, 2020, the minimum scheduled future rentals to be received by the Company in each of the next five years for the lease and non-lease elements related to time charters, bareboat charters and FPSO contracts that were accounted for as operating leases were approximately $573.8 million (2021), $440.0 million (2022), $333.5 million (2023), $259.3 million (2024) and $196.3 million (2025).

Minimum scheduled future revenues should not be construed to reflect total charter hire revenues for any of the years. Minimum scheduled future revenues do not include revenue generated from new contracts entered into after December 31, 2020, revenue from unexercised option periods of contracts that existed on December 31, 2020, revenue from vessels in the Company’s equity-accounted investments, or variable or contingent revenues. In addition, minimum scheduled future operating lease revenues presented in this paragraph have been reduced by estimated off-hire time for any periodic maintenance and do not reflect the impact of revenue sharing arrangements whereby time-charter revenues are shared with other revenue sharing arrangement participants. The amounts may vary given unscheduled future events such as vessel maintenance.

The net carrying amount of the vessels employed on time charter contracts, bareboat charter contracts and FPSO contracts that have been accounted for as operating leases at December 31, 2020, was $3.2 billion (2019 – $3.1 billion, 2018 – $3.4 billion). At December 31, 2020, the cost and accumulated depreciation of such vessels were $4.2 billion (2019 – $3.9 billion, 2018 – $4.3 billion) and $1.0 billion (2019 – $0.8 billion, 2018 – $0.8 billion), respectively.

Net Investment in Direct Financing Leases and Sales-Type Leases
On March 27, 2020, the Company entered into a bareboat charter with Britoil Limited (or BP), a subsidiary of BP p.l.c., for the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO for a period up to December 2030. BP may cancel the charter on six-months' notice. Under the terms of this charter, Teekay received a cash payment of approximately $67 million in April 2020 and will receive a nominal per day rate over the life of the contract and a lump sum payment at the end of the contract period, which is expected to cover the costs of recycling the FPSO unit in accordance with EU ship recycling regulations. The charter was classified and accounted for as a sales-type lease. Consequently, the Company recognized a net investment in sales-type lease of $81.9 million and an asset retirement obligation of $6.1 million, derecognized the carrying value of the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO and related customer contract, and recognized a gain of $44.9 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020, which is reflected in gain on commencement of sales-type leases on the Company's consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2020. As at December 31, 2020, the net investment in sales-type lease was $14.8 million, with the majority of the reduction relating to the cash payment of $67 million received in April 2020.

Teekay LNG owns a 70% ownership interest in Teekay BLT Corporation (or the Teekay Tangguh Joint Venture), which is a party to operating leases whereby the Teekay Tangguh Joint Venture leases two LNG carriers (or the Tangguh LNG Carriers) to a third party, which in turn leases the vessels back to the joint venture. The time charters for the two Tangguh LNG carriers are accounted for as direct financing leases. The Tangguh LNG Carriers commenced their time charters with their charterers in 2009.

In addition, the 21-year charter contract for the Bahrain Spirit floating storage unit (or FSU) commenced in September 2018 and is accounted for as a direct finance lease.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
In 2013, Teekay LNG acquired two LNG carriers, the WilPride and WilForce, from Norway-based Awilco LNG ASA (or Awilco) and chartered them back to Awilco on five- and four-year fixed-rate bareboat charter contracts, respectively, with Awilco holding fixed-price purchase obligations at the end of the charter contracts. These charter contracts were subsequently extended to February 2020, with the ownership of both vessels transferring to Awilco at the end of this extension. In addition, in October 2019, Awilco obtained credit approval for a financing facility that would provide the funds necessary for Awilco to fulfill its purchase obligation of the two LNG carriers. As a result, both vessels were derecognized and sales-type lease receivables were recognized based on the remaining amounts owing to Teekay LNG, including the purchase obligations. Teekay LNG recognized a gain of $14.3 million upon derecognition of the vessels for the year ended December 31, 2019, which was included in write-down and loss on sale of vessels in the Company's consolidated statements of loss (see Note 18). In January 2020, Awilco purchased both carriers from Teekay LNG and paid Teekay LNG the associated purchase obligation, deferred hire amounts and interest on deferred hire amounts, totaling $260.4 million relating to these two vessels.

The following table lists the components of the net investments in direct financing leases and sales-type leases:
December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
$
$
Total minimum lease payments to be received 780,360  1,115,968 
Estimated unguaranteed residual value of leased properties 292,277  284,277 
Initial direct costs and other 264  296 
Less unearned revenue (513,182) (581,732)
Total net investments in direct financing and sales-type leases 559,719  818,809 
Less credit loss provision (31,078) — 
Total net investments in direct financing and sales-type leases, net 528,641  818,809 
Less current portion (14,826) (273,986)
Net investments in direct financing and sales-type leases, net 513,815  544,823 
As at December 31, 2020, estimated minimum lease payments to be received by the Company related to its direct financing leases and sales-type leases in each of the next five succeeding fiscal years were approximately $64.6 million (2021), $64.6 million (2022), $64.4 million (2023), $64.7 million (2024), $75.9 million (2025) and an aggregate of $446.3 million thereafter. The leases are scheduled to end between 2028 and 2039.

Contract Liabilities

The Company enters into certain customer contracts that result in situations where the customer will pay consideration upfront for performance to be provided in the following month or months. These receipts are contract liabilities and are presented as deferred revenue until performance is provided. As at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were contract liabilities of $30.7 million and $32.4 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company recognized $32.4 million and $26.4 million, respectively, of revenue that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the respective periods.
3. Segment Reporting
The Company allocates capital and assesses performance from the separate perspectives of its two publicly-traded subsidiaries Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers (together, the Daughter Entities), and Teekay and its remaining subsidiaries (or Teekay Parent), as well as from the perspective of the Company's lines of business. The primary focus of the Company’s organizational structure, internal reporting and allocation of resources by the chief operating decision maker is on the Daughter Entities and Teekay Parent (the Legal Entity approach), and its segments are presented accordingly on this basis. The Company has three primary lines of business: (1) offshore production (FPSO units), (2) LNG and LPG carriers, and (3) conventional tankers. The Company manages these businesses for the benefit of all stakeholders. The Company incorporates the primary lines of business within its segments, as in certain cases there is more than one line of business in each Daughter Entity and the Company believes this information allows a better understanding of the Company’s performance and prospects for future net cash flows.
Subsequent to September 25, 2017 and prior to May 8, 2019, Teekay owned a 13.8% interest in the common units of Altera and a 49% interest in the general partner of Altera, and accounted for its interest in Altera using the equity method and presented such interest as a separate segment. On May 8, 2019, Teekay sold to Brookfield Business Partners L.P. (or Brookfield) all of the Company's remaining interests in Altera, which included the Company’s 49% general partner interest, common units, warrants, and an outstanding $25 million loan from the Company to Altera (or the 2019 Brookfield Transaction).
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
The following table includes the Company’s revenues and income (loss) from vessel operations by segment for the periods presented in these financial statements:
Revenues (1)
Income (loss) from Vessel Operations (2)
Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018
$ $ $ $ $ $
Teekay LNG
Liquefied Gas Carriers 591,103  594,514  478,439  226,093  300,520  169,918 
Conventional Tankers —  6,742  32,323  —  (1,267) (21,319)
591,103  601,256  510,762  226,093  299,253  148,599 
Teekay Tankers
Conventional Tankers 886,434  943,917  776,493  141,572  123,883  7,204 
Teekay Parent
Offshore Production 108,952  210,816  261,736  (38,054) (208,167) 22,958 
Other 229,183  202,990  189,923  (15,032) (10,927) (14,442)
338,135  413,806  451,659  (53,086) (219,094) 8,516 
Eliminations and other —  (13,588) (10,426) —  —  — 
1,815,672  1,945,391  1,728,488  314,579  204,042  164,319 

(1)The amounts in the table below represent revenue earned by each segment from other segments within the group. Such intersegment revenue for the years ended 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
  2020 2019 2018
$ $ $
Teekay LNG – Liquefied Gas Carriers —  11,562  9,418 
Teekay Tankers – Conventional Tankers —  1,979  1,689 
—  13,541  11,107 
(2)Includes direct general and administrative expenses and indirect general and administrative expenses (allocated to each segment based on estimated use of corporate resources).

The following table presents revenues and percentage of consolidated revenues for customers that accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenues during the periods presented.
Year Ended December 31,
(U.S. dollars in millions) 2020 2019 2018
BP Plc (1)
(2)
$227.6 or 12%
$195.0 or 11%
(1)Teekay LNG Segment — Liquefied Gas Carriers, Teekay Tankers Segment — Conventional Tankers, Teekay Parent Segment — Offshore Production, and Teekay Parent Segment — Conventional Tankers.
(2)Less than 10%.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
The following table includes other income statement items by segment for the periods presented in these financial statements. 
Depreciation and Amortization Write-down and loss on sale
Equity Income (Loss)
Year Ended
December 31,
Year Ended
December 31,
Year Ended
December 31,
2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
Teekay LNG
Liquefied Gas Carriers (129,752) (136,069) (119,108) (51,000) 14,349  (33,000) 72,233  58,819  53,546 
Conventional Tankers —  (696) (5,270) —  (785) (20,863) —  —  — 
(129,752) (136,765) (124,378) (51,000) 13,564  (53,863) 72,233  58,819  53,546 
Teekay Tankers
Conventional Tankers (117,213) (124,002) (118,514) (69,446) (5,544) 170  5,100  2,345  1,220 
Teekay Parent
Offshore Production (14,166) (29,710) (33,271) (70,692) (178,330) —  —  —  15,089 
Conventional Tankers —  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  (510)
Other —  (195) (144) (9,100) —  —  —  127  (1,384)
(14,166) (29,905) (33,415) (79,792) (178,330) —  —  127  13,195 
Altera (1)
—  —  —  —  —  —  —  (75,814) (6,907)
(261,131) (290,672) (276,307) (200,238) (170,310) (53,693) 77,333  (14,523) 61,054 
(1) Prior to its sale in May 2019, the Company accounted for its investment in Altera's general partner and common units using the equity method, and recognized equity losses of $75.8 million and $6.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company wrote-down the investment in Altera by $64.9 million (included in equity loss for the year ended December 31, 2019 in the table above) and recognized a loss on sale of $8.9 million.

A reconciliation of total segment assets to total assets presented in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is as follows:
December 31, 2020
$
December 31, 2019
$
Teekay LNG – Liquefied Gas Carriers 4,647,242  5,249,465 
Teekay Tankers – Conventional Tankers 1,743,013  2,140,652 
Teekay Parent – Offshore Production 30,845  161,096 
Teekay Parent – Other 60,002  80,455 
Cash and cash equivalents 348,785  353,241 
Other assets not allocated 132,425  102,701 
Eliminations (16,400) (14,746)
Consolidated total assets 6,945,912  8,072,864 
 
The following table includes capital expenditures by segment for the periods presented in these financial statements.
December 31, 2020
$
December 31, 2019
$
Teekay LNG – Liquefied Gas Carriers 10,482  96,357 
Teekay LNG – Conventional Tankers —  1,538 
Teekay Tankers – Conventional Tankers 16,025  11,628 
26,507  109,523 

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
4. Equity Financing Transactions of the Daughter Entities
On May 11, 2020, Teekay Parent and Teekay LNG agreed to eliminate all of Teekay LNG’s incentive distribution rights in exchange for the issuance to a subsidiary of Teekay Corporation of 10.75 million newly-issued Teekay LNG common units. Following the completion of this transaction on May 11, 2020, Teekay Parent owns approximately 36 million common units of Teekay LNG and remains the sole owner of its general partner, which together represents an economic interest of approximately 42% in Teekay LNG.

On November 25, 2019, Teekay Tankers effected a one-for-eight reverse stock split of Teekay Tankers' Class A and Class B common shares, which reduced the number of issued and outstanding Class A and B common shares of Teekay Tankers as at December 31, 2019 from approximately 232.0 million and 37.0 million to approximately 29.0 million and 4.6 million, respectively.

In December 2018, Teekay LNG announced that its Board of Directors had authorized a common unit repurchase program for the repurchase of up to $100 million of Teekay LNG's common units. During the years ended December 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, Teekay LNG repurchased 1.4 million, 1.9 million and 0.3 million of its common units for a total cost of $15.3 million, $25.2 million and $3.7 million, respectively, under its common unit repurchase program.
5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
In 2015, Teekay Tankers acquired a ship-to-ship transfer business (previously referred to as SPT and now known as Teekay Marine Solutions or TMS) from a company jointly owned by Teekay Corporation and a Norway-based marine transportation company, I.M. Skaugen SE and recognized goodwill and intangible assets relating to customer relationships at the time of acquisition.

On April 30, 2020, Teekay Tankers completed the sale of the non-US portion of its ship-to-ship support services business, as well as its LNG terminal management business. Following the sale, Teekay Tankers' remaining ship-to-ship support operations were integrated into Teekay Tankers' tanker business. As a result, effective April 30, 2020, Teekay Tankers has one reportable segment. Teekay Tankers’ goodwill and intangible assets for December 31, 2019 have been retroactively adjusted whereby the remaining ship-to-ship support operations amounts have been reallocated from the ship-to-ship transfer segment to the tanker segment. The proportionate share of goodwill of $5.6 million and intangible assets of $6.9 million attributable to the business which was sold was reclassified to assets held for sale as at December 31, 2019.
Goodwill
The carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, for the Company’s reportable segments are as follows:
Teekay LNG – Liquefied Gas Segment
$
Conventional Tanker Segment
$
Total
$
Balance as of December 31, 2020 35,631  2,426  38,057 
Balance as of December 31, 2019 35,631  2,426  38,057 
Intangible Assets
As at December 31, 2020, the Company’s intangible assets consisted of: 
Gross Carrying Amount
$
Accumulated Amortization
$
Net Carrying Amount
$
Customer contracts 179,813  (145,303) 34,510 
Customer relationships 5,706  (3,717) 1,989 
185,519  (149,020) 36,499 

As at December 31, 2019, the Company’s intangible assets consisted of: 
Gross Carrying Amount
$
Accumulated Amortization
$
Net Carrying Amount
$
Customer contracts 192,938  (149,558) 43,380 
Customer relationships 5,706  (3,162) 2,544 
198,644  (152,720) 45,924 

Aggregate amortization expense of intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2020, was $9.4 million (2019 – $11.3 million, 2018 – $15.2 million), including $9.4 million presented in depreciation and amortization (2019 – $11.3 million, 2018 – $12.0 million), and $nil presented in time-charter hire expenses (2019 – $nil, 2018 – $3.2 million) as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 (see Note 1). Amortization of intangible assets following 2020 is expected to be $9.4 million (2021), $8.8 million (2022), $6.6 million (2023), $4.9 million (2024), $1.8 million (2025) and $5.1 million (thereafter).
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
6. Accrued Liabilities and Other Long-Term Liabilities
Accrued Liabilities and Other
December 31, 2020
$
December 31, 2019
$
Accrued liabilities
Voyage, vessel and corporate expenses
140,029  121,937 
Interest
25,337  29,371 
Payroll and related liabilities
37,349  33,494 
Distributions payable and other
6,428  6,487 
Deferred revenues - current 34,461  36,242 
In-process revenue contracts - current —  5,933 
Current portion of derivative liabilities (note 15)
58,186  39,263 
Office lease liability – current (note 1)
1,607  3,627 
Loans from equity-accounted investments 16,689  18,647 
Asset retirement obligation - current 12,000  — 
332,086  295,001 
Other Long-Term Liabilities
December 31, 2020
$
December 31, 2019
$
Deferred revenues and gains (note 2)
23,732  28,612 
Guarantee liabilities 11,818  10,113 
Asset retirement obligation 37,996  31,068 
Pension liabilities 9,172  7,238 
In-process revenue contracts —  11,866 
Derivative liabilities (note 15)
33,566  51,914 
Unrecognized tax benefits (note 21)
70,738  62,958 
Office lease liability – long-term (note 1)
9,396  10,254 
Other 1,689  2,325 
198,107  216,348 

Asset Retirement Obligations

In the first quarter of 2020, CNRI provided formal notice to Teekay of its intention to cease production in June 2020 and decommission the Banff field shortly thereafter. As such, the Company removed the Petrojarl Banff FPSO and Apollo Spirit FSO from the Banff field in the third quarter of 2020 and expects to remove the subsea equipment by June 2023. The Company expects to recycle the FPSO unit, which is currently in lay-up, and the subsea equipment following removal from the field. The Company redelivered the FSO unit to its owner in the third quarter of 2020. During the first half of 2020, the asset retirement obligation for the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit was increased based on changes to cost estimates and the carrying value of the unit was fully written down. As of December 31, 2020, the present value of the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit's estimated asset retirement obligations relating to the remediation of the subsea infrastructure was $42.4 million, of which $12.0 million is recorded in accrued liabilities and $30.4 million recorded in other long-term liabilities. The Company has also recorded $9.3 million in other non-current assets as at December 31, 2020 for the expected recovery of a portion of these costs from the customer upon the completion of the remediation work.

In March 2020, Teekay Parent entered into a new bareboat charter contract with the existing charterer of the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO unit, which can be extended up to December 2030. Under the terms of the new contract, Teekay received a cash payment of $67 million in April 2020 and will receive a nominal per day rate over the life of the contract and a lump sum payment at the end of the contract period, which is expected to cover the costs of recycling the FPSO unit in accordance with the EU ship recycling regulations. As of December 31, 2020, the carrying value of the related lease asset was $14.6 million. As of December 31, 2020, the present value of the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO unit's estimated asset retirement obligation relating to recycling costs was $7.4 million.
7. Short-Term Debt
In November 2018, Teekay Tankers Chartering Pte. Ltd. (or TTCL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Teekay Tankers, entered into a working capital revolving loan facility (or the Working Capital Loan), which initially provided available aggregate borrowings of up to $40.0 million for TTCL, and which had an initial maturity date in May 2019, subject to extension as described below. The maximum available aggregate borrowings were subsequently increased to $80.0 million, effective December 2019. The amount available for drawdown is limited to a percentage of certain receivables and accrued revenue, which is assessed weekly. The next maturity date of the Working Capital Loan is May 2021. The Working Capital Loan maturity date is continually extended for further periods of six months thereafter unless and until the lender gives notice in writing that no further extensions shall occur. Proceeds of the Working Capital Loan are used to provide working capital in relation to certain vessels subject to the RSAs. Interest payments are based on LIBOR plus a margin of 3.5%.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)

The Working Capital Loan is collateralized by the assets of TTCL. The Working Capital Loan requires Teekay Tankers to maintain its paid-in capital contribution under the RSAs and the retained distributions of the RSA counterparties in an amount equal to the greater of (a) an amount equal to the minimum average capital contributed by the RSA counterparties per vessel in respect of the RSA (including cash, bunkers or other working capital contributions and amounts accrued to the RSA counterparties but unpaid) and (b) a minimum capital contribution ranging from $20.0 million to $30.0 million based on the amount borrowed. As at December 31, 2020, $10.0 million (December 31, 2019 – $50.0 million) was owing under this facility, the aggregate available borrowings were $32.0 million (December 31, 2019 - $80.0 million) and the interest rate on the facility was 3.6% (December 31, 2019 – 5.0%). As at December 31, 2020, Teekay Tankers was in compliance with all covenants in respect of this facility.
8. Long-Term Debt
December 31, 2020
$
December 31, 2019
$
Revolving Credit Facilities 285,000  603,132 
Senior Notes (8.5%) due January 15, 2020
—  36,712 
Senior Notes (9.25%) due November 15, 2022
243,395  250,000 
Convertible Senior Notes (5%) due January 15, 2023
112,184  125,000 
Norwegian Krone-denominated Bonds due through September 2025 355,514  347,163 
U.S. Dollar-denominated Term Loans due through 2030 938,280  1,336,437 
Euro-denominated Term Loans due through 2024 152,710  165,376 
Other U.S. Dollar-denominated loan —  3,300 
Total principal 2,087,083  2,867,120 
Less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs (31,976) (39,968)
Total debt 2,055,107  2,827,152 
Less current portion (261,366) (523,312)
Long-term portion 1,793,741  2,303,840 

As of December 31, 2020, the Company had four revolving credit facilities (collectively, the Revolvers) available. The Revolvers, as at such date, provided for aggregate borrowings of up to $921.7 million, of which $636.7 million was undrawn. Interest payments are based on LIBOR plus margins. The margins ranged between 1.40% and 4.25% as at December 31, 2020 and between 1.40% and 3.95% as at December 31, 2019. The aggregate amount available under the Revolvers is scheduled to decrease by $115.8 million (2021), $539.4 million (2022), $65.3 million (2023) and $201.3 million (2024). The Revolvers are collateralized by first-priority mortgages granted on 33 of the Company’s vessels, together with other related security, and include a guarantee from Teekay or its subsidiaries for all but one of the Revolvers' outstanding amounts. Included in other related security are 36.0 million common units in Teekay LNG and 5.0 million Class A common shares in Teekay Tankers to secure a $150 million credit facility.

The Company’s 8.5% senior unsecured notes were due January 15, 2020 with an original aggregate principal amount of $450 million (or the Original Notes). In November 2015, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $200 million of the Company’s 8.5% senior unsecured notes due on January 15, 2020 (or the Additional Notes) at 99.0% of face value, plus accrued interest from July 15, 2015. Prior to 2020, the Company repurchased $613.3 million in aggregate principal amount and in January 2020, the Company repaid all remaining Original Notes and Additional Notes at maturity.

In May 2019, the Company issued $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 9.25% senior secured notes at par due November 2022 (or the 2022 Notes). The 2022 Notes are guaranteed on a senior secured basis by certain of the Company's subsidiaries and are secured by first-priority liens on two of Teekay's FPSO units, a pledge of the equity interests in Teekay's subsidiary that owns all of Teekay's common units of Teekay LNG Partners L.P. and all of Teekay’s Class A common shares of Teekay Tankers Ltd. and a pledge of the equity interests in Teekay's subsidiaries that own Teekay Parent's three FPSO units.

The Company may redeem the 2022 Notes in whole or in part at a redemption price equal to a percentage of the principal amount of the 2022 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date, as follows: 104.625% at any time on or after November 15, 2020, but prior to November 15, 2021; 102.313% at any time on or after November 15, 2021, but prior to August 15, 2022; and 100% at any time on or after August 15, 2022.

On January 26, 2018, Teekay Parent completed a private offering of $125.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5% Convertible Senior Notes due January 15, 2023 (the Convertible Notes). The Convertible Notes are convertible into Teekay’s common stock, initially at a rate of 85.4701 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes. This represents an initial effective conversion price of $11.70 per share of common stock. The initial conversion price represents a premium of 20% to the concurrent common stock offering price of $9.75 per share. On issuance of the Convertible Notes, $104.6 million of the net proceeds was reflected in long-term debt, including unamortized discount, and is being accreted to $125.0 million over its five-year term through interest expense. The remaining amount of the net proceeds of $16.1 million was allocated to the conversion feature and reflected in additional paid-in capital.

During 2020, Teekay Parent commenced repurchasing some of its Convertible Notes and 2022 Notes in the open market. Teekay Parent acquired $12.8 million of the principal of the Convertible Notes for total consideration of $10.5 million and $6.6 million of principal of the 2022 Notes for total consideration of $6.2 million, recognizing a gain of $1.5 million in 2020, included in other loss on the Company's audited consolidated statements of income (loss), in relation to the repurchases.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG has a total of Norwegian Krone (or NOK) 3.1 billion in senior unsecured bonds issued in the Norwegian bond market that mature through 2025. As at December 31, 2020, the total carrying amount of the bonds, which are listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange was $355.5 million (December 31, 2019 – $347.2 million). The interest payments on the bonds are based on NIBOR plus a margin, which ranges from 4.60% to 6.00% as at December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019 - 3.70% to 6.00%). The Company entered into cross currency rate swaps to swap all interest and principal payments of the bonds into U.S. Dollars, with the interest payments fixed at rates ranging from 5.74% to 7.89% (December 31, 2019 - 5.92% to 7.89%) and the transfer of the principal amount fixed at $360.5 million upon maturity in exchange for NOK 3.1 billion (see Note 15).

As of December 31, 2020, the Company had six U.S. Dollar-denominated term loans outstanding, which totaled $938.3 million in aggregate principal amount (December 31, 2019 – $1.3 billion). Interest payments on the term loans are based on LIBOR plus a margin, of which one of the term loans has additional tranches with a weighted average fixed rate of 4.26%. At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the margins ranged between 0.30% and 3.25%. The term loans require payments in quarterly installments commencing three months after first drawdown and five of the term loans have balloon or bullet repayments due at maturity. The term loans are collateralized by first-priority mortgages on 20 (December 31, 2019 – 24) of the Company’s vessels, together with certain other security. In February 2021, one of the term loans, coming due over the next 12 months, was refinanced and as a result, $177.0 million was reclassified from current portion to long-term debt in the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 (see Note 23).

Teekay LNG has two Euro-denominated term loans outstanding, which, as at December 31, 2020, totaled 125.0 million Euros ($152.7 million) (December 31, 2019 – 147.5 million Euros ($165.4 million)). Teekay LNG is servicing the loans with funds generated from two Euro-denominated, long-term time-charter contracts. Interest payments for one of the term loans are based on the Euro Interbank Offered Rate (or EURIBOR) plus a margin. Interest payments on the remaining term loan are based on EURIBOR where EURIBOR is limited to zero or above zero values, plus a margin. At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the margins ranged between 0.60% and 1.95%. The Euro-denominated term loans reduce in monthly and semi-annual payments with varying maturities through 2024, are collateralized by first-priority mortgages on two of Teekay LNG’s vessels, together with certain other security, and are guaranteed by Teekay LNG and one of its subsidiaries.

Both Euro-denominated term loans and NOK-denominated bonds are revalued at the end of each period using the then-prevailing U.S. Dollar exchange rate. Due primarily to the revaluation of the Company’s NOK-denominated bonds, the Company’s Euro-denominated term loans and restricted cash and the change in the valuation of the Company’s cross currency swaps, the Company recognized a foreign exchange loss during 2020 of $20.7 million (2019 – loss of $13.6 million, 2018 – gain of $6.1 million).

The weighted-average interest rate on the Company’s aggregate long-term debt as at December 31, 2020 was 3.8% (December 31, 2019 – 4.6%). This rate does not include the effect of the Company’s interest rate swap agreements (see Note 15).

The aggregate annual long-term debt principal repayments required to be made by the Company subsequent to December 31, 2020, after giving effect to the February 2021 term loan refinancing described above, are $262.3 million (2021), $463.5 million (2022), $392.8 million (2023), $310.9 million (2024), $187.8 million (2025) and $469.8 million (thereafter).

The Company’s long-term debt agreements generally provide for maintenance of minimum consolidated financial covenants and five loan agreements require the maintenance of vessel market value to loan ratios. As at December 31, 2020, these ratios were 405%, 273%, 142%, 215% and 190% compared to their minimum required ratios of 125%, 115%, 120%, 135% and 125%, respectively. The vessel values used in these ratios are the appraised values provided by third parties where available or prepared by the Company based on second-hand sale and purchase market data. Changes in the LNG/LPG carrier and conventional tanker markets could affect the Company's compliance with these ratios.

Certain loan agreements require Teekay LNG to maintain a minimum level of tangible net worth, and minimum liquidity (cash, cash equivalents and undrawn committed revolving credit lines with at least six months to maturity) of $35.0 million, and not to exceed a maximum level of financial leverage. Certain loan agreements require Teekay Tankers to maintain minimum liquidity (cash, cash equivalents and undrawn committed revolving credit lines with at least six months to maturity) of the greater of $35.0 million and at least 5.0% of Teekay Tankers' total consolidated debt and obligations related to finance leases.

As at December 31, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under its credit facilities and other long-term debt.
9. Operating Leases
The Company charters-in vessels from other vessel owners on time-charter-in and bareboat charter contracts, whereby the vessel owner provides use of the vessel to the Company, and, in the case of time-charter-in contracts, also operates the vessel for the Company. A time-charter-in contract is typically for a fixed period of time, although in certain cases the Company may have the option to extend the charter. The Company typically pays the owner a daily hire rate that is fixed over the duration of the charter. The Company is generally not required to pay the daily hire rate for time charters during periods the vessel is not able to operate.

On March 27, 2020, concurrently with the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO transaction with BP described in Note 2, the Company sold its subsidiary Golar-Nor (UK) Limited (or Golar-Nor) to Altera for a nominal amount plus outstanding working capital. Golar-Nor was in-chartering the Petroatlantic and Petronordic shuttle tankers. This transaction resulted in the Company derecognizing right-of-use assets and lease liabilities totaling $50.7 million and $50.7 million, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company incurred $73.8 million of time-charter and bareboat hire expenses related to time-charter-in and bareboat charter contracts with an original term of more than one year, of which $48.5 million was allocable to the lease component and $25.3 million was allocable to the non-lease component. The amounts allocable to the lease component approximate the cash paid for the amounts included in lease liabilities and are reflected as a reduction in operating cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020. Three of Teekay Tankers' time-charter-in contracts each have an option to extend the charter for an additional one-year term. Since it is not reasonably certain that Teekay Tankers will exercise the options, the lease components of the options are not recognized as part of the right-of-use assets and lease
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
liabilities. As at December 31, 2020, the weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate for these time-charter-in and bareboat charter contracts were 2.4 years and 5.6%, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company incurred $6.3 million of time-charter hire expense related to time-charter-in contracts with an original term of one year or less.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, Teekay Tankers chartered-in one lightering support vessel for a period of 24 months, which resulted in the Company recognizing right-of-use assets and lease liabilities totaling $0.8 million and $0.8 million, respectively. In December 2020, Teekay Tankers entered into a time charter-in contract for one Aframax tanker newbuilding for a period of seven years, with three additional one-year extension options, which is expected to be delivered to Teekay Tankers in the fourth quarter of 2022. The Company expects to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability upon delivery of the vessel.

A maturity analysis of the Company’s operating lease liabilities from time-charter-in and bareboat charter contracts (excluding short-term leases) at December 31, 2020 is as follows:
Lease Commitment
Non-Lease Commitment
Total Commitment
$
$
$
Payments
2021 27,641  13,290  40,931 
2022 16,378  5,444  21,822 
2023 9,227  —  9,227 
2024 5,713  —  5,713 
2025 —  —  — 
Thereafter —  —  — 
Total payments 58,959  18,734  77,693 
Less: imputed interest (4,669)
Carrying value of operating lease liabilities 54,290 
Less current portion (25,108)
Carrying value of long-term operating lease liabilities 29,182 

As at December 31, 2020, the total minimum commitments to be incurred by the Company under time-charter-in contracts were approximately $43.2 million (2021), $23.6 million (2022), $16.0 million (2023), $12.5 million (2024), $6.8 million (2025), and $25.0 million (thereafter), including one Aframax tanker newbuilding expected to be delivered to the Company in the fourth quarter of 2022 to commence a seven-year time charter-in contract.
10. Obligations Related to Finance Leases
December 31, 2020
$
December 31, 2019
$
Teekay LNG
LNG Carriers 1,340,922  1,410,904 
Teekay Tankers
Conventional Tankers 360,043  414,788 
Total obligations related to finance leases 1,700,965  1,825,692 
Less current portion (150,408) (95,339)
Long-term obligations related to finance leases 1,550,557  1,730,353 

Teekay LNG

As at December 31, 2020 and 2019, Teekay LNG was a party to finance leases on nine LNG carriers. These nine LNG carriers were sold by Teekay LNG to third parties (or Lessors) and leased them back under 7.5- to 15-year bareboat charter contracts ending in 2026 through to 2034. At the inception of these leases, the weighted-average interest rate implicit in these leases was 5.1%. The bareboat charter contracts are presented as obligations related to finance leases on the Company's consolidated balance sheets and have purchase obligations at the end of the lease terms.

Teekay LNG consolidates seven of the nine Lessors for financial reporting purposes as VIEs. Teekay LNG understands that these vessels and lease operations are the only assets and operations of the Lessors. Teekay LNG operates the vessels during the lease term and as a result, is considered to be, under GAAP, the Lessors' primary beneficiary. The sale and leaseback of two of Teekay LNG's vessels are accounted for as failed sales. Teekay LNG is not considered as holding a variable interest in these buyer Lessor entities and thus, does not consolidate these entities (see Note 1).

The liabilities of the seven Lessors considered as VIEs are loans and are non-recourse to Teekay LNG. The amounts funded to the seven Lessors in order to purchase the vessels materially match the funding to be paid by Teekay LNG's subsidiaries under the sale-leaseback transactions. As a
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
result, the amounts due by Teekay LNG's subsidiaries to the seven Lessors considered as VIEs have been included in obligations related to finance leases as representing the Lessors' loans.

During September 2019, Teekay LNG refinanced the Torben Spirit by acquiring the Torben Spirit from its original Lessor and then selling the vessel to another Lessor and leasing it back for a period of 7.5 years. Teekay LNG is required to purchase the vessel at the end of the lease term. As a result of this refinancing transaction, Teekay LNG recognized a loss of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 on the extinguishment of the original finance lease, which was included in other loss in the consolidated statements of income (loss).

The obligations of Teekay LNG under the bareboat charter contracts for the nine LNG carriers are guaranteed by Teekay LNG. In addition, the guarantee agreements require Teekay LNG to maintain minimum levels of tangible net worth and aggregate liquidity, and not to exceed a maximum amount of leverage. As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG was in compliance with all covenants in respect of the obligations related to its finance leases.

As at December 31, 2020, the remaining commitments related to the finance leases of these nine LNG carriers, including the amounts to be paid for the related purchase obligations, approximated $1.7 billion, including imputed interest of $400.5 million, repayable from 2021 through 2034, as indicated below:
Commitments
December 31, 2020
Year $
2021 138,601
2022 136,959
2023 135,459
2024 132,011
2025 129,725
Thereafter 1,068,641

Teekay Tankers

From 2017 to 2019, Teekay Tankers completed sale-leaseback financing transactions with financial institutions relating to 16 of Teekay Tankers' vessels. Under these arrangements, Teekay Tankers transferred the vessels to subsidiaries of the financial institutions (collectively, the Lessors), and leased the vessels back from the Lessors on bareboat charters ranging from 9- to 12-year terms. Teekay Tankers is obligated to purchase eight of the vessels upon maturity of their respective bareboat charters. Teekay Tankers also has the option to purchase each of the 16 vessels at various times starting between July 2020 and November 2021 until the end of their respective lease terms. In October 2020, Teekay Tankers completed the purchases of two of these vessels for a total cost of $29.6 million.

As at December 31, 2020, Teekay Tankers consolidates 12 of the remaining 14 Lessors for financial reporting purposes as VIEs. Teekay Tankers understands that these vessels and lease operations are the only assets and operations of the Lessors. Teekay Tankers operates the vessels during the lease terms, and as a result, is considered to be the Lessor's primary beneficiary.

The liabilities of the 12 Lessors are loans that are non-recourse to Teekay Tankers. The amounts funded to the 12 Lessors in order to purchase the vessels materially match the funding to be paid by Teekay Tankers' subsidiaries under these lease-back transactions. As a result, the amounts due by Teekay Tankers' subsidiaries to the 12 Lessors considered as VIEs have been included in obligations related to finance leases as representing the Lessors' loans.

Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019, sale and leaseback transactions where the lessee has a purchase obligation are treated as a failed sale. Consequently, the sale-leaseback of the Aspen Spirit and Cascade Spirit during the second quarter of 2019 is accounted for as a failed sale and Teekay Tankers has not derecognized the assets and continues to depreciate the assets as if it was the legal owner. Proceeds received from the sale are set up as an obligation related to finance lease and bareboat charter hire payments made by Teekay Tankers to the Lessor are allocated between interest expense and principal repayments on the obligation related to finance lease.

The bareboat charters related to each of these vessels require that Teekay Tankers maintain minimum liquidity (cash, cash equivalents and undrawn committed revolving credit lines with at least six months to maturity) of the greater of $35.0 million and at least 5.0% of Teekay Tankers' consolidated debt and obligations related to finance leases.

Six bareboat charters were entered into by Teekay Tankers with subsidiaries of a financial institution in July 2017 and November 2018. Four of these bareboat charters, entered into in July 2017, require Teekay Tankers to maintain, for each vessel, a hull coverage ratio of 90% of the total outstanding principal balance during the first three years of the lease period and 100% of the total outstanding principal balance thereafter. As at December 31, 2020, these ratios ranged from 121% to 143% (December 31, 2019 – ranged from 110% to 132%). The remaining two of these bareboat charters, entered into in November 2018, require the Company to maintain, for each vessel, a minimum hull coverage ratio of 100% of the total outstanding principal balance. As at December 31, 2020, these ratios ranged from 145% to 156% (2019 - ranged from 140% to 144%). Should any of these ratios drop below the required amount, the Lessor may request that the Company prepay additional charter hire.
Eight bareboat charters were entered into with subsidiaries of a financial institution in September 2018 and May 2019. Six of these bareboat charters, entered into in September 2018, require Teekay Tankers to maintain, for each vessel, a hull coverage ratio of 75% of the total outstanding principal balance during the first year of the lease period, 78% for the second year, 80% for the following two years and 90% of the total outstanding principal balance thereafter. As at December 31, 2020, these ratios ranged from 80% to 88% (December 31, 2019 – ranged from 106% to 123%).

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
The remaining two of these bareboat charters, entered into in May 2019, require Teekay Tankers to maintain, for each vessel, a minimum hull coverage ratio of 75% of the total outstanding principal balance during the first year of the lease period, 78% for the second year, 80% for the following two years and 90% of the total outstanding principal balance thereafter. As at December 31, 2020, this ratio was approximately 81% (December 31, 2019 – 109%). Should any of these ratios drop below the required amount, and Teekay Tankers is unable to cure any such breach within the prescribed cure period, Teekay Tankers' obligations may become immediately due and payable at the election of the relevant lessor. In certain circumstances, this could lead to cross-defaults under our other financing agreements, which in turn could result in obligations becoming due and commitments being terminated under such agreements. In November 2020, Teekay Tankers declared purchase options to acquire two of these vessels for a total cost of $56.7 million with an expected completion date of May 2021 and, in March 2021, Teekay Tankers declared purchase options to acquire the remaining six vessels for a total cost of $128.8 million with an expected completion date of September 2021 (see Note 23).
Such requirements are assessed annually with reference to vessel valuations compiled by one or more agreed upon third parties. As at December 31, 2020, Teekay Tankers was in compliance with all covenants in respect of the obligations related to finance leases.

The weighted average interest rate on Teekay Tankers’ obligations related to finance leases as at December 31, 2020 was 7.8% (December 31, 2019 – 7.6%).

As at December 31, 2020, Teekay Tankers' total remaining commitments (including vessel purchase options declared as of that date) related to financial liabilities of these vessels were approximately $480.9 million (December 31, 2019 – $601.7 million), including imputed interest of $120.9 million (December 31, 2019 – $186.9 million), repayable from 2021 through 2030, as indicated below:
Commitments
December 31, 2020
Year $
2021 103,033
2022 43,552
2023 43,545
2024 43,656
2025 43,528
Thereafter 203,630
11. Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments
a) Fair Value Measurements

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments and other non-financial assets.

Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash – The fair value of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash approximates their carrying amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Vessels and equipment and assets held for sale – The estimated fair value of the Company’s vessels and equipment and assets held for sale was determined based on discounted cash flows, appraised values and contractual sales prices. In cases where an active second-hand sale and purchase market does not exist, the Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of an impaired vessel. In cases where an active second-hand sale and purchase market exists, an appraised value is generally the amount the Company would expect to receive if it were to sell the vessel. Such appraisal is normally completed by the Company. Other assets held for sale include working capital balances and the fair value of such amounts generally approximate their carrying value.

Long-term debt – The fair value of the Company’s fixed-rate and variable-rate long-term debt is either based on quoted market prices or estimated by the Company using discounted cash flow analyses, based on rates currently available for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities and the current credit worthiness of the Company. Alternatively, if the fixed-rate and variable-rate long-term debt is held for sale the fair value is based on the estimated sales price.

Long-term obligation related to finance leases – The fair value of the Company's long-term obligation related to finance leases is estimated by the Company using discounted cash flow analyses, based on rates currently available for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities and the current credit worthiness of the Company.

Derivative instruments – The fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments is the estimated amount that the Company would receive or pay to terminate the agreements at the reporting date, taking into account, as applicable, fixed interest rates on interest rate swaps, current interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and the current credit worthiness of both the Company and the derivative counterparties. The estimated amount is the present value of future cash flows. The Company transacts all of its derivative instruments through investment-grade rated financial institutions at the time of the transaction and requires no collateral from these institutions. Given the current volatility in the credit markets, it is reasonably possible that the amounts recorded as derivative assets and liabilities could vary by material amounts in the near term.

The Company categorizes its fair value estimates using a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to measure fair value. The fair value hierarchy has three levels based on the reliability of the inputs used to determine fair value as follows:

Level 1.Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;
Level 2.Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and
Level 3.Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)

The following table includes the estimated fair value and carrying value of those assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis, as well as the estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments that are not accounted for at a fair value on a recurring basis.
December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Fair Value
Hierarchy
Level
Carrying
Amount
Asset (Liability)
$
Fair
Value
Asset (Liability)
$
Carrying
Amount
Asset (Liability)
$
Fair
Value
Asset (Liability)
$
Recurring
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Level 1 405,890  405,890  454,867  454,867 
 Derivative instruments (note 15)
Interest rate swap agreements – assets (1)
Level 2 —  —  3,099  3,099 
Interest rate swap agreements – liabilities (1)
Level 2 (77,873) (77,873) (52,453) (52,453)
Cross currency interest swap agreements – assets (1)
Level 2 4,505  4,505  —  — 
Cross currency interest swap agreements – liabilities (1)
Level 2 (20,022) (20,022) (42,104) (42,104)
Foreign currency contracts Level 2 —  —  (202) (202)
Freight forward agreements Level 2 —  —  (86) (86)
Non-recurring
Vessels and equipment (3) (4) (note 18)
Level 2 99,967  99,967  —  — 
Assets held for sale (note 18)
Level 2 31,680  31,680  37,240  37,240 
Operating lease right-of-use assets (note 18)
Level 2 1,799  1,799  —  — 
Other (2)
Short-term debt (note 7)
Level 2 (10,000) (10,000) (50,000) (50,000)
Long-term debt – public (note 8)
Level 1 (587,913) (597,281) (619,794) (655,977)
Long-term debt – non-public (note 8)
Level 2 (1,467,194) (1,481,093) (2,207,358) (2,180,440)
Obligations related to finance leases, including current portion
(note 10)
Level 2 (1,700,965) (1,868,667) (1,825,692) (1,877,558)
(1)The fair value of the Company’s interest rate swap and cross currency swap agreements at December 31, 2020 includes $6.1 million (December 31, 2019 – $3.4 million) accrued interest expense which is recorded in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
(2)In the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s loans to and investments in equity-accounted investments form the aggregate carrying value of the Company’s interests in entities accounted for by the equity method. The fair value of the individual components of such aggregate interests is not determinable.
(3)In December 2020, the carrying values of four Aframax tankers were written down to their estimated fair values, using appraised values. See Note 18.
(4)In December 2020, the carrying value of four LNG multi-gas carriers were written down to their estimated fair values. See Note 18.

b) Credit Losses

The Company's exposure to potential credit losses within the scope of ASC 2016-13 includes Teekay Parent's one sales-type lease (the Foinaven FPSO – see Note 2) and Teekay LNG's three direct financing leases, three of its loans to equity-accounted joint ventures and its guarantees of its proportionate share of secured loan facilities.

In addition, Teekay LNG's exposure to potential credit losses within its equity-accounted joint ventures under ASC 2016-13 primarily includes direct financing and sales-types leases for 18 LNG carriers within its 50/50 joint venture with China LNG Shipping (Holdings) Limited (or China LNG) (or the Yamal LNG Joint Venture); its joint venture with China LNG, CETS Investment Management (HK) Co. Ltd. and BW Investments Pte. Ltd (or the Pan Union Joint Venture); its 40% ownership interest in Teekay Nakilat (III) Corporation (or the RasGas III Joint Venture); its 33% ownership interest in a joint venture with NYK Energy Transport (or NYK) and Mitsui & Co. Ltd. (or the Angola Joint Venture); and one floating storage unit (or FSU) and an LNG regasification terminal joint venture within Bahrain LNG W.L.L (or the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture). See Note 22.

The following table includes the amortized cost basis of the Company's direct interests in financing receivables and net investment in direct financing leases by class of financing receivables and by period of origination and their associated credit quality.


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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Credit Quality Grade (1)
2020 2018 2016 Prior to 2016 Total
As at December 31, 2020 $ $ $ $ $
Sales-type lease – Teekay Parent
  Foinaven FPSO
Performing 15,472  —  —  —  15,472 
Direct financing leases – Teekay LNG
  Tangguh Hiri and Tangguh Sago Performing —  —  —  332,308  332,308 
  Bahrain Spirit Performing —  211,939  —  —  211,939 
—  211,939  —  332,308  544,247 
Loans to equity-accounted joint ventures
  Exmar LPG Joint Venture Performing —  —  —  42,266  42,266 
  Bahrain LNG Joint Venture Performing —  —  73,375  —  73,375 
Other Performing 991  —  —  —  991 
991  —  73,375  42,266  116,632 
16,463  211,939  73,375  374,574  676,351 

(1)The Company's credit quality grades are based on internal risk credit ratings whereby a credit quality grade of performing is consistent with a low likelihood of loss. The Company assesses the credit quality of its direct financing leases and loan to the Exmar LPG Joint Venture on whether there are no past due payments (30 days late), no concessions granted to the counterparties and whether the Company is aware of any other information that would indicate that there is a material increase of likelihood of loss. The same policy is applied by the equity-accounted joint ventures. The Company assesses the credit quality of its loan to the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture based on whether there are any past due payments from the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture’s primary customer, whether the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture has granted any concessions to its primary customer and whether the Company is aware of any other information that would indicate that there is a material increase of likelihood of loss. As at December 31, 2020, all direct financing and sales-type leases held by Teekay LNG and Teekay LNG's equity-accounted joint ventures had a credit quality grade of performing.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:


Direct financing and sales-type leases (1)
$
Direct financing and sales-type leases and other within equity-accounted joint ventures (1)
$
Loans to equity-accounted joint ventures (2)
$
Guarantees of debt (3)
$
Total
$
As at January 1, 2020 15,055 36,292 3,714 2,139 57,200
Provision for potential credit losses 16,023 18,645 1,012 (59) 35,621
As at December 31, 2020 31,078 54,937 4,726 2,080 92,821

(1)The credit loss provision related to the lease receivable component of the net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases is based on an internal historical loss rate, as adjusted when asset-specific risk characteristics of the existing lease receivables at the reporting date are not consistent with those used to measure the internal historical loss rate and as further adjusted when management expects current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts to differ from the conditions that existed to measure the internal historical loss rate. During the year ended December 31, 2020, two of Teekay LNG's LNG project counterparties maintained investment-grade credit ratings. As such, the internal historical loss rate used to determine the credit loss provision at both January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020 was adjusted downwards to reflect a lower risk profile for these two LNG projects at such dates compared to the average LNG project used to determine the internal historical loss rate. In addition, the internal historical loss rate was adjusted upwards for (a) one LNG project to reflect a lower credit rating for the counterparty, including consideration of the critical infrastructure nature of LNG production, and (b) a second LNG project to reflect a larger potential risk of loss upon potential default as the vessels servicing this project have fewer opportunities for redeployment compared to Teekay LNG's other LNG carriers. The credit loss provision for the residual value component is based on a reversion methodology whereby the current estimated fair value of the vessel as depreciated to the end of the charter contract as compared to the expected carrying value, with such potential gain or loss on maturity being included in the credit loss provision in increasing magnitude on a straight-line basis the closer the contract is to its maturity. Risks related to the net investments in direct financing and sales-type leases consist of risks related to the underlying LNG projects and demand for LNG carriers at the end of the time-charter contracts.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
The changes in credit loss provision of $16.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 was included in other expense and primarily reflects a decline in the estimated charter-free valuations for certain types of Teekay LNG's LNG carriers at the end of their servicing time-charter contract which are accounted for as direct financing and sales-type leases. These estimated future charter-free values are subject to change from period to period based on the underlying LNG shipping market fundamentals. The changes in the credit loss provision for Teekay LNG's consolidated vessels for the year ended December 31, 2020 does not reflect any material changes in expectations of the charterers' ability to make their time-charter hire payments as they come due compared to the beginning of the year.

The changes in credit loss provision of $18.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, relating to the direct financing and sales-type leases and other within Teekay LNG's equity-accounted joint ventures are included in equity income and reflect a decline in the estimated charter-free valuations for certain types of LNG carriers at the end of their time-charter contract which are accounted for as direct financing and sales-type leases for the year ended December 31, 2020, combined with the initial credit loss provision recognition upon commencement of the sales-type lease for the LNG regasification terminal and associated FSU in the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture in January 2020.
(2)The determination of the credit loss provision for such loans is based on their expected duration and on an internal historical loss rate of Teekay LNG and its affiliates, as adjusted when asset-specific risk characteristics of the existing loans at the reporting date are not consistent with those used to measure the internal historical loss rate and as further adjusted when management expects current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts to differ from the conditions that existed to measure the internal historical loss rate. These two loans rank behind secured debt in each equity-accounted joint venture. As such, they are similar to equity in terms of risk. Teekay LNG's 50/50 LPG related joint venture with Exmar NV (or Exmar) (or Exmar LPG Joint Venture) owns and charters-in LPG carriers with a primary focus on mid-size gas carriers. Their vessels trade on the spot market or short-term charters. Adverse changes in the spot market for mid-size LPG carriers, as well as operating costs for such vessels, may impact the ability of the Exmar LPG Joint Venture to repay its loan to Teekay LNG. The Bahrain LNG Joint Venture owns an LNG receiving and regasification terminal in Bahrain. The ability of Bahrain LNG Joint Venture to repay its loan to Teekay LNG is primarily dependent upon the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture’s customer, a company owned by the Kingdom of Bahrain, fulfilling its obligations under the 20-year agreement, as well as the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture’s ability to operate the terminal in accordance with the agreed upon operating criteria.

(3)The determination of the credit loss provision for such guarantees was based on a probability of default and loss given default methodology. In determining the overall estimated loss from default as a percentage of the outstanding guaranteed share of secured loan facilities and finance leases, Teekay LNG considers current and future operational performance of the vessels securing the loan facilities and finance leases and current and future expectations of the proceeds that could be received from the sale of the vessels securing the loan facilities and finance leases in comparison to the outstanding principal amount of the loan facilities and finance leases if Teekay LNG was required to fulfill its obligations under the guarantees.
12. Capital Stock
The authorized capital stock of Teekay at December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, was 25 million shares of Preferred Stock, with a par value of $1 per share, and 725 million shares of Common Stock, with a par value of $0.001 per share. As at December 31, 2020, 101,108,886 shares of Common Stock (2019 – 100,784,422) were issued and outstanding and no shares of Preferred Stock issued.

In December 2020, Teekay filed a continuous offering program (or COP) under which Teekay may issue shares of its common stock, at market prices up to a maximum aggregate amount of $65.0 million. As of the date of filing this Annual Report, no shares of common stock have been issued under this COP.

During 2018, Teekay completed a public offering of 10.0 million common shares priced at $9.75 per share, raising net proceeds of approximately $93.0 million and issued 1.1 million shares of common stock as part of a COP initiated in 2016 generating net proceeds of $10.7 million.

Dividends may be declared and paid out of surplus, but if there is no surplus, dividends may be declared or paid out of the net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and for the preceding fiscal year. Surplus is the excess of the net assets of the Company over the aggregated par value of the issued shares of the Teekay. Subject to preferences that may apply to any shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time, the holders of common stock are entitled to share equally in any dividends that the Board of Directors may declare from time to time out of funds legally available for dividends.
Stock-based compensation
In March 2013, the Company adopted the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (or the 2013 Plan) and suspended the 1995 Stock Option Plan and the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan (collectively referred to as the Plans). As at December 31, 2020, the Company had reserved 5,581,663 (2019 – 5,606,429) shares of Common Stock pursuant to the 2013 Plan, for issuance upon the exercise of options or equity awards granted or to be granted.

During 2020, no stock options were granted by the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company granted options under the 2013 Plan to acquire up to 2,620,582 and 1,048,916 shares of Common Stock, respectively, to certain eligible officers, employees and directors of the Company. The options under the Plans have ten-year terms and vest equally over three years from the grant date. All options outstanding as of December 31, 2020, expire between March 8, 2021 and March 14, 2029, ten years after the date of each respective grant.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, are as follows:
December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
Options
(000’s)
#
Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
$
Options
(000’s)
#
Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
$
Options
(000’s)
#
Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
$
Outstanding – beginning of year 6,066  10.77  3,754  15.54  3,600  22.96 
Granted —  —  2,620  3.98  1,052  8.67 
Exercised —  —  —  —  (2) 9.44 
Forfeited / expired (491) 19.35  (308) 11.07  (896) 37.44 
Outstanding – end of year 5,575  10.02  6,066  10.77  3,754  15.54 
Exercisable – end of year 3,490  13.17  2,565  18.25  1,954  21.35 

A summary of the Company’s non-vested stock option activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, are as follows:
December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
Options
(000’s)
#
Weighted-Average
Grant Date Fair Value
$
Options
(000’s)
#
Weighted-Average
Grant Date Fair Value
$
Options
(000’s)
#
Weighted-Average
Grant Date Fair Value
$
Outstanding non-vested stock options –
beginning of year
3,501  2.26  1,800  4.25  1,379  4.44 
Granted —  —  2,620  1.53  1,052  4.21 
Vested (1,384) 2.64  (807) 4.18  (609) 4.65 
Forfeited (32) 4.71  (112) 3.33  (22) 3.93 
Outstanding non-vested stock options –
end of year
2,085  1.97  3,501  2.26  1,800  4.25 

The weighted average grant date fair value for non-vested options forfeited in 2020 was $0.2 million (2019 – $0.4 million, 2018 – $0.1 million).

As of December 31, 2020, there was $1.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options granted under the Plans. Recognition of this compensation cost over the next three years is expected to be $1.0 million (2021) and $0.2 million (2022). During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, the Company recognized $1.9 million, $3.0 million and $2.8 million, respectively, of compensation cost relating to stock options granted under the Plans. The intrinsic value of options exercised during 2020 was $nil, during 2019 was $nil and during 2018 was $nil.

As at December 31, 2020, the intrinsic value of outstanding and exercisable stock options was $nil (2019 – $3.3 million). As at December 31, 2020, the weighted-average remaining life of options vested and expected to vest was 6.7 years (2019 – 7.3 years).

Further details regarding the Company’s outstanding and exercisable stock options at December 31, 2020 are as follows:
Outstanding Options Exercisable Options
Range of Exercise Prices Options
(000’s)
#
Weighted- Average
Remaining Life
(Years)
Weighted-
Average Exercise Price
$
Options
(000’s)
#
Weighted- Average
Remaining Life
(Years)
Weighted-
Average Exercise Price
$
$0.00 – $4.99
2,590  8.2 3.98  845  8.2 3.98 
$5.00 – $9.99
1,699  6.4 8.98  1,359  6.2 9.05 
$10.00 – $19.99
595  6.2 10.18  595  6.2 10.18 
$20.00 – $59.99
691  2.3 35.09  691  2.3 35.09 
5,575  6.7 10.02  3,490  5.9 13.17 

During 2020, no stock options were granted. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during 2019 and 2018 were $1.53 and $4.21, respectively. The fair value of each option granted was estimated on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following weighted-average assumptions were used in computing the fair value of the options granted: expected volatility of 65.2% in 2019 and 64.8% in 2018; expected life of 5.5 years in 2019 and 5.5 years in 2018; dividend yield of 5.9% in 2019 and 2.5% in 2018; risk-free interest rate of 2.5% in 2019, and 2.6% in 2018; and estimated forfeiture rate of 6.0% in 2019 and 7.4% in 2018. The expected life of the options granted was
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
estimated using the historical exercise behavior of employees. The expected volatility was generally based on historical volatility as calculated using historical data during the five years prior to the grant date.

The Company grants restricted stock units and performance share units to certain eligible officers and employees of the Company. Each restricted stock unit and restricted stock award is equal in value to one share of the Company’s common stock plus reinvested dividends from the grant date to the vesting date. The restricted stock units vest equally over three years from the grant date. Upon vesting, the value of the restricted stock units and restricted stock awards are paid to each grantee in the form of shares.

During 2020, the Company granted 986,314 restricted stock units with a fair value of $3.1 million, to certain of the Company’s employees. During 2020, a total of 480,498 restricted stock units with a market value of $3.0 million vested and that amount, net of withholding taxes, was paid to grantees by issuing 256,780 shares of common stock. During 2019, the Company granted 831,118 restricted stock units with a fair value of $3.3 million, to certain of the Company’s employees. During 2019, a total of 317,283 restricted stock units with a market value of $3.0 million vested and that amount, net of withholding taxes, was paid to grantees by issuing 182,653 shares of common stock. During 2018, the Company granted 625,878 restricted stock units with a fair value of $5.4 million, to certain of the Company’s employees. During 2018, a total of 206,420 restricted stock units with a market value of $2.7 million vested and that amount, net of withholding taxes, was paid to grantees by issuing 118,209 shares of common stock. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded an expense of $5.2 million (2019 – $3.3 million, 2018 – $3.0 million) related to the restricted stock units.

During 2020, the Company also granted 203,468 (2019 – 111,808 and 2018 – 79,869) shares as restricted stock awards with a fair value of $0.6 million (2019 – $0.4 million and 2018 – $0.7 million), based on the quoted market price, to certain of the Company’s directors. The shares of restricted stock are issued when granted.

Share-based Compensation of Subsidiaries

During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, 29,595, 35,419 and 17,498 common units of Teekay LNG, respectively, and 13,125, 19,918 and 21,004 shares of Class A common stock of Teekay Tankers, respectively, with aggregate values of $0.6 million, $0.7 million, and $0.5 million, respectively, were granted and issued to the non-management directors of the general partner of Teekay LNG and the non-management directors of Teekay Tankers as part of their annual compensation for 2020, 2019 and 2018.

Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers grant equity-based compensation awards as incentive-based compensation to certain employees of Teekay’s subsidiaries that provide services to Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers. During 2020, 2019 and 2018, Teekay LNG granted restricted unit awards and Teekay Tankers granted restricted stock-based compensation awards with respect to 243,940, 80,100 and 62,283 units of Teekay LNG and 182,120, 99,064 and 95,330 Class A common shares of Teekay Tankers, respectively, with aggregate grant date fair values of $6.2 million, $2.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively, based on Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers’ closing unit or stock prices on the grant dates.

Each restricted unit or restricted stock unit is equal in value to one of Teekay LNG’s or Teekay Tankers’ common units or common shares plus reinvested distributions or dividends from the grant date to the vesting date. The awards vest equally over three years from the grant date. Any portion of an award that is not vested on the date of a recipient’s termination of service is canceled, unless their termination arises as a result of the recipient’s retirement, in which case the award will continue to vest in accordance with the vesting schedule. Upon vesting, the awards are paid to a substantial majority of the grantees in the form of common units or common shares, net of withholding tax.

During 2020, no stock options were granted by Teekay LNG and Teekay Tankers. During March 2019 and 2018, Teekay Tankers granted 218,223 and 92,041 stock options, respectively, with an exercise price of $8.00 and $9.76 per share that have a ten-year term and vest equally over three years from the grant date to an officer of Teekay Tankers and to certain employees at Teekay that provide services to Teekay Tankers. During March 2019 and 2018, Teekay Tankers also granted 58,843 and 63,012 stock options, respectively, with an exercise price of $8.00 and $9.76 per share that have a ten-year term and vest immediately to non-management directors of Teekay Tankers.
13. Related Party Transactions
The Company provides ship management and corporate services to certain of its equity-accounted joint ventures that own and operate LNG carriers on long-term charters. In addition, the Company is reimbursed for costs incurred by the Company for its seafarers operating these LNG carriers. During the years ended December 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company earned $78.3 million, $68.8 million and $55.2 million, respectively, of fees pursuant to these management agreements and reimbursement of costs.

In September 2018, Teekay LNG entered into an agreement with its 52%-owned joint venture with Marubeni Corporation (or the MALT Joint Venture) to charter in one of the MALT Joint Venture's LNG carriers, the Magellan Spirit, which charter had an original term of two years and was further extended by 21 months to June 2022. Time-charter hire expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $23.6 million (December 31, 2019 – $20.0 million, December 31, 2018 - $7.7 million).

On May 11, 2020, Teekay and Teekay LNG agreed to eliminate all of Teekay LNG's incentive distribution rights, which were held by Teekay GP LLC, in exchange for the issuance to a subsidiary of Teekay Corporation of 10.75 million newly-issued common units of Teekay LNG. The common units were valued at $122.6 million, based on the prevailing unit price at the time of issuance. As a result of the share issuance of Teekay LNG, the Company recorded a decrease to accumulated deficit of $116.6 million and an increase to accumulated other comprehensive loss of $9.0 million with a corresponding decrease in non-controlling interests of $107.6 million. The $116.6 million represents Teekay’s dilution gain from the issuance of new common units by Teekay LNG and is credited directly to equity, and the $9.0 million represents the change in Teekay's interest in Teekay LNG's accumulated other comprehensive loss.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
On May 8, 2019, Teekay sold to Brookfield Business Partners L.P. (or Brookfield) all of the Company’s remaining interests in Altera Infrastructure L.P. (or Altera) (previously known as Teekay Offshore Partners (or Teekay Offshore)), which included the Company’s 49% general partner interest, common units, warrants, and an outstanding $25 million loan from the Company to Altera (described below), for total cash proceeds of $100 million (or the 2019 Brookfield Transaction). Subsequent to the 2019 Brookfield Transaction, Altera is no longer a related party of Teekay (see Note 3).

Subsequent to the deconsolidation of Altera in September 2017 and prior to the 2019 Brookfield Transaction, the Company accounted for its investment in Altera's general partner and common units under the equity method of accounting. Based on the 2019 Brookfield Transaction, the Company remeasured its investment in Altera to fair value at March 31, 2019 based on the Altera publicly-traded unit price at that date, resulting in a write-down of $64.9 million reflected in equity loss on the Company's consolidated statements of loss for the year December 31, 2019. The Company recognized a loss on sale of $8.9 million upon completion of the 2019 Brookfield Transaction in May 2019, reflected in equity loss on the Company's consolidated statements of loss for the year December 31, 2019.

In March 2018, Altera entered into a loan agreement for a $125.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility, of which up to $25.0 million was provided by Teekay and up to $100.0 million was provided by Brookfield. The facility was scheduled to mature in October 2019. Teekay's $25.0 million loan to Altera was among the assets sold by Teekay to Brookfield in the 2019 Brookfield Transaction.

On September 25, 2017, Teekay, Altera and Brookfield completed a strategic partnership (or the 2017 Brookfield Transaction), which resulted in the deconsolidation of Altera as of that date. Until December 31, 2017, Teekay and its wholly-owned subsidiaries directly and indirectly provided substantially all of Altera’s ship management, commercial, technical, strategic, business development and administrative service needs. On January 1, 2018, Altera acquired a 100% ownership interest in seven subsidiaries (or the Transferred Subsidiaries) of Teekay at carrying value. The Company recognized a loss of $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 related to the sale of the Transferred Subsidiaries and the resultant release of accumulated pension losses from accumulated other comprehensive income, which is recorded in loss on deconsolidation of Altera on the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss).

Subsequent to their transfer to Altera, the Transferred Subsidiaries continue to provide ship management, commercial, technical, strategic and administrative services to Teekay, primarily related to Teekay's FPSO units. Teekay and certain of its subsidiaries, other than the Transferred Subsidiaries, continued to provide certain other ship management, commercial, technical, strategic and administrative services to Altera; however,.most of these services are no longer provided as of the end of 2020.

Revenues recognized by the Company for services provided to Altera during the periods that Altera was a related party to the Company for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, were $7.6 million and $21.0 million, respectively, which were recorded in revenues on the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss). Fees paid by the Company to Altera for services provided by Altera to the Company during the period that Altera was a related party to the Company for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were $9.6 million and $25.7 million, respectively, and were recorded in vessel operating expenses and general and administrative expenses on the Company's consolidated statements of income (loss). 

During the period that Altera was a related party to the Company, two shuttle tankers and three FSO units of Altera were employed on long-term time-charter-out or bareboat contracts with subsidiaries of Teekay. Time-charter hire expense paid by the Company to Altera during the periods that Altera was a related party to the Company for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were $20.8 million and $56.3 million, respectively.

14. Other loss
Year Ended
December 31,
2020
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2019
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2018
$
Credit loss provision (Note 11b)
(16,997) —  — 
Gain (loss) on bond repurchases (1) (2)
1,470  (10,601) (1,772)
Loss on lease extinguishment (3)
—  (1,417) — 
Miscellaneous loss (2,535) (2,457) (241)
Other loss (18,062) (14,475) (2,013)
(1)During 2020, the Company repurchased some of its Convertible Notes and 2022 Notes in the open market. The Company acquired $12.8 million of the principal of the Convertible Notes for total consideration of $10.5 million and $6.6 million principal of the 2022 Notes for total consideration of $6.2 million. The Company recognized a gain of $1.5 million in 2020 related to these repurchases (see note 9).
(2)In May 2019, the Company completed a cash tender offer and purchased $460.9 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes and issued $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 9.25% senior secured notes at par due November 2022. The Company recognized a loss of $10.6 million on the purchase of the 2020 Notes for the year ended December 31, 2019.
(3)During September 2019, Teekay LNG refinanced the Torben Spirit by acquiring the Torben Spirit from its original Lessor and then selling the vessel to another Lessor and leasing it back for a period of 7.5 years. As a result of this refinancing transaction, Teekay LNG recognized a loss of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 on the extinguishment of the original finance lease (see Note 11).
..
15. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company uses derivatives to manage certain risks in accordance with its overall risk management policies.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
Foreign Exchange Risk
From time to time the Company economically hedges portions of its forecasted expenditures denominated in foreign currencies with foreign currency forward contracts. As at December 31, 2020, the Company was not committed to any foreign currency forward contracts.

The Company enters into cross currency swaps, and pursuant to these swaps the Company receives the principal amount in NOK on the maturity dates of the swaps, in exchange for payment of a fixed U.S. Dollar amount. In addition, the cross currency swaps exchange a receipt of floating interest in NOK based on NIBOR plus a margin for a payment of U.S. Dollar fixed interest. The purpose of the cross currency swaps is to economically hedge the foreign currency exposure on the payment of interest and principal amounts of the Company’s NOK-denominated bonds due in 2021, 2023 and 2025. In addition, the cross currency swaps economically hedge the interest rate exposure on the NOK bonds due in 2021, 2023 and 2025. The Company has not designated, for accounting purposes, these cross currency swaps as cash flow hedges of its NOK-denominated bonds due in 2021, 2023 and 2025. As at December 31, 2020, the Company was committed to the following cross currency swaps:
Notional Amount NOK Notional Amount USD       Fair Value / Carrying Amount of Asset / (Liability) Remaining
Term (years)
Floating Rate Receivable  
Reference Rate Margin Fixed Rate Payable
1,200,000 146,500  NIBOR 6.00  % 7.72  % (9,051) 0.8
850,000 102,000  NIBOR 4.60  % 7.89  % (10,971) 2.7
1,000,000 112,000  NIBOR 5.15  % 5.74  % 4,505  4.7
(15,517)
Interest Rate Risk
The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements, which exchange a receipt of floating interest for a payment of fixed interest, to reduce the Company’s exposure to interest rate variability on its outstanding floating-rate debt. The Company designates certain of its interest rate swap agreements as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes.

As at December 31, 2020, the Company was committed to the following interest rate swap agreements related to its LIBOR-based debt and EURIBOR-based debt, whereby certain of the Company’s floating-rate debt obligations were swapped with fixed-rate obligations:
Interest
Rate
Index
Principal
Amount
$
Fair Value /
Carrying
Amount of
Asset /
(Liability)
$
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Term
(years)
Fixed
Interest
Rate
(%)
(1)
LIBOR-Based Debt:
U.S. Dollar-denominated interest rate swaps (2)
LIBOR 811,166  (71,714) 3.7 3.0
EURIBOR-Based Debt:
Euro-denominated interest rate swaps EURIBOR 70,708  (6,159) 2.7 3.9
(77,873)
(1)Excludes the margins the Company pays on its variable-rate debt, which, as of December 31, 2020, ranged from 0.3% to 4.25%.
(2)Includes interest rate swaps with the notional amount reducing quarterly or semi-annually. Three interest rate swaps are subject to mandatory early termination in 2021 and 2024, at which time the swaps will be settled based on their fair value. In February 2021, one of the three swaps was terminated.
Stock Purchase Warrants
Prior to the 2019 Brookfield Transaction, Teekay held 15.5 million Brookfield Transaction Warrants and 1,755,000 Series D Warrants of Altera (see Note 13). As part of the 2019 Brookfield Transaction, Teekay sold to Brookfield all of the Company’s remaining interests in Teekay Offshore, which included, among other things, both the Brookfield Transaction Warrants and Series D Warrants.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
Tabular Disclosure
The following table presents the location and fair value amounts of derivative instruments, segregated by type of contract, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Prepaid Expenses and Other
Goodwill, Intangibles and Other Non-Current Assets
Accrued Liabilities and Other (1)
Accrued Liabilities and Other (2)
Other long-term liabilities
As at December 31, 2020
Derivatives designated as a cash flow hedge:
Interest rate swap agreements —  —  (70) (3,162) (9,631)
Derivatives not designated as a cash flow hedge:
Interest rate swap agreements —  —  (5,372) (43,590) (16,048)
Cross currency swap agreements —  4,505  (701) (11,434) (7,887)
—  4,505  (6,143) (58,186) (33,566)
Prepaid Expenses and Other
Goodwill, Intangibles and Other Non-Current Assets
Accrued Liabilities and Other (1)
Accrued Liabilities and Other (2)
Other long-term liabilities
As at December 31, 2019
Derivatives designated as a cash flow hedge:
Interest rate swap agreements —  —  (13) (836) (3,475)
Derivatives not designated as a cash flow hedge:
Foreign currency contracts —  —  —  (202) — 
Interest rate swap agreements 932  1,916  (2,948) (15,478) (29,452)
Cross currency swap agreements —  —  (456) (22,661) (18,987)
Forward freight agreements —  —  —  (86) — 
932  1,916  (3,417) (39,263) (51,914)
(1)Represents accrued interest related to derivative instruments recorded in accrued liabilities and other on the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 6).
(2)Represents the current portion of derivative liabilities recorded in accrued liabilities and other on the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 6).

As at December 31, 2020, the Company had multiple interest rate swaps and cross currency swaps with the same counterparty that are subject to the same master agreements. Each of these master agreements provides for the net settlement of all derivatives subject to that master agreement through a single payment in the event of default or termination of any one derivative. The fair value of these derivatives is presented on a gross basis in the Company’s audited consolidated balance sheets. As at December 31, 2020, these derivatives had an aggregate fair value asset amount of $4.5 million (December 31, 2019 – $3.1 million) and an aggregate fair value liability amount of $73.7 million (December 31, 2019 – $74.3 million). As at December 31, 2020, the Company had $3.8 million on deposit with the relevant counterparties as security for swap liabilities under certain master agreements (December 31, 2019 – $14.3 million). The deposit is presented in restricted cash – current and long-term on the consolidated balance sheets.

For the periods indicated, the following table presents the effective portion of (losses) gains on consolidated interest rate swap agreements designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges (excluding such agreements in equity-accounted investments):
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Amount of Loss Recognized in OCI (effective portion)
Amount of Loss Reclassified from Accumulated OCI to Interest Expense (1)
$ $
(8,481) (2,320)
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Amount of Loss Recognized in OCI (effective portion)
Amount of Loss Reclassified from Accumulated OCI to Interest Expense (1)
$ $
(7,458) 376 
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Amount of Gain Recognized in OCI (effective portion)
Amount of Loss Reclassified from Accumulated OCI to Interest Expense (1)
Amount of Gain Recognized in Interest Expense (ineffective portion)
$ $ $
2,128  (152) 740 
(1)See Note 1 – adoption of ASU 2017-12.

Realized and unrealized (losses) and gains from derivative instruments that are not designated for accounting purposes as cash flow hedges, are recognized in earnings and reported in realized and unrealized losses on non-designated derivatives in the consolidated statements of income (loss). The effect of the (losses) and gains on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments in the consolidated statements of income (loss) are as follows:
Year Ended
December 31, 2020
$
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
$
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
$
Realized (losses) gains relating to:
Interest rate swap agreements (17,483) (8,296) (13,898)
Interest rate swap agreement terminations —  —  (13,681)
Foreign currency forward contracts 138  (147) — 
Stock purchase warrants —  (25,559) — 
Forward freight agreements (1,242) 1,490  137 
(18,587) (32,512) (27,442)
Unrealized (losses) gains relating to:
Interest rate swap agreements (17,558) (7,878) 33,700 
Foreign currency forward contracts 202  (200) — 
Stock purchase warrants —  26,900  (21,053)
Forward Freight Agreements 86  (29) (57)
(17,270) 18,793  12,590 
Total realized and unrealized losses on derivative instruments (35,857) (13,719) (14,852)

Realized and unrealized losses of the cross currency swaps are recognized in earnings and reported in foreign exchange (loss) gain in the consolidated statements of income (loss). The effect of the losses on cross currency swaps on the consolidated statements of income (loss) is as follows:
  Year Ended December 31,
  2020
$
2019
$
2018
$
Realized losses on maturity and/or partial termination of cross currency swaps (33,844) —  (42,271)
Realized losses (6,588) (5,062) (6,533)
Unrealized gains (losses) 26,832  (13,239) 21,240 
Total realized and unrealized losses on cross currency swaps (13,600) (18,301) (27,564)

The Company is exposed to credit loss to the extent the fair value represents an asset in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to the cross currency and interest rate swap agreements; however, the Company does not anticipate non-performance by any of the counterparties. In order to minimize counterparty risk, the Company only enters into derivative transactions with counterparties that are rated A- or better by Standard & Poor’s or A3 or better by Moody’s at the time of the transaction. In addition, to the extent possible and practical, interest rate swaps are entered into with different counterparties to reduce concentration risk.
16. Commitments and Contingencies
a)Vessels Under Construction and Upgrades
Teekay LNG's share of commitments to fund equipment installation and other construction contract costs as at December 31, 2020 are as follows:
Total 2021 2022
$ $ $
Consolidated LNG carriers (i)
40,312  24,760  15,552 
Bahrain LNG Joint Venture (ii)
11,339  11,339  — 
51,651  36,099  15,552 
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
(i)In June 2019, Teekay LNG entered into an agreement with a contractor to supply reliquefaction equipment on certain of Teekay LNG's carriers in 2021 and 2022, for an estimated installed cost of $59.5 million. As at December 31, 2020, the estimated remaining cost of these installations was $40.3 million.
(ii)Teekay LNG has a 30% ownership interest in the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture which has an LNG receiving and regasification terminal in Bahrain. As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG's proportionate share of the estimated remaining cost of $11.3 million relates to the final construction installment on the LNG terminal. The Bahrain LNG Joint Venture has remaining debt financing of $24.0 million, of which $7.0 million relates to Teekay LNG's proportionate share of the construction commitments included in the table above.
b)Liquidity
Management is required to assess if the Company will have sufficient liquidity to continue as a going concern for the one-year period following the issuance of its financial statements. The Company had consolidated net income of $91.0 million and $984.0 million of consolidated cash flows from operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2020 and ended the year with a working capital deficit of $213.1 million. This working capital deficit included approximately $261.4 million related to scheduled maturities and repayments of debt in the next 12 months.

Based on the Company’s liquidity at the date these consolidated financial statements were issued, the liquidity the Company expects to generate from operations over the following year, the dividends it expects to receive from its equity-accounted joint ventures, and expected debt refinancings, the Company expects that it will have sufficient liquidity to continue as a going concern for at least the one-year period following the issuance of these consolidated financial statements.
c)Legal Proceedings and Claims
The Company may, from time to time, be involved in legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company believes that any adverse outcome of existing claims, individually or in the aggregate, would not have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows, when taking into account its insurance coverage and indemnifications from charterers.

The Tangguh Joint Venture is currently undergoing a tax audit related to its tax returns filed for the 2010 and subsequent fiscal years. The UK taxing authority has challenged the deductibility of certain transactions not directly related to the long funding lease and the Tangguh Joint Venture has recorded a provision of $1.6 million in 2017 (of which Teekay LNG’s 70% share is $1.1 million) which is presented net of income tax receivable in accounts receivable in the Company's consolidated balance sheets as at December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019 - $1.6 million recorded in accrued liabilities).
d)Other
The Company enters into indemnification agreements with certain officers and directors. In addition, the Company enters into other indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business. The maximum potential amount of future payments required under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. However, the Company maintains what it believes is appropriate liability insurance that reduces its exposure and enables the Company to recover future amounts paid up to the maximum amount of the insurance coverage, less any deductible amounts pursuant to the terms of the respective policies, the amounts of which are not considered material.

Teekay LNG guarantees its proportionate share of certain loan facilities and obligations on interest rate swaps for its equity-accounted joint ventures for which the aggregate principal amount of the loan facilities and fair value of the interest rate swaps as at December 31, 2020 was $1.4 billion. As at December 31, 2020, with the exception of a debt service coverage ratio breach for one of the vessels in the Angola Joint Venture, Teekay LNG's equity-accounted joint ventures were in compliance with all covenants relating to these loan facilities that Teekay LNG guarantees. In March 2021, the Angola Joint Venture obtained a waiver for the covenant requirement that was not met at December 31, 2020.
17. Supplemental Cash Flow Information
a)Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and cash and restricted cash held for sale are as follows:
December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
$ $ $
Cash and cash equivalents 348,785  353,241  424,169 
Restricted cash – current 11,144  56,777  40,493 
Restricted cash – non-current 45,961  44,849  40,977 
Assets held for sale - cash —  1,121  — 
Assets held for sale - restricted cash —  337  — 
405,890  456,325  505,639 

The Company maintains restricted cash deposits relating to certain term loans, collateral for cross currency swaps (see Note 15), leasing arrangements, project tenders and amounts received from charterers to be used only for dry-docking expenditures and emergency repairs.

b)The changes in operating assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, are as follows:
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
  Year Ended December 31,
  2020 2019 2018
$ $ $
Accounts receivable 38,589  (38,811) (25,090)
Prepaid expenses and other 65,589  (103,712) (30,808)
Accounts payable (6,576) 104,579  8,929 
Accrued liabilities and other 1,570  33,121  32,215 
Receipts from direct financing and sales-type leases (1)
340,931  17,073  — 
Asset retirement obligation expenditures (17,458) —  — 
Expenditures for drydocking (29,914) (60,608) (44,690)
392,731  (48,358) (59,444)
(1)Included in the balance for the year ended December 31, 2020 are payments received by the Company upon the sale of two LNG carriers in January 2020 and a payment received by the Company in April 2020 as part of the bareboat charter with BP for the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO. See Note 2.

c)Cash interest paid, including realized interest rate swap settlements, during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, totaled $227.5 million, $290.3 million and $242.9 million, respectively. In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, cash interest paid relating to interest rate swap amendments and terminations totaled $nil, $nil and $13.7 million, respectively.
d)On May 11, 2020, Teekay Parent and Teekay LNG eliminated all of the Teekay LNG's incentive distribution rights, which were held by the Teekay GP LLC, in exchange for the issuance to a subsidiary of Teekay Corporation of newly-issued common units of Teekay LNG. This transaction was treated as a non-cash transaction in the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows.
e)On March 27, 2020, Teekay Parent sold Golar-Nor to Altera (see Note 9). Among the assets and liabilities of Golar-Nor that were deconsolidated concurrently with the sale were Golar-Nor's operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities relating to the Petroatlantic and Petronordic shuttle tankers totaling $50.7 million and $50.7 million, respectively.
f)During the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company entered into new or extended operating leases, primarily for in-chartered vessels, which resulted in the recognition of additional operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities of $0.8 million and $47.7 million, respectively.
g)The associated sales of the Toledo Spirit and Teide Spirit by its owner during the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, resulted in the vessels being returned to their owner with the obligations related to finance lease being concurrently extinguished. As a result, the sales of the vessels and the concurrent extinguishment of the corresponding obligations related to finance lease of $23.6 million and $23.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, were treated as non-cash transactions in the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows.
h)As at December 31, 2018, Teekay LNG had advanced $79.1 million to the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture and these advances were repayable on November 14, 2019. On the repayment date, Teekay LNG agreed to convert $7.9 million of advances into equity and agreed to convert the remaining advances of $71.2 million into a subordinated loan at an interest rate of 6% with no fixed repayment terms. Both of these transactions were treated as non-cash transactions in the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
18. Write-down and Loss on Sale
The Company's write-downs and vessel sales generally relate to vessels approaching the end of their useful lives as well as other vessels it strategically sells, or is attempting to sell, to reduce exposure to a certain vessel class.

The following table shows the write-downs and net (loss) gain on sale of vessels for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018:
Write-down and (Loss) Gain on Sales of Vessels
Year Ended December 31,
Segment Asset Type Completion of Sale Date 2020
$
2019
$
2018
$
Teekay Parent Segment – Offshore Production (1)
2 FPSO units
N/A (70,693) (175,000) — 
Teekay Parent Segment - Offshore Production (2)
1 FPSO unit
N/A —  (3,330) — 
Teekay Parent Segment - Other (3)
Operating lease right-of-use asset N/A (9,100) —  — 
Teekay LNG Segment – Liquefied Gas Carriers (4)
7 Multi-gas Carriers
N/A (51,000) —  (33,000)
Teekay LNG Segment – Liquefied Gas Carriers
2 LNG Carriers
Jan-2020 —  14,349  — 
Teekay LNG Segment – Conventional Tankers
2 Suezmaxes
Oct/Dec-2018 —  —  (7,863)
Teekay LNG Segment – Conventional Tankers
1 Handymax
Oct-2019 —  (785) (13,000)
Teekay Tankers Segment – Conventional Tankers (5)
9 Aframaxes
N/A
(67,018) —  — 
Teekay Tankers Segment – Conventional Tankers (6)
(6)
Apr-2020 3,081  —  — 
Teekay Tankers Segment – Conventional Tankers
3 Suezmaxes
Feb/Mar-2020 (2,627) —  — 
Teekay Tankers Segment – Conventional Tankers
3 Suezmaxes
Dec-2019/Feb-2020
—  (5,544) — 
Teekay Tankers Segment – Conventional Tankers Operating lease right-of-use asset
N/A
(2,881) —  — 
Other —  —  170 
Total (200,238) (170,310) (53,693)
(1)During the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Teekay Parent recognized impairment charges in respect of two of its FPSO units. In the first quarter of 2020, CNRI provided formal notice to Teekay of its intention to cease production in June 2020 and decommission the Banff field shortly thereafter. As such, the Company removed the Petrojarl Banff FPSO and Apollo Spirit FSO from the Banff field in the third quarter of 2020 and expects to remove the subsea equipment by June 2023. The Company expects to recycle the FPSO unit, which is currently in lay-up, and the subsea equipment following removal from the field. The Company redelivered the FSO unit to its owner in the third quarter of 2020. During 2020, the asset retirement obligation for the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit was increased based on changes to cost estimates and the carrying value of the unit was fully written down. During 2020, the Company also made changes to its expected cash flows from the Sevan Hummingbird FPSO unit based on the market environment and oil prices, and contract discussions with the customer, which resulted in a full write-down of its carrying value.
(2)On March 27, 2020, the Company entered into a bareboat charter agreement for the Petrojarl Foinaven FPSO unit, which was accounted for as a sales-type lease and resulted in the recognition of a gain of $44.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. See Note 2.
(3)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company made changes to its expected cash flows from the Suksan Salamander FSO unit, which it in-chartered from Altera under an operating lease, to take into account progress relating to the early termination of the in-charter and the novation of the charter contracts with the customer to Altera. The novation of the charter contracts was completed in the first quarter of 2021 and the in-charter terminated at the same time. The ROU asset was written down to its estimated fair value, using a discounted cash flow approach.
(4)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the carrying values of Teekay LNG's seven wholly-owned multi-gas carriers (the Unikum Spirit, Vision Spirit, Pan Spirit, Cathinka Spirit, Camilla Spirit, Sonoma Spirit and Napa Spirit), were written down to their estimated fair values, using appraised values, primarily due to the lower near-term outlook for these types of vessels partly as a result of the economic environment at that time (including the COVID-19 pandemic), as well as Teekay LNG receiving notification during the year that its then-existing commercial management agreement with a third-party commercial manager was terminated and replaced by a new commercial management agreement in September 2020. In addition, in June 2018, the carrying values for four of Teekay LNG's seven wholly-owned multi-gas carriers (the Napa Spirit, Pan Spirit, Camilla Spirit and Cathinka Spirit), were written down to their estimated fair values, using appraised values, as a result of Teekay LNG's evaluation of alternative strategies for these assets, the then-current charter rate environment and the outlook for charter rates for these vessels at that time.
(5)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the carrying values of nine Aframax tankers were written down to their estimated fair values, using appraised values, primarily due to the lower near-term tanker market outlook and a reduction of charter rates as a result of the current economic environment, which has been impacted by the COVID-19 global pandemic. Teekay Tankers recorded a write-down of $65.4 million related to these vessels. In February 2021, Teekay Tankers agreed to the sale of two of these vessels for an aggregate sales price of $32.0 million. The vessels were delivered to their new owners in March 2021 and therefore, both vessels and their related bunkers and lube oil inventory are classified as held for sale on the Company's consolidated balance sheet of Teekay Tankers as at December 31, 2020. The vessels were written down to their agreed sales price less selling costs.
(6)On April 30, 2020, Teekay Tankers completed the sale of the non-US portion of its ship-to-ship support services business as well as its LNG terminal management business for proceeds of $27.1 million, including an adjustment of $1.1 million for the final amounts of cash and other working capital present on the closing date. The vessels and the related bunkers, were classified as held for sale as at December 31, 2019.

See Note 3 – Segment Reporting for the write-downs and loss on sales of vessels, by segment for 2020, 2019 and 2018.
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
19. Net Loss Per Share
  Year Ended December 31,
2020
$
2019
$
2018
$
Net loss attributable to the shareholders of Teekay Corporation – basic and diluted (82,933) (310,577) (79,237)
Weighted average number of common shares 101,053,095  100,719,224  99,670,176 
Common stock and common stock equivalents 101,053,095  100,719,224  99,670,176 
Loss per common share - basic and diluted (0.82) (3.08) (0.79)

The Company intends to settle the principal of the Convertible Notes in cash on conversion and calculates diluted earnings per share using the treasury-stock method. Stock-based awards and the conversion feature on the Convertible Notes that have an anti-dilutive effect on the calculation of diluted loss per common share, are excluded from this calculation. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the number of Common Stock from stock-based awards and the conversion feature on the Convertible Notes that had an anti-dilutive effect on the calculation of diluted earnings per common share were 7.2 million, 3.5 million and 4.0 million respectively. In periods where a loss attributable to shareholders has been incurred all stock-based awards and the conversion feature on the Convertible Notes are anti-dilutive.
20. Restructuring Charges
During 2020, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $10.7 million (2019 – $12.0 million, 2018 – $4.1 million).

The restructuring charges in 2020 primarily related to the cessation of production of the Petrojarl Banff FPSO unit in June 2020, and the restructuring of the Company's tanker services and operations. In addition, the restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2020 also related to severance costs resulting from the termination of the management contract for an FSO unit based in Australia (the severance costs were partially recoverable from the customer and the recovery was presented in revenue), and severance costs resulting from the reorganization and realignment of resources of the Company's shared service function of which a portion of the costs were recovered from the customer, Altera (see Note 13), and the recovery was presented in revenue.

The restructuring charges in 2019 primarily related to severance costs resulting from the termination of certain management contracts in Teekay Parent of which these costs were fully recovered from the customer and the recovery is presented in revenue, severance costs resulting from the reorganization and realignment of resources of the Company's shared service function, as well as from the termination of the charter contract for the Toledo Spirit Suezmax tanker in Teekay LNG upon the sale of the vessel in January 2019.

The restructuring charges in 2018 primarily related to severance costs resulting from reorganization and realignment of resources of certain of the Company's business development, marine solutions and fleet operations functions to better respond to the changing business environment.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, $2.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of restructuring liabilities were recorded in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
21. Income Taxes
Teekay and a majority of its subsidiaries are not subject to income tax in the jurisdictions in which they are incorporated because they do not conduct business or operate in those jurisdictions. However, among others, the Company’s U.K. and Norwegian subsidiaries are subject to income taxes.

The significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
December 31,
2020
$
December 31,
2019
$
Deferred tax assets:
   Vessels and equipment 17,707  1,646 
  Tax losses carried forward and disallowed finance costs (1)
167,179  164,009 
   Other 17,697  19,674 
Total deferred tax assets 202,583  185,329 
Deferred tax liabilities:
   Vessels and equipment 1,256  22,913 
   Provisions —  6,512 
   Other 21,232  — 
Total deferred tax liabilities 22,488  29,425 
Net deferred tax assets 180,095  155,904 
   Valuation allowance (172,867) (153,302)
Net deferred tax assets 7,228  2,602 
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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
(1)Substantially all of the Company's estimated net operating loss carryforwards of $838.5 million relate primarily to its U.K., Spanish, Norwegian and Luxembourg subsidiaries and, to a lesser extent, to its Australian subsidiaries. The Company had estimated disallowed finance costs in Spain and Norway of approximately $9.2 million and $15.4 million, respectively, at December 31, 2020, which are available indefinitely and 10 years, respectively, from the year the costs are incurred for offset against future taxable income in Spain and Norway, respectively. The Company's estimated tax losses in Luxembourg are available for offset against taxable future income in Luxembourg, either indefinitely for losses arising prior to 2017, or for 17 years for losses arising subsequent to 2016.

Deferred tax balances are presented in other non-current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

The components of the provision for income tax expense are as follows:
Year Ended
December 31,
2020
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2019
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2018
$
Current (11,089) (25,563) (17,458)
Deferred 2,101  81  (2,266)
Income tax expense (8,988) (25,482) (19,724)


The Company operates in countries that have differing tax laws and rates. Consequently, a consolidated weighted average tax rate will vary from year to year according to the source of earnings or losses by country and the change in applicable tax rates. Reconciliations of the tax charge related to the relevant year at the applicable statutory income tax rates and the actual tax charge related to the relevant year are as follows:
Year Ended
December 31,
2020
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2019
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2018
$
Net income (loss) before taxes 99,970  (123,504) (38,023)
Net income (loss) not subject to taxes 141,639  (91,925) (104,465)
Net (loss) income subject to taxes (41,669) (31,579) 66,442 
At applicable statutory tax rates (9,957) (4,352) 15,177 
Permanent and currency differences, adjustments to valuation allowances and uncertain tax positions 10,650  25,177  4,639 
Other 8,295  4,657  (92)
Tax expense related to the year 8,988  25,482  19,724 

The following table reflects changes in uncertain tax positions relating to freight tax liabilities, which are recorded in other long-term liabilities and accrued liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:
Year Ended
December 31,
2020
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2019
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2018
$
Balance of unrecognized tax benefits as at January 1 62,958  40,556  31,061 
  Increases for positions related to the current year 19,084  5,829  9,297 
  Increases for positions related to prior years 16,799  19,721  5,270 
  Decreases for positions related to prior years (17,021) —  — 
  Settlements with tax authority (9,372) —  — 
  Decreases related to statute of limitations (3,176) (2,546) (783)
  Foreign exchange loss (gain) 1,466  (602) (4,289)
Balance of unrecognized tax benefits as at December 31 70,738  62,958  40,556 

Included in the Company's current income tax expense are provisions for uncertain tax positions relating to freight taxes. Freight taxes recognized for positions related to the current year will vary between years based upon changes in the trading patterns of the Company's vessels.

Interest and penalties related to freight taxes during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 are included in the table above, and were approximately $19.7 million, $13.2 million, and $9.2 million, respectively. As at December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, total interest and penalties recognized were $39.7 million, $30.7 million, and $19.9 million respectively.

In 2020, the Company obtained further advice regarding freight taxes in a certain jurisdiction due to the uncertainty surrounding a recent tax law change and the limited transparency into the actions of the tax authority in this jurisdiction. Based on this new information and other considerations related to the future application of the tax law to past periods, the Company increased its uncertain tax liabilities for this jurisdiction for periods prior to 2020 by $9.3 million.

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TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
In addition, in 2020, the Company secured an agreement with a tax authority, which was based in part on an initiative of the tax authority in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic and included the waiver of interest and penalties on unpaid taxes. As a result, the Company reduced its freight tax liabilities for this jurisdiction by $16.3 million to $9.4 million, of which $8.5 million was paid in August 2020 with respect to open tax years up to and including 2019.

The Company does not presently anticipate that its provisions for these uncertain tax positions will significantly increase in the next 12 months; however, this is dependent on the jurisdictions in which vessel trading activity occurs. The Company reviews its freight tax obligations on a regular basis and may update its assessment of its tax positions based on available information at that time. Such information may include legal advice as to applicability of freight taxes in relevant jurisdictions. Freight tax regulations are subject to change and interpretation; therefore, the amounts recorded by the Company may change accordingly.
22. Equity-accounted Investments
The equity investments of Teekay LNG include the following:

A 33% ownership interest in the Angola Joint Venture that owns four 160,400-cubic meter LNG carriers (or the Angola LNG Carriers). The other partners of the Angola Joint Venture are NYK (33%) and Mitsui & Co. Ltd. (34%).
Teekay LNG has guaranteed its 33% share of the secured loan facilities and interest rate swaps of the Angola Joint Venture for which the aggregate principal amount of the secured loan facilities and fair value of the interest rate swaps was $203.4 million as at December 31, 2020. As a result, Teekay LNG has recorded a guarantee liability which has a carrying value of $0.3 million as at December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019 – $0.5 million), and is included as part of other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

In December 2015, Teekay LNG (30%) entered into an agreement with National Oil & Gas Authority (or NOGA) (30%), Gulf Investment Corporation (24%), and Samsung C&T (16%) to form the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture, for the development of an LNG receiving and regasification terminal in Bahrain. The LNG terminal includes an offshore LNG receiving jetty and breakwater, an adjacent regasification platform, subsea gas pipelines from the platform to shore, an onshore gas receiving facility, and an onshore nitrogen production facility with a total LNG terminal capacity of 800 million standard cubic feet per day and will be owned and operated under a 20-year customer contract. In addition, Teekay LNG has supplied an FSU in connection with this terminal commencing in September 2018 through a 21-year time-charter contract with the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture.

As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG had advanced $73.4 million (December 31, 2019 – $73.4 million) to the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture. These advances bear interest at 6.0%. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the interest earned on these loans amounted to $4.6 million and $2.8 million, respectively.

As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG has a 50/50 joint venture with Exmar (or the Excalibur Joint Venture). On January 31, 2018, Teekay LNG sold its interest in another 50/50 joint venture with Exmar relating to the Excelsior LNG carrier (or the Excelsior Joint Venture) for gross proceeds of approximately $54 million. As a result of the sale, Teekay LNG recorded a gain of $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, which is included in equity income (loss) in the consolidated statements of income (loss). Teekay LNG has guaranteed its ownership share of the secured loan facility of the Excalibur Joint Venture for which the principal amount of the secured loan facility was $15.9 million as at December 31, 2020. As a result, Teekay LNG has recorded a guarantee liability which has a carrying value of $0.1 million as at December 31, 2020.
On initial acquisition, the basis difference between Teekay LNG's investment and the carrying value of the Excalibur Joint Venture's net assets was substantially attributed to an increase to the carrying value of the vessel of the Excalibur Joint Venture in accordance with the finalized purchase price allocation. At December 31, 2020, the unamortized amount of the basis difference was $12.0 million (December 31, 2019 – $12.5 million).
As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG has a 50/50 joint venture agreement with Exmar NV. Teekay LNG has guaranteed its 50% share of secured loan facilities and four finance leases in the Exmar LPG Joint Venture for which the aggregate principal amount of the secured loan facilities and finance leases as at December 31, 2020 was $238.2 million. As a result, Teekay LNG has recorded a guarantee liability which has a carrying value of $1.3 million as at December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019 – $0.9 million), and is included as part of other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG had advanced $42.3 million (December 31, 2019 – $52.3 million) to the Exmar LPG Joint Venture, which bears interest at LIBOR plus 0.50% and has no fixed repayment terms. As at December 31, 2020, the interest receivable on these loans amounted to $nil (December 31, 2019 – $0.3 million). These amounts are included in the table below.
On initial acquisition, the basis difference between Teekay LNG's investment and the carrying value of the Exmar LPG Joint Venture's net assets was substantially attributed to the value of the vessels and charter agreements of the Exmar LPG Joint Venture and goodwill in accordance with the finalized purchase price allocation. At December 31, 2020, the unamortized amount of the basis difference was $18.2 million (December 31, 2019 – $23.6 million).

As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG has a 52% ownership interest in its LNG-related joint venture agreement with Marubeni Corporation (or the MALT Joint Venture). Teekay LNG has guaranteed its 52% share of certain of the MALT Joint Venture's secured loan facilities, for which the principal amount of the secured loan facilities was $134.6 million as at December 31, 2020. As a result, Teekay LNG has recorded a guarantee liability, which has a carrying value of $0.2 million as at December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019 – $0.3 million) and is included as part of other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

F - 46

Table of Contents
TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)
As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG has a 30% ownership interest in two LNG carriers, the Pan Asia and the Pan Americas, and a 20% ownership interest in two LNG carriers, the Pan Europe and the Pan Africa, through its Pan Union Joint Venture. On initial acquisition, the basis difference between Teekay LNG's investment and the carrying value of the Pan Union Joint Venture's net assets was substantially attributed to ship construction support agreements and the time-charter contracts. As at December 31, 2020, the unamortized amount of the basis difference was $10.0 million (December 31, 2019 – $10.5 million).

As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG has a 40% ownership interest in the RasGas III Joint Venture, and the remaining 60% is held by Qatar Gas Transport Company Ltd. (Nakilat).

As at December 31, 2020, Teekay LNG has a 50/50 joint venture, the Yamal LNG Joint Venture, which has six icebreaker LNG carriers that carry out international transportation of LNG for a project located on the Yamal Peninsula in Northern Russia. Teekay LNG has guaranteed its 50% share of a secured loan facility and interest rate swaps in the Yamal LNG Joint Venture for which the aggregate principal amount of the loan facility and fair value of the interest rate swaps as at December 31, 2020 was $807.7 million. As a result, Teekay LNG has recorded a guarantee liability, which has a carrying value of $2.2 million as at December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019 – $2.2 million) and is included as part of other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Teekay Tankers owns a 50% interest in a joint venture arrangement between Teekay Tankers and Wah Kwong Maritime Transport Holdings Limited (or Wah Kwong Joint Venture) which owns one single VLCC tanker. The vessel is currently trading on spot voyage charters in an RSA managed by a third party.

On May 8, 2019, Teekay sold to Brookfield all of the Company's remaining interests in Altera, which included the Company’s 49% general partner interest, common units, warrants, and an outstanding $25 million loan from the Company to Altera for total cash proceeds of $100 million. Prior to the sale in May 2019, Teekay included the results of Altera as an equity-accounted investment in its financial results. The Company wrote-down the investment in Altera by $64.9 million and recognized a loss on sale of $8.9 million which are included in equity loss on the consolidated statements of income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2019.

In November 2011, Teekay acquired a 40% interest in a recapitalized Magnora ASA (or Magnora, previously Sevan Marine ASA) for approximately $25 million and as at December 31, 2017, the Company had a 43.5% interest in Magnora. In November 2018, Teekay sold its ownership interest in Magnora for approximately $27 million and recognized a gain of $15.3 million, which is presented in equity income on the consolidated statements of income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2018.

A condensed summary of the Company’s investments in equity-accounted investments by segment, which includes loans and net advances to equity-accounted investments, is as follows (in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages):
  As at December 31,
Equity-accounted Investments (1)
Ownership Percentage 2020
$
2019
$
Teekay LNG – Liquefied Gas
Angola Joint Venture 33% 81,786  84,474 
Bahrain LNG Joint Venture 30% 36,220  64,017 
Excalibur Joint Venture 50% 35,897  32,717 
MALT Joint Venture 52% 353,804  344,571 
Exmar LPG Joint Venture 50% 131,025  149,024 
Pan Union Joint Venture
20%-30%
77,924  75,403 
RasGas III Joint Venture
40% 96,210  120,917 
Yamal LNG Joint Venture 50% 234,265  264,088 
Teekay Tankers - Conventional Tankers
Wah Kwong Joint Venture 50% 28,560  28,111 
1,075,691  1,163,322 
(1)Investments in equity-accounted investments is presented in prepaid expenses and other, investments in and loans, net to equity-accounted investments and accrued liabilities and other in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
F - 47

Table of Contents
TEEKAY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(all tabular amounts stated in thousands of U.S. dollars, other than share data and unless otherwise indicated)

A condensed summary of the Company’s financial information for certain equity-accounted investments (20% to 52%-owned) shown on a 100% basis (excluding the impact from purchase price adjustments arising from the acquisition of Joint Ventures) are as follows:
  As at December 31,
  2020
 $
2019
$
Cash and restricted cash 400,816  375,800 
Other assets – current 180,673  146,637 
Vessels and equipment, including vessels related to finance leases and advances on newbuilding contracts
1,912,776  3,045,393 
Net investment in direct financing leases 5,237,791  4,469,861 
Other assets – non-current 216,331  169,925 
Current portion of long-term debt and obligations related to finance leases 582,767 557,685 
Other liabilities – current 232,466  188,665 
Long-term debt and obligations related to finance leases 4,853,791 5,130,656 
Other liabilities – non-current 350,057  224,903 
Year Ended December 31,
2020
 $
2019
$
2018
$
Revenues 1,008,112  1,103,255  2,042,483 
Income from vessel operations 584,685  482,767  401,966 
Realized and unrealized (loss) gain on non-designated derivative instruments (94,760) (72,305) 21,768 
Net income (loss) 152,144  141,235  (6,188)


For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded equity income of $77.3 million (2019 – loss of $14.5 million, and 2018 – income of $61.1 million). The equity income in 2020 was primarily due to the Company’s share of net income from the Yamal LNG Joint Venture, the MALT Joint Venture, the Pan Union Joint Venture, the RasGas III Joint Venture and the Wah Kwong Joint Venture; partially offset by the share of net loss from the Bahrain LNG Joint Venture. For the year ended December 31, 2020, equity income included $19.1 million related to the Company’s share of unrealized losses on interest rate swaps in the equity-accounted investments (2019 – losses of $12.9 million and 2018 – gains of $17.6 million).
23. Subsequent Events
a)On February 8, 2021, the Tangguh Joint Venture, of which Teekay LNG has a 70% ownership interest, refinanced its $191.5 million term loan which was scheduled to mature in 2021, by entering into a new $191.5 million term loan maturing in February 2026.

b)In February 2021, Teekay Tankers entered into agreements to sell two Aframax tankers for an aggregate price of $32.0 million. The vessels and related bunkers and lube oil inventory were classified as held for sale on the consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2020, and the vessels were written down to the agreed sales price less selling costs. Both vessels were delivered in March 2021.

c)In March 2021, Teekay Tankers declared purchase options to acquire six Aframax tankers for a total cost of $128.8 million, as part of the repurchase options under the sale-leaseback arrangements described in note 10. Teekay Tankers expects to complete the purchase and delivery of these vessels in September 2021.




F - 48


TEEKAY CORPORATION
SCHEDULE I
CONDENSED NON-CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS (NOTE 1)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
    As at
December 31, 2020
$
As at
December 31, 2019
$
ASSETS  
Current  
Cash and cash equivalents   9,604  49,655 
Accounts receivable   309  199 
Prepaid expenses and other 57  — 
Due from affiliates 166,219  249,197 
Total current assets   176,189  299,051 
Investments in and advances to subsidiaries (note 1)
  635,060  756,140 
Other assets   — 
Total assets   811,258  1,055,191 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY  
Current  
Accounts payable   16,170  13,995 
Accrued liabilities   7,269  8,684 
Due to affiliates 247,425  351,618 
Current portion of long-term debt —  36,674 
Other current liabilities   971  718 
Total current liabilities   271,835  411,689 
Long-term debt (note 2)
  339,933  349,977 
Other long-term liabilities   8,183  9,360 
Total liabilities   619,951  771,026 
Equity  
Common stock and additional paid-in capital   1,057,321  1,052,284 
Accumulated deficit   (866,014) (768,119)
Total equity   191,307  284,165 
Total liabilities and equity   811,258  1,055,191 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed non-consolidated financial information.
F - 49



TEEKAY CORPORATION
SCHEDULE I
CONDENSED NON-CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF LOSS (NOTE 1)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
    Year Ended
December 31,
2020
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2019
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2018
$
Revenues —  —  345 
Voyage expenses —  —  20 
Operating expenses —  (412) (26)
General and administrative expenses (16,659) (19,463) (23,799)
Loss from operations (16,659) (19,875) (23,460)
Interest expense (37,674) (46,243) (60,166)
Interest income 267  1,561  2,839 
Impairments of investments and advances (note 1)
(123,753) (103,420) (651,473)
Dividend income (note 1)
58,563  62,100  32,751 
Other 20,572  (5,662) (6,008)
Net loss before income taxes (98,684) (111,539) (705,517)
Income tax recovery (expense) 790  (208)
Net loss (97,894) (111,532) (705,725)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed non-consolidated financial information.
F - 50


TEEKAY CORPORATION
SCHEDULE I
CONDENSED NON-CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Year Ended
December 31,
2020
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2019
$
Year Ended
December 31,
2018
$
Cash and cash equivalents provided by (used for)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss (97,894) (111,532) (705,725)
Non-cash and non-operating items:
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments (656) (270) (2,932)
Impairments of investments and advances 123,753  103,420  651,473 
Stock-based compensation 5,165  7,400  7,329 
Dividends-in-kind (31,763) (10,000) (10,000)
Other 7,925  19,153  7,661 
Change in operating assets and liabilities 8,508  (15,314) (36,296)
Net operating cash flow 15,038  (7,143) (88,490)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of issuance costs —  250,000  120,713 
Debt issuance costs —  (15,029) — 
Scheduled repayments of long-term debt (36,712) (480,851) (85,654)
Prepayments of long-term debt (18,249) —  — 
Advances from affiliates —  227,157  39,293 
Net proceeds from equity issuances —  —  103,655 
Cash dividends paid —  (5,523) (22,081)
Other financing activities (128) (637) (651)
Net financing cash flow (55,089) (24,883) 155,275 
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Investments in subsidiaries —  —  (7,109)
Other investing activities —  —  (45)
Net investing cash flow —  —  (7,154)
(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (40,051) (32,026) 59,631 
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year 49,655  81,681  22,050 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year 9,604  49,655  81,681 
Supplemental cash flow information (note 3)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed non-consolidated financial information.

F - 51


TEEKAY CORPORATION
SCHEDULE I
NOTES TO CONDENSED NON-CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of presentation
The accompanying condensed non-consolidated financial information is required by SEC Regulation S-X 5-04 for Teekay Corporation (or Teekay), which requires the inclusion of financial information for Teekay on a stand-alone basis if the restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries exceed 25% of total consolidated net assets as of the last day of its most recent fiscal year. The restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries was $276.3 million, or 57% of total consolidated net assets, as at December 31, 2020.
Teekay’s investments in subsidiaries are presented in this financial information under the cost method of accounting, whereby Teekay’s investment in subsidiaries is measured initially at cost. Under the cost method of accounting for investments in common stock, dividends are the basis for recognition of earnings from an investment. Under this method, an investor recognizes as income dividends received that are distributed from net accumulated earnings of the investee since the date of acquisition by the investor. The net accumulated earnings of an investee subsequent to the date of investment are recognized by the investor only to the extent distributed by the investee as dividends. Dividends received in excess of earnings subsequent to the date of investment are considered a return of investment and are recorded as reductions of cost of the investment. Teekay received dividends from its subsidiaries of $58.6 million (2020), $62.1 million (2019) and $32.8 million (2018), respectively.
Teekay recognizes an impairment loss on its investments in its subsidiaries when the fair value of its investments is lower than the carrying value. The fair value of Teekay's investments in its subsidiaries is primarily influenced by the publicly-traded price of Teekay LNG's common units, the publicly-traded share price of Teekay Tankers' common shares, and the fair value of the three FPSO units, as of the respective balance sheet dates.
A substantial amount of Teekay’s operating, investing and financing activities are conducted by its affiliates and not reflected in this financial information. The condensed non-consolidated financial information should be read in conjunction with Teekay’s consolidated financial statements.
2. Long-term debt
December 31, 2020
$
December 31, 2019
$
Senior Notes (8.5%) due January 15, 2020
—  36,712 
Senior Notes (9.25%) due November 15, 2022
243,395  250,000 
Convertible Senior Notes (5%) due January 15, 2023
112,184  125,000 
Total principal 355,579  411,712 
Less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs (15,646) (25,061)
Total debt 339,933  386,651 
Less current portion —  (36,674)
Long-term portion 339,933  349,977 

The Company’s 8.5% senior unsecured notes were due January 15, 2020 with an original aggregate principal amount of $450 million (or the Original Notes). In November 2015, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $200 million of the Company’s 8.5% senior unsecured notes due on January 15, 2020 (or the Additional Notes) at 99.0% of face value, plus accrued interest from July 15, 2015. Prior to 2020, the Company repurchased $613.3 million in aggregate principal amount, and in January 2020, the Company repaid all remaining Original Notes and Additional Notes at maturity.

In May 2019, the Company issued $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 9.25% senior secured notes at par due November 2022 (or the 2022 Notes). The 2022 Notes are guaranteed on a senior secured basis by certain of the Company's subsidiaries and are secured by first-priority liens on two of Teekay's FPSO units, a pledge of the equity interests in Teekay's subsidiary that owns all of Teekay's common units of Teekay LNG Partners L.P. and all of Teekay’s Class A common shares of Teekay Tankers Ltd. and a pledge of the equity interests in Teekay's subsidiaries that own Teekay Parent's three FPSO units.

The Company may redeem the 2022 Notes in whole or in part at a redemption price equal to a percentage of the principal amount of the 2022 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date, as follows: 104.625% at any time on or after November 15, 2020, but prior to November 15, 2021; 102.313% at any time on or after November 15, 2021, but prior to August 15, 2022; and 100% at any time on or after August 15, 2022.

On January 26, 2018, the Company completed a private offering of $125.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5% Convertible Senior Notes due January 15, 2023 (the Convertible Notes). The Convertible Notes are convertible into Teekay’s common stock, initially at a rate of 85.4701 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes. This represents an initial effective conversion price of $11.70 per share of common stock. The initial conversion price represents a premium of 20% to the concurrent common stock offering price of $9.75 per share. On issuance of the Convertible Notes, $104.6 million of the net proceeds was reflected in long-term debt, including unamortized discount, and is being accreted to $125.0 million over its five-year term through interest expense. The remaining amount of the net proceeds of $16.1 million was allocated to the conversion feature and reflected in additional paid-in capital.
F - 52


During 2020, the Company commenced repurchasing some of its Convertible Notes and 2022 Notes in the open market. Teekay Parent acquired $12.8 million of the principal of the Convertible Notes for total consideration of $10.5 million and $6.6 million principal of the 2022 Notes for total consideration of $6.2 million, recognizing a gain of $1.5 million in 2020, included in other on the Company's audited statements of loss.
3. Supplemental Cash Flow Information
During 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company received dividends of $31.8 million, $10.0 million and $10.0 million, respectively, paid-in-kind, which were treated as non-cash transactions in the Company's condensed statement of cash flows.

During 2018, one of the Company's subsidiaries returned capital in the amount of $1.7 million, paid-in-kind, which was treated as a non-cash transaction in the Company's condensed statement of cash flows.






F - 53
EXECUTION VERSION [[3442904]] AGREEMENT REGARDING REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT This AGREEMENT is made as of May 30, 2014, by KATTEGAT PRIVATE TRUSTEES (BERMUDA) LTD. as sole trustee of the KATTEGAT TRUST, a settlement existing under the laws of the Islands of Bermuda (“Kattegat”), and TEEKAY CORPORATION, a corporation existing under the laws of the Republic of The Marshall Islands (“Teekay”). WHEREAS, in connection with the initial public offering of Teekay’s predecessor, Viking Star Shipping Inc. (“Viking”), a form registration rights agreement (the “Form Registration Rights Agreement”) was agreed to by and among Viking, Trade Winds Trust Co. Ltd., as Trustee for the Cirrus Trust, and Worldwide Trust Services Ltd., as Trustee for the JTK Trust (the JTK Trust and the Cirrus Trust being hereinafter referred to as the “Predecessor Trusts”); WHEREAS, the Form Registration Rights Agreement was filed as an exhibit to Amendment No. 1 to Viking’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (Registration No. 33- 75734), filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on March 10, 1994, and is attached hereto as Exhibit A; WHEREAS, pursuant to a reorganization of the holdings of the Predecessor Trusts in December 2002, Kattegat succeeded to the interests of the Predecessor Trusts, including the beneficial ownership, through an indirect wholly owned entity, of an aggregate of 16,515,690 shares of common stock of Teekay Shipping Corporation, the successor to Viking and the predecessor to Teekay, owned by the Predecessor Trusts; and WHEREAS, in order to memorialize the intent of the parties to be bound by the Form Registration Rights Agreement, Kattegat and Teekay desire to adopt the Form Registration Rights Agreement, as modified by Section 1 below, as an effective and binding agreement between them and as though they were the initial parties thereto. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements set forth herein and for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties agree as follows: 1. The Form Registration Rights Agreement, as modified by this Section 1, is hereby adopted and shall be effective and binding on Kattegat and Teekay as if executed on the date hereof. (a) “Company”, as such term is used in the Form Registration Rights Agreement, means Teekay. (b) “Holder” and “Holders”, as such terms are used in the Form Registration Rights Agreement, means Kattegat, together with its wholly owned entities. (c) “Common Stock”, as such term is used in the Form Registration Rights Agreement, means Teekay’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share.


 
2 [[3442904]] 2. Binding Effect; Assignment. This Agreement shall be binding upon Kattegat, Teekay, and their respective successors and permitted assigns. Except as expressly provided in this Agreement, this Agreement shall not be construed so as to confer any right or benefit upon any person other than the parties to this Agreement and their respective successors and permitted assigns. Neither party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the express, written consent of the other party. 3. Notices. All statements, requests, notices and agreements hereunder shall be in writing, and shall be delivered by facsimile, electronic mail, courier service or personal delivery to the address, electronic mail address or facsimile number set forth below: (a) to Kattegat at: 2 Reid Street Hamilton, HM 11, Bermuda Telephone: 441-295-1454 Fax: 441-295-6101 Attention: Linda Longworth (b) to Teekay at: 4th Floor, Belvedere Building 69 Pitts Bay Road Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda Telephone: 441-298-2530 Fax: 441-292-3931 Attention: Mark Cave 4. Governing Law. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INTERNAL LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 5. Entire Agreement. This Agreement, including Exhibit A hereto, shall constitute the binding agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and shall constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof. 6. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed by the parties hereto in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all such respective counterparts shall together constitute one and the same instrument. 7. Waiver of Jury Trial. EACH OF THE PARTIES HERETO HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY. [Signature Pages Follow]


 


 


 
[[3442904]] EXHIBIT A


 
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT PAGE 1 21785-0004/151924864.1 REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT THIS REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT (this "Agreement") is made as of March __, 1994, by and among VIKING STAR SHIPPING INC., a Liberian corporation (the "Company"), and TRADE WINDS TRUST CO. LTD., as Trustee for the Cirrus Trust, and WORLDWIDE TRUST SERVICES LTD., as Trustee for the JTK Trust (individually, a "Holder"; collectively, the "Holders"). Section 1. Registration Rights. 1.1 Definitions. For purposes of this Section 1: (a) The term "Common Stock" means the Company's common stock, no par value per share. (b) The term "register", "registered," and "registration" refer to a registration of securities effected by preparing and filing a registration statement or similar document in compliance with the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Act"), and the declaration or ordering of effectiveness of such registration statement or document by the SEC. (c) The term "Registrable Securities" means (i) Common Stock of the Company (other than any Common Stock of the Company issued in a public offering), and (ii) any Common Stock of the Company issued as (or issuable upon the conversion or exercise of any warrant, right or other security which is issued as) a dividend or other distribution with respect to, or in exchange for, or in replacement of, such Common Stock; provided, however, that shares of Common Stock shall no longer be treated as Registrable Securities after they have been sold (x) to or through a broker, dealer or underwriter in a public distribution or a public securities transaction, whether in a registered offering, pursuant to Rule 144 or otherwise, or (y) by a person in a transaction in which its rights under this Section 1 are not assigned. (d) The number of shares of "Registrable Securities then outstanding" shall be determined by the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding that are, and the number of shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to then exercisable or convertible securities that upon issuance would be, Registrable Securities. (e) The term "Form F-3" means such form or Form S-3 under the Act as in effect on the date hereof or any successor registration form to either such form under the Act, or the rules and regulations thereunder, subsequently adopted by the SEC.


 
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT PAGE 2 21785-0004/151924864.1 (f) The term "SEC" means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. (g) The term "Effective Date" shall mean the date on which the Company's registration statement on Form F-1 (Registration No. 33-75734) with respect to the initial public offering of the Common Stock of the Company is declared effective by the SEC. 1.2 Request for Registration. (a) If the Company shall receive at any time after the date that is 180 days after the Effective Date, a written request from either of the Holders that the Company file a registration statement under the Act covering the registration of at least twenty percent (20%) of the Registrable Securities then outstanding, then the Company shall, within ten (10) days of the receipt thereof, give written notice of such request to all Holders, subject to the limitations of subsection 1.2(b), and shall effect as soon as practicable, and in any event shall use its best efforts to effect within one hundred twenty (180) days of the receipt of such request, the registration under the Act of all Registrable Securities that the Holders request to be registered within twenty (20) days of the mailing of such notice by the Company, subject to Section 1.8. (b) If the Holder initiating the registration request hereunder (the "Initiating Holder") intends to distribute the Registrable Securities covered by its request by means of an underwriting, it shall so advise the Company as a part of its request made pursuant to this Section 1.2 and the Company shall include such information in the written notice referred to in subsection 1.2(a). The underwriter will be selected by the Company and shall be reasonably acceptable to the Initiating Holder. In such event, the right of any Holder to include its Registrable Securities in such registration shall be conditioned upon such Holder's participation in such underwriting and the inclusion of such Holder's Registrable Securities in the underwriting to the extent provided herein. All Holders proposing to distribute their securities through such underwriting shall (together with the Company) enter into an underwriting agreement in customary form with the underwriter or underwriters selected for such underwriting by the Company. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Section 1.2, if the underwriter advises the Initiating Holder in writing that marketing forces require a limitation of the number of shares to be underwritten, then the Initiating Holder shall so advise all Holders of Registrable Securities that would otherwise be underwritten pursuant hereto, and the number of shares of Registrable Securities that may be included in the underwriting shall be allocated among the Holders thereof, including the Initiating Holder, in proportion (as nearly as practicable) to the amount of Registrable Securities of the Company owned by each such Holder, including the Initiating Holder. To facilitate the allocation of shares in accordance with the above provisions, the company may round the number of shares allocated to any Holder to the nearest 100 shares.


 
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT PAGE 3 21785-0004/151924864.1 (c) The Company is obligated to effect only three (3) such registrations pursuant to this Section 1.2. (d) Notwithstanding the foregoing (i) the Company shall not be obligated to effect a registration pursuant to this Section 1.2 during the period starting with the date 10 days prior to the Company's good faith estimated date of filing of, and ending on the date 180 days following the effective date of, a registration statement pertaining to an underwritten public offering of securities for the account of the Company, provided the Company is at all times during such period diligently pursuing such registration, (ii) the Company shall not be obligated to effect a registration pursuant to this Section 1.2 with respect to any Registrable Securities that are, at the time of the request for such registration, freely transferable under the provisions of Rule 144(k) promulgated under the Act, and (iii) if the Company shall furnish to the Holder requesting a registration statement pursuant to this Section 1.2, a certificate signed by the President of the Company stating that in the good faith judgment of the Board of Directors of the Company, it would be seriously detrimental to the Company and its shareholders for such registration statement to be filed and it is therefore essential to defer the filing of such registration statement, the Company shall have the right to defer taking action with respect to such filing for a period of not more than one hundred twenty (120) days after receipt of the request of the Holder; provided, however, that this right to delay any requested registration shall not be utilized more than once in any twelve month period; and provided further that the Company shall not be required to effect a registration pursuant to this Section 1.2 in any particular jurisdiction in which the Company would be required to execute a general consent to service of process in effecting such registration unless the Company is already subject to service in such jurisdiction and except as may be required by the Act. 1.3 Company Registration. If (but without any obligation to do so) the Company proposes to register (including for this purpose a registration effected by the Company for shareholders other than the Holders) any of its stock or other securities under the Act in connection with the public offering of such securities other than the initial registered public offering of the Company's equity securities, solely for cash (other than a registration relating solely to the sale of securities to participants in a Company stock or stock option plan, or a registration on any form that does not include substantially the same information as would be required to be included in a registration statement covering the sale of the Registrable Securities), the Company shall, at such time, promptly give the Holders written notice of such registration. Upon the written request of each Holder given within twenty (20) days after the mailing of such notice by the Company, the Company shall, subject to the provisions of Section 1.8, use its best efforts to cause to be registered under the Act all of the Registrable Securities that such Holder has requested to be registered. The Holders' rights under this Section 1.3 may be exercised an unlimited number of times.


 
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT PAGE 4 21785-0004/151924864.1 1.4 Obligations of the Company. Whenever required under this Section 1 to effect the registration of any Registrable Securities, the Company shall, as expeditiously as reasonably possible: (a) Prepare and file with the SEC a registration statement with respect to such Registrable Securities and use its best efforts to cause such registration statement to become effective, and, upon the request of the Holders, keep such registration statement effective for up to one hundred twenty (120) days. (b) Prepare and file with the SEC such amendments and supplements to such registration statement and the prospectus used in connection with such registration statement as may be necessary to comply with the provisions of the Act with respect to the disposition of all securities covered by such registration statement. (c) Furnish to the Holders such numbers of copies of a prospectus, including a preliminary prospectus, in conformity with the requirements of the Act, and such other documents as they may reasonably request in order to facilitate the disposition of Registrable Securities owned by them. (d) Use its best efforts to register and qualify the securities covered by such registration statement under such other securities or Blue Sky laws of such jurisdictions as shall be reasonably requested by the Holders, provided that the Company shall not be required in connection therewith or as a condition thereto to qualify to do business or to file a general consent to service of process in any such states or jurisdictions. (e) In the event of any underwritten public offering, enter into and perform its obligations under an underwriting agreement, in usual and customary form, with the managing underwriter of such offering. Each selling Holder shall also enter into and perform its obligations under such an agreement. (f) Notify each Holder at any time when a prospectus relating to Registrable Securities covered by such registration statement is required to be delivered under the Act of the happening of any event as a result of which the prospectus included in such registration statement, as then in effect, includes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading in the light of the circumstances then existing. (g) Furnish, at the request of any Holder, on the date that such Registrable Securities are delivered to the underwriters for sale in connection with a registration pursuant to this Section 1, if such securities are being sold through underwriters, or, if such securities are not being sold through underwriters, on the date that the registration statement with respect to such securities becomes effective, (i) an opinion, dated such date, of the counsel representing the Company for the purposes of such


 
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT PAGE 5 21785-0004/151924864.1 registration, in form and substance as is customarily given to underwriters in an underwritten public offering, addressed to the underwriters, if any, and to the Holders and (ii) a letter dated such date, from the independent certified public accountants of the Company, in form and substance as is customarily given by independent certified public accountants to underwriters in an underwritten public offering, addressed to the underwriters, if any, and to the Holder requesting registration of Registrable Securities. 1.5 Furnish Information. It shall be a condition precedent to the obligations of the Company to take any action pursuant to this Section 1 with respect to the Registrable Securities of any selling Holder, that such Holder shall furnish to the Company such information regarding it, the Registrable Securities held by it, and the intended method of disposition of such securities as shall be required to effect the registration of such Holder's Registrable Securities and to execute such documents in connection with such registration as the Company may reasonably request. 1.6 Expenses of Demand Registration. All expenses other than underwriting discounts, commissions and stock transfer taxes relating to Registrable Securities incurred in connection with registrations, filings or qualifications pursuant to Section 1.2, including (without limitation) all registration, filing and qualification fees, printers and accounting fees, fees and disbursements of counsel for the Company, and the reasonable fees and disbursements of one special counsel for the selling Holders selected by them (which counsel shall be acceptable to the Company) shall be borne by the Company; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to pay for any expenses of any registration proceeding begun pursuant to Section 1.2 if the registration request is subsequently withdrawn at the request of the Holders (in which case all participating Holders shall bear such expenses), unless the Holders agree to forfeit their right to one demand registration pursuant to Section 1.2; provided further, however, that if at the time of such withdrawal, the Holders have learned of a material adverse change in the condition, business, or prospects of the Company from that known to the Holders at the time of their request and have withdrawn the request with reasonable promptness following disclosure by the Company of such material adverse change, then the Holders shall not be required to pay any of such expenses and shall retain their rights pursuant to Section 1.2. 1.7 Expenses of Company Registration. All expenses other than underwriting discounts, commissions and stock transfer taxes relating to Registrable Securities incurred in connection with registrations, filings or qualifications pursuant to Section 1.3, including (without limitation) all registration, filing, and qualification fees, printers and accounting fees, fees and disbursements of counsel for the Company and the reasonable fees and disbursements of one special counsel for the


 
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT PAGE 6 21785-0004/151924864.1 selling Holders selected by them (which counsel shall be acceptable to the Company) shall be borne by the Company. 1.8 Underwriting Requirements. In connection with any offering involving an underwriting of shares of capital stock being issued by the Company, the Company shall not be required under Section 1.3 to include any of the Holders' securities in such underwriting unless the Holders accept the terms of the underwriting as agreed upon between the Company and the underwriters selected by it (or by other persons entitled to select the underwriters), and then only in such quantity as the underwriters determine in their sole discretion will not jeopardize the success of the offering by the Company. If the total amount of securities, including Registrable Securities, requested by shareholders to be included in such offering exceeds the amount of securities sold other than by the Company that the underwriters reasonably believe is compatible with the success of the offering, then the underwriters may exclude up to a maximum of 75% of the Registrable Securities so requested to be included in such registration (the securities so included to be apportioned pro rata among the Selling Holders according to the total amount of securities entitled to be included therein owned by each selling Holder or in such other proportion as shall mutually be agreed upon by such selling Holders). To facilitate the allocation of shares in accordance with the above provisions, the company may round the number of shares allocated to any shareholder to the nearest 100 shares. 1.9 Delay of Registration. No Holder shall have the right to obtain or seek an injunction restraining or otherwise delaying any such registration as the result of any controversy that might arise with respect to the interpretation or implementation of this Section 1. 1.10 Indemnification. In the event any Registrable Securities are included in a registration statement under this Section 1: (a) To the extent permitted by law, the Company will indemnify and hold harmless each Holder, any underwriter (as defined in the Act) for such Holder and each person, if any, who controls such Holder or underwriter within the meaning of the Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "1934 Act"), against any losses, claims, damages, or liabilities (joint or several) to which they may become subject under the Act, the 1934 Act or other federal or state law, insofar as such losses, claims, damages, or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon any of the following statements, omissions or violations (collectively a "Violation"): (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in such registration statement, including any preliminary prospectus or final prospectus contained therein or any


 
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT PAGE 7 21785-0004/151924864.1 amendments or supplements thereto, but excluding any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement in any preliminary prospectus which is cured by a later amendment or supplement thereto, or in the final prospectus related thereto, (ii) the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein, or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or (iii) any violation or alleged violation by the Company of the Act, the 1934 Act, any state securities law or any rule or regulation promulgated under the Act, the 1934 Act or any state securities law in connection with such registration and sale of securities; and the Company will pay to each such Holder, underwriter or controlling person, as incurred, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by them in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability, or action; provided, however, that the indemnity agreement contained in this subsection 1.10(a) shall not apply to amounts paid in settlement of any such loss, claim, damage, liability, or action if such settlement is effected without the consent of the Company (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld), nor shall the Company be liable in any such case for any such loss, claim, damage, liability, or action to the extent that it arises out of or is based upon a Violation that occurs in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished expressly for use in connection with such registration by any such Holder, underwriter or controlling person. (b) To the extent permitted by law, each selling Holder will indemnify and hold harmless the Company, each of its directors, each of its officers, each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of the Act, each agent and any underwriter, any other Holder selling securities in such registration statement and any officer, director, or controlling person of any such underwriter or other Holder, against any losses, claims, damages, or liabilities (joint or several) to which any of the foregoing persons may become subject, under the Act, the 1934 Act or other federal or state law, insofar as such losses, claims, damages, or liabilities (or actions in respect thereto) arise out of or are based upon any Violation, in each case to the extent (and only to the extent) that such Violation occurs in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished by such Holder or its agents expressly for use in connection with such registration; and each such Holder will pay, as incurred, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by any person intended to be indemnified pursuant to this subsection 1.10(b), in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability, or action; provided, however, that the indemnity agreement contained in this subsection 1.10(b) shall not apply to amounts paid in settlement of any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action if such settlement is effected without the consent of the Holder (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld); provided, that, in no event shall any indemnity under this subsection 1.10(b) exceed the gross proceeds from the offering received by such Holder. (c) Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section 1.10 of notice of the commencement of any action (including any governmental action), such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against any indemnifying party under this Section 1.10, deliver to the indemnifying party a written


 
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT PAGE 8 21785-0004/151924864.1 notice of the commencement thereof and the indemnifying party shall have the right to participate in, and, to the extent the indemnifying party so desires, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly noticed, to assume the defense thereof with counsel mutually satisfactory to the parties; provided, however, that an indemnified party (together with all other indemnified parties that may be represented without conflict by one counsel) shall have the right to retain one separate counsel, with reasonable fees and expenses to be paid by the indemnifying party, if representation of such indemnified party by the counsel retained by the indemnifying party would be inappropriate due to actual or potential differing interests between such indemnified party and any other party represented by such counsel in such proceeding. The failure to deliver written notice to the indemnifying party within a reasonable time of the commencement of any such action, if prejudicial to its ability to defend such action, shall relieve such indemnifying party of any liability to the indemnified party under this Section 1.10, but the omission so to deliver written notice to the indemnifying party will not relieve it of any liability that it may have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this Section 1.10. (d) The obligations of the Company and Holders under this Section 1.10 shall survive the completion of any offering of Registrable Securities in a registration statement under this Section 1, and otherwise. 1.11 Form F-3 Registration. In case the Company shall receive one or more written requests from any Holder that the Company effect a registration on Form F-3 and any related qualification or compliance with respect to all or a part of the Registrable Securities owned by such Holder, the Company will: (a) Promptly give written notice of the proposed registration, and any related qualification or compliance, to all other Holders; and (b) As soon as practicable, effect such registration and all such qualifications and compliances as may be so requested and as would permit or facilitate the sale and distribution of all or such portion of such Holder's Registrable Securities as are specified in each such request, together with all or such portion of the Registrable Securities of any other Holder joining in such request as are specified in a written request given within thirty (30) days after receipt of such written notice from the Company; provided, however, that the Company shall not be obligated to effect any such registration, qualification or compliance, pursuant to this Section 1.11: (1) if Form F-3 is not available for such offering by the Holders; (2) if the aggregate offering price of the Registrable Securities to be registered (net of underwriters' discounts and commissions) does not exceed $500,000; (3) if the Company shall furnish to the Holder a certificate signed by the President of the Company stating that in the good faith judgment of the Board of Directors of the Company, it would be seriously detrimental to the Company and its shareholders for such Form F-3 Registration to be effected at such time, in which event the Company shall have the right to


 
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT PAGE 9 21785-0004/151924864.1 defer the filing of the Form F-3 registration statement for a period of not more than one hundred twenty (120) days after receipt of the request of the Holder under this Section 1.11; provided, however, that the Company shall not utilize this right to delay any requested registration more than once in any twelve (12) month period; or in any particular jurisdiction in which the Company would be required to qualify to do business or to execute a general consent to service of process in effecting such registration, qualification or compliance and in which the Company was not already qualified to do business or had not yet executed a general consent to service of process, as the case may be. (c) Subject to the foregoing, the Company shall file a Form F-3 registration statement covering the Registrable Securities as soon as practicable after receipt of the request of the Holders. All expenses incurred in connection with the first two registrations requested pursuant to Section 1.12, including (without limitation) all registration, filing, qualification, printer's and accounting fees and the reasonable fees and disbursements of one special counsel for the selling Holder or Holders (which counsel shall be selected by it and shall be acceptable to the Company) and counsel for the Company, shall be borne by the Company. Thereafter fees and disbursements of counsel for the selling Holder or Holders shall be borne pro rata by the Holder or Holders participating in the Form F-3 registration. Registrations effected pursuant to this Section 1.12 shall not be counted as demands for registration or registrations effected pursuant to Sections 1.2 or 1.3, respectively. 1.13 "Market Stand-Off" Agreement. Each Holder hereby agrees that, during the period specified by the Company and an underwriter of common stock or other securities of the Company (such period not to exceed 240 days), following the effective date of a registration statement of the Company filed under the Act, it shall not, to the extent requested by the Company and such underwriter, directly or indirectly sell, offer to sell, contract to sell, grant any option to purchase or otherwise transfer or dispose of (other than to donees who agree to be similarly bound) any securities of the Company held by it at any time during such period except common stock included in such registration. In order to enforce the foregoing covenant, the Company may impose stop-transfer instructions with respect to the Registrable Securities of each Holder (and the shares or securities of every other person subject to the foregoing restriction) until the end of such period.


 
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT PAGE 10 21785-0004/151924864.1 Section 2. Miscellaneous. 2.1 Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed under the laws of the Republic of Liberia as applied to agreements among Liberian residents entered into and to be performed entirely within the Republic of Liberia. 2.2 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. 2.3 Titles and Subtitles. The titles and subtitles used in this Agreement are used for convenience only and are not to be considered in construing or interpreting this Agreement. 2.4 Notices. Unless otherwise provided, any notice required or permitted under this Agreement shall be given in writing and shall be deemed effectively given upon personal delivery to the party to be notified or upon deposit with a courier and addressed to the party to be notified at the address indicated for such party on the signature page hereof, or at such other address as such party may designate by 10 days' advance written notice to the other party given in the foregoing manner. 2.5 Amendments and Waivers. No term of this Agreement may be amended or waived (either generally or in a particular instance and either retroactively or prospectively) without the written consent of the Company and each Holder. 2.6 Severability. If one or more provisions of this Agreement is held to be unenforceable under applicable law, such provision shall be excluded from this Agreement, and the balance of this Agreement shall be interpreted as if such provision were so excluded and shall be enforceable in accordance with its terms. 2.7 Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the other documents delivered at the Closing constitute the full and entire understanding and agreement between the parties with respect to the subject


 
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT PAGE 11 21785-0004/151924864.1 matter hereof and supersede all prior agreements with respect to the subject matter hereof. 2.8 Assignment. No party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the express, written consent of the other parties. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the date first above written. VIKING STAR SHIPPING INC. By:__________________________ Name:________________________ Title:_______________________ TRADE WINDS TRUST CO. LTD., as Trustee for the Cirrus Trust By:__________________________ Name:________________________ Title:_______________________ WORLDWIDE TRUST SERVICES LTD., as Trustee for the JTK Trust By:__________________________ Name:________________________ Title:_______________________


 
THIS CERTIFIES THAT is the owner of CUSIP DATED COUNTERSIGNED AND REGISTERED: COMPUTERSHARE INC. TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR, FULLY PAID AND NON-ASSESSABLE SHARES OF THE COMMON STOCK, $0.001 PAR VALUE OF Teekay Corporation transferable on the books of the Corporation by the holder hereof in person or by duly authorized attorney upon surrender of this Certificate properly endorsed. This Certificate is not valid until countersigned and registered by the Transfer Agent and Registrar. Witness the facsimile seal of the Corporation and the facsimile signatures of its duly authorized officers. COMMON STOCK PAR VALUE $0.001 COMMON STOCK SEE REVERSE FOR CERTAIN DEFINITIONS Certificate Number Shares . TEEKAY CORPORATION INCORPORATED UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF MARSHALL ISLANDS By AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE T E E K AY CORPORAT IO N THIS CERTIFICATE IS TRANSFERABLE IN CANTON, MA, JERSEY CITY, NJ AND COLLEGE STATION, TX M A R SHALL ISL AN D S President and Chief Executive Officer Secretary ZQ|CERT#|COY|CLS|RGSTRY|ACCT#|TRANSTYPE|RUN#|TRANS# Y8564W 10 3 DD-MMM-YYYY * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Sample **** Mr. Sample **000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares*** *000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares**** 000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****0 00000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****00 0000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000 000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****0000 00**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****00000 0**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000 **Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000* *Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000** Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**S * *ZERO HUNDRED THOUSAND ZERO HUNDRED AND ZERO** MR. SAMPLE & MRS SAMPLE & MR. A PLE & MRS. SAMPLE ZQ00000000 Certificate Num bers 1234567890/1234567890 1234567890/1234567890 1234567890/1234567890 1234567890/1234567890 1234567890/1234567890 1234567890/1234567890 Total Transaction Num /No. 123456 Denom . 123456 Total 1234567 M R A SAM PLE DESIG NATIO N (IF ANY) ADD 1 ADD 2 ADD 3 ADD 4 PO BO X 43004, Providence, RI 02940-3004 CUSIP XXXXXX XX X Holder ID XXXXXXXXXX Insurance Value 1,000,000.00 Num ber of Shares 123456 DTC 12345678 123456789012345


 
The IRS requires that the named transfer agent (“we”) report the cost basis of certain shares or units acquired after January 1, 2011. If your shares or units are covered by the legislation, and you requested to sell or transfer the shares or units using a specific cost basis calculation method, then we have processed as you requested. If you did not specify a cost basis calculation method, then we have defaulted to the first in, first out (FIFO) method. Please consult your tax advisor if you need additional information about cost basis. If you do not keep in contact with the issuer or do not have any activity in your account for the time period specified by state law, your property may become subject to state unclaimed property laws and transferred to the appropriate state. THIS CERTIFICATE ALSO EVIDENCES AND ENTITLES THE HOLDER HEREOF TO CERTAIN RIGHTS AS SET FORTH IN AN AMENDED AND RESTATED RIGHTS AGREEMENT BETWEEN TEEKAY CORPORATION AND COMPUTERSHARE, AS RIGHTS AGENT, DATED AS OF JULY 2, 2010 (THE “RIGHTS AGREEMENT”), THE TERMS OF WHICH ARE HEREBY INCORPORATED HEREIN BY REFERENCE AND A COPY OF WHICH IS ON FILE AT THE PRINCIPAL OPERATING OFFICE OF TEEKAY CORPORATION. UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, AS SET FORTH IN THE RIGHTS AGREEMENT, SUCH RIGHTS WILL BE EVIDENCED BY SEPARATE CERTIFICATES AND WILL NO LONGER BE EVIDENCED BY THIS CERTIFICATE. TEEKAY CORPORATION WILL MAIL TO THE HOLDER OF THIS CERTIFICATE A COPY OF THE RIGHTS AGREEMENT WITHOUT CHARGE AFTER RECEIPT OF A WRITTEN REQUEST THEREFOR. UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, AS SET FORTH IN THE RIGHTS AGREEMENT, RIGHTS ISSUED TO ANY PERSON WHO BECOMES AN “ACQUIRING PERSON” (AS DEFINED IN THE RIGHTS AGREEMENT) MAY BECOME NULL AND VOID. For value received, ____________________________hereby sell, assign and transfer unto ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Shares _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Attorney Dated: __________________________________________20__________________ Signature: ____________________________________________________________ Signature: ____________________________________________________________ Notice: The signature to this assignment must correspond with the name as written upon the face of the certificate, in every particular, without alteration or enlargement, or any change whatever. PLEASE INSERT SOCIAL SECURITY OR OTHER IDENTIFYING NUMBER OF ASSIGNEE (PLEASE PRINT OR TYPEWRITE NAME AND ADDRESS, INCLUDING POSTAL ZIP CODE, OF ASSIGNEE) of the common stock represented by the within Certificate, and do hereby irrevocably constitute and appoint to transfer the said stock on the books of the within-named Corporation with full power of substitution in the premises. . TEEKAY CORPORATION A STATEMENT OF THE POWERS, DESIGNATIONS, PREFERENCES AND RELATIVE, PARTICIPATING, OPTIONAL OR OTHER SPECIAL RIGHTS OF EACH CLASS OF STOCK OR SERIES THEREOF AND THE QUALIFICATIONS, LIMITATIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF SUCH PREFERENCES AND/OR RIGHTS AS ESTABLISHED, FROM TIME TO TIME, BY THE ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION OF THE CORPORATION OR ANY CERTIFICATE OF DETERMINATION, THE NUMBER OF SHARES CONSTITUTING EACH CLASS AND SERIES, AND THE DESIGNATIONS THEREOF, MAY BE OBTAINED BY THE HOLDER HEREOF UPON REQUEST AND WITHOUT CHARGE AT THE PRINCIPAL OFFICE OF THE CORPORATION. Signature(s) Guaranteed: Medallion Guarantee Stamp THE SIGNATURE(S) SHOULD BE GUARANTEED BY AN ELIGIBLE GUARANTOR INSTITUTION (Banks, Stockbrokers, Savings and Loan Associations and Credit Unions) WITH MEMBERSHIP IN AN APPROVED SIGNATURE GUARANTEE MEDALLION PROGRAM, PURSUANT TO S.E.C. RULE 17Ad-15. The following abbreviations, when used in the inscription on the face of this certificate, shall be construed as though they were written out in full according to applicable laws or regulations: TEN COM - as tenants in common UNIF GIFT MIN ACT - ............................................Custodian ................................................ (Cust) (Minor) TEN ENT - as tenants by the entireties under Uniform Gifts to Minors Act......................................................... (State) JT TEN - as joint tenants with right of survivorship UNIF TRF MIN ACT - ............................................Custodian (until age ................................) and not as tenants in common (Cust) .............................under Uniform Transfers to Minors Act ................... (Minor) (State) Additional abbreviations may also be used though not in the above list.


 


EXHIBIT 4.4
INDEMNIFICATION AGREEMENT
This Indemnification Agreement (“Agreement”) is made as of June 1, 2020 by and among Teekay Corporation, a Marshall Islands corporation (the “Company”), and ________________________ (“Indemnitee”).
RECITALS
1.WHEREAS, directors, officers and other persons in service to business enterprises are subjected to expensive and time-consuming litigation relating to, among other things, matters that traditionally would have been brought only against the business enterprise itself;
2.WHEREAS, highly competent persons have become more reluctant to serve as directors, officers, or in other capacities unless they are provided with adequate protection through insurance and adequate indemnification against inordinate risks of claims and actions against them arising out of their service to and activities on behalf of the enterprise;
3.WHEREAS, the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) has determined that the increased difficulty in attracting and retaining such persons is detrimental to the best interests of the Company and its shareholders and that the Company should act to assure such persons that there will be increased certainty of such protection in the future;
4.WHEREAS,  the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act (the “Marshall Islands Act”) contemplates that a Marshall Islands corporation shall have the power to indemnify directors, officers and other persons from and against certain claims and demands,  the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (as may be amended, the “Bylaws” and, together with the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, as amended and as may be further amended, the “Company Organizational Documents”) require indemnification of the officers and directors of the Company and  the Bylaws expressly provide that the indemnification provisions set forth therein are not exclusive and thereby contemplate that contracts may be entered into between the Company and members of the Board, officers and other persons with respect to indemnification; and
5.WHEREAS, this Agreement is a supplement to and in furtherance of the Company Organizational Documents and any resolutions adopted pursuant thereto, and shall not be deemed a substitute therefor, nor to diminish or abrogate any rights of Indemnitee thereunder.
AGREEMENT
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the covenants contained herein, the Company and Indemnitee do hereby covenant and agree as follows:
Section 1.Definitions.  As used in this Agreement:
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Section 1.Affiliate” of any specified Person shall mean any other Person controlling, controlled by or under common control with such specified Person.
Section 2.Corporate Status” describes the status of a person who is or was  a director or officer of the Company or  a director, officer, employee or agent of any other corporation, limited liability company, partnership or joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise which such person is or was serving at the request of the Company.
Section 3.Disinterested Director” shall mean a director of the Company who is not and was not a party to the Proceeding in respect of which indemnification is sought by Indemnitee.
Section 4.Enterprise” shall mean the Company and any other corporation, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise of which Indemnitee is or was serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, employee, agent or fiduciary.
Section 5.Exchange Act” shall mean the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended from time to time.
Section 6.Expenses” shall mean all reasonable direct and indirect costs, expenses, fees and charges of any type or nature, including, without limitation, attorneys’ fees, retainers, court costs, transcript costs, fees of experts, witness fees, travel expenses, duplicating costs, printing and binding costs, telephone charges, postage, delivery service fees, and all other disbursements or expenses of the types customarily incurred in connection with prosecuting, defending, preparing to prosecute or defend, investigating, being or preparing to be a witness in, or otherwise participating in, a Proceeding. Expenses also shall include, without limitation,  expenses incurred in connection with any appeal resulting from, incurred by Indemnitee in connection with, arising out of, or in respect of or relating to, any Proceeding, including, without limitation, the premium, security for, and other costs relating to any cost bond, supersedeas bond, or other appeal bond or its equivalent,  for purposes of Section 13(d) hereof only, expenses incurred by Indemnitee in connection with the interpretation, enforcement or defense of Indemnitee’s rights under this Agreement, by litigation or otherwise,  any federal, state, provincial, local or foreign taxes imposed on Indemnitee as a result of the actual or deemed receipt of any payments under this Agreement, and  any interest, assessments or other charges in respect of the foregoing. The parties agree that for the purposes of any advancement of Expenses for which Indemnitee has made written demand to the Company in accordance with this Agreement, all Expenses included in such demand that are certified by affidavit of Indemnitee’s counsel as being reasonable shall be presumed conclusively to be reasonable. “Expenses” shall not include “Liabilities.”
Section 7.Indemnity Obligations” shall mean all obligations of the Company to Indemnitee under this Agreement, including the Company’s obligations to provide indemnification to Indemnitee and advance Expenses to Indemnitee under this Agreement.

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Section 8.Independent Counsel” shall mean a law firm, or a member of a law firm, that is experienced in matters of limited partnership, limited liability company or corporation law, as applicable, and neither presently is, nor in the past five (5) years has been, retained to represent:  the Company or Indemnitee in any matter material to either such party (other than with respect to matters concerning Indemnitee under this Agreement, or of other indemnitees under similar indemnification agreements), or  any other party to the Proceeding giving rise to a claim for indemnification hereunder; provided, however, that the term “Independent Counsel” shall not include any person who, under the applicable standards of professional conduct then prevailing, would have a conflict of interest in representing either the Company or Indemnitee in an action to determine Indemnitee’s rights under this Agreement.
Section 9.Liabilities” shall mean all claims, liabilities, damages, losses, judgments, orders, fines, penalties and other amounts payable in connection with, arising out of, or in respect of or relating to any Proceeding, including, without limitation, amounts paid in settlement in any Proceeding and all costs and expenses in complying with any judgment, order or decree issued or entered in connection with any Proceeding or any settlement agreement, stipulation or consent decree entered into or issued in settlement of any Proceeding.
Section 10.Person” shall mean any individual, corporation, partnership, limited partnership, limited liability company, trust, governmental agency or body or any other legal entity.
Section 11.Proceeding” shall mean any threatened, pending or completed action, claim, suit, arbitration, alternate dispute resolution mechanism, formal or informal hearing, inquiry or investigation, litigation, inquiry, administrative hearing or any other actual, threatened or completed judicial, administrative or arbitration proceeding (including, without limitation, any such proceeding under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act or any other federal law, state law, statute or regulation), whether brought in the right of the Company or otherwise, and whether of a civil, criminal, administrative or investigative nature, in each case, in which Indemnitee was, is or will be, or is threatened to be, involved as a party, witness or otherwise by reason of the fact of Indemnitee’s Corporate Status, by reason of any actual or alleged action taken by Indemnitee (or a failure to take action by Indemnitee) or of any action (or inaction) on Indemnitee’s part while acting in such Corporate Status, in each case whether or not serving in such capacity at the time any liability or expense is incurred for which indemnification, reimbursement, or advancement can be provided under this Agreement. If an Indemnitee reasonably believes in good faith that a given situation has a substantial likelihood of leading to or culminating in the institution of a Proceeding, this shall be considered a Proceeding under this paragraph.
i.For the purpose hereof, references to “fines” shall include any excise tax assessed with respect to any employee benefit plan; references to “serving at the request of the Company” shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director, officer, employee or agent with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants or beneficiaries; and a Person who acted in good faith and in a manner such Person reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the participants and

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beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner “not opposed to the best interests of the Company” as referred to in this Agreement.
Section 12.Indemnity in Third-Party Proceedings. The Company shall indemnify and hold harmless Indemnitee, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, from and against all Liabilities and Expenses suffered or incurred (and, in the case of retainers, reasonably expected to be incurred) by Indemnitee or on Indemnitee’s behalf in connection with any Proceeding (other than any Proceeding brought by or in the right of the Company to procure a judgment in its favor), or any claim, issue or matter therein.
Section 13.Indemnity in Proceedings by or in the Right of the Company. The Company shall indemnify and hold harmless Indemnitee, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, from and against all Liabilities and Expenses suffered or incurred by Indemnitee or on Indemnitee’s behalf in connection with any Proceeding brought by or in the right of the Company to procure a judgment in its favor, or any claim, issue or matter therein. No indemnification for Expenses shall be made under this Section 3 in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which Indemnitee shall have been adjudged in a final and non-appealable decision by a court of competent jurisdiction to be liable to the Company, unless and only to the extent that the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York county, or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “New York Courts”) or any court in which the Proceeding was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, Indemnitee is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification.
Section 14.Indemnification for Expenses of a Party Who is Wholly or Partly Successful. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreement, and without limiting the rights of Indemnitee under any other provision hereof, including any rights to indemnification pursuant to Sections 2 or 3 hereof, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, to the extent that Indemnitee is successful, on the merits or otherwise, in any Proceeding or in defense of any claim, issue, or matter therein, in whole or in part, the Company shall indemnify Indemnitee against all Expenses suffered or incurred by Indemnitee in connection therewith. If Indemnitee is not wholly successful in such Proceeding but is successful, on the merits or otherwise, as to one or more but less than all claims, issues or matters in such Proceeding, the Company shall, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, indemnify Indemnitee against all Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by Indemnitee or on Indemnitee’s behalf in connection with or related to each successfully resolved Proceeding, claim, issue, or matter to the fullest extent permitted by law. For purposes of this Section 4 and without limitation, the termination of any Proceeding or claim, issue or matter in such a Proceeding by dismissal, with or without prejudice, on substantive or procedural grounds, or settlement or other disposition of any such Proceeding or claim, issue, or matter in such a Proceeding prior to a final judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction with respect to such Proceeding, shall be deemed to be a successful result as to such claim, issue or matter.
Section 15.Indemnification For Expenses of a Witness. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law and to the extent

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that Indemnitee is, by reason of Indemnitee’s Corporate Status, a witness or otherwise a participant, including by receipt of a subpoena, in any Proceeding to which Indemnitee is not a party and is not threatened to be made a party, Indemnitee shall be indemnified against all Expenses suffered or incurred (or, in the case of retainers, reasonably expected to be incurred) by Indemnitee or on Indemnitee’s behalf in connection therewith.
Section 16.Partial Indemnification.    If Indemnitee is entitled under any provision of this Agreement to indemnification by the Company for some or a portion of Expenses, but not, however, for the total amount thereof, the Company shall nevertheless indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, Indemnitee for the portion thereof to which Indemnitee is entitled.
Section 17.Additional Indemnification. Notwithstanding any limitation in Sections 2, 3 or 4 hereof, the Company shall indemnify Indemnitee to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law if Indemnitee is a party to or threatened to be made a party to any Proceeding (including a Proceeding by or in the right of the Company to procure a judgment in its favor) against all Liabilities and Expenses suffered or incurred (and, in the case of retainers, reasonably expected to be incurred) by Indemnitee in connection with such Proceeding, including but not limited to:
ii.the fullest extent permitted by the provisions of the Marshall Islands Act that authorize or contemplate additional indemnification by agreement, or the corresponding provision of any amendment to or replacement of the Marshall Islands Act; and
iii.the fullest extent authorized or permitted by any amendments to or replacements of the Marshall Islands Act adopted after the date of this Agreement that increase the extent to which a corporation may indemnify its officers and directors.
Section 18.Exclusions. Notwithstanding any provision in this Agreement, the Company shall not be obligated under this Agreement to indemnify or hold harmless Indemnitee, or, in the case of (a) and (c) below, to advance Expenses to Indemnitee:
iv.for any Liabilities or Expenses or with respect to any matter covered by this Agreement for which payment has actually been made to or on behalf of Indemnitee under any insurance policy (other than as set forth in Section 14(b)) except with respect to any excess indemnifiable Expenses or Liabilities beyond the amount paid under such insurance policy;
v.for (i) an accounting of profits made from the purchase and sale (or sale and purchase) by Indemnitee of securities of the Company within the meaning of Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act or similar provisions of applicable statutory law or common law or (ii) any reimbursement of the Company by Indemnitee of any bonus or other incentive-based or equity-based compensation or of any profits realized by Indemnitee from the sale of securities of the Company, as required in each case under the Exchange Act (including any such reimbursements that arise from an accounting restatement of the Company pursuant to Section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), or the payment to the Company of

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profits arising from the purchase and sale by Indemnitee of securities in violation of Section 306 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act);
vi.except as provided in Section 13(d) of this Agreement, in connection with any Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) initiated by Indemnitee, including any Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) initiated by Indemnitee against the Company or its directors, officers, employees or other indemnitees, unless  the Board authorized the Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) prior to its initiation or  the Company provides the indemnification, in its sole discretion, pursuant to the powers vested in the Company under applicable law; or
vii.if a final decision by a court having jurisdiction in the matter shall determine that such indemnification is not lawful.
Section 19.Advancement. In accordance with the pre-existing requirements of the Company Organizational Documents, and notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary, the Company shall advance, to the extent not prohibited by law, the Expenses incurred by Indemnitee in connection with any Proceeding, and such advancement shall be made within thirty (30) days after the receipt by the Company of a statement or statements requesting such advances from time to time, whether prior to or after final disposition of any Proceeding. Advances shall be unsecured and interest free. Advances shall be made without regard to Indemnitee’s ability to repay the Expenses and without regard to Indemnitee’s ultimate entitlement to indemnification under the other provisions of this Agreement. Advances shall include any and all Expenses incurred pursuing an action to enforce this right of advancement, including Expenses incurred preparing and forwarding statements to the Company to support the advances claimed. Indemnitee shall qualify for advances upon the execution and delivery to the Company of this Agreement, which shall constitute an undertaking providing that Indemnitee undertakes to repay the amounts advanced to the extent that it is ultimately determined that Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified by the Company. This Section 9 shall not apply to any claim made by Indemnitee for which indemnity is excluded pursuant to Section 8 hereof.
Section 20.Procedure for Notification and Defense of Claim.
viii.Indemnitee shall promptly notify the Company in writing of any Proceeding with respect to which Indemnitee intends to seek indemnification or advancement hereunder following the receipt by Indemnitee of written notice thereof. The written notification to the Company shall include a description of the nature of the Proceeding and the facts underlying the Proceeding. To obtain indemnification under this Agreement, Indemnitee shall submit to the Company a written request, including therein or therewith such documentation and information as is reasonably available to Indemnitee and is reasonably necessary to determine whether and to what extent Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification following the final disposition of such Proceeding. Any delay or failure by Indemnitee to notify the Company hereunder will not relieve the Company from any liability which it may have to Indemnitee hereunder or otherwise than under this Agreement, unless the Company’s ability to participate in the defense of such Proceeding was materially and adversely affected by such delay or failure, and any delay or failure in so notifying the Company shall not constitute a waiver by Indemnitee of any rights under this Agreement. The Secretary of the Company shall, promptly upon receipt of such a

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request for indemnification, advise the Board in writing that Indemnitee has requested indemnification.
ix.In the event Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification and/or advancement with respect to any Proceeding, Indemnitee may, at Indemnitee’s option,  retain counsel selected by Indemnitee and approved by the Company to defend Indemnitee in such Proceeding, at the sole expense of the Company (which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), or  have the Company assume the defense of Indemnitee in such Proceeding, in which case the Company shall assume the defense of such Proceeding with counsel selected by the Company and approved by Indemnitee (which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed) within ten (10) days of the Company’s receipt of written notice of Indemnitee’s election to cause the Company to do so. If the Company is required to assume the defense of any such Proceeding, it shall engage legal counsel for such defense, and the Company shall be solely responsible for all fees and expenses of such legal counsel and otherwise of such defense. After the Company assumes the defense of any such Proceeding, the Company shall not be liable to Indemnitee under this Agreement or otherwise for any Expenses subsequently directly incurred by Indemnitee in connection with Indemnitee’s defense of such Proceeding other than reasonable costs of investigation. Such legal counsel may represent both Indemnitee and the Company (and any other party or parties entitled to be indemnified by the Company with respect to such matter) unless, in the reasonable opinion of legal counsel to Indemnitee, there is a conflict of interest between Indemnitee and the Company (or any other such party or parties) or there are legal defenses available to Indemnitee that are not available to the Company (or any such other party or parties). Notwithstanding either party’s assumption of responsibility for defense of a Proceeding, each party shall have the right to engage separate counsel at its own expense. The party having responsibility for defense of a Proceeding shall promptly provide the other party and its counsel with all copies of pleadings and material correspondence relating to the Proceeding. Indemnitee and the Company shall reasonably cooperate in the defense of any Proceeding with respect to which indemnification is sought hereunder, regardless of whether the Company or Indemnitee assumes the defense thereof. Indemnitee may not settle or compromise any Proceeding without the prior written consent of the Company, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. The Company may not settle or compromise any Proceeding in any manner that would impose any fine, Expense, limitation or other material obligation on Indemnitee without the prior written consent of Indemnitee.
Section 21.Procedure Upon Application for Indemnification.
x.Upon written request by Indemnitee for indemnification pursuant to Section 10(a) hereof, if any determination by the Company is required by applicable law with respect to Indemnitee’s entitlement thereto, such determination shall be made  if Indemnitee shall request such determination be made by Independent Counsel, by Independent Counsel, and  in all other circumstances,  by a majority vote of the Disinterested Directors, even though less than a quorum of the Board,  by a committee of Disinterested Directors designated by a majority vote of the Disinterested Directors, even though less than a quorum of the Board,  if there are no such Disinterested Directors or, if such Disinterested Directors so direct, by Independent Counsel in a written opinion to the Board, a copy of which shall be delivered to Indemnitee or  if so directed

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by the Board, by the shareholders of the Company; and, if it is so determined that Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification, payment to Indemnitee shall be made within ten (10) days after such determination. Indemnitee shall cooperate with the Person or Persons making such determination with respect to Indemnitee’s entitlement to indemnification, including providing to such Person or Persons upon reasonable advance request any documentation or information which is not privileged or otherwise protected from disclosure and which is reasonably available to Indemnitee and reasonably necessary to such determination. Any Expenses incurred by Indemnitee in so cooperating with the Person or Persons making such determination shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be borne by the Company (irrespective of the determination as to Indemnitee’s entitlement to indemnification) and the Company hereby indemnifies and agrees to hold Indemnitee harmless therefrom. The Company will not deny any written request for indemnification hereunder made in good faith by Indemnitee unless a determination as to Indemnitee’s entitlement to such indemnification described in this Section 11(a) has been made. The Company agrees to pay the reasonable fees and expenses of the Independent Counsel referred to above and to fully indemnify such counsel against any and all Liabilities and Expenses arising out of or relating to this Agreement or its engagement pursuant hereto.
xi.In the event the determination of entitlement to indemnification is to be made by Independent Counsel pursuant to Section 11(a) hereof,  the Independent Counsel shall be selected by the Company within ten (10) days of the submission by Indemnitee of a written request for indemnification pursuant to Section 11(a) hereof (the “Submission Date”) (the cost of such Independent Counsel to be paid by the Company),  the Company shall give written notice to Indemnitee advising it of the identity of the Independent Counsel so selected and  Indemnitee may, within ten (10) days after such written notice of selection shall have been given, deliver to the Company Indemnitee’s written objection to such selection. Such objection by Indemnitee may be asserted only on the grounds that the Independent Counsel selected does not meet the requirements of “Independent Counsel” as defined in this Agreement. If such written objection is made and substantiated, the Independent Counsel selected shall not serve as Independent Counsel unless and until Indemnitee withdraws the objection or a court has determined that such objection is without merit. Absent a timely objection, the person so selected shall act as Independent Counsel. If no Independent Counsel shall have been selected and not objected to before the later of  thirty (30) days after the Submission Date and  ten (10) days after the final disposition of the Proceeding, each of the Company and Indemnitee shall select a law firm or member of a law firm meeting the qualifications to serve as Independent Counsel, and such law firms or members of law firms shall select the Independent Counsel. Upon the due commencement of any judicial proceeding or arbitration pursuant to Section 13(a) of this Agreement, Independent Counsel shall be discharged and relieved of any further responsibility in such capacity (subject to the applicable standards of professional conduct then prevailing).
Section 22.Presumptions and Effect of Certain Proceedings.
xii.In making a determination with respect to entitlement to indemnification hereunder, the Person or Persons making such determination shall, to the fullest extent not prohibited by law, presume that Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification under this Agreement if Indemnitee has submitted a request for indemnification in accordance with Section 10(a) of this

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Agreement, and the Company shall, to the fullest extent not prohibited by law, have the burden of proof to overcome that presumption in connection with the making by any Person or Persons of any determination contrary to that presumption. Neither the failure of the Company (including by its directors or independent legal counsel) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of any action pursuant to this Agreement that indemnification is proper in the circumstances because Indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct, nor an actual determination by the Company (including by its directors or independent legal counsel) that Indemnitee has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall be a defense to the action or create a presumption that Indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct.
xiii.Subject to Section 13(e) hereof, if the Person or Persons empowered or selected under Section 11 of this Agreement to determine whether Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification shall not have made a determination within sixty (60) days after receipt by the Company of the request therefore, the requisite determination of entitlement to indemnification shall, to the fullest extent not prohibited by law, be deemed to have been made and Indemnitee shall be entitled to such indemnification, absent a prohibition of such indemnification under applicable law; provided, however, that such sixty (60)-day period may be extended for a reasonable time, not to exceed an additional thirty (30) days, if  the determination is to be made by Independent Counsel and Indemnitee objects to the Company’s selection of Independent Counsel and  the Independent Counsel ultimately selected requires such additional time for the obtaining or evaluating of documentation or information relating thereto; provided further, however, that such sixty (60)-day period may also be extended for a reasonable time, not to exceed an additional sixty (60) days, if the determination of entitlement to indemnification is to be made by the shareholders of the Company.
xiv.The termination of any Proceeding or of any claim, issue or matter therein, by judgment, order, settlement or conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not (except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement) adversely affect the right of Indemnitee to indemnification or create a presumption that Indemnitee did not act in good faith and in a manner which Indemnitee reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company or, with respect to any criminal Proceeding, that Indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe that Indemnitee’s conduct was unlawful.
xv.For purposes of any determination of good faith, Indemnitee shall be deemed to have acted in good faith if Indemnitee’s action is based on the records or books of account of the Enterprise, including financial statements, or on information supplied to Indemnitee by the officers of the Enterprise in the course of their duties, or on the advice of legal counsel for the Enterprise or on information or records given or reports made to the Enterprise by an independent certified public accountant or by an appraiser or other expert selected with the reasonable care by the Enterprise. The provisions of this Section 12(d) shall not be deemed to be exclusive or to limit in any way the other circumstances in which Indemnitee may be deemed to have met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in this Agreement.

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xvi.The knowledge or actions, or failure to act, of any director, officer, agent or employee of the Enterprise shall not be imputed to Indemnitee for purposes of determining the right to indemnification under this Agreement.
Section 23.Remedies of Indemnitee.
xvii.Subject to Section 13(e) hereof, in the event that  a determination is made pursuant to Section 11 of this Agreement that Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification under this Agreement,  advancement is not timely made pursuant to Section 9 of this Agreement,  no determination of entitlement to indemnification shall have been made pursuant to Section 11(a) of this Agreement within ninety (90) days after receipt by the Company of the request for indemnification,  payment of indemnification is not made pursuant to Sections 4 or 5 or the last sentence of Section 11(a) of this Agreement within ten (10) days after receipt by the Company of a written request therefor,  payment of indemnification pursuant to Sections 2, 3 or 7 of this Agreement is not made within ten (10) days after a determination has been made that Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification, or  in the event that the Company or any other Person takes or threatens to take any action to declare this Agreement void or unenforceable, or institutes any litigation or other action or Proceeding designed to deny, or to recover from, Indemnitee the benefits provided or intended to be provided to Indemnitee hereunder, Indemnitee shall be entitled to seek an adjudication by a court of Indemnitee’s entitlement to such indemnification or advancement. Alternatively, Indemnitee, at Indemnitee’s option, may seek an award in arbitration to be conducted by a single arbitrator pursuant to the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association. The Company shall not oppose Indemnitee’s right to seek any such adjudication or award in arbitration.
xviii.In the event that a determination shall have been made pursuant to Section 11(a) of this Agreement that Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification, any judicial proceeding or arbitration commenced pursuant to this Section 13 shall, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, be conducted in all respects as a de novo trial, or arbitration, on the merits and Indemnitee shall not be prejudiced by reason of that adverse determination. In any judicial proceeding or arbitration commenced pursuant to this Section 13, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the Company shall have the burden of proving Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification or advancement, as the case may be.
xix.If a determination shall have been made pursuant to Section 11(a) of this Agreement that Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification, the Company shall be bound by such determination in any judicial proceeding or arbitration commenced pursuant to this Section 13, absent a prohibition of such indemnification under applicable law.
xx.The Company shall, to the fullest extent not prohibited by law, be precluded from asserting in any judicial proceeding or arbitration commenced pursuant to this Section 13 that the procedures and presumptions of this Agreement are not valid, binding and enforceable and shall stipulate in any such court or before any such arbitrator that the Company is bound by all the provisions of this Agreement. It is the intent of the Company that Indemnitee not be required to incur Expenses associated with the interpretation, enforcement or defense of Indemnitee’s rights under this Agreement by litigation or otherwise because the cost and expense thereof would

144608141.2      Teekay Corporation Director Indemnification Agreement – Page 10 of 2


substantially detract from the benefits intended to be extended to Indemnitee hereunder. The Company shall, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, indemnify Indemnitee against any and all reasonably-incurred Expenses and, if requested by Indemnitee, shall (within ten (10) days after receipt by the Company of a written request therefore) advance, to the extent not prohibited by law, such Expenses to Indemnitee, which are reasonably incurred by Indemnitee in connection with any action brought by Indemnitee for indemnification or advancement from the Company under this Agreement or under any directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policies maintained by the Company, regardless of whether Indemnitee ultimately is determined to be entitled to such indemnification, advancement or insurance recovery, as the case may be.
xxi.Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, no determination as to entitlement to indemnification under this Agreement shall be required to be made prior to the final disposition of the Proceeding; provided that, in absence of any such determination with respect to such Proceeding, the Company shall advance reasonably-incurred Expenses with respect to such Proceeding.
Section 24.Non-Exclusivity; Survival of Rights; Insurance; Subrogation.
xxii.The rights of indemnification and to receive advancement as provided by this Agreement shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which Indemnitee may at any time be entitled under applicable law, the Company Organizational Documents, any agreement, a resolution of directors, or otherwise. No amendment, alteration or repeal of this Agreement or of any provision hereof shall limit or restrict any right of Indemnitee under this Agreement in respect of any action taken or omitted by such Indemnitee in Indemnitee’s Corporate Status prior to such amendment, alteration or repeal. To the extent that a change in Marshall Islands law, whether by statute or judicial decision, permits greater indemnification or advancement than would be afforded currently under the Company Organizational Documents or this Agreement, it is the intent of the parties hereto that Indemnitee shall enjoy by this Agreement the greater benefits so afforded by such change. No right or remedy herein conferred is intended to be exclusive of any other right or remedy, and every other right and remedy shall be cumulative and in addition to every other right and remedy given hereunder or now or hereafter existing at law or in equity or otherwise. The assertion or employment of any right or remedy hereunder, or otherwise, shall not prevent the concurrent assertion or employment of any other right or remedy.
xxiii.The Company hereby acknowledges that Indemnitee may have certain rights to indemnification, advancement and insurance provided by one or more Persons with whom or which Indemnitee may be associated. The Company hereby acknowledges and agrees that  the Company shall be the indemnitor of first resort with respect to any Proceeding, Expense, Liability or matter that is the subject of the Indemnity Obligations,  the Company shall be primarily liable for all Indemnity Obligations and any indemnification afforded to Indemnitee in respect of any Proceeding, Expense, Liability or matter that is the subject of Indemnity Obligations, whether created by law, organizational or constituent documents, contract (including this Agreement) or otherwise,  any obligation of any other Persons with whom or which Indemnitee may be associated to indemnify Indemnitee or advance Expenses or Liabilities to Indemnitee in respect of any Proceeding shall be secondary to the obligations of the Company

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hereunder,  the Company shall be required to indemnify Indemnitee and advance Expenses or Liabilities to Indemnitee hereunder to the fullest extent provided herein without regard to any rights Indemnitee may have against any other Person with whom or which Indemnitee may be associated or insurer of any such Person and  the Company irrevocably waives, relinquishes and releases any other Person with whom or which Indemnitee may be associated from any claim of contribution, subrogation or any other recovery of any kind in respect of amounts paid by the Company hereunder. In the event any other Person with whom or which Indemnitee may be associated or their insurers advances or extinguishes any liability or loss which is the subject of any Indemnity Obligation owed by the Company or payable under the Company’s insurance policy, the payor shall have a right of subrogation against the Company or its insurer or insurers for all amounts so paid that would otherwise be payable by the Company or its insurer or insurers under this Agreement. In no event will payment of an Indemnity Obligation by any other Person with whom or which Indemnitee may be associated or their insurers affect the obligations of the Company hereunder or shift primary liability for any Indemnity Obligation to any other Person with whom or which Indemnitee may be associated. Any indemnification, insurance or advancement provided by any other Person with whom or which Indemnitee may be associated with respect to any Liability arising as a result of Indemnitee’s Corporate Status or capacity as an officer or director of any Person is specifically in excess over any Indemnity Obligation of the Company or valid and any collectible insurance (including, without limitation, any malpractice insurance or professional errors and omissions insurance) provided by the Company under this Agreement.
xxiv.To the extent that the Company maintains an insurance policy or policies providing liability insurance for directors, officers, employees, or agents of the Company or of any other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise which such person serves at the request of the Company, Indemnitee shall be covered by such policy or policies in accordance with its or their terms to the maximum extent of the coverage available for any such director, officer, employee or agent under such policy or policies and such policies shall provide for and recognize that the insurance policies are primary to any rights to indemnification, advancement or insurance proceeds to which Indemnitee may be entitled from one or more Persons with whom or which Indemnitee may be associated to the same extent as the Company’s indemnification and advancement obligations set forth in this Agreement. If, at the time of the receipt of a notice of a claim pursuant to the terms hereof, the Company has director and officer liability insurance in effect, the Company shall give prompt notice of the commencement of such Proceeding to the insurers in accordance with the procedures set forth in the respective policies. The Company shall thereafter take all necessary or desirable action to cause such insurers to pay, on behalf of Indemnitee, all amounts payable as a result of such Proceeding in accordance with the terms of such policies.
xxv.In the event of any payment under this Agreement, the Company shall not be subrogated to the rights of recovery of Indemnitee, including rights of indemnification provided to Indemnitee from any other Person with whom Indemnitee may be associated; provided, however, that the Company shall be subrogated to the extent of any such payment of all rights of recovery of Indemnitee under insurance policies of the Company or any of its subsidiaries.

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xxvi.The indemnification and contribution provided for in this Agreement will remain in full force and effect regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of Indemnitee.
Section 25.Duration of Agreement; Not Employment Contract. This Agreement shall continue until and terminate upon the latest of:  ten (10) years after the date that Indemnitee shall have ceased to serve as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company or any other Enterprise and  the date of final termination of any Proceeding then pending in respect of which Indemnitee is granted rights of indemnification or advancement hereunder and of any proceeding commenced by Indemnitee pursuant to Section 13 of this Agreement relating thereto. This Agreement shall be binding upon the Company and its successors and assigns and shall inure to the benefit of Indemnitee and Indemnitee’s heirs, executors and administrators. This Agreement shall not be deemed an employment contract between the Company (or any of its subsidiaries or any Enterprise) and Indemnitee.
Section 26.Severability. If any provision or provisions of this Agreement shall be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever:  the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Agreement (including, without limitation, each portion of any Section of this Agreement containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that is not itself invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby and shall remain enforceable to the fullest extent permitted by law;  such provision or provisions shall be deemed reformed to the extent necessary to conform to applicable law and to give the maximum effect to the intent of the parties hereto; and  to the fullest extent possible, the provisions of this Agreement (including, without limitation, each portion of any Section of this Agreement containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that is not itself invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall be construed so as to give effect to the intent manifested thereby.
Section 27.Enforcement.
xxvii.The Company expressly confirms and agrees that it has entered into this Agreement and assumed the obligations imposed on it hereby in order to induce Indemnitee to serve as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company, and the Company acknowledges that Indemnitee is relying upon this Agreement in serving as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company.
xxviii.This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings, oral, written and implied, between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof; provided, however, that this Agreement is a supplement to and in furtherance of the Company Organizational Documents and applicable law, and shall not be deemed a substitute therefore, nor diminish or abrogate any rights of Indemnitee thereunder.
Section 28.Modification and Waiver. No supplement, modification or amendment of this Agreement shall be binding unless executed in writing by the parties thereto. No waiver of any of the provisions of this Agreement shall be deemed to be or shall constitute a waiver of any other provision of this Agreement nor shall any waiver constitute a continuing waiver.

144608141.2      Teekay Corporation Director Indemnification Agreement – Page 13 of 2


Section 29.Notices. All notices, requests, demands and other communications under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given if  delivered by hand and receipted for by the party to whom said notice or other communication shall have been directed,  mailed by certified or registered mail with postage prepaid, on the fifth business day after the date on which it is so mailed,  mailed by reputable overnight courier and receipted for by the party to whom said notice or other communication shall have been directed or  sent by electronic mail, with receipt of oral confirmation that such transmission has been received:
i.If to Indemnitee, at the address indicated on the signature page of this Agreement, or such other address as Indemnitee shall provide to the Company.
ii.If to the Company to:
Teekay Corporation
2000 – 550 Burrard Street
Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6C 2K2
Attention:    Corporate Secretary
Email:     Art.Bensler @teekay.com

or to any other address as may have been furnished to Indemnitee by the Company.
Section 30.Contribution. To the fullest extent permissible under applicable law, if the indemnification provided for in this Agreement is unavailable to Indemnitee for any reason whatsoever, the Company, in lieu of indemnifying Indemnitee, shall contribute to the amount incurred by Indemnitee, whether for Liabilities or for Expenses, in connection with any claim relating to an indemnifiable event under this Agreement, in such proportion as is deemed fair and reasonable in light of all of the circumstances of such Proceeding in order to reflect  the relative benefits received by the Company and Indemnitee as a result of the event(s) and transaction(s) giving cause to such Proceeding and  the relative fault of the Company (and its directors, officers, employees and agents) and Indemnitee in connection with such event(s) and transaction(s).
Section 31.Applicable Law and Consent to Jurisdiction. This Agreement and the legal relations among the parties shall be governed by, and construed and enforced in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York, without regard to its conflict of laws rules. Except with respect to any arbitration commenced by Indemnitee pursuant to Section 13(a) of this Agreement, the Company and Indemnitee hereby irrevocably and unconditionally  agree that any action or proceeding arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be brought only in the New York Courts, and not in any other state or federal court in the United States of America or any court in any other country,  consent to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the New York Courts for purposes of any action or proceeding arising out of or in connection with this Agreement,  waive any objection to the laying of venue of any such action or proceeding in the New York Courts, and  waive, and agree not to plead or to make, any claim that any such action or proceeding brought in the New York Courts has been brought in an improper or inconvenient forum.

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Section 32.Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall for all purposes be deemed to be an original but all of which together shall constitute one and the same Agreement. Facsimile signatures or signatures received as a pdf attachment to electronic mail shall be treated as original signatures for all purposes of this Agreement. Only one such counterpart signed by the party against whom enforceability is sought needs to be produced to evidence the existence of this Agreement.
Section 33.Miscellaneous. Use of the masculine pronoun shall be deemed to include usage of the feminine pronoun where appropriate. Wherever the word “include”, “includes” or “including” is used in this Agreement, it shall be deemed to be followed by the words “without limitation”. The headings of the paragraphs of this Agreement are inserted for convenience only and shall not be deemed to constitute part of this Agreement or to affect the construction thereof.
(Signature Page Follows)

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have caused this Agreement to be signed as of the day and year first above written.
COMPANY:

TEEKAY CORPORATION


By:    
Name:     Art Bensler
Title:     Secretary







Signature Page to Indemnification Agreement
144608141.2


INDEMNITEE:


__________________________
Name:


Notice Address:





Email:    


144608141.2      Teekay Corporation Director Indemnification Agreement – Page 17 of 2
MARGIN LOAN AGREEMENT Dated as of September 29, 2020 among TEEKAY FINANCE LIMITED, as Borrower, the Lenders party hereto and CITIBANK, N.A., as Administrative Agent EXECUTION VERSION


 
i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS AND ACCOUNTING TERMS Section 1.01 . Certain Defined Terms ............................................................................................ 1 Section 1.02 . Times Of Day ........................................................................................................ 23 Section 1.03 . Terms Generally .................................................................................................... 23 Section 1.04 . Accounting Terms; GAAP ..................................................................................... 24 ARTICLE 2 AMOUNTS AND TERMS OF THE ADVANCES Section 2.01 . Commitments......................................................................................................... 24 Section 2.02 . Advances and Borrowings .................................................................................... 25 Section 2.03 . Requests For Borrowings ..................................................................................... 25 Section 2.04 . Funding Of Borrowings ........................................................................................ 25 Section 2.05 . Termination Of Facility ........................................................................................ 26 Section 2.06 . Repayment Of Advances ....................................................................................... 26 Section 2.07 . Interest .................................................................................................................. 26 Section 2.08 . Fees ....................................................................................................................... 28 Section 2.09 . Interest Rate Determinations ................................................................................ 29 Section 2.10 . Prepayments Of Borrowings; Withdrawal Of Collateral ..................................... 29 Section 2.11 . Increased Costs ..................................................................................................... 31 Section 2.12 . Taxes ..................................................................................................................... 32 Section 2.13 . Illegality ................................................................................................................ 36 Section 2.14 . Break-Funding ...................................................................................................... 36 Section 2.15 . Evidence Of Debt .................................................................................................. 37 Section 2.16 . Payments And Computations; Pro Rata Treatment; Sharing of Set-offs .............. 37 ARTICLE 3 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES Section 3.01 . Organization; Powers ........................................................................................... 39 Section 3.02 . Authorization; Enforceability ............................................................................... 39 Section 3.03 . Governmental Approvals; No Conflicts ................................................................ 39 Section 3.04 . Financial Condition; No Material Adverse Change ............................................. 39 Section 3.05 . Litigation Matters ................................................................................................. 40 Section 3.06 . Compliance With Laws And Agreements .............................................................. 40 Section 3.07 . Investment Company Status .................................................................................. 40 Section 3.08 . Taxes ..................................................................................................................... 40


 
ii Section 3.09 . Disclosure ............................................................................................................. 41 Section 3.10 . Material Agreements ............................................................................................. 41 Section 3.11 . Solvency ................................................................................................................ 41 Section 3.12 . Trading And Other Restrictions ............................................................................ 41 Section 3.13 . Capitalization and Subsidiaries ............................................................................ 42 Section 3.14 . Patriot Act; Sanctioned Persons ........................................................................... 42 Section 3.15 . Material Nonpublic Information ........................................................................... 42 Section 3.16 . Restricted Transactions ........................................................................................ 42 Section 3.17 . Conduct of Business .............................................................................................. 42 Section 3.18 . Ownership of Property; Ownership of Shares ...................................................... 42 Section 3.19 . No Sovereign Immunity ......................................................................................... 43 ARTICLE 4 CONDITIONS OF LENDING Section 4.01 . Conditions Precedent to Closing Date ................................................................. 43 Section 4.02 . Conditions Precedent To Each Advance ............................................................... 45 ARTICLE 5 AFFIRMATIVE COVENANTS OF BORROWER Section 5.01 . Financial Statements ............................................................................................. 46 Section 5.02 . Notices Of Material Events ................................................................................... 47 Section 5.03 . Existence; Conduct Of Business ........................................................................... 47 Section 5.04 . Payment Of Taxes ................................................................................................. 47 Section 5.05 . Compliance With Laws ......................................................................................... 47 Section 5.06 . Compliance With Exchange Act Requirements ..................................................... 47 Section 5.07 . Further Assurances ............................................................................................... 48 Section 5.08 . Books And Records ............................................................................................... 48 Section 5.09 . Maintenance of Separateness ............................................................................... 48 Section 5.10 . Use Of Proceeds ................................................................................................... 49 ARTICLE 6 NEGATIVE COVENANTS Section 6.01 . Indebtedness .......................................................................................................... 49 Section 6.02 . Liens ...................................................................................................................... 49 Section 6.03 . Fundamental Changes .......................................................................................... 49 Section 6.04 . Asset Sales ............................................................................................................. 49 Section 6.05 . Investments And Acquisitions ............................................................................... 49 Section 6.06 . Restricted Payments .............................................................................................. 50 Section 6.07 . Investment Company ............................................................................................. 50 Section 6.08 . No Amendment Of Organization Documents, Etc ................................................ 50 Section 6.09 . Formation Of Subsidiaries .................................................................................... 50 Section 6.10 . Restricted Transaction .......................................................................................... 50 Section 6.11 . No Impairment of Collateral Shares ..................................................................... 50 Section 6.12 . Tax Status .............................................................................................................. 50


 
iii Section 6.13 . Use Of Proceeds ................................................................................................... 50 Section 6.14 . Provision Of Public Information .......................................................................... 51 ARTICLE 7 EVENTS OF DEFAULT Section 7.01 . Events Of Default .................................................................................................. 51 ARTICLE 8 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT Section 8.01 . Administrative Agent ............................................................................................. 54 ARTICLE 9 MISCELLANEOUS Section 9.01 . Amendments, Etc ................................................................................................... 57 Section 9.02 . Notices; Effectiveness; Electronic Communications ............................................ 60 Section 9.03 . No Waiver; Remedies ............................................................................................ 62 Section 9.04 . Costs And Expenses; Indemnification; Damage Waiver ...................................... 63 Section 9.05 . Collateral Agent .................................................................................................... 64 Section 9.06 . Calculation Agent ................................................................................................. 64 Section 9.07 . Payments Set Aside ............................................................................................... 65 Section 9.08 . Governing Law; Submission To Jurisdiction ........................................................ 65 Section 9.09 . Successors and Assigns ......................................................................................... 66 Section 9.10 . Severability ........................................................................................................... 69 Section 9.11 . Counterparts; Integration; Effectiveness .............................................................. 69 Section 9.12 . Survival Of Representations ................................................................................. 69 Section 9.13 . Confidentiality....................................................................................................... 70 Section 9.14 . No Advisory Or Fiduciary Relationship ............................................................... 71 Section 9.15 . Right Of Setoff ....................................................................................................... 71 Section 9.16 . Judgment Currency ............................................................................................... 71 Section 9.17 . USA PATRIOT Act Notice .................................................................................... 72 Section 9.18 . Interest Rate Limitation ........................................................................................ 72 Section 9.19 . Qualified Financial Contract ................................................................................. 72 Section 9.20 . Disclosure ............................................................................................................. 73 EXHIBITS Exhibit A – Form of Borrowing Notice Exhibit B – Form of Security Agreement Exhibit C – Form of Control Agreement Exhibit D-1 – Form of Issuer Acknowledgement with TGP Issuer Exhibit D-2 – Form of Issuer Acknowledgement with TNK Issuer Exhibit E-1 – U.S. Tax Certificate (For Non-U.S. Lenders that are not Partnerships for U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes Exhibit E-2 – U.S. Tax Certificate (For Non-U.S. Lenders that are Partnerships for U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes


 
iv Exhibit E-3 – U.S. Tax Certificate (For Non-U.S. Participants that are not Partnerships for U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes Exhibit E-4 – U.S. Tax Certificate (For Non-U.S. Participants that are Partnerships for U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes Exhibit F – Form of Guarantee Agreement Exhibit G – Form of New York law opinion Exhibit H – Form of Marshall Islands law opinion Exhibit I – Form of Bermuda law opinion Exhibit J – Form of Assignment and Assumption Exhibit K – Form of Amendments to Borrower’s Organization Documents Exhibit L – Form of Permitted Note SCHEDULES Schedule 1.01(a) – Haircuts for Cash Equivalents Schedule 1.01(b) – Certain Defined Terms Schedule 3.13 – Capitalization Schedule 9.02 – Certain Addresses for Notices


 
1 This MARGIN LOAN AGREEMENT (as it may be amended or modified from time to time, this “Agreement”) is made as of September 29, 2020 by and among Teekay Finance Limited, a Bermuda exempted company, as Borrower (“Borrower”), the Lenders party hereto and CITIBANK, N.A., as Administrative Agent (in such capacity, “Administrative Agent”). Borrower has requested that the Lenders make loans to it from time to time in an aggregate principal amount not exceeding the Commitments (as hereinafter defined) of the Lenders, and the Lenders are prepared to make such loans upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement. In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements herein contained, the parties hereto covenant and agree as follows: ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS AND ACCOUNTING TERMS Section 1.01. Certain Defined Terms. As used in this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following meanings: “Act” has the meaning specified in Section 9.17. “Adjusted Initial Basket” means, initially, a number of TGP Shares and TNK Shares equal to the Initial Basket, which number shall from time to time be reduced by the number of TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as the case may be, released pursuant to Section 2.10(b) or Section 2.10(d). “Administrative Agent” has the meaning specified in the preamble hereto. “Advance” has the meaning specified in Section 2.01. “Affiliate” means, with respect to any Person, another Person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, Controls or is Controlled by or is under common Control with the Person specified. “Agreement” has the meaning specified in the preamble hereto. “Amendment Effective Time” means, in respect of any Potential Facility Amendment Event, Share Collateral Trigger Event or Redocumentation Event, 5:00 p.m. on the third Business Day following the Notice Date applicable to such Potential Facility Amendment Event, Share Collateral Trigger Event or Redocumentation Event, as the case may be; provided that if Borrower delivers to Administrative Agent on or prior to the first Business Day following the applicable Notice Date (i) a copy of a duly executed and delivered notice of borrowing under a revolving credit facility of Guarantor in respect of an amount sufficient to pay the Total Accrued Loan Amount and (ii) evidence reasonably satisfactory to Administrative Agent that Guarantor has agreed to contribute the proceeds of such borrowing to Borrower, the Amendment Effective Time shall be 5:00 p.m. on the fourth Business Day following the applicable Notice Date.


 
2 #93434686v13 “Applicable Percentage” means, with respect to any Lender, the percentage of the total Commitments in effect at any given time represented by such Lender’s then applicable Commitment. If the Commitments have terminated or expired, the Applicable Percentages shall be determined based upon the outstanding principal amounts of the Advances made by the respective Lenders. “Assignment and Assumption” means an assignment and assumption entered into by a Lender and an assignee (with the consent of any party whose consent is required by Section 9.09), and accepted by Administrative Agent, in the form of Exhibit J or any other form approved by Administrative Agent and reasonably acceptable to Borrower. “Attributable Debt” means, at any time, (a) in respect of any capital lease of any Person, the capitalized amount thereof that would appear on a balance sheet of such Person prepared at such time in accordance with GAAP, and (b) in respect of any Synthetic Lease Obligation, the capitalized amount of the remaining lease payments under the relevant lease that would appear on a balance sheet of such Person prepared at such time in accordance with GAAP if such lease were accounted for as a capital lease. “Availability Period” means the period from and including the Closing Date to the Final Maturity Date, but excluding any Commitment Unavailability Period. “Bankruptcy Code” means the United States Bankruptcy Code. “Base Rate” means, with respect to any Interest Period, the applicable LIBOR plus the Spread; provided that on any day during a Benchmark Unavailability Period, or if LIBOR cannot be determined for such Interest Period for whatever reason, Base Rate means, with respect to each day in such Benchmark Unavailability Period or such Interest Period, a rate per annum equal to (i) the Spread plus (ii) the greatest of (a) the Citibank Base Rate in effect on such day minus 1.00%, (b) the Federal Funds Effective Rate in effect on such day minus ½ of 1.00%, and (c) 0.00%. Any change in the Base Rate due to a change in the Citibank Base Rate or the Federal Funds Effective Rate shall be effective from and including the effective date of such change in the Citibank Base Rate or the Federal Funds Effective Rate, respectively. “Benchmark Replacement” means the sum of: (a) the alternate benchmark rate (which may include Term SOFR) that has been selected by the Administrative Agent and the Borrower giving due consideration to (i) any selection or recommendation of a replacement rate or the mechanism for determining such a rate by the Relevant Governmental Body or (ii) any evolving or then-prevailing market convention for determining a rate of interest as a replacement to LIBOR for U.S. dollar-denominated syndicated credit facilities and (b) the Benchmark Replacement Adjustment; provided that, if the Benchmark Replacement as so determined would be less than zero, the Benchmark Replacement will be deemed to be zero for the purposes of this Agreement. “Benchmark Replacement Adjustment” means, with respect to any replacement of LIBOR with an Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement for each applicable Interest Period, the spread adjustment, or method for calculating or determining such spread adjustment, (which may be a positive or negative value or zero) that has been selected by the Administrative Agent and the Borrower giving due consideration to (i) any selection or recommendation of a spread


 
3 #93434686v13 adjustment, or method for calculating or determining such spread adjustment, for the replacement of LIBOR with the applicable Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement by the Relevant Governmental Body or (ii) any evolving or then-prevailing market convention for determining a spread adjustment, or method for calculating or determining such spread adjustment, for the replacement of LIBOR with the applicable Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement for U.S. dollar- denominated syndicated credit facilities at such time. “Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes” means, with respect to any Benchmark Replacement, any technical, administrative or operational changes (including changes to the definition of “Base Rate,” the definition of “Interest Period,” timing and frequency of determining rates and making payments of interest and other administrative matters) that the Administrative Agent decides may be appropriate to reflect the adoption and implementation of such Benchmark Replacement and to permit the administration thereof by the Administrative Agent in a manner substantially consistent with market practice (or, if the Administrative Agent decides that adoption of any portion of such market practice is not administratively feasible or if the Administrative Agent determines that no market practice for the administration of the Benchmark Replacement exists, in such other manner of administration as the Administrative Agent decides is reasonably necessary in connection with the administration of this Agreement). “Benchmark Replacement Date” means the earlier to occur of the following events with respect to LIBOR: (a) in the case of clause (a) or (b) of the definition of “Benchmark Transition Event,” the later of (i) the date of the public statement or publication of information referenced therein and (ii) the date on which the administrator of LIBOR permanently or indefinitely ceases to provide LIBOR; or (b) in the case of clause (c) of the definition of “Benchmark Transition Event,” the date of the public statement or publication of information referenced therein. “Benchmark Transition Event” means the occurrence of one or more of the following events with respect to LIBOR: (a) a public statement or publication of information by or on behalf of the administrator of LIBOR announcing that such administrator has ceased or will cease to provide LIBOR, permanently or indefinitely, provided that, at the time of such statement or publication, there is no successor administrator that will continue to provide LIBOR; (b) a public statement or publication of information by the regulatory supervisor for the administrator of LIBOR, the U.S. Federal Reserve System, an insolvency official with jurisdiction over the administrator for LIBOR, a resolution authority with jurisdiction over the administrator for LIBOR or a court or an entity with similar insolvency or resolution authority over the administrator for LIBOR, which states


 
4 #93434686v13 that the administrator of LIBOR has ceased or will cease to provide LIBOR permanently or indefinitely, provided that, at the time of such statement or publication, there is no successor administrator that will continue to provide LIBOR; or (c) a public statement or publication of information by the regulatory supervisor for the administrator of LIBOR announcing that LIBOR is no longer representative. “Benchmark Transition Start Date” means (a) in the case of a Benchmark Transition Event, the earlier of (i) the applicable Benchmark Replacement Date and (ii) if such Benchmark Transition Event is a public statement or publication of information of a prospective event, the 90th day prior to the expected date of such event as of such public statement or publication of information (or if the expected date of such prospective event is fewer than 90 days after such statement or publication, the date of such statement or publication) and (b) in the case of an Early Opt-in Election, the date specified by the Administrative Agent or the Required Lenders, as applicable, by notice to the Borrower, the Administrative Agent (in the case of such notice by the Required Lenders) and the Lenders. “Benchmark Unavailability Period” means, if a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date have occurred with respect to LIBOR and solely to the extent that LIBOR has not been replaced with a Benchmark Replacement, the period (x) beginning at the time that such Benchmark Replacement Date has occurred if, at such time, no Benchmark Replacement has replaced LIBOR for all purposes hereunder in accordance with the Section 2.07(c) and (y) ending at the time that a Benchmark Replacement has replaced LIBOR for all purposes hereunder pursuant to Section 2.07(c). “Borrower” has the meaning specified in the preamble hereto. “Borrower Financial Statements” has the meaning specified in Section 4.01(a). “Borrowing” means Advances made on the same date. “Borrowing Notice” has the meaning specified in Section 2.03(a). “Business Day” means any day on which commercial banks are open for business in New York City, United States, and Vancouver, Canada, and, if such day relates to any Advance, means any such day on which dealings in Dollar deposits are conducted by and between banks in the London interbank eurodollar market. “Calculation Agent” means Administrative Agent, in its capacity as Calculation Agent. “Cash” means cash in Dollars. “Cash Collateral Amount” means, at any time, the aggregate Collateral Value of all Eligible Collateral consisting of Cash and Cash Equivalents at such time.


 
5 #93434686v13 “Cash Equivalents” means any of the following having a maturity of not greater than 12 months from the date of issuance thereof: (a) readily marketable direct obligations of the Government of the United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof or obligations unconditionally guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the Government of the United States, (b) certificates of deposit of or time deposits with any commercial bank that is a Lender or a member of the Federal Reserve System that issues (or the parent of which issues) commercial paper rated as described in clause (c), is organized under the laws of the United States or any state thereof and has combined capital and surplus of at least $500,000,000, (c) commercial paper in an aggregate amount of no more than $10,000,000 per issuer outstanding at any time, issued by any corporation organized under the laws of any state of the United States and rated at least “Prime 1” (or the then equivalent grade) by Moody’s or “A 1” (or the then equivalent grade) by S&P, or (d) offshore overnight interest bearing deposits in foreign branches of Administrative Agent, any Lender or any Affiliate of a Lender. “Change in Law” means the occurrence, after the Closing Date, of (a) the adoption of any law, rule, regulation or treaty, (b) any change in any law, rule, regulation or treaty or in the interpretation or application thereof by any Governmental Authority or (c) compliance by any Lender or Administrative Agent (or, for purposes of Section 2.11(b), by any lending office of any Lender or by any Lender’s holding company, if any) with any request, guideline or directive (whether or not having the force of law) of any Governmental Authority made or issued after the date of this Agreement; provided that, notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, (x) the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and all requests, rules, guidelines or directives thereunder or issued in connection therewith and (y) all requests, rules, guidelines or directives promulgated by the Bank for International Settlements, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (or any successor or similar authority) or the United States or foreign regulatory authorities, in each case pursuant to Basel III, shall be deemed to have been introduced or adopted after the Closing Date, regardless of the date enacted, adopted or issued. “Change of Control” means, with respect to any Person, any event or transaction, or series of related events or transactions, as a result of which (i) a “person” or “group” becomes the “beneficial owner” of more than 50% of such Person’s common equity (all within the meaning of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules promulgated thereunder) or (ii) if such Person is a partnership or limited liability company or similar entity, the identity of the general partner or managing member or similar Person (the “GP”) of such Person changes or a Change of Control (as defined in clause (i) above) occurs with respect to the GP of such Person. “Charges” has the meaning specified in Section 9.18. “Citibank Base Rate” means the rate of interest per annum publicly announced from time to time by Citibank, N.A. as its base rate in effect at its principal office in New York City. Any change in such rate shall take effect on the day specified in the public announcement of such change. “Closing Date” means the earliest date on which the conditions precedent set forth in Section 4.01 shall have been satisfied or waived in accordance with Section 9.01 of this Agreement.


 
6 #93434686v13 “Closing Share Price” means, at any time and for either of the TGP Shares or the TNK Shares, the closing price for one such Share on the applicable Exchange on the immediately preceding Exchange Business Day for such Shares, as reported on Bloomberg Page “TGP <equity> HP” in the case of the TGP Shares or Bloomberg Page “TNK <equity> HP” in the case of the TNK Shares (or, any successor or replacement reporting entity or page thereto reasonably selected by Calculation Agent); provided that if (i) a Market Disruption Event exists in respect of such Shares or (ii) such closing price is not so reported, in each case on such immediately preceding Exchange Business Day for such Shares, the “Closing Share Price” shall be the market value of one such Share as determined by Calculation Agent using objectively verifiable data and information sources, if available. If a Delisting has occurred and is continuing in respect of such Shares on such immediately preceding Exchange Business Day, the “Closing Share Price” shall be the closing sale price for such Shares on the primary national or regional securities exchange on which such Shares are listed or admitted for trading or, if such Shares are not listed or admitted for trading on any such exchange, the last quoted bid price for such Shares in the over-the-counter market as reported by OTC Markets Group Inc. or a similar organization reasonably selected by Calculation Agent, in either case on such immediately preceding Exchange Business Day. “Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. “Collateral” has the meaning specified in the Security Agreement. “Collateral Account” has the meaning specified in the Security Agreement. For the avoidance of doubt, the Designated TGP Shares and all other Collateral Shares may be held in separate subaccounts of the Collateral Account. “Collateral Agent” means Administrative Agent, in its capacity as collateral agent. “Collateral Requirement” means that (i) Administrative Agent shall have received from Borrower duly executed and delivered by Borrower (x) counterparts of the Security Agreement and the Control Agreement and (y) a UCC financing statement in appropriate form for filing with the Recorder of Deeds in the District of Columbia and (ii) Borrower shall have taken all other action required to be taken by Borrower under the Security Agreement or the Control Agreement to perfect, register or record the Liens granted by it thereunder. “Collateral Shares” means any Shares held in the Collateral Account. “Collateral Shortfall” means that, at any time, the LTV Ratio exceeds the Initial LTV Ratio. “Collateral Shortfall Grace Period” means, in respect of any Collateral Shortfall, the period of three Business Days immediately following the date (the “notice date”) on which Administrative Agent gives Borrower notice of the occurrence of an event that will cause such Collateral Shortfall to occur; provided that if Borrower delivers to Administrative Agent on or prior to the first Business Day immediately following such notice date (i) a copy of a duly executed and delivered notice of borrowing under a revolving credit facility of Guarantor in respect of an amount sufficient to prepay Borrowings pursuant to Section 2.10(a) such that, immediately after giving effect to such prepayment, the LTV Ratio would be equal to or less than the Initial LTV


 
7 #93434686v13 Ratio and (ii) evidence reasonably satisfactory to Administrative Agent that Guarantor has agreed to contribute the proceeds of such borrowing to Borrower, the Collateral Shortfall Grace Period for such Collateral Shortfall shall be the period of four Business Days immediately following such notice date. “Collateral Value” means, at any time, (i) with respect to Cash, the face amount of such Cash, (ii) with respect to Cash Equivalents, the fair market value of such Cash Equivalents at such time, as determined by Calculation Agent, multiplied by the applicable haircut set forth in Schedule 1.01(a) for such category of Cash Equivalents, (iii) with respect to a Collateral Share, the Closing Share Price for such Collateral Share at such time, and (iv) with respect to Other Collateral, the fair market value of such Other Collateral at such time, as determined by Calculation Agent, multiplied by the applicable haircut agreed by Borrower and Collateral Agent at the time Borrower and Collateral Agent agree that such other Collateral shall constitute Other Collateral. “Commitment” means, with respect to each Lender, the commitment of such Lender to make the Advances hereunder, as reduced or increased from time to time pursuant to assignments by or to such Lender pursuant to Section 9.09. The amount of each Lender’s Commitment is set forth opposite such Lender’s name on the signature page hereof, or in the Assignment and Assumption pursuant to which such Lender shall have assumed its Commitment, as applicable. “Commitment Fee” has the meaning specified in Section 2.08(b). “Commitment Fee Calculation Date” means each March 19, June 19, September 19 and December 19 of each year, commencing on September 20, 2020; provided that if any Commitment Fee Calculation Date is not a Business Day, then such Commitment Fee Calculation Date shall be postponed to the next succeeding Business Day. “Commitment Fee Calculation Period” means each period from the calendar day immediately following a Commitment Fee Calculation Date to the next succeeding Commitment Fee Calculation Date; provided that (i) the first Commitment Fee Calculation Period shall commence on September 20, 2020 and (ii) the final Commitment Fee Calculation Period shall end on the Business Day immediately preceding the Final Maturity Date. “Commitment Fee Period” means the period from and including September 20, 2020 to the Final Maturity Date, but excluding any Commitment Unavailability Period. “Commitment Fee Rate” has the meaning specified in Schedule 1.01(b). “Commitment Unavailability Period” means the period from any date on which Borrower prepays the Total Accrued Loan Amount pursuant to clause (i) of the proviso to Section 9.01(b), but does not terminate the Commitments pursuant to clause (ii) of such proviso, to the first subsequent date on which the aggregate Collateral Value of the Adjusted Initial Basket has been greater than 75% of the Reference Share Collateral Value for at least 15 consecutive Exchange Business Days. “Communication” has the meaning specified in Section 6.14.


 
8 #93434686v13 “Compensation Period” has the meaning specified in Section 2.04(b). “Connection Income Taxes” means Other Connection Taxes that are imposed on or measured by net income (however denominated) or that are franchise Taxes or branch profits Taxes. “Control” means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of a Person, whether through the ability to exercise voting power, by contract or otherwise. “Controlling” and “Controlled” have meanings correlative thereto. “Control Agreement” means that certain Account Control Agreement, dated as of the date hereof, among Borrower, Custodian and Collateral Agent, in the form of Exhibit C. “Cross-Acceleration Person” means each of Borrower, Guarantor and each Subsidiary of Guarantor (but excluding each Issuer and each Subsidiary of each Issuer, to the extent any such person constitutes a “Subsidiary” of Guarantor). “Custodian” means Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. or any other custodian selected in good faith by Collateral Agent. “Debtor Relief Laws” means the Bankruptcy Code, and all other liquidation, conservatorship, bankruptcy, assignment for the benefit of creditors, moratorium, rearrangement, receivership, insolvency, reorganization, or similar debtor relief laws of the United States or other applicable jurisdictions from time to time in effect and affecting the rights of creditors generally. “Default” means any event or condition that constitutes an Event of Default or that, with the giving of any notice, the passage of time, or both, would be an Event of Default. “Defaulting Lender” means, at any time, a Lender (i) that has failed for three or more Business Days to comply with its obligations under this Agreement to make an Advance (a “funding obligation”), (ii) that has notified Administrative Agent, or has stated publicly, that it will not comply with any such funding obligation hereunder, or has defaulted on its funding obligations under any other loan agreement or credit agreement or other similar agreement, (iii) that has, for three or more Business Days, failed to confirm in writing to Administrative Agent, in response to a written request of Administrative Agent, that it will comply with its funding obligations hereunder, (iv) with respect to which a Lender Insolvency Event has occurred and is continuing or (v) that has otherwise failed to pay over to Administrative Agent or any Lender any other amount required to be paid by it hereunder within three Business Days of the date when due, unless the subject of a good faith dispute. Administrative Agent will promptly send to all parties hereto notice of any Lender becoming a Defaulting Lender. “Deficiency Amount” has the meaning specified in Section 7.01(o). “Delisting” means, for either of the TGP Shares or the TNK Shares, that such Shares are no longer listed or admitted for trading on any Designated Exchange.


 
9 #93434686v13 “Designated Exchange” means any of The New York Stock Exchange, The NASDAQ Global Select Market or The NASDAQ Global Market, or any successor thereto. “Designated TGP Shares” means the 10,750,000 TGP Shares issued to Teekay GP on May 11, 2020. “Dollars” and “$” mean the lawful money of the United States. “DTC” means The Depository Trust Company, a New York corporation, or its successor. “Early Closure” means the closure on any Exchange Business Day of the relevant Exchange prior to its scheduled closing time for such day unless such earlier closing time is announced by such Exchange at least one hour prior to the actual closing time for the regular trading session on such Exchange on such Exchange Business Day. “Early Opt-in Election” means the occurrence of: (1) (i) a determination by the Administrative Agent or (ii) a notification by the Required Lenders to the Administrative Agent (with a copy to the Borrower) that the Required Lenders have determined that U.S. dollar-denominated syndicated credit facilities being executed at such time, or that include language similar to that contained in Section 2.07(c) are being executed or amended, as applicable, to incorporate or adopt a new benchmark interest rate to replace LIBOR, and (2) (i) the election by the Administrative Agent or (ii) the election by the Required Lenders to declare that an Early Opt-in Election has occurred and the provision, as applicable, by the Administrative Agent of written notice of such election to the Borrower and the Lenders or by the Required Lenders of written notice of such election to the Administrative Agent (with a copy to the Borrower). “Eligible Collateral” means the following assets of Borrower, to the extent held in the Collateral Account and subject to a perfected first priority Lien in favor of Collateral Agent and with respect to which the Collateral Requirement shall have been satisfied: (a) Cash; provided that the Collateral Value of Eligible Collateral consisting of Cash shall not exceed the Total Accrued Loan Amount; (b) Cash Equivalents; (c) Shares constituting Collateral Shares on the date hereof that are free of any Liens (other than Permitted Liens) or Transfer Restrictions (other than the Existing Transfer Restrictions); provided that (i) any TGP Shares constituting Collateral in excess of the Maximum TGP Shares and any TNK Shares constituting Collateral in excess of the Maximum TNK Shares and (ii) any Shares not registered in global form in the name of DTC or its nominee under an unrestricted CUSIP shall, in each case, not be Eligible Collateral; and


 
10 #93434686v13 (d) Other Collateral, if any. “Equity Interests” means, with respect to any Person, shares of capital stock of (or other ownership or profit interests in) such Person, any warrants, options or other rights for the purchase or acquisition from such Person of shares of capital stock of (or other ownership or profit interests in) such Person, securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of (or other ownership or profit interests in) such Person or warrants, rights or options for the purchase or acquisition from such Person of such shares (or such other interests), and any other ownership or profit interests in such Person (including partnership, member or trust interests therein), whether voting or nonvoting, whether economic or non-economic, and whether or not such shares, warrants, options, rights or other interests are outstanding on any date of determination. “Events of Default” has the meaning specified in Section 7.01. “Exchange” means, for each of the TGP Shares and the TNK Shares, The New York Stock Exchange or its successor, or if such Shares are not listed for trading on such exchange, the Designated Exchange that is the primary trading market for such Shares. “Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. “Exchange Business Day” means, for either of the TGP Shares or the TNK Shares, any day on which the Exchange for such Shares is open for trading during its regular trading session, notwithstanding such Exchange closing prior to its scheduled closing time. “Exchange Disruption” means, with respect to either of the TGP Shares or the TNK Shares, any event (other than an Early Closure or Trading Suspension) that materially disrupts or impairs the ability of market participants in general to effect transactions in, or obtain market values for, such Shares on the Exchange for such Shares on any Exchange Business Day for such Shares as determined by Calculation Agent. “Excluded Taxes” means any of the following Taxes imposed on or with respect to any Lender Person or required to be withheld or deducted from any payment to any Lender Person, (a) Taxes imposed on or measured by net income (however denominated), franchise Taxes, and branch profits Taxes, in each case, (i) imposed as a result of such Lender Person being organized under the laws of, or having its principal office or its Lending Office located in, the jurisdiction imposing such Tax (or any political subdivision thereof) or (ii) that are Other Connection Taxes, (b) Taxes attributable to such Lender Person’s failure to comply with Section 2.12(e) and (c) any Taxes imposed under FATCA. “Existing Transfer Restrictions” means Transfer Restrictions on the Collateral Shares arising solely from the fact that Borrower is an “affiliate” of the Issuer within the meaning of Rule 144; provided that solely with respect to the Collateral Shares consisting of TNK Shares and the Designated TGP Shares, the Existing Transfer Restrictions will also include any legal restrictions under the federal securities laws of the United States arising solely as a result of such Collateral Shares being “restricted securities” within the meaning of Rule 144 (as to which Borrower’s holding period (as determined in accordance with Rule 144) began (x) with respect to the TNK Shares, more than one year prior to the date hereof and (y) with respect to the Designated TGP


 
11 #93434686v13 Shares, no later than May 11, 2020) due to being acquired by Borrower or any of its Affiliates in a transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act or due to being dividends or distributions on such securities or dividends or distributions thereon. The parties hereto acknowledge that the Agreement of Limited Partnership of TGP Issuer contains provisions that could restrict the transfer of record ownership of the relevant Shares on the books of such Issuer, which provisions do not apply to transfers of beneficial interests in Shares registered in global form in the name of DTC or its nominee. “Extraordinary Dividend” means any dividend or distribution to existing holders of TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as the case may be, that is not an Ordinary Cash Dividend or a stock split or other dividend or distribution in Shares. “Facility” means the credit facility contemplated by this Agreement. “FATCA” means Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code, as of the date of this Agreement (or any amended or successor version that is substantively comparable and not materially more onerous to comply with), any current or future regulations or official interpretations thereof, any agreements entered into pursuant to Section 1471(b)(1) of the Code, and any fiscal or regulatory legislation, rules or practices adopted pursuant to any intergovernmental agreement entered into in connection with the implementation of such Sections of the Code. “Federal Funds Effective Rate” means, for any day, the weighted average (rounded upwards, if necessary, to the next 1/100 of 1%) of the rates on overnight Federal funds transactions with members of the Federal Reserve System arranged by Federal funds brokers, as published on the next succeeding Business Day by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, or, if such rate is not so published for any day that is a Business Day, the average (rounded upwards, if necessary, to the next 1/100 of 1%) of the quotations for such day for such transactions received by Lender from three Federal funds brokers of recognized standing selected by it. “Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Website” means the website of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York at http://www.newyorkfed.org, or any successor source. “Final Maturity Date” means the earliest of: (a) the Scheduled Maturity Date; (b) the date on which the Facility is terminated pursuant to Section 2.05; and (c) the date on which all Commitments otherwise terminate pursuant to this Agreement. “Foreign Lender” means any Lender that is organized under the laws of a jurisdiction other than the United States of America, any State thereof or the District of Columbia. “FRB” means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System of the United States. “Funding Account” means the deposit account of Borrower to which Administrative Agent is authorized by Borrower in the relevant Borrowing Notice to transfer the proceeds of any Borrowings requested or authorized pursuant to this Agreement. “GAAP” means generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.


 
12 #93434686v13 “Governmental Authority” means the government of the United States of America or any other nation, or of any political subdivision thereof, whether state or local, and any agency, authority, instrumentality, regulatory body, court, central bank or other entity exercising executive, legislative, judicial, taxing, regulatory or administrative powers or functions of or pertaining to government (including any supra-national bodies such as the European Union or the European Central Bank). “Guarantee” means, as to any Person, (a) any obligation, contingent or otherwise, of such Person guaranteeing or having the economic effect of guaranteeing any Indebtedness or other obligation payable or performable by another Person (the “primary obligor”) in any manner, whether directly or indirectly, and including any obligation of such Person, direct or indirect, (i) to purchase or pay (or advance or supply funds for the purchase or payment of) such Indebtedness or other obligation, (ii) to purchase or lease property, securities or services for the purpose of assuring the obligee in respect of such Indebtedness or other obligation of the payment or performance of such Indebtedness or other obligation, (iii) to maintain working capital, equity capital or any other financial statement condition or liquidity or level of income or cash flow of the primary obligor so as to enable the primary obligor to pay such Indebtedness or other obligation, (iv) entered into for the purpose of assuring in any other manner the obligee in respect of such Indebtedness or other obligation of the payment or performance thereof or to protect such obligee against loss in respect thereof (in whole or in part), or (v) as an applicant in respect of any letter of credit or letter of credit guaranty issued to support such Indebtedness, or (b) any Lien on any assets of such Person securing any Indebtedness or other obligation of any other Person, whether or not such Indebtedness or other obligation is assumed by such Person (or any right, contingent or otherwise, of any holder of such Indebtedness to obtain any such Lien). The amount of any Guarantee shall be deemed to be an amount equal to the stated or determinable amount of the related primary obligation, or portion thereof, in respect of which such Guarantee is made or, if not stated or determinable, the maximum reasonably anticipated liability in respect thereof as determined by the guaranteeing Person in good faith. The term “Guarantee” as a verb has a corresponding meaning. “Guarantee Agreement” means that certain Guarantee Agreement, dated as of the date hereof, executed by Guarantor in favor of Administrative Agent and the Lenders, in the form of Exhibit F. “Guarantor” means Teekay Corporation, a corporation domesticated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. “Guarantor Financial Statements” has the meaning specified in Section 4.01(a). “Indebtedness” means, as to any Person at any time, without duplication, all of the following, whether or not included as indebtedness or liabilities in accordance with GAAP, (a) all obligations of such Person for borrowed money and all obligations of such Person evidenced by bonds, debentures, notes, loan agreements or other similar instruments; (b) all direct or contingent payment obligations of such Person arising under letters of credit (including standby and commercial), bankers’ acceptances, bank guaranties, surety bonds and similar instruments; (c) net payment or delivery obligations of such Person under any Swap Contract; (d) all payment


 
13 #93434686v13 obligations of such Person to pay the deferred purchase price of property or services (other than trade accounts payable in the ordinary course of business and accruals for liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business); (e) indebtedness (excluding prepaid interest thereon) secured by a Lien on property owned or being purchased by such Person (including indebtedness arising under conditional sales or other title retention agreements), whether or not such indebtedness shall have been assumed by such Person or is limited in recourse; (f) capital leases and Synthetic Lease Obligations; (g) all obligations of such Person to purchase, redeem, retire, defease or otherwise make any payment in respect of any Equity Interest in such Person or any other Person, valued, in the case of a redeemable preferred interest, at the greater of its voluntary or involuntary liquidation preference plus accrued and unpaid dividends; and (h) all Guarantees of such Person in respect of any of the foregoing. For all purposes hereof, the Indebtedness of any Person shall include the Indebtedness of any partnership or joint venture (other than a joint venture that is itself a corporation or limited liability company) in which such Person is a general partner or a joint venturer, unless such Indebtedness is expressly made non-recourse to such Person. The amount of any net obligation under any Swap Contract on any date shall be deemed to be the Swap Termination Value thereof as of such date. The amount of any capital lease or Synthetic Lease Obligation as of any date shall be deemed to be the amount of Attributable Debt in respect thereof as of such date. “Indemnified Taxes” means (a) Taxes, other than Excluded Taxes, imposed on or with respect to any payment made by or on account of any obligation of any Obligor under any Margin Loan Document and (b) to the extent not otherwise described in (a), Other Taxes. “Indemnitee” has the meaning specified in Section 9.04(b). “Information” has the meaning specified in Section 9.13. “Initial Basket” means the number of TGP Shares and the number of TNK Shares constituting Eligible Collateral on the date hereof. “Initial Borrowing” means any Borrowing made at a time at which, immediately prior to giving effect to such Borrowing, the Total Accrued Loan Amount is zero. “Initial LTV Ratio” has the meaning specified in Schedule 1.01(b). “Interest Period” means, for any Advance, the period commencing on the date of such Advance and ending on the day that numerically corresponds to the date of the most recent Initial Borrowing in the calendar month that is three months after such date of such Initial Borrowing; provided that (i) if any Interest Period would end on a day other than a Business Day, such Interest Period shall be extended to the next succeeding Business Day unless such next succeeding Business Day would fall in the next calendar month, in which case such Interest Period shall end on the next preceding Business Day and (ii) any Interest Period pertaining to an Advance that commences on the last Business Day of a calendar month (or on a day for which there is no numerically corresponding day in the last calendar month of such Interest Period) shall end on the last Business Day of the last calendar month of such Interest Period. “IRS” means the United States Internal Revenue Service.


 
14 #93434686v13 “Issuer” means each of TGP Issuer and TNK Issuer. “Issuer Acknowledgement” means for each of TGP Issuer and TNK Issuer, an Issuer Acknowledgement dated as of the date hereof in the forms of Exhibit D-1 (in the case of TGP Issuer) and Exhibit D-2 (in the case of TNK Issuer). “Judgment Currency” has the meaning specified in Section 9.16. “Law” means, with respect to any Person, collectively, all international, foreign, U.S. Federal, state and local statutes, treaties, rules, guidelines, regulations, ordinances, codes and administrative or judicial precedents or authorities, including the interpretation or administration thereof by any Governmental Authority charged with the enforcement, interpretation or administration thereof, and all applicable administrative orders, directed duties, licenses, authorizations and permits of, and agreements with, any Governmental Authority, in each case that is applicable to such Person or such Person’s business or operation and whether or not having the force of law. “Lender” means each financial institution listed on the signature pages hereto as a Lender, and any other person that becomes a party hereto pursuant to Section 9.09. “Lender Expenses” has the meaning specified in Section 9.04(a)(i). “Lender Insolvency Event” means that (i) a Lender or its Parent Company is insolvent, or is generally unable to pay its debts as they become due, or admits in writing its inability to pay its debts as they become due, or makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors, or (ii) a Lender or its Parent Company is the subject of a bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, liquidation or similar proceeding, or a receiver, trustee, conservator, intervenor or sequestrator or the like has been appointed for such Lender or its Parent Company, or such Lender or its Parent Company has taken any action in furtherance of or indicating its consent to or acquiescence in any such proceeding or appointment. “Lender Person” means any of Administrative Agent and any Lender. “Lending Office” means, with respect to each Lender, the office of such Lender specified in Schedule 9.02 hereto, or such other office of such Lender as such Lender may from time to time specify in writing to Borrower. “LIBOR” means, with respect to any Interest Period (or other period determined by Calculation Agent with respect to any overdue amount), the London interbank offered rate administered by ICE Benchmark Administration (or any other Person that takes over administration of such rate) appearing on the applicable Bloomberg Page (or on any successor or substitute page designated by Calculation Agent from time to time) at approximately 11:00 a.m., London time, on the date two Business Days prior to the first day of such Interest Period, as the rate for Dollars for deposits for a term coextensive with such Interest Period (or other period) and for an amount substantially equal to the total Commitments. For purposes of the preceding sentence, LIBOR for any Interest Period (or other period) of a length for which rates do not appear on such Bloomberg Page shall be determined by Calculation Agent through the use of straight line


 
15 #93434686v13 interpolation between such rate for the period of time closest to, and shorter than, the length of such Interest Period (or other period) and such rate for the period of time closest to, and longer than, the length of such Interest Period (or other period), or if there is no such shorter period, the rate for the shortest period for which a rate appears on such Bloomberg Page. In no event shall LIBOR be less than 0.00%. “Lien” means any mortgage, pledge, hypothecation, collateral assignment, encumbrance, lien (statutory or other), charge, or preference, priority or other security interest or preferential arrangement in the nature of a security interest of any kind or nature whatsoever (including any conditional sale or other title retention agreement, any easement, right of way or other encumbrance on title to real property, and any financing lease having substantially the same economic effect as any of the foregoing). “LTV Ratio” means, on any date, the quotient (expressed as a percentage) of (a) the difference of (i) the Total Accrued Loan Amount (for the avoidance of doubt, calculated without regard to the then applicable Make Whole Amount) minus (ii) the Cash Collateral Amount, if any, minus (iii) the aggregate expected net proceeds of all Permitted Sale Transactions (if any) that have been executed on or prior to such date as to which the scheduled settlement date (or, if earlier, the actual settlement date) has not occurred as of such date divided by (b) the sum of (i) the Share Collateral Value (excluding the Collateral Value of any Shares that have been sold in a Permitted Sale Transaction but remain in the Collateral Account pending settlement thereof) plus (ii) the Other Collateral Value, in each case on such date. “Make Whole Amount” has the meaning specified in Schedule 1.01(b). “Make Whole Event” has the meaning specified in Section 2.08(c). “Margin Loan Document” means each of this Agreement, the Security Agreement, the Guarantee Agreement, the Control Agreement, each Issuer Acknowledgement, each promissory note delivered pursuant to Section 2.15(d), each Borrowing Notice and each agreement delivered under Section 5.07. “Margin Stock” has the meaning specified in Regulation U promulgated by the FRB. “Market Disruption Event” means an Early Closure, an Exchange Disruption, or a Trading Disruption. “Material Adverse Effect” means, with respect to any Cross-Acceleration Person, a material adverse effect on (a) the business, assets or liabilities, of such Cross-Acceleration Person taken as a whole, (b) the ability of such Cross-Acceleration Person to perform any of its obligations under any Margin Loan Document to which it is a party, (c) the Collateral, or Collateral Agent’s Liens on the Collateral or the priority of such Liens, or (d) the rights of or benefits available to Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent or the Lenders under any Margin Loan Document. “Material Indebtedness” means any Indebtedness if the amount thereof exceeds the Threshold Amount.


 
16 #93434686v13 “Material Nonpublic Information” means information (i) that has not been disseminated in a manner making it available to investors generally, within the meaning of Regulation FD, and (ii) to which an investor would reasonably attach importance in reaching a decision to buy, sell or hold Shares. “Material Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person, any Subsidiary of such Person with total assets equal to or greater than $100,000,000. “Maximum Rate” has the meaning specified in Section 9.18. “Maximum TGP Shares” means 35,958,274 TGP Shares. “Maximum TNK Shares” means 5,036,306 TNK Shares. “Merger Event” means, with respect to either of the TGP Shares or the TNK Shares, any transaction or event that is, or results in, (i) a reclassification or change of such Shares that results in a transfer of or an irrevocable commitment to transfer all of such Shares outstanding to another entity or person, (ii) a consolidation, amalgamation, merger or binding share exchange of the TGP Issuer or the TNK Issuer, as the case may be, with or into another entity or person (other than a consolidation, amalgamation, merger or binding share exchange in which such Issuer is the continuing entity and that does not result in a reclassification or change of all of such Shares outstanding), (iii) a takeover offer, tender offer, exchange offer, solicitation, proposal or other event by any entity or person to purchase or otherwise obtain 100% of the outstanding Shares of the TGP Issuer or the TNK Issuer, as the case may be, that results in a transfer of or an irrevocable commitment to transfer all such Shares (other than such Shares owned or controlled by such other entity or person), or (iv) a consolidation, amalgamation, merger or binding share exchange of the TGP Issuer or the TNK Issuer, as the case may be, or its subsidiaries with or into another entity in which such Issuer is the continuing entity and that does not result in a reclassification or change of all such Shares outstanding but results in the outstanding TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as the case may be (other than such Shares owned or controlled by such other entity), immediately prior to such event collectively representing less than 50% of the outstanding TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as the case may be, immediately following such event. “Moody’s” means Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (or its successor). “Notice Date” means, in respect of any Potential Facility Amendment Event or Share Collateral Trigger Event, the date, if any, on which Administrative Agent delivers notice to Borrower of the proposed amendments to the terms of the relevant Margin Loan Documents in respect of such Potential Facility Amendment Event or Share Collateral Trigger Event, as the case may be, and, in the case of a Redocumentation Event, the date, if any, on which either party delivers notice to the other party that such Redocumentation Event has occurred. “Obligations” means all Advances to, and all debts, liabilities, obligations, covenants, indemnifications, and duties of, Borrower arising under any Margin Loan Document or otherwise with respect to the Advances, in each case whether direct or indirect (including those acquired by assumption), absolute or contingent, due or to become due, now existing or hereafter arising and including interest and fees that accrue after the commencement by or against Borrower of any


 
17 #93434686v13 proceeding under any Debtor Relief Laws naming Borrower as the debtor in such proceeding, regardless of whether such interest and fees are allowed claims in such proceeding. “Obligor” means each of Borrower and Guarantor. “Ordinary Cash Dividend” means any quarterly cash dividend or distribution to existing holders of the TGP Shares or the TNK Shares, as the case may be, that does not exceed (i) $0.50 per share in the case of the TGP Shares, or (ii) $0.64 per share in the case of the TNK Shares. For the avoidance of doubt, only one dividend or distribution per calendar quarter in respect of each of the TGP Shares and the TNK Shares may be an Ordinary Cash Dividend. “Organization Documents” means, (a) with respect to any corporation or company, the certificate or articles of incorporation and the bylaws (or equivalent or comparable constitutive documents with respect to any non-U.S. jurisdiction); (b) with respect to any limited liability company, the certificate or articles of formation or organization, and the limited liability company agreement or operating agreement; and (c) with respect to any partnership, joint venture, trust or other form of business entity, the partnership, joint venture or other applicable agreement of formation or organization and any agreement, instrument, filing or notice with respect thereto filed in connection with its formation or organization with the applicable Governmental Authority in the jurisdiction of its formation or organization and, if applicable, any certificate or articles of formation or organization of such entity. “Oslo Business Day” means any day that is a Business Day and is also a day on which commercial banks are open for business in Oslo, Norway. “Other Collateral” means such assets of Borrower, if any, not consisting of Cash, Cash Equivalents or Shares as Borrower and Collateral Agent, with the consent of the Required Lenders, shall agree in writing shall constitute Other Collateral. “Other Collateral Value” means, at any time, the aggregate Collateral Value of all Eligible Collateral consisting of Other Collateral at such time. “Other Connection Taxes” means Taxes imposed as a result of a present or former connection between a Lender Person and the jurisdiction imposing such Tax (other than connections arising from such Lender Person having executed, delivered, become a party to, performed its obligations under, received payments under, received or perfected a security interest under, engaged in any other transaction pursuant to or enforced any Margin Loan Document, or sold or assigned an interest in any Advance or Margin Loan Document). “Other Taxes” means all present or future stamp, court or documentary, intangible, recording, filing or similar Taxes that arise from any payment made under, from the execution, delivery, performance, enforcement or registration of, from the receipt or perfection of a security interest under, or otherwise with respect to, any Margin Loan Document, except any such Taxes that are Other Connection Taxes imposed with respect to an assignment, any sale of participations or the designation of a new Lending Office (other than at the request of Borrower pursuant to Section 2.11(e)).


 
18 #93434686v13 “Parent Company” means, with respect to a Lender, the bank holding company (as defined in Federal Reserve Board Regulation Y), if any, of such Lender, and/or any Person owning, beneficially or of record, directly or indirectly, a majority of the shares of such Lender. “Participant” has the meaning specified in Section 9.09(c). “Permitted Investments” means loans of Cash owned by Borrower and not constituting Collateral (or required by any Margin Loan Document to be held as Collateral) to Guarantor or any Subsidiary of Guarantor on arm’s-length terms. “Permitted Liens” means (a) Liens imposed by Law for Taxes that are not yet due or are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings and with respect to which adequate reserves in conformity with GAAP have been taken and (b) Liens granted to Collateral Agent pursuant to the Margin Loan Documents. “Permitted Note” means a promissory note issued by the Borrower to Teekay GP on September 29, 2020 in the form attached hereto as Exhibit L and in the amount specified in such form. “Permitted Sale Transaction” has the meaning specified in Section 2.10(d). “Person” means any natural person, corporation, limited liability company, trust, joint venture, association, company, partnership, Governmental Authority or other entity. “Potential Facility Amendment Events” has the meaning specified in Section 9.01(c). “Process Agent” has the meaning specified in Section 9.02(e). “Redocumentation Event” means that (i) an event is announced that if consummated or completed would result in either Issuer ceasing to be a “foreign private issuer” as such term is defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act or (ii) either Issuer ceases to be such a “foreign private issuer.” “Reference Share Collateral Value” means the Share Collateral Value as of the date hereof, which Share Collateral Value shall from time to time be reduced by the Collateral Value attributable to such number of TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as the case may be, as are released pursuant to Section 2.10(b) or Section 2.10(d) (as determined by Calculation Agent based on the Collateral Value of such Shares as of the date hereof). “Refinancing Transaction” means any financing, capital markets or other monetization transaction of Borrower, Guarantor or any Subsidiary thereof, the proceeds of which (in whole or in part) are intended to be applied towards a repayment of the Advances hereunder in full (including a transaction described in the first proviso of the “Restricted Transaction” definition). “Register” has the meaning specified in Section 9.09(b)(iv). “Regulation U” means Regulation U issued by the FRB.


 
19 #93434686v13 “Related Parties” means, with respect to any Person, such Person’s Affiliates and the partners, directors, officers, employees, agents, trustees and advisors of such Person and of such Person’s Affiliates. “Relevant Governmental Body” means the Federal Reserve Board and/or the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, or a committee officially endorsed or convened by the Federal Reserve Board and/or the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or any successor thereto. “Required Lenders” means, at any time, Lenders (not including Borrower or any of its Affiliates) having aggregate Applicable Percentages in excess of 66.67% at such time. “Responsible Officer” means, with respect to either Borrower or Guarantor, any of the chief executive officer, chairman, president, chief financial officer, chief strategy officer, any vice president, secretary, assistant secretary or director of such Person. “Restricted Payment” means, with respect to any Person, any dividend or other distribution (whether in cash, securities or other property) with respect to any Equity Interests in such Person, or any payment (whether in cash, securities or other property), including any sinking fund or similar deposit, on account of the purchase, redemption, retirement, acquisition, cancellation or termination of any such Equity Interests in such Person or any option, warrant or other right to acquire any such Equity Interests in such Person. “Restricted Transaction” means, in respect of an Obligor, any pledge or encumbrance of Shares to any person (a “Secured Party”) to secure any obligation of such Obligor or any Affiliate of such Obligor; provided that such a pledge or encumbrance of Shares by an Obligor other than Borrower that does not relate to a transaction that gives rise to any obligations of Borrower shall not constitute a Restricted Transaction if (i) such Obligor has given Administrative Agent, on behalf of the Lenders, a right of first refusal to either (x) enter into the transaction that would give rise to such obligation on the same terms as those proposed to be entered into with such Secured Party or (y) amend the Margin Loan Documents to add such Shares to the Eligible Collateral and (1) increase the total Commitments by an amount equal to the product of the Share Collateral Value in respect of such Shares as of the date such Shares are added to the Eligible Collateral and the Initial LTV Ratio (with a proportional increase to the Commitment of each Lender) and (2) increase the Maximum TGP Shares and the Maximum TNK Shares by the number of TGP Shares and TNK Shares included in such Shares, in either case of (x) or (y), in lieu of the proposed transaction between the Obligor and the proposed Secured Party; and (ii) if Administrative Agent, on behalf of the Lenders, has declined to exercise such right of first refusal (including, for the avoidance of doubt, by reason of being unable to obtain the consents required by Section 9.01(a) to affect such amendments to the Margin Loan Documents), (A) the transaction between the Obligor and the proposed Secured Party does not contain any events of default, collateral triggers or other provisions that could allow such Secured Party to liquidate any such Shares prior to a time at which Collateral Agent would have the right to liquidate the Collateral under the Margin Loan Documents and (B) Borrower agrees to amend the terms of this Agreement to include, in addition to the Events of Default set forth herein, any default, event of default, collateral trigger or other event or circumstance giving rise to a right on behalf of such Secured Party to liquidate any Shares


 
20 #93434686v13 as an Event of Default under this Agreement; and provided further that a Restricted Transaction shall not include any Permitted Sale Transaction. “Rule 144” means Rule 144 under the Securities Act. “S&P” means Standard & Poor’s (or its successor). “Sanctions” has the meaning specified in Section 3.14. “Scheduled Maturity Date” means June 30, 2022. “SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or any Governmental Authority succeeding to any of its principal functions. “Securities Act” means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended. “Security Agreement” means that certain Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of the date hereof, between Borrower and Collateral Agent, in the form of Exhibit B, as it may be amended or modified from time to time. “Separate Facility” has the meaning specified in Section 9.01(d). “Set-off Party” has the meaning specified in Section 9.15. “Share Collateral Trigger Event” means that, at any time, the aggregate Collateral Value of the Adjusted Initial Basket is less than 50% of the Reference Share Collateral Value. “Share Collateral Value” means, at any time, the aggregate Collateral Value of all Eligible Collateral consisting of Collateral Shares at such time. “Shares” means each of the TGP Shares and the TNK Shares. “SOFR” with respect to any day means the secured overnight financing rate published for such day by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, as the administrator of the benchmark, (or a successor administrator) on the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Website. “Solvent” means, with respect to any Person, that at any time, both (a)(i) the sum of such Person’s liabilities (including contingent liabilities) does not exceed the present fair saleable value of such Person’s present assets; (ii) such Person’s capital is not unreasonably small in relation to its business as contemplated on the Closing Date; and (iii) such Person has not incurred and does not intend to incur, or believe (or reasonably believe) that it will incur, debts beyond its ability to pay such debts as they become due (whether at maturity or otherwise); and (b) such Person is “solvent” within the meaning given that term and similar terms under applicable laws relating to fraudulent transfers and conveyances. For purposes of this definition, the amount of any contingent liability at any time shall be computed as the amount that, in light of all of the facts and circumstances existing at such time, represents the amount that can reasonably be expected to become an actual or matured liability.


 
21 #93434686v13 “Spread” has the meaning specified in Schedule 1.01(b). “Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person, any corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity of which the majority of the Equity Interests having by the terms thereof ordinary voting power to elect a majority of the board of directors or other persons performing similar functions of such corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity (irrespective of whether or not at the time securities or other ownership interests of any other class or classes of such corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity shall have or might have voting power by reason of the happening of any contingency) is at the time directly or indirectly owned or controlled by such Person or one or more Subsidiaries of such Person or by such Person and one or more Subsidiaries of such Person. “Swap Contract” means (a) any and all rate swap transaction, swap option, basis swap, forward rate transaction, commodity swap, commodity option, equity or equity index swap, equity or equity index option, bond option, interest rate option, foreign exchange transaction, cap transaction, floor transaction, collar transaction, currency swap transaction, cross-currency rate swap transaction, currency option, credit protection transaction, credit swap, credit default swap, credit default option, total return swap, credit spread transaction, repurchase transaction, reverse repurchase transaction, buy/sell-back transaction, securities lending transaction, weather index transaction or forward purchase or sale of a security, commodity or other financial instrument or interest (including any option with respect to any of these transactions), whether or not any such transaction is governed by or subject to any master agreement, and (b) any and all transactions of any kind, and the related confirmations, that are subject to the terms and conditions of, or governed by, any form of master agreement published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc., any International Foreign Exchange Master Agreement, or any other master agreement (any such master agreement, together with any related schedules, a “Master Agreement”), including any such obligations or liabilities under any Master Agreement. “Swap Termination Value” means, in respect of any one or more Swap Contracts, after taking into account the effect of any legally enforceable netting agreement relating to such Swap Contracts, (a) for any date on or after the date such Swap Contracts have been closed out and termination value(s) determined in accordance therewith, such termination value(s), and (b) for any date prior to the date referenced in clause (a), the amount(s) determined as the mark-to-market value(s) for such Swap Contracts, as determined by Calculation Agent, using commercially reasonable procedures in order to produce a commercially reasonable result, based upon one or more mid-market or other readily available quotations provided by any recognized dealer in such Swap Contracts (which may include Administrative Agent, any Lender or any Affiliate of Administrative Agent or any Lender). “Synthetic Lease Obligation” means the monetary obligation of a Person under (a) a so- called synthetic, off-balance sheet or tax retention lease, or (b) an agreement for the use or possession of property (including sale and leaseback transactions), in each case, creating obligations that do not appear on the balance sheet of such Person but that, upon the application of any Debtor Relief Laws to such Person, would be characterized as the indebtedness of such Person (without regard to accounting treatment).


 
22 #93434686v13 “Taxes” means all present or future taxes, levies, imposts, duties, deductions, withholdings (including backup withholding), assessments, fees or other charges imposed by any Governmental Authority, including any interest, additions to tax or penalties applicable thereto. “Teekay GP” means Teekay GP L.L.C., a Marshall Islands limited liability company. “Term SOFR” means the forward-looking term rate based on SOFR that has been selected or recommended by the Relevant Governmental Body. “TGP Issuer” means Teekay LNG Partners L.P., a limited partnership formed under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. “TGP Shares” means the common units of TGP Issuer. “Threshold Amount” has the meaning specified in Schedule 1.01(b). “TNK Issuer” means Teekay Tankers Ltd., a corporation incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. “TNK Shares” means the Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of TNK Issuer. “Total Accrued Loan Amount” means, at any time, the aggregate outstanding principal amount of all Advances, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon, the accrued and unpaid fees, including the Make Whole Amount, if applicable, and all reimbursable expenses and other Obligations together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon. “Trading Disruption” means, for either of the TGP Shares or the TNK Shares, any material suspension of or limitation imposed on trading by the Exchange for such Shares on any Exchange Business Day for such Shares (whether by reason of movements in price exceeding limits permitted by such Exchange or otherwise) relating to such Shares. “Transactions” means the execution, delivery and performance by Borrower of the Margin Loan Documents, the grant of the security interest contemplated hereby or thereby and the borrowing of the Advances. “Transfer Restriction” means, with respect to any item of Collateral, any condition to or restriction on the ability of the owner thereof to sell, assign or otherwise transfer such item of Collateral or enforce the provisions thereof or of any document related thereto whether set forth in such item of Collateral itself or in any document related thereto, including, without limitation, (i) any requirement that any sale, assignment or other transfer or enforcement for such item of Collateral be consented to or approved by any Person, including, without limitation, the issuer thereof or any other obligor thereon, (ii) any limitation on the type or status, financial or otherwise, of any purchaser, pledgee, assignee or transferee of such item of Collateral, (iii) any requirement for the delivery of any certificate, consent, agreement, opinion of counsel, notice or any other document of any Person to the issuer of, any other obligor on or any registrar or transfer agent for, such item of Collateral, prior to the sale, pledge, assignment or other transfer or enforcement of such item of Collateral and (iv) any registration or qualification requirement or prospectus delivery


 
23 #93434686v13 requirement for such item of Collateral pursuant to any federal, state, local or foreign securities law (including, without limitation, any such requirement arising under Section 5 of the Securities Act as a result of such item of Collateral being a “restricted security” or Borrower being an “affiliate” of the issuer of such item of Collateral, as such terms are defined in Rule 144); provided that the required delivery of a customary assignment, instruction or entitlement order from Borrower, together with any evidence of the corporate or other authority of Borrower, shall not constitute a “Transfer Restriction”. “U.S. Person” means a “United States person” within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code. “U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate” has the meaning specified in Section 2.12(e)(ii)(B)(3). “UCC” means the Uniform Commercial Code as in effect from time to time in the State of New York or any other state or jurisdiction of the United States the laws of which are required to be applied in connection with the issue of perfection of security interests. “Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement” means the Benchmark Replacement excluding the Benchmark Replacement Adjustment. “United States” and “U.S.” mean the United States of America. “Upfront Fee” has the meaning specified in Schedule 1.01(b). “Utilization” means, with respect to any Lender for any calendar day, (i) the total outstanding principal amount of Advances made by such Lender as of such calendar day divided by (ii) the Commitment for such Lender, expressed as a percentage. Section 1.02. Times Of Day. Unless otherwise specified, all references herein to times of day shall be references to New York City time (daylight or standard, as applicable). Section 1.03. Terms Generally. (a) The definitions of terms herein shall apply equally to the singular and plural forms of the terms defined. Whenever the context may require, any pronoun shall include the corresponding masculine, feminine and neuter forms. The words “include”, “includes” and “including” shall be deemed to be followed by the phrase “without limitation”. The word “will” shall be construed to have the same meaning and effect as the word “shall”. Unless the context requires otherwise (a) any definition of or reference to any agreement, instrument or other document herein shall be construed as referring to such agreement, instrument or other document as from time to time amended, supplemented or otherwise modified (subject to any restrictions on such amendments, supplements or modifications set forth herein), (b) any reference herein to any Person shall be construed to include such Person’s successors and assigns, (c) the words “herein”, “hereof” and “hereunder”, and words of similar import, shall be construed to refer to this Agreement in its entirety and not to any particular provision hereof, (d) all references herein to Articles, Sections, Exhibits and Schedules shall be construed to refer to Articles and Sections of, and Exhibits and Schedules to, this Agreement and (e) the words “asset” and “property” shall be


 
24 #93434686v13 construed to have the same meaning and effect and to refer to any and all tangible and intangible assets and properties, including cash, securities, accounts and contract rights. In the computation of periods of time from a specified date to a later specified date, unless expressly specified otherwise, the word “from” means “from and including;” the words “to” and “until” each mean “to but excluding;” and the word “through” means “to and including.” (b) Section headings herein and in the other Margin Loan Documents are included for convenience of reference only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Documents. (c) Determinations, consents, approvals or any other actions or non-actions taken by or determined by Administrative Agent in such capacity shall be made in good faith and, unless otherwise stated herein, its sole discretion. (d) In the computation of numbers of shares, triggers related to price or value per share or traded volume of shares herein, such number, or collateral trigger in this Agreement, as applicable, may be adjusted from time to time by Calculation Agent in connection with any buy- back, share split or any other event with dilutive or concentrative effect (which, for the avoidance of doubt, does not include ordinary course equity or convertible/exchangeable offerings on market terms, as well as contribution arrangements where the parent contributes assets to the issuers in exchange for shares issued at prevailing market prices) with respect to such shares so that the trigger levels reflect the same collateral value and the numbers of such shares maintains the same ratio to the aggregate number of such shares issued and outstanding, in each case had such buy- back, share split or similar event not occurred. Section 1.04. Accounting Terms; GAAP. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, all terms of an accounting or financial nature shall be construed in accordance with GAAP, as in effect from time to time; provided that if Borrower notifies Administrative Agent that Borrower requests an amendment to any provision hereof to eliminate the effect of any change occurring after the date hereof in GAAP or in the application thereof on the operation of such provision (or if Administrative Agent notifies Borrower that Administrative Agent or the Required Lenders request an amendment to any provision hereof for such purpose), regardless of whether any such notice is given before or after such change in GAAP or in the application thereof, then such provision shall be interpreted on the basis of GAAP as in effect and applied immediately before such change shall have become effective until such notice shall have been withdrawn or such provision amended in accordance herewith. ARTICLE 2 AMOUNTS AND TERMS OF THE ADVANCES Section 2.01. Commitments. (a) Subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, each Lender agrees to make loans in Dollars to Borrower (each such loan, an “Advance”) from time to time during the Availability Period in an aggregate principal amount that will not result in (i) the total outstanding principal amount of Advances made by such Lender exceeding the Commitment for such Lender or (ii) the


 
25 #93434686v13 total outstanding principal amount of Advances made by all Lenders exceeding the Commitments for all Lenders. Section 2.02. Advances and Borrowings. (a) Each Advance shall be made as part of a Borrowing consisting of Advances made by the Lenders ratably in accordance with their then Applicable Percentages. The failure of any Lender to make any Advance required to be made by it shall not relieve any other Lender of its obligations hereunder. (b) Each Borrowing shall be in an amount of $10,000,000 or a whole multiple of $1,000,000 in excess thereof. Subject to the conditions set forth in Article 4 and the other terms and conditions set forth herein, Borrower may from time to time borrow, prepay pursuant to Section 2.10(a) and reborrow under this Section 2.02. Section 2.03. Requests For Borrowings. (a) (i) To request a Borrowing, Borrower shall notify Administrative Agent and each other Lender of such request no later than 1:00 p.m. on the second Oslo Business Day prior to the date of such proposed Borrowing. (ii) Each such notice of a request for a Borrowing (a “Borrowing Notice”) shall be in writing in substantially the form of Exhibit A, specifying therein: (x) the date of such Borrowing, which shall be an Oslo Business Day, (y) the aggregate amount of such Borrowing and (z) the Funding Account. If a Borrowing Notice is not given by the time referred to in Section 2.03(a)(i) above, it shall be deemed to have been given on the next succeeding Oslo Business Day. (b) Each Borrowing Notice shall be irrevocable and binding on Borrower. Section 2.04. Funding Of Borrowings. (a) Each Lender shall make each Advance to be made by it hereunder on the proposed date thereof by wire transfer of immediately available funds promptly and not later than 3:00 p.m. to the account of Administrative Agent most recently designated by it for such purpose by notice to the Lenders. Upon satisfaction of the applicable conditions set forth in Section 4.02, Administrative Agent will make all funds so received available to Borrower by crediting the amounts so received, in like funds as received by Administrative Agent, to the Funding Account. (b) Unless Administrative Agent shall have received notice from a Lender prior to the proposed date of any Borrowing that such Lender will not make available to Administrative Agent such Lender’s share of such Borrowing, Administrative Agent may assume that such Lender has made such share available on such date in accordance with paragraph (a) of this Section 2.04 and may, in reliance upon such assumption, make available to Borrower a corresponding amount. If and to the extent that such Lender did not make available such Lender’s share of such Borrowing, then such Lender shall forthwith on demand pay to Administrative Agent the amount thereof in immediately available funds, together with interest thereon for the period from the date such


 
26 #93434686v13 amount was made available by Administrative Agent to Borrower to the date such amount is received by Administrative Agent (the “Compensation Period”) at a rate per annum equal to the Federal Funds Effective Rate from time to time as in effect plus Administrative Agent’s standard processing fee for interbank compensation. If such Lender pays such amount to Administrative Agent, then such amount shall constitute such Lender’s Advance included in the applicable Borrowing. If such Lender does not pay such amount forthwith upon Administrative Agent’s demand therefor, Administrative Agent may make a demand therefor upon Borrower, and Borrower shall pay such amount to Administrative Agent, together with the interest thereon for the Compensation Period at a rate per annum equal to the rate of interest applicable to the applicable Borrowing. Nothing herein shall be deemed to relieve any Lender from its obligations to fulfill its Commitment or to prejudice any rights that Administrative Agent or Borrower may have against any Lender as a result of any default by such Lender hereunder. Section 2.05. Termination Of Facility. (a) Unless previously terminated, the Commitments shall terminate on the Scheduled Maturity Date. (b) Borrower may at any time, upon written notice to Administrative Agent, terminate the Commitments upon the prepayment in full of the Total Accrued Loan Amount to Administrative Agent for the account of each Lender. Upon delivery by Borrower of such written notice, the Facility shall be irrevocably terminated, may not be reinstated and shall cease to have further effect, except with respect to the provisions that by their express terms survive the termination of the Facility. (c) Borrower may not reduce the amount of the Commitments, except as set forth in subsection (d) of this Section 2.05. (d) Following completion of any Permitted Sale Transaction, Borrower may permanently reduce any unused Commitments, upon written notice to Administrative Agent, which notice shall be received by Administrative Agent no later than 1:00 p.m. on the second Business Day prior to the date of such reduction, provided that such reduction shall not exceed the amount equal to (x) the Commitments multiplied by (y) a ratio that the Collateral Value of the TGP Shares or TNK Shares (as the case may be) released pursuant to such Permitted Sale Transaction bears to the Share Collateral Value, in each case, as of the date of such release (before giving effect to such release). Any reduction of Commitments shall be applied to the Commitments held by each Lender ratably, according to the Commitments then held by each Lender. Section 2.06. Repayment Of Advances. Borrower hereby unconditionally promises to pay to Administrative Agent for the account of each Lender the then unpaid principal amount of each Advance on the Final Maturity Date. Section 2.07. Interest. (a) Borrower shall pay interest on the outstanding principal amount of each Advance, from the date of such Advance until the date on which such principal amount shall have been paid in full, at a rate per annum equal to the Base Rate, payable quarterly in arrears for each Interest Period on the first Business Day following the end of such Interest Period, commencing on the first Business Day following the end of the first Interest Period following the Closing Date, and


 
27 #93434686v13 on the Final Maturity Date; provided that (i) interest accrued pursuant to paragraph (b) of this Section 2.07 shall be payable on demand and (ii) in the event of any repayment or prepayment of any Advance, accrued interest on the principal amount repaid or prepaid shall be payable on the date of such repayment or prepayment. The total amount of interest due on each such day shall be computed by Calculation Agent on the immediately preceding Business Day. The Base Rate shall be computed by Calculation Agent based on a year of 360 days and actual days elapsed in the Interest Period for which interest is payable. (b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, during the occurrence and continuance of an Event of Default, (i) all Advances shall bear interest at 2% plus the Base Rate and (ii) any other amount outstanding hereunder shall accrue interest at 2% plus the Base Rate. (c) (i) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein or in any other Margin Loan Document, upon the occurrence of a Benchmark Transition Event or an Early Opt-in Election, as applicable, the Administrative Agent and the Borrower may amend this Agreement to replace LIBOR with a Benchmark Replacement. Any such amendment with respect to a Benchmark Transition Event will become effective at 5:00 p.m. on the fifth (5th) Business Day after the Administrative Agent has posted such proposed amendment to all Lenders and the Borrower so long as the Administrative Agent has not received, by such time, written notice of objection to such amendment from Lenders comprising the Required Lenders. Any such amendment with respect to an Early Opt-in Election will become effective on the date that Lenders comprising the Required Lenders have delivered to the Administrative Agent written notice that such Required Lenders accept such amendment. No replacement of LIBOR with a Benchmark Replacement pursuant to this subsection (c) will occur prior to the applicable Benchmark Transition Start Date. (ii) In connection with the implementation of a Benchmark Replacement, the Administrative Agent will have the right to make Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes from time to time and, notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein or in any other Margin Loan Document, any amendments implementing such Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes will become effective without any further action or consent of any other party to this Agreement. (iii) The Administrative Agent will promptly notify the Borrower and the Lenders of (i) any occurrence of a Benchmark Transition Event or an Early Opt-in Election, as applicable, and its related Benchmark Replacement Date and Benchmark Transition Start Date, (ii) the implementation of any Benchmark Replacement, (iii) the effectiveness of any Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes and (iv) the commencement or conclusion of any Benchmark Unavailability Period. Any determination, decision or election that may be made by the Administrative Agent or Lenders pursuant to this subsection (c), including any determination with respect to a tenor, rate or adjustment or of the occurrence or non-occurrence of an event, circumstance or date and any decision to take or refrain from taking any action, will be conclusive and binding absent manifest error


 
28 #93434686v13 and may be made in its or their sole discretion and without consent from any other party hereto, except, in each case, as expressly required pursuant to this subsection (c) . Section 2.08. Fees. (a) On the Closing Date, Borrower shall pay to Administrative Agent for the account of each Lender the applicable Upfront Fee and shall pay the Lender Expenses as directed by Administrative Agent; provided that any Lender Expenses not invoiced prior to the Closing Date shall be due and payable three Business Days following the date they are invoiced. Such fee shall be fully earned when paid and shall not be refundable for any reason whatsoever. (b) Borrower shall pay to Administrative Agent for the account of each Lender a commitment fee (the “Commitment Fee”) on the first Business Day following the end of each Commitment Fee Calculation Period in an amount equal to the sum, for each calendar day that falls in both (x) such Commitment Fee Calculation Period and (y) the Commitment Fee Period, of the product of (i) the undrawn portion of the Commitment for such Lender on such day (which shall be deemed to be equal to the total Commitment for such Lender as of the Closing Date for any day during the Commitment Fee Period that is prior to the Closing Date), (ii) the Commitment Fee Rate with respect to such Lender for such day (which shall be deemed to equal 1.50% per annum for any day during the Commitment Fee Period that is prior to the Closing Date) and (iii) 1/360. The Commitment Fee shall accrue at all times during the Commitment Fee Period (but not, for the avoidance of doubt, during any Commitment Unavailability Period), including at any time during which one or more of the conditions in Article 4 is not met. For the avoidance of doubt, the Commitment Fee is deemed to have accrued on each day during the Commitment Fee Period that is prior to the Closing Date as described in the second immediately preceding sentence. Administrative Agent shall notify Borrower no later than the Business Day prior to any date on which the accrued Commitment Fee is payable of the amount of such Commitment Fee due on such payment date; provided that if Administrative Agent gives Borrower such notice after such deadline, such accrued Commitment Fee shall be due and payable on the Business Day following the date Administrative Agent delivers such notice. (c) If the Commitments are terminated in full by Borrower pursuant to Section 2.05(b) or permanently reduced by Borrower pursuant to Section 2.05(d) or if the Total Accrued Loan Amount is declared due and payable in connection with an Event of Default of the type described in Section 7.01(a) (solely to the extent that the payment required to be made is based upon an Event of Default under any of the other Sections enumerated in this Section 2.08(c)), Section 7.01(b), Section 7.01(d) (solely with respect to Borrower and solely under Section 5.03, Section 5.09 and Article 6, but excluding Section 6.14, of this Agreement), Section 7.01(g) (solely with respect to Borrower), Section 7.01(h)(ii), Section 7.01(i)(ii) or Section 7.01(n) (solely with respect to Borrower) of this Agreement, in each case prior to the date that is 12 calendar months after the date hereof (any such event, a “Make Whole Event”), Borrower shall pay to Administrative Agent for the account of each Lender the Make Whole Amount, except that no Make Whole Amount shall be payable (i) to any Lender in connection with any such termination to the extent provided in Section 9.01(b), Section 9.01(c) or Section 9.01(d) or (ii) to a Lender with respect to termination of the Commitment of such Lender by Borrower pursuant to Section 2.05(b) in connection with a


 
29 #93434686v13 Refinancing Transaction that such Lender (or one of its Affiliates) has had reasonable opportunity to meaningfully participate in on or prior to the date of such termination. (d) All fees payable hereunder shall be paid on the dates due, in immediately available funds, to Administrative Agent for distribution to the Lenders ratably in accordance with the Applicable Percentage of each Lender (except that the Upfront Fee shall be allocated among the Lenders as set forth in the definition of Upfront Fee). Fees shall not be refundable under any circumstances. (e) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, during such period as a Lender is a Defaulting Lender, such Defaulting Lender will not be entitled to any fees accruing during such period pursuant to Section 2.08(b) (without prejudice to the rights of the Lenders other than Defaulting Lenders in respect of such fees). Section 2.09. Interest Rate Determinations. Calculation Agent shall give notice to Borrower and the Lenders of the applicable interest rates for the purposes of Section 2.07. Section 2.10. Prepayments Of Borrowings; Withdrawal Of Collateral. (a) Borrower may prepay Borrowings, in whole or in part, by prepaying an amount equal to the sum of (i) the principal amount of the Borrowings being prepaid and (ii) accrued interest to the date of such prepayment on the amount prepaid, upon irrevocable notice thereof. Such notice shall be given to Administrative Agent by Borrower not later than 2:00 p.m. on the date five (5) Business Days prior to the date of any such prepayment; provided that each partial prepayment of the Borrowings shall be in an aggregate principal amount of $10,000,000 or a whole multiple of $1,000,000 in excess thereof. Any such prepayment shall be made to Administrative Agent for the account of each Lender. Notwithstanding anything in this Section 2.10(a) to the contrary, the notice requirements and prepayment minimum amount requirements shall be waived with respect to any prepayment made pursuant to Section 7.01(o). (b) Borrower shall not withdraw any Collateral from the Collateral Account, except as provided in this subsection (b) or in subsection (d), (e) or (f) of this Section 2.10. Borrower shall be entitled to the release, upon written notice thereof delivered to Collateral Agent on or before 2:00 p.m. three (3) Exchange Business Days prior to the requested date of the release, of (i) Cash, Cash Equivalents or any other Collateral other than Collateral Shares from the Collateral Account (and other than, for the avoidance of doubt, the Collateral set forth in subsection (e) or (f) of this Section 2.10) if immediately following such release the LTV Ratio would be less than or equal to the Initial LTV Ratio; or (ii) Collateral Shares from the Collateral Account if (A) immediately following such release the LTV Ratio would be less than or equal to the Initial LTV Ratio and (B) the Share Collateral Value is greater than 120% of the Reference Share Collateral Value at all times on the 30 consecutive Exchange Business Days immediately prior to such request; provided that prior to and immediately after giving effect to any release pursuant to clause (i) or (ii) of this Section 2.10(b), no Default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing or would occur. (c) [Reserved].


 
30 #93434686v13 (d) Borrower shall be entitled to the release, upon written notice thereof delivered to Collateral Agent on or before 2:00 p.m. two (2) Exchange Business Days prior to the requested date of the release, of any Collateral Shares as long as the Collateral Shares are being released for the purpose of settling sales of such Collateral Shares for Cash on an arm’s length basis (any such sale, provided that it meets the requirements in clauses (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) below, a “Permitted Sale Transaction”), as long as: (i) the scheduled settlement date for each such sale is no later than the fifth Business Day following execution of such sale, (ii) all of the Cash proceeds of such sale (net of any customary brokerage or underwriting fee) will be paid to the Collateral Account, on a delivery versus payment basis against the delivery of the relevant Collateral Shares from the Collateral Account or pursuant to escrow arrangements reasonably acceptable to Collateral Agent, (iii) Borrower shall not have any obligation under any agreement relating to such Permitted Sale Transaction other than the obligation to deliver Shares substantially contemporaneously with the payment of the proceeds from the sale thereof to the Collateral Account (or pursuant to escrow arrangements reasonably acceptable to Collateral Agent) and as are customary for underwriting agreements or other documentation thereunder relating to such Permitted Sale Transaction, and (iv) prior to and immediately after giving effect to such release, no Default (other than in respect of an event that would be an Event of Default under Section 7.01(o)), Event of Default or Share Collateral Trigger Event has occurred and is continuing or would result from such release. If, for any reason, the proceeds from a proposed Permitted Sale Transaction are not delivered pursuant to the contemplated escrow or other arrangements, Borrower shall cause such proceeds to be delivered to the Collateral Account on the settlement date for the proposed Permitted Sale Transaction. If so requested by Borrower to facilitate a sale of Collateral Shares pursuant to this subsection (d) of Section 2.10, Lenders shall cause Collateral Agent to enter into any escrow or other arrangements reasonably satisfactory to Collateral Agent with the broker or dealer through whom such Collateral Shares are being sold. (e) Any Ordinary Cash Dividend shall be automatically released to Borrower on the Business Day immediately following the day such Ordinary Cash Dividend is credited to the Collateral Account; provided that (i) prior to and immediately after giving effect to such release, no Default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing or would occur and (ii) if a Share Collateral Trigger Event has occurred and is continuing at the time such Ordinary Cash Dividend is credited to the Collateral Account, such Ordinary Cash Dividend shall be automatically released to Borrower on the fourth Business Day immediately following the day such Ordinary Cash Dividend is credited to the Collateral Account. Upon request of Borrower to Administrative Agent, any Collateral consisting of the proceeds of any Extraordinary Dividend, whether in the form of cash or other property, shall be released to Borrower on the fifth Exchange Business Day following


 
31 #93434686v13 the receipt of such request; provided that (i) no Share Collateral Trigger Event has occurred and is continuing and (ii) prior to and immediately after giving effect to such release, no Default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing or would occur. (f) Interest shall accrue to the account of Borrower on any Cash held in the Collateral Account at the Federal Funds Effective Rate, and shall be credited to the Collateral Account by Administrative Agent on each Business Day. Such interest shall be automatically released to Borrower on the Business Day immediately following the day such interest is credited to the Collateral Account; provided that (i) no Share Collateral Trigger Event has occurred and is continuing and (ii) prior to and immediately after giving effect to such release, no Default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing or would occur. Section 2.11. Increased Costs. (a) If any Change in Law shall: (i) impose, modify or deem applicable any reserve, special deposit or similar requirement (including any compulsory loan requirement, insurance charge or other assessment) against assets of, deposits with or for the account of, or credit extended by, any Lender; (ii) impose on any Lender or the London interbank market any other condition, cost or expense (other than Taxes) affecting this Agreement or Advances made by such Lender or participation therein; or (iii) subject any Lender Person to any Other Connection Taxes (other than Connection Income Taxes) on its loans, loan principal, commitments, or other obligations, or its deposits, reserves, other liabilities or capital attributable thereto; and the result of any of the foregoing shall be to increase the cost to such Lender or Administrative Agent of making or maintaining the Advances hereunder (or of maintaining its Commitment) or to reduce the amount of any sum received or receivable by such Lender or Administrative Agent hereunder (whether of principal, interest or otherwise), then Borrower will pay such Lender or Administrative Agent such additional amount or amounts as will compensate such Lender or Administrative Agent, as the case may be, for such additional costs actually incurred or reduction actually suffered. (b) If any Lender determines that any Change in Law regarding capital or liquidity requirements has or would have the effect of reducing the rate of return on such Lender’s capital or on the capital of such Lender’s holding company, if any, as a consequence of any Margin Loan Document, the Commitment of such Lender or the Advances made by such Lender, to a level below that which such Lender or such Lender’s holding company could have achieved but for such Change in Law (taking into consideration such Lender’s policies and the policies of such Lender’s holding company with respect to capital adequacy and liquidity), then from time to time Borrower will pay to such Lender such additional amount or amounts as will compensate such Lender or such Lender’s holding company for any such reduction actually suffered. (c) A certificate of a Lender setting forth in reasonable detail the amount or amounts necessary to compensate such Lender or its holding company, as the case may be, as specified in


 
32 #93434686v13 paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section 2.11 shall be delivered to Borrower and shall be conclusive absent manifest error. Borrower shall pay such Lender the amount shown as due on any such certificate within 10 days after receipt thereof. (d) Failure or delay on the part of any Lender to demand compensation pursuant to this Section 2.11 shall not constitute a waiver of such Lender’s right to demand such compensation; provided that Borrower shall not be required to compensate such Lender pursuant to this Section 2.11 for any increased costs or reductions incurred more than 270 days prior to the date that such Lender notifies Borrower of the Change in Law giving rise to such increased costs or reductions and of such Lender’s intention to claim compensation therefor; and provided further that, if the Change in Law giving rise to such increased costs or reductions is retroactive, then the 270-day period referred to above shall be extended to include the period of retroactive effect thereof. (e) Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any Lender Person requests compensation under this Section 2.11 or Borrower must pay increased amounts or any amounts for Indemnified Taxes pursuant to Section 2.12, then the applicable Lender will, if requested by Borrower, use commercially reasonable efforts to designate another Lending Office for any Advance, or portion thereof, affected by the relevant event if such designation would avoid the requirement for or reduce the amount of such compensation, increased amounts or amounts for Indemnified Taxes; provided that such efforts need only be made on terms that, in the commercially reasonable judgment of such Lender, cause such Lender and its Lending Office(s) to suffer no material economic, legal or regulatory disadvantage; and provided further that nothing in this Section 2.11(e) shall affect or postpone any of the Obligations of Borrower or the rights of such Lender Person pursuant to Section 2.11(a) through (d) or Section 2.12. Borrower hereby agrees to pay all reasonable costs and expenses incurred by any Lender in connection with any such designation. (f) If any Lender requests compensation under this Section 2.11 or that Borrower pay increased amounts or any amount for Indemnified Taxes under Section 2.12, Borrower may, upon prior written notice to Administrative Agent in accordance with Section 2.10(a), terminate the Commitment of such Lender upon the prepayment in full of such Lender’s Applicable Percentage of the Total Accrued Loan Amount (including the Make Whole Amount, which for purposes of this Section 2.11(f) shall be calculated with regard to such Lender’s Commitment only) to Administrative Agent for the account of such Lender. For the avoidance of doubt, Section 2.14 shall apply to any such prepayment. Upon receipt of such prepayment, the Commitment of such Lender shall be irrevocably terminated and such Lender shall be deemed to no longer be a party to this Agreement or any Margin Loan Document, but for the avoidance of doubt provisions of any Margin Loan Document that by their express terms survive the termination of the Facility shall continue to apply with respect to such Lender. (g) All of Borrower’s obligations under this Section 2.11 shall survive termination of the Facility and repayment of all other Obligations hereunder. Section 2.12. Taxes. (a) Any and all payments by or on account of any obligation of any Obligor under any Margin Loan Document shall be made without deduction or withholding for any Taxes, except as


 
33 #93434686v13 required by applicable Law. If any applicable Law (as determined in the good faith discretion of an applicable withholding agent) requires the deduction or withholding of any Tax from any such payment by a withholding agent, then the applicable withholding agent shall be entitled to make such deduction or withholding and shall timely pay the full amount deducted or withheld to the relevant Governmental Authority in accordance with applicable Law and, if such Tax is an Indemnified Tax, then the sum payable by the applicable Obligor shall be increased as necessary so that after such deduction or withholding has been made (including such deductions and withholdings applicable to additional sums payable under this Section 2.12) the applicable Lender Person receives an amount equal to the sum it would have received had no such deduction or withholding been made. (b) The applicable Obligor shall timely pay to the relevant Governmental Authority in accordance with applicable Law, or at the option of Administrative Agent, timely reimburse it for the payment of, Other Taxes. (c) As soon as reasonably practicable after any payment of Taxes by any Obligor to a Governmental Authority pursuant to this Section 2.12, such Obligor shall deliver to Administrative Agent the original or a certified copy of a receipt issued by such Governmental Authority evidencing such payment, a copy of the return reporting such payment or other evidence of such payment reasonably satisfactory to Administrative Agent. (d) The Obligors shall jointly and severally indemnify each Lender Person, within 10 days after written demand therefor accompanied by a certificate satisfying the requirements set forth below, for the full amount of any Indemnified Taxes (including Indemnified Taxes imposed or asserted on or attributable to amounts payable under this Section 2.12) payable or paid by such Lender Person, or required to be withheld or deducted from a payment to such Lender Person, and any reasonable expenses arising therefrom or with respect thereto, whether or not such Indemnified Taxes were correctly or legally imposed or asserted by the relevant Governmental Authority. A certificate as to the amount of such payment or liability delivered to Borrower by such Lender Person (with a copy to Administrative Agent), or by Administrative Agent on behalf of such Lender Person, setting forth in reasonable detail the basis for calculating the additional amounts payable to the applicable Lender Person under this Section 2.12 shall be conclusive absent manifest error. (e) (i) If any Lender is entitled to an exemption from or reduction of withholding Tax with respect to payments made under any Margin Loan Document it shall deliver to Borrower and Administrative Agent, at the time or times reasonably requested by Borrower or Administrative Agent, such properly completed and executed documentation reasonably requested by Borrower or Administrative Agent as will permit such payments to be made without withholding or at a reduced rate of withholding. In addition, any Lender, if reasonably requested by Borrower or Administrative Agent, shall deliver such other documentation prescribed by applicable law or reasonably requested by Borrower or Administrative Agent as will enable Borrower or Administrative Agent to determine whether or not Lender is subject to backup withholding or information reporting requirements. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the preceding two sentences, the completion, execution and submission of any such documentation other than such documentation set forth in Section 2.12(e)(ii)(A), (ii)(B) and (ii)(D) below requested by


 
34 #93434686v13 Borrower shall not be required if in Lender’s reasonable judgment such completion, execution or submission would subject Lender to any material unreimbursed cost or expense or would materially prejudice the legal or commercial position of Lender. (ii) Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, (A) any Lender that is a U.S. Person shall deliver to Borrower and Administrative Agent on or prior to the date on which such Lender becomes Lender under this Agreement (and from time to time thereafter upon the reasonable request of Borrower or Administrative Agent), properly completed and executed originals of IRS Form W-9 certifying that such Lender is exempt from U.S. federal backup withholding tax; (B) any Foreign Lender shall, to the extent it is legally entitled to do so, deliver to Borrower and Administrative Agent (in such number of copies as shall be requested by the recipient) on or prior to the date on which such Foreign Lender becomes Lender under this Agreement (and from time to time thereafter upon the reasonable request of Borrower or Administrative Agent), whichever of the following is applicable: (1) in the case of a Foreign Lender claiming the benefits of an income tax treaty to which the United States is a party (x) with respect to payments of interest under any Margin Loan Document, properly completed and executed originals of IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W- 8BEN-E establishing an exemption from, or reduction of, U.S. federal withholding Tax pursuant to the “interest” article of such tax treaty and (y) with respect to any other applicable payments under any Margin Loan Document, properly completed and executed originals of IRS Form W- 8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E establishing an exemption from, or reduction of, U.S. federal withholding Tax pursuant to the “business profits” or “other income” article of such tax treaty; (2) properly completed and executed originals of IRS Form W-8ECI; (3) in the case of a Foreign Lender claiming the benefits of the exemption for portfolio interest under Section 881(c) of the Code, (x) a certificate substantially in the form of Exhibit E-1 to the effect that such Foreign Lender is not a “bank” within the meaning of Section 881(c)(3)(A) of the Code, a “10 percent shareholder” of Borrower within the meaning of Section 881(c)(3)(B) of the Code, or a “controlled foreign corporation” described in Section 881(c)(3)(C) of the Code (a “U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate”) and (y) properly completed and executed originals of IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E; or (4) to the extent a Foreign Lender is not the beneficial owner, properly completed and executed originals of IRS Form W-8IMY,


 
35 #93434686v13 accompanied by properly completed and executed IRS Form W-8ECI, IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E, a U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate substantially in the form of Exhibit E-2 or Exhibit E-3, IRS Form W-9, and/or other certification documents from each beneficial owner, as applicable; provided that if the Foreign Lender is a partnership and one or more direct or indirect partners of such Foreign Lender are claiming the portfolio interest exemption, such Foreign Lender may provide a U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate substantially in the form of Exhibit E-4 on behalf of each such direct and indirect partner; (C) any Foreign Lender shall, to the extent it is legally entitled to do so, deliver to Borrower and Administrative Agent (in such number of copies as shall be requested by the recipient) on or prior to the date on which such Foreign Lender becomes Lender under this Agreement (and from time to time thereafter upon the reasonable request of Borrower or Administrative Agent), executed originals of any other form prescribed by applicable Law as a basis for claiming exemption from or a reduction in U.S. federal withholding Tax, duly completed, together with such supplementary documentation as may be prescribed by applicable Law to permit Borrower or Administrative Agent to determine the withholding or deduction required to be made; and (D) if a payment made to a Lender under any Margin Loan Document would be subject to U.S. federal withholding Tax imposed by FATCA if such Lender were to fail to comply with the applicable reporting requirements of FATCA (including those contained in Section 1471(b) or 1472(b) of the Code, as applicable), such Lender shall deliver to Borrower and Administrative Agent at the time or times prescribed by law and at such time or times reasonably requested by Borrower or Administrative Agent such documentation prescribed by applicable Law (including as prescribed by Section 1471(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Code) and such additional documentation reasonably requested by Borrower or Administrative Agent as may be necessary for Borrower and Administrative Agent to comply with their obligations under FATCA and to determine that such Lender has complied with such Lender’s obligations under FATCA or to determine the amount to deduct and withhold from such payment. Solely for purposes of this clause (D), “FATCA” shall include any amendments made to FATCA after the date of this Agreement. Each Lender agrees that if any form or certification it previously delivered expires or becomes obsolete or inaccurate in any respect, it shall update such form or certification or promptly notify Borrower and Administrative Agent in writing of its legal inability to do so. (f) If any party determines, in its sole discretion exercised in good faith, that it has received a refund of any Taxes as to which it has been indemnified pursuant to this Section 2.12 (including by the payment of additional amounts pursuant to this Section 2.12), it shall promptly pay to the indemnifying party an amount equal to such refund (but only to the extent of indemnity payments made under this Section 2.12 with respect to the Taxes giving rise to such refund), net of all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses (including Taxes) of such indemnified party and without


 
36 #93434686v13 interest (other than any interest paid by the relevant Governmental Authority with respect to such refund). Such indemnifying party, upon the request of such indemnified party, shall repay to such indemnified party the amount paid over pursuant to this paragraph (f) (plus any penalties, interest or other charges imposed by the relevant Governmental Authority) in the event that such indemnified party is required to repay such refund to such Governmental Authority. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this paragraph (f), in no event will the indemnified party be required to pay any amount to an indemnifying party pursuant to this paragraph (f) the payment of which would place the indemnified party in a less favorable net after-Tax position than the indemnified party would have been in if the Tax subject to indemnification and giving rise to such refund had never been deducted, withheld or otherwise imposed and the indemnification payments or additional amounts with respect to such Tax had never been paid. This paragraph shall not be construed to require any indemnified party to make available its Tax returns (or any other information relating to its Taxes that it deems confidential) to the indemnifying party or any other Person. (g) Each Lender shall severally indemnify Administrative Agent, within 10 days after demand therefor, for (i) any Indemnified Taxes or Other Taxes attributable to such Lender (but only to the extent that any Obligor has not already indemnified Administrative Agent for such Indemnified Taxes or Other Taxes and without limiting the obligation of the Obligors to do so) and (ii) any Excluded Taxes attributable to such Lender, in each case, that are payable or paid by Administrative Agent in connection with any Margin Loan Document, and any reasonable expenses arising therefrom or with respect thereto, whether or not such Taxes were correctly or legally imposed or asserted by the relevant Governmental Authority. A certificate as to the amount of such payment or liability delivered to any Lender by Administrative Agent shall be conclusive absent manifest error. Each Lender hereby authorizes Administrative Agent to set off and apply any and all amounts at any time owing to such Lender under any Margin Loan Document or otherwise payable by Administrative Agent to the Lender from any other source against any amount due to Administrative Agent under this paragraph (g). (h) Each party’s obligations under this Section 2.12 shall survive the assignment of rights by, or the replacement of any Lender Person, the termination of the Commitment and the repayment, satisfaction or discharge of all obligations under any Margin Loan Document. Section 2.13. Illegality. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, if any Lender shall notify Administrative Agent and Borrower that any Law makes it unlawful, or any Governmental Authority asserts that it is unlawful, for such Lender to perform its obligations to make or maintain Advances hereunder, the obligation of such Lender to make the Advances shall be terminated and all Advances, all interest thereon and all other amounts payable under this Agreement to such Lender shall become due and payable either on the last day of the then current Interest Period, if such Lender may lawfully continue to maintain the Advances to such day, or immediately, if such Lender may not lawfully continue to maintain the Advances. Section 2.14. Break-Funding. In the event of the payment of any principal of an Advance other than on the last day of an Interest Period applicable thereto (including as a result of an Event of Default), or the failure to borrow (for a reason other than the failure of Administrative Agent or a Lender to make such Advance), prepay any Advance on the date specified in any notice delivered


 
37 #93434686v13 pursuant hereto, then, in any such event, upon written demand of the applicable Lender, Borrower shall compensate each Lender for the loss, cost and expense (excluding loss of anticipated profits or margin) attributable to such event to the extent actually incurred by the applicable Lender. A certificate of Calculation Agent setting forth in reasonable detail any amount or amounts that each Lender is entitled to receive pursuant to this Section 2.14 shall be delivered to Borrower and shall be conclusive absent manifest error. Borrower shall pay each Lender the amount shown as due on any such certificate within 10 days after receipt thereof. All of Borrower’s obligations under this Section 2.14 shall survive termination of the Facility or repayment of all other Obligations hereunder. Section 2.15. Evidence Of Debt. (a) Each Lender shall maintain in accordance with its usual practice an account or accounts evidencing the indebtedness of Borrower to such Lender resulting from each Advance made by such Lender from time to time, including the amounts of principal and interest payable and paid to such Lender from time to time hereunder. (b) Administrative Agent shall maintain in accordance with its usual practice accounts in which it shall record (i) the amount of each Advance made hereunder and the Interest Period applicable thereto, (ii) the amount of any principal or interest due and payable or to become due and payable from Borrower hereunder and (iii) the amount of any sum received by Administrative Agent hereunder for the account of the Lenders and each Lender’s share thereof. (c) The entries maintained in the accounts maintained pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) above shall be prima facie evidence of the existence and amounts of the obligations therein recorded; provided that the failure of any Lender or Administrative Agent to maintain such accounts or any error therein shall not in any manner affect the obligation of Borrower to repay such obligations in accordance with their terms. (d) No promissory note shall be required to evidence the Advances by any Lender to Borrower. Upon the request of any Lender, Borrower shall prepare, execute and deliver to such Lender a promissory note, payable to such Lender and its registered assigns and in a form approved by such Lender, which shall evidence the Advances to Borrower by such Lender in addition to such records. Thereafter, the Advances evidenced by such promissory note and interest thereon shall at all times be represented by one or more promissory notes in such form payable to the payee named therein and its registered assigns. Section 2.16. Payments And Computations; Pro Rata Treatment; Sharing of Set-offs. (a) All payments to be made by Borrower shall be made without condition or deduction for any counterclaim, defense, recoupment or setoff. Borrower shall make each payment hereunder not later than 1:00 p.m. on the day when due in Dollars to, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, Administrative Agent in immediately available funds. All payments received by Administrative Agent after 1:00 p.m. shall be deemed received on the next succeeding Business Day and any applicable interest or fee shall continue to accrue. All such payments shall be made to Administrative Agent at its offices as set forth on Schedule 9.02. (b) Whenever any payment hereunder would be due on a day other than a Business Day, such payment shall be extended to the next succeeding Business Day, and such extension of time


 
38 #93434686v13 shall in such case be included in the computation of payment of interest or any fees, as the case may be. (c) All payments (including prepayments and any other amounts received hereunder in connection with the exercise of Administrative Agent’s rights after an Event of Default) made by Borrower to Administrative Agent under any Margin Loan Document shall be applied to amounts then due and payable in the following order: (i) to any expenses and indemnities payable by Borrower to Administrative Agent or any Lender under any Margin Loan Document; (ii) to any accrued and unpaid interest and fees due under this Agreement; (iii) to principal payments on the outstanding Advances; and (iv) to the extent of any excess, to the payment of all other Obligations under the Margin Loan Documents. (d) If any Lender shall, by exercising any right of set-off or counterclaim or otherwise, obtain payment in respect of any principal of or interest on any of its Advances or other Obligations under the Margin Loan Documents resulting in such Lender receiving payment of a proportion of the aggregate amount of its Advances and accrued interest thereon or such other obligations greater than its pro rata share thereof as provided herein, then the Lender receiving such greater proportion shall (i) notify Administrative Agent of such fact, and (ii) purchase (for cash at face value) participations in the Advances and such other obligations of the other Lenders, or make such other adjustments that shall be equitable so that the benefit of all such payments shall be shared by the Lenders ratably in accordance with their respective Applicable Percentages; provided that (A) if any such participations are purchased and all or any portion of the payment giving rise thereto is recovered, such participations shall be rescinded and the purchase price restored to the extent of such recovery, without interest, and (B) the provisions of this paragraph shall not be construed to apply to any payment made by Borrower pursuant to and in accordance with the express terms of this Agreement or any payment obtained by a Lender as consideration for the assignment of or sale of a participation in any of its Advances to any assignee or participant, other than to Guarantor or any Subsidiary thereof (as to which the provisions of this paragraph shall apply). Borrower consents to the foregoing and agrees, to the extent it may effectively do so under applicable law, that any Lender acquiring a participation pursuant to the foregoing arrangements may exercise against Borrower and Guarantor rights of set-off and counterclaim with respect to such participation as fully as if such Lender were a direct creditor of Borrower or Guarantor in the amount of such participation. (e) Unless Administrative Agent shall have received notice from Borrower prior to the date on which any payment is due to Administrative Agent for the account of the Lenders hereunder that Borrower will not make such payment, Administrative Agent may assume that Borrower has made such payment on such date in accordance herewith and may, in reliance upon such assumption, distribute to the Lenders the amount due. In such event, if Borrower has not in fact made such payment, then each of the Lenders severally agrees to repay to Administrative Agent forthwith on demand the amount so distributed to such Lender with interest thereon, for each day from the date such amount is distributed to the date of payment to Administrative Agent, at the greater of the Federal Funds Effective Rate and a rate determined by Administrative Agent in accordance with banking industry rules on interbank compensation.


 
39 #93434686v13 (f) If any Lender shall fail to make any payment required to be made by it pursuant to Sections 2.04(b), 2.16(e) and 9.04(f), then Administrative Agent may, in its discretion (notwithstanding any contrary provision hereof), apply any amount thereafter received by Administrative Agent for the account of such Lender to satisfy such Lender’s obligations under such Sections until all such unsatisfied obligations are fully paid. ARTICLE 3 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES Borrower represents and warrants to Administrative Agent and the Lenders that: Section 3.01. Organization; Powers. Borrower is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its organization, has all requisite power and authority to carry on its business as now conducted and, except as could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, is qualified to do business in, and is in good standing in, every jurisdiction where such qualification or good standing is required. All licenses, permits, approvals, concessions or other authorizations necessary for (i) the consummation of the Transaction and (ii) except where the failure to obtain and maintain any of the foregoing could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect with respect to Borrower, the conduct of the business of Borrower, have been duly obtained and are in full force and effect. Section 3.02. Authorization; Enforceability. The Transactions are within Borrower’s corporate powers, have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate and, if required, shareholder action. The Margin Loan Documents to which Borrower is a party have been duly executed and delivered by Borrower and constitute legal, valid and binding obligations of Borrower, enforceable in accordance with their terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other laws affecting creditors’ rights generally and subject to general principles of equity, regardless of whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law. Section 3.03. Governmental Approvals; No Conflicts. The Transactions (a) do not require any consent or approval of, registration or filing with, or any other action by, any Governmental Authority, except such as have been obtained or made and are in full force and effect and except for filings necessary to register and/or perfect Liens created pursuant to the Margin Loan Documents, (b) will not violate any Law applicable to Borrower, (c) will not violate or result in a default under any indenture, agreement or other instrument binding upon Borrower or its assets, or give rise to a right thereunder to require any payment to be made by Borrower, and (d) will not result in the creation or imposition of any Lien on any asset of Borrower, except Liens created pursuant to the Margin Loan Documents. Section 3.04. Financial Condition; No Material Adverse Change. (a) Borrower has heretofore furnished to Administrative Agent the Borrower Financial Statements, if any, and the Guarantor Financial Statements. Such financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position and results of operations and cash flows of Borrower or Guarantor, as applicable, as of such dates and for such periods in accordance with


 
40 #93434686v13 GAAP, subject to year-end audit adjustments and show all material indebtedness and other liabilities, direct or contingent, of Borrower or Guarantor, as applicable, as of the date thereof, including liabilities for taxes, material commitments and Indebtedness. (b) As of any date, no event, change or condition has occurred that has had, or could reasonably be expected to have, a Material Adverse Effect with respect to Guarantor, since the date of the last financial statements delivered pursuant to Section 4.01(a)(x) or Section 5.01, as applicable, with respect to Guarantor. Section 3.05. Litigation Matters. There are no actions, suits or proceedings by or before any arbitrator or Governmental Authority pending against or, to the knowledge of Borrower, threatened in writing against or affecting Borrower (i) as to which there is a reasonable possibility of an adverse determination and that, if adversely determined, could reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Effect with respect to Borrower or (ii) that involve this Agreement or the Transactions. Section 3.06. Compliance With Laws And Agreements. Borrower is in compliance with the requirements of all Laws and all orders, writs, injunctions and decrees applicable to it or to its properties, except in such instances in which (i) such requirement of Law or order, writ, injunction or decree is being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings diligently conducted or (ii) the failure to comply therewith, either individually or in the aggregate, could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect with respect to any Person. Borrower is in compliance with its reporting obligations under Sections 13 and 16 of the Exchange Act, including in respect of the transactions contemplated hereunder. No Default exists and no Event of Default has occurred, other than those that have been waived or deemed not to have occurred pursuant to the last sentence of Section 7.01. Section 3.07. Investment Company Status. Borrower is not and, after giving effect to the contemplated Transactions, will not be required to register as an “investment company” and is not a Person “controlled by” an “investment company,” as such terms are defined in the United States Investment Company Act of 1940. Section 3.08. Taxes. Borrower has timely filed all income tax returns and other material tax returns that in each case are required to be filed by it in all jurisdictions and has paid all material taxes, assessments, claims, governmental charges or levies imposed on it or its properties, except for Taxes contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings diligently conducted and as to which adequate reserves have been provided in accordance with GAAP. There is no proposed tax assessment against Borrower that would, if made, have a Material Adverse Effect with respect to any Cross-Acceleration Person. Borrower has elected to be disregarded as an entity separate from its owner for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which election was valid and effective as of its formation, and its regarded owner for U.S. federal income tax purposes is a “foreign corporation” (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(5) of the Code). Borrower does not have, and has never had, a trade or business or a permanent establishment and is not a resident for tax purposes in any country other than the country of its organization. There is no withholding Tax or Other Tax imposed by any Governmental Authority that arises from any payment made under, the execution, delivery, performance, enforcement (including any Tax required to be withheld on proceeds of the


 
41 #93434686v13 sale of the Collateral Shares) or registration of, the receipt or perfection of a security interest under, or otherwise with respect to, any Margin Loan Documents. Section 3.09. Disclosure. Borrower has disclosed to Administrative Agent all agreements, instruments and corporate or other restrictions to which it is subject, and all other matters known to it, that, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect with respect to Borrower. All information provided with respect to Borrower and its Affiliates by or on behalf of Borrower to Administrative Agent in connection with the negotiation, execution and delivery of this Agreement and the other Margin Loan Documents or the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, taken as a whole, was or will be, on or as of the applicable date of provision thereof, taken as a whole, complete and correct in all material respects and did not (or will not) contain any material misstatement of fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements contained therein not materially misleading in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made. Section 3.10. Material Agreements. Borrower is not in default under any provision of any material agreement or instrument to which Borrower is a party or by which Borrower or any of its properties or assets is bound that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect with respect to Borrower. Section 3.11. Solvency. Each of Borrower and Guarantor is, and upon the incurrence of any Obligations by Borrower on any date on which this representation and warranty is made or deemed made, will be, Solvent. Section 3.12. Trading And Other Restrictions. (a) Borrower is the direct, sole beneficial owner and sole holder of record of all Collateral. (b) Borrower’s holding period (as determined in accordance with Rule 144) (x) as to the Collateral Shares other than the Designated TGP Shares, began more than one year prior to the date hereof and (y) as to the Designated TGP Shares, began no later than May 11, 2020. (c) The Collateral Shares constituting Eligible Collateral (i) are not subject to any restrictions on transfer or pledge that affect the ability of any Obligor to consummate any of the Transactions contemplated by the Margin Loan Documents or the ability of Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent or any Lender to exercise any remedies contemplated by the Margin Loan Documents, other than Existing Transfer Restrictions, (ii) do not contain any legends on the certificates therefor or other similar types of restrictions on such Shares, and do not require any opinions from Issuer’s counsel, or the removal of any “stop transfer order” prior to the sale of such Shares, (iii) are not subject to any shareholders agreement, investor rights agreements, or any other similar agreements or any voting or other contractual restrictions that affect the ability of any Obligor to consummate any of the Transactions contemplated by the Margin Loan Documents or the ability of Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent or any Lender to exercise any remedies contemplated by the Margin Loan Documents and (iv) have been duly authorized and validly issued and are fully paid and non-assessable.


 
42 #93434686v13 Section 3.13. Capitalization and Subsidiaries. Borrower has no Subsidiaries. Schedule 3.13 sets forth a true and complete listing of each class of each of Borrower’s authorized Equity Interests, of which all of such issued shares are validly issued, outstanding, fully paid and non- assessable, and owned beneficially and of record by the Persons identified on Schedule 3.13. Section 3.14. Patriot Act; Sanctioned Persons. (a) Borrower is not an “enemy” or an “ally of the enemy” within the meaning of Section 2 of the Trading with the Enemy Act of the United States of America (50 U.S.C. App. § 1 et seq.), as amended. Borrower and each of its Affiliates is in compliance, in all material respects, with (i) the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended, and (ii) the Act, to the extent that any such Act is applicable to it. No part of the proceeds of any Advance will be used, directly or indirectly, for any payments to any governmental official or governmental employee, political party, official of a political party, candidate for political office, or anyone else acting in an official capacity on behalf of a government, in order to obtain, retain or direct business or obtain any improper advantage, in violation of the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended. (b) Neither Borrower nor Guarantor is a Person that is (i) the subject of any sanctions (A) administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty’s Treasury, or other relevant sanctions authority or (B) pursuant to the U.S. Iran Sanctions Act, as amended (collectively, the “Sanctions”), nor (ii) located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of territory-wide Sanctions (including, without limitation, the Crimea region of Ukraine, Cuba, Iran, North Korea and Syria), nor (iii) directly or indirectly 50% or more owned or controlled by one or more Persons who are subject to clause (i) or (ii) of this sentence. No part of the proceeds of any extension of credit hereunder will be used, directly or indirectly (i) to fund any activities or business of or with any Person, or in any country or territory, that, at the time of such funding, is the subject of Sanctions, or (ii) in any other manner that would result in a violation of Sanctions by any Person (including any Person participating in the Facility, whether as lender, underwriter, advisor, investor, or otherwise). Neither Borrower nor Guarantor has, in the past five years, knowingly engaged in, is now knowingly engaged in, or will engage in, any action or omission, or any dealings or transactions with any Person, or in any country or territory, that is or was (at the time of such dealing) the subject of Sanctions. Section 3.15. Material Nonpublic Information. Borrower is not in possession of any adverse Material Nonpublic Information with respect to either Issuer or either of the Shares. Section 3.16. Restricted Transactions. As of the Closing Date, Borrower is not a party to any Restricted Transactions in respect of Borrower. Section 3.17 .Conduct of Business. Borrower is not engaged in any business other than as described in Section 6.03. Section 3.18. Ownership of Property; Ownership of Shares. As of the Closing Date, Borrower owns directly 35,958,274 TGP Shares and 5,036,306 TNK Shares, and has no other material assets.


 
43 #93434686v13 Section 3.19. No Sovereign Immunity. Neither Borrower nor any of its assets or properties has any right of immunity on the grounds of sovereignty from jurisdiction of any court or from setoff or any legal process (whether through service or notice, attachment prior to judgment, attachment in aid of execution, execution or otherwise) under the Law of any jurisdiction. ARTICLE 4 CONDITIONS OF LENDING Section 4.01. Conditions Precedent to Closing Date. The obligations of the Lenders to make Advances hereunder are subject to satisfaction or waiver of the following conditions precedent: (a) Administrative Agent shall have received each of the following documents, duly executed, each dated on or prior to the Closing Date, in each case, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Administrative Agent and each of the Lenders: (i) duly executed counterparts of this Agreement, the Security Agreement, the Control Agreement and the Guarantee Agreement; (ii) a UCC financing statement in appropriate form for filing with the Recorder of Deeds in the District of Columbia; (iii) (x) certificate of Borrower, dated on or prior to the Closing Date and executed by any Director, Officer or the Secretary, which shall (A) certify the resolutions of its Board of Directors, members or other body authorizing the execution, delivery and performance of the Margin Loan Documents to which it is a party, (B) identify by name and title the Responsible Officers, and (C) contain appropriate attachments, including the Organization Documents of Borrower (which shall be substantially in the form of Exhibit K attached hereto), certified by the relevant authority of the jurisdiction of organization of Borrower, and a Certificate of Compliance for Borrower, from its jurisdiction of organization; and (y) incumbency certificate, which shall identify by name and title and bear the signatures of the Responsible Officers authorized to sign the Margin Loan Documents; (iv) (x) certificate of Guarantor, dated on or prior to the Closing Date and executed by its Secretary, which shall (A) certify the resolutions of its Board of Directors authorizing the execution, delivery and performance of the Margin Loan Documents to which it is a party, (B) identify by name and title of the Responsible Officers, and (C) contain appropriate attachments, including the Organization Documents of Guarantor, and a Certificate of Goodstanding for Guarantor, from its jurisdiction of domestication; and (y) incumbency certificate, which shall identify by name and title and bear the signatures of the Responsible Officers authorized to sign the Margin Loan Documents; (v) a solvency certificate from a Responsible Officer for each of Borrower and Guarantor;


 
44 #93434686v13 (vi) legal opinion of Latham & Watkins LLP, special New York counsel to Borrower and Guarantor; legal opinion of Conyers Dill & Pearman, Bermuda counsel to Borrower; legal opinion of Watson Farley & Williams LLP, special Marshall Islands counsel to Guarantor; each substantially in the form of exhibits to this Agreement; (vii) for each Obligor, if applicable, the results of a recent lien search in such Obligor’s jurisdiction of organization or domestication, as applicable, and, if different, such Obligor’s “location” (determined as provided in UCC Section 9-307) and each of the jurisdictions where assets of such Obligor are located, and, in the case of Borrower, such search shall reveal no liens on any of the assets of Borrower except for liens permitted by Section 6.02 or discharged on or prior to the Closing Date pursuant to a pay-off letter or other documentation satisfactory to Lender; (viii) completed FRB Forms U-1 and/or G-3 with respect to the Facility duly executed by Borrower; (ix) the most recent account statements of Borrower with respect to each asset owned by Borrower, to the extent any such account statements have been prepared, and a certificate of a Responsible Officer, dated as of the Closing Date, (A) certifying that the aforementioned account statements, if any, are true, correct and complete and (B) containing a list of all Indebtedness, tax liabilities and/or commitments of Borrower, a description of the material terms of each item on such list (including the amount of any liability thereunder, whether contingent, direct or otherwise, the due date for each such liability, the total unfunded commitment, if any, and the rate of interest, if any, applicable thereto) and a certification that such list is true, correct and complete and that Borrower has no other Indebtedness, tax liabilities or commitments other than those set forth on such list (the “Borrower Financial Statements”); (x) (w) audited consolidated financial statements of Guarantor for the 2017, 2018, and 2019 fiscal years, (x) unaudited interim consolidated financial statements of Guarantor for each fiscal quarter ended after the date of the latest applicable financial statements delivered pursuant to clause (w) of this paragraph as to which such financial statements are available, and (y) a certificate of a Responsible Officer of Guarantor, dated as of the Closing Date, (A) certifying, in the case of the financial statements delivered under clause (x) above, as presenting fairly in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of Guarantor in accordance with GAAP consistently applied, subject to normal year-end audit adjustments and (B) certifying as to whether a Default has occurred and, if a Default has occurred, specifying the details thereof and any action taken or proposed to be taken with respect thereto (the “Guarantor Financial Statements”); (xi) evidence that each of Borrower and Guarantor has duly appointed a process agent in New York City to accept such service of any and all writs, process and summonses for any action arising out of this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document; and (xii) an Issuer Acknowledgement executed by each Issuer.


 
45 #93434686v13 (b) 35,958,274 TGP Shares and 5,036,306 TNK Shares shall be credited to the Collateral Account and shall constitute Eligible Collateral. (c) All documented fees required to be paid under the Margin Loan Documents on or before the Closing Date, including the Upfront Fee and Lender Expenses invoiced prior to the Closing Date, shall have been paid. (d) Each of the representations and warranties of Borrower and Guarantor contained in Article 3 or in any other Margin Loan Document shall be true and correct in all material respects on and as of the Closing Date, except to the extent that such representations and warranties specifically refer to an earlier date, in which case they shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date. (e) No Default, Event of Default or Share Collateral Trigger Event shall have occurred and be continuing on the Closing Date. Section 4.02. Conditions Precedent To Each Advance. The obligation of each Lender to make any Advance on the occasion of any Borrowing (including the first Borrowing hereunder) shall be subject to the following further conditions precedent: (a) Each of the representations and warranties of Borrower and Guarantor contained in Article 3 or in any other Margin Loan Document shall be true and correct in all material respects on and as of the date of such Borrowing, except to the extent that such representations and warranties specifically refer to an earlier date, in which case they shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date; (b) Since the date of the last financial statements delivered pursuant to Section 4.01(a)(x) or Section 5.01, as applicable, with respect to Guarantor, no event or condition has resulted in, or could be reasonably expected to cause, either individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect with respect to Guarantor; (c) Borrower shall have delivered a Borrowing Notice in accordance with the requirements hereof; (d) Immediately after giving effect to such Borrowing, the LTV Ratio shall not exceed the Initial LTV Ratio; (e) No Default, Event of Default or Share Collateral Trigger Event shall have occurred and be continuing, or would result from such Borrowing or from the application of the proceeds therefrom; (f) Borrower shall not have provided notice of termination of the Commitments; and (g) The Collateral Requirement shall have been satisfied.


 
46 #93434686v13 ARTICLE 5 AFFIRMATIVE COVENANTS OF BORROWER On and after the Closing Date and so long as any Lender has a commitment to make an Advance or any Obligations (other than indemnification obligations for which no claim has accrued or been asserted) remain outstanding: Section 5.01. Financial Statements. Borrower will furnish to Administrative Agent or cause to be furnished to Administrative Agent: (a) within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year of each Obligor, such Obligor’s audited consolidated balance sheet and related statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows as of the end of and for such year, setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the previous fiscal year, all reported on by independent public accountants of recognized national standing (without a “going concern” or like qualification or exception and without any qualification or exception as to the scope of such audit) to the effect that such consolidated financial statements present fairly in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of such Obligor in accordance with GAAP consistently applied, accompanied by any management letter prepared by said accountants; provided that Borrower shall have no obligation under this clause to provide any such financial statements, certificates or reports except to the extent Borrower has then prepared such items for its own internal use; (b) within 90 days after the end of each of the first three fiscal quarters of each Obligor, such Obligor’s consolidated balance sheet and related statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows as of the end of and for such fiscal quarter and the then elapsed portion of the fiscal year, setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the corresponding period or periods of (or, in the case of the balance sheet, as of the end of) the previous fiscal year, all certified by one of such Obligor’s Responsible Officers as presenting fairly in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of such Obligor in accordance with GAAP consistently applied, subject to normal year-end audit adjustments; provided that Borrower shall have no obligation under this clause to provide any such financial statements, certificates or reports except to the extent Borrower has then prepared such items for its own internal use; (c) concurrently with any delivery of financial statements under clause (a) or (b) above, a certificate of a Responsible Officer of the applicable Obligor (or, in the case of Borrower, a Responsible Officer of Guarantor) (x) certifying, in the case of the financial statements delivered under clause (b), as presenting fairly in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of such Obligor in accordance with GAAP consistently applied, subject to normal year- end audit adjustments, and (y) certifying as to whether a Default has occurred and, if a Default has occurred, specifying the details thereof and any action taken or proposed to be taken with respect thereto; (d) In addition, Borrower shall promptly furnish to Administrative Agent such additional information regarding the business, financial or corporate affairs of Borrower or Guarantor, or compliance with the terms of the Margin Loan Documents, as Administrative Agent may from time to time reasonably request.


 
47 #93434686v13 Section 5.02. Notices Of Material Events. Borrower shall furnish to Administrative Agent or cause to be furnished to Administrative Agent notice, as promptly as reasonably practicable after obtaining actual knowledge, of: (a) the occurrence of (i) any Default, Potential Facility Amendment Event or Redocumentation Event or (ii) any matter that has resulted or could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect with respect to either Borrower or Guarantor, including the receipt of any notice of any governmental investigation or any litigation commenced or threatened against Borrower or Guarantor; (b) the occurrence of a Change of Control of Borrower or an Issuer; (c) any Lien (other than Permitted Liens) or claim made or asserted against any of the Other Collateral, if any; (d) any material loss, damage, or destruction to any Other Collateral, if any, whether or not covered by insurance. Each notice delivered under this Section 5.02 shall be accompanied by a statement of a Responsible Officer of Borrower setting forth the details of the event or development requiring such notice and any action taken or proposed to be taken with respect thereto. Section 5.03. Existence; Conduct Of Business. Borrower shall do or cause to be done all things necessary to preserve, renew and keep in full force and effect its legal existence and the rights, qualifications, licenses, permits, franchises and governmental authorizations material to the conduct of its business, and maintain all requisite authority to conduct its business in each jurisdiction in which its business is conducted. Section 5.04. Payment Of Taxes. Borrower shall pay and discharge as and when the same shall become due and payable, all material Taxes imposed upon it or upon its property, except where (a) the validity or amount thereof is being diligently contested in good faith and by appropriate proceedings, (b) Borrower has set aside on its books appropriate reserves with respect thereto in accordance with GAAP and (c) in the case of any liabilities which have or may become or result in a Lien upon any Collateral, none of the Collateral is subject to unstayed proceedings to sell such Collateral. Section 5.05. Compliance With Laws. Borrower shall comply in all material respects with the requirements of all applicable material Laws and all material orders, writs, injunctions and decrees applicable to it or its property. Section 5.06. Compliance With Exchange Act Requirements. Borrower shall promptly comply with its reporting obligations under Sections 13 and 16 of the Exchange Act in respect of the transactions contemplated hereunder, and Borrower shall give prior notice to Administrative Agent of any public filing of or relating to the Margin Loan Documents and provide Administrative Agent with a copy of any such report at least one Business Day prior to the filing thereof.


 
48 #93434686v13 Section 5.07. Further Assurances. As promptly as reasonably practicable upon the request of Administrative Agent, Borrower shall execute and/or deliver any additional agreements, documents and instruments, and take such further actions as Administrative Agent may reasonably deem necessary or desirable (a) to assure Collateral Agent is perfected with a first priority Lien on the Collateral and (b) to carry out the provisions and purposes of the Margin Loan Documents. Such agreements, documents or instruments or actions shall be reasonably satisfactory to Administrative Agent. Section 5.08. Books And Records. Borrower shall keep proper books of record and account in which full, true and correct entries are made of all dealings and transactions in relation to its business and activities. Section 5.09. Maintenance of Separateness. Borrower shall: (a) maintain its own separate books and records and bank accounts; (b) at all times conduct its business solely in its own name and in a manner not misleading to third parties as to its identity (including through the use of separate stationary or letterhead); (c) not commingle its assets with the assets of any other Person and hold its assets in its own name; (d) comply strictly with any organization formalities to maintain its separate existence; (e) pay its own liabilities out of its own funds (after giving effect to any intercompany loans or additional investments, directly or indirectly, by Guarantor permitted under the Margin Loan Documents); (f) maintain an arm’s-length relationship with its Affiliates and enter into transactions with Affiliates only on a commercially reasonable basis and on terms similar to those of an arm’s- length transaction (except to the extent that Borrower may enter into any contract or any other affiliate transaction permitted under the Margin Loan Documents, including making Permitted Investments) and the Permitted Note; (g) maintain adequate capital appropriate to the contemplated business purpose, transactions and liabilities of Borrower; provided that Guarantor, as the ultimate beneficial owner, shall not be required to make any additional capital contributions to the Borrower except as required by, or occurring in connection with, the guarantee by Guarantor in favor of Administrative Agent and the Lenders; (h) cause the directors, officers, agents and other representatives of Borrower to act at all times with respect to Borrower consistently and in furtherance of the foregoing and in the best interests of Borrower;


 
49 #93434686v13 (i) not identify itself as a division of any other Person (other than as a division of its owner for applicable tax purposes) and use reasonable efforts to correct any known misunderstanding regarding the separate identity of Borrower; and (j) any financial statements maintained by Borrower shall show its assets and liabilities separate and apart from those of any other Person. Section 5.10. Use Of Proceeds. Borrower shall use the proceeds of the Advances for general corporate purposes, including Restricted Payments and Permitted Investments. ARTICLE 6 NEGATIVE COVENANTS On and after the Closing Date and so long as any Lender has a commitment to make an Advance or any Obligations (other than indemnification obligations for which no claim has accrued or been asserted) remain outstanding: Section 6.01. Indebtedness. Borrower shall not create, incur, assume or suffer to exist any Indebtedness, other than the Obligations under the Margin Loan Documents and any Indebtedness under the Permitted Note. Section 6.02. Liens. Borrower shall not create, incur, assume or suffer to exist any Lien upon the Collateral or any other property or asset, whether now owned or hereafter acquired, other than Permitted Liens. Section 6.03. Fundamental Changes. (a) Borrower shall not (i) engage in any activity other than (w) acquiring and holding the Shares, and activities incidental thereto or otherwise contemplated herein, (x) issuing Equity Interests, accepting capital contributions and activities incidental to any of the foregoing, (y) making Permitted Investments and activities incidental thereto or (z) issuing the Permitted Note; (ii) acquire or own any material assets other than the Shares, Cash, Cash Equivalents and Other Collateral, and property incidental thereto; (iii) own any material assets that are not held in the Collateral Account, (iv) engage in any business other than businesses of the type conducted by Borrower on the date of execution of this Agreement and businesses reasonably related thereto; or (v) change its capital structure to include any interests other than a single class of equity interests. Section 6.04. Asset Sales. Borrower shall not sell, transfer, lease or otherwise dispose of any asset; provided that (x) Borrower may sell or transfer assets for cash (not on an installment basis) to any direct or indirect Subsidiary of Guarantor in an arm’s-length transaction and (y) Borrower may sell Collateral Shares in Permitted Sale Transactions. Section 6.05. Investments And Acquisitions. Other than Shares, Cash, Cash Equivalents, Other Collateral or Permitted Investments, Borrower shall not purchase, hold or acquire (including pursuant to any merger) any capital stock, evidences of indebtedness or other securities (including any option, warrant or other right to acquire any of the foregoing) of, make or permit to exist any


 
50 #93434686v13 loans or advances to, Guarantee any obligations of, or make or permit to exist any investment or any other interest in, any other Person, or purchase or otherwise acquire (in one transaction or a series of transactions) any assets of any other Person constituting a business unit (whether through purchase of assets, merger or otherwise). Section 6.06. Restricted Payments. Borrower shall not declare or make, or agree to pay or make, directly or indirectly, any Restricted Payments with respect to Borrower, or incur any obligation to do so other than, so long as no Event of Default exists and is continuing, Restricted Payments of assets and properties not required to be held as Collateral under the Margin Loan Documents. Borrower shall not make, or agree to make, directly or indirectly, any payment with respect to the Permitted Note. Section 6.07. Investment Company. Borrower shall not become an “investment company” or a Person “controlled by” an “investment company,” as such terms are defined in the United States Investment Company Act of 1940. Section 6.08. No Amendment Of Organization Documents, Etc. Borrower shall not consent to any material amendment, supplement or other modification of any of the terms or provisions of its Organization Documents or the Permitted Note, unless consented to by Administrative Agent (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed); provided that an amendment, supplement or modification of the terms and provisions of Borrower’s Organization Documents to effect the replacement of a director or officer of Borrower may be made without Administrative Agent’s consent. Section 6.09. Formation Of Subsidiaries. Borrower shall not form, create, organize, incorporate or acquire any Subsidiaries. Section 6.10. Restricted Transaction. Neither Borrower nor Guarantor shall enter into, or agree to enter into, any Restricted Transaction. Section 6.11. No Impairment of Collateral Shares. Borrower shall not take any action that would materially impair the value of the Collateral Shares relative to the value of the Shares generally or impair Collateral Agent’s security interest therein or its ability to sell or otherwise realize against such Collateral Shares. Section 6.12. Tax Status. Borrower shall not change its status for U.S. federal income tax purposes unless Administrative Agent shall have provided its prior written consent to such change, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, and at all times that it is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner for U.S. federal income tax purposes it will have a “foreign corporation” (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(5) of the Code) as its regarded owner for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Section 6.13. Use Of Proceeds. Borrower shall not use the proceeds of any Advance, whether directly or indirectly, and whether immediately, incidentally or ultimately, to purchase or carry (within the meaning of Regulation U of the FRB) Margin Stock or to extend credit to others for the purpose of purchasing or carrying Margin Stock or to refund indebtedness originally


 
51 #93434686v13 incurred for such purpose in each case in violation of Regulation U of the FRB, or otherwise use any such proceeds, in each case in contravention of any Law or any Margin Loan Document. Section 6.14. Provision Of Public Information. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the Margin Loan Documents, Borrower shall use good faith efforts not to provide to any employee or agent on the “public” side of the internal information wall (such internal information wall, the “Wall” and each such employee or agent, a “public side person”) of Administrative Agent, any Lender or any of their respective Affiliates any Material Nonpublic Information with respect to either Issuer, their Subsidiaries or their securities in any document or notice required to be delivered pursuant to this Agreement or communication in connection with this Agreement (each a “Communication”). Borrower shall be deemed to have represented that any such Communication addressed or directed by Borrower or any Affiliate of Borrower to, or that Borrower or such Affiliate believes or should reasonably believe is likely be received by, any public side person contains no such Material Nonpublic Information. If at any time, Borrower is unable to make the representation required under the immediately preceding sentence, it shall use its reasonable best efforts to put itself in a position of being able to provide such a representation as promptly as practicable. If any public side person at Administrative Agent or any Lender or any of their Affiliates (each a “Lender Party”) receives from Borrower or any Affiliate of Borrower any Material Nonpublic Information at any time, such Lender Party shall use reasonable efforts to bring such public side person over to the “private” side of such Wall with respect to such Material Nonpublic Information. If, notwithstanding such efforts, Administrative Agent, such Lender Party or the related Lender, as applicable, reasonably determines, based on the advice of counsel, that awareness of such Material Nonpublic Information could impair the ability of Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent or any Lender to exercise any of its remedies under any Margin Loan Document, such Lender Party may, solely in connection with the exercise of its remedies under Section 9 of the Security Agreement with respect to the TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as applicable, and with prior notice to Borrower, disclose such Material Nonpublic Information publicly, to any potential purchaser of the Collateral or to any other Person in order to remedy such impairment. For the avoidance of doubt, no communication (i) between Borrower and any employee or agent of Administrative Agent, any Lender or any of their respective Affiliates on the “private” side of the Wall of Administrative Agent, such Lender or such Affiliate or (ii) to any employee or agent of Administrative Agent, any Lender or any of their respective Affiliates initiated or solicited by that employee or agent, shall in either case be deemed to violate the provisions of this Section 6.14. ARTICLE 7 EVENTS OF DEFAULT Section 7.01. Events Of Default. If any of the following events (“Events of Default”) shall occur: (a) Borrower shall fail to pay any principal of any Advance or Make Whole Amount when and as the same shall become due and payable, whether at the due date thereof or a date fixed for prepayment thereof or otherwise; provided that if Borrower can demonstrate to the reasonable satisfaction of Administrative Agent that all necessary instructions were given to effect such payment and the non-receipt thereof is attributable solely to an error in the banking system,


 
52 #93434686v13 such payment shall instead be deemed to be due and payable, solely for the purposes of this paragraph, within 3 Business Days of the originally scheduled due date for such payment; (b) Borrower shall fail to pay any interest on any Advance or any fee or any other amount (other than an amount referred to in this Section 7.01) payable under this Agreement, when and as the same shall become due and payable, and such failure shall continue unremedied for a period of five Business Days; (c) any representation or warranty made or deemed made by or on behalf of Borrower or Guarantor herein or in any Margin Loan Document or any amendment or modification thereof or waiver thereunder, or in any report, certificate, financial statement or other document furnished pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement or any Margin Loan Document or any amendment or modification thereof or waiver thereunder, shall prove to have been materially incorrect when made or deemed made; (d) Borrower or Guarantor shall fail to perform or observe any covenant, condition or agreement applicable to it in Section 5.02, 5.03, 5.04, 5.05, 5.06, 5.09 or Article 6 (but excluding Section 6.14) of this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document; (e) Borrower or Guarantor shall fail to observe or perform any covenant, condition or agreement in this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document other than any such covenant, condition or agreement, referred to in any other Section of this Section 7.01 and such failure shall not have been remedied or waived within 30 days of receipt by Borrower and Guarantor of written notice from Administrative Agent of such Default. (f) (i) any event or condition shall occur (with all applicable grace and notice periods having expired) that results in any Material Indebtedness of any Cross-Acceleration Person becoming due prior to its scheduled maturity, provided that this clause shall not apply to secured Indebtedness that becomes due as a result of the voluntary sale or transfer of the property or assets securing such Indebtedness; or (ii) there shall occur under any Swap Contract to which any Cross- Acceleration Person is a party an early termination date (howsoever defined in such Swap Contract) resulting from any event of default (howsoever defined in such Swap Contract) under such Swap Contract as to which any Cross-Acceleration Person is the defaulting party (howsoever defined in such Swap Contract) and the Swap Termination Value owed by such Cross-Acceleration Person as a result thereof is greater than the Threshold Amount; provided further, that any failure, event or condition described in this clause (f) shall (A) only constitute an Event of Default hereunder if such failure, event or condition is unremedied and is not waived by the holders of such Indebtedness prior to any termination of the Commitments or acceleration of the Total Accrued Loan Amount pursuant to this Article 7 and (B) not result in a Default or Event of Default hereunder while any grace or notice period applicable to such failure, event or condition remains in effect; (g) (i) Borrower, Guarantor, an Issuer or any Material Subsidiary of Borrower, Guarantor or an Issuer shall become unable or admit in writing its inability or shall fail generally to pay its debts as they become due; (ii) Borrower, Guarantor, an Issuer or any Material Subsidiary of Borrower, Guarantor or an Issuer shall institute or consent to the institution of any proceeding


 
53 #93434686v13 under any Debtor Relief Law, or shall make an assignment for the benefit of creditors, or shall apply for or consent to the appointment of any receiver, trustee, custodian, conservator, liquidator, rehabilitator or similar officer for it or for all or any material part of its property; (iii) any receiver, trustee, custodian, conservator, liquidator, rehabilitator or similar officer shall be appointed without the application or consent of Borrower, Guarantor, an Issuer or any Material Subsidiary of Borrower, Guarantor or an Issuer and the appointment continues undischarged or unstayed for ninety (90) calendar days; (iv) any proceeding under any Debtor Relief Law relating to Borrower, Guarantor, an Issuer or any Material Subsidiary of Borrower, Guarantor or an Issuer or to all or any material part of the property of Borrower, Guarantor, an Issuer or any Material Subsidiary of Borrower, Guarantor or an Issuer shall be instituted without the consent of such Person, as the case may be, and continues undismissed or unstayed for ninety (90) calendar days, or an order for relief is entered in any such proceeding; or (v) Borrower, Guarantor, an Issuer or any Material Subsidiary of Borrower, Guarantor or an Issuer shall take any action to authorize any of the actions set forth above in this Section 7.01; (h) (i) any material provision of any Margin Loan Document for any reason ceases to be valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms or (ii) Borrower or Guarantor shall challenge the enforceability of any Margin Loan Document or shall assert in writing, or engage in any action or inaction based on any such assertion, that any provision of any of the Margin Loan Documents has ceased to be or otherwise is not valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms; (i) (i) the Security Agreement shall for any reason fail to create a valid and perfected first priority Lien in the Collateral, except as permitted by the terms thereof, the Security Agreement shall fail to remain in full force or effect or Collateral Agent ceases to have a first priority perfected Lien in the Collateral or (ii) Borrower or Guarantor shall take any action to discontinue or assert in writing the invalidity or unenforceability of the Security Agreement, or Borrower or Guarantor shall fail to comply with any of the terms or provisions of the Security Agreement; (j) any money judgment, writ or warrant of attachment or similar process in excess of the Threshold Amount shall be entered or filed against Borrower or Guarantor on any of their respective assets and shall remain undischarged, unvacated, unbonded or unstayed for a period of 30 (thirty) days; (k) there shall occur a change in the assets of Guarantor such that Guarantor has no material assets other than its indirect ownership interest in Borrower; (l) (i) the number of TGP Shares constituting Collateral Shares shall represent more than 50% of the number of outstanding TGP Shares, or (ii) the number of shares of TNK Shares constituting Collateral Shares shall represent more than 25% of the number of outstanding TNK Shares, in each case for a period of ten consecutive Business Days; (m) any Governmental Authority shall condemn, nationalize, seize or otherwise expropriate all or any substantial part of the property, shares of capital stock or equity or other


 
54 #93434686v13 assets of any Guarantor and its Subsidiaries taken as a whole or either Issuer and its Subsidiaries taken as a whole; (n) (i) there shall occur a Change of Control with respect to Borrower or an Issuer, and such Change of Control shall continue for three Business Days or (ii) Guarantor shall cease to own, directly or indirectly, 100% of the outstanding Equity Interests in Teekay GP; or (o) there shall occur a Collateral Shortfall; provided that such Collateral Shortfall will not constitute an Event of Default if (i) within the applicable Collateral Shortfall Grace Period, Borrower prepays outstanding Borrowings pursuant to Section 2.10(a) (the amount of such prepayment, the “Deficiency Amount”) and/or executes one or more Permitted Sale Transactions such that immediately after giving effect to such prepayment and/or execution the LTV Ratio is equal to or less than the Initial LTV Ratio or (ii) at all times during the applicable Collateral Shortfall Grace Period, the Deficiency Amount, if Borrower were to only prepay outstanding Borrowings (and not pledge any additional Eligible Collateral or execute one or more Permitted Sale Transactions) pursuant to clause (i) above, would be less than $2,000,000; then, and in any such event, and at any time thereafter during the continuance of such event, Administrative Agent shall, at the request of Lenders having aggregate Applicable Percentages equal to or in excess of 50% at such time, by written notice to Borrower, take either or both of the following actions, at the same or different times: (i) declare the Total Accrued Loan Amount to be forthwith due and payable, whereupon the Total Accrued Loan Amount (including the applicable Make Whole Amount, if any, payable to Administrative Agent for the account of each Lender pursuant to Section 2.08(c)) shall become and be forthwith due and payable, without presentment, demand, protest or notice of any kind, all of which are hereby expressly waived by Borrower and (ii) declare the Commitments to be terminated, whereupon the same shall forthwith terminate; provided that upon the occurrence in respect of Borrower of any event of the type described in Section 7.01(g), (x) the Total Accrued Loan Amount shall automatically become and be due and payable, without presentment, demand, protest or any notice of any kind, all of which are hereby expressly waived by Borrower and (y) the Commitments shall automatically be terminated. Upon the occurrence and the continuance of an Event of Default, Lender may exercise any rights and remedies provided to Administrative Agent and the Lenders under the Margin Loan Document or at law or equity, including all remedies provided under the UCC. ARTICLE 8 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT Section 8.01. Administrative Agent. Each of the Lenders hereby irrevocably appoints Administrative Agent as its agent and authorizes Administrative Agent to take such actions on its behalf and to exercise such powers as are delegated to Administrative Agent by the terms hereof, together with such actions and powers as are reasonably incidental thereto. The Person serving as Administrative Agent hereunder shall have the same rights and powers in its capacity as a Lender as any other Lender and may exercise the same as though it


 
55 #93434686v13 were not Administrative Agent and the term “Lender” or “Lenders” shall, unless otherwise expressly indicated or unless the context otherwise requires, include the Person serving as Administrative Agent hereunder in its individual capacity. Such Person and its Affiliates may accept deposits from, lend money to, act as the financial advisor or in any other advisory capacity for and generally engage in any kind of business with Borrower, Guarantor or any Subsidiary or other Affiliate thereof as if such Person were not Administrative Agent hereunder and without any duty to account therefor to the Lenders. Administrative Agent shall not have any duties or obligations except those expressly set forth herein. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, (a) Administrative Agent shall not be subject to any fiduciary or other implied duties, regardless of whether a Default has occurred and is continuing, (b) Administrative Agent shall not have any duty to take any discretionary action or exercise any discretionary powers, except discretionary rights and powers expressly contemplated hereby that Administrative Agent is required to exercise as directed in writing by the Required Lenders (or such other number or percentage of the Lenders as shall be expressly provided for elsewhere in this agreement), provided that Administrative Agent shall not be required to take any action that, in its opinion or the opinion of its counsel, may expose Administrative Agent to liability or that is contrary to this Agreement, the other Margin Loan Documents or applicable law, and (c) except as expressly set forth herein, Administrative Agent shall not have any duty to disclose, and shall not be liable for the failure to disclose, any information relating to Borrower, Guarantor or any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective Affiliates that is communicated to or obtained by the Person serving as Administrative Agent or any of its Affiliates in any capacity. Administrative Agent shall not be liable for any action taken or not taken by it (i) with the consent or at the request of the Required Lenders (or such other number or percentage of the Lenders as shall be necessary, or as Administrative Agent shall believe in good faith shall be necessary, pursuant to this Agreement) or (ii) in the absence of its own gross negligence or willful misconduct. Administrative Agent shall be deemed not to have knowledge of any Default unless and until notice describing such Default is given to Administrative Agent by Borrower or a Lender and Administrative Agent shall not be responsible for or have any duty to ascertain or inquire into (i) any statement, warranty or representation made in or in connection with this Agreement or the other Margin Loan Documents, (ii) the contents of any certificate, report or other document delivered hereunder or in connection herewith, (iii) the performance or observance of any of the covenants, agreements or other terms or conditions set forth herein or therein or the occurrence of any Default, (iv) the validity, enforceability, effectiveness or genuineness of this Agreement or any other agreement, instrument or document or (v) the satisfaction of any condition set forth in Article 4 or elsewhere herein, other than to confirm receipt of items expressly required to be delivered to Administrative Agent. Administrative Agent shall be entitled to rely upon, and shall not incur any liability for relying upon, any notice, request, certificate, consent, statement, instrument, document or other writing (including any electronic message, Internet or intranet website posting or other distribution) believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed, sent or otherwise authenticated by the proper Person. Administrative Agent also may rely upon any statement made to it orally or by telephone and believed by it to have been made by the proper Person, and shall not incur any liability for relying thereon. In determining compliance with any condition hereunder to the making of an Advance that by its terms must be fulfilled to the satisfaction of a Lender,


 
56 #93434686v13 Administrative Agent may presume that such condition is satisfactory to such Lender unless Administrative Agent shall have received notice to the contrary from such Lender prior to the making of such Advance. Administrative Agent may consult with legal counsel (who may be counsel for Borrower), independent accountants and other experts selected by it, and shall not be liable for any action taken or not taken by it in accordance with the advice of any such counsel, accountants or experts. Administrative Agent may perform any and all of its duties and exercise its rights and powers hereunder by or through any one or more subagents appointed by Administrative Agent. Administrative Agent and any such sub-agent may perform any and all of its duties and exercise its rights and powers by or through their respective Related Parties. The exculpatory provisions of this Article 8 shall apply to any such sub-agent and to the Related Parties of Administrative Agent and any such sub-agent, and shall apply to their respective activities in connection with the syndication of the credit facilities provided for herein as well as activities as Administrative Agent. Administrative Agent may at any time give notice of its resignation to the Lenders and Borrower. Upon receipt of any such notice of resignation, the Required Lenders (calculated without regard to the Applicable Percentage of the resigning Administrative Agent) shall have the right, in consultation with Borrower, to appoint a successor, which shall be a commercial bank with an office in New York, New York, or an Affiliate of any such commercial bank with an office in New York, New York, and which may, for the avoidance of doubt, be a Lender or an Affiliate of a Lender. If no such successor shall have been so appointed by the Required Lenders and shall have accepted such appointment within 30 days after the retiring Administrative Agent gives notice of its resignation, then the retiring Administrative Agent may on behalf of the Lenders, appoint a successor Administrative Agent meeting the qualifications set forth above; provided that if Administrative Agent shall notify Borrower and the Lenders that no qualifying Person has accepted such appointment, then such resignation shall nonetheless become effective in accordance with such notice and (1) the retiring Administrative Agent shall be discharged from its duties and obligations hereunder and under the other Margin Loan Documents and (2) all payments, communications and determinations provided to be made by, to or through Administrative Agent shall instead be made by or to each Lender directly, until such time as the Required Lenders appoint a successor Administrative Agent as provided for above in this paragraph. The successor shall be consented to by Borrower at all times other than during the existence of an Event of Default (which consent of Borrower shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed). Upon the acceptance of a successor’s appointment as Administrative Agent hereunder, such successor shall succeed to and become vested with all of the rights, powers, privileges and duties of the retiring (or retired) Administrative Agent, and the retiring Administrative Agent shall be discharged from all of its duties and obligations hereunder (if not already discharged therefrom as provided above in this paragraph). The fees payable by Borrower to a successor Administrative Agent shall be the same as those payable to its predecessor unless otherwise agreed between Borrower and such successor. After the retiring Administrative Agent’s resignation hereunder and under the other Margin Loan Documents, the provisions of this Article 8 and Section 9.04 shall continue in effect for the benefit of such retiring Administrative Agent, its sub-agents and their respective Related Parties in respect of any actions taken or omitted to be taken by any of them while the retiring Administrative Agent was acting as Administrative Agent.


 
57 #93434686v13 Each Lender acknowledges that it has, independently and without reliance upon Administrative Agent or any other Lender or any of their Related Parties and based on such documents and information as it has deemed appropriate, made its own credit analysis and decision to enter into this Agreement. Each Lender also acknowledges that it will, independently and without reliance upon Administrative Agent or any other Lender or any of their Related Parties and based on such documents and information as it shall from time to time deem appropriate, continue to make its own decisions in taking or not taking action under or based upon this Agreement or any related agreement or any document furnished hereunder or thereunder. ARTICLE 9 MISCELLANEOUS Section 9.01. Amendments, Etc. (a) Neither this Agreement nor any other Margin Loan Document nor any provision hereof or thereof may be waived, amended or modified except (x) as set forth in Sections 9.01(b), 9.01(c) or 9.01(d) or (y) pursuant to an agreement or agreements in writing entered into by Borrower, Guarantor (as applicable) and the Required Lenders or by Borrower, Guarantor (as applicable) and Administrative Agent with the consent of the Required Lenders; provided that no such agreement shall (i) increase the Commitment of any Lender without the written consent of such Lender, (ii) reduce the principal amount of any Advance or reduce the rate of interest thereon, or reduce any fees payable hereunder, without the written consent of each Lender directly affected thereby, (iii) postpone the scheduled date of payment of the principal amount of any Advance or any interest thereon, or any fees payable hereunder, or reduce the amount of, waive or excuse any such payment, or postpone the scheduled date of expiration of any Commitment, without the written consent of each Lender directly affected thereby, (iv) change Section 2.16(c) or (d) in a manner that would alter the pro rata sharing of payments required thereby, without the written consent of each Lender, (v) release Guarantor from its obligations under the Guarantee Agreement, without the written consent of each Lender, (vi) change any of the provisions of this Section 9.01 or the definition of “Required Lenders” or any other provision hereof specifying the number or percentage of Lenders required to waive, amend or modify any rights hereunder or make any determination or grant any consent hereunder, without the written consent of each Lender; provided further that no such agreement shall amend, modify or otherwise affect the rights or duties of Administrative Agent under any Margin Loan Document without the prior written consent of Administrative Agent. Anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding, during such period as a Lender is a Defaulting Lender, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, such Lender will not be entitled to vote in respect of amendments and waivers hereunder and the Commitment and the outstanding Advance or other extensions of credit of such Lender hereunder will not be taken into account in determining whether the Required Lenders have approved any such amendment or waiver (and the definition of “Required Lenders” will automatically be deemed modified accordingly for the duration of such period); provided that any such amendment or waiver that would increase the Commitment of such Defaulting Lender, reduce the principal amount of any Advance of such Defaulting Lender or reduce the rate of interest thereon, or reduce any fees payable owing to such Defaulting Lender hereunder, postpone the scheduled date of payment of the principal amount of any Advance of such Defaulting Lender or any interest thereon, or any fees payable to such Defaulting Lender hereunder, or reduce the amount of, waive or excuse


 
58 #93434686v13 any such payment, or postpone the scheduled date of expiration of any Commitment of such Defaulting Lender, or alter the terms of this proviso, will require the consent of such Defaulting Lender. (b) Upon the occurrence of a Share Collateral Trigger Event, Administrative Agent may, with the consent of the Required Lenders, in consultation with Borrower to the extent reasonably practicable and to the extent that such consultation would not cause undue delay, propose to amend one or more of the material terms of any Margin Loan Document other than the Guarantee Agreement (subject to the proviso to Section 9.01(a)) by delivering written notice of such proposed amendments to Borrower and the Lenders. Such amendments will take effect at the applicable Amendment Effective Time; provided that following receipt of such notice, Borrower may (i) prepay in full the Total Accrued Loan Amount to Administrative Agent for the account of each Lender prior to the Amendment Effective Time, in which case the proposed amendments will not take effect and (ii) if Borrower makes the payment described in clause (i), Borrower may (but shall not be required to) simultaneously terminate the Commitments pursuant to Section 2.05(b) without paying any Make Whole Amount. (c) If any of the following events (“Potential Facility Amendment Events”) shall occur: (i) the occurrence of the tenth scheduled Exchange Business Day prior to the scheduled consummation of a Merger Event in relation to an Issuer, unless Calculation Agent determines that such consummation is unlikely to occur; (ii) the announcement of an event that if consummated or completed would result in a Delisting of the TGP Shares or the TNK Shares and such shares not being immediately relisted on a Designated Exchange; (iii) the payment of an Extraordinary Dividend with respect to either the TGP Shares or the TNK Shares; (iv) the occurrence of the record date in respect of a distribution, issue or dividend to existing holders of the TGP Shares or the TNK Shares of share capital or other securities of another issuer acquired or owned (directly or indirectly) by the relevant Issuer in connection with a spin-off or other similar transaction with a value greater than 35% of the value of the equity interests of the relevant Issuer immediately prior to such record date, as determined by Calculation Agent; (v) the imposition of any withholding tax on proceeds of a prospective sale of Collateral or the announcement by any Person of any transaction or event or series of transactions or events (including a Change in Law) that could reasonably be expected to result in such an imposition, as reasonably determined by the Calculation Agent; (vi) suspension from trading of the TGP Shares or the TNK Shares on the applicable Exchange for three consecutive Exchange Business Days, other than a suspension that affects all common equity securities on such Exchange; or


 
59 #93434686v13 (vii) the Share Collateral Value attributable to the TGP Shares shall represent less than 50% of the total Share Collateral Value immediately after giving effect to any withdrawal or release of TGP Shares from the Collateral Account pursuant to Section 2.10; then, and in any such event, and at any time thereafter during the continuance of such event, Administrative Agent may, with the consent of the Required Lenders, in consultation with Borrower to the extent reasonably practicable and to the extent such consultation would not cause undue delay, propose to amend one or more of the material terms of any Margin Loan Document other than the Guarantee Agreement (subject to the proviso to Section 9.01(a)) to account for such Potential Facility Amendment Event by delivering written notice of such proposed amendments to Borrower and the Lenders. Such amendments will take effect at the applicable Amendment Effective Time; provided that following receipt of such notice, Borrower may, prior to the Amendment Effective Time, (x) prepay in full the Total Accrued Loan Amount to Administrative Agent for the account of each Lender and (y) terminate the Commitments pursuant to Section 2.05(b) without paying any Make Whole Amount (and, for the avoidance of doubt, Borrower must take the action described in clause (y) if Borrower takes the action described in clause (x)). (d) Upon the occurrence of a Redocumentation Event, Borrower may, on or prior to the applicable Amendment Effective Time, (x) prepay in full the Total Accrued Loan Amount to Administrative Agent for the account of each Lender and (y) terminate the Commitments pursuant to Section 2.05(b) without paying any Make Whole Amount (and, for the avoidance of doubt, Borrower must take the action described in clause (y) if Borrower takes the action described in clause (x)). Unless Borrower so elects to prepay the Total Accrued Loan Amount and terminate the Commitments pursuant to the preceding sentence, then after the applicable Amendment Effective Time, Administrative Agent may, with the consent of the Required Lenders, split the Facility into a separate facility with each Lender (each a “Separate Facility”) on economic terms identical to those of the Facility (subject to any necessary conforming changes), with aggregate Commitments and outstanding Advances equal to the Commitments and outstanding Advances under the Facility, and which shall be documented in separate agreements on substantially the same terms and conditions as this Agreement and the other Margin Loan Documents; provided that all conditions precedent to the making of the Advances on the occasion of the first Borrowing specified in this Agreement shall be deemed to be satisfied upon Borrower’s entry into the Separate Facilities and Borrower shall not be required to deliver any certificates, certifications, opinions or other documents upon its entry into the Separate Facilities other than (i) standard corporate housekeeping opinions (with the cost of such opinions to be paid by the applicable Lender or Lenders, as the case may be, requesting such opinions) and (ii) UCC financing statements in an appropriate form for filing with the Recorder of Deeds in the District of Columbia and completed Federal Reserve Board Forms U-1 and G-3, to the extent necessary; provided further that Borrower shall not be required to incur any increased tax, cost or expense (other than its own out-of-pocket fees and expenses of counsel) in connection with the establishment and maintenance of the Separate Facilities other than increased taxes, costs or expenses that Borrower would be required to incur under this Agreement and the other Margin Loan Documents. The parties will work together in good faith to agree on documentation for the Separate Facilities that takes into account changes appropriate to reflect the fact that each Separate Facility has a single Lender (including, for the avoidance of doubt, changes to the definition of Permitted Liens to reflect the fact that Borrower will pledge collateral separately to each Lender). A Lender shall be Administrative


 
60 #93434686v13 Agent under each Separate Facility with a single Commitment and outstanding Advances proportional to the Commitment of such Lender under the Facility, and each Separate Facility will have its own Collateral Agent and will be separately secured by a portion of the Collateral proportional to the Commitment in respect of such Separate Facility. Borrower will not be responsible for any fees, costs or other expenses incurred by Administrative Agent or any Lender in connection with the establishment and maintenance of the Separate Facilities, other than fees, costs and other expenses for which Borrower would be responsible under this Agreement and the other Margin Loan Documents. Section 9.02. Notices; Effectiveness; Electronic Communications. (a) Except in the case of notices and other communications expressly permitted to be given by telephone (and except as provided in subsection (b) below), all notices and other communications provided for herein shall be in writing and shall be delivered by hand or overnight courier service, mailed by certified or registered mail or sent by facsimile or email as follows, and all notices and other communications expressly permitted hereunder to be given by telephone shall be made to the applicable telephone number, as follows: (i) if to Borrower, to: Deliver by courier to: Teekay Finance Limited 4th Floor, Belvedere Building 69 Pitts Bay Road Hamilton, HM 08 Bermuda Attn: Secretary Telephone No.: (441) 298-2530 Facsimile No.: (441) 292-3931 Email: BermudaCorpSec@teekay.com with a copy to: Teekay Finance Limited Suite No. 1778 48 Par-la-Ville Road Hamilton, HM 11 Bermuda Attn: Secretary with a copy to: Teekay Corporation c/o Teekay Shipping (Canada) Ltd. Suite 2000 Bentall 5 550 Burrard Street Vancouver, BC V6C 2K2


 
61 #93434686v13 Canada Attn: Renee Eng, Director, Treasury Telephone No.: (604) 609-6418 Facsimile No.: (604) 681-3011 and Rafal Gawlowski Latham & Watkins LLP 885 Third Avenue New York, New York 10022 (ii) if to Administrative Agent, to its applicable address set forth on Schedule 9.02. (iii) if to any other Lender, to it at its address (or facsimile number or electronic mail address or telephone number) set forth on Schedule 9.02 or in the Assignment and Assumption pursuant to which such Lender becomes party to this Agreement or to such other address, facsimile number, electronic mail address or telephone number as shall be designated by such party in a notice to Borrower and Administrative Agent. Notices and other communications sent by hand or overnight courier service, or mailed by certified or registered mail, shall be deemed to have been given when received; notices and other communications sent by facsimile shall be deemed to have been given when sent (except that, if not given during normal business hours for the recipient, shall be deemed to have been given at the opening of business on the next Business Day for the recipient). Notices and other communications delivered through electronic communications to the extent provided in subsection (b) below, shall be effective as provided in such subsection (b). (b) (i) Notices and other communications sent to an email address shall be deemed received when sent absent receipt of a failure to deliver notice, and (ii) notices or communications posted to an Internet or intranet website shall be deemed received upon the deemed receipt by the intended recipient at its email address as described in the foregoing clause (i) of notification that such notice or communication is available and identifying the website address therefor. (c) Any party hereto may change its address (including email address), facsimile or telephone number for notices and other communications hereunder by notice to the other parties hereto. (d) Administrative Agent and the Lenders shall be entitled to rely and act upon any notices purportedly given by or on behalf of Borrower. Borrower shall indemnify Administrative Agent and the Lenders and the Related Parties of Administrative Agent and the Lenders from all losses, costs, expenses and liabilities resulting from the reliance by such Person on each notice purportedly given by or on behalf of Borrower, except to the extent such losses, costs, expenses and liabilities arise from the gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct of Administrative


 
62 #93434686v13 Agent or any of its Related Parties. All telephonic notices to and other telephonic communications with Administrative Agent or any Lender may be recorded by such Person, and each of the parties hereto hereby consents to such recording. (e) Borrower hereby agrees that service of all writs, process and summonses in any suit, action or proceeding brought under any Margin Loan Document may be made upon Watson, Farley & Williams (New York) LLP, presently located at 250 West 55th Street, New York, New York 10019 (the “Process Agent”), and Borrower hereby confirms and agrees that the Process Agent has been duly and irrevocably appointed as its agent and true and lawful attorney-in-fact in its name, place and stead to accept such service of any and all such writs, process and summonses, and agrees that the failure of the Process Agent to give any notice of any such service of process to Borrower shall not impair or affect the validity of such service or of any judgment based thereon. Borrower hereby further irrevocably consents to the service of process in any suit, action or proceeding in the manner provided in Section 9.08(d). Borrower shall at all times maintain an agent for service of process with respect to the Margin Loan Documents in New York, New York and shall notify the Administrative Agent a reasonable period of time in advance of any change in the identity or address of such agent. Section 9.03. No Waiver; Remedies. (a) No failure or delay by Administrative Agent or any Lender in exercising any right or power hereunder or under any other Margin Loan Document shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any such right or power, or any abandonment or discontinuance of steps to enforce such a right or power, preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right or power. The rights and remedies of Administrative Agent and the Lenders hereunder and under any other Margin Loan Document are cumulative and are not exclusive of any rights or remedies that they would otherwise have. No waiver of any provision of any Margin Loan Document or consent to any departure by Borrower therefrom shall in any event be effective unless the same shall be permitted by Section 9.01, and then such waiver or consent shall be effective only in the specific instance and for the purpose for which given. No notice to or demand on Borrower in any case shall entitle Borrower to any other or further notice or demand in similar or other circumstances or constitute a waiver of the rights of Administrative Agent or any Lender to any other or further action in any circumstances without notice or demand. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the making of an Advance shall not be construed as a waiver of any Event of Default, regardless of whether Administrative Agent or any Lender may have had notice or knowledge of such Event of Default at the time. (b) The Advances are made with full recourse to Borrower and constitute direct, general, unconditional and unsubordinated Indebtedness of Borrower. (c) Borrower, Administrative Agent and each Lender acknowledge and agree that the Margin Loan Documents collectively are intended to constitute a “securities contract” as such term is defined in Section 741(7) of the Bankruptcy Code and that each delivery, transfer, payment and grant of a security interest made or required to be made hereunder or contemplated hereby or made, required to be made or contemplated in connection herewith is a “transfer” and a “margin payment” or a “settlement payment” within the meaning of Section 362(b)(6) and/or (27) and Sections 546(e)


 
63 #93434686v13 and/or (j) of the Bankruptcy Code. In addition, all obligations under or in connection with the Margin Loan Documents represent obligations in respect of “termination values,” “payment amounts” or “other transfer obligations” within the meaning of Sections 362 and 561 of the Bankruptcy Code. The parties further acknowledge and agree that the Margin Loan Documents collectively constitute a “master netting agreement” within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Code. Section 9.04. Costs And Expenses; Indemnification; Damage Waiver. (a) Borrower shall pay (i) all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, including the reasonable fees, charges and disbursements of counsel for Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent (whether outside counsel or the allocated costs of its internal legal department), in connection with the Facility provided for herein, the preparation and administration of the Margin Loan Documents or any amendments, modifications or waivers of the provisions of the Margin Loan Documents (whether or not the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby shall be consummated but only so long as the Lenders are ready, willing and able to make the Advances contemplated by this Agreement upon satisfaction of all conditions precedent to the making of such Advances) (the “Lender Expenses”), and (ii) all expenses incurred by Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent or the Lenders or any of their respective Affiliates, including the fees, charges and disbursements of any counsel (whether outside counsel or the allocated costs of its internal legal department), in connection with the enforcement, collection or protection of its rights in connection with the Margin Loan Documents, including its rights under this Section, or in connection with the Advances made hereunder, including, subject to Section 9.01(d), all such expenses incurred during any workout, restructuring or negotiations in respect of such Advances. (b) Borrower shall indemnify Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent and each Lender (and any sub-agent thereof) and each Related Party of any of the foregoing Persons (each such Person being called an “Indemnitee”) against, and hold each Indemnitee harmless from, any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities and related expenses, including the fees, charges and disbursements of any counsel for any Indemnitee, incurred by or asserted against any Indemnitee by any third party or by Borrower or any Related Party of Borrower arising out of, in connection with, or as a result of (i) the preparation, negotiation, execution, delivery or administration of this Agreement, any other Margin Loan Document or any agreement or instrument contemplated hereby or thereby, the performance by the parties hereto of their respective obligations hereunder or thereunder, the enforcement or protection of their rights hereunder and thereunder or the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, any other Margin Loan Document or any agreement or instrument contemplated hereby or thereby, (ii) any Advance or the use or proposed use of the proceeds therefrom, or (iii) any actual or prospective claim, litigation, investigation or proceeding relating to any of the foregoing, whether based on contract, tort or any other theory, whether brought by a third party or by Borrower or any other Related Party of Borrower, and regardless of whether any Indemnitee is a party thereto; provided that such indemnity shall not, as to any Indemnitee, be available to the extent that such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or related expenses (x) are determined by a court of competent jurisdiction by final and nonappealable judgment to have resulted from the gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct of such Indemnitee or (y) arise out of any dispute among Indemnitees (other than a dispute involving claims against Administrative Agent or Collateral Agent, in each case in their


 
64 #93434686v13 respective capacities as such) that did not involve actions or omissions of Borrower, Guarantor or their respective Affiliates. Subsection (b) of this Section 9.04 shall not apply with respect to Taxes other than any Taxes that represent losses, claims, damages, etc. arising from any non-Tax claim. (c) To the fullest extent permitted by applicable Law, Borrower shall not assert, and hereby waives, any claim against any Indemnitee, on any theory of liability, for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages (as opposed to direct or actual damages) arising out of, in connection with, or as a result of, this Agreement, any other Margin Loan Document or any agreement or instrument contemplated hereby, the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby, any Advance or the use of the proceeds thereof. No Indemnitee referred to in subsection (b) above shall be liable for any damages arising from the use by unintended recipients of any information or other materials distributed by it through telecommunications, electronic or other information transmission systems in connection with this Agreement or the other Margin Loan Document or the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby, except to the extent such charges result from the willful misconduct, bad faith or gross negligence of such Indemnitee. (d) All amounts due under this Section 9.04 shall be payable not later than ten Business Days after demand therefor. (e) To the extent that Borrower fails to pay any amount required to be paid by it to Administrative Agent or any Related Party thereof under paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section 9.04, each Lender severally agrees to pay to Administrative Agent or such Related Party, as the case may be, such Lender’s Applicable Percentage (determined as of the time that the applicable unreimbursed expense or indemnity payment is sought) of such unpaid amount; provided that the unreimbursed expense or indemnified loss, claim, damage, liability or related expense, as the case may be, was incurred by or asserted against Administrative Agent in its capacity as such, or against any Related Party acting for Administrative Agent in connection with such capacity. (f) The agreements in this Section 9.04 shall survive the termination of the Facility and the repayment, satisfaction or discharge of all the other Obligations. Section 9.05. Collateral Agent. Administrative Agent and each Lender hereby appoint Citibank, N.A. as Collateral Agent hereunder to take such actions on their behalf and to exercise such powers as are delegated to such agent by the terms of this Agreement, the Security Agreement, the Guarantee or by any written instruction of Administrative Agent, together with such actions and powers as are reasonably related thereto to the extent permitted by applicable law. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Collateral Agent is hereby expressly authorized to execute any and all documents (including releases) with respect to the Collateral and exercise the rights as a secured party on behalf of Administrative Agent and each Lender with respect thereto, as contemplated by and in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement and the Security Agreement to the extent permitted by applicable law. Citibank, N.A. hereby accepts and agrees to such appointment. Section 9.06. Calculation Agent.


 
65 #93434686v13 The parties hereto hereby appoint Citibank, N.A. as Calculation Agent to take such actions, and to exercise such powers, as are delegated to such agent by the terms of the Margin Loan Documents, and Citibank, N.A. hereby accepts and agrees to such appointment. Whenever Calculation Agent is required to act or to exercise judgment in any way, it shall do so in good faith and in a commercially reasonable manner and, when reasonably practicable, in consultation with Borrower and to the extent that such consultation would not cause undue delay. Following any determination, calculation or other act by Calculation Agent, upon request by Borrower, Calculation Agent will provide to Borrower a report (in a commonly used file format for the storage and manipulation of financial data) displaying, in reasonable detail, the basis for such determination, calculation or action, it being understood that Calculation Agent will not be obligated to disclose any proprietary models or other confidential or proprietary information or data used by it for such determination, calculation or action. Section 9.07. Payments Set Aside. To the extent that any payment by or on behalf of Borrower is made to Administrative Agent or any Lender, or Administrative Agent or any Lender exercises their right of setoff, and such payment or the proceeds of such setoff or any part thereof is subsequently invalidated, declared to be fraudulent or preferential, set aside or required (including pursuant to any settlement entered into by Administrative Agent or such Lender in its discretion) to be repaid to a trustee, receiver or any other party, in connection with any proceeding under any Debtor Relief Law or otherwise, then to the extent of such recovery, the obligation or part thereof originally intended to be satisfied shall be revived and continued in full force and effect as if such payment had not been made or such setoff had not occurred. Section 9.08. Governing Law; Submission To Jurisdiction. (a) The Margin Loan Documents shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, laws of the State of New York without giving effect to its conflict of laws provisions other than Section 5 1401 of the New York General Obligations Law. (b) Each of the parties to this Agreement hereby irrevocably and unconditionally submits, for itself and its property, to the exclusive jurisdiction of any U.S. Federal or New York State court sitting in New York, New York in any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to any Margin Loan Document, or for recognition or enforcement of any judgment, and each of the parties hereto hereby irrevocably and unconditionally agrees that all claims in respect of any such action or proceeding may be heard and determined in such New York State or, to the extent permitted by law, in such Federal court. Each of the parties hereto agrees that a final judgment in any such action or proceeding shall be conclusive and may be enforced in other jurisdictions by suit on the judgment or in any other manner provided by law. Nothing in this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document shall affect any right that Administrative Agent or any Lender may otherwise have to bring any action or proceeding relating to this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document against Borrower or its properties in the courts of any jurisdiction. (c) Each of the parties to this Agreement hereby irrevocably and unconditionally waives, to the fullest extent it may legally and effectively do so, any objection that it may now or hereafter


 
66 #93434686v13 have to the laying of venue of any suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document in any court referred to in subsection (b) of this Section 9.08. Each of the parties hereto hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the defense of an inconvenient forum to the maintenance of such action or proceeding in any such court. (d) Each party hereto irrevocably consents to service of process in the manner provided for notices in Section 9.02(a). Nothing in this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document will affect the right of any party hereto to serve process in any other manner permitted by applicable Law. (e) EACH PARTY HERETO HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR ANY OTHER MARGIN LOAN DOCUMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY OR THEREBY (WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT OR ANY OTHER THEORY). EACH PARTY HERETO (A) CERTIFIES THAT NO REPRESENTATIVE, AGENT OR ATTORNEY OF ANY OTHER PERSON HAS REPRESENTED, EXPRESSLY OR OTHERWISE, THAT SUCH OTHER PERSON WOULD NOT, IN THE EVENT OF LITIGATION, SEEK TO ENFORCE THE FOREGOING WAIVER AND (B) ACKNOWLEDGES THAT IT AND THE OTHER PARTIES HERETO HAVE BEEN INDUCED TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT AND THE OTHER MARGIN LOAN DOCUMENT BY, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MUTUAL WAIVERS AND CERTIFICATIONS IN THIS SECTION 9.08(e). Section 9.09. Successors and Assigns. (a) The provisions of this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns permitted hereby, except that (i) Borrower may not assign or otherwise transfer any of its rights or obligations hereunder or under any other Margin Loan Document without the prior written consent of Administrative Agent and each Lender (and any attempted assignment or transfer by Borrower without such consent shall be null and void) and (ii) no Lender may assign or otherwise transfer its rights or obligations hereunder except in accordance with this Section 9.09. Nothing in this Agreement, expressed or implied, shall be construed to confer upon any Person (other than the parties hereto, their respective successors and assigns permitted hereby and, to the extent expressly contemplated hereby, the Related Parties of Administrative Agent and each Lender) any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or by reason of this Agreement. (b) (i) Subject to the conditions set forth in paragraph (b)(ii) below, any Lender may assign to a single assignee all or a portion of its rights and obligations under this Agreement (including all or a portion of its Commitment and the Advances at the time owing to it) with the prior written consent (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld) of:


 
67 #93434686v13 (A) Borrower; provided that no consent of Borrower shall be required for an assignment to a Lender, an Affiliate of a Lender or, if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, any other Person (other than a natural person); and (B) Administrative Agent; provided that no consent of Administrative Agent shall be required for an assignment to an Affiliate of a Lender. (ii) Assignments by a Lender shall be subject to the following additional conditions: (A) in no event shall there be more than two Lenders; (B) the amount of the Commitment or Advances of the assigning Lender subject to each such assignment, and the amount of the Commitment or Advances of the assigning Lender remaining after each such assignment (in each case determined as of the date the Assignment and Assumption with respect to such assignment is delivered to Administrative Agent), in each case shall not be less than the lesser of (1) $10,000,000 and (2) the entire remaining amount of the assigning Lender’s Commitments or Advances, as applicable, unless each of Borrower and Administrative Agent otherwise consent (each such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed); (C) each partial assignment shall be made as an assignment of a proportionate part of all the assigning Lender’s rights and obligations under this Agreement; and (D) the parties to each assignment shall execute and deliver to Administrative Agent an Assignment and Assumption, together with a processing and recordation fee of $3,500. (iii) Subject to acceptance and recording thereof pursuant to paragraph (b)(v) of this Section 9.09, from and after the effective date specified in each Assignment and Assumption, the assignee thereunder shall be a party to this Agreement and, to the extent of the interest assigned by such Assignment and Assumption, have the rights and obligations of a Lender under this Agreement, and the assigning Lender thereunder shall, to the extent of the interest assigned by such Assignment and Assumption, be released from its obligations under this Agreement (and, in the case of an Assignment and Assumption covering all of the assigning Lender’s rights and obligations under this Agreement, such Lender shall cease to be a party hereto but shall continue to be entitled to the benefits of Sections 2.11, 2.12, 2.14 and 9.15). Upon request, Borrower (at its expense) shall execute and deliver a promissory note in the form described in Section 2.15(d) to the assignee Lender, and the promissory note, if any, theretofore held by the assignor Lender shall be returned to Borrower in exchange for a new promissory note, payable to the assignee Lender and reflecting its retained interest (if any) hereunder. Any assignment or transfer by a Lender of rights or obligations under this Agreement that does not comply with this Section 9.09 shall be treated for purposes of this Agreement as a sale by such Lender of a


 
68 #93434686v13 participation in such rights and obligations in accordance with paragraph (c) of this Section 9.09. (iv) Administrative Agent, acting solely for this purpose as an agent of Borrower, shall maintain at one of its offices a copy of each Assignment and Assumption delivered to it and a register for the recordation of the names and addresses of the Lenders, and the Commitment of, and principal amount (and stated interest) of the Advances owing to, each Lender pursuant to the terms hereof from time to time (the “Register”). The entries in the Register shall be conclusive, and Borrower, Administrative Agent and the Lenders may treat each Person whose name is recorded in the Register pursuant to the terms hereof as a Lender hereunder for all purposes of this Agreement, notwithstanding notice to the contrary. The Register shall be available for inspection by Borrower and any Lender, at any reasonable time and from time to time upon reasonable prior notice. (v) Upon its receipt of a duly completed Assignment and Assumption executed by an assigning Lender and an assignee, the processing and recordation fee referred to in paragraph (b) of this Section 9.09 and any written consent to such assignment required by paragraph (b) of this Section 9.09, Administrative Agent shall accept such Assignment and Assumption and record the information contained therein in the Register. No assignment shall be effective for purposes of this Agreement unless it has been recorded in the Register as provided in this paragraph. (c) Any Lender may, without the consent of Borrower or Administrative Agent, sell participations to one or more banks or other entities (other than Borrower of any of its Affiliates) (a “Participant”) in all or a portion of such Lender’s rights and obligations under this Agreement and the other Margin Loan Document (including all or a portion of the Advances); provided that (i) such Lender’s obligations under the Margin Loan Document shall remain unchanged, (ii) such Lender shall remain solely responsible to the other parties hereto for the performance of such obligations and (iii) the other parties hereto shall continue to deal solely and directly with such Lender in connection with such Lender’s rights and obligations under this Agreement. Subject to subsection (d) of this Section 9.09, Borrower agrees that each Participant shall be entitled to the benefits of Sections 2.11, 2.12, and 2.14 (subject to the requirements and limitations therein, including the requirements under Section 2.12(e) (it being understood that the documentation required under Section 2.12(e) shall be delivered to the participating Lender)) to the same extent as if it were a Lender and had acquired its interest by assignment pursuant to this Section 9.09. To the extent permitted by law, each Participant also shall be entitled to the benefits of Section 9.16 as though it were a Lender. Any Lender that sells a participation to a Participant, shall, acting solely for this purpose as an agent of Borrower, maintain a register on which it enters the name and address of each Participant and the principal amount (and stated interest) of each Participant’s interest in this Agreement and the other Margin Loan Document; provided that no Lender shall have any obligation to disclose all or any portion of such register (including the identity of any Participant or any information relating to a Participant’s interest in any Commitments or Advances or its other obligations under any Margin Loan Document) to any Person except to the extent such disclosure is necessary to establish that such Commitment or Advance or other obligation is in registered form under Section 5f.103-1(c) of the United States Treasury Regulations or Section


 
69 #93434686v13 1.163-5(b) of the Proposed Treasury Regulations (or, in each case, any amended or successor version). (d) A Participant shall not be entitled to receive any greater payment under Sections 2.11 and 2.12 than the applicable Lender would have been entitled to receive with respect to the participation sold to such Participant, except to the extent that such entitlement to receive a greater payment results from a Change in Law that occurs after the Participant acquired the applicable participation. (e) Any Lender may at any time (i) pledge or assign a security interest in all or any portion of its rights under this Agreement to secure obligations of such Lender or (ii) enter into derivative transactions relating to such Lender’s Commitments or Advances, and this Section 9.09 shall not apply to any such pledge or assignment of a security interest or derivative transaction; provided that no such pledge or assignment of a security interest or derivative transaction shall (x) release such Lender from any of its obligations hereunder or substitute any such pledgee, assignee or derivative transaction counterparty for such Lender as a party hereto or (y) result in the rehypothecation of any Collateral. Section 9.10. Severability. Any provision of any Margin Loan Document held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective to the extent of such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability without affecting the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions thereof; and the invalidity of a particular provision in a particular jurisdiction shall not invalidate such provision in any other jurisdiction. Section 9.11. Counterparts; Integration; Effectiveness. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts (and by different parties hereto on different counterparts), each of which shall constitute an original, but all of which when taken together shall constitute a single contract. This Agreement, the other Margin Loan Document and any separate letter agreements with respect to fees payable to Administrative Agent or the Lenders constitute the entire contract among the parties relating to the subject matter hereof and supersede any and all previous agreements and understandings, oral or written, relating to the subject matter hereof. Except as provided in Article 4, this Agreement shall become effective when it shall have been executed by Administrative Agent and when Administrative Agent shall have received counterparts hereof that, when taken together, bear the signatures of each of the other parties hereto, and thereafter shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns permitted hereby. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page of this Agreement by telecopy or other electronic imaging means (e.g., “pdf” or “tif”) or any electronic signature complying with the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, e.g., www.docusign.com, shall be effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart of this Agreement. Each of the parties represents that it has undertaken commercially reasonable steps to verify the identity of each individual person executing any such counterparts via electronic signature on behalf of such party and has and will maintain sufficient records of the same. Section 9.12. Survival Of Representations. All covenants, agreements, representations and warranties made by Borrower in the Margin Loan Documents and in the certificates or other instruments delivered in connection with or pursuant to this Agreement or any other Margin Loan


 
70 #93434686v13 Document shall be considered to have been relied upon by the other parties hereto and shall survive the execution and delivery of the Margin Loan Documents and the making of any Advances, regardless of any investigation made by any such other party or on its behalf and notwithstanding that Administrative Agent or any Lender may have had notice or knowledge of any Event of Default or incorrect representation or warranty at the time any credit is extended hereunder, and shall continue in full force and effect as long as the principal of or any accrued interest on any Advance or any other Obligation under this Agreement is outstanding and unpaid or unsatisfied. The provisions of Sections 2.11, 2.12, 2.14, Section 8.01 and Article 9 shall survive and remain in full force and effect regardless of the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, the repayment of the Advances, the resignation or replacement of Administrative Agent or the termination of this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document or any provision hereof or thereof. Section 9.13. Confidentiality. Subject to Section 6.14, each of Administrative Agent and the Lenders agrees to maintain the confidentiality of the Information (as defined below), except that Information may be disclosed (a) to its and its Affiliates’ directors, officers, employees and agents, including accountants, legal counsel and other advisors (it being understood that the Persons to whom such disclosure is made will be informed of the confidential nature of such Information and instructed to keep such Information confidential), (b) to the extent requested by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction over Administrative Agent or any Lender (in which case the disclosing party agrees to inform Borrower promptly of such disclosure, unless such notice is prohibited by applicable Law and except in connection with any request as part of a regulatory examination), (c) to the extent required by applicable laws or regulations or by any subpoena or similar legal process (in which case the disclosing party agrees to inform Borrower promptly of such disclosure to the extent permitted by law and except in connection with a regulatory examination or an audit or examination conducted by bank accountants), (d) to any other party to this Agreement, (e) in connection with the exercise of any remedies hereunder or any suit, action or proceeding relating to this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document or the enforcement of rights hereunder or thereunder, (f) subject to an agreement containing provisions substantially the same as those of this Section 9.13, to (i) any assignee of or Participant in, or any prospective assignee of or Participant in, any of its rights or obligations under this Agreement or (ii) any actual or prospective counterparty (or its advisors) to any swap or derivative transaction relating to Borrower and its obligations, (g) with the consent of Borrower or (h) to the extent such Information (i) becomes publicly available other than as a result of a breach of this Section 9.13 or (ii) becomes available to Administrative Agent or the applicable Lender on a non-confidential basis from a source other than Borrower or its Affiliates. For the purposes of this Section 9.13, “Information” means all information received from Borrower relating to Borrower or its business hereunder or pursuant hereto, other than any such information that is available to Administrative Agent or any Lender on a non-confidential basis prior to disclosure by Borrower; provided that, in the case of information received from Borrower after the date hereof, such information is clearly identified at the time of delivery as confidential. Any Person required to maintain the confidentiality of Information as provided in this Section 9.13 shall be considered to have complied with its obligation to do so if such Person has exercised the same degree of care to maintain the confidentiality of such Information as such Person would accord to its own confidential information.


 
71 #93434686v13 Section 9.14. No Advisory Or Fiduciary Relationship. In connection with all aspects of each transaction contemplated hereby (including in connection with any amendment, waiver or other modification hereof or of any other Margin Loan Document), Borrower acknowledges and agrees that: (a)(i) the arranging and other services regarding this Agreement provided by Administrative Agent and the Lenders are arm’s-length commercial transactions between Borrower and its Affiliates, on the one hand, and Administrative Agent and the Lenders and their respective Affiliates, on the other hand, (ii) Borrower has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate, and (iii) Borrower is capable of evaluating, and understands and accepts, the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated hereby and by the other Margin Loan Document; (b)(i) each of Administrative Agent and each Lender is and has been acting solely as a principal and, except as expressly agreed in writing herein or otherwise by the relevant parties, has not been, is not, and will not be acting as an advisor, agent or fiduciary for Borrower or any of its Affiliates, or any other Person and (ii) each of Administrative Agent and each Lender has no obligation to Borrower or any of its Affiliates with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby except those obligations expressly set forth herein and in the other Margin Loan Document; and (c) Administrative Agent and the Lenders and their respective Affiliates may be engaged in a broad range of transactions that involve interests that differ from those of Borrower and its Affiliates, and each of Administrative Agent and each Lender has no obligations to disclose any of such interests to Borrower or any of its Affiliates. To the fullest extent permitted by law, Borrower hereby waives and releases any claims that it may have against Administrative Agent or the Lenders or their respective Affiliates with respect to any breach or alleged breach of agency or fiduciary duty in connection with any aspect of any transaction contemplated hereby. Section 9.15. Right Of Setoff. If an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent and each Lender (each, a “Set-off Party”) is hereby authorized at any time and from time to time, to the fullest extent permitted by law, to set off and apply any and all deposits (general or special, time or demand, provisional or final) at any time held and other obligations at any time owing by such Set-off Party to or for the credit or the account of Borrower against any and all of the obligations and liabilities of Borrower, irrespective of whether or not the relevant Set-off Party shall have made any demand under the Margin Loan Documents and although such obligations may be unmatured. The rights of each Set-off Party under this Section 9.15 are in addition to other rights and remedies (including other rights of setoff) that such Set-off Party may have. Section 9.16. Judgment Currency. If a judgment, order or award is rendered by any court or tribunal for the payment of any amounts owing to Administrative Agent or any Lender under this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document or for the payment of damages in respect of a judgment or order of another court or tribunal for the payment of such amount or damages, such judgment, order or award being expressed in a currency (the “Judgment Currency”) other than Dollars, Borrower agrees (a) that its obligations in respect of any such amounts owing shall be discharged only to the extent that on the Business Day following Administrative Agent or such Lender’s receipt, as applicable, of any sum adjudged in the Judgment Currency, Administrative Agent or such Lender, as applicable, may purchase Dollars with the Judgment Currency, and (b) to indemnify and hold harmless Administrative Agent or such Lender against any deficiency in terms of Dollars in the amounts actually received by Administrative Agent or such Lender


 
72 #93434686v13 following any such purchase (after deduction of any premiums and costs of exchange payable in connection with the purchase of, or conversion into, Dollars). The indemnity set forth in the preceding sentence shall (notwithstanding any judgment referred to in the preceding sentence) constitute an obligation of Borrower separate and independent from its other obligations hereunder and shall survive the termination of this Agreement. Section 9.17. USA PATRIOT Act Notice. Each Lender that is subject to the requirements of the USA Patriot Act (Title III of Pub. L. 107-56 (signed into law October 26, 2001)), as amended (the “Act”), and Administrative Agent (for itself and not on behalf of any Lender) hereby notifies Borrower that pursuant to the requirements of the Act, it is required to obtain, verify and record information that identifies Borrower, which information includes the name and address of Borrower and other information that will allow Administrative Agent or such Lender to identify Borrower in accordance with the Act. Borrower agrees to promptly provide Administrative Agent or such Lender with all of the information requested by such Person to the extent such Person deems such information reasonably necessary to identify Borrower in accordance with the Act. Section 9.18. Interest Rate Limitation. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if at any time the interest rate applicable to any Advance, together with all fees, charges and other amounts that are treated as interest on such Advance under applicable law (collectively the “Charges”), shall exceed the maximum lawful rate (the “Maximum Rate”) that may be contracted for, charged, taken, received or reserved by the Lender holding such Advance in accordance with applicable law, the rate of interest payable in respect of such Advance hereunder, together with all Charges payable in respect thereof, shall be limited to the Maximum Rate and, to the extent lawful, the interest and Charges that would have been payable in respect of such Advance but were not payable as a result of the operation of this Section 9.18 shall be cumulated and the interest and Charges payable to such Lender in respect of other Advances or periods shall be increased (but not above the Maximum Rate therefor) until such cumulated amount, together with interest thereon at the Federal Funds Effective Rate to the date of repayment, shall have been received by such Lender. Section 9.19. Qualified Financial Contract. The parties agree that the terms of Section 1 and Section 2 and the related defined terms (together, the “Bilateral Terms”) of the form of bilateral template entitled “Full-Length Omnibus (for use between U.S. G-SIBs and Corporate Groups)” published by ISDA on November 2, 2018 (currently available on the 2018 ISDA U.S. Resolution Stay Protocol page at www.isda.org and a copy of which is available upon request), the effect of which is to amend the qualified financial contracts between the parties thereto to conform with the requirements of the QFC Stay Rules, are hereby incorporated into and form a part of this Agreement and each other Margin Loan Document, and for such purposes this Agreement and each other Margin Loan Document shall each be deemed a “Covered Agreement,” each party that is a Regulated Entity shall be deemed a “Covered Entity” and each party (whether or not it is a Regulated Entity) shall be deemed a “Counterparty Entity” with respect to each other party that is a Regulated Entity. In the event of any inconsistencies between this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document and the Bilateral Terms, the Bilateral Terms will govern. Terms used in this paragraph without definition shall have the meanings assigned to them under the QFC Stay Rules.


 
73 #93434686v13 “QFC Stay Rules” means the regulations codified at 12 C.F.R. § 252.2, §§ 252.81–8, 12 C.F.R. §§ 382.1-7 and 12 C.F.R. §§ 47.1-8, which, subject to limited exceptions, require an express recognition of the stay-and-transfer powers of the FDIC under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the Orderly Liquidation Authority under Title II of the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the override of default rights related directly or indirectly to the entry of an affiliate into certain insolvency proceedings and any restrictions on the transfer of any covered affiliate credit enhancements. “Regulated Entity” means any of the following: (i) a “covered entity” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 252.82(b); (ii) a “covered bank” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 47.3(b); or (iii) a “covered FSI” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 382.2(b). Section 9.20. Disclosure. Borrower hereby acknowledges and agrees that Administrative Agent and each Lender and/or their Affiliates from time to time may hold investments in, make other loans to or have other relationships with Borrower or its Affiliates. [END OF TEXT]


 
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be duly executed and delivered by their respective officers or representatives thereunto duly authorized, as of the date first above written. BORROWER: TEEKA Y FINANCE LIMITED, as Borrower By: Name: N. Angeii; Burgess Title: President [Signature Page to Margin Loan Agreement]


 
[Signature Page to Margin Loan Agreement] Commitment: $100,000,000 CITIBANK, N.A., as Administrative Agent By: Name: Title: CITIBANK, N.A., as Collateral Agent and solely in respect of Section 9.05 By: Name: Title: CITIBANK, N.A., as a Lender By: Name: Title: James Heathcote Authorized Signatory James Heathcote Authorized Signatory James Heathcote Authorized Signatory


 
[Signature Page to Margin Loan Agreement] Commitment: $50,000,000 DNB BANK ASA, as a Lender By: Name: Title: By: Name: Title:


 
#93434686v13 Schedule 1.01(a) The following haircuts shall be applicable for purposes of determining the Collateral Value of Cash Equivalents: (a) in the case of readily marketable direct obligations of the Government of the United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof or obligations unconditionally guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the Government of the United States with a remaining time to maturity: (i) equal to or less than one year, 99%; (ii) greater than one year but equal to or less than five years, 96%; (iii) greater than five years but equal to or less than ten years, 94%; and (iv) greater than ten years but equal to or less than 30 years, 88%; (b) in the case of certificates of deposit of or time deposits with any commercial bank that is a Lender or a member of the Federal Reserve System that issues (or the parent of which issues) commercial paper rated as described in clause (c) of the definition of Cash Equivalents, is organized under the laws of the United States or any state thereof and has combined capital and surplus of at least $500,000,000: 97%; (c) in the case of commercial paper in an aggregate amount of no more than $10,000,000 per issuer outstanding at any time, issued by any corporation organized under the laws of any state of the United States and rated at least “Prime 1” (or the then equivalent grade) by Moody’s or “A 1” (or the then equivalent grade) by S&P: 97%; and (d) in the case of offshore overnight interest bearing deposits in foreign branches of Administrative Agent, any Lender or an Affiliate of a Lender: 98%.


 
#93434686v13 Schedule 1.01(b) As used in this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following meanings: “Commitment Fee Rate” means, with respect to any Lender for any calendar day, the rate per annum determined by reference to the table below, based on the Utilization with respect to such Lender for such calendar day. Utilization Commitment Fee Rate Less than 15% 1.50% per annum 15% or greater, but less than 30% 1.25% per annum 30% or greater, but less than 45% 1.00% per annum 45% or greater, but less than 60% 0.75% per annum 60% or greater, but less than 75% 0.50% per annum 75% or greater 0.25% per annum “Initial LTV Ratio” means twenty-nine and one-half percent (29.5%); provided that if at any time the Share Collateral Value attributable to the Shares of any single Issuer shall exceed 80% of the total Share Collateral Value at such time, then from such time the Initial LTV Ratio shall mean twenty-seven and one-half percent (27.5%); and provided further that, if thereafter the Share Collateral Value attributable to the Shares of any single Issuer shall be equal to or lower than 80% of the total Share Collateral Value at all times on 30 consecutive Exchange Business Days, the Initial LTV Ratio shall be automatically reinstated to equal twenty-nine and one-half percent (29.5%), subject to the first proviso herein. “Make Whole Amount” means, for each Lender, with respect to any Make Whole Event, an amount equal to the product of (a) the Commitment of such Lender (or in the case of a Make Whole Event resulting from a permanent reduction in Commitments pursuant to Section 2.05(d), the amount of such reduction with respect to such Lender), (b) 1.50% and (c) the number of calendar days from, and including, the date of such Make Whole Event to, and including, the date that is 12 calendar months after the date hereof divided by 360. “Spread” means 4.25% per annum. “Threshold Amount” means $50,000,000.


 
#93434686v13 “Upfront Fee” means with respect to each Lender, a fee payable on the Closing Date by Borrower to Administrative Agent for the account of such Lender, as consideration for the agreements of such Lender under the Margin Loan Agreement, equal to (a) in the case of Citibank, N.A., the sum of (i) 0.60% of the Commitment of Citibank, N.A. as of the Closing Date and (ii) 0.15% of the aggregate Commitments of the Lenders as of the Closing Date and (b) with respect to DNB Bank ASA, 0.60% of the Commitment of DNB Bank ASA as of the Closing Date.


 
Schedule 3.13 Capitalization Table for Teekay Finance Limited Equity Interests Equity Owner Common Stock and additional paid in capital ($.001 par value, 1,751,103,289 issued out of 2,000,000,000 authorized) Teekay Holdings Limited 1,751,103.289 Contributed Surplus Teekay Holdings Limited 1,749,110,301 Total Equity 1,750,861,404.289 Total Capitalization 1,750,861,404.289


 
#93434686v13 Schedule 9.02 Address for Payments to Administrative Agent: Citibank, N.A. 388 Greenwich Street New York, NY 10013 Payment Instructions: Bank: Citibank NA New York BIC: CITIUS33 (or ABA: 021000089) F/O: Citibank New York A/C: 00167679 Ref: NY Swap Operations Address for Notices to Administrative Agent: Citibank, N.A. 390 Greenwich Street—3rd Floor New York, NY 10013 Attn: Corporate Equity Derivatives, Dustin Sheppard/Jamie O’Reilly/Joseph Stoots/Theodore Finkelstein Telephone No.: (212) 723-5757 Facsimile No.: (347) 853-7272 Email: dustin.c.sheppard@citi.com; jamie.oreilly@citi.com; joseph.stoots@citi.com; theodore.finkelstein@citi.com; eq.us.corporates.middle.office@citi.com Address for Notices to Citibank, N.A. as Lender: Citibank, N.A. 390 Greenwich Street—3rd Floor New York, NY 10013 Attn: Corporate Equity Derivatives, Dustin Sheppard/Jamie O’Reilly/Joseph Stoots/Theodore Finkelstein Telephone No.: (212) 723-5757 Facsimile No.: (347) 853-7272 Email: dustin.c.sheppard@citi.com; jamie.oreilly@citi.com; joseph.stoots@citi.com; theodore.finkelstein@citi.com; eq.us.corporates.middle.office@citi.com Address for Notices to DNB Bank ASA as Lender: DNB Bank ASA Dronning Eufemias gate 30 0191 Oslo Norway


 
#93434686v13 Attn: Securities Finance, Kenneth Hage/Rune Christiansen/Kristoffer Eikrem Telephone No: +4724169220 Email: prime.finance@dnb.no, kenneth.hage@dnb.no, rune.christiansen@dnb.no, kristoffer.eikrem@dnb.no


 
Exhibit A to Margin Loan Agreement A-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT A FORM OF BORROWING NOTICE Borrowing Notice Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent 390 Greenwich Street—3rd Floor New York, NY 10013 Attn: Corporate Equity Derivatives [Date] Ladies and Gentlemen: The undersigned, TEEKAY FINANCE LIMITED (“Borrower”), refers to the Margin Loan Agreement dated as of September 29, 2020 (as from time to time amended, the “Margin Loan Agreement,” the terms defined therein being used herein as therein defined), by and among Borrower, the Lenders party thereto and Citibank, N.A. as Administrative Agent (“Administrative Agent”) and hereby gives you notice, irrevocably, pursuant to Section 2.03 of the Margin Loan Agreement, that the undersigned hereby requests a Borrowing under the Margin Loan Agreement, and in that regard sets forth below the information relating to such Advance (the “Proposed Borrowing”) as required by Section 2.03(a)(i) of the Margin Loan Agreement: (i) The Business Day of the Proposed Borrowing is _________, ____. (ii) The aggregate amount of the Proposed Borrowing is $_____________. (iii) The Funding Account to which proceeds of the Proposed Borrowing should be deposited is ____________. The undersigned hereby certifies that the following statements are true on the date hereof and will be true on the date of the Proposed Borrowing: (a) Each of the representations and warranties contained in Article 3 of the Margin Loan Agreement or in any other Margin Loan Document are true and correct in all material respects on and as of the date of the Proposed Borrowing, except to the extent that such representations and warranties specifically refer to an earlier date, in which case they shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date. (b) Since the date of the last financial statements delivered pursuant to Section 4.01(a)(x) or Section 5.01, as applicable, with respect to Guarantor, no event or condition has resulted in, or could be reasonably expected to cause, either


 
Exhibit A to Margin Loan Agreement A-2 #93434686v13 individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect with respect to Guarantor. (c) Immediately after giving effect to the Proposed Borrowing, the LTV Ratio shall not exceed the Initial LTV Ratio. (d) No Default or Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, or would result from the Proposed Borrowing or from the application of the proceeds therefrom. (e) Borrower has not provided notice of termination of the Facility. (f) The Collateral Requirement has been satisfied in all respects. This Borrowing Notice is a representation and warranty by Borrower that all other conditions specified in Section 4.02 will be satisfied on and as of the date of the Proposed Borrowing. Very truly yours, TEEKAY FINANCE LIMITED By: Name: Title:


 
Exhibit B to Margin Loan Agreement B-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT B FORM OF PLEDGE AND CONTROL AGREEMENT [Attached]


 
PLEDGE AND SECURITY AGREEMENT This Pledge and Security Agreement (this “Security Agreement”) is entered into as of September 29, 2020, by and between Citibank, N.A., as Collateral Agent for the benefit of the Lenders (as defined below) (“Secured Party”), and Teekay Finance Limited, a Bermuda exempted company (“Pledgor”). Reference is made herein to that certain Margin Loan Agreement of even date herewith by and among Pledgor, as “Borrower,” the Lenders party thereto (the “Lenders”) and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (as such may be amended, modified, supplemented or restated from time to time, the “Margin Loan Agreement”). Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given such terms in the Margin Loan Agreement. WHEREAS, the Borrower is a party to that certain Margin Loan Agreement, dated December 21, 2012 ((as amended, restated, amended and restated, modified or supplemented prior to the date hereof, the “2012 Loan Agreement”), by and among the Pledgor, as borrower, Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (under and as defined therein) and the lenders party thereto from time to time; WHEREAS, as of the date hereof Pledgor is the beneficial owner of 35,958,274 common units (“TGP Shares”) of Teekay LNG Partners L.P., a limited partnership organized under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (“TGP Issuer”), and 5,036,306 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“TNK Shares” and together with TGP Shares, the “Shares”), of Teekay Tankers Ltd., a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (“TNK Issuer” and together with TGP Issuer, the “Issuers”), in each case listed on The New York Stock Exchange; WHEREAS, as a condition precedent to the obligation of each Lender to make loans to Borrower under the Margin Loan Agreement, Pledgor has caused to be executed by each Issuer and delivered to Secured Party an Issuer Acknowledgement dated as of the date hereof (each, an “Issuer Acknowledgement”); WHEREAS, the Lenders have required, as a condition to the obligation of each Lender to make loans to Borrower under the Margin Loan Agreement, that Pledgor execute and deliver this Security Agreement; and WHEREAS, Pledgor agrees to grant a security interest in, and pledge and assign as applicable, the Collateral (as defined below) to Secured Party, as herein provided; NOW, THEREFORE, for valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged and agreed, the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. Security Interest. For good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which are hereby acknowledged, Pledgor hereby pledges, collaterally assigns and grants to Secured Party, on its behalf and for the benefit of the Lenders and Administrative Agent, a continuing first priority security interest in and lien on, and a right of set-off against, the


 
2 Collateral to secure the payment and the performance of the Secured Obligations (as defined below). 2. Collateral. The security interest granted hereunder to Secured Party is in all of Pledgor’s right, title and interest in and to, or otherwise with respect to, the following property and assets whether now owned or existing or hereafter acquired or arising and regardless of where located (collectively, the “Collateral”): (a) (i) the Collateral Shares; (ii) all dividends, shares, securities, cash, instruments, moneys or property (a) representing a dividend, distribution or return of capital in respect of any of the Collateral Shares or other property described in this definition, (b) resulting from a split-up, revision, reclassification, recapitalization or other similar change with respect to any of the Collateral Shares or other property described in this definition, (c) otherwise received in exchange for or converted from any of the Collateral Shares or other property described in this paragraph and any subscription warrants, rights or options issued to the holders of, or otherwise in respect of, any of the Collateral Shares or other property described in this definition; and (iii) in the event of any consolidation or merger with respect to either Issuer in which such Issuer is not the surviving entity, all shares of each class of the capital stock of the successor entity formed by or resulting from such consolidation or merger that are exchanged for the applicable Collateral Shares; (b) the Collateral Account (as defined below) and any cash, securities (including the Collateral Shares), general intangibles, investment property, financial assets, and other property that may from time to time be deposited, credited, held or carried in the Collateral Account pursuant to this Agreement or the Margin Loan Agreement; all security entitlements as defined in §8-102(a)(17) of the UCC with respect to any of the foregoing and all income and profits on any of the foregoing, all dividends, interest and other payments and distributions with respect to any of the foregoing, all other rights and privileges appurtenant to any of the foregoing, including any voting rights and any redemption rights, and any substitutions for any of the foregoing and any proceeds of any of the foregoing, in each case whether now existing or hereafter arising; and (c) all Proceeds (as defined below) of the Collateral described in the foregoing clauses (a) and (b). As used herein, the term “Collateral Account” means, collectively, each of the accounts with the numbers specified No. 768-70164-1-5-473, No. 768-70466-1-0-473 and No. 768-70467- 1-9-473 of Pledgor established and maintained by the Custodian, including any subaccount, substitute, successor or replacement account in or to which any Collateral is now or hereafter held or credited. Any renumbering of the Collateral Account by Custodian shall not limit the rights of Secured Party hereunder, and to the extent necessary such renumbering shall be automatically incorporated into the definition of Collateral Account. “Proceeds” means all proceeds of, and all other profits, products, rents or receipts, in whatever form, arising from the collection, sale, lease, exchange, assignment, or other disposition of, or other realization upon, any Collateral. Notwithstanding anything in this Security Agreement to the contrary, the


 
3 Collateral shall not include any assets that have been released from the Collateral Account pursuant to Section 2.10 of the Margin Loan Agreement or the proceeds of any sale of such assets. The security interest granted hereunder is granted as security only and shall not subject Secured Party to, or transfer or in any way affect or modify, any obligation or liability of Pledgor with respect to any of the Collateral or any transaction in connection therewith. 3. Collateral Maintenance and Administration. (a) Upon written demand of Secured Party, accompanied by reasonable backup documentation (which, in the case of any request for reimbursement of taxes previously paid by Secured Party, will include evidence of the payment of such taxes to the applicable Governmental Authority), Pledgor shall pay to Secured Party the amount of any Taxes that Secured Party may be required to pay by reason of the security interest granted herein or to free any Collateral from any Lien thereon (other than Permitted Liens). (b) At all times prior to an Event of Default, Pledgor shall have the right to exercise all voting powers. After the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default and written notice by Secured Party to Pledgor or of exercise of its rights under this Section 3(b), the right to vote any Collateral shall be vested exclusively in Secured Party. To this end, Pledgor hereby irrevocably constitutes and appoints Secured Party the proxy and attorney-in-fact of Pledgor, with full power of substitution, to vote, and to act with respect to, any and all Collateral standing in the name of Pledgor or with respect to which Pledgor is entitled to vote and act; provided that such proxy may only be exercised after the occurrence of an Event of Default. The proxy and appointment as attorney-in-fact herein granted is coupled with an interest, is irrevocable, and shall continue until the Secured Obligations have been paid and performed in full. (c) The parties hereto agree that at all times prior to the exercise of remedies pursuant to Section 9 hereof following an Event of Default, Pledgor or, in the event Pledgor is a disregarded entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Pledgor’s regarded direct or indirect owner, shall be treated as the owner of the Collateral for all Tax purposes. 4. Secured Obligations. All Obligations (the “Secured Obligations”) are secured by this Security Agreement. 5. Pledgor’s Representations and Warranties. Pledgor hereby represents and warrants to Secured Party that: (a) The security interest in the Collateral granted pursuant to this Security Agreement is a valid and binding security interest in the Collateral subject to no other Liens other than Permitted Liens. Pledgor has not made any still effective registrations, filings or recordations in any jurisdiction evidencing a security interest in any of the foregoing including the filing of a register of mortgages, charges and other encumbrances or filings of UCC-1 or other financing statements, other than with respect to Liens


 
4 granted to Collateral Agent under the Margin Loan Documents and other than Liens granted under the "Margin Loan Documents" (as defined in the 2012 Loan Agreement) to the "Collateral Agent" (as defined in the 2012 Loan Agreement), in respect of which (x) such "Collateral Agent" will file UCC-3 financing statements in District of Columbia, USA and (y) Pledgor will file Form 11 with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda, in each case (x) and (y), on or about the date hereof, to evidence release of such Liens granted under such "Margin Loan Documents". (b) Subject to the execution of the Control Agreement by the parties thereto, (i) the security interest created in favor of Secured Party in the Collateral Account and the security entitlements in respect of the Collateral Shares and other financial assets credited thereto will constitute a perfected security interest securing the Secured Obligations subject to no prior Liens or rights of others, (ii) Secured Party will have control (within the meaning of Section 8-106 and 9-106 of the UCC) thereof and (iii) no action based on an adverse claim to such security entitlement or such financial asset, whether framed in conversion, replevin, constructive trust, equitable lien or other theory, may be asserted against Secured Party. (c) With respect to all other Collateral that may be perfected by filing a financing statement pursuant to the New York UCC, when a UCC financing statement in the form of Exhibit A hereto is filed in the appropriate offices against Pledgor in the locations listed on Schedule 1 (naming Pledgor as the debtor and Secured Party as the secured party), Secured Party will have a valid and perfected first priority (subject to any Permitted Liens) security interest in such Collateral as security for the payment and performance of the Secured Obligations. (d) (i) None of the Collateral has been issued or transferred in violation of the securities registration, securities disclosure or similar laws of any jurisdiction to which such issuance or transfer may be subject, (ii) there are existing no options, warrants, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to the Collateral or that obligate the issuer of any Equity Interest included in the Collateral to issue additional Equity Interests, and (iii) no consent, approval, authorization, or other action by, and no giving of notice, filing with, any governmental authority or any other Person is required for the pledge by Pledgor of the Collateral pursuant to this Security Agreement or for the execution, delivery and performance of this Security Agreement by Pledgor, or for the exercise by Secured Party or the Lenders of the voting or other rights provided for in this Security Agreement or for the remedies in respect of the Collateral pursuant to this Security Agreement, except as may be required in connection with such disposition by laws affecting the offering and sale of securities generally. 6. Pledgor’s Covenants. During the term of this Security Agreement: (a) Pledgor shall defend the Collateral against all claims and demands of all persons at any time claiming any interest therein adverse to Secured Party. Pledgor shall not, at any time, file or suffer to be on file, or authorize or permit to be filed or to be on file, in any jurisdiction, any financing statement or like instrument with respect to the Collateral in which Secured Party is not named as the sole secured party. Pledgor shall


 
5 take such action as necessary so that the Shares constituting Collateral held in the Collateral Account, at all times, are not subject to any Transfer Restrictions, other than Existing Transfer Restrictions. (b) Pledgor shall pay all reasonable costs to defend and enforce the security interest created by this Security Agreement, collect the Secured Obligations, and defend, enforce and collect the Collateral, including but not limited to Taxes, assessments, reasonable attorney's fees, reasonable legal expenses and reasonable expenses of sales. Whether the Collateral is or is not in Secured Party’s possession, and without any obligation to do so and without waiving Pledgor’s default for failure to make any such payment, Secured Party at its option may pay any such costs and expenses and discharge encumbrances on the Collateral, and any payments of such costs and expenses and any payments to discharge such encumbrances shall be a part of the Secured Obligations and bear interest at the default rate set forth in the Margin Loan Agreement. Pledgor agrees to reimburse Secured Party on demand for any payments of such costs and expenses and any payments to discharge such encumbrances, in each case that are reasonable. (c) Pledgor shall take such other actions as Secured Party shall reasonably deem reasonably necessary or appropriate to perfect and duly record the Lien created under this Security Agreement in the Collateral, including executing, delivering, filing and/or recording, in such locations and jurisdictions as Secured Party shall reasonably specify, any financing statement, notice, instrument, document, agreement or other papers that may be necessary or desirable (in the reasonable judgment of Secured Party) to create, preserve, perfect or validate the security interest granted pursuant hereto and the priority thereof or to enable Secured Party to exercise and enforce its rights under this Security Agreement with respect to such security interest, it being understood that as of the Closing Date, the only actions that shall be required under this subsection (c) shall be the delivery of the Shares with respect to the Collateral Account, the execution and delivery by Pledgor of the Control Agreement and the filing of a financing statement in appropriate form in the office of the Recorder of Deeds of the District of Columbia and the filing of this Security Agreement with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda. (d) Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Pledgor will take, or cause to be taken, all action that may be required under the laws of the jurisdiction of organization of the Issuers or under any of their organizational documents to ensure that the security interest granted hereunder is perfected and ranks prior to all Liens and rights of others therein other than Permitted Liens. (e) Pledgor shall: (i) promptly furnish an employee or agent that is not a public side person at Secured Party any information with respect to the Collateral reasonably requested by Secured Party and (ii) allow Secured Party or its representatives to inspect and copy, or furnish an employee or agent that is not a public side person at Secured Party or its representatives with copies of, all records relating to the Collateral (other than information or records Pledgor is prohibited from disclosing due to applicable Law or contractual restrictions not otherwise prohibited by the Margin Loan Agreement); provided that, for the avoidance of doubt, Pledgor shall not be required to furnish or provide Material Nonpublic Information pursuant to this Section 6(e). Notwithstanding


 
6 the foregoing, to the extent any information requested by Secured Party is not then available, Pledgor will furnish to Secured Party or cause to be furnished to Secured Party such information as soon as reasonably practicable after such request. (f) Without at least thirty (30) days’ prior written notice to Secured Party, Pledgor shall not (i) maintain any of Pledgor’s books and records with respect to the Collateral at any office, or maintain Pledgor’s place of business (or, if Pledgor has more than one place of business, Pledgor’s chief executive office) at any place other than at the address indicated in Section 9.02 of the Margin Loan Agreement or (ii) change Pledgor’s name, or the name under which Pledgor does business, or the form or jurisdiction of Pledgor’s organization from the name, form and jurisdiction set forth on the first page of this Security Agreement. (g) Pledgor shall not close the Collateral Account or transfer any Collateral held therein or credited thereto (other than any Collateral that has been released in accordance with Section 2.10 of the Margin Loan Agreement) without (i) obtaining the prior written consent of Secured Party and (ii) entering into such agreements as Secured Party may in its sole discretion require to ensure the continued priority and perfection of its lien on such Collateral. 7. Ownership and Bust-Up. (a) Definitions. As used in this Section 7: “Aggregated Person” means, with respect to any Lender, such Lender or any Lender Group with respect to such Lender (as defined above) or any person whose ownership position would be aggregated with that of such Lender or such Lender Group. “Beneficial Ownership” means, in respect of Secured Party or any Lender and either TGP Shares or TNK Shares, the “beneficial ownership” (within the meaning of Section 13(d)) of outstanding TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as the case may be, without duplication, by Secured Party or such Lender, as the case may be, together with any of their respective Affiliates or other Persons subject to aggregation with Secured Party or such Lender, as the case may be, under Section 13(d) for purposes of “beneficial ownership”, or by any “group” (within the meaning of Section 13(d)) of which Secured Party or such Lender, as the case may be, are, or are deemed to be, a part (Secured Party or such Lender, as the case may be, and any such Affiliates, Persons and groups, collectively, the “Secured Party Group” or the “Lender Group” with respect to such Lender, as the case may be) (or, to the extent that, as a result of a change in law, regulation or interpretation after the date hereof, the equivalent calculation for purposes of determining status as a beneficial owner under Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder results in a higher ownership level, such ownership level). “Qualifying Disposition” means a sale, transfer or other disposition of Collateral Shares: (i) to any person who acquired them in a broadly distributed public offering of the Collateral Shares that is registered under the Securities Act (including the underwriter of such offering, which may be an Affiliate of Secured Party or any Lender);


 
7 (ii) effected on the Exchange for the relevant Shares so long as neither Secured Party nor any Lender (nor any Affiliate of Secured Party or any Lender) solicited or arranged for the solicitation of orders to buy such Collateral Shares in anticipation of or in connection with such sale; (iii) made in compliance with the manner-of-sale requirements set forth in Rule 144(g) of the Securities Act; (iv) to a person that is not an Affiliate of Secured Party or any Lender and, after giving effect to such sale, transfer or other disposition, will not be an “affiliate”, as such term is used in Rule 144, of either TGP Issuer or TNK Issuer; or (v) to a person that is an “affiliate” (as used in Rule 144) of TGP Issuer or TNK Issuer prior to such sale, transfer or other disposition so long as the number of Collateral Shares, or Shares that are collateral or other security for any other transaction to which Secured Party or Lenders are parties, sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of to such person (in any manner at any time, in one transaction or a series of transactions) does not in the aggregate exceed 5% of the outstanding TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as applicable. “Section 13(d)” means Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. “Secured Party Person” means Secured Party or any Secured Party Group (as defined above) or any person whose ownership position would be aggregated with that of Secured Party or any Secured Party Group. (b) Ownership Provision. (i) Notwithstanding any other provision of the Margin Loan Documents to the contrary, in no event shall Secured Party be entitled to acquire, receive, vote or exercise any other rights of a secured party in respect of any Collateral Shares to the extent (but only to the extent) that immediately upon giving effect to such acquisition, receipt or exercise of such rights: (A) the Beneficial Ownership by any Secured Party Person or any Aggregated Person with respect to such Lender, as applicable, of TGP Shares or TNK Shares would be equal to or greater than 8.0% of the number of the total outstanding TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as applicable; or (B) any Secured Party Person or any Aggregated Person with respect to such Lender, as applicable, under any federal, state or local laws, rules, regulations or regulatory orders or any provisions of the Organization Documents of the applicable Issuer or any agreement to which Pledgor is a party, in each case, applicable to ownership of TGP Shares or TNK Shares (“Applicable Restrictions”), would own, beneficially own, constructively own, control, hold the power to vote or otherwise meet a relevant definition of ownership in excess of a number


 
8 of TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as applicable, equal to: (i) the number of TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as applicable, that would give rise to any reporting or registration obligation or other requirement (including obtaining prior approval by any person or entity) of such Secured Party Person or such Aggregated Person, as applicable, or would result in an adverse effect on such Secured Party Person or such Aggregated Person, as applicable, under any Applicable Restriction, as determined by Secured Party (in the case of a Secured Party Person) or such Lender (in the case of a Aggregated Person with respect to such Lender) in its reasonable discretion, in each case minus (ii) 1% of the number of the total outstanding TGP Shares or TNK Shares, as applicable (each of paragraphs (A) and (B) above, an “Ownership Limitation”). (ii) The inability of Secured Party to acquire, receive or exercise rights with respect to Collateral Shares as provided above at any time as a result of an Ownership Limitation shall not preclude Secured Party, as the case may be, from taking such action at a later time when no such Ownership Limitation is then existing or would result under this provision with respect to Secured Party. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Margin Loan Documents to the contrary, Secured Party shall not become the record or beneficial owner, or otherwise have any rights as a holder, of any Collateral Shares that Secured Party is not entitled to acquire or receive, or exercise any other rights of a secured party in respect of, at any time pursuant to this Ownership Provision, until such time as Secured Party is not prohibited from acquiring, receiving or exercising such rights in respect thereof under this Ownership Provision, and any such acquisition, receipt or exercise of such rights shall be void and have no effect to the extent (but only to the extent) that Secured Party is so prohibited. (c) Bust-up Provision. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Margin Loan Documents to the contrary, any sale, transfer or other disposition of Collateral Shares by Secured Party must be a Qualifying Disposition. 8. Power of Attorney. Pledgor hereby irrevocably constitutes and appoints Secured Party and any officer or agent thereof, with full power of substitution, as its true and lawful attorney-in-fact with full irrevocable power and authority in the name of Pledgor or in its own name, to take upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default that has not been waived, cured or deemed not to occur pursuant to Section 7.01 of the Margin Loan Agreement, any and all action and to execute any and all documents and instruments that Secured Party at any time and from time to time deems necessary or desirable to accomplish the purposes of this Security Agreement, including, without limitation, selling any of the Collateral on behalf of Pledgor as agent or attorney in fact for Pledgor and applying the proceeds received therefrom in accordance with Section 9(g) below; provided that nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to obligate Secured Party to take any action hereunder nor shall Secured Party be liable to Pledgor for failure to take any action hereunder. This appointment shall be deemed a power coupled with an interest, is irrevocable, and shall continue until the Obligations have been paid and performed in full. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, so long as Secured


 
9 Party shall be entitled under Section 9 to make collections in respect of the Collateral, Secured Party shall have the right and power to receive, endorse and collect all checks made payable to the order of Pledgor representing any dividend, payment or other distribution in respect of the Collateral or any part thereof and to give full discharge for the same. 9. Remedies. (a) Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, Secured Party may: take control of proceeds, including stock received as dividends or by reason of stock splits; release the Collateral in its possession to Pledgor, temporarily or otherwise; take control of funds generated by the Collateral, such as cash dividends, interest and proceeds, and use same to reduce any part of the Secured Obligations and exercise all other rights that an owner of such Collateral may exercise; and at any time transfer any of the Collateral or evidence thereof into its own name or that of its nominee. Secured Party shall not be liable for failure to collect any account or instruments, or for any act or omission on the part of Secured Party, its officers, agents or employees, except for any act or omission arising out of their own willful misconduct, gross negligence or fraud. The foregoing rights and powers of Secured Party will be in addition to, and not a limitation upon, any rights and powers of Secured Party given by law, elsewhere in this Security Agreement, the other Margin Loan Documents or otherwise. (b) In addition to and not in lieu of the rights set forth in paragraph (a) of this Section 9, upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, Secured Party may, without notice of any kind, which Pledgor hereby expressly waives (except for any notice required under this Security Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document that may not be waived under applicable Law and only to the extent permitted by applicable Law), at any time thereafter exercise and/or enforce any of the following rights and the remedies, at Secured Party’s option: (i) Deliver or cause to be delivered from the Collateral Account to itself or to an Affiliate, TGP Shares, TNK Shares and any other Collateral; (ii) Demand, sue for, collect or receive any money or property at any time payable or receivable on account of or in exchange for any of the Collateral, and otherwise exercise all of Pledgor’s rights with respect to any and all of the Collateral, in its own name, in the name of Pledgor or otherwise; provided that Secured Party shall have no obligation to take any of the foregoing actions; and (iii) Sell, lease, assign or otherwise dispose of all or any part of the Collateral, at such place or places and at such time or times as Secured Party deems best, and for cash or for credit or for future delivery (without thereby assuming any credit risk), at public or private sale, upon such terms and conditions as it deems advisable, without demand of performance or notice of intention to effect any such disposition or of the time or place thereof (except such notice as is required by applicable Law and cannot be waived), and to the extent permitted by applicable Law, Secured Party may be the purchaser, lessee, assignee or recipient of any or all of the Collateral so disposed of at any public


 
10 sale or at one or more private sales and thereafter hold the same absolutely, free from any claim or right of whatsoever kind, including any right or equity of redemption (statutory or otherwise), of Pledgor, any such demand, notice and right or equity being hereby expressly waived and released to the extent permitted by applicable Law. Secured Party may, without notice or publication, adjourn any public or private sale or cause the same to be adjourned from time to time by announcement at the time and place fixed for the sale, and such sale may be made at any time or place to which the sale may be so adjourned. (c) Pledgor specifically understands and agrees that any sale by Secured Party of all or part of the Collateral pursuant to the terms of this Security Agreement may be effected by Secured Party at times and in manners that could result in the proceeds of such sale being significantly and materially less than might have been received if such sale had occurred at different times or in different manners (including without limitation as a result of the provisions of Section 7 hereof), and Pledgor hereby releases Secured Party and its officers and representatives from and against any and all obligations and liabilities arising out of or related to the timing or manner of any such sale, to the extent any such sale is conducted in accordance with Article 9 of the UCC. For avoidance of doubt, Pledgor does not waive any requirement imposed by Law that any sale or other disposition be commercially reasonable as required by Section 9-610(b) of the UCC. If, in the opinion of Secured Party, there is any question that a public sale or distribution of any Collateral will violate any state or federal securities law, including without limitation, the Securities Act, Secured Party may offer and sell such Collateral in a transaction exempt from registration under the Securities Act, and/or limit purchasers to those who are not United States persons and/or who will agree, among other things, to acquire the Collateral for their own account, for investment and not with a view to the distribution or resale thereof, and any such sale made in good faith by Secured Party shall be deemed “commercially reasonable”. Furthermore, Pledgor acknowledges that any such restricted or private sales may be at prices and on terms less favorable to Pledgor than those obtainable through a public sale without such restrictions, and agrees such sales shall not be considered to be not commercially reasonable solely because they are so conducted on a restricted or private basis. Pledgor further acknowledges that any specific disclaimer of any warranty of title or the like by Secured Party will not be considered to adversely affect the commercial reasonableness of any sale of Collateral. The parties agree and acknowledge that the Collateral is traded on a recognized market. (d) If the proceeds of sale, collection or other realization of or upon the Collateral pursuant to this Section 9 are insufficient to cover the costs and expenses of such sale, collection or realization and the payment in full of the Secured Obligations, Secured Party may continue to enforce its remedies under this Security Agreement and the other Margin Loan Documents to collect the deficiency. (e) Secured Party’s duty of care with respect to Collateral in its possession (as imposed by law) shall be deemed fulfilled if it exercises reasonable care in physically safekeeping such Collateral or, in the case of Collateral in the custody or possession of a bailee or other third Person, exercises reasonable care in the selection of the bailee or other third Person, and Secured Party need not otherwise preserve, protect, insure or care


 
11 for any Collateral. Secured Party shall not be obligated to preserve any rights Pledgor may have against prior parties, to realize on the Collateral at all or in any particular manner or order, or to apply any cash proceeds of Collateral in any particular order of application. (f) If Secured Party shall determine to exercise its right to sell all or any portion of the Collateral pursuant to this Section 9, Pledgor agrees that, upon request of Secured Party, Pledgor will, at its own expense: (i) execute and deliver, to any Person or Governmental Authority as Secured Party may choose, any and all documents and writings that, in Secured Party’s reasonable judgment, may be required by any Governmental Authority located in any city, county, state or country where Pledgor or the Issuers engage in business in order to permit the transfer of the Collateral or otherwise enforce Secured Party’s rights hereunder; and (ii) do or cause to be done all such other acts and things as may be necessary to make such sale of the Collateral or any part thereof valid and binding and in compliance with applicable Law. (g) Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Security Agreement, the proceeds of any collection, sale or other realization of all or any part of the Collateral pursuant hereto, and any other Cash held by Secured Party as Collateral following an Event of Default, shall be applied by Secured Party: (i) First, to the payment of the costs and expenses of such collection, sale or other realization, including Taxes with respect to the Collateral and reasonable out-of-pocket costs and expenses of Secured Party, including the fees and expenses of its agents (including broker/dealers) and counsel, and all expenses incurred and advances made by Secured Party in connection therewith; (ii) Next, to the payment in full of the Secured Obligations; and (iii) Finally, to the payment to Pledgor or as a court of competent jurisdiction may direct, of any surplus then remaining. (h) PLEDGOR EXPRESSLY WAIVES TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW: (i) ANY CONSTITUTIONAL OR OTHER RIGHT TO A JUDICIAL HEARING PRIOR TO THE TIME SECURED PARTY DISPOSES OF ALL OR ANY PART OF THE COLLATERAL AS PROVIDED IN THIS SECTION 9; (ii) ALL RIGHTS OF REDEMPTION, STAY, OR APPRAISAL THAT IT NOW HAS OR MAY AT ANY TIME IN THE FUTURE HAVE UNDER ANY LAW NOW EXISTING OR HEREAFTER ENACTED; (iii) ANY REQUIREMENT OF NOTICE, DEMAND, OR ADVERTISEMENT FOR SALE; AND (iv) ANY RIGHT TO REQUIRE SECURED PARTY TO PROCEED AGAINST OR EXHAUST ANY SECURITY HELD FROM PLEDGOR OR TO PURSUE ANY OTHER REMEDY IN SECURED PARTY’S POWER WHATSOEVER.


 
12 (i) Without limiting any rights or powers granted by this Security Agreement to Secured Party while no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, upon the occurrence and during the continuance of any Event of Default that has not been waived, cured or deemed not to have occurred, Secured Party is hereby appointed the attorney-in- fact of Pledgor for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Section 9 and taking any action and executing any instruments that Secured Party may deem necessary or advisable to accomplish the purposes of this Security Agreement, which appointment as attorney-in-fact is irrevocable and coupled with an interest. (j) Secured Party shall make commercially reasonable efforts to notify Pledgor in writing (by email and facsimile in addition to any other method of notification selected by Secured Party) by 6:00 p.m. New York City time on each Business Day on which Secured Party sells, transfers or otherwise disposes of any Collateral pursuant to this Section 8 or otherwise (or, if Secured Party sells, transfers or otherwise disposes of any Collateral on any day is not a Business Day, by 10:00 p.m. New York City time on the date of such sale or other disposition) of the type and amount of such Collateral, the aggregate proceeds of such sale or other disposition, the price per share at which any Shares have been sold or disposed of (including separate detailed information for each separate trade involving Shares) and any other information reasonably requested by Pledgor to fulfill any reporting obligations of Pledgor or any of its Affiliates under any federal, state or local laws, rules, regulations or regulatory orders; provided that failure by Secured Party to so notify Pledgor by such time shall not affect Secured Party’s rights or remedies under the Margin Loan Documents; provided, further that, for the avoidance of doubt, Secured Party shall remain liable for any damages of Pledgor caused by Secured Party’s noncompliance with this Section 9(j). 10. General. (a) Successors and Assigns. The provisions of this Security Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns, except that (i) Pledgor may not assign or otherwise transfer any of its rights or obligations hereunder or under any other Margin Loan Document without the prior written consent of Administrative Agent and each Lender (and any attempted assignment or transfer by Pledgor without such consent shall be null and void) and (ii) no Lender may assign or otherwise transfer its rights or obligations hereunder except in accordance with Section 9.09 of the Margin Loan Agreement. Nothing in this Security Agreement, expressed or implied, shall be construed to confer upon any Person (other than the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns permitted under the Margin Loan Agreement) any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or by reason of this Security Agreement. (b) No Waiver. No failure or delay by Secured Party in exercising any right or power hereunder or under any other Margin Loan Document shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any such right or power, or any abandonment or discontinuance of steps to enforce such a right or power, preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right or power. The rights and remedies of Secured Party hereunder and under any other Margin Loan Document


 
13 are cumulative and are not exclusive of any rights or remedies that they would otherwise have. No waiver of any provision of any Margin Loan Document or consent to any departure by Pledgor therefrom shall in any event be effective unless the same shall be permitted by Section 9.03 of the Margin Loan Agreement, and then such waiver or consent shall be effective only in the specific instance and for the purpose for which given. No notice to or demand on Pledgor in any case shall entitle Pledgor to any other or further notice or demand in similar or other circumstances or constitute a waiver of the rights of Secured Party to any other or further action in any circumstances without notice or demand. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the making of an Advance shall not be construed as a waiver of any Event of Default, regardless of whether Secured Party or any Lender may have had notice or knowledge of such Event of Default at the time. (c) Continuing Agreement; Release of Collateral. (i) This Security Agreement shall terminate automatically and the security interest granted hereunder shall be automatically released when the Obligations (other than indemnification obligations as to which no claim has been asserted) have been paid in full and the Commitments have been terminated. In addition, upon any release of Collateral pursuant to Section 2.10 of the Margin Loan Agreement, the security interest created by this Security Agreement in such Collateral shall be automatically released. In connection with any termination or release pursuant to this Section 10(c), the Administrative Agent shall execute and deliver to Pledgor, at Pledgor’s expense, all documents that Pledgor shall reasonably request to evidence such termination or release. (ii) Liens created hereunder on Collateral that is subsequently released from the Collateral Account pursuant to Section 2.10 of the Margin Loan Agreement, shall be automatically be released with respect to such Collateral concurrently with such release from the Collateral Account. (d) Definitions. Unless the context indicates otherwise, definitions in the UCC apply to words and phrases in this Security Agreement; if UCC definitions conflict, Article 8 and/or 9 definitions apply. (e) Notice. Each notice and other communications shall be given to each party at the address of such party set forth below and in accordance with Section 9.02 of the Margin Loan Agreement: If to Pledgor: Deliver by courier to: Teekay Finance Limited 4th Floor, Belvedere Building 69 Pitts Bay Road


 
14 Hamilton, HM 08 Bermuda Attn: Secretary Telephone No.: (441) 298-2530 Facsimile No.: (441) 292-3931 Email: BermudaCorpSec@teekay.com with a copy to: Teekay Finance Limited Suite No. 1778 48 Par-la-Ville Road Hamilton, HM 11 Bermuda Attn: Secretary with a copy to: Teekay Corporation c/o Teekay Shipping (Canada) Ltd. Suite 2000 Bentall 5 550 Burrard Street Vancouver, BC V6C 2K2 Canada Attn: Renee Eng, Director, Treasury Telephone No.: (604) 609-6418 Facsimile No.: (604) 681-3011 and Rafal Gawlowski Latham & Watkins LLP 885 Third Avenue New York, New York 10022 If to Secured Party: Citibank, N.A. 390 Greenwich Street—3rd Floor New York, NY 10013 Attn: Corporate Equity Derivatives, Dustin Sheppard/Sean Montgomery/James Heathcote/Jamie O’Reilly/Joseph Stoots/Theodore Finkelstein Telephone No.: (212) 723-5757 Facsimile No.: (347) 853-7272 Email: dustin.c.sheppard@citi.com; sean.montgomery@citi.com; james.heathcote@citi.com; jamie.oreilly@citi.com; joseph.stoots@citi.com; theodore.finkelstein@citi.com;


 
15 eq.us.corporates.middle.office@citi.com; eq.us.ses.notifications@citi.com If to Custodian: Citigroup Global Markets Inc. 390 Greenwich Street—3rd Floor New York, NY 10013 Attn: Corporate Equity Derivatives, Dustin Sheppard/Sean Montgomery Telephone No.: (212) 723-5757 Facsimile No.: (347) 853-7278 Email: eq.us.corporates.middle.office@citi.com; dustin.c.sheppard@citi.com; sean.montgomery@citi.com (f) Modifications. No provision hereof shall be modified or limited except pursuant to Section 9.01 of the Margin Loan Agreement. The provisions of this Security Agreement shall not be modified or limited by course of conduct or usage of trade. (g) Financing Statement. Pledgor hereby irrevocably authorizes Secured Party (or its designee) at any time and from time to time to file in any jurisdiction any financing or continuation statement and amendment thereto or any registration of charge, mortgage or otherwise, containing any information required under the UCC or the Law of any other applicable jurisdiction (in each case, without the signature of Pledgor to the extent permitted by applicable Law), necessary or appropriate in the judgment of Secured Party to perfect or evidence its security interest in and lien on the Collateral; provided that the Collateral covered by such financing statement shall be limited to the Collateral hereunder. Pledgor agrees to provide to Secured Party (or its designees) any and all information required under the UCC or the law of any other applicable jurisdiction for the effective filing of a financing statement and/or any amendment thereto or any registration of charge, mortgage or otherwise. (h) Counterparts; Integration; Effectiveness. This Security Agreement may be executed in counterparts (and by different parties hereto on different counterparts), each of which shall constitute an original, but all of which when taken together shall constitute a single contract. This Security Agreement, the other Margin Loan Documents and any separate letter agreements with respect to fees payable to Administrative Agent or the Lenders constitute the entire contract among the parties relating to the subject matter hereof and thereof and supersede any and all previous agreements and understandings, oral or written, relating to the subject matter hereof and thereof. This Security Agreement shall become effective when it shall have been executed by Secured Party and when Secured Party shall have received counterparts hereof that, when taken together, bear the signatures of each of the other parties hereto, and thereafter shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page of this Security Agreement by facsimile or electronic transmission shall be effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart of this Security Agreement.


 
16 (i) Severability. Any provision of any Margin Loan Document held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective to the extent of such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability without affecting the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions thereof; and the invalidity of a particular provision in a particular jurisdiction shall not invalidate such provision in any other jurisdiction. (j) Governing Law; Submission to Jurisdiction. This Security Agreement constitutes a “Margin Loan Document” entered into in connection with the Margin Loan Agreement. The provisions of Section 9.08 of the Margin Loan Agreement shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Agreement as if such provisions were fully set forth herein. (k) Secured Party Acknowledgement. The Secured Party acknowledges and agrees that as of the date hereof the Collateral Shares are subject to the Existing Transfer Restrictions. The Secured Party agrees that any sale of Collateral Shares by or through Secured Party or its Affiliates will only be made in a transaction registered under the Securities Act or in a transaction that Secured Party reasonably believes to be exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act (it being understood and agreed that the Secured Party or such Affiliate may in good faith rely on representations of Borrower and/or any purchaser in determining that an exemption is available). [Signature Page Follows]


 
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Security Agreement to be duly executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the date first above written. PLEDGOR: TEEKAY FINANCE LIMITED By: Name: Title: SECURED PARTY: CITIBANK, N.A. By: Name: Title:


 
Schedule 1 UCC Filing Locations 1. District of Columbia


 
Exhibit A Form of UCC Financing Statement [Attached]


 
Exhibit C to Margin Loan Agreement C-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT C FORM OF CONTROL AGREEMENT [Attached]


 
SECURITIES ACCOUNT CONTROL AGREEMENT This Account Control Agreement (the “Control Agreement”), is entered into as of September 29, 2020, among CITIBANK, N.A., in its capacity as Collateral Agent under the Security Agreement (as defined below) (“Secured Party”), TEEKAY FINANCE LIMITED (“Pledgor”) and CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS, INC. (“Custodian”). PREAMBLE: WHEREAS, Custodian has established securities accounts, numbered 768-70164-1-5-473, 768-70466-1-0-473 and 768-70467-1-9-473 in the name of Pledgor (collectively, the “Account”) pursuant to a Client Agreement dated December 19, 2012 (as amended and/or supplemented from time to time, the “Account Agreement”) between Pledgor and Custodian. WHEREAS, Pledgor, Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, and certain lenders (the “Lenders”) have entered into a Margin Loan Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2020 (as amended and/or supplemented from time to time, the “Margin Loan Agreement”), pursuant to which the Lenders have agreed, on certain terms and conditions set forth therein, to make loans to Pledgor. WHEREAS, to secure its obligations under the Margin Loan Agreement, Pledgor and Secured Party have entered into a Pledge and Security Agreement, dated September 29, 2020, between Pledgor and Secured Party (as amended and/or supplemented from time to time, the “Security Agreement”) pursuant to which Pledgor has granted to Secured Party, for the benefit of the Lenders, a security interest (the “Transaction Lien”) in the Collateral, which includes all right, title and interest of Pledgor in the Account, all financial assets from time to time credited thereto and all security entitlements in respect thereof. Terms used herein and not otherwise defined shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in the Security Agreement. WHEREAS, Secured Party, Pledgor and Custodian are entering into this Control Agreement to perfect the Transaction Lien on the Collateral. TERMS: Section 1. The Account. (a) This Control Agreement shall constitute notification to the Custodian that all assets now or hereafter held in the Account and the Proceeds thereof have been pledged by Pledgor to Secured Party pursuant to the Security Agreement. The Custodian is hereby directed by Pledgor and Secured Party to register such pledge on its records relating to the Account and to indicate that the Account and the Collateral therein are subject to the sole and exclusive dominion and exclusive control of Secured Party, as provided herein. This notification shall also constitute notification of pledge to the bailee in possession of book entry securities or instruments, as provided in the rules and regulations of the Treasury Department, the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, the Federal National Mortgage Association or any similar agency or instrumentality.


 
2 (b) The Custodian confirms that it is a “securities intermediary” (within the meaning of Section 8-102(a)(14)(ii) of the UCC) and is acting at all times in that capacity in connection with the Account and otherwise in connection with the Collateral. All parties agree that the Account is and will remain a “securities account” (within the meaning of Section 8-501(a) of the UCC) and that each item of property (including, but not limited to, each item of “investment property” or any “financial asset” (each as defined in the UCC) and each security, instrument or cash, and each security entitlement of any of the foregoing) held by Custodian in the Account will be treated as a “financial asset” (as defined in Section 8-102(a)(9) of the UCC). Custodian has not agreed and will not agree with any third party to comply with entitlement orders or other directions concerning the Account or any financial asset credited thereto originated by such third party without the prior written consent of Secured Party and Pledgor. (c) The parties hereto agree that all property delivered to the Custodian pursuant to the Security Agreement will be promptly credited to the Account. (d) The parties hereto agree that all securities or other property underlying any financial assets credited to the Account shall be registered in the name of the Custodian, indorsed to the Custodian or in blank or credited to another securities account maintained in the name of the Custodian and in no case will any financial asset credited to the Account be registered in the name of Pledgor, payable to the order of Pledgor or specially indorsed to Pledgor. (e) Custodian agrees to take such further action as Secured Party shall reasonably request as being necessary or desirable to maintain or achieve perfection or priority of Secured Party’s security interest with respect to the Account and the Collateral therein and to permit Secured Party to exercise its rights with respect to the Collateral. (f) Custodian may hold Collateral, including securities and other investment property, through its nominee or in any other form and in any securities depository or clearing corporation by indicating that the securities are subject to a security interest; provided that all Collateral shall be identified on the Custodian’s books and records as property of Pledgor and subject to Secured Party’s security interest and shall be in a form that permits transfer to Secured Party without additional authorization or consent of Pledgor. Custodian may rely and shall be protected in acting upon any notice, instruction, or other communication from Secured Party that it reasonably believes to be genuine and authorized. Section 2. Subordination of Lien. Custodian hereby waives any security interest or lien it may now have or hereafter acquire in or with respect to the Account, any financial asset credited thereto or any security entitlement in respect thereof. Neither the financial assets credited to the Account nor any security entitlements in respect thereof will be subject to deduction, set-off, banker’s lien or any right in favor of any person other than Secured Party (except that Custodian may set off (to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law) all amounts due to it in respect of its customary fees and expenses for the routine maintenance and operation of the Account, if any, as set forth in the Account Agreement). Custodian and Pledgor agree that the Account Agreement is


 
3 hereby deemed amended to give full force and effect to the paramount rights in, to and over the Account that Pledgor has granted to Secured Party pursuant to the Security Agreement and this Control Agreement. Section 3. Control. Upon written notice from Secured Party confirming the existence of an Event of Default, Custodian agrees that it will comply with “entitlement orders” (within the meaning of Section 8-102(a)(8) of the UCC) originated by Secured Party concerning the Account and the Collateral credited thereto, including, without limitation, any “security entitlements” (within the meaning of Section 8-102(a)(17) of the UCC) with respect thereto, without further consent by Pledgor or any other person. Custodian will not act on any entitlement order or other instruction of Pledgor with respect to the Account or any financial asset credited thereto without the written consent of Secured Party; provided that, unless Secured Party notifies Custodian that an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, Pledgor shall retain its right to exercise any voting rights with respect to any securities held in or credited to the Account without such consent. Notwithstanding anything herein or in the Account Agreement to the contrary, upon written notice from the Secured Party confirming the existence of an Event of Default, the Custodian shall, if directed in writing by Secured Party, without the consent of Pledgor or any other party, (i) comply with all entitlement orders originated by Secured Party with respect to the Account and the Collateral therein, (ii) transfer, sell or redeem any of the Collateral, (iii) transfer any or all of the Collateral to any account or accounts designated by Secured Party, (iv) register title to any Collateral in any name specified by Secured Party, including the name of Secured Party, (v) comply with any instructions from the Secured Party for disposition of any funds in the Account and (vi) otherwise deal with the Collateral as directed by Secured Party. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Account Agreement or any depository, customer, collection or similar account agreement between Custodian and Pledgor, Custodian shall not, without the prior consent of Secured Party, sell, transfer, deliver or otherwise dispose of the Collateral or any interest therein. Pledgor consents to the foregoing agreements by Custodian. Secured Party agrees with Pledgor that Secured Party shall not initiate any entitlement orders in respect of the Account and the Collateral that it is not entitled to initiate pursuant to the terms of the Margin Loan Agreement and the Security Agreement. Secured Party also agrees that it will consent to any entitlement order initiated by Pledgor to transfer property in the Account that has been released from the Transaction Lien pursuant to the terms of the Margin Loan Agreement to an account of Guarantor (or another Affiliate of Pledgor). The Custodian’s obligation to comply with the Secured Party’s written notices (including entitlement orders or instructions) shall not be affected by the existence of any contingent indemnity claims that the Custodian may have. Section 4. Representations, Warranties and Covenants of Custodian. Custodian represents and warrants to and agrees with Secured Party and Pledgor as follows: (i) The Account will be maintained in the manner set forth herein until termination of this Control Agreement, and Custodian will not change the name or account number of the Account without the prior consent of Secured Party.


 
4 (ii) This Control Agreement has been duly authorized by and is the legal, valid and binding obligation of Custodian, enforceable against it in accordance with its terms. (iii) Custodian has not entered into, and until the termination of this Control Agreement will not enter into, (x) any other agreement pursuant to which it agrees to comply with entitlement orders with respect to the Account or any financial assets credited thereto, or (y) any other agreement purporting to limit or condition the obligation of the Custodian to comply with entitlement orders originated by Secured Party as set forth in Section 3 hereof. (iv) Custodian has no knowledge of any claim to or interest in the Account or any financial assets credited thereto, other than the interests therein of Secured Party and Pledgor. If any person or entity asserts any lien, encumbrance or adverse claim (including any writ, garnishment, judgment, warrant of attachment, execution or similar process) against the Account or any financial assets credited thereto, Custodian will use commercially reasonable efforts to notify Secured Party and Pledgor promptly thereof. (v) Custodian will use commercially reasonable efforts to deliver promptly to Secured Party copies of all statements, confirmations and other communications by Custodian relating to the Account. Section 5. Indemnification of Custodian. Pledgor hereby agrees to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Custodian, its directors, officers, agents and employees against any and all claims, losses, causes of action, liabilities, lawsuits, demands, damages and costs, including without limitation, any and all court costs and reasonable attorney’s fees, in any way related to or arising out of or in connection with this Control Agreement or any action taken or not taken pursuant hereto, except to the extent caused by Custodian’s gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct. The foregoing indemnity shall survive the termination of this Control Agreement to the maximum periods permitted by any and all laws of applicable jurisdictions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Pledgor shall not be responsible for special, indirect or consequential damages, or lost profits or loss of business, arising in connection with this Control Agreement. Section 6. Customer Agreement. In the event of a conflict between this Control Agreement and any other agreement between Custodian and Pledgor, the terms of this Control Agreement will prevail; provided that this Control Agreement shall not alter or affect any mandatory arbitration provision currently in effect between Custodian and Pledgor pursuant to a separate agreement. Section 7. Termination. This Control Agreement shall continue in effect until Secured Party has notified Custodian in writing that this Control Agreement, or the Transaction Lien, is terminated (and Secured Party agrees with Pledgor to give such notice with reasonable promptness). Upon receipt of such notice, the obligations of all parties hereto shall terminate (other than the Pledgor’s indemnification obligations


 
5 pursuant to Section 5 above) and Secured Party shall have no further right to originate entitlement orders concerning the Account or any financial assets credited thereto. Section 8. Amendments. No amendment or waiver of any provision of this Control Agreement shall be effective unless in writing signed by the parties hereto, and each such waiver or consent shall be effective only in the specific instance and for the specific purpose for which given. Section 9. Severability. If any provision of this Control Agreement is held to be illegal, invalid or unenforceable, (a) the legality, validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Control Agreement shall not be affected or impaired thereby and (b) the parties shall endeavor in good faith negotiations to replace the illegal, invalid or unenforceable provisions with valid provisions the economic effect of which comes as close as possible to that of the illegal, invalid or unenforceable provisions. The invalidity of a provision in a particular jurisdiction shall not invalidate or render unenforceable such provision in any other jurisdiction. Section 10. No Third Party Beneficiaries. In performing hereunder, the Custodian is acting solely on behalf of the Secured Party in its own capacity and on behalf of the Lenders and the Pledgor and no contractual or service relationship shall be deemed to be established hereby between the Custodian and any other person. Section 11. Successors. The terms of this Control Agreement shall be binding upon, and shall inure to the benefit of, the parties hereto and their respective corporate successors or heirs and personal representatives. This Control Agreement may be assigned by Secured Party to any successor of Secured Party under the Margin Loan Agreement; provided that written notice thereof is given by Secured Party to Custodian. Section 12. Notices. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, any notice, order, instruction, request or other communication required or permitted to be given under this Control Agreement shall be in writing and deemed to have been properly given when delivered in person, or when sent by telecopy or other electronic means and electronic confirmation of error-free receipt is received or upon receipt of notice sent by certified or registered United States mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid, addressed to the party at the address set forth next to such party’s name below: If to Pledgor: Deliver by courier to: Teekay Finance Limited 4th Floor, Belvedere Building 69 Pitts Bay Road Hamilton, HM 08 Bermuda Attn: Secretary Telephone No.: (441) 298-2530 Facsimile No.: (441) 292-3931 Email: BermudaCorpSec@teekay.com


 
6 with a copy to: Teekay Finance Limited Suite No. 1778 48 Par-la-Ville Road Hamilton, HM 11 Bermuda Attn: Secretary with a copy to: Teekay Corporation c/o Teekay Shipping (Canada) Ltd. Suite 2000 Bentall 5 550 Burrard Street Vancouver, BC V6C 2K2 Canada Attn: Renee Eng, Director, Treasury Telephone No.: (604) 609-6418 Facsimile No.: (604) 681-3011 and Rafal Gawlowski Latham & Watkins LLP 885 Third Avenue New York, New York 10022 If to Secured Party: Citibank, N.A. 390 Greenwich Street—3rd Floor New York, NY 10013 Attn: Corporate Equity Derivatives, Dustin Sheppard/Sean Montgomery/James Heathcote/Jamie O’Reilly/Joseph Stoots/Theodore Finkelstein Telephone No.: (212) 723-5757 Facsimile No.: (347) 853-7272 Email: dustin.c.sheppard@citi.com; sean.montgomery@citi.com; james.heathcote@citi.com; jamie.oreilly@citi.com; joseph.stoots@citi.com; theodore.finkelstein@citi.com; eq.us.corporates.middle.office@citi.com; eq.us.ses.notifications@citi.com If to Custodian: Citigroup Global Markets Inc. 390 Greenwich Street—3rd Floor New York, NY 10013


 
7 Attn: Corporate Equity Derivatives, Dustin Sheppard/Sean Montgomery Telephone No.: (212) 723-5757 Facsimile No.: (347) 853-7278 Email: eq.us.corporates.middle.office@citi.com; dustin.c.sheppard@citi.com; sean.montgomery@citi.com Any party may change its address for notices in the manner set forth above. Section 13. Counterparts. This Control Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, all of which shall constitute one and the same instrument, and any party hereto may execute this Control Agreement by signing and delivering one or more counterparts. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page to this Control Agreement by telecopy or other electronic imaging means (e.g., “pdf” or “tif”) or any electronic signature complying with the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, e.g., www.docusign.com, shall be effective as delivery of an original executed counterpart of this Control Agreement. Section 14. Choice of Law. THIS CONTROL AGREEMENT (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF THE ACCOUNT AND ALL RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS WITH RESPECT THERETO) SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. THE PARTIES AGREE THAT THE SECURITIES INTERMEDIARY’S JURISDICTION (WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE UCC) WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCOUNT AND THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY IS THE STATE OF NEW YORK FOR PURPOSES OF THE UCC (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, SECTION 8-110 THEREOF). Section 15. Entire Agreement. This Control Agreement constitutes the entire agreement among the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof. [Signatures on following page]


 
[Signature Page to Securities Account Control Agreement] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Control Agreement to be duly executed and delivered as of the day and year first above written. TEEKAY FINANCE LIMITED, as Pledgor By: Name: Title: CITIBANK, N.A., as Secured Party By: Name: Title: CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS, INC., as Custodian By: Name: Title:


 
Exhibit D-1 to Margin Loan Agreement D-1-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT D-1 FORM OF ISSUER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT WITH TGP ISSUER [Attached]


 
Teekay LNG Partners L.P. 4 th Floor, Belvedere Building, 69 Pitts Bay Road, Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda September 29, 2020 Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent Citi CED, Equity Derivatives Middle Office 390 Greenwich Street, 3 rd Floor New York, NY 10013 Re: Margin Loan Agreement among Teekay Finance Limited, Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the Lenders party thereto Ladies and Gentlemen: This letter is being delivered to you, as Administrative Agent on behalf of the Lenders (each as defined below), at the request of Teekay Finance Limited, a Bermuda exempted company (the “Borrower”), in connection with the Margin Loan Agreement dated as of September 29, 2020 (as amended and supplemented from time to time, the “Margin Loan Agreement”), among the Borrower, Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent (the “Administrative Agent”), and the lenders party thereto (the “Lenders”), and the Security Agreement related thereto dated as of September 29, 2020 (as amended and supplemented from time to time, the “Security Agreement”, and the transactions contemplated by the Margin Loan Agreement and the Security Agreement, the “Transaction”) between the Collateral Agent (as defined in the Margin Loan Agreement) and the Borrower. Pursuant to the Transaction, the Collateral Agent is acquiring a security interest in, inter alia, certain common units of Teekay LNG Partners L.P. (the “Company”) currently held by the Borrower (the “Pledged Units”). Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in the Margin Loan Agreement and Security Agreement. In connection with the Transaction: 1. The Company acknowledges receiving notice of the Transaction and draft copies of the Margin Loan Agreement and Security Agreement, and confirms that the Transaction and any foreclosure by the Collateral Agent on the Pledged Units in a manner described in the Security Agreement at any time will not violate any insider trading or other policy or rule of the Company or any of the constituent documents of the Company or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any contract to which the Company is a party. 2. To the best of the Company’s knowledge, the Company does not have any right in contract or equity to take any actions that would hinder or delay the exercise of any remedies by the Collateral Agent or the Lenders pursuant to the Transaction. To the best of the Company’s knowledge, the Company does not have any right in contract or equity to require any opinions of counsel or other documents in connection with any sale or transfer of Pledged Units in connection with the exercise of any such remedies, except for customary Rule 144 representation letters to the extent applicable.


 
3. To the best of the Company's knowledge, the Pledged Units are not subject to any other pledge, interest, mortgage, lien, encumbrance or right of setoff other than any such as may be created and may exist in favor of the Collateral Agent pursuant to the Transaction. 4. The Company confirms that (i) it has received irrevocable instructions from the Borrower to pay all distributions on the Pledged Units with a record date on or after the Closing Date to the Collateral Account and (ii) it will follow such instructions. 5. The Company confirms that the Pledged Units have been validly issued, are fully paid and non-assessable and are not subject to any preemptive or similar rights under the Company's constitutive documents or any agreement to which the Company is a party. Very truly yours, TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P., By: Teekay GP LLC, its general partner as the Company By: ______________________________________ Name: Title:


 
Exhibit D-2 to Margin Loan Agreement D-2-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT D-2 FORM OF ISSUER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT WITH TNK ISSUER [Attached]


 
Teekay Tankers Ltd. Suite 2000 Bentall 5, 550 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6C 2K2 September 29, 2020 Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent Citi CED, Equity Derivatives Middle Office 390 Greenwich Street, 3rd Floor New York, NY 10013 Re: Margin Loan Agreement among Teekay Finance Limited, Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the Lenders party thereto Ladies and Gentlemen: This letter is being delivered to you, as Administrative Agent on behalf of the Lenders (each as defined below), at the request of Teekay Finance Limited, a Bermuda exempted company (the “Borrower”), in connection with the Margin Loan Agreement dated as of September 29, 2020 (as amended and supplemented from time to time, the “Margin Loan Agreement”), among the Borrower, Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent (the “Administrative Agent”), and the lenders party thereto (the “Lenders”), and the Security Agreement related thereto dated as of September 29, 2020 (as amended and supplemented from time to time, the “Security Agreement”, and the transactions contemplated by the Margin Loan Agreement and the Security Agreement, the “Transaction”) between the Collateral Agent (as defined in the Margin Loan Agreement) and the Borrower. Pursuant to the Transaction, the Collateral Agent is acquiring a security interest in, inter alia, certain shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of Teekay Tankers Ltd. (the “Company”) currently held by the Borrower (the “Pledged Shares”). Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in the Margin Loan Agreement and Security Agreement. In connection with the Transaction: 1. The Company acknowledges receiving notice of the Transaction and draft copies of the Margin Loan Agreement and Security Agreement, and confirms that the Transaction and any foreclosure by the Collateral Agent on the Pledged Shares in a manner described in the Security Agreement at any time will not violate any insider trading or other policy or rule of the Company or any of the constituent documents of the Company or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any contract to which the Company is a party. 2. To the best of the Company’s knowledge, the Company does not have any right in contract or equity to take any actions that would hinder or delay the exercise of any remedies by the Collateral Agent or the Lenders pursuant to the Transaction. To the best of the Company’s knowledge, the Company does not have any right in contract or equity to require any opinions of counsel or other documents in connection with any sale or transfer of Pledged Shares in


 
2 connection with the exercise of any such remedies, except for customary Rule 144 representation letters to the extent applicable. 3. To the best of the Company’s knowledge, the Pledged Shares are not subject to any other pledge, interest, mortgage, lien, encumbrance or right of setoff other than any such as may be created and may exist in favor of the Collateral Agent pursuant to the Transaction. 4. The Company confirms that (i) it has received irrevocable instructions from the Borrower to pay all distributions on the Pledged Shares with a record date on or after the Closing Date to the Collateral Account and (ii) it will follow such instructions. 5. The Company confirms that the Pledged Shares have been validly issued, are fully paid and non- assessable and are not subject to any preemptive or similar rights under the Company’s constitutive documents or any agreement to which the Company is a party. Very truly yours, TEEKAY TANKERS LTD., as the Company By:________________________________ Name: Title:


 
Exhibit E-1 to Margin Loan Agreement E-1-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT E-1 [FORM OF] U.S. TAX COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE (For Foreign Lenders That Are Not Partnerships For U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes) Reference is hereby made to the Margin Loan Agreement dated as of September 29, 2020 (as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Agreement”), by and among Borrower, the Lenders party thereto and Citibank, N.A. as Administrative Agent. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.12 of the Agreement, the undersigned hereby certifies that (i) it is the sole record and beneficial owner of the Advance(s) in respect of which it is providing this certificate, (ii) it is not a bank within the meaning of Section 881(c)(3)(A) of the Code, (iii) it is not a ten percent shareholder of Borrower within the meaning of Section 871(h)(3)(B) of the Code and (iv) it is not a controlled foreign corporation related to Borrower as described in Section 881(c)(3)(C) of the Code. The undersigned has furnished Borrower with a certificate of its non-U.S. Person status on IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E. By executing this certificate, the undersigned agrees that (1) if the information provided on this certificate changes, the undersigned shall promptly so inform Borrower and Administrative Agent, and (2) the undersigned shall have at all times furnished Borrower and Administrative Agent with a properly completed and currently effective certificate in either the calendar year in which each payment is to be made to the undersigned, or in either of the two calendar years preceding such payments. Unless otherwise defined herein, terms defined in the Agreement and used herein shall have the meanings given to them in the Agreement. [NAME OF LENDER] By: Name: Title: Date: ________ __, 20[ ]


 
Exhibit E-2 to Margin Loan Agreement E-2-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT E-2 [FORM OF] U.S. TAX COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE (For Foreign Participants That Are Not Partnerships For U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes) Reference is hereby made to the Margin Loan Agreement dated as of September 29, 2020 (as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Agreement”), among by and among Borrower, the Lenders party thereto and Citibank, N.A. as Administrative Agent, and each lender from time to time party thereto. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.12 of the Agreement, the undersigned hereby certifies that (i) it is the sole record and beneficial owner of the participation in respect of which it is providing this certificate, (ii) it is not a bank within the meaning of Section 881(c)(3)(A) of the Code, (iii) it is not a ten percent shareholder of Borrower within the meaning of Section 871(h)(3)(B) of the Code, and (iv) it is not a controlled foreign corporation related to Borrower as described in Section 881(c)(3)(C) of the Code. The undersigned has furnished Administrative Agent with a certificate of its non-U.S. Person status on IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E. By executing this certificate, the undersigned agrees that (1) if the information provided on this certificate changes, the undersigned shall promptly so inform Administrative Agent in writing, and (2) the undersigned shall have at all times furnished Administrative Agent with a properly completed and currently effective certificate in either the calendar year in which each payment is to be made to the undersigned, or in either of the two calendar years preceding such payments. Unless otherwise defined herein, terms defined in the Agreement and used herein shall have the meanings given to them in the Agreement. [NAME OF LENDER] By: Name: Title: Date: ________ __, 20[ ]


 
Exhibit E-3 to Margin Loan Agreement E-3-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT E-3 [FORM OF] U.S. TAX COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE (For Foreign Participants That Are Partnerships For U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes) Reference is hereby made to the Margin Loan Agreement dated as of September 29, 2020 (as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Agreement”), by and among Borrower, the Lenders party thereto and Citibank, N.A. as Administrative Agent. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.12 of the Agreement, the undersigned hereby certifies that (i) it is the sole record owner of the participation in respect of which it is providing this certificate, (ii) its direct or indirect partners/members are the sole beneficial owners of such participation, (iii) with respect such participation, neither the undersigned nor any of its direct or indirect partners/members is a bank extending credit pursuant to a loan agreement entered into in the ordinary course of its trade or business within the meaning of Section 881(c)(3)(A) of the Code, (iv) none of its direct or indirect partners/members is a ten percent shareholder of Borrower within the meaning of Section 871(h)(3)(B) of the Code and (v) none of its direct or indirect partners/members is a controlled foreign corporation related to Borrower as described in Section 881(c)(3)(C) of the Code. The undersigned has furnished Administrative Agent with IRS Form W-8IMY accompanied by one of the following forms from each of its partners/members that is claiming the portfolio interest exemption: (i) an IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E or (ii) an IRS Form W-8IMY accompanied by an IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E from each of such partner’s/member’s beneficial owners that is claiming the portfolio interest exemption. By executing this certificate, the undersigned agrees that (1) if the information provided on this certificate changes, the undersigned shall promptly so inform Administrative Agent and (2) the undersigned shall have at all times furnished Administrative Agent with a properly completed and currently effective certificate in either the calendar year in which each payment is to be made to the undersigned, or in either of the two calendar years preceding such payments. Unless otherwise defined herein, terms defined in the Agreement and used herein shall have the meanings given to them in the Agreement. [NAME OF LENDER] By: Name: Title: Date: ________ __, 20[ ]


 
Exhibit E-4 to Margin Loan Agreement E-4-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT E-4 [FORM OF] U.S. TAX COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE (For Foreign Lenders That Are Partnerships For U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes) Reference is hereby made to the Margin Loan Agreement dated as of September 29, 2020 (as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Agreement”), by and among Borrower, the Lenders party thereto and Citibank, N.A. as Administrative Agent. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.12 of the Agreement, the undersigned hereby certifies that (i) it is the sole record owner of the Advance(s) in respect of which it is providing this certificate, (ii) its direct or indirect partners/members are the sole beneficial owners of such Advance(s), (iii) with respect to the extension of credit pursuant to this Agreement or any other Margin Loan Document, neither the undersigned nor any of its direct or indirect partners/members is a bank extending credit pursuant to a loan agreement entered into in the ordinary course of its trade or business within the meaning of Section 881(c)(3)(A) of the Code, (iv) none of its direct or indirect partners/members is a ten percent shareholder of Borrower within the meaning of Section 871(h)(3)(B) of the Code and (v) none of its direct or indirect partners/members is a controlled foreign corporation related to Borrower as described in Section 881(c)(3)(C) of the Code. The undersigned has furnished Borrower and Administrative Agent with IRS Form W- 8IMY accompanied by one of the following forms from each of its partners/members that is claiming the portfolio interest exemption: (i) an IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E or (ii) an IRS Form W-8IMY accompanied by an IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E from each of such partner’s/member’s beneficial owners that is claiming the portfolio interest exemption. By executing this certificate, the undersigned agrees that (1) if the information provided on this certificate changes, the undersigned shall promptly so inform Borrower and Administrative Agent, and (2) the undersigned shall have at all times furnished Borrower and Administrative Agent with a properly completed and currently effective certificate in either the calendar year in which each payment is to be made to the undersigned, or in either of the two calendar years preceding such payments. Unless otherwise defined herein, terms defined in the Agreement and used herein shall have the meanings given to them in the Agreement. [NAME OF LENDER] By: Name: Title: Date: ________ __, 20[ ]


 
Exhibit F to Margin Loan Agreement F-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT F FORM OF GUARANTEE AGREEMENT [Attached]


 
GUARANTEE AGREEMENT THIS GUARANTEE (this “Guarantee”) is made on September 29, 2020 BY (1) TEEKAY CORPORATION, a corporation domesticated and existing under the laws of the Republic of The Marshall Islands whose registered address is at Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake Island, Majuro, The Marshall Islands MH-96960 (the “Guarantor”, which expression includes its successors and assigns), IN FAVOR OF (2) CITIBANK N.A., acting in such capacity through its office at 390 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013, as administrative agent for the Lenders (in such capacity, the “Administrative Agent”, which expression includes its successors, transferees and assigns) ; and (3) THE LENDERS from time to time party to the Margin Loan Agreement (as defined below). BACKGROUND (A) Pursuant to and subject to the conditions contained in a margin loan agreement dated as of September 29, 2020 (as the same may be amended or supplemented from time to time, whether made with the Guarantor’s consent or otherwise, the “Margin Loan Agreement”) among (i) Teekay Finance Limited as borrower (the “Borrower”), (ii) the banks and financial institutions named therein as lenders (together with their successors and assigns, the “Lenders”), and (iii) the Administrative Agent, the Lenders have agreed to make available to the Borrower a loan facility in the amount described therein. (B) The execution and delivery to the Administrative Agent and the Lenders of this Guarantee is one of the conditions precedent to the availability of the loan facility under the Margin Loan Agreement. IT IS AGREED as follows: 1 INTERPRETATION 1.1 Defined expressions. Words and expressions defined in the Margin Loan Agreement shall have the same meanings when used in this Guarantee unless the context otherwise requires. 1.2 Application of construction and interpretation provisions of Margin Loan Agreement. Clauses 1.02 to 1.04 of the Margin Loan Agreement apply, with any necessary modifications, to this Guarantee. 2 GUARANTEE 2.1 Guarantee and indemnity. In order to induce the Lenders to make the Advances to the Borrower, the Guarantor irrevocably and unconditionally:


 
2 (a) guarantees, as a primary obligor and not merely as a surety, the punctual payment and performance by the Borrower when due, whether at stated maturity, by acceleration or otherwise, of all Obligations of the Borrower arising under any Margin Loan Document (collectively, the “Guaranteed Obligations”); (b) undertakes that whenever the Borrower does not pay any Guaranteed Obligation when due, the Guarantor shall immediately on demand pay that Guaranteed Obligation as if it were the primary obligor; and (c) indemnifies the Administrative Agent and each Lender (together, the “Creditor Parties”) immediately on demand against any cost, loss or liability suffered or incurred by the Administrative Agent or that Lender (i) if any Guaranteed Obligation is or becomes unenforceable, invalid or illegal or (ii) by operation of law as a consequence of the transactions contemplated by the Margin Loan Documents. The amount of the cost, loss or liability shall be equal to the amount which the Administrative Agent or that Lender would otherwise have been entitled to recover. 2.2 No limit on number of demands. The Administrative Agent may serve more than one demand under Clause 2.1. 3 CONTINUING GUARANTEE 3.1 Continuing guarantee. This Guarantee: (a) is a continuing guarantee; (b) constitutes a guarantee of punctual performance and payment and not merely of collection; (c) is joint and several with any other guarantee given in respect of the Guaranteed Obligations and shall not in any way be prejudiced by any other guarantee or security now or subsequently held by the Administrative Agent or any Lender in respect of the Guaranteed Obligations; (d) shall remain in full force and effect until the later of the termination of the Commitments and the payment and performance in full of the Guaranteed Obligations and all other amounts payable hereunder regardless of any intermediate payment or discharge in whole or in part; and (e) shall be binding upon the Guarantor, its successors and permitted assigns. 4 PERFORMANCE OF OBLIGATIONS 4.1 Performance of Guaranteed Obligations. The Guarantor agrees that the Guaranteed Obligations will be performed and paid strictly in accordance with the terms of the relevant Margin Loan Document regardless of any law or regulation or order of any court: (a) affecting (i) any term of such Margin Loan Document or the rights of any of the Creditor Parties with respect thereto or (ii) the Borrower’s ability or obligation to make or render, or right of any Creditor Party to receive, any payments or performance due thereunder; or (b) which might otherwise constitute a defense to, or a legal or equitable discharge of, the Borrower.


 
3 5 REINSTATEMENT 5.1 Reinstatement. If any payment of any of the Guaranteed Obligations is rescinded, discharged, avoided or reduced or must otherwise be returned by a Creditor Party or any other person upon the bankruptcy of the Borrower or otherwise: (a) this Guarantee shall continue to be effective or be reinstated, and the liability of the Guarantor hereunder shall continue or be reinstated, as the case may be, as if the payment, discharge, avoidance or reduction had not occurred; and (b) each Creditor Party shall be entitled to recover the value or amount of that payment from the Guarantor, as if the payment, discharge, avoidance or reduction had not occurred. 6 LIABILITY ABSOLUTE AND UNCONDITIONAL 6.1 Liability absolute and unconditional. The obligations of the Guarantor under this Guarantee shall be irrevocable, absolute and unconditional and shall not be affected by an act, omission, matter or thing which, but for this Clause 6, would reduce, release or prejudice any of its obligations under this Guarantee, and the Guarantor hereby irrevocably waives any defenses it may now have or hereafter acquire in any way relating to, any or all of the following: (a) any time, waiver or consent granted to, or composition with, the Borrower or any other Person; (b) the release of the Borrower or any other Person under the terms of any composition or arrangement with any creditor; (c) the taking, variation, compromise, exchange, renewal or release of, or refusal or neglect to perfect, take up or enforce, any rights against, or security over assets of, the Borrower or any other Person or any non-presentation or non-observance of any formality or other requirement in respect of any instrument or any failure to realize the full value of any security; (d) any incapacity or lack of power, authority or legal personality of or dissolution or change in the corporate or company structure or status of the Borrower or any other Person (including without limitation any change in the holding of the Borrower’s or such other Person’s Equity Interests); (e) any amendment to or replacement of a Margin Loan Document or any other document or security; (f) any unenforceability, illegality or invalidity of any obligation of the Borrower or any other Person under any Margin Loan Document or any other document or security; (g) any bankruptcy proceedings; or (h) any other circumstance whatsoever that might otherwise constitute a defense available to, or a legal or equitable discharge of, the Borrower.


 
4 7 WAIVER OF PROMPTNESS; WAIVER OF REVOCATION; WAIVER OF CERTAIN DEFENSES 7.1 Waiver of promptness, etc. The Guarantor hereby unconditionally and irrevocably waives promptness, diligence, notice of acceptance, presentment, demand for performance, notice of non-performance, default, acceleration, protest or dishonor and any other notice with respect to any of the Guaranteed Obligations and this guarantee and any requirement that a Creditor Party protect, secure, perfect or insure any Lien or any property subject thereto or exhaust any right or take any action against the Borrower or any other Person or any Collateral. 7.2 Waiver of revocation, etc. The Guarantor hereby unconditionally and irrevocably waives any right to revoke this Guarantee. 7.3 Waiver of certain defenses. The Guarantor hereby unconditionally and irrevocably waives: (a) any defense arising by reason of any claim or defense based upon an election of remedies by a Creditor Party that in any manner impairs, reduces, releases or otherwise adversely affects the subrogation, reimbursement, exoneration, contribution or indemnification rights of the Guarantor or other rights of the Guarantor to proceed against the Borrower, any other guarantor or any other Person or entity or any Collateral; and (b) any defense based on any right of set-off or counterclaim against or in respect of the obligations of the Guarantor hereunder. Without limiting the foregoing, the Guarantor shall be liable under this Guarantee as a principal and independent debtor and accordingly it shall not have, as regards this Guarantee, any of the rights or defenses of a surety. 8 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 8.1 General. The Guarantor represents and warrants to the Creditor Parties as follows. 8.2 Status. The Guarantor is: (a) duly domesticated and validly existing and in good standing under the law of the Republic of The Marshall Islands; and (b) there are no proceedings or actions pending or contemplated by the Guarantor, or to the knowledge of the Guarantor contemplated by any third party, seeking to adjudicate it a bankrupt or insolvent, or seeking liquidation, winding up, reorganization, arrangement, adjustment, protection, relief, or composition of it or its debts under any law relating to bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization or relief of debtors, or seeking the entry of an order for relief or the appointment of a receiver, trustee, custodian or other similar official for it or for any substantial part of its property. 8.3 Corporate power. The Guarantor has the capacity and has taken all action, and no consent of any Person is required, for it to execute and comply with its obligations under this Guarantee.


 
5 8.4 Legal validity. This Guarantee constitutes the Guarantor’s legal, valid and binding obligations enforceable against the Guarantor in accordance with its terms subject to any relevant insolvency laws affecting creditors’ rights generally. 8.5 No conflicts. The execution by the Guarantor of this Guarantee and its compliance with this Guarantee will not involve or lead to a contravention of: (a) any law or regulation; or (b) the constitutional documents of the Guarantor; or (c) any contractual or other obligation or restriction which is binding on the Guarantor or any of its assets. 8.6 Representations and warranties in Margin Loan Agreement. The representations and warranties of the Borrower in Article 3 of the Margin Loan Agreement are true and correct. 9 ASSIGNMENT 9.1 Assignment by Creditor Parties. Each of the Creditor Parties may assign its rights under and in connection with this Guarantee to the same extent as it may assign its rights under the Margin Loan Agreement. 9.2 Assignment by Guarantor. The Guarantor may not without the consent of the Creditor Parties transfer any of its rights, liabilities or obligations under this Guarantee. 10 NOTICES 10.1 Notices. Any notice or demand under or in connection with this Guarantee shall be given in accordance with Section 9.02 of the Margin Loan Agreement, provided that any notice or demand to the Guarantor shall be given to: Teekay Corporation c/o Teekay Shipping (Canada) Ltd. Suite 2000 Bentall 5 550 Burrard Street Vancouver, BC V6C 2K2 Canada Attn: Renee Eng, Director, Treasury Telephone No.: (604) 609-6418 Facsimile No.: (604) 681-3011 with a copy to: Rafal Gawlowski Latham & Watkins LLP 885 Third Avenue New York, New York 10022


 
6 or to such other address which the Guarantor may notify to the Administrative Agent. 11 GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION 11.1 Governing law. THIS GUARANTEE SHALL BE GOVERNED BY, AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH, THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO ITS CONFLICT OF LAW PRINCIPLES OTHER THAN SECTION 5-1401 OF THE NEW YORK GENERAL OBLIGATIONS LAW. 11.2 Consent to Jurisdiction. (a) The Guarantor hereby irrevocably and unconditionally submits, for itself and its property, to the exclusive jurisdiction of any New York State court or Federal court of the United States of America sitting in New York County, and any appellate court thereof, in any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Guarantee or for recognition or enforcement of any judgment, and each of the parties hereto hereby irrevocably and unconditionally agrees that all claims in respect of any such action or proceeding may be heard and determined in such New York State Court or, to the extent permitted by law, in such Federal court. Each of the parties hereto agrees that a final judgment in any such action or proceeding shall be conclusive and may be enforced in other jurisdictions by suit on the judgment or in any other manner provided by law. (b) Nothing in this Clause 11.2 shall affect the right of a Creditor Party to bring any action or proceeding against the Guarantor or its property in the courts of any other jurisdictions where such action or proceeding may be heard. (c) The Guarantor hereby irrevocably and unconditionally waives to the fullest extent it may legally and effectively do so: (i) any objection which it may now or hereafter have to the laying of venue of any suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Guarantee in any New York State or Federal court of the United States of America and the defense of an inconvenient forum to the maintenance of such action or proceeding in any such court; and (ii) any immunity from suit, the jurisdiction of any court in which judicial proceedings may at any time be commenced with respect to this Guarantee or from any legal process with respect to itself or its property (including without limitation attachment prior to judgment, attachment in aid of execution of judgment, set-off, execution of a judgment or any other legal process), and to the extent that in any such jurisdiction there may be attributed to the Guarantor such an immunity (whether or not claimed), the Guarantor hereby irrevocably agrees not to claim such immunity. (d) The Guarantor hereby agrees to appoint Watson, Farley & Williams (New York) LLP, with offices currently located at 250 West 55th Street, New York, New York 10019, attention: Daniel C. Rodgers, Esq., as its designated agent for service of process for any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Guarantee. The Guarantor also irrevocably consents to the service of any and all process in any such action or proceeding by the mailing of copies of such process to its address specified in Clause 10.1. The Guarantor also agrees that service of process may be made on it by any other method of service provided for under the applicable laws in effect in the State of New York. The Guarantor shall at all times maintain an agent for service of process with


 
7 respect to this Guarantee in New York, New York and shall notify the Administrative Agent a reasonable period of time in advance of any change in the identity or address of such agent 11.3 Creditor Party rights unaffected. Nothing in this Clause 11 shall exclude or limit any right which any Creditor Party may have (whether under the law of any country, an international convention or otherwise) with regard to the bringing of proceedings, the service of process, the recognition or enforcement of a judgment or any similar or related matter in any jurisdiction. 11.4 Meaning of “proceedings”. In this Clause 11, “proceedings” means proceedings of any kind, including an application for a provisional or protective measure. 12 WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL 12.1 WAIVER. EACH OF THE PARTIES HERETO MUTUALLY AND IRREVOCABLY WAIVE ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL ACTION OR PROCEEDING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS GUARANTEE OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY (WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT OR ANY OTHER THEORY). EACH OF THE PARTIES HERETO (A) CERTIFIES THAT NO REPRESENTATIVE, AGENT OR ATTORNEY OF ANY OTHER PERSON HAS REPRESENTED, EXPRESSLY OR OTHERWISE, THAT SUCH OTHER PERSON WOULD NOT, IN THE EVENT OF LITIGATION, SEEK TO ENFORCE THE FOREGOING WAIVER AND (B) ACKNOWLEDGES THAT IT AND THE OTHER PARTIES HERETO HAVE BEEN INDUCED TO ENTER INTO THIS GUARANTEE BY, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MUTUAL WAIVERS AND CERTIFICATIONS IN THIS SECTION 12.1. 13. MISCELLANEOUS 13.1 Taxes. The Guarantor agrees to be bound by the provisions of Section 2.12 of the Margin Loan Agreement as if the Guarantor were a party to the Margin Loan Agreement.


 
8 EXECUTION PAGE WHEREFORE, the parties hereto have caused this Guarantee to be executed as of the date first above written. TEEKAY CORPORATION, as Guarantor By: __________________________ Name: Title: CITIBANK, N.A. as Administrative Agent By: __________________________ Name: Title: CITIBANK, N.A. as Lender By: __________________________ Name: Title: DNB BANK ASA, as Lender By: __________________________ Name: Title:


 
Exhibit G to Margin Loan Agreement G-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT G FORM OF NEW YORK LAW OPINION [Attached]


 
US-DOCS\117994667.6 53rd at Third 885 Third Avenue New York, New York 10022-4834 Tel: +1.212.906.1200 Fax: +1.212.751.4864 www.lw.com FIRM / AFFILIATE OFFICES Beijing Moscow Boston Munich Brussels New York Century City Orange County Chicago Paris Dubai Riyadh Düsseldorf San Diego Frankfurt San Francisco Hamburg Seoul Hong Kong Shanghai Houston Silicon Valley London Singapore Los Angeles Tokyo Madrid Washington, D.C. Milan September, 29 2020 The lenders listed on Schedule A hereto and Citibank, N.A., as agent for the lenders listed on Schedule A hereto 390 Greenwich Street, 3rd Floor New York, NY 10013 Facsimile No.: (347) 853-7272 Re: Margin Loan Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2020, among Teekay Finance Limited, as borrower, the lenders listed on Schedule A hereto and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent Ladies and Gentlemen: We have acted as special counsel to Teekay Finance Limited, a Bermuda exempted company (the “Borrower”) and to Teekay Corporation, a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (the “Guarantor”) (collectively referred to as the “Opinion Parties” and each, individually, as an “Opinion Party”), in connection with that certain Margin Loan Agreement (the “Margin Loan Agreement”), dated as of September 29, by and among the Borrower, the lenders listed on Schedule A hereto (the “Lenders”) and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent (in such capacity, the “Administrative Agent”) and collateral agent. This letter is furnished pursuant to Section 4.01(a)(vi) of the Margin Loan Agreement.


 
September 29, 2020 Page 2 As such counsel, we have examined such matters of fact and questions of law as we have considered appropriate for purposes of this letter, except where a specified fact confirmation procedure is stated to have been performed (in which case we have with your consent performed the stated procedure). We have examined, among other things, the following: (a) the Margin Loan Agreement; (b) the Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2020, by and between Citibank, N.A., as collateral agent for the benefit of the Lenders and the Borrower (the “Security Agreement”); (c) the Account Control Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2020, by and among the Borrower, Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., as custodian, and Citibank, N.A., as collateral agent (the “Securities Account Control Agreement”); and (d) the Guarantee Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2020, by the Guarantor in favor of Citibank, N.A., acting in such capacity through its office at 390 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10013, as administrative agent for the Lenders, and the Lenders (the “Guarantee Agreement”). The documents described in subsections (a)-(d) above are referred to herein collectively as the “Loan Documents.” As used in this letter, the “NY UCC” shall mean the Uniform Commercial Code as now in effect in the State of New York. Except as otherwise expressly stated herein, as to factual matters we have, with your consent, relied upon the foregoing, and upon oral and written statements and representations of officers and other representatives of the Opinion Parties and others, including the representations and warranties of the Opinion Parties in the Loan Documents. We have not independently verified such factual matters. In our examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, including any endorsements, the legal capacity and competency of all natural persons, the authenticity of all


 
September 29, 2020 Page 3 documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as facsimile, electronic, certified or photostatic copies and the authenticity of the originals of such copies. We are opining as to the effect on the subject transaction only of the federal laws of the United States and the internal laws of the State of New York and we express no opinion with respect to the applicability to the opinions expressed herein, or the effect thereon, of the law of any other jurisdiction or as to any matters of municipal law or the law of any local agencies within any state. Except as otherwise expressly stated herein, our opinions herein are based upon our consideration of only those statutes, rules and regulations which, in our experience, are normally applicable to borrowers and guarantors in secured loan transactions. We express no opinion as to any state or federal laws or regulations applicable to the subject transactions because of the legal or regulatory status of any parties to the Loan Documents or the legal or regulatory status of any of their affiliates. Various issues pertaining to Bermuda law and Marshall Islands law are addressed in the opinion letters of Conyers Dill & Pearman Limited and Watson Farley & Williams LLP, respectively, in each case separately provided to you. We express no opinion with respect to those matters, and to the extent elements of those opinions are necessary to the conclusions expressed herein, we have, with your consent, assumed such matters. Subject to the foregoing and the other matters set forth herein, as of the date hereof: 1. Each of the Loan Documents (other than the Guarantee Agreement) constitutes a legally valid and binding obligation of the Borrower, enforceable against the Borrower in accordance with its terms. 2. The Guarantee Agreement constitutes a legally valid and binding obligation of the Guarantor, enforceable against the Guarantor in accordance with its terms. 3. The execution and delivery of the Loan Documents (other than the Guarantee Agreement) by the Borrower, the borrowing of the loan by the Borrower pursuant to the Margin Loan Agreement, the granting of the liens by the Borrower pursuant to the Security


 
September 29, 2020 Page 4 Agreement, the execution and delivery of the Guarantee Agreement by the Guarantor and the guaranteeing of the loan by the Guarantor under the Guarantee Agreement do not on the date hereof: (i) violate any federal or New York statute, rule, or regulation applicable to, respectively, the Borrower or the Guarantor (including, without limitation, Regulations T, U or X of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, assuming the Borrower and the Guarantor comply with the provisions of the Loan Documents relating to the use of proceeds); or (ii) require any consents, approvals, or authorizations to be obtained by, respectively, the Borrower or the Guarantor from, or any registrations, declarations or filings to be made by, respectively, the Borrower or the Guarantor with, any governmental authority under any federal or New York statute, rule or regulation applicable to, respectively, the Borrower or the Guarantor except (a) filings and recordings required in order to perfect or otherwise protect the security interests under the Loan Documents and (b) any consents or approvals required in connection with a disposition of collateral including compliance with federal and state securities laws in connection with any sale of any portion of the collateral consisting of securities under such securities laws. 4. The Security Agreement creates a valid security interest in favor of the Secured Party (as defined in the Security Agreement) in that portion of the collateral described in Section 2 of the Security Agreement in which the Borrower has rights and a valid security interest may be created under Article 9 of the NY UCC (the “Pledged Collateral”), which security interest secures the Secured Obligations (as defined in the Security Agreement). 5. The provisions of the Securities Account Control Agreement are effective under the NY UCC to perfect the security interest in favor of the Secured Party in that portion of the Pledged Collateral consisting of security entitlements (as defined in Section 8-102(a)(17) of the NY UCC) with respect to financial assets (as defined in Section 8-102(a)(9) of the NY UCC) credited to the securities account maintained with Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., as custodian


 
September 29, 2020 Page 5 (the “Securities Intermediary”), and described in the Securities Account Control Agreement (the “Securities Account”), assuming (a) the Securities Account Control Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by each of the parties thereto and is the legally valid and binding obligation of such parties (other than the Borrower), (b) the Securities Intermediary’s jurisdiction (determined in accordance with Section 8-110(e) of the NY UCC) and the law governing the issues specified in Article 2(1) of the Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Certain Rights in Respect of Securities Held with an Intermediary, in each case, is the State of New York, (c) the Securities Account constitutes a “securities account” within the meaning of Section 8-501 of the NY UCC and (d) the Securities Intermediary, with respect to the Securities Account, is acting in its capacity as a “securities intermediary” as defined in Section 8- 102(a)(14) of the NY UCC. Except as expressly set forth in numbered paragraphs 4 and 5, we do not express any opinion with respect to the creation, validity, attachment, perfection or priority of any security interest or lien or the effectiveness of any sale or other conveyance or transfer of real or personal property. Our opinions are subject to: (a) the effects of bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, preference, fraudulent transfer, moratorium or other similar laws relating to or affecting the rights or remedies of creditors and the judicial application of foreign laws or governmental actions affecting creditors’ rights; (b) the effects of general principles of equity, whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law (including the possible unavailability of specific performance or injunctive relief), concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith, fair dealing and the discretion of the court before which a proceeding is brought; (c) the invalidity under certain circumstances under law or court decisions of provisions for the indemnification or exculpation of or contribution to


 
September 29, 2020 Page 6 a party with respect to a liability where such indemnification, exculpation or contribution is contrary to public policy; and (d) we express no opinion with respect to (i) consents to, or restrictions upon, governing law, jurisdiction, venue, service of process, arbitration, remedies or judicial relief; (ii) advance waivers of claims, defenses, rights granted by law, notice, opportunity for hearing, evidentiary requirements, statutes of limitation, trial by jury or at law or other procedural rights; (iii) waivers of broadly or vaguely stated rights; (iv) disclaimers or limitations of duties; (v) covenants not to compete; (vi) provisions for exclusivity, election or cumulation of rights or remedies; (vii) provisions authorizing or validating conclusive or discretionary determinations, including, without limitation, to option value determinations; (viii) grants of setoff rights; (ix) provisions to the effect that a guarantor is liable as a primary obligor, and not as a surety and provisions purporting to waive modifications of any guaranteed obligation to the extent such modification constitutes a novation; (x) provisions for the payment of attorneys’ fees where such payment is contrary to law or public policy; (xi) proxies, powers and trusts; (xii) provisions prohibiting, restricting, or requiring consent to assignment or transfer of any agreement, right or property; (xiii) provisions for liquidated damages, default interest, late charges, monetary penalties, prepayment or make-whole premiums or other economic remedies to the extent such provisions are deemed to constitute a penalty; (xiv) provisions permitting, upon acceleration of any indebtedness, collection of that portion of the stated principal amount thereof which might be determined to constitute unearned interest thereon; (xv) any provision of the Loan Documents that refers to, incorporates or is based upon the law of any jurisdiction other than the State of New York or the federal laws of the United States; and (xvi) the severability, if invalid, of provisions to the foregoing effect. We express no opinion or confirmation as to federal securities laws, state securities laws, tax laws, antitrust or trade regulation laws, insolvency or fraudulent transfer laws, antifraud laws, compliance with fiduciary duty requirements, labor, pension or employee


 
September 29, 2020 Page 7 benefit laws, usury laws, environmental laws, energy-related regulation, margin regulations (except as expressly set forth in numbered paragraph 3(i) of this letter), the Bank Holding Company Act and other laws and regulations applicable to banks (including the stay-and-transfer powers of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) and any provisions recognizing, or limiting rights in connection with, such laws and regulations in connection with certain receivership, insolvency, liquidation, resolution or similar proceedings, laws and regulations relating to commodities trading, futures and swaps, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority rules, National Futures Association rules, the rules of any stock exchange, clearing organization, designated contract market or other regulated entity for trading, processing, clearing or reporting transactions in securities, commodities, futures or swaps, or export control, foreign assets control, sanctions, anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism laws (without limiting other laws, regulations or rules excluded by customary practice). Our opinions expressed herein with respect to the Loan Documents address only the express terms of such documents (excluding any provisions incorporating any document or agreement, or the provisions of any other document or agreement, that is not a Loan Document, by reference) and not any other document or agreement, or the provisions of such other document or agreement, incorporated therein or made a part thereof by reference. The opinions set forth in this letter are also subject to (i) the unenforceability of contractual provisions waiving or varying the rules listed in Section 9-602 of the NY UCC and (ii) the unenforceability under certain circumstances of contractual provisions respecting self- help or summary remedies without notice of or opportunity for hearing or correction. We call to your attention that enforcement of a claim denominated in a foreign currency may be limited by requirements that the claim (or a judgment in respect of the claim) be converted into United States dollars, and we express no opinion as to the enforceability of: (i) any provision to the extent it requires that a claim (or a judgment in respect of such a claim) be converted into U.S. dollars at a rate of exchange at a particular date, to the extent applicable law provides otherwise or (ii) any indemnity for losses associated with the exchange of the judgment currency into any other currency.


 
September 29, 2020 Page 8 Our opinions in numbered paragraph 4 in this letter are limited to Article 9 of the NY UCC, and our opinions in numbered paragraph 5 are limited to Articles 8 and 9 of the NY UCC. Those opinion paragraphs, among other things, do not address collateral of a type not subject to, or excluded from the coverage of, Articles 8 and 9, as the case may be, of the NY UCC. Additionally, (i) We express no opinion with respect to the priority of any security interest or lien. (ii) We express no opinion with respect to any agricultural lien or any collateral that consists of letter-of-credit rights, commercial tort claims, goods covered by a certificate of title, claims against any government or governmental agency, consumer goods, crops growing or to be grown, timber to be cut, goods which are or are to become fixtures, as-extracted collateral or cooperative interests. (iii) We assume the descriptions of collateral contained in, or attached as schedules to, the Loan Documents and any financing statements accurately and sufficiently describe the collateral intended to be covered by the Loan Documents or such financing statements; provided that we make no such assumption as to the sufficiency of any collateral described solely by a type of collateral defined in Article 9 of the NY UCC. Additionally, we express no opinion as to whether the phrases “all personal property” or “all assets” or similarly general phrases would be sufficient to create a valid security interest in the collateral or particular item or items of collateral; however, we note that pursuant to Section 9-504 of the NY UCC the phrases “all assets” or “all personal property” can be a sufficient description of collateral for purposes of perfection by the filing of a financing statement. (iv) We have assumed that the grantor of any security interest has, or with respect to after-acquired property will have, rights in the collateral granted by it or the power to transfer rights in such collateral, and that the grantor has received value, and express no opinion as to the nature or extent of the grantor’s rights in any of the collateral


 
September 29, 2020 Page 9 and we note that with respect to any after-acquired property, the security interest will not attach or be perfected until the grantor acquires such rights or power. (v) We call to your attention the fact that a security interest in “proceeds” (as defined in the NY UCC) of collateral is governed and restricted by Section 9-315 of the NY UCC. (vi) Section 552 of the federal Bankruptcy Code limits the extent to which property acquired by a debtor after the commencement of a case under the federal Bankruptcy Code may be subject to a security interest arising from a security agreement entered into by the debtor before the commencement of such case. (vii) We express no opinion with respect to any property subject to a statute, regulation or treaty of the United States whose requirements for a security interest’s obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the property preempt Section 9-310(a) of the NY UCC. (viii) We express no opinion with respect to any goods which are accessions to, or commingled or processed with, other goods to the extent that the security interest is limited by Section 9-335 or 9-336 of the NY UCC. (ix) We call to your attention that a security interest may not attach or become enforceable or be perfected as to contracts, licenses, permits, equity interests or other property that are not assignable under applicable law, or are subject to consent requirements or contractual or other prohibitions or restrictions on assignment, except to the extent that any such prohibitions, restrictions or consent requirements may be rendered ineffective to prevent the attachment of the security interest pursuant to Sections 9-406, 9-407, 9-408 or 9-409 of the NY UCC, as applicable, and we note that the extent of any security interest created in reliance on such UCC provisions may be limited. In addition, we call to your attention that your rights under the Loan Documents as secured parties may be subject to the provisions of the organizational and governing documents of any entity in which any equity interests (or other rights of equity holders or investors)


 
September 29, 2020 Page 10 are pledged and the provisions of the applicable laws under which any such entity is organized. (x) We express no opinion regarding any security interest in any copyrights, patents, trademarks, service marks or other intellectual property, or any license or sublicense thereof or the proceeds of any of the foregoing except to the extent Article 9 of the NY UCC may be applicable to the foregoing and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, we express no opinion as to the effect of any federal laws relating to copyrights, patents, trademarks, service marks or other intellectual property on the opinions expressed herein. In addition, we call to your attention that any license or sublicense of copyrights, patents, trademarks or other intellectual property may not be assignable unless such license or sublicense affirmatively permits the creation, perfection and enforcement of a security interest therein. (xi) We express no opinion as to the enforceability of any provision of any Loan Document purporting to agree to the classification or type of any property for purposes of the NY UCC. (xii) We express no opinion with respect to the security interest of the Secured Party in any of the following types of property: (a) any commodity contract; (b) an ownership interest evidenced by certificates, stock or other instruments and a leasehold evidenced by a proprietary lease, or either of the foregoing, from a corporation or partnership formed for the purpose of cooperative ownership of real estate; or (c) any property credited to a securities account which property is of a type not subject to Article 9 of the NY UCC regardless of whether the securities intermediary has agreed to treat such property as a financial asset. (xiii) We express no opinion with respect to any property or assets now or hereafter credited to any Securities Account that is a securities account except to the extent that (a) a “security entitlement” (as such term is defined in Section 8-102(a)(17) of the NY UCC) has been created and (b) such asset is a “financial asset” (as such term is defined in Section 8-102(a)(9) of the NY UCC). Furthermore, we express no opinion


 
September 29, 2020 Page 11 with respect to the nature or extent of the Securities Intermediary’s rights in, or title to, the securities or other financial assets underlying any “security entitlement” now or hereafter credited to a securities account. We note that to the extent the Securities Intermediary maintains any financial asset in a “clearing corporation” (as defined in Section 8-102(5) of the NY UCC), pursuant to Section 8-111 of the NY UCC, the rules of such clearing corporation may affect the rights of the Securities Intermediary. (xiv) We call to your attention that the respective issuers of the Collateral Shares (as defined in the Margin Loan Agreement) are organized under the laws of one or more foreign countries, and we express no opinion as to the effect of the laws of any such foreign country on the opinions herein stated. Our opinion with respect to the Collateral Shares is limited to the NY UCC to the extent that the NY UCC may be applicable thereto and we express no opinion as to whether as a comity or otherwise a court may defer to the laws of another jurisdiction. Additionally, we call to your attention that the laws of the jurisdiction of the issuer of the securities may affect, among other things, the exercise of remedies with respect to such security and the exercise of voting or other rights with respect to such security. With your consent, except to the extent we have expressly opined as to such matters with respect to the Borrower or the Guarantor herein, we have assumed (a) that the Loan Documents have been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the parties thereto, (b) that the Loan Documents constitute legally valid and binding obligations of the parties thereto, enforceable against each of them in accordance with their respective terms, and (c) that the status of the Loan Documents as legally valid and binding obligations of the parties is not affected by any (i) breaches of, or defaults under, agreements or instruments, (ii) violations of statutes, rules, regulations or court or governmental orders, or (iii) failures to obtain required consents, approvals or authorizations from, or make required registrations, declarations or filings with, governmental authorities. With your consent, we have also assumed that each Opinion Party is validly existing and in good standing under the laws of its jurisdication of organization and has the


 
September 29, 2020 Page 12 power and authority to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under the Loan Documents to which it is a party. This letter is furnished only to you and is solely for your benefit in connection with the transactions referenced in the first paragraph of this letter. This letter may not be relied upon by you for any other purpose, or furnished to, assigned to, quoted to or relied upon by any other person or entity for any purpose, without our prior written consent, which may be granted or withheld in our discretion. At your request, we hereby consent to reliance hereon by any future assignee of your interest in the loans and commitments under the Margin Loan Agreement pursuant to an assignment that is made and consented to in accordance with the express provisions of Section 9.09 of the Margin Loan Agreement, on the condition and understanding that (i) this letter speaks only as of the date hereof, (ii) we have no responsibility or obligation to update this letter, to consider its applicability or correctness to any person or entity other than its addressee(s), or to take into account changes in law, facts or any other developments of which we may later become aware, and (iii) any such reliance by a future assignee must be actual and reasonable under the circumstances existing at the time of assignment, including any changes in law, facts or any other developments known to or reasonably knowable by the assignee at such time. Furthermore, all rights under this letter may be asserted only in a single proceeding by and through the Administrative Agent or the Required Lenders. Very truly yours, [DRAFT]


 
September 29, 2020 Page 13 Schedule A Citibank, N.A. DNB Bank ASA


 
Exhibit H to Margin Loan Agreement H-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT H FORM OF MARSHALL ISLANDS LAW OPINION [Attached]


 
Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent 390 Greenwich Street, 3rd Floor New York, NY 10013 Our reference:25245.[●]/US/80763332v3 September 29, 2020 Teekay Corporation Ladies and Gentlemen: We have acted as special counsel to Teekay Corporation (the “Guarantor”) on matters of Marshall Islands law in connection with a Guarantee Agreement dated September 29, 2020 (the “Guarantee”) made by the Guarantor in favor of (i) Citibank N.A. as administrative agent (in such capacity, the “Administrative Agent”) for the lenders (the “Lenders”) from time to time party to the Margin Loan Agreement dated September 29, 2020 (the “Margin Loan Agreement”), among (1) Teekay Finance Limited, a Bermuda company, as borrower (the “Borrower”), (2) the Lenders, (3) the Administrative Agent, and (4) Citibank N.A. as collateral agent, upon the terms and subject to the conditions of which, among other things, a loan facility of up to U.S.$150,000,000 has been made available to the Borrower, and (ii) the Lenders, pursuant to which the Guarantor has guaranteed the Guaranteed Obligations of the Borrower described therein. We have also examined originals or photocopies of all such documents, including certificates of public officials and of representatives of the Guarantor, as we have deemed necessary. In such examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals and the conformity with the original documents of all documents submitted to us as photocopies. We have also assumed the power, authority and legal right of all parties (other than the Guarantor) to the Guarantee and the Margin Loan Agreement to enter into and perform their respective obligations thereunder and the due authorization, execution and delivery of the Guarantee and the Margin Loan Agreement by such parties. We have further assumed the validity and enforceability of the Guarantee and the Margin Loan Agreement under all applicable laws other than the law of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. As to any questions of fact material to our opinion, we have, when relevant facts were not independently established, relied upon the aforesaid certificates.


 
Page 2 US/80763332v3 This opinion is limited to the law of the Republic of the Marshall Islands as at the date hereof, and we express no opinion as to the law of any other jurisdiction. In rendering our opinion as to the valid existence in good standing of the Guarantor, we have relied solely on a Certificate of Goodstanding issued by the Registrar of Corporations of the Republic of the Marshall Islands on [●], 2020. Based upon the foregoing, and having regard for the legal considerations which we deem relevant, we are of the opinion that: A. The Guarantor is a corporation domesticated, validly existing and in good standing under the law of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and possesses the capacity to sue and be sued in its own name. B. The Guarantor has the power and authority to enter into, execute, deliver and perform its obligations under the Guarantee. C. The Guarantee has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Guarantor, and constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Guarantor, enforceable in accordance with its terms. D. The authorization, execution, delivery and performance of the Guarantee by the Guarantor will not (i) infringe upon its organizational documents or (ii) contravene any law of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. E. No consent, licenses, permits, approvals (including exchange control approvals), notarizations, exemptions of or authorizations by, or filing with, any governmental authority or regulatory body of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is required as a condition to the legality, validity, performance and enforceability of the Guarantee or its admissibility in evidence. F. Assuming that none of the Lenders or the Administrative Agent (the “Finance Parties”) is doing business in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, it is not necessary under the law of the Republic of the Marshall Islands for the purpose of commencement of legal proceedings by any of the Finance Parties in the courts of the Republic of the Marshall Islands that any of the Finance Parties should be licensed by any governmental authority of, or otherwise registered in any public office or elsewhere in, the Republic of the Marshall Islands. G. Assuming that none of the parties to the Guarantee is carrying on business or conducting transactions in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, no Marshall Islands withholding tax is required to be deducted from any payment of principal, interest or otherwise to be made by the Guarantor pursuant to the provisions of the Guarantee. H. The choice by the Guarantor of New York law to govern the Guarantee constitutes a valid choice of law. I. Assuming that none of the shares of the Guarantor is owned, directly or indirectly, by the Republic of the Marshall Islands or any other sovereign, none of the Guarantor or any of its properties has an immunity from jurisdiction from any court or from any legal process (whether through service of notice, attachment prior to judgment, attachment in aid of execution or otherwise) in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.


 
Page 3 US/80763332v3 J. None of the Finance Parties will be deemed to be resident, domiciled, carrying on business, conducting transactions or subject to taxation in the Republic of the Marshall Islands by reason only of the negotiation, preparation, execution, performance, enforcement of, and/or receipt of any payment due under the Guarantee, and/or the entering into of the transaction contemplated by the Guarantee, or the holding of the obligations of the Guarantor under the Guarantee or any collateral therefor. K. To the best of our knowledge without having made any investigation of agreements (other than our examination of the Guarantee) to which the Guarantor is a party, claims against the Guarantor under the Guarantee will rank at least pari passu with the claims of all unsecured creditors of the Guarantor except those mandatorily preferred by law. L. No stamp or registration duty or similar taxes or charges are payable in respect of the Guarantee. M. The courts of the Republic of the Marshall Islands will recognize as valid and will enforce any judgment for a sum of money obtained by the Administrative Agent against the Guarantor in the court of a foreign country that is final and conclusive and enforceable where rendered, provided that: (i) a foreign judgment is not conclusive if (1) the judgment was rendered under a system which does not provide impartial tribunals or procedures compatible with the requirements of the due process of law, (2) the foreign court did not have personal jurisdiction over the defendant, or (3) the foreign court did not have jurisdiction over the subject matter; and (ii) a foreign judgment need not be recognized if (1) the defendant in the proceedings in the foreign court did not receive notice of the proceedings in sufficient time to enable him to defend, (2) the judgment was obtained by fraud, (3) the cause of action on which the judgment is based is repugnant to the public policy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, (4) the judgment conflicts with another final and conclusive judgment, (5) the proceeding in the foreign court was contrary to an agreement between the parties under which the dispute in question was to be settled otherwise than by proceedings in the court, (6) in the case of jurisdiction based only on personal service, the foreign court was a seriously inconvenient forum for the trial of the action, or (7) the foreign state does not recognize or enforce the judgments of any other foreign nation. The foregoing opinion is subject to the qualifications that: (i) The enforceability of the rights and remedies of any party to the Guarantee (a) may be limited by bankruptcy, reorganization, insolvency, moratorium, fraudulent conveyance or other similar laws affecting generally the enforcement of creditors’ rights from time to time in effect, and (b) is subject to general principles of equity (regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law), including application by a court of competent jurisdiction of principles of good faith, fair dealing, commercial reasonableness, materiality, unconscionability and conflict with public policy or other similar principles; and (ii) Our opinion in paragraph F is given on the basis of the requirements under Marshall Islands law which would apply to companies generally in connection with entering into a document of the type of the


 
Page 4 US/80763332v3 Guarantee or enforcing its rights under it and we have not performed any specific analysis of the individual position of any of the Finance Parties. This opinion is issued solely for the benefit of the Finance Parties, may be relied on solely by the Finance Parties and their respective affiliates, permitted successors and assigns in connection with the transactions described herein and is not to be made available to, or relied upon by, any other person, firm or entity. The opinion may be (a) disclosed if required by law or regulation; and (b) provided for the purposes of information only to any potential assignee or transferee of a Lender and to such Lender’s professional advisors and regulators, but only on the express basis that they may not rely on it. Very truly yours, Watson Farley & Williams LLP


 
Exhibit I to Margin Loan Agreement I-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT I FORM OF BERMUDA LAW OPINION [Attached]


 
#93680814v2 CONYERS DILL & PEARMAN LIMITED Clarendon House, 2 Church Street Hamilton HM 11, Bermuda Mail: PO Box HM 666, Hamilton HM CX, Bermuda T +1 441 295 1422 conyers.com 29 September 2020 Matter No.: 366882 1 441 299 4965 Graham.Collis@conyers.com Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent 390 Greenwich Street, 3rd Floor New York, NY 10013 Citibank, N.A., as Lender 390 Greenwich Street, 3rd Floor New York, NY 10013 DNB Bank ASA Dronning Eufemias gate 30 0191 Oslo Norway Dear Sirs Re: Margin Loan Agreement We have acted as special Bermuda legal counsel to Teekay Finance Limited (the “Company”) in connection with a margin loan agreement dated 29 September 2020 among the Company as borrower, the lenders party thereto (the “Lenders”) and Citibank, N.A. (the “Citibank”) as administrative agent (the “Margin Loan Agreement”). For the purposes of giving this opinion, we have examined the following documents: an executed copy of the Margin Loan Agreement; an executed copy of a pledge and security agreement dated 29 September 2020 between Citibank, as collateral agent for the Lenders and the Company (the “Security Agreement”); and an executed copy of a securities account control agreement dated 29September 2020 between Citibank, in its capacity as collateral agent under the Security Agreement, the Company and Citigroup Global Markets, Inc as custodian.


 
conyers.com | 2 #93680814v2 The documents listed in items (i) through (iii) above are herein sometimes collectively referred to as the "Documents" (which term does not include any other document or agreement whether or not specifically referred to therein or attached as an exhibit or schedule thereto). We have also reviewed the memorandum of association and the bye-laws of the Company (together, the “Constitutional Documents”), each certified by [a Director]/ [the Secretary] of the Company on 30 September 2020, written resolutions of its directors dated 29 September 2020 and written resolutions of its shareholders dated 29 September 2020 (together, the "Resolutions"), and such other documents and made such enquiries as to questions of law as we have deemed necessary in order to render the opinion set forth below. References to ‘searches’ in this opinion refer to searches carried out at the Registrar of Companies and/or the Supreme Court, or responses given on behalf of the Registrar of Companies and/or the Supreme Court to enquiries made by us We have assumed (a) the genuineness and authenticity of all signatures and the conformity to the originals of all copies (whether or not certified) examined by us and the authenticity and completeness of the originals from which such copies were taken; (b) that where a document has been examined by us in draft form, it will be or has been executed in the form of that draft, and where a number of drafts of a document have been examined by us all changes thereto have been marked or otherwise drawn to our attention; (c) the capacity, power and authority of each of the parties to the Documents, other than the Company, to enter into and perform its respective obligations under the Documents; (d) the due execution and delivery of the Documents by each of the parties thereto, other than the Company, and the physical delivery thereof by the Company with an intention to be bound thereby; (e) the accuracy and completeness of all factual representations made in the Documents and other documents reviewed by us; (f) that the Resolutions were passed at one or more duly convened, constituted and quorate meetings or by unanimous written resolutions, remain in full force and effect and have not been rescinded or amended; (g) that the Company is entering into the Documents pursuant to its business of group finance; (h) that there is no provision of the law of any jurisdiction, other than Bermuda, which would have any implication in relation to the opinions expressed herein; (i) the validity and binding effect under the laws of the State of New York (the "Foreign Laws") of the Documents which are expressed to be governed by such Foreign Laws in accordance with their respective terms; (j) the validity and binding effect under the Foreign Laws of the submission by the Company pursuant to the Documents to the non exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the State of New York (the "Foreign Courts"); (k) that none of the parties to the Documents carries on business from premises in Bermuda at which it employs staff and pays salaries and other expenses; (l) that on the date of entering into the Documents the Company is and after entering into the Documents will be able to pay its liabilities as they become due; (m) that the records maintained by the Registrar of Companies, which were the subject of the searches referred to at paragraphs 12 and 13, were complete and accurate in all material respects at the time of such searches; and (n) that the records maintained by the Supreme Court of Bermuda, which were the subject of the searches referred to at paragraph 12 and 14, were complete and accurate in all material respects at the time of such searches. The obligations of the Company under the Documents (a) will be subject to the laws from time to time in effect relating to bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, possessory liens, rights of set off, reorganisation, amalgamation, merger, moratorium or any other laws or legal procedures, whether of a similar nature or otherwise, generally affecting the rights of creditors as well as applicable international sanctions; (b)


 
conyers.com | 3 #93680814v2 will be subject to statutory limitation of the time within which proceedings may be brought; (c) will be subject to general principles of equity and, as such, specific performance and injunctive relief, being equitable remedies, may not be available; (d) may not be given effect to by a Bermuda court, whether or not it was applying the Foreign Laws, if and to the extent they constitute the payment of an amount which is in the nature of a penalty; and (e) may not be given effect by a Bermuda court to the extent that they are to be performed in a jurisdiction outside Bermuda and such performance would be illegal under the laws of that jurisdiction. Notwithstanding any contractual submission to the jurisdiction of specific courts, a Bermuda court has inherent discretion to stay or allow proceedings in the Bermuda courts. We express no opinion as to the enforceability of any provision of the Documents which provides for the payment of a specified rate of interest on the amount of a judgment after the date of judgment or which purports to fetter the statutory powers of the Company. We have made no investigation of and express no opinion in relation to the laws of any jurisdiction other than Bermuda. This opinion is to be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Bermuda and is limited to and is given on the basis of the current law and practice in Bermuda. This opinion is issued solely for your benefit and use in connection with the matter described herein and is not to be relied upon by any other person, firm or entity or in respect of any other matter. On the basis of and subject to the foregoing, we are of the opinion that: 1. The Company is duly incorporated and existing under the laws of Bermuda in good standing (meaning solely that it has not failed to make any filing with any Bermuda governmental authority under the Companies Act 1981, or to pay any Bermuda government fee or tax, which would make it liable to be struck off the Register of Companies and thereby cease to exist under the laws of Bermuda). 2. The Company has the necessary corporate power and authority to enter into and perform its obligations under the Documents. The execution and delivery of the Documents by the Company and the performance by the Company of its obligations thereunder will not violate the memorandum of association or bye laws of the Company nor any applicable law, regulation, order or decree in Bermuda. 3. The Company has taken all corporate action required to authorise its execution, delivery and performance of the Documents. The Documents have been duly executed and delivered by or on behalf of the Company, and constitute the valid and binding obligations of the Company in accordance with the terms thereof. 4. No order, consent, approval, licence, authorisation or validation of or exemption by any government or public body or authority of Bermuda or any sub division thereof is required to authorise or is required in connection with the execution, delivery, performance and enforcement of the Documents. 5. There is no income or other tax of Bermuda imposed by withholding or otherwise on any payment to be made to or by the Company pursuant to the Documents.


 
conyers.com | 4 #93680814v2 6. It is not necessary or desirable to ensure the enforceability in Bermuda of the Documents that they be registered in any register kept by, or filed with, any governmental authority or regulatory body in Bermuda. However, to the extent that any of the Documents creates a charge over assets of the Company, it may be desirable to ensure the priority in Bermuda of the charge that it be registered in the Register of Charges in accordance with Section 55 of the Companies Act 1981. On registration, to the extent that Bermuda law governs the priority of a charge, such charge will have priority in Bermuda over any unregistered charges created after 11 July 1984, and over any subsequently registered charges, in respect of the assets which are the subject of the charge. A registration fee of $665 will be payable in respect of the registration. While there is no exhaustive definition of a charge under Bermuda law, a charge includes any interest created in property by way of security (including any mortgage, assignment, pledge, lien or hypothecation). As the Documents are governed by the Foreign Laws, the question of whether they create such an interest in property would be determined under the Foreign Laws. 7. The Documents will not be subject to ad valorem stamp duty in Bermuda and no registration, documentary, recording, transfer or other similar tax, fee or charge is payable in Bermuda in connection with the execution, delivery, filing, registration or performance of the Documents. 8. The choice of the Foreign Laws as the governing law of the Documents is a valid choice of law and would be recognised and given effect to in any action brought before a court of competent jurisdiction in Bermuda, except for those laws (i) which such court considers to be procedural in nature; (ii) which are revenue or penal laws or (iii) the application of which would be inconsistent with public policy, as such term is interpreted under the laws of Bermuda. The submission in the Documents to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the Foreign Courts is valid and binding upon the Company. 9. The Company has been designated as non-resident of Bermuda for the purposes of the Exchange Control Act, 1972 and, as such, is free to acquire, hold and sell foreign currency and securities without restriction. 10. Citibank and the Lenders will not be deemed to be resident, domiciled or carrying on business in Bermuda by reason only of the execution, performance and/or enforcement of the Documents by Citibank. 11. The courts of Bermuda would recognise as a valid judgment, a final and conclusive judgment in personam obtained in the Foreign Courts against the Company based upon the Documents under which a sum of money is payable (other than a sum of money payable in respect of multiple damages, taxes or other charges of a like nature or in respect of a fine or other penalty) and would give a judgment based thereon provided that (a) such courts had proper jurisdiction over the parties subject to such judgment; (b) such courts did not contravene the rules of natural justice of Bermuda; (c) such judgment was not obtained by fraud; (d) the enforcement of the judgment would not be contrary to the public policy of Bermuda; (e) no new admissible evidence relevant to the action is submitted prior to the rendering of the judgment by the courts of Bermuda; and (f) there is due compliance with the correct procedures under the laws of Bermuda.


 
conyers.com | 5 #93680814v2 12. Based solely on a search of the public records in respect of the Company maintained at the offices of the Registrar of Companies at [] on [] September 2020 (which would not reveal details of matters which have not been lodged for registration or have been lodged for registration but not actually registered at the time of our search) and a search of the Cause Book of the Supreme Court of Bermuda conducted at [] on [] September 2020 (which would not reveal details of proceedings which have been filed but not actually entered in the Cause Book at the time of our search), no details have been registered of any steps taken in Bermuda for the appointment of a receiver or liquidator to, or for the winding-up, dissolution, reconstruction or reorganisation of, the Company, though it should be noted that the public files maintained by the Registrar of Companies do not reveal whether a winding-up petition or application to the Court for the appointment of a receiver has been presented and entries in the Cause Book may not specify the nature of the relevant proceedings. 13. Based solely on a search of the Register of Charges maintained by the Registrar of Companies pursuant to Section 55 of the Companies Act 1981 conducted at [] on [] September 2020 (which would not reveal details of matters which have been lodged for registration but not actually registered at the time of our search), there is one charge registered on the assets of the Company as follows: Serial Number Date Registered Time Registered: Satisfied 38976 02 January 2013 12:49 p.m. No 14. Based solely upon a search of the Cause Book of the Supreme Court of Bermuda conducted at [] on [] September 2020 (which would not reveal details of proceedings which have been filed but not actually entered in the Cause Book at the time of our search), there are no judgments against the Company, nor any legal or governmental proceedings pending in Bermuda to which the Company is subject. Yours faithfully, Conyers Dill & Pearman Limited


 
Exhibit J to Margin Loan Agreement J-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT J FORM OF ASSIGNMENT AND ASSUMPTION This Assignment and Assumption (the “Assignment and Assumption”) is dated as of the Effective Date set forth below and is entered into by and between [Insert name of Assignor] (the “Assignor”) and [Insert name of Assignee] (the “Assignee”). Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given to them in the Margin Loan Agreement identified below (as amended, the “Margin Loan Agreement”), receipt of a copy of which is hereby acknowledged by the Assignee. The Standard Terms and Conditions set forth in Annex 1 attached hereto are hereby agreed to and incorporated herein by reference and made a part of this Assignment and Assumption as if set forth herein in full. For an agreed consideration, the Assignor hereby irrevocably sells and assigns to the Assignee, and the Assignee hereby irrevocably purchases and assumes from the Assignor, subject to and in accordance with the Standard Terms and Conditions and the Margin Loan Agreement, as of the Effective Date inserted by Administrative Agent as contemplated below (i) all of the Assignor’s rights and obligations in its capacity as a Lender under the Margin Loan Agreement and any other documents or instruments delivered pursuant thereto to the extent related to the amount and percentage interest identified below of all of such outstanding rights and obligations of the Assignor under the Facility (including the Guarantee Agreement) and (ii) to the extent permitted to be assigned under applicable law, all claims, suits, causes of action and any other right of the Assignor (in its capacity as a Lender) against any Person, whether known or unknown, arising under or in connection with the Margin Loan Agreement, any other documents or instruments delivered pursuant thereto or the loan transactions governed thereby or in any way based on or related to any of the foregoing, including contract claims, tort claims, malpractice claims, statutory claims and all other claims at law or in equity related to the rights and obligations sold and assigned pursuant to clause (i) above (the rights and obligations sold and assigned pursuant to clauses (i) and (ii) above being referred to herein collectively as the “Assigned Interest”). Such sale and assignment is without recourse to the Assignor and, except as expressly provided in this Assignment and Assumption, without representation or warranty by the Assignor. 1. Assignor: ______________________________ 2. Assignee: ______________________________ [and is [a Lender][an Affiliate of [identify Lender] who is a Lender]] 1 3. Borrower: Teekay Finance Limited 4. Administrative Agent: Citibank, N.A., as the administrative agent under the Margin Loan Agreement 1 Select as applicable.


 
Exhibit J to Margin Loan Agreement J-2 5. Margin Loan Agreement: The Margin Loan Agreement dated as of September 29, 2020 among Teekay Finance Limited, the Lenders parties thereto, and Administrative Agent 6. Assigned Interest: Aggregate Amount of Commitment/Advances for all Lenders Amount of Commitment/Advances Assigned Percentage Assigned of Commitment/Advances 2 $ $ % $ $ % $ $ % Effective Date: _____________ ___, 20___ [TO BE INSERTED BY ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT AND WHICH SHALL BE THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF RECORDATION OF TRANSFER IN THE REGISTER THEREFOR.] The Assignee agrees to receive all notices and other communications at the following address, facsimile number, electronic mail address or telephone number, as provided in Section 9.02 of the Margin Loan Agreement: [Insert contact information for Assignee, including address, facsimile number, electronic mail address and telephone number] The terms set forth in this Assignment and Assumption are hereby agreed to: ASSIGNOR [NAME OF ASSIGNOR] By: Title: ASSIGNEE [NAME OF ASSIGNEE] By: Title: 2 Set forth, to at least 9 decimals, as a percentage of the Commitment/Advances of all Lenders thereunder.


 
Exhibit J to Margin Loan Agreement J-3 [Consented to and] 3 Accepted: CITIBANK, N.A., as Administrative Agent By_________________________________ Title: [Consented to: TEEKAY FINANCE LIMITED]4 By________________________________ Title: 3 To be added only if the consent of Administrative Agent is required by the terms of the Margin Loan Agreement. 4 To be added only if the consent of Borrower is required by the terms of the Margin Loan Agreement.


 
Exhibit J to Margin Loan Agreement J-4 STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR ASSIGNMENT AND ASSUMPTION 1. Representations and Warranties. 1.1 Assignor. The Assignor (a) represents and warrants that (i) it is the legal and beneficial owner of the Assigned Interest, (ii) the Assigned Interest is free and clear of any lien, encumbrance or other adverse claim and (iii) it has full power and authority, and has taken all action necessary, to execute and deliver this Assignment and Assumption and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby; and (b) assumes no responsibility with respect to (i) any statements, warranties or representations made in or in connection with the Margin Loan Agreement, (ii) the execution, legality, validity, enforceability, genuineness, sufficiency or value of the Margin Loan Agreement or any collateral thereunder, (iii) the financial condition of Borrower, any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates or any other Person obligated in respect of the Margin Loan Agreement or (iv) the performance or observance by Borrower, any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates or any other Person of any of their respective obligations under the Margin Loan Agreement. 1.2. Assignee. The Assignee (a) represents and warrants that (i) it has full power and authority, and has taken all action necessary, to execute and deliver this Assignment and Assumption and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby and to become a Lender under the Margin Loan Agreement, (ii) it satisfies the requirements, if any, specified in the Margin Loan Agreement that are required to be satisfied by it in order to acquire the Assigned Interest and become a Lender, (iii) from and after the Effective Date, it shall be bound by the provisions of the Margin Loan Agreement as a Lender thereunder and, to the extent of the Assigned Interest, shall have the obligations of a Lender thereunder, (iv) it has received a copy of the Margin Loan Agreement, together with copies of the most recent financial statements delivered pursuant to Section 5.01 thereof, as applicable, and such other documents and information as it has deemed appropriate to make its own credit analysis and decision to enter into this Assignment and Assumption and to purchase the Assigned Interest on the basis of which it has made such analysis and decision independently and without reliance on Administrative Agent or any other Lender, and (v) attached to the Assignment and Assumption is any documentation required to be delivered by it pursuant to the terms of the Margin Loan Agreement, duly completed and executed by the Assignee; and (b) agrees that (i) it will, independently and without reliance on Administrative Agent, the Assignor or any other Lender, and based on such documents and information as it shall deem appropriate at the time, continue to make its own credit decisions in taking or not taking action under the Margin Loan Agreement, and (ii) it will perform in accordance with their terms all of the obligations which by the terms of the Margin Loan Agreement are required to be performed by it as a Lender. 2. Payments. From and after the Effective Date, Administrative Agent shall make all payments in respect of the Assigned Interest (including payments of principal, interest, fees and other amounts) to the Assignor for amounts which have accrued to but excluding the Effective Date and to the Assignee for amounts which have accrued from and after the Effective Date. 3. General Provisions. This Assignment and Assumption shall be binding upon, and inure to the benefit of, the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns. This Assignment and Assumption may be executed in any number of counterparts, which together shall constitute


 
Exhibit J to Margin Loan Agreement J-5 one instrument. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page of this Assignment and Assumption by telecopy shall be effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart of this Assignment and Assumption. This Assignment and Assumption shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the law of the State of New York without giving effect to its conflict of laws provisions other than Section 5-1401 of the New York General Obligations Law.


 
Exhibit K to Margin Loan Agreement K-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT K FORM OF AMENDMENTS TO BORROWER’S ORGANIZATION DOCUMENTS [Attached]


 
ALTERED


 
Teeklly Finance Limlttd: Amended 11nd Re.lated Memor11ndum of Associallon - 11'' J11nuary 2013 Page 2. r 3. The Company is to be an exempted Company as defined by the Companies Act 1981. 4. The Company, with the consent of the Minister of Finance, has power to hold land situate in Bermuda not exceeding NIL in all, including the following parcels:- NIA 5. The authorised share capital of the Company is US$2,000,000.00 divided into 2,000,000,000 shares of US$0.00 l each. See Schedule I r r 6. The ehjeels fer whieh the Compaay kas eeen farmed anEl ineeFfJerated are te enter inte &Ad perform a Margin LoaH ,,\greemenl (the "Facility Agreement"), to he entered into bet·#eefl the Comp!lfly, as borrov,er, Citibank N.A., as administrati•,·e agent, (the .. B&flk") and the other lenders party thereto, and the related agreements and doe1:1mentation (the "Facility D0e1:1mentation") and matters aAeillary thereto. 7(1). Subject to Paragraph 6 above and Sub-paragraph 7(2) below, the Company has the unrestricted capacity, rights. powers and privileges of a natural person; and (a) pursuant to the provisions of Section 42 of the Companies Act 1981, the Company shall have power to issue preference: shares which are at the option of the holders liable to be redeemed; (b) pursuant to the provisions of Section 42A of the Companies Act I 981, the Company shall have power to purchase its own shares for cancellation; and (c) pursuant to the provisions of Section 42B of the Companies Act 1981, the Company shall have power to purchase its own shares to be held as treasury shares. 7(2). So long as any of the Company's obligations under the Facility Documentation remain outstanding (other than indemnification obligations for which no claim has accrued or been asserted): (a) The Company shall not create, incur, assume or suffer to exist any indebtedness, other than the obligations under the Facility Documentation. (b) The Company shall not create, incur, assume or suffer to exist any lien upon the collateral under the Facility Documentation or any other property or asset. whether now owned or hereafter acquired, other than permitted liens under the Facility Documentation. (c) The Company shall not (i) engage in any activity other than (x:) acquiring and holding the shares of Teekay LNG Partners LP .• a limited partnership organized under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. and Teekay Offshore Partners L.P., a limited partnership organized under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (the "Shares"), and activities incidental thereto or otherwise contemplated by the Facility Documentation, or (y) issuing equity interests, accepting capital contributions and activities incidental to any of the foregoing or (z) making loans of cash owned by the Company and not constituting collateral (or required by the Facility Documentation to be held as collateral) to Teekay Corporation or any subsidiary of Teekay Corporation on arm's-length terms ("Permitted Investments") and activities incidental thereto; (ii) acquire or own any material assets other than the Shares, cash, cash equivalents and other collateral under the Facility Documentation, and property Altered and effective as of 29. 09. 2020


 


 


 
SCHEDULE I THE COMPANIES ACT 1981 AMENDED AND RESTATED MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES (Sections 7(1) and 7(2)) MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF Teekay Finance Limited (hereinafter referred to as “the Company”) 6. The objects for which the Company has been formed and incorporated are to enter into and perform a Margin Loan Agreement (the “Facility Agreement”), to be entered into between the Company, as borrower, Citibank N.A., as Administrative Agent, (the “Bank”) and the other lenders thereto on or around 29 September 2020 and the related agreement and documentation (the “Facility Documentation”) and matters ancillary thereto.


 
Exhibit L to Margin Loan Agreement L-1 #93434686v13 EXHIBIT L FORM OF PERMITTED NOTE [Attached]


 
#93676079v2 SUBORDINATE PROMISSORY NOTE THIS NOTE AND ANY INTEREST HEREIN MAY NOT BE ASSIGNED OR TRANSFERRED BY THE HOLDER HEREOF AT ANY TIME PRIOR TO THE MLA TERMINATION DATE (AS DEFINED HEREIN) WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF THE MLA AGENT (AS DEFINED HEREIN). $111,262,500.00 September 29, 2020 WHEREAS, Teekay Finance Limited, a Bermuda exempted company (“Borrower”) and Teekay GP L.L.C., a Marshall Islands limited liability company (“TGP GP”), have entered into a purchase agreement dated as of the date hereof (the “Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to which TGP GP has agreed to sell and Borrower has agreed to purchase ten million seven hundred and fifty thousand (10,750,000) common units issued to TGP GP by Teekay LNG Partners L.P., a Marshall Islands limited partnership, in exchange for a debt obligation owing from the Borrower to TGP GP in the amount of USD 111,262,500.00. WHEREAS, the Borrower intends to enter into a margin loan agreement (as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “MLA”) on or around the date hereof with Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent (in such capacity, “MLA Agent”) and certain lenders party thereto (“MLA Lenders”), pursuant to which the MLA Lenders have agreed to make loans available to the Borrower from time to time in an aggregate principal amount of up to USD 150,000,000, plus interest, on the terms and conditions set forth in the MLA. FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the Borrower hereby promises to pay to TGP GP (“Lender”), the principal sum of one hundred eleven million two hundred sixty two thousand and five hundred United States Dollars (USD 111,262,500.00)(the “Loan”) on the terms and conditions set forth in this Note. 1. INTERPRETATION 1.1. Definitions. Where used in this Note, each of the following words and phrases has the meaning set out below: (a) “Business Day” means any day except Saturday, Sunday or a statutory holiday in Vancouver or Bermuda. (b) “MLA Obligations” means Borrower’s obligations to the MLA Lenders under the MLA, whether now existing or hereafter arising. (c) “MLA Termination Date” means the first date on which the commitments of the MLA Lenders under the MLA shall have been terminated and all MLA Obligations shall have been paid in full. (d) “Person” means any individual, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, association, joint-stock company, trust, unincorporated organization or governmental entity or other entity.


 
#93676079v2 2 1.2. Currency. All references to currency in this Note are references to United States Dollars. 1.3. Costs and Expenses. Subject to Section 2.2, Borrower shall pay any and all costs and expenses (including but not limited to reasonably attorneys’ fees and disbursements) incurred by Lender in connection with any action, claim or other proceeding instituted for collection of any payment under this Note or the Loan. 1.4. Governing Law; Consent to Jurisdiction. This Note shall in all respects be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York without regard to the conflict of law rules of such state. Any dispute, action, claim or other proceeding arising out of or relating to this Note shall be adjudicated in any U.S. federal or New York state court sitting in New York, New York. 1.5. Amendments. No amendment or waiver of any provision of this Note, nor consent to any departure by Borrower from any such provision, shall in any event be effective unless such amendment, waiver or consent is in a writing signed by Lender and Borrower, and then such waiver or consent shall be effective only in the specific instance and for the specific purpose for which given. Notwithstanding the foregoing, at any time prior to the MLA Termination Date, the Borrower and Lender shall not make any amendments to this Note, and no such amendment shall be effective, without prior written consent of the MLA Agent. 1.6. Severability. If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Note is invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect in any jurisdiction, the validity, legality and enforceability of such provision or provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby in any other jurisdiction and the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby. 1.7. Included Words. Wherever the singular or the masculine is used herein the same shall be deemed to include the plural or the feminine or the body politic or corporate where the context or the parties so require. 1.8. Headings. The headings of the clauses of this Note are inserted for convenience only and shall not affect the construction thereof. 2. TERMS OF THE LOAN 2.1 Loan Amount. This Note is made to evidence the Borrower’s obligation to pay the Lender one hundred eleven million two hundred sixty two thousand and five hundred Dollars (USD 111,262,500.00 in consideration of that certain advance in such amount made this day by the Lender to the Borrower as payment under the Purchase Agreement. 2.2 Subordination. Notwithstanding any other provision to the contrary in this Note, payment of the Loan principal and any other amount hereunder or in connection herewith is subordinate to payment of the MLA Obligations. Until the MLA Termination Date or unless prior written consent has been obtained from the MLA Agent, whether in connection with a liquidation, dissolution, insolvency or bankruptcy of Borrower or otherwise, Borrower shall not pay or owe, and Lender may not receive and retain, any payment of Loan principal or any other amount hereunder or in connection herewith. If Lender receives any amount in connection with this


 
#93676079v2 3 Note to which it is not entitled pursuant to this Section 2.2, Lender shall promptly remit the same to the MLA Agent. 2.3 Payments of Principal. Unless otherwise extended by the Lender in writing, subject to Section 2.2, Borrower shall pay the Loan principal in full on the date that falls on the tenth (10th) anniversary of the date of this Note. 2.4 Prepayments. The Borrower, at any time or times and without premium or penalty, may prepay the unpaid principal amount of the Loan, in whole or in part, provided that at any time prior to the MLA Termination Date, the Borrower may not make such prepayment and the Lender may not accept any such prepayment without prior written consent of the MLA Agent. 2.5 Interest. No interest shall accrue on the unpaid principal amount of the Loan. 2.6 Place of Payments. Except as otherwise provided in this Note, all payments to be made by Borrower to Lender under this Note shall be made to Lender in immediately available funds at such place as Lender shall specify in writing from time to time. 2.7 Application of Payments. All payments made hereunder shall be applied first to the payment of any costs and expenses outstanding hereunder, and second to the payment of the principal amount outstanding under this Note. 2.8 Rescission of Payments. If at any time any payment made by Borrower under this Note is rescinded or must otherwise be restored or returned upon the insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization of Borrower or otherwise, Borrower’s obligation to make such payment shall be reinstated as though such payment had not been made. 2.9 Non-Petition. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Note, the Lender agrees that it will not at any time institute against, or join any Person in instituting against, Borrower any involuntary bankruptcy, reorganization, arrangement, insolvency or liquidation proceedings, or other involuntary proceedings under any United States federal or state bankruptcy, insolvency or similar law, or under the laws of any other jurisdiction. 3. COVENANTS Borrower covenants and agrees with Lender that: 3.1. Further Assurances. The parties hereto agree to execute such further documents and instruments and to take such further actions as may be reasonably necessary to carry out the purposes and intent of this Note. 4. MISCELLANEOUS 6.1. Notices. A notice, demand, consent or request required or permitted to be given pursuant to this Note may only be given in writing and by delivery or by confirmed facsimile or email of a PDF document transmission to the address, facsimile number or email address of such party set out below or at such other address, facsimile number or email address as that party may designate by notice under this Note:


 
#93676079v2 4 if to the Borrower, at: Teekay Finance Limited 4th Floor, Belvedere Building 69 Pitts Bay Road Hamilton, HM 08 Bermuda Attn: Secretary Telephone: (441) 298-2530 Facsimile: (441) 292-3931 Email: BermudaCorpSec@teekay.com if to the Lender, at: Teekay GP L.L.C. 4th Floor, Belvedere Building 69 Pitts Bay Road Hamilton, HM 08 Bermuda Attn: Secretary Telephone: (441) 298-2530 Facsimile: (441) 292-3931 Email: BermudaCorpSec@teekay.com In each case, with a copy to (which copy alone shall not constitute notice): Teekay Shipping (Canada) Ltd. 2000 Bentall 5, 550 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6C 2K2 Attn: Legal Department Any notice aforesaid shall, if actually delivered, be deemed to have been given and made at the time of delivery and if sent by facsimile device or email, be deemed to have been given or made on the day in the jurisdiction of the sender following the date it was sent. 6.2. Time of the Essence. Time is expressly declared and stipulated to be of the essence hereunder in respect of all payments to be made and all covenants, agreements and obligations to be performed and fulfilled hereunder. Any extension of time shall not be deemed to be or to operate in law as a waiver on the part of Lender that time is to be of the essence. 6.3. Non-Business Days. If the date upon which any act or payment hereunder is required to be done or made falls on a day which is not a Business Day, then such act or payment shall be performed or made on the following Business Day.


 
#93676079v2 5 6.4. Granting Extensions, etc. Lender may grant extensions, accept compositions, grant releases and discharges, and otherwise make arrangements and deal with Borrower and with other Persons as Lender may see fit, without prejudice to their respective liability to Lender or Lender’s rights hereunder. 6.5. Enurement; Assignment. This Note will enure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns. Borrower may not assign or transfer this Note or any of its rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of Lender. This Note may be assigned or transferred by Lender to any Person, provided that at any time prior to the MLA Termination Date, the Lender may not assign or transfer this Note or any interest herein without prior written consent of the MLA Agent. The MLA Agent is an express third-party beneficiary of the subordination provisions of this Note and the terms hereof that reference the MLA Agent. 6.6. Counterparts; Electronic Signature. This Note may be executed in any number of counterparts or facsimile counterparts, each of which when executed shall be deemed to be an original and all of which together shall constitute one and the same document. A signature delivered on any counterpart by facsimile or other electronic means shall for all purposes be deemed to be an original signature to this Promissory Note. [Signature Page Follows]


 
#93676079v2 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned execute this Note, effective as of the date first above written. TEEKAY FINANCE LIMITED _______________________________ Name: Title:


 
#93676079v2 ACKNOWLEDGED AND AGREED: TEEKAY GP L.L.C. _______________________________ Name: Title:


 
Execution Version 1. 2. 2.1 Registration


 
2.2 Ineligible Issuer bona fide 2.3 Form of Documents


 
2.4 No Material Misstatements or Omissions in the Registration Statement provided 2.5 No Material Misstatements or Omissions in the Prospectus provided 2.6 No Material Misstatements or Omissions in Documents Incorporated by Reference 2.7 Proceedings Under the Act


 
2.8 Regulation M Exceptions 2.9 Other Sales Agency Agreements 2.10 Formation and Qualification 2.11 Valid Issuance of the Shares 2.12 Ownership of Teekay Holdings 2.13 Ownership of General Partner


 
2.14 Ownership of GP Interest in TGP 2.15 Ownership of Sponsor Interests in TGP and Tankers a) b) 2.16 Ownership of TGP Operating Company


 
2.17 Ownership of Operating Subsidiaries a) b)


 
c) 2.18 No Other Subsidiaries 2.19 No Preemptive Rights or Options 2.20 No Registration Rights


 
2.21 Capitalization 2.22 Authority 2.23 Execution and Delivery of this Agreement 2.24 No Conflicts


 
2.25 No Consents 2.26 No Default 2.27 Conformity of Securities to Description 2.28 No Material Adverse Change


 
2.29 Financial Statements 2.30 Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 2.31 Transfer Taxes 2.32 Title to Properties


 
2.33 Vessel Registration 2.34 Permits


 
2.35 Insurance 2.36 Contracts to be Described or Filed 2.37 Litigation 2.38 Summaries


 
2.39 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions 2.40 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 2.41 Internal Controls 2.42 Disclosure Controls 2.43 No Labor Dispute 2.44 Tax Returns


 
2.45 Environmental Compliance 2.46 Effect of Environmental Laws 2.47 Intellectual Property


 
2.48 No Distribution of Other Offering Materials 2.49 NYSE Listing 2.50 Investment Company 2.51 Passive Foreign Investment Company 2.52 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act


 
2.53 Sanctions Laws and Regulations 2.54 Sanctions Authorities 2.55 Money Laundering Laws 2.56 Brokers


 
2.57 Market Stabilization 2.58 No Restrictions on Subsidiaries 2.59 Cybersecurity; Data Protection


 
2.60 Statistical and Market Data 2.61 XBRL Information 2.62 Immunity 3. 3.1 Sale of Shares by Manager, as Sales Agent a)


 
b) c) d)


 
e) f) g)


 
h) 3.2 Sale of Shares by Manager, as Principal 3.3 Terms Agreement


 
3.4 Limitation on Number and Amount of Shares Sold 3.5 Regulation M Exemption 4. 4.1 Filing of Amendment or Supplement


 
4.2 Notice of Material Change 4.3 Material Misstatements or Omissions in Prospectus


 
4.4 Reports to Security Holders and Manager 4.5 Signed Copies of Registration Statement 4.6 Qualifications 4.7 No Issuer Free Writing Prospectus 4.8 Limitation on Sale of Common Stock


 
4.9 Market Stabilization 4.10 Notifications to Manager 4.11 Certificates


 
4.12 Opinion of Company Counsel 4.13 Opinion of Watson Farley & Williams LLP


 
4.14 Opinion of Alexanders 4.15 Opinion of PwC Legal 4.16 Opinion of Houthoff. 4.17 Opinion of Watson Farley & Williams LLP. 4.18 Opinion of Watson Farley & Williams LLP.


 
4.19 Opinion of Manager Counsel 4.20 Letters of Independent Accountant 4.21 Due Diligence


 
4.22 Manager Trading 4.23 Disclosures in Periodic Reports 4.24 Failure of Certain Conditions 4.25 Affirmation of Representations and Warranties


 
4.26 Sufficient Common Stock for Issuance 4.27 Delivery of Prospectus 4.28 DTC 4.29 Use of Proceeds 4.30 Investment Company; PFIC 4.31 PFIC Notice to Shareholders 4.32 Sanctions Laws and Regulations


 
5. 6.


 
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 a) b) c)


 
d) 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10


 
7. 7.1 7.2 7.3


 
7.4


 
8. 8.1


 
8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 9.


 
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.


 
16. 17. 18. 19.


 


 


 


 
The foregoing Agreement is hereby confirmed and accepted as of the date first written above. By: CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS INC. By: Name: Christa T. Volpicelli Title: Managing Director


 
TGP OPERATING SUBSIDIARIES Company Name Ownership % Country


 


 


 
TANKERS OPERATING SUBSIDIARIES Company Name Ownership % Country


 


 
COMPANY OPERATING SUBSIDIARIES Company Name Ownership % Country Reference is made to the TGP Operating Subsidiaries on Schedule I-A Reference is made to the Tankers Operating Subsidiaries on Schedule 1-B


 


 
TEEKAY CORPORATION. - FLEET LIST Fixed-Rate Floating Production Storage Offtake Vessels - Owned Percent Ownership Flag Year Built TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. - FLEET LIST Fixed-Rate LNG Carriers Percent Ownership Flag Year Built


 
Yamal Spirit LPG Carrier - In-chartered Percent Ownership Flag Year Built LPG Carrier - Owned Percent Ownership Flag Year Built Kapellen 50% Belgium 2018 Koksijde 50% Belgium 2018 Wepion 50% Belgium 2018


 
TEEKAY TANKERS LTD. - FLEET LIST Conventional Tankers - Owned Percent Ownership Flag Year Built Product Tanker Aframax Suezmax


 
VLCC Conventional Tankers - In-chartered Percent Ownership Flag Year Built Aframax


 


 


 


 
[Form of Terms Agreement]


 


 


 


 
Teekay Holdings TGP GP


 
TGP TGP LPA Claim Exceptions Teekay Finance TGP Operating Company TNK


 
Marshall Islands Operating Subsidiaries Marshall Islands Entities Permits


 


 
Execution Version EXCHANGE AGREEMENT between TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. and TEEKAY GP L.L.C. Dated as of May 9, 2020


 
1 EXCHANGE AGREEMENT THIS EXCHANGE AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”), dated as of May 9, 2020, is entered into by and between Teekay LNG Partners L.P., a limited partnership organized under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (the “Partnership”), and Teekay GP L.L.C., a limited liability company organized under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (the “General Partner”). RECITALS A. The General Partner is the general partner of the Partnership and owns (i) all of the General Partner Interest (as defined in the Current Partnership Agreement (as defined below)) in the Partnership and (ii) all of the Incentive Distribution Rights (as defined in the Current Partnership Agreement) in the Partnership (“IDRs”). B. The General Partner has agreed to contribute to the Partnership all of the IDRs held by it in exchange for the issuance by the Partnership to the General Partner of 10,750,000 new Common Units (as defined in the Current Partnership Agreement) (the “New Common Units”) to be issued by the Partnership under the Revised Partnership Agreement (as defined below), having the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions set forth therein, and the Partnership has agreed to issue the New Common Units to the General Partner as consideration for the contribution of the IDRs to the Partnership (collectively, including the amendment and restatement of the Current Partnership Agreement as provided herein, the “Transactions”). C. The conflicts committee (the “Conflicts Committee”) of the board of directors (the “Board”) of the General Partner has (i) received the opinion of Houlihan Lokey Capital, Inc., the financial advisor to the Conflicts Committee, as to the fairness, from a financial point of view, to the Partnership and the holders of the Common Units (other than the General Partner and its Affiliates (as defined below)) (such holders, the “TGP Public Unitholders”) of the New Common Units to be issued by the Partnership as consideration for the IDRs held by the General Partner pursuant to this Agreement, (ii) determined that this Agreement, the Revised Partnership Agreement and the Transactions are advisable, fair and reasonable to (taking into account the totality of the relationships between the parties involved) and in the best interests of the Partnership and the TGP Public Unitholders, (iii) approved this Agreement, the Revised Partnership Agreement and the Transactions, such approval constituting “Special Approval” of this Agreement, the Revised Partnership Agreement and the Transactions for all purposes under the Current Partnership Agreement, including without limitation, Section 7.9(a) thereof, and (iv) recommended that the Board approve this Agreement, the Revised Partnership Agreement and the Transactions. D. The Conflicts Committee, in making its determinations, approvals and recommendations with respect to this Agreement, the Revised Partnership Agreement and the Transactions, did not take any position or make any recommendation with respect to the amendments set forth in Section 14.3(d) of the Revised Partnership Agreement. E. (i) Based upon the Conflicts Committee’s recommendation referenced above, the Board has determined that this Agreement, the Revised Partnership Agreement, and the


 
2 Transactions are fair and reasonable to and in the best interests of the Partnership and the TGP Public Unitholders, (ii) the Board has determined that this Agreement, the Revised Partnership Agreement and the Transactions are fair and reasonable to and in the best interests of the General Partner, acting in its individual capacity and not as the general partner of the Partnership (including in the General Partner’s capacity as the sole holder of the General Partner Interest and the IDRs), and (iii) the Board has determined that this Agreement, the Revised Partnership Agreement and the Transactions are approved, authorized and adopted in all respects. F. The parties hereto have agreed that the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Partnership, dated as of January 1, 2019 (the “Current Partnership Agreement”), shall be amended and restated so as to reflect the cancellation of the IDRs and the issuance of the New Common Units and to make certain other related changes to the Current Partnership Agreement, as permitted under Sections 13.1(d)(i) and 13.1(g) of the Current Partnership Agreement (such amended and restated agreement being referred to as the “Revised Partnership Agreement”). G. The effectiveness of the Revised Partnership Agreement, the contribution by the General Partner to the Partnership of the IDRs and the issuance by the Partnership of the New Common Units are conditioned on each other and shall occur simultaneously at the Effective Time (as defined below). NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of their mutual undertakings and agreements hereunder, the parties hereto undertake and agree as follows: ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS “Affiliate” means, with respect to any Person, any other Person that directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries’ controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, the Person in question. For purposes of this definition, the term “control” (including the correlative meanings of the terms “controlled by” and “under common control with”), as used with respect to any Person, means the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise. Notwithstanding anything in this definition to the contrary, for the purposes of this Agreement, (a) with respect to the General Partner, “Affiliate” excludes at all times the Partnership and its Subsidiaries, and (b) with respect to the Partnership and its Subsidiaries, “Affiliate” excludes at all times the General Partner and any other Person that directly or indirectly controls or is under common control with the General Partner other than the Partnership and its Subsidiaries. “Agreement” has the meaning given such term in the Preamble. “Board” has the meaning given such term in the Recitals. “Conflicts Committee” has the meaning given such term in the Recitals. “Current Partnership Agreement” has the meaning given such term in the Recitals.


 
3 “Effective Time” means 8:30 A.M. Eastern time on May 11, 2020. “General Partner” has the meaning given such term in the Preamble. “Governmental Entity” means any federal, state, local or foreign court, tribunal, administrative body or other governmental or quasi-governmental or regulatory entity, including any head of a government department, body or agency, with competent jurisdiction. “IDRs” has the meaning given such term in the Recitals. “New Common Units” has the meaning given such term in the Recitals. “Partnership” has the meaning given such term in the Preamble. “Person” means an individual or a corporation, firm, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust, unincorporated organization, association, Governmental Entity or political subdivision thereof or other entity. “Revised Partnership Agreement” has the meaning given such term in the Recitals. The Revised Partnership Agreement shall be in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 1. “Securities Act” has the meaning given such term in Section 3.02(d). “Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person, any other Person of which (a) more than 50% of (i) the total combined voting power of all classes of voting securities of such other Person, (ii) the total combined equity interests or (iii) the capital or profit interests, in each case, is beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, by such first Person or (b) the power to vote or to direct the voting of sufficient securities to elect a majority of the board of directors or similar governing body is held by such first Person. “TGP Public Unitholders” has the meaning given such term in the Recitals. “Transactions” has the meaning given such term in the Recitals. ARTICLE II THE TRANSACTIONS SECTION 2.01 Contribution of IDRs. At the Effective Time, the General Partner shall contribute to the Partnership all of its right, title and interest in the IDRs held by it immediately prior to the Effective Time, which IDRs represent all of the issued and outstanding IDRs under the Current Partnership Agreement, and the IDRs shall immediately thereupon be cancelled and shall cease to exist. The Partnership hereby confirms that it is bound by the Current Partnership Agreement and, upon the effectiveness of the Revised Partnership Agreement, it will be bound by the Revised Partnership Agreement. SECTION 2.02 Consideration. At the Effective Time, simultaneously with and as consideration for the contribution of the IDRs to the Partnership, the Partnership shall issue the


 
4 New Common Units to the General Partner. The issuance of the New Common Units shall occur simultaneously with the contribution and cancellation of the IDRs. SECTION 2.03 Certificates. The New Common Units issued in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement may, but are not required to, be evidenced by certificates. SECTION 2.04 Partnership Agreement. The parties hereto acknowledge and agree that at the Effective Time, in order to evidence (i) the contribution and cancellation of the IDRs, (ii) the issuance of the New Common Units, and (iii) certain other related changes to the Current Partnership Agreement, as permitted under Sections 13.1(d)(i) and 13.1(g) of the Current Partnership Agreement, the Revised Partnership Agreement shall become effective. SECTION 2.05 Further Assurances. The parties hereto agree to execute and deliver, or cause to be executed and delivered, such further instruments or documents or take such other action as may be reasonably necessary or convenient to carry out the transactions contemplated hereby. ARTICLE III REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES SECTION 3.01 Partnership. The Partnership represents and warrants to the General Partner as of the date hereof and as of the Effective Time as follows: (a) The Partnership is a limited partnership duly formed and validly existing in good standing under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and has the necessary limited partnership power and authority to execute and deliver, and, subject to the terms and conditions hereof, to perform its obligations under, this Agreement. (b) The Partnership has taken all action as may be necessary to authorize the Revised Partnership Agreement and for the authorization, execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Revised Partnership Agreement, the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the performance of its obligations under this Agreement and the Revised Partnership Agreement. This Agreement and the Revised Partnership Agreement constitute a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Partnership, and is enforceable against the Partnership in accordance with their terms, subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, receivership, reorganization, liquidation and other similar laws relating to or affecting the rights and remedies of creditors generally from time to time in effect and to principles of equity (including concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing), regardless of whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law. (c) Neither the execution and delivery hereof nor the performance of the Partnership’s obligations hereunder will violate or contravene any applicable law, the Current Partnership Agreement or any of the Partnership’s material agreements. (d) The New Common Units and the limited partner interests represented thereby have been duly and validly authorized and, when issued and delivered in accordance with the terms and provisions of this Agreement, will be duly and validly issued and fully paid


 
5 (to the extent required under the Revised Partnership Agreement) and non-assessable (except as such nonassessability may be affected by Sections 30, 41, 51 and 60 of the Marshall Islands Limited Partnership Act. SECTION 3.02 General Partner. The General Partner represents and warrants to the Partnership as of the date hereof and as of the Effective Time as follows: (a) The General Partner is a limited liability company duly formed and validly existing in good standing under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and has the necessary limited liability company power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder. (b) The General Partner has taken all action as may be necessary to authorize the Revised Partnership Agreement and for the authorization, execution and delivery of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the performance of its obligations under this Agreement and the Revised Partnership Agreement. In accordance with Section 13.3(b)(ii) of the Current Partnership Agreement, the General Partner, in its individual capacity as the sole holder of the General Partner Interest and the IDRs, has consented to and approved the Revised Partnership Agreement. This Agreement and the Revised Partnership Agreement constitute legal, valid and binding obligations of the General Partner, enforceable against the General Partner in accordance with their terms, subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, receivership, reorganization, liquidation and other similar laws relating to or affecting the rights and remedies of creditors generally from time to time in effect and to principles of equity (including concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing), regardless of whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law. (c) The General Partner is the beneficial and record holder of all of the IDRs, and such IDRs are owned by the General Partner free and clear of all liens; there is no subscription, option, warrant, call, right, agreement or commitment relating to the issuance, sale, delivery, repurchase, contribution or transfer by the General Partner of such IDRs, except as set forth in the Current Partnership Agreement. (d) The General Partner is an “Accredited Investor” as defined in Rule 501(a) promulgated under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and is acquiring the New Common Units for its own account, and not with a view to any distribution, resale, subdivision or fractionalization thereof in violation of the Securities Act or any other applicable domestic or foreign securities law, and the General Partner has no present plans to enter into any contract, undertaking, agreement or arrangement for any such distribution, resale, subdivision or fractionalization of the New Common Units in violation of the Securities Act or any other applicable domestic or foreign securities law. (e) The General Partner acknowledges that the New Common Units have not been registered under the Securities Act, or the securities laws of any state and may not be sold except pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act or pursuant to an exemption from registration under the Securities Act.


 
6 (f) The General Partner acknowledges that the New Common Units are characterized as “restricted securities” under the federal securities laws inasmuch as they are being acquired from the Partnership in a transaction not involving a public offering and that under such law and applicable regulations such securities may be resold under the Securities Act only in certain limited circumstances. (g) The General Partner acknowledges that the New Common Units are subject to certain restrictions on transfer set forth in the Revised Partnership Agreement. ARTICLE IV CONDITIONS SECTION 4.01 Conditions to Obligations of Each Party. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the respective obligations of each party to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall be subject to the fulfillment of the following conditions: (a) that the agreements and covenants of the other party hereto to be complied with or performed pursuant to the terms hereof shall have been duly complied with or performed; (b) no order shall have been entered and remained in effect in any action or proceeding before any Governmental Entity that would prevent or make illegal the consummation of the transactions contemplated herein; and (c) the representations and warranties of the other party shall remain true and correct at the Effective Time. ARTICLE V MISCELLANEOUS SECTION 5.01 Governing Law. The laws of the State of Delaware shall govern the construction, interpretation and effect of this Agreement, without giving effect to principles of conflicts of law, and the obligations, rights, and remedies of the parties shall be determined in accordance with such laws. SECTION 5.02 Jurisdiction. Each party hereby consents to submit to the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or, if such court shall not have jurisdiction, any federal court located in the State of Delaware or other Delaware state court for any actions, suits or proceedings arising out of or relating to this Agreement and the Transactions (and each party agrees not to commence any action, suit or proceeding relating thereto except in such courts), and further agrees that service of any process, summons, notice or document by registered mail to the address set forth in Section 5.08 shall be effective service of process for any action, suit or proceeding brought against such party in any such court. Each party hereby irrevocably and unconditionally waives any objection to the laying of venue of action, suit or proceeding arising out of this Agreement or the Transactions in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or any state and federal courts located in the State of Delaware and hereby further waives and agrees not to plead or claim in any such court that any such action, suit or proceeding brought in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum.


 
7 SECTION 5.03 WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL. EACH PARTY ACKNOWLEDGES AND AGREES THAT ANY CONTROVERSY WHICH MAY ARISE UNDER THIS AGREEMENT IS LIKELY TO INVOLVE COMPLICATED AND DIFFICULT ISSUES, AND THEREFORE EACH SUCH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY AND UNCONDITIONALLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT SUCH PARTY MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN RESPECT OF ANY ACTION OR PROCEEDING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT, OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED BY THIS AGREEMENT. EACH PARTY CERTIFIES AND ACKNOWLEDGES THAT (I) NO REPRESENTATIVE, AGENT OR ATTORNEY OF ANY OTHER PARTY HAS REPRESENTED, EXPRESSLY OR OTHERWISE, THAT SUCH OTHER PARTY WOULD NOT, IN THE EVENT OF ANY ACTION OR PROCEEDING, SEEK TO ENFORCE THE FOREGOING WAIVER, (II) EACH PARTY UNDERSTANDS AND HAS CONSIDERED THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WAIVER, (III) EACH PARTY MAKES THIS WAIVER VOLUNTARILY, AND (IV) EACH PARTY HAS BEEN INDUCED TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT BY, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MUTUAL WAIVERS AND CERTIFICATIONS IN THIS SECTION 5.02 SECTION 5.04 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall constitute an original, and all of which simultaneously shall constitute one and the same instrument. A signature delivered on any counterpart by facsimile or other electronic means shall for all purposes be deemed to be an original signature to this Agreement. SECTION 5.05 Amendments. All waivers, modifications, amendments or alterations of this Agreement shall require the written approval of each of the parties to this Agreement; provided, however, that this Agreement may not be waived, modified, amended or altered by or on behalf of the Partnership unless such waiver, modification, amendment or alteration is approved by the Conflicts Committee. SECTION 5.06 Assignment. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and the respective successors and assigns. This Agreement shall not be assignable except with the prior written consent of the other party. Any purported assignment in violation of this Agreement shall be null and void. SECTION 5.07 Benefits of Agreement Restricted to Parties. This Agreement is made solely for the benefit of the parties to this Agreement, and no other person or entity (including employees and partners of the Partnership) shall have any right, claim or cause of action under or by virtue of this Agreement. SECTION 5.08 Notices. Any notice, claim or demand in connection with this Agreement shall be delivered to the parties at the following addresses (or at such other address or facsimile number for a party as may be designated by notice by such party to the other party): If to the Partnership, at Teekay LNG Partners L.P. 4th Floor, Belvedere Building


 
8 69 Pitts Bay Road Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda E-Mail: Anne.liversedge@teekay.com Attn: Anne Liversedge and The Conflicts Committee of the Board of Directors of Teekay GP, L.L.C. 4th Floor, Belvedere Building 69 Pitts Bay Road Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda E-Mail: rich.d.paterson@gmail.com Attn: Rich Paterson If to the General Partner, at Teekay GP L.L.C. c/o Teekay Corporation 4th Floor, Belvedere Building 69 Pitts Bay Road Hamilton, HM 08, Bermuda E-Mail: Anne.liversedge@teekay.com Attn: Anne Liversedge and any such notice shall be deemed to have been received (i) forty eight (48) hours from the time of dispatch, if sent by courier or (ii) on the date received by the recipient if sent by e-mail if sent during normal business hours of the recipient or on the next business day if sent after normal business hours of the recipient. SECTION 5.09 Severability. In the event that any provision of this Agreement shall finally be determined to be unlawful, such provision shall, so long as the economic and legal substance of the transactions contemplated hereby is not affected in any materially adverse manner as to any of the parties to this Agreement, be deemed severed from this Agreement and every other provision of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect. SECTION 5.10 Entire Agreement. Except for the Revised Partnership Agreement, this Agreement sets forth the entire agreement and understanding of the parties relating to the subject matter herein and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous discussions between the parties. SECTION 5.11 Titles. The article, section and paragraph titles in this Agreement are only for purposes of convenience and do not form a part of this Agreement and will not be taken to qualify, explain, or affect any provision thereof. [Signature page follows.]


 
[Signature Page to the Exchange Agreement] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Exchange Agreement has been executed on behalf of each of the parties hereto effective as of the day and year first above written. TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. By: TEEKAY GP L.L.C., its general partner By: Name: Anne Liversedge Title: Secretary TEEKAY GP L.L.C. By: Name: Anne Liversedge Title: Secretary (Place of execution: Hamilton, Bermuda)


 
Exhibit 1 Revised Partnership Agreement (See attached.)


 
Execution Version Active 45747546.8 FIFTH AMENDED AND RESTATED AGREEMENT OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP OF TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P.


 
TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. FIFTH AMENDED AND RESTATED AGREEMENT OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP i TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS Section 1.1 Definitions........................................................................................................... 1 Section 1.2 Construction. ..................................................................................................... 14 ARTICLE II ORGANIZATION Section 2.1 Formation. ......................................................................................................... 15 Section 2.2 Name. ................................................................................................................ 15 Section 2.3 Registered Office; Registered Agent; Principal Office; Other Offices ............ 15 Section 2.4 Purpose and Business. ....................................................................................... 15 Section 2.5 Powers. .............................................................................................................. 16 Section 2.6 Power of Attorney. ............................................................................................ 16 Section 2.7 Term. ................................................................................................................. 17 Section 2.8 Title to Partnership Assets. ............................................................................... 17 ARTICLE III RIGHTS OF LIMITED PARTNERS Section 3.1 Limitation of Liability....................................................................................... 18 Section 3.2 Management of Business. ................................................................................. 18 Section 3.3 Outside Activities of the Limited Partners. ....................................................... 18 Section 3.4 Rights of Limited Partners. ............................................................................... 19 ARTICLE IV CERTIFICATES; RECORD HOLDERS; TRANSFER OF PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS; REDEMPTION OF PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS Section 4.1 Certificates. ....................................................................................................... 19 Section 4.2 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Certificates. ........................................... 20 Section 4.3 Record Holders. ................................................................................................ 21 Section 4.4 Transfer Generally. ........................................................................................... 21 Section 4.5 Registration and Transfer of Limited Partner Interests..................................... 21 Section 4.6 Transfer of the General Partner’s General Partner Interest. ............................. 22


 
TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. FIFTH AMENDED AND RESTATED AGREEMENT OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP ii Section 4.7 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 22 Section 4.8 Restrictions on Transfers. ................................................................................. 22 ARTICLE V CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND ISSUANCE OF PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS Section 5.1 Exchange of Incentive Distribution Rights. ...................................................... 23 Section 5.2 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 23 Section 5.3 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 23 Section 5.4 Interest and Withdrawal. ................................................................................... 23 Section 5.5 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 23 Section 5.6 Issuances of Additional Partnership Securities. ................................................ 24 Section 5.7 Limitations on Issuance of Additional Partnership Securities. ......................... 24 Section 5.8 Limited Preemptive Right. ................................................................................ 24 Section 5.9 Splits and Combinations. .................................................................................. 25 Section 5.10 Fully Paid and Non-Assessable Nature of Limited Partner Interests. .............. 26 ARTICLE VI DISTRIBUTIONS Section 6.1 Allocations. ....................................................................................................... 26 Section 6.2 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 26 Section 6.3 Distributions to Record Holders. ...................................................................... 26 Section 6.4 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 27 Section 6.5 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 27 Section 6.6 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 27 Section 6.7 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 27 Section 6.8 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 27 ARTICLE VII MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION OF BUSINESS Section 7.1 Management. ..................................................................................................... 27 Section 7.2 Certificate of Limited Partnership. ................................................................... 29 Section 7.3 Restrictions on the General Partner’s Authority. .............................................. 29 Section 7.4 Reimbursement of the General Partner. ............................................................ 30 Section 7.5 Outside Activities.............................................................................................. 31


 
TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. FIFTH AMENDED AND RESTATED AGREEMENT OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP iii Section 7.6 Loans from the General Partner; Loans or Contributions from the Partnership or Group Members. ....................................................................... 32 Section 7.7 Indemnification. ................................................................................................ 33 Section 7.8 Liability of Indemnitees. ................................................................................... 34 Section 7.9 Resolution of Conflicts of Interest; Standards of Conduct and Modification of Duties. .................................................................................... 35 Section 7.10 Other Matters Concerning the General Partner. ............................................... 37 Section 7.11 Purchase or Sale of Partnership Securities........................................................ 37 Section 7.12 Registration Rights of the General Partner and its Affiliates. .......................... 37 Section 7.13 Reliance by Third Parties. ................................................................................. 40 ARTICLE VIII BOOKS, RECORDS, ACCOUNTING AND REPORTS Section 8.1 Records and Accounting. .................................................................................. 40 Section 8.2 Fiscal Year. ....................................................................................................... 40 Section 8.3 Reports. ............................................................................................................. 41 ARTICLE IX TAX MATTERS Section 9.1 Tax Returns and Information. ........................................................................... 41 Section 9.2 Tax Elections. ................................................................................................... 41 Section 9.3 Tax Controversies. ............................................................................................ 41 Section 9.4 Withholding. ..................................................................................................... 42 Section 9.5 Conduct of Operations. ..................................................................................... 42 ARTICLE X ADMISSION OF PARTNERS Section 10.1 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 42 Section 10.2 Admission of Additional Limited Partners. ...................................................... 42 Section 10.3 Admission of Successor General Partner. ......................................................... 43 Section 10.4 Amendment of Agreement and Certificate of Limited Partnership. ................. 43 ARTICLE XI WITHDRAWAL OR REMOVAL OF PARTNERS


 
TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. FIFTH AMENDED AND RESTATED AGREEMENT OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP iv Section 11.1 Withdrawal of the General Partner. .................................................................. 44 Section 11.2 Removal of the General Partner. ....................................................................... 45 Section 11.3 Interest of Departing Partner and Successor General Partner. .......................... 45 Section 11.4 Withdrawal of Limited Partners........................................................................ 47 ARTICLE XII DISSOLUTION AND LIQUIDATION Section 12.1 Dissolution. ....................................................................................................... 47 Section 12.2 Continuation of the Business of the Partnership After Dissolution. ................. 47 Section 12.3 Liquidator. ......................................................................................................... 48 Section 12.4 Liquidation. ....................................................................................................... 49 Section 12.5 Cancellation of Certificate of Limited Partnership. .......................................... 49 Section 12.6 Return of Contributions. ................................................................................... 50 Section 12.7 Waiver of Partition. ........................................................................................... 50 ARTICLE XIII AMENDMENT OF PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT; MEETINGS; RECORD DATE Section 13.1 Amendments to be Adopted Solely by the General Partner. ............................ 50 Section 13.2 Amendment Procedures. ................................................................................... 51 Section 13.3 Amendment Requirements................................................................................ 52 Section 13.4 Special Meetings. .............................................................................................. 52 Section 13.5 Notice of a Meeting. ......................................................................................... 53 Section 13.6 Record Date. ..................................................................................................... 53 Section 13.7 Adjournment. .................................................................................................... 53 Section 13.8 Waiver of Notice; Approval of Meeting; Approval of Minutes. ...................... 53 Section 13.9 Quorum and Voting. ......................................................................................... 54 Section 13.10 Conduct of a Meeting........................................................................................ 54 Section 13.11 Action Without a Meeting. ............................................................................... 55 Section 13.12 Right to Vote and Related Matters.................................................................... 55 ARTICLE XIV MERGER Section 14.1 Authority. .......................................................................................................... 56 Section 14.2 Procedure for Merger or Consolidation. ........................................................... 56


 
TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. FIFTH AMENDED AND RESTATED AGREEMENT OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v Section 14.3 Approval by Limited Partners of Merger or Consolidation. ............................. 57 Section 14.4 Certificate of Merger......................................................................................... 58 Section 14.5 Amendment of Partnership Agreement. ........................................................... 58 Section 14.6 Effect of Merger. ............................................................................................... 58 ARTICLE XV RIGHT TO ACQUIRE LIMITED PARTNER INTERESTS Section 15.1 Right to Acquire Limited Partner Interests. ...................................................... 59 ARTICLE XVI PREFERRED UNITS Section 16.1 Designation. ...................................................................................................... 61 Section 16.2 Units. ................................................................................................................. 61 Section 16.3 Distributions. ..................................................................................................... 61 Section 16.4 [Reserved]. ........................................................................................................ 63 Section 16.5 Voting Rights. ................................................................................................... 63 Section 16.6 Optional Redemption. ....................................................................................... 65 Section 16.7 Rank. ................................................................................................................. 67 Section 16.8 No Sinking Fund. .............................................................................................. 68 Section 16.9 Record Holders. ................................................................................................ 68 Section 16.10 Notices. ............................................................................................................. 68 Section 16.11 Other Rights; Fiduciary Duties. ........................................................................ 68 ARTICLE XVII GENERAL PROVISIONS Section 17.1 Addresses and Notices. ..................................................................................... 69 Section 17.2 Further Action. .................................................................................................. 69 Section 17.3 Binding Effect. .................................................................................................. 69 Section 17.4 Integration. ........................................................................................................ 69 Section 17.5 Creditors. ........................................................................................................... 70 Section 17.6 Waiver. .............................................................................................................. 70 Section 17.7 Counterparts. ..................................................................................................... 70 Section 17.8 Applicable Law. ................................................................................................ 70 Section 17.9 Invalidity of Provisions. .................................................................................... 70


 
TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. FIFTH AMENDED AND RESTATED AGREEMENT OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP vi Section 17.10 Consent of Partners. .......................................................................................... 70 Section 17.11 Facsimile Signatures. ........................................................................................ 70


 
Active 45747546.8 FIFTH AMENDED AND RESTATED AGREEMENT OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP OF TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. THIS FIFTH AMENDED AND RESTATED AGREEMENT OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP OF TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. dated as of May 11, 2020 (the “Effective Date”), is entered into by Teekay GP L.L.C., a Marshall Islands limited liability company, as the General Partner, and, solely with respect to Section 16.5(b), Teekay Holdings Limited, a Bermuda company, together with any other Persons who become Partners in the Partnership or parties hereto as provided herein. In consideration of the covenants, conditions and agreements contained herein, the parties hereto hereby agree as follows: ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS Section 1.1 Definitions. The following definitions shall be for all purposes, unless otherwise clearly indicated to the contrary, applied to the terms used in this Agreement. “Affiliate” means, with respect to any Person, any other Person that directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries’ controls, is controlled by or is under common control with, the Person in question. As used herein, the term “control” means the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise. “Agreed Value” of any Contributed Property or distributed property means the fair market value of such property or other consideration at the time of contribution or distribution as determined by the General Partner. The General Partner shall use such method as it determines to be appropriate to allocate the aggregate Agreed Value of Contributed Properties contributed to or distributed by the Partnership in a single or integrated transaction among each separate property on a basis proportional to the fair market value of each Contributed Property or distributed property. “Agreement” means this Fifth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Teekay LNG Partners L.P., as it may be amended, supplemented or restated from time to time. “arrears” means, with respect to Preferred Unit Distributions for a particular series of Preferred Units for any applicable Preferred Unit Distribution Period, that the full cumulative Preferred Unit Distributions for such series to and including the last day of the most recently completed Preferred Unit Distribution Period of such series through the most recent Preferred Unit Distribution Payment Date for such series have not been paid on all Outstanding Preferred Units of such series. “Associate” means, when used to indicate a relationship with any Person, (a) any corporation or organization of which such Person is a director, officer or partner or is, directly or indirectly, the owner of 20% or more of any class of voting stock or other voting interest; (b) any trust or other estate in which such Person has at least a 20% beneficial interest or as to which


 
2 such Person serves as trustee or in a similar fiduciary capacity; and (c) any relative or spouse of such Person, or any relative of such spouse, who has the same principal residence as such Person. “Available Cash” means, with respect to any Quarter ending prior to the Liquidation Date: (a) the sum of (i) all cash and cash equivalents of the Partnership Group (or the Partnership’s proportionate share of cash and cash equivalents in the case of Subsidiaries that are not wholly owned) on hand at the end of such Quarter, and (ii) all additional cash and cash equivalents of the Partnership Group (or the Partnership’s proportionate share of cash and cash equivalents in the case of Subsidiaries that are not wholly owned) on hand on the date of determination of Available Cash with respect to such Quarter resulting from Working Capital Borrowings made subsequent to the end of such Quarter, less (b) the amount of any cash reserves (or the Partnership’s proportionate share of cash reserves in the case of Subsidiaries that are not wholly owned) established by the General Partner to (i) provide for the proper conduct of the business of the Partnership Group (including reserves for future capital expenditures and for anticipated future credit needs of the Partnership Group) subsequent to such Quarter, (ii) comply with applicable law or any loan agreement, security agreement, mortgage, debt instrument or other agreement or obligation to which any Group Member is a party or by which it is bound or its assets are subject, or (iii) provide funds for Preferred Unit Payments; provided, however, that disbursements made by a Group Member or cash reserves established, increased or reduced after the end of such Quarter but on or before the date of determination of Available Cash with respect to such Quarter shall be deemed to have been made, established, increased or reduced, for purposes of determining Available Cash, within such Quarter if the General Partner so determines. “Board of Directors” means the board of directors or managers of a corporation or limited liability company, as applicable, or if a limited partnership, the board of directors or board of managers of the general partner of such limited partnership. “Business Day” means Monday through Friday of each week, except that a legal holiday recognized as such by the government of the United States of America or the State of New York shall not be regarded as a Business Day. “Calculation Agent” means a calculation agent appointed by the General Partner prior to the commencement of the Series B Floating Rate Period. If the General Partner is unable to obtain a third-party to serve as calculation agent, the calculation agent may be the General Partner or an Affiliate of the General Partner. “Capital Contribution” means any cash, cash equivalents or the Net Agreed Value of Contributed Property that a Partner contributes to the Partnership. “Cause” means a court of competent jurisdiction has entered a final, non-appealable judgment finding the General Partner liable for actual fraud, gross negligence or willful or wanton misconduct in its capacity as a general partner of the Partnership.


 
3 “Certificate” means a certificate (i) substantially in the form of Exhibit A with respect to Common Units, Exhibit B with respect to Series A Preferred Units or Exhibit C with respect to Series B Preferred Units, to this Agreement, (ii) issued in global or book entry form in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Depository or (iii) in such other form as may be adopted by the General Partner, issued by the Partnership evidencing ownership of one or more Common Units or Preferred Units, or a certificate, in such form as may be adopted by the General Partner, issued by the Partnership evidencing ownership of one or more other Partnership Securities. “Certificate of Limited Partnership” means the Certificate of Limited Partnership of the Partnership filed with the Registrar of Corporations of the Marshall Islands as referenced in Section 7.2 as such Certificate of Limited Partnership may be amended, supplemented or restated from time to time. “claim” (as used in Section 7.12(c)) has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 7.12(c). “Closing Date” means the first date on which Common Units are sold by the Partnership to the Underwriters pursuant to the provisions of the Underwriting Agreement. “Closing Price” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 15.1(a). “Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended and in effect from time to time. Any reference herein to a specific section or sections of the Code shall be deemed to include a reference to any corresponding provision of any successor law. “Combined Interest” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 11.3(a). “Commission” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. “Common Unit” means a Partnership Security having the rights and obligations specified with respect to Common Units in this Agreement. “Conflicts Committee” means a committee of the Board of Directors of the General Partner composed entirely of two or more directors who are not (a) security holders, officers or employees of the General Partner, (b) officers, directors or employees of any Affiliate of the General Partner or (c) holders of any ownership interest in the Partnership Group other than Common Units and who also meet the independence standards required of directors who serve on an audit committee of a board of directors established by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder and by the National Securities Exchange on which the Common Units are listed. “Contributed Property” means each property or other asset, in such form as may be permitted by the Marshall Islands Act, but excluding cash, contributed to the Partnership. “Contribution Agreement” means that certain Contribution, Conveyance and Assumption Agreement, dated as of the Closing Date, among the General Partner, the Partnership, the


 
4 Operating Company, Teekay Corporation and the other parties named therein, together with the additional conveyance documents and instruments contemplated or referenced thereunder. “Current Market Price” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 15.1(a). “Departing Partner” means a former General Partner from and after the effective date of any withdrawal or removal of such former General Partner pursuant to Section 11.1 or 11.2. “Depository” means, with respect to any Partnership Securities issued in global form, The Depository Trust Company and its successors and permitted assigns. “Effective Date” has the meaning assigned to such term in the preamble. “Event of Withdrawal” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 11.1(a). “Exchange Agreement” means that certain Exchange Agreement, dated as of the Effective Date, by and between the Partnership and the General Partner, pursuant to which (i) the Incentive Distribution Rights held by the General Partner were contributed to the Partnership in exchange for Common Units and (ii) the Incentive Distribution Rights were cancelled. “General Partner” means Teekay GP L.L.C., a Marshall Islands limited liability company, and its successors and permitted assigns as general partner of the Partnership. “General Partner Interest” means the ownership interest of the General Partner in the Partnership (in its capacity as a general partner without reference to any Limited Partner Interest held by it) which may be evidenced by Partnership Securities or a combination thereof or interest therein, and includes any and all benefits to which the General Partner is entitled as provided in this Agreement, together with all obligations of the General Partner to comply with the terms and provisions of this Agreement. “Group” means a Person that with or through any of its Affiliates or Associates has any agreement, arrangement or understanding for the purpose of acquiring, holding, voting (except voting pursuant to a revocable proxy or consent given to such Person in response to a proxy or consent solicitation made to 10 or more Persons) or disposing of any Partnership Securities with any other Person that beneficially owns, or whose Affiliates or Associates beneficially own, directly or indirectly, Partnership Securities. “Group Member” means a member of the Partnership Group. “Group Member Agreement” means the partnership agreement of any Group Member, other than the Partnership, that is a limited or general partnership, the limited liability company agreement of any Group Member that is a limited liability company, the certificate of incorporation and bylaws or similar organizational documents of any Group Member that is a corporation, the joint venture agreement or similar governing document of any Group Member that is a joint venture and the governing or organizational or similar documents of any other Group Member that is a Person other than a limited or general partnership, limited liability company, corporation or joint venture, in each case as such may be amended, supplemented or restated from time to time.


 
5 “Holder” as used in Section 7.12, has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 7.12(a). “Incentive Distribution Right” means a non-voting Limited Partner Interest that, prior to the effectiveness of the transactions contemplated by the Exchange Agreement and this Agreement, was held by the General Partner and pursuant to which the General Partner was entitled to certain incentive distributions under the Prior Agreement. “Indemnified Persons” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 7.12(c). “Indemnitee” means (a) the General Partner, (b) any Departing Partner, (c) any Person who is or was an Affiliate of the General Partner or any Departing Partner, (d) any Person who is or was a member, partner, director, officer, fiduciary or trustee of any Person which any of the preceding clauses of this definition describes, (e) any Person who is or was serving at the request of the General Partner or any Departing Partner or any Affiliate of the General Partner or any Departing Partner as an officer, director, member, partner, fiduciary or trustee of another Person, provided that that Person shall not be an Indemnitee by reason of providing, on a fee-for-services basis, trustee, fiduciary or custodial services, and (f) any Person the General Partner designates as an “Indemnitee” for purposes of this Agreement. “Initial Offering” means the initial offering and sale of Common Units to the public, as described in the Registration Statement. “Junior Securities” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 16.7. “Limited Partner” means, unless the context otherwise requires, each Person that is a Limited Partner as of the Effective Date, each additional Person that becomes a Limited Partner pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, and any Departing Partner upon the change of its status from General Partner to Limited Partner pursuant to Section 11.3. Limited Partners may include custodians, nominees or any other individual entity in its own or any representative capacity. “Limited Partner Interest” means the ownership interest of a Limited Partner in the Partnership, which may be evidenced by Common Units, Preferred Units or other Partnership Securities or a combination thereof or interest therein, and includes any and all benefits to which such Limited Partner is entitled as provided in this Agreement, together with all obligations of such Limited Partner to comply with the terms and provisions of this Agreement. “Liquidation Date” means (a) in the case of an event giving rise to the dissolution of the Partnership of the type described in clauses (a) and (b) of the first sentence of Section 12.2, the date on which the applicable time period during which the holders of Outstanding Common Units have the right to elect to continue the business of the Partnership has expired without such an election being made, and (b) in the case of any other event giving rise to the dissolution of the Partnership, the date on which such event occurs. “Liquidator” means one or more Persons selected by the General Partner to perform the functions described in Section 12.4.


 
6 “London Business Day” means any day on which dealings in deposits in U.S. dollars are transacted in the London interbank market. “Marshall Islands Act” means the Limited Partnership Act of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, as amended, supplemented or restated from time to time, and any successor to such statute. “Merger Agreement” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 14.1. “National Securities Exchange” means an exchange registered with the Commission under Section 6(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, supplemented or restated from time to time, and any successor to such statute. “Net Agreed Value” means, (a) in the case of any Contributed Property, the Agreed Value of such property reduced by any liabilities either assumed by the Partnership upon such contribution or to which such property is subject when contributed, and (b) in the case of any property distributed to a Partner by the Partnership, the Partnership’s Agreed Value of such property at the time such property is distributed, reduced by any indebtedness either assumed by such Partner upon such distribution or to which such property is subject at the time of distribution. “Notice of Election to Purchase” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 15.1(b). “Notional General Partner Units” means notional units used solely to calculate the General Partner’s Percentage Interest. Notional General Partner Units shall not constitute “Units” for any purpose of this Agreement. As of the Effective Date there are 1,554,525 Notional General Partner Units (resulting in the General Partner’s Percentage Interest being 1.76% as of such date). If a Pro Rata distribution or a subdivision or combination of Units is made in accordance with Section 5.9, the number of Notional General Partner Units shall be proportionally increased or decreased, as applicable, to reflect the maintenance of such Percentage Interest. “Omnibus Agreement” means that Amended and Restated Omnibus Agreement, dated as of December 19, 2006, among Teekay Corporation, the General Partner, the Partnership, the Operating Company, Teekay Offshore GP, L.L.C., Altera Infrastructure L.P. (formerly known as Teekay Offshore Partners L.P.), and Teekay Offshore Operating L.P. “Operating Company” means Teekay LNG Operating L.L.C., a Marshall Islands limited liability company, and any successors thereto. “Operating Company Agreement” means the Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of the Operating Company, as it may be amended, supplemented or restated from time to time. “Opinion of Counsel” means a written opinion of counsel (who may be regular counsel to the Partnership or the General Partner or any of its Affiliates) acceptable to the General Partner.


 
7 “Organizational Limited Partner” means Teekay Corporation in its capacity as the organizational limited partner of the Partnership pursuant to this Agreement. “Outstanding” means, with respect to Partnership Securities, all Partnership Securities that are issued by the Partnership and reflected as outstanding on the Partnership’s books and records as of the date of determination; provided, however, that if at any time any Person or Group (other than the General Partner or its Affiliates) beneficially owns 20% or more of any Outstanding Partnership Securities of any class or series then Outstanding, all Partnership Securities owned by such Person or Group shall not be voted on any matter and shall not be considered to be Outstanding when sending notices of a meeting of Limited Partners to vote on any matter (unless otherwise required by law), calculating required votes, determining the presence of a quorum or for other similar purposes under this Agreement; provided, further, that the foregoing limitation shall not apply (i) to any Person or Group who acquired 20% or more of any Outstanding Partnership Securities of any class or series then Outstanding directly from the General Partner or its Affiliates, (ii) to any Person or Group who acquired 20% or more of any Outstanding Partnership Securities of any class or series then Outstanding directly or indirectly from a Person or Group described in clause (i) provided that the General Partner shall have notified such Person or Group in writing that such limitation shall not apply, (iii) to any Person or Group who acquired 20% or more of any Partnership Securities issued by the Partnership with the prior approval of the Board of Directors of the General Partner or (iv) with respect to any voting rights thereof, Preferred Units. “Parity Securities” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 16.7(b). “Partners” means the General Partner and the Limited Partners. “Partnership” means Teekay LNG Partners L.P., a Marshall Islands limited partnership, and any successors thereto. “Partnership Group” means the Partnership and its Subsidiaries treated as a single consolidated entity. “Partnership Interest” means an interest in the Partnership, which shall include the General Partner Interest and Limited Partner Interests. “Partnership Representative” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.3. “Partnership Security” means any class or series of equity interest in the Partnership (but excluding any options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to an equity interest in the Partnership), including without limitation, Common Units and Preferred Units. “Paying Agent” means Computershare, acting in its capacity as paying agent for the particular series of Preferred Units, and its respective successors and assigns or any other payment agent appointed by the General Partner; provided, however, that if no paying agent is specifically designated for the particular series of Preferred Units, the General Partner shall act in such capacity.


 
8 “Percentage Interest” means as of any date of determination as to the General Partner with respect to the General Partner Interest (in its capacity as General Partner without reference to any Limited Partner Interests held by it and calculated based upon the number of Notional General Partner Units then deemed held by the General Partner), which General Partner Interest as of the Effective Date and immediately prior to giving effect to the transactions contemplated by the Exchange Agreement was 2.0%, and as to any Unitholder holding Units (other than Preferred Units), the quotient obtained by dividing (a) the number of Notional General Partner Units deemed held by the General Partner or the number of Units (other than Preferred Units) held by such Unitholder, as the case may be, by (b) the total number of Notional General Partner Units deemed held by the General Partner and all Outstanding Units (other than Preferred Units). The Percentage Interest with respect to a Preferred Unit shall at all times be zero. “Person” means an individual or a corporation, firm, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust, unincorporated organization, association, governmental agency or political subdivision thereof or other entity. “Preferred Unit Distribution Payment Date” means the Series A Distribution Payment Date or Series B Distribution Payment Date, as applicable. “Preferred Unit Distribution Period” means the Series A Distribution Period and/or the Series B Distribution Period, as applicable. “Preferred Unit Distributions” means Series A Distributions and/or Series B Distributions, as applicable. “Preferred Unit Holders” means Series A Holders and/or Series B Holders, as applicable. “Preferred Unit Liquidation Preference” means the Series A Liquidation Preference or the Series B Liquidation Preference, as applicable. “Preferred Unit Payments” means Series A Payments and/or Series B Payments, as applicable. “Preferred Units” means a Partnership Security, designated as a “Preferred Unit,” which entitles the holder thereof to a preference with respect to distributions over Common Units, including the Series A Preferred Units and the Series B Preferred Units. “Prior Agreement” means the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Partnership dated as of January 1, 2019. “Pro Rata” means (a) when modifying Units (other than Preferred Units) or any class or series thereof, apportioned equally among all designated Units (other than Preferred Units) in accordance with their relative Percentage Interests, (b) when modifying Partners or Record Holders, apportioned among all Partners or Record Holders in accordance with their relative Percentage Interests and (c) when modifying holders of Preferred Units (or a particular series thereof), apportioned equally among all holders of Preferred Units (or such series thereof) in accordance with the relative number or percentage of Preferred Units (or such series thereof), as applicable, held by such holder.


 
9 “Purchase Date” means the date determined by the General Partner as the date for purchase of all Outstanding Limited Partner Interests of a certain class or series (other than Limited Partner Interests owned by the General Partner and its Affiliates) pursuant to Article XV. “Quarter” means, unless the context requires otherwise, a fiscal quarter of the Partnership. “Record Date” means the date established by the General Partner for determining (a) the identity of the Record Holders entitled to notice of, or to vote at, any meeting of Limited Partners or entitled to vote by ballot or give approval of Partnership action in writing without a meeting or entitled to exercise rights in respect of any lawful action of Limited Partners or (b) the identity of Record Holders entitled to receive any report or distribution or to participate in any offer. “Record Holder” means (a) the Person in whose name a Common Unit is registered on the books of the Transfer Agent as of the opening of business on a particular Business Day, (b) the Person in whose name a Preferred Unit is registered on the books of the Transfer Agent as of, unless otherwise set forth in Article XVI, the opening of business on a particular Business Day, or (c) with respect to other Partnership Securities, the Person in whose name any such other Partnership Security is registered on the books that the General Partner has caused to be kept as of the opening of business on such Business Day. “Registrar” means the Registrar of Corporations as defined in Section 4 of the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act. “Registration Statement” means the Registration Statement on Form F-1 (Registration No. 333-120727) as it has been or as it may be amended or supplemented from time to time, filed by the Partnership with the Commission under the Securities Act to register the offering and sale of the Common Units in the Initial Offering. “Reuters Page LIBOR01” means the display so designated on the Reuters 3000 Xtra (or such other page as may succeed or replace the LIBOR01 page on that service). “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, supplemented or restated from time to time and any successor to such statute. “Senior Securities” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 16.7(c). “Series A Distribution Payment Date” means each January 15, April 15, July 15 and October 15, commencing January 15, 2017; provided, however, that if any Series A Distribution Payment Date would otherwise occur on a day that is not a Business Day, such Series A Distribution Payment Date shall instead be on the immediately succeeding Business Day. “Series A Distribution Period” means (i) the period commencing on (and including) the Series A Original Issue Date and ending on (and including) December 31, 2016, and (ii) any subsequent three-month period commencing on (and including) any January 1, April 1, July 1 or October 1 and ending on (and including) the last day in March, June, September and December, respectively.


 
10 “Series A Distribution Rate” means a rate equal to 9.00% per annum of the Stated Series A Liquidation Preference per Series A Preferred Unit. “Series A Distribution Record Date” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 16.3(b). “Series A Distributions” means distributions with respect to Series A Preferred Units pursuant to Section 16.3. “Series A Holder” means a Record Holder of the Series A Preferred Units. “Series A Liquidation Preference” means an amount for each Series A Preferred Unit initially equal to $25.00 per share, which amount shall be subject to increase by the per Series A Preferred Unit amount of any accumulated and unpaid distributions (whether or not such distributions shall have been declared). “Series A Original Issue Date” means October 5, 2016. “Series A Payments” means, collectively, Series A Distributions and Series A Redemption Payments. “Series A Preferred Unit” means a Preferred Unit having the designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties set forth in Article XVI. “Series A Redemption Date” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 16.6. “Series A Redemption Notice” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 16.6(c). “Series A Redemption Payments” means payments to be made to the holders of Series A Preferred Units to redeem Series A Preferred Units in accordance with Section 16.6. “Series A Redemption Price” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 16.6(a). “Series B Distribution Payment Date” means each January 15, April 15, July 15 and October 15, commencing January 15, 2018; provided, however, that if any Series B Distribution Payment Date during the Series B Fixed Rate Period would otherwise occur on a day that is not a Business Day, such Series B Distribution Payment Date shall instead be on the immediately succeeding Business Day. “Series B Distribution Period” means (i) the period commencing on (and including) the Series B Original Issue Date and ending on (and including) December 31, 2017, and (ii) any subsequent three-month period commencing on (and including) any January 1, April 1, July 1 or October 1 and ending on (and including) the last day in March, June, September and December, respectively. “Series B Distribution Rate” means a rate equal to (a) during the Series B Fixed Rate Period, 8.50% per annum of the Stated Series B Liquidation Preference per Series B Preferred Unit and (b) during the Series B Floating Rate Period, a percentage per annum of the Series B


 
11 Stated Liquidation Preference per Series B Preferred Unit equal to the sum of (i) Series B Three- Month LIBOR, as calculated on each applicable Series B LIBOR Determination Date, and (ii) 6.241%. “Series B Distribution Record Date” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 16.3(b). “Series B Distributions” means distributions with respect to Series B Preferred Units pursuant to Section 16.3. “Series B Fixed Rate Period” means the period from and including the Series B Original Issue Date to, but not including, October 15, 2027. “Series B Floating Rate Period” means the period from and including October 15, 2027 to, but not including, the date that all of the Series B Preferred Units are redeemed in full in accordance with Section 16.6 below. “Series B Holder” means a Record Holder of the Series B Preferred Units. “Series B LIBOR Determination Date” means the London Business Day immediately preceding the first date of the applicable Series B Distribution Period during the Series B Floating Rate Period (or for the period from and including October 15, 2027 and ending on and including December 31, 2027, the London Business Day immediately preceding October 15, 2027). “Series B Liquidation Preference” means an amount for each Series B Preferred Unit initially equal to $25.00 per share, which amount shall be subject to increase by the per Series B Preferred Unit amount of any accumulated and unpaid distributions (whether or not such distributions shall have been declared). “Series B Original Issue Date” means October 23, 2017. “Series B Payments” means, collectively, Series B Distributions and Series B Redemption Payments. “Series B Preferred Unit” means a Preferred Unit having the designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties set forth in Article XVI. “Series B Redemption Date” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 16.6. “Series B Redemption Notice” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 16.6(c). “Series B Redemption Payments” means payments to be made to the holders of Series B Preferred Units to redeem Series B Preferred Units in accordance with Section 16.6. “Series B Redemption Price” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 16.6(a).


 
12 “Series B Three-Month LIBOR” means, in respect of each Series B Distribution Period during the Series B Floating Rate Period (or, for the period from and including October 15, 2027 and ending on and including December 31, 2027), the following rate determined by the Calculation Agent, as of the applicable Series B LIBOR Determination Date in accordance with the following provisions: (a) the rate (expressed as a percentage per year) for deposits in U.S. dollars for a three-month period commencing on the first day of such period that appears on Reuters Page LIBOR01 as of 11:00 a.m. (London time) on the applicable Series B LIBOR Determination Date; or (b) If the Calculation Agent determines that three-month LIBOR (as contemplated by the immediately preceding clause (a)) has been discontinued, then it will determine whether to use a substitute or successor base rate that it has determined in its sole discretion is most comparable to three-month LIBOR, provided that if the Calculation Agent determines there is an industry accepted successor base rate, the Calculation Agent shall use such successor base rate. If the Calculation Agent has determined a substitute or successor base rate in accordance with the foregoing, the Calculation Agent in its sole discretion may also implement changes to the business day convention, the definition of business day, the Series B LIBOR Determination Date and any method for obtaining the substitute or successor base rate if such rate is unavailable on the relevant business day, in a manner that is consistent with industry accepted practices for such substitute or successor base rate. Unless the Calculation Agent determines to use a substitute or successor base rate as so provided, the following will apply: if the rate described in the immediately preceding clause (a) is not so published, the Calculation Agent shall select four major banks in the London interbank market and request that the principal London offices of those four selected banks provide their offered quotations for deposits in U.S. dollars for a period of three months, commencing on the first day of the applicable period, to prime banks in the London interbank market at approximately 11:00 a.m. (London time) on the Series B LIBOR Determination Date for such period. Offered quotations must be based on a principal amount equal to an amount that, in the Calculation Agent’s judgment, is representative of a single transaction in U.S. dollars in the London interbank market at the time. If two or more quotations are provided, Series B Three-Month LIBOR for such period will be the arithmetic mean of the quotations. If fewer than two quotations are provided, Series B Three-Month LIBOR for such period will be the arithmetic mean of the rates quoted on the Series B LIBOR Determination Date for such period by three major banks in New York City selected by the Calculation Agent, for loans in U.S. dollars to leading European banks for a three-month period commencing on the first day of such period. The rates quoted must be based on an amount that, in the Calculation Agent’s judgment, is representative of a single transaction in U.S. dollars in that market at the time. If fewer than three New York City banks selected by the Calculation Agent are quoting rates in the manner described above, Series B Three-Month LIBOR for the applicable period will be the same as for the immediately preceding period or, if the immediately preceding period was within the Series B Fixed Rate Period, the same as for the most recent quarter for which Series B Three-Month LIBOR can be determined. All percentages resulting from any of the calculations described in the immediately preceding clauses (a) and (b) will be rounded, if necessary, to the nearest one hundred- thousandth of a percentage point (with five one-millionths of a percentage point rounded


 
13 upwards) and all dollar amounts used in or resulting from such calculations will be rounded, if necessary, to the nearest cent (with one-half cent being rounded upwards). “Special Approval” means approval by a majority of the members of the Conflicts Committee. “Stated Preferred Unit Liquidation Preference” means the Stated Series A Liquidation Preference or the Stated Series B Liquidation Preference, as applicable. “Stated Series A Liquidation Preference” means an amount equal to $25.00 per Series A Preferred Unit. “Stated Series B Liquidation Preference” means an amount equal to $25.00 per Series B Preferred Unit. “Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person, (a) a corporation of which more than 50% of the voting power of shares entitled (without regard to the occurrence of any contingency) to vote in the election of directors or other governing body of such corporation is owned, directly or indirectly, at the date of determination, by such Person, by one or more Subsidiaries (as defined, but excluding subsection (d) of the definition) of such Person or a combination thereof, (b) a partnership (whether general or limited) in which such Person or a Subsidiary (as defined, but excluding subsection (d) of the definition) of such Person is, at the date of determination, a general or limited partner of such partnership, but only if more than 50% of the partnership interests of such partnership (considering all of the partnership interests of the partnership as a single class) is owned, directly or indirectly, at the date of determination, by such Person, by one or more Subsidiaries (as defined, but excluding subsection (d) of the definition) of such Person, or a combination thereof, or (c) any other Person (other than a corporation or a partnership) in which such Person, one or more Subsidiaries of such Person, or a combination thereof, directly or indirectly, at the date of determination, has (i) a majority ownership interest or (ii) the power to elect or direct the election of a majority of the directors or other governing body of such Person, or (d) any other Person in which such Person, one or more Subsidiaries (as defined, but excluding subsection (d) of the definition) of such Person, or a combination thereof, directly or indirectly, at the date of determination, has (i) less than a majority ownership interest or (ii) less than the power to elect or direct the election of a majority of the directors or other governing body of such Person, provided that (A) such Person, one or more Subsidiaries (as defined, but excluding subsection (d) of the definition) of such Person, or a combination thereof, directly or indirectly, at the date of the determination, has at least a 20% ownership interest in such other Person, (B) such Person accounts for such other Person (under U.S. GAAP, as in effect on the later of the date of investment in such other Person or material expansion of the operations of such other Person) on a consolidated or equity accounting basis, (C) such Person has directly or indirectly material negative control rights regarding such other Person including over such other Person’s ability to materially expand its operations beyond that contemplated at the date of investment in such other Person, and (D) such other Person is (i) formed and maintained for the sole purpose of owning or leasing, operating and chartering no more than 10 vessels for a period of no more than 40 years, and (ii) obligated under its constituent documents, or as a result of a unanimous agreement of its owners, to distribute to its owners all of its income on at least an annual basis (less any cash reserves that are approved by such Person).


 
14 “Surviving Business Entity” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 14.2(b). “Tax Election” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.2(a). “Tax Matters Partner” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.3. “Trading Day” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 15.1(a). “Transfer” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 4.4(a). “Transfer Agent” means such bank, trust company or other Person (including the General Partner or one of its Affiliates) as shall be appointed from time to time by the Partnership to act as registrar and transfer agent for the Common Units and the Preferred Units; provided, that if no transfer agent is specifically designated for any other Partnership Securities, the General Partner shall act in such capacity. “Underwriter” means each Person named as an underwriter in Schedule I to the Underwriting Agreement who purchases Common Units pursuant thereto. “Underwriting Agreement” means the Underwriting Agreement dated May 4, 2005 among the Underwriters, the Partnership, the General Partner, the Operating Company, and Teekay Corporation, providing for the purchase of Common Units by such Underwriters. “Unit” means a Partnership Security that is designated as a “Unit” and shall include Common Units and Preferred Units, but shall not include the General Partner Interest or Notional General Partner Units. “Unitholders” means the holders of Units. “Unit Majority” means a majority of the Outstanding Common Units, voting as a class. “U.S. GAAP” means United States generally accepted accounting principles consistently applied. “Working Capital Borrowings” means borrowings used solely for working capital purposes or to pay distributions to Partners made pursuant to a credit facility or other arrangement to the extent such borrowings are required to be reduced to a relatively small amount each year for an economically meaningful period of time. Section 1.2 Construction. Unless the context requires otherwise: (a) any pronoun used in this Agreement shall include the corresponding masculine, feminine or neuter forms, and the singular form of nouns, pronouns and verbs shall include the plural and vice versa; (b) references to Articles and Sections refer to Articles and Sections of this Agreement; and (c) the term “include” or “includes” means includes, without limitation, and “including” means including, without limitation.


 
15 ARTICLE II ORGANIZATION Section 2.1 Formation. The General Partner and the Organizational Limited Partner previously formed the Partnership as a limited partnership pursuant to the provisions of the Marshall Islands Act and hereby amend and restate the Prior Agreement in its entirety. This amendment and restatement shall become effective on the Effective Date simultaneously with the effectiveness of the transactions contemplated by the Exchange Agreement. Except as expressly provided to the contrary in this Agreement, the rights, duties (including fiduciary duties), liabilities and obligations of the Partners and the administration, dissolution and termination of the Partnership shall be governed by the Marshall Islands Act. All Partnership Interests shall constitute personal property of the owner thereof for all purposes and a Partner has no interest in specific Partnership property. Section 2.2 Name. The name of the Partnership shall be “Teekay LNG Partners L.P.” The Partnership’s business may be conducted under any other name or names as determined by the General Partner, including the name of the General Partner. The words “Limited Partnership” or the letters “L.P.” or similar words or letters shall be included in the Partnership’s name where necessary for the purpose of complying with the laws of any jurisdiction that so requires. The General Partner may change the name of the Partnership at any time and from time to time and shall notify the Limited Partners of such change in the next regular communication to the Limited Partners. Section 2.3 Registered Office; Registered Agent; Principal Office; Other Offices Unless and until changed by the General Partner, the registered office of the Partnership in the Marshall Islands shall be located at Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Island, Ajeltake Road, Majuro, Marshall Islands MH 96960, and the registered agent for service of process on the Partnership in the Marshall Islands at such registered office shall be The Trust Company of the Marshall Islands, Inc. The principal office of the Partnership shall be located at 4th Floor, Belvedere Building, 69 Pitts Bay Road, Hamilton HM 08, Bermuda or such other place as the General Partner may from time to time designate by notice to the Limited Partners. The Partnership may maintain offices at such other place or places within or outside the Marshall Islands as the General Partner determines to be necessary or appropriate. The address of the General Partner shall be 4th Floor, Belvedere Building, 69 Pitts Bay Road, Hamilton HM 08, Bermuda or such other place as the General Partner may from time to time designate by notice to the Limited Partners. Section 2.4 Purpose and Business. The purpose and nature of the business to be conducted by the Partnership shall be to (a) engage directly in, or enter into or form any corporation, partnership, joint venture, limited liability company or other arrangement to engage indirectly in, any business activity that is


 
16 approved by the General Partner and that lawfully may be conducted by a limited partnership organized pursuant to the Marshall Islands Act and, in connection therewith, to exercise all of the rights and powers conferred upon the Partnership pursuant to the agreements relating to such business activity, and (b) do anything necessary or appropriate to the foregoing, including the making of capital contributions or loans to a Group Member. The General Partner shall have no duty or obligation to propose or approve, and may decline to propose or approve, the conduct by the Partnership of any business free of any fiduciary duty or obligation whatsoever to the Partnership or any Limited Partner and, in declining to so propose or approve, shall not be required to act in good faith or pursuant to any other standard imposed by this Agreement, any Group Member Agreement, any other agreement contemplated hereby or under the Marshall Islands Act or any other law, rule or regulation. Section 2.5 Powers. The Partnership shall be empowered to do any and all acts and things necessary and appropriate for the furtherance and accomplishment of the purposes and business described in Section 2.4 and for the protection and benefit of the Partnership. Section 2.6 Power of Attorney. (a) Each Limited Partner hereby constitutes and appoints the General Partner and, if a Liquidator shall have been selected pursuant to Section 12.3, the Liquidator (and any successor to the Liquidator by merger, transfer, assignment, election or otherwise) and each of their authorized officers and attorneys-in-fact, as the case may be, with full power of substitution, as his true and lawful agent and attorney-in-fact, with full power and authority in his name, place and stead, to: (i) execute, swear to, acknowledge, deliver, file and record in the appropriate public offices (A) all certificates, documents and other instruments (including this Agreement and the Certificate of Limited Partnership and all amendments or restatements hereof or thereof) that the General Partner or the Liquidator determines to be necessary or appropriate to form, qualify or continue the existence or qualification of the Partnership as a limited partnership (or a partnership in which the limited partners have limited liability) in the Marshall Islands and in all other jurisdictions in which the Partnership may conduct business or own property; (B) all certificates, documents and other instruments that the General Partner or the Liquidator determines to be necessary or appropriate to reflect, in accordance with its terms, any amendment, change, modification or restatement of this Agreement; (C) all certificates, documents and other instruments (including conveyances and a certificate of cancellation) that the General Partner or the Liquidator determines to be necessary or appropriate to reflect the dissolution and liquidation of the Partnership pursuant to the terms of this Agreement; (D) all certificates, documents and other instruments relating to the admission, withdrawal, removal or substitution of any Partner pursuant to, or other events described in, Articles IV, X, XI or XII; (E) all certificates, documents and other instruments relating to the determination of the rights, preferences and privileges of any class or series of Partnership Securities issued pursuant to Section 5.6; and (F) all certificates, documents and other instruments


 
17 (including agreements and a certificate of merger) relating to a merger, consolidation or conversion of the Partnership pursuant to Article XIV; and (ii) execute, swear to, acknowledge, deliver, file and record all ballots, consents, approvals, waivers, certificates, documents and other instruments that the General Partner or the Liquidator determines to be necessary or appropriate to (A) make, evidence, give, confirm or ratify any vote, consent, approval, agreement or other action that is made or given by the Partners hereunder or is consistent with the terms of this Agreement or (B) effectuate the terms or intent of this Agreement; provided, that when required by Section 13.3 or any other provision of this Agreement that establishes a percentage of the Limited Partners or of the Limited Partners of any class or series required to take any action, the General Partner and the Liquidator may exercise the power of attorney made in this Section 2.6(a)(ii) only after the necessary vote, consent or approval of the Limited Partners or of the Limited Partners of such class or series, as applicable. Nothing contained in this Section 2.6(a) shall be construed as authorizing the General Partner to amend this Agreement except in accordance with Article XIII or as may be otherwise expressly provided for in this Agreement. (b) The foregoing power of attorney is hereby declared to be irrevocable and a power coupled with an interest, and it shall survive and, to the maximum extent permitted by law, not be affected by the subsequent death, incompetency, disability, incapacity, dissolution, bankruptcy or termination of any Limited Partner and the transfer of all or any portion of such Limited Partner’s Partnership Interest and shall extend to such Limited Partner’s heirs, successors, assigns and personal representatives. Each such Limited Partner hereby agrees to be bound by any representation made by the General Partner or the Liquidator acting in good faith pursuant to such power of attorney; and each such Limited Partner, to the maximum extent permitted by law, hereby waives any and all defenses that may be available to contest, negate or disaffirm the action of the General Partner or the Liquidator taken in good faith under such power of attorney. Each Limited Partner shall execute and deliver to the General Partner or the Liquidator, within 15 days after receipt of the request therefor, such further designation, powers of attorney and other instruments as the General Partner or the Liquidator determines to be necessary or appropriate to effectuate this Agreement and the purposes of the Partnership. Section 2.7 Term. The term of the Partnership commenced upon the filing of the Certificate of Limited Partnership in accordance with the Marshall Islands Act and shall continue in existence until the dissolution of the Partnership in accordance with the provisions of Article XII. The existence of the Partnership as a separate legal entity shall continue until the cancellation of the Certificate of Limited Partnership as provided in the Marshall Islands Act. Section 2.8 Title to Partnership Assets. Title to Partnership assets, whether real, personal or mixed and whether tangible or intangible, shall be deemed to be owned by the Partnership as an entity, and no Partner,


 
18 individually or collectively, shall have any ownership interest in such Partnership assets or any portion thereof. Title to any or all of the Partnership assets may be held in the name of the Partnership, the General Partner, one or more of its Affiliates or one or more nominees, as the General Partner may determine. The General Partner hereby declares and warrants that any Partnership assets for which record title is held in the name of the General Partner or one or more of its Affiliates or one or more nominees shall be held by the General Partner or such Affiliate or nominee for the use and benefit of the Partnership in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement; provided, however, that the General Partner shall use reasonable efforts to cause record title to such assets (other than those assets in respect of which the General Partner determines that the expense and difficulty of conveyancing makes transfer of record title to the Partnership impracticable) to be vested in the Partnership as soon as reasonably practicable; provided, further, that, prior to the withdrawal or removal of the General Partner or as soon thereafter as practicable, the General Partner shall use reasonable efforts to effect the transfer of record title to the Partnership and, prior to any such transfer, will provide for the use of such assets in a manner satisfactory to the General Partner. All Partnership assets shall be recorded as the property of the Partnership in its books and records, irrespective of the name in which record title to such Partnership assets is held. ARTICLE III RIGHTS OF LIMITED PARTNERS Section 3.1 Limitation of Liability. The Limited Partners shall have no liability under this Agreement except as expressly provided in this Agreement or the Marshall Islands Act. Section 3.2 Management of Business. No Limited Partner, in its capacity as such, shall participate in the operation, management or control (within the meaning of the Marshall Islands Act) of the Partnership’s business, transact any business in the Partnership’s name or have the power to sign documents for or otherwise bind the Partnership. Any action taken by any Affiliate of the General Partner or any officer, director, employee, manager, member, general partner, agent or trustee of the General Partner or any of its Affiliates, or any officer, director, employee, member, general partner, agent or trustee of a Group Member, in its capacity as such, shall not be deemed to be participation in the control of the business of the Partnership by a limited partner of the Partnership (within the meaning of Section 30 of the Marshall Islands Act) and shall not affect, impair or eliminate the limitations on the liability of the Limited Partners under this Agreement. Section 3.3 Outside Activities of the Limited Partners. Subject to the provisions of Section 7.5 and the Omnibus Agreement, which shall continue to be applicable to the Persons referred to therein, regardless of whether such Persons shall also be Limited Partners, any Limited Partner shall be entitled to and may have business interests and engage in business activities in addition to those relating to the Partnership, including business interests and activities in direct competition with the Partnership Group.


 
19 Neither the Partnership nor any of the other Partners shall have any rights by virtue of this Agreement in any business ventures of any Limited Partner. Section 3.4 Rights of Limited Partners. (a) In addition to other rights provided by this Agreement or by applicable law, and except as limited by Section 3.4(b), each Limited Partner shall have the right, for a purpose reasonably related to such Limited Partner’s interest as a Limited Partner in the Partnership, upon reasonable written demand and at such Limited Partner’s own expense: (i) for taxable years ending on or prior to date immediately prior to the Effective Date, promptly after becoming available, to obtain a copy of the Partnership’s foreign, federal, state and local income tax returns for each year; (ii) to have furnished to him a current list of the name and last known business, residence or mailing address of each Partner; (iii) to obtain true and full information regarding the amount of cash and a description and statement of the Net Agreed Value of any other Capital Contribution by each Partner and which each Partner has agreed to contribute in the future, and the date on which each became a Partner; (iv) to have furnished to him a copy of this Agreement and the Certificate of Limited Partnership and all amendments thereto, together with a copy of the executed copies of all powers of attorney pursuant to which this Agreement, the Certificate of Limited Partnership and all amendments thereto have been executed; (v) to obtain true and full information regarding the status of the business and financial condition of the Partnership Group; and (vi) to obtain such other information regarding the affairs of the Partnership as is just and reasonable. (b) The General Partner may keep confidential from the Limited Partners, for such period of time as the General Partner deems reasonable, (i) any information that the General Partner reasonably believes to be in the nature of trade secrets or (ii) other information the disclosure of which the General Partner in good faith believes (A) is not in the best interests of the Partnership Group, (B) could damage the Partnership Group or (C) that any Group Member is required by law or by agreement with any third party to keep confidential (other than agreements with Affiliates of the Partnership the primary purpose of which is to circumvent the obligations set forth in this Section 3.4). ARTICLE IV CERTIFICATES; RECORD HOLDERS; TRANSFER OF PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS; REDEMPTION OF PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS Section 4.1 Certificates.


 
20 Upon the Partnership’s issuance of Common Units or Preferred Units to any Person and subject to Section 16.2(b) with respect to any series of Preferred Units described therein, the Partnership shall issue, upon the request of such Person, one or more Certificates in the name of such Person evidencing the number of such Units being so issued. In addition, (a) upon the General Partner’s request, the Partnership shall issue to it one or more Certificates in the name of the General Partner evidencing its interests in the Partnership and (b) upon the request of any Person owning any Partnership Securities other than Common Units or Preferred Units, the Partnership shall issue to such Person one or more certificates evidencing such Partnership Securities other than Common Units or Preferred Units. Certificates shall be executed on behalf of the Partnership by the Chairman of the Board, President or any Executive Vice President or Vice President and the Chief Financial Officer or the Secretary or any Assistant Secretary of the General Partner. No Common Unit Certificate or Preferred Unit Certificate shall be valid for any purpose until it has been countersigned by the Transfer Agent; provided, however, that if the General Partner elects to issue Common Units or Preferred Units in global form, the Common Unit Certificates or the Preferred Unit Certificates shall be valid upon receipt of a certificate from the Transfer Agent certifying that the Common Units or Preferred Units have been duly registered in accordance with the directions of the Partnership. Section 4.2 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Certificates. (a) If any mutilated Certificate is surrendered to the Transfer Agent, the appropriate officers of the General Partner on behalf of the Partnership shall execute, and the Transfer Agent shall countersign and deliver in exchange therefor, a new Certificate evidencing the same number and type of Partnership Securities as the Certificate so surrendered. (b) The appropriate officers of the General Partner on behalf of the Partnership shall execute and deliver, and the Transfer Agent shall countersign, a new Certificate in place of any Certificate previously issued if the Record Holder of the Certificate: (i) makes proof by affidavit, in form and substance satisfactory to the General Partner, that a previously issued Certificate has been lost, destroyed or stolen; (ii) requests the issuance of a new Certificate before the General Partner has notice that the Certificate has been acquired by a purchaser for value in good faith and without notice of an adverse claim; (iii) if requested by the General Partner, delivers to the General Partner a bond, in form and substance satisfactory to the General Partner, with surety or sureties and with fixed or open penalty as the General Partner may direct to indemnify the Partnership, the Partners, the General Partner and the Transfer Agent against any claim that may be made on account of the alleged loss, destruction or theft of the Certificate; and (iv) satisfies any other reasonable requirements imposed by the General Partner. If a Limited Partner fails to notify the General Partner within a reasonable period of time after he has notice of the loss, destruction or theft of a Certificate, and a transfer of the Limited Partner Interests represented by the Certificate is registered before the Partnership, the General


 
21 Partner or the Transfer Agent receives such notification, the Limited Partner shall be precluded from making any claim against the Partnership, the General Partner or the Transfer Agent for such transfer or for a new Certificate. (c) As a condition to the issuance of any new Certificate under this Section 4.2, the General Partner may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in relation thereto and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Transfer Agent) reasonably connected therewith. Section 4.3 Record Holders. The Partnership shall be entitled to recognize the applicable Record Holder as the Partner with respect to any Partnership Interest and, accordingly, shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to, or interest in, such Partnership Interest on the part of any other Person, regardless of whether the Partnership shall have actual or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by law or any applicable rule, regulation, guideline or requirement of any National Securities Exchange on which such Partnership Interests are listed. Without limiting the foregoing, when a Person (such as a broker, dealer, bank, trust company or clearing corporation or an agent of any of the foregoing) is acting as nominee, agent or in some other representative capacity for another Person in acquiring and/or holding Partnership Interests, as between the Partnership on the one hand, and such other Persons on the other hand, such representative shall be the Record Holder of such Partnership Interest. Section 4.4 Transfer Generally. (a) The term “transfer,” when used in this Agreement with respect to a Partnership Interest, shall be deemed to refer to a transaction (i) by which the General Partner assigns its General Partner Interest to another Person, and includes a sale, assignment, gift, pledge, encumbrance, hypothecation, mortgage, exchange or any other disposition by law or otherwise or (ii) by which the holder of a Limited Partner Interest assigns such Limited Partner Interest to another Person who is or becomes a Limited Partner, and includes a sale, assignment, gift, exchange or any other disposition by law or otherwise, including any transfer upon foreclosure of any pledge, encumbrance, hypothecation or mortgage. (b) No Partnership Interest shall be transferred, in whole or in part, except in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Article IV. Any transfer or purported transfer of a Partnership Interest not made in accordance with this Article IV shall be null and void. (c) Nothing contained in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent a disposition by any stockholder, member, partner or other owner of the General Partner of any or all of the shares of stock, membership interests, partnership interests or other ownership interests in the General Partner. Section 4.5 Registration and Transfer of Limited Partner Interests. (a) The General Partner shall keep or cause to be kept on behalf of the Partnership a register in which, subject to such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe and subject to the


 
22 provisions of Section 4.5(b), the Partnership will provide for the registration and transfer of Limited Partner Interests. The Transfer Agent is hereby appointed registrar and transfer agent for the purpose of registering Common Units and Preferred Units and transfers of such Common Units and Preferred Units as herein provided. The Partnership shall not recognize transfers of Certificates evidencing Limited Partner Interests unless such transfers are effected in the manner described in this Section 4.5. Upon surrender of a Certificate for registration of transfer of any Limited Partner Interests evidenced by a Certificate, and subject to the provisions of Section 4.5(b), the appropriate officers of the General Partner on behalf of the Partnership shall execute and deliver, and in the case of Common Units, the Transfer Agent shall countersign and deliver, in the name of the holder or the designated transferee or transferees, as required pursuant to the holder’s instructions, one or more new Certificates evidencing the same aggregate number and type of Limited Partner Interests as was evidenced by the Certificate so surrendered. (b) The General Partner shall not recognize any transfer of Limited Partner Interests until the Certificates evidencing such Limited Partner Interests are surrendered for registration of transfer. No charge shall be imposed by the General Partner for such transfer; provided, that as a condition to the issuance of any new Certificate under this Section 4.5, the General Partner may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed with respect thereto. (c) The General Partner and its Affiliates shall have the right at any time to transfer their Common Units or Preferred Units to one or more Persons. Section 4.6 Transfer of the General Partner’s General Partner Interest. (a) [Reserved]. (b) Subject to Section 4.6(c) below, the General Partner may transfer all or any of its General Partner Interest without Unitholder approval. (c) Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, no transfer by the General Partner of all or any part of its General Partner Interest to another Person shall be permitted unless (i) the transferee agrees to assume the rights and duties of the General Partner under this Agreement and to be bound by the provisions of this Agreement, (ii) the Partnership receives an Opinion of Counsel that such transfer would not result in the loss of limited liability of any Limited Partner or of any limited partner or member of any other Group Member and (iii) such transferee also agrees to purchase all (or the appropriate portion thereof, if applicable) of the partnership or membership interest of the General Partner as the general partner or managing member, if any, of each other Group Member. In the case of a transfer pursuant to and in compliance with this Section 4.6, the transferee or successor (as the case may be) shall, subject to compliance with the terms of Section 10.3, be admitted to the Partnership as the General Partner immediately prior to the transfer of the General Partner Interest, and the business of the Partnership shall continue without dissolution. Section 4.7 [Reserved]. Section 4.8 Restrictions on Transfers.


 
23 (a) Except as provided in Section 4.8(c) below, but notwithstanding the other provisions of this Article IV, no transfer of any Partnership Interests shall be made if such transfer would (i) violate the then applicable federal or state securities laws, laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, or rules and regulations of the Commission, any state securities commission or any other governmental authority with jurisdiction over such transfer, or (ii) terminate the existence or qualification of the Partnership or any Group Member under the laws of the jurisdiction of its formation. (b) The General Partner may impose such restrictions by amending this Agreement; provided, however, that any amendment that would result in the delisting or suspension of trading of any class of Limited Partner Interests on the principal National Securities Exchange on which such class of Limited Partner Interests is then listed must be approved, prior to such amendment being effected, by the holders of a majority of the Outstanding Limited Partner Interests of such class. (c) Nothing contained in this Article IV, or elsewhere in this Agreement, shall preclude the settlement of any transactions involving Partnership Interests entered into through the facilities of any National Securities Exchange on which such Partnership Interests are listed for trading. ARTICLE V CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND ISSUANCE OF PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS Section 5.1 Exchange of Incentive Distribution Rights. As of the Effective Date, pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, the Incentive Distribution Rights that were held by the General Partner and were outstanding prior to the execution of this Agreement were contributed to the Partnership in exchange for 10,750,000 Common Units. Effective immediately following the aforementioned transactions, the Incentive Distribution Rights shall be cancelled and no longer exist. Section 5.2 [Reserved]. Section 5.3 [Reserved]. Section 5.4 Interest and Withdrawal. No interest shall be paid by the Partnership on Capital Contributions. No Partner shall be entitled to the withdrawal or return of its Capital Contribution, except to the extent, if any, that distributions made pursuant to this Agreement or upon termination of the Partnership may be considered and permitted as such by law and then only to the extent provided for in this Agreement. Except to the extent expressly provided in this Agreement, no Partner shall have priority over any other Partner either as to the return of Capital Contributions or as to profits, losses or distributions. Section 5.5 [Reserved].


 
24 Section 5.6 Issuances of Additional Partnership Securities. (a) Subject to any approvals required by Preferred Unit Holders pursuant to Section 16.5(c)(ii), the Partnership may issue additional Partnership Securities and options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to the Partnership Securities for any Partnership purpose at any time and from time to time to such Persons for such consideration and on such terms and conditions as the General Partner shall determine, all without the approval of any Limited Partners. (b) Each additional Partnership Security authorized to be issued by the Partnership pursuant to Section 5.6(a) may be issued in one or more classes, or one or more series of any such classes, with such designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties (which may be senior to existing classes and series of Partnership Securities), as shall be fixed by the General Partner, including (i) the right to share Partnership profits and losses or items thereof; (ii) the right to share in Partnership distributions; (iii) the rights upon dissolution and liquidation of the Partnership; (iv) whether, and the terms and conditions upon which, the Partnership may redeem the Partnership Security; (v) whether such Partnership Security is issued with the privilege of conversion or exchange and, if so, the terms and conditions of such conversion or exchange; (vi) the terms and conditions upon which each Partnership Security will be issued, evidenced by certificates and assigned or transferred; (vii) the method for determining the Percentage Interest as to such Partnership Security; and (viii) the right, if any, of each such Partnership Security to vote on Partnership matters, including matters relating to the relative rights, preferences and privileges of such Partnership Security. (c) The General Partner shall take all actions that it determines to be necessary or appropriate in connection with (i) each issuance of Partnership Securities and options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to Partnership Securities pursuant to this Section 5.6, (ii) the conversion of the General Partner Interest into Units pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, (iii) the admission of additional Limited Partners and (iv) all additional issuances of Partnership Securities. The General Partner shall determine the relative rights, powers and duties of the holders of the Units or other Partnership Securities being so issued. The General Partner shall do all things necessary to comply with the Marshall Islands Act and is authorized and directed to do all things that it determines to be necessary or appropriate in connection with any future issuance of Partnership Securities or in connection with the conversion of the General Partner Interest into Units pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, including compliance with any statute, rule, regulation or guideline of any federal, state or other governmental agency or any National Securities Exchange on which the Units or other Partnership Securities are listed. Section 5.7 Limitations on Issuance of Additional Partnership Securities. The Partnership may issue an unlimited number of Partnership Securities (or options, warrants or appreciation rights related thereto) pursuant to Section 5.6 without the approval of the Limited Partners; provided, however, that no fractional units shall be issued by the Partnership. Section 5.8 Limited Preemptive Right.


 
25 Except as provided in this Section 5.8, no Person shall have any preemptive, preferential or other similar right with respect to the issuance of any Partnership Security, whether unissued, held in the treasury or hereafter created. The General Partner shall have the right, which it may from time to time assign in whole or in part to any of its Affiliates, to purchase Partnership Securities from the Partnership whenever, and on the same terms that, the Partnership issues Partnership Securities to Persons other than the General Partner and its Affiliates, to the extent necessary to maintain the Percentage Interests of the General Partner and its Affiliates equal to that which existed immediately prior to the issuance of such Partnership Securities; provided, however, that the amount of any series of Preferred Units issued by the Partnership from time to time that the General Partner shall have a right to purchase pursuant to this Section 5.8 shall equal the product of (a) the aggregate Percentage Interest of the General Partner and its Affiliates multiplied by (b) the number of such series of Preferred Units so issued. Except as set forth in Article XII, the General Partner shall not be obligated to make any Capital Contributions to the Partnership. Section 5.9 Splits and Combinations. (a) Subject to Section 5.9(d), the Partnership may make a Pro Rata distribution of Partnership Securities (other than Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units) to all Record Holders of the same class or series of Partnership Securities or may effect a subdivision or combination of the same class or series of Partnership Securities so long as, after any such event, each Partner holding such class or series of such Partnership Securities shall have the same Percentage Interest in the Partnership as before such event, and any amounts calculated on a per Unit basis (including those based on the applicable Stated Preferred Unit Liquidation Preference) or stated as a number of Units are proportionately adjusted. (b) Whenever such a distribution, subdivision or combination of Partnership Securities is declared, the General Partner shall select a Record Date as of which the distribution, subdivision or combination shall be effective and shall send notice thereof at least 20 days prior to such Record Date to each Record Holder as of a date not less than 10 days prior to the date of such notice. The General Partner also may cause a firm of independent public accountants selected by it to calculate the number of Partnership Securities to be held by each Record Holder after giving effect to such distribution, subdivision or combination. The General Partner shall be entitled to rely on any certificate provided by such firm as conclusive evidence of the accuracy of such calculation. (c) Promptly following any such distribution, subdivision or combination, the Partnership may issue Certificates to the Record Holders of Partnership Securities as of the applicable Record Date representing the new number of Partnership Securities held by such Record Holders, or the General Partner may adopt such other procedures that it determines to be necessary or appropriate to reflect such changes. If any such combination results in a smaller total number of Partnership Securities Outstanding, the Partnership shall require, as a condition to the delivery to a Record Holder of such new Certificate, the surrender of any Certificate held by such Record Holder immediately prior to such Record Date. (d) The Partnership shall not issue fractional Units upon any distribution, subdivision or combination of Units. If a distribution, subdivision or combination of Units would result in


 
26 the issuance of fractional Units but for the provisions of this Section 5.9(d), each fractional Unit, as applicable, shall be rounded to the nearest whole Unit (and a 0.5 Unit shall be rounded to the next higher Unit). Section 5.10 Fully Paid and Non-Assessable Nature of Limited Partner Interests. All Limited Partner Interests issued pursuant to, and in accordance with the requirements of, this Article V shall be fully paid and non-assessable Limited Partner Interests in the Partnership, except as such non-assessability may be affected by Section 51 of the Marshall Islands Act. ARTICLE VI DISTRIBUTIONS Section 6.1 Allocations. The profits and losses of the Partnership shall be allocated among the Partners by the General Partner in such manner as the General Partner determines in good faith most accurately reflects the rights of the Partners as set forth elsewhere in this Agreement. Section 6.2 [Reserved]. Section 6.3 Distributions to Record Holders. (a) Subject to Section 16.3 and except as otherwise required by Section 5.6(b) in respect of other Partnership Securities issued pursuant thereto, within 45 days following the end of each Quarter commencing with the Quarter ending on June 30, 2005, an amount equal to 100% of Available Cash with respect to such Quarter shall, subject to Section 51 of the Marshall Islands Act, be distributed in accordance with this Article VI by the Partnership to (a) the General Partner in accordance with its Percentage Interest and (b) to all Unitholders holding Common Units, Pro Rata, a percentage equal to 100% less the General Partner’s Percentage Interest as of the Record Date selected by the General Partner. All distributions required to be made under this Agreement shall be made subject to Section 51 of the Marshall Islands Act. This Section 6.3(a) shall not apply to Preferred Units. (b) Notwithstanding Section 6.3(a), in the event of the dissolution and liquidation of the Partnership, all receipts received during or after the Quarter in which the Liquidation Date occurs, other than from borrowings described in (a)(ii) of the definition of Available Cash, shall be applied and distributed solely in accordance with, and subject to the terms and conditions of, Section 12.4. (c) The General Partner may treat taxes required or elected to be withheld with respect to, all or less than all of the Partners, as a distribution of Available Cash to such Partners. (d) Each distribution in respect of a Partnership Interest shall be paid by the Partnership, directly or through the Transfer Agent or through any other Person or agent, only to the Record Holder of such Partnership Interest as of the Record Date set for such distribution.


 
27 Such payment shall constitute full payment and satisfaction of the Partnership’s liability in respect of such payment, regardless of any claim of any Person who may have an interest in such payment by reason of an assignment or otherwise Section 6.4 [Reserved]. Section 6.5 [Reserved]. Section 6.6 [Reserved]. Section 6.7 [Reserved]. Section 6.8 [Reserved]. ARTICLE VII MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION OF BUSINESS Section 7.1 Management. (a) The General Partner shall conduct, direct and manage all activities of the Partnership. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement, all management powers over the business and affairs of the Partnership shall be exclusively vested in the General Partner, and no Limited Partner shall have any management power over the business and affairs of the Partnership. In addition to the powers now or hereafter granted a general partner of a limited partnership under applicable law or that are granted to the General Partner under any other provision of this Agreement, the General Partner, subject to Section 7.3, shall have full power and authority to do all things and on such terms as it determines to be necessary or appropriate to conduct the business of the Partnership, to exercise all powers set forth in Section 2.5 and to effectuate the purposes set forth in Section 2.4, including the following: (i) the making of any expenditures, the lending or borrowing of money, the assumption or guarantee of, or other contracting for, indebtedness and other liabilities, the issuance of evidences of indebtedness, including indebtedness that is convertible into Partnership Securities (subject to Section 16.5 with respect to any Senior Securities), and the incurring of any other obligations; (ii) the making of tax, regulatory and other filings, or rendering of periodic or other reports to governmental or other agencies having jurisdiction over the business or assets of the Partnership; (iii) the acquisition, disposition, mortgage, pledge, encumbrance, hypothecation or exchange of any or all of the assets of the Partnership or the merger or other combination of the Partnership with or into another Person (the matters described in this clause (iii) being subject, however, to any prior approval that may be required by Section 7.3 and Article XIV);


 
28 (iv) the use of the assets of the Partnership (including cash on hand) for any purpose consistent with the terms of this Agreement, including the financing of the conduct of the operations of the Partnership Group; subject to Section 7.6(a), the lending of funds to other Persons (including other Group Members); the repayment or guarantee of obligations of the Partnership Group; and the making of capital contributions to any member of the Partnership Group; (v) the negotiation, execution and performance of any contracts, conveyances or other instruments (including instruments that limit the liability of the Partnership under contractual arrangements to all or particular assets of the Partnership, with the other party to the contract to have no recourse against the General Partner or its assets other than its interest in the Partnership, even if same results in the terms of the transaction being less favorable to the Partnership than would otherwise be the case); (vi) the distribution of Partnership cash; (vii) the selection and dismissal of employees (including employees having titles such as “president,” “vice president,” “secretary” and “treasurer”) and agents, outside attorneys, accountants, consultants and contractors and the determination of their compensation and other terms of employment or hiring; (viii) the maintenance of insurance for the benefit of the Partnership Group, the Partners and Indemnitees; (ix) the formation of, or acquisition of an interest in, and the contribution of property and the making of loans to, any further limited or general partnerships, joint ventures, corporations, limited liability companies or other relationships (including the acquisition of interests in, and the contributions of property to, any Group Member from time to time) subject to the restrictions set forth in Section 2.4; (x) the control of any matters affecting the rights and obligations of the Partnership, including the bringing and defending of actions at law or in equity and otherwise engaging in the conduct of litigation, arbitration or mediation and the incurring of legal expense and the settlement of claims and litigation; (xi) the indemnification of any Person against liabilities and contingencies to the extent permitted by law; (xii) the entering into of listing agreements with any National Securities Exchange and the delisting of some or all of the Limited Partner Interests from, or requesting that trading be suspended on, any such exchange (subject to any prior approval that may be required under Section 4.8); (xiii) the purchase, sale or other acquisition or disposition of Partnership Securities (subject to Section 16.6(g)), or the issuance of options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to Partnership Securities;


 
29 (xiv) the undertaking of any action in connection with the Partnership’s participation in any Group Member; and (xv) the entering into of agreements with any of its Affiliates to render services to a Group Member or to itself in the discharge of its duties as General Partner of the Partnership. (b) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, any Group Member Agreement, the Marshall Islands Act or any applicable law, rule or regulation, each of the Partners and each other Person who may acquire an interest in Partnership Securities hereby (i) approves, ratifies and confirms the execution, delivery and performance by the parties thereto of this Agreement, the Underwriting Agreement, the Omnibus Agreement, the Contribution Agreement, any Group Member Agreement of any other Group Member and the other agreements described in or filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement that are related to the transactions contemplated by the Registration Statement; (ii) agrees that the General Partner (on its own or through any officer of the Partnership) is authorized to execute, deliver and perform the agreements referred to in clause (i) of this sentence and the other agreements, acts, transactions and matters described in or contemplated by the Registration Statement on behalf of the Partnership without any further act, approval or vote of the Partners or the other Persons who may acquire an interest in Partnership Securities; and (iii) agrees that the execution, delivery or performance by the General Partner, any Group Member or any Affiliate of any of them of this Agreement or any agreement authorized or permitted under this Agreement (including the exercise by the General Partner or any Affiliate of the General Partner of the rights accorded pursuant to Article XV) shall not constitute a breach by the General Partner of any duty that the General Partner may owe the Partnership or the Limited Partners or any other Persons under this Agreement (or any other agreements) or of any duty stated or implied by law or equity. Section 7.2 Certificate of Limited Partnership. The General Partner caused the Certificate of Limited Partnership to be filed with the Registrar of Corporations of the Marshall Islands as required by the Marshall Islands Act. The General Partner shall use all reasonable efforts to cause to be filed such other certificates or documents that the General Partner determines to be necessary or appropriate for the formation, continuation, qualification and operation of a limited partnership (or a partnership in which the limited partners have limited liability) in the Marshall Islands or any other jurisdiction in which the Partnership may elect to do business or own property. To the extent the General Partner determines such action to be necessary or appropriate, the General Partner shall file amendments to and restatements of the Certificate of Limited Partnership and do all things to maintain the Partnership as a limited partnership (or a partnership or other entity in which the limited partners have limited liability) under the laws of the Marshall Islands or of any other jurisdiction in which the Partnership may elect to do business or own property. Subject to the terms of Section 3.4(a), the General Partner shall not be required, before or after filing, to deliver or mail a copy of the Certificate of Limited Partnership, any qualification document or any amendment thereto to any Limited Partner. Section 7.3 Restrictions on the General Partner’s Authority.


 
30 (a) Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, the General Partner may not, without written approval of the specific act by holders of all of the Outstanding Limited Partner Interests or by other written instrument executed and delivered by holders of all of the Outstanding Limited Partner Interests subsequent to the date of this Agreement, take any action in contravention of this Agreement, including, (i) committing any act that would make it impossible to carry on the ordinary business of the Partnership; (ii) possessing Partnership property, or assigning any rights in specific Partnership property, for other than a Partnership purpose; (iii) admitting a Person as a Partner; (iv) amending this Agreement in any manner; or (v) transferring its interest as a general partner of the Partnership. (b) Except as provided in Articles XII and XIV, the General Partner may not sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the assets of the Partnership Group, taken as a whole, in a single transaction or a series of related transactions (including by way of merger, consolidation, other combination or sale of ownership interests of the Partnership’s Subsidiaries) without the approval of holders of a Unit Majority; provided, however, that this provision shall not preclude or limit the General Partner’s ability to mortgage, pledge, hypothecate or grant a security interest in all or substantially all of the assets of the Partnership Group and shall not apply to any forced sale of any or all of the assets of the Partnership Group pursuant to the foreclosure of, or other realization upon, any such encumbrance. Without the approval of holders of a Unit Majority, the General Partner shall not, on behalf of the Partnership, (i) consent to any amendment to the Operating Company Agreement or, except as expressly permitted by Section 7.9(e), take any action permitted to be taken by a member of the Operating Company, in either case, that would adversely affect the Limited Partners (including any particular class of Partnership Interests as compared to any other class of Partnership Interests) in any material respect or (ii) except as permitted under Sections 4.6, 11.1 and 11.2, elect or cause the Partnership to elect a successor general partner of the Partnership. Section 7.4 Reimbursement of the General Partner. (a) Except as provided in this Section 7.4 and elsewhere in this Agreement, the General Partner shall not be compensated for its services as a general partner or managing member of any Group Member. (b) The General Partner shall be reimbursed on a monthly basis, or such other basis as the General Partner may determine, for (i) all direct and indirect expenses it incurs or payments it makes on behalf of the Partnership (including salary, bonus, incentive compensation and other amounts paid to any Person including Affiliates of the General Partner to perform services for the Partnership or for the General Partner in the discharge of its duties to the Partnership), and (ii) all other expenses allocable to the Partnership or otherwise incurred by the General Partner in connection with operating the Partnership’s business (including expenses allocated to the General Partner by its Affiliates). The General Partner shall determine the expenses that are allocable to the Partnership. Reimbursements pursuant to this Section 7.4 shall be in addition to any reimbursement to the General Partner as a result of indemnification pursuant to Section 7.7. (c) The General Partner, without the approval of the Limited Partners (who shall have no right to vote in respect thereof), may propose and adopt on behalf of the Partnership employee


 
31 benefit plans, employee programs and employee practices (including plans, programs and practices involving the issuance of Partnership Securities or options to purchase or rights, warrants or appreciation rights relating to Partnership Securities), or cause the Partnership to issue Partnership Securities in connection with, or pursuant to, any employee benefit plan, employee program or employee practice maintained or sponsored by the General Partner or any of its Affiliates, in each case for the benefit of employees of the General Partner, any Group Member or any Affiliate, or any of them, in respect of services performed, directly or indirectly, for the benefit of the Partnership Group. The Partnership agrees to issue and sell to the General Partner or any of its Affiliates any Partnership Securities that the General Partner or such Affiliates are obligated to provide to any employees pursuant to any such employee benefit plans, employee programs or employee practices. Expenses incurred by the General Partner in connection with any such plans, programs and practices (including the net cost to the General Partner or such Affiliates of Partnership Securities purchased by the General Partner or such Affiliates from the Partnership to fulfill options or awards under such plans, programs and practices) shall be reimbursed in accordance with Section 7.4(b). Any and all obligations of the General Partner under any employee benefit plans, employee programs or employee practices adopted by the General Partner as permitted by this Section 7.4(c) shall constitute obligations of the General Partner hereunder and shall be assumed by any successor General Partner approved pursuant to Section 11.1 or 11.2 or the transferee of or successor to all of the General Partner’s General Partner Interest pursuant to Section 4.6. Section 7.5 Outside Activities. (a) After the Closing Date, the General Partner, for so long as it is the General Partner of the Partnership (i) agrees that its sole business will be to act as a general partner or managing member, as the case may be, of the Partnership and any other partnership or limited liability company of which the Partnership or the Operating Company is, directly or indirectly, a partner or member and to undertake activities that are ancillary or related thereto (including being a limited partner in the Partnership), (ii) shall not engage in any business or activity or incur any debts or liabilities except in connection with or incidental to (A) its performance as general partner or managing member, if any, of one or more Group Members or as described in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or (B) the acquiring, owning or disposing of debt or equity securities in any Group Member and (iii) except to the extent permitted in the Omnibus Agreement, shall not, and shall cause its controlled Affiliates not to, engage in any Offshore Restricted Business or Crude Oil Restricted Business (as such terms are defined in the Omnibus Agreement). (b) Teekay Corporation and certain of its Affiliates have entered into the Omnibus Agreement, which agreement sets forth certain restrictions on the ability of Teekay Corporation and its Affiliates to engage in any LNG Restricted Businesses (as such term is defined in the Omnibus Agreement). (c) Except as specifically restricted by Section 7.5(a) or the Omnibus Agreement, each Indemnitee (other than the General Partner) shall have the right to engage in businesses of every type and description and other activities for profit and to engage in and possess an interest in other business ventures of any and every type or description, whether in businesses engaged in or anticipated to be engaged in by any Group Member, independently or with others, including


 
32 business interests and activities in direct competition with the business and activities of any Group Member, and none of the same shall constitute a breach of this Agreement or any duty expressed or implied by law to any Group Member or any Partner. None of any Group Member, any Limited Partner or any other Person shall have any rights by virtue of this Agreement, any Group Member Agreement, or the partnership relationship established hereby in any business ventures of any Indemnitee. (d) Subject to the terms of Section 7.5(a), Section 7.5(b), Section 7.5(c) and the Omnibus Agreement, but otherwise notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, (i) the engaging in competitive activities by any Indemnitees (other than the General Partner) in accordance with the provisions of this Section 7.5 is hereby approved by the Partnership and all Partners, (ii) it shall be deemed not to be a breach of any fiduciary duty or any other obligation of any type whatsoever of the General Partner or of any Indemnitee for the Indemnitees (other than the General Partner) to engage in such business interests and activities in preference to or to the exclusion of the Partnership and (iii) except as set forth in the Omnibus Agreement, the General Partner and the Indemnitees shall have no obligation hereunder or as a result of any duty expressed or implied by law to present business opportunities to the Partnership. (e) The General Partner and each of its Affiliates may acquire Units or other Partnership Securities in addition to those acquired on the Closing Date and, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, shall be entitled to exercise, at their option, all rights relating to all Units or other Partnership Securities acquired by them. (f) The term “Affiliates” when used in Section 7.5(a) and Section 7.5(e) with respect to the General Partner shall not include any Group Member. (g) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, to the extent that any provision of this Agreement purports or is interpreted to have the effect of restricting the fiduciary duties that might otherwise, as a result of Marshall Islands law or other applicable law, be owed by the General Partner to the Partnership and its Limited Partners, or to constitute a waiver or consent by the Limited Partners to any such restriction, such provisions shall be inapplicable and have no effect in determining whether the General Partner has complied with its fiduciary duties in connection with determinations made by it under this Section 7.5. Section 7.6 Loans from the General Partner; Loans or Contributions from the Partnership or Group Members. (a) The General Partner or any of its Affiliates may lend to any Group Member, and any Group Member may borrow from the General Partner or any of its Affiliates, funds needed or desired by the Group Member for such periods of time and in such amounts as the General Partner may determine; provided, however, that in any such case the lending party may not charge the borrowing party interest at a rate greater than the rate that would be charged the borrowing party or impose terms less favorable to the borrowing party than would be charged or imposed on the borrowing party by unrelated lenders on comparable loans made on an arm’s- length basis (without reference to the lending party’s financial abilities or guarantees), all as determined by the General Partner. The borrowing party shall reimburse the lending party for any costs (other than any additional interest costs) incurred by the lending party in connection


 
33 with the borrowing of such funds. For purposes of this Section 7.6(a) and Section 7.6(b), the term “Group Member” shall include any Affiliate of a Group Member that is controlled by the Group Member. (b) The Partnership may lend or contribute to any Group Member, and any Group Member may borrow from the Partnership, funds on terms and conditions determined by the General Partner. No Group Member may lend funds to the General Partner or any of its Affiliates (other than another Group Member). (c) No borrowing by any Group Member or the approval thereof by the General Partner shall be deemed to constitute a breach of any duty, expressed or implied, of the General Partner or its Affiliates to the Partnership or the Limited Partners by reason of the fact that the purpose or effect of such borrowing is directly or indirectly to enable distributions to the General Partner or its Affiliates (including in their capacities as Limited Partners) to exceed the General Partner’s Percentage Interest of the total amount distributed to all partners. Section 7.7 Indemnification. (a) To the fullest extent permitted by law but subject to the limitations expressly provided in this Agreement, all Indemnitees shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Partnership from and against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, joint or several, expenses (including legal fees and expenses), judgments, fines, penalties, interest, settlements or other amounts arising from any and all claims, demands, actions, suits or proceedings, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, in which any Indemnitee may be involved, or is threatened to be involved, as a party or otherwise, by reason of its status as an Indemnitee; provided, that the Indemnitee shall not be indemnified and held harmless if there has been a final and non-appealable judgment entered by a court of competent jurisdiction determining that, in respect of the matter for which the Indemnitee is seeking indemnification pursuant to this Section 7.7, the Indemnitee acted in bad faith or engaged in fraud, willful misconduct or gross negligence or, in the case of a criminal matter, acted with knowledge that the Indemnitee’s conduct was unlawful; provided, further, no indemnification pursuant to this Section 7.7 shall be available to the General Partner or its Affiliates (other than a Group Member) with respect to its or their obligations incurred pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Omnibus Agreement or the Contribution Agreement (other than obligations incurred by the General Partner on behalf of the Partnership). Any indemnification pursuant to this Section 7.7 shall be made only out of the assets of the Partnership, it being agreed that the General Partner shall not be personally liable for such indemnification and shall have no obligation to contribute or loan any monies or property to the Partnership to enable it to effectuate such indemnification. (b) To the fullest extent permitted by law, expenses (including legal fees and expenses) incurred by an Indemnitee who is indemnified pursuant to Section 7.7(a) in defending any claim, demand, action, suit or proceeding shall, from time to time, be advanced by the Partnership prior to a determination that the Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified upon receipt by the Partnership of any undertaking by or on behalf of the Indemnitee to repay such amount if it shall be determined that the Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified as authorized in this Section 7.7.


 
34 (c) The indemnification provided by this Section 7.7 shall be in addition to any other rights to which an Indemnitee may be entitled under any agreement, pursuant to any vote of the holders of Outstanding Limited Partner Interests, as a matter of law or otherwise, both as to actions in the Indemnitee’s capacity as an Indemnitee and as to actions in any other capacity (including any capacity under the Underwriting Agreement), and shall continue as to an Indemnitee who has ceased to serve in such capacity and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, successors, assigns and administrators of the Indemnitee. (d) The Partnership may purchase and maintain (or reimburse the General Partner or its Affiliates for the cost of) insurance, on behalf of the General Partner, its Affiliates and such other Persons as the General Partner shall determine, against any liability that may be asserted against, or expense that may be incurred by, such Person in connection with the Partnership’s activities or such Person’s activities on behalf of the Partnership, regardless of whether the Partnership would have the power to indemnify such Person against such liability under the provisions of this Agreement. (e) For purposes of this Section 7.7, the Partnership shall be deemed to have requested an Indemnitee to serve as fiduciary of an employee benefit plan whenever the performance by it of its duties to the Partnership also imposes duties on, or otherwise involves services by, it to the plan or participants or beneficiaries of the plan; excise taxes assessed on an Indemnitee with respect to an employee benefit plan pursuant to applicable law shall constitute “fines” within the meaning of Section 7.7(a); and action taken or omitted by it with respect to any employee benefit plan in the performance of its duties for a purpose reasonably believed by it to be in the best interest of the participants and beneficiaries of the plan shall be deemed to be for a purpose that is in the best interests of the Partnership. (f) In no event may an Indemnitee subject the Limited Partners to personal liability by reason of the indemnification provisions set forth in this Agreement. (g) An Indemnitee shall not be denied indemnification in whole or in part under this Section 7.7 because the Indemnitee had an interest in the transaction with respect to which the indemnification applies if the transaction was otherwise permitted by the terms of this Agreement. (h) The provisions of this Section 7.7 are for the benefit of the Indemnitees, their heirs, successors, assigns and administrators and shall not be deemed to create any rights for the benefit of any other Persons. (i) No amendment, modification or repeal of this Section 7.7 or any provision hereof shall in any manner terminate, reduce or impair the right of any past, present or future Indemnitee to be indemnified by the Partnership, nor the obligations of the Partnership to indemnify any such Indemnitee under and in accordance with the provisions of this Section 7.7 as in effect immediately prior to such amendment, modification or repeal with respect to claims arising from or relating to matters occurring, in whole or in part, prior to such amendment, modification or repeal, regardless of when such claims may arise or be asserted. Section 7.8 Liability of Indemnitees.


 
35 (a) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in this Agreement, no Indemnitee shall be liable for monetary damages to the Partnership, the Limited Partners or any other Persons who have acquired interests in the Partnership Securities, for losses sustained or liabilities incurred as a result of any act or omission of an Indemnitee unless there has been a final and non-appealable judgment entered by a court of competent jurisdiction determining that, in respect of the matter in question, the Indemnitee acted in bad faith or engaged in fraud, willful misconduct or gross negligence or, in the case of a criminal matter, acted with knowledge that the Indemnitee’s conduct was criminal. (b) Subject to its obligations and duties as General Partner set forth in Section 7.1(a), the General Partner may exercise any of the powers granted to it by this Agreement and perform any of the duties imposed upon it hereunder either directly or by or through its agents, and the General Partner shall not be responsible for any misconduct or negligence on the part of any such agent appointed by the General Partner in good faith. (c) To the extent that, at law or in equity, an Indemnitee has duties (including fiduciary duties) and liabilities relating thereto to the Partnership or to the Partners, the General Partner and any other Indemnitee acting in connection with the Partnership’s business or affairs shall not be liable to the Partnership or to any Partner for its good faith reliance on the provisions of this Agreement. (d) Any amendment, modification or repeal of this Section 7.8 or any provision hereof shall be prospective only and shall not in any way affect the limitations on the liability of the Indemnitees under this Section 7.8 as in effect immediately prior to such amendment, modification or repeal with respect to claims arising from or relating to matters occurring, in whole or in part, prior to such amendment, modification or repeal, regardless of when such claims may arise or be asserted. Section 7.9 Resolution of Conflicts of Interest; Standards of Conduct and Modification of Duties. (a) Unless otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement or any Group Member Agreement, whenever a potential conflict of interest exists or arises between the General Partner or any of its Affiliates, on the one hand, and the Partnership, any Group Member or any Partner, on the other, any resolution or course of action by the General Partner or its Affiliates in respect of such conflict of interest shall be permitted and deemed approved by all Partners, and shall not constitute a breach of this Agreement, of any Group Member Agreement, of any agreement contemplated herein or therein, or of any duty stated or implied by law or equity, if the resolution or course of action in respect of such conflict of interest is (i) approved by Special Approval, (ii) approved by the vote of a majority of the Outstanding Common Units (excluding Common Units owned by the General Partner and its Affiliates), (iii) on terms no less favorable to the Partnership than those generally being provided to or available from unrelated third parties or (iv) fair and reasonable to the Partnership, taking into account the totality of the relationships between the parties involved (including other transactions that may be particularly favorable or advantageous to the Partnership). The General Partner shall be authorized but not required in connection with its resolution of such conflict of interest to seek Special Approval of such resolution, and the General Partner may also adopt a resolution or course of action that has not


 
36 received Special Approval. If Special Approval is not sought and the Board of Directors of the General Partner determines that the resolution or course of action taken with respect to a conflict of interest satisfies either of the standards set forth in clauses (iii) or (iv) above, then it shall be presumed that, in making its decision, the Board of Directors of the General Partner acted in good faith, and in any proceeding brought by any Limited Partner or by or on behalf of such Limited Partner or any other Limited Partner or the Partnership challenging such approval, the Person bringing or prosecuting such proceeding shall have the burden of overcoming such presumption. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, the existence of the conflicts of interest described in the Registration Statement are hereby approved by all Partners. (b) Whenever the General Partner makes a determination or takes or declines to take any other action, or any of its Affiliates causes it to do so, in its capacity as the general partner of the Partnership as opposed to in its individual capacity, whether under this Agreement, any Group Member Agreement or any other agreement contemplated hereby or otherwise, then, unless another express standard is provided for in this Agreement, the General Partner, or such Affiliates causing it to do so, shall make such determination or take or decline to take such other action in good faith and shall not be subject to any other or different standards imposed by this Agreement, any Group Member Agreement, any other agreement contemplated hereby or under the Marshall Islands Act or any other law, rule or regulation. In order for a determination or other action to be in “good faith” for purposes of this Agreement, the Person or Persons making such determination or taking or declining to take such other action must reasonably believe that the determination or other action is in the best interests of the Partnership, unless the context otherwise requires. (c) Whenever the General Partner makes a determination or takes or declines to take any other action, or any of its Affiliates causes it to do so, in its individual capacity as opposed to in its capacity as the general partner of the Partnership, whether under this Agreement, any Group Member Agreement or any other agreement contemplated hereby or otherwise, then the General Partner, or such Affiliates causing it to do so, are entitled to make such determination or to take or decline to take such other action free of any fiduciary duty or obligation whatsoever to the Partnership or any Limited Partner, and the General Partner, or such Affiliates causing it to do so, shall not be required to act in good faith or pursuant to any other standard imposed by this Agreement, any Group Member Agreement, any other agreement contemplated hereby or under the Marshall Islands Act or any other law, rule or regulation. By way of illustration and not of limitation, whenever the phrase, “at the option of the General Partner,” or some variation of that phrase, is used in this Agreement, it indicates that the General Partner is acting in its individual capacity. (d) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, the General Partner and its Affiliates shall have no duty or obligation, express or implied, to (i) sell or otherwise dispose of any asset of the Partnership Group other than in the ordinary course of business or (ii) permit any Group Member to use any facilities or assets of the General Partner and its Affiliates, except as may be provided in contracts entered into from time to time specifically dealing with such use. Any determination by the General Partner or any of its Affiliates to enter into such contracts shall be at its option.


 
37 (e) Except as expressly set forth in this Agreement, neither the General Partner nor any other Indemnitee shall have any duties or liabilities, including fiduciary duties, to the Partnership or any Limited Partner and the provisions of this Agreement, to the extent that they restrict or otherwise modify the duties and liabilities, including fiduciary duties, of the General Partner or any other Indemnitee otherwise existing at law or in equity, are agreed by the Partners to replace such other duties and liabilities of the General Partner or such other Indemnitee. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, but subject to Section 7.9(c) and without reference to the definition of “good faith” in Section 7.9(b), neither the General Partner nor any other Indemnitee shall owe any fiduciary duties to Preferred Unit Holders other than a contractual duty of good faith and fair dealing. (f) The Unitholders hereby authorize the General Partner, on behalf of the Partnership as a partner or member of a Group Member, to approve of actions by the general partner or managing member of such Group Member similar to those actions permitted to be taken by the General Partner pursuant to this Section 7.9. Section 7.10 Other Matters Concerning the General Partner. (a) The General Partner may rely and shall be protected in acting or refraining from acting upon any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, bond, debenture or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties. (b) The General Partner may consult with legal counsel, accountants, appraisers, management consultants, investment bankers and other consultants and advisers selected by it, and any act taken or omitted to be taken in reliance upon the opinion (including an Opinion of Counsel) of such Persons as to matters that the General Partner reasonably believes to be within such Person’s professional or expert competence shall be conclusively presumed to have been done or omitted in good faith and in accordance with such opinion. (c) The General Partner shall have the right, in respect of any of its powers or obligations hereunder, to act through any of its duly authorized officers, a duly appointed attorney or attorneys-in-fact or the duly authorized officers of the Partnership. Section 7.11 Purchase or Sale of Partnership Securities. Subject to Section 16.6(g), the General Partner may cause the Partnership to purchase or otherwise acquire Partnership Securities. As long as Partnership Securities are held by any Group Member, such Partnership Securities shall not be considered Outstanding for any purpose, except as otherwise provided herein. The General Partner or any Affiliate of the General Partner may also purchase or otherwise acquire and sell or otherwise dispose of Partnership Securities for its own account, subject to the provisions of Articles IV and X and Section 16.6(g). Section 7.12 Registration Rights of the General Partner and its Affiliates. (a) If (i) the General Partner or any Affiliate of the General Partner (including for purposes of this Section 7.12, any Person that is an Affiliate of the General Partner at the date hereof notwithstanding that it may later cease to be an Affiliate of the General Partner) or any of


 
38 their assignees holds Partnership Securities that it desires to sell and (ii) Rule 144 of the Securities Act (or any successor rule or regulation to Rule 144) or another exemption from registration is not available to enable such holder of Partnership Securities (the “Holder”) to dispose of the number of Partnership Securities it desires to sell at the time it desires to do so without registration under the Securities Act, then at the option and upon the request of the Holder, the Partnership shall file with the Commission as promptly as practicable after receiving such request, and use all reasonable efforts to cause to become effective and remain effective for a period of not less than six months following its effective date or such shorter period as shall terminate when all Partnership Securities covered by such registration statement have been sold, a registration statement under the Securities Act registering the offering and sale of the number of Partnership Securities specified by the Holder; provided, however, that the Partnership shall not be required to effect more than three registrations pursuant to this Section 7.12(a); and provided further, however, that if the Conflicts Committee determines that a postponement of the requested registration for up to six months would be in the best interests of the Partnership and its Partners due to a pending transaction, investigation or other event, the filing of such registration statement or the effectiveness thereof may be deferred for up to six months, but not thereafter. In connection with any registration pursuant to the immediately preceding sentence, the Partnership shall (i) promptly prepare and file (A) such documents as may be necessary to register or qualify the securities subject to such registration under the securities laws of such states as the Holder shall reasonably request; provided, however, that no such qualification shall be required in any jurisdiction where, as a result thereof, the Partnership would become subject to general service of process or to taxation or qualification to do business as a foreign corporation or partnership doing business in such jurisdiction solely as a result of such registration, and (B) such documents as may be necessary to apply for listing or to list the Partnership Securities subject to such registration on such National Securities Exchange as the Holder shall reasonably request, and (ii) do any and all other acts and things that may be necessary or appropriate to enable the Holder to consummate a public sale of such Partnership Securities in such states. Except as set forth in Section 7.12(c), all costs and expenses of any such registration and offering (other than the underwriting discounts and commissions) shall be paid by the Partnership, without reimbursement by the Holder. (b) If the Partnership shall at any time propose to file a registration statement under the Securities Act for an offering of equity securities of the Partnership for cash (other than an offering relating solely to an employee benefit plan), the Partnership shall use all reasonable efforts to include such number or amount of securities held by the Holder in such registration statement as the Holder shall request; provided, that the Partnership is not required to make any effort or take any action to so include the securities of the Holder once the registration statement is declared effective by the Commission, including any registration statement providing for the offering from time to time of securities pursuant to Rule 415 of the Securities Act. If the proposed offering pursuant to this Section 7.12(b) shall be an underwritten offering, then, in the event that the managing underwriter or managing underwriters of such offering advise the Partnership and the Holder in writing that in their opinion the inclusion of all or some of the Holder’s Partnership Securities would adversely and materially affect the success of the offering, the Partnership shall include in such offering only that number or amount, if any, of securities held by the Holder that, in the opinion of the managing underwriter or managing underwriters, will not so adversely and materially affect the offering. Except as set forth in Section 7.12(c), all


 
39 costs and expenses of any such registration and offering (other than the underwriting discounts and commissions) shall be paid by the Partnership, without reimbursement by the Holder. (c) If underwriters are engaged in connection with any registration referred to in this Section 7.12, the Partnership shall provide indemnification, representations, covenants, opinions and other assurance to the underwriters in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to such underwriters. Further, in addition to and not in limitation of the Partnership’s obligation under Section 7.7, the Partnership shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, indemnify and hold harmless the Holder, its officers, directors and each Person who controls the Holder (within the meaning of the Securities Act) and any agent thereof (collectively, “Indemnified Persons”) against any losses, claims, demands, actions, causes of action, assessments, damages, liabilities (joint or several), costs and expenses (including interest, penalties and reasonable attorneys’ fees and disbursements), resulting to, imposed upon, or incurred by the Indemnified Persons, directly or indirectly, under the Securities Act or otherwise (hereinafter referred to in this Section 7.12(c) as a “claim” and in the plural as “claims”) based upon, arising out of or resulting from any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of any material fact contained in any registration statement under which any Partnership Securities were registered under the Securities Act or any state securities or Blue Sky laws, in any preliminary prospectus (if used prior to the effective date of such registration statement), or in any summary or final prospectus or in any amendment or supplement thereto (if used during the period the Partnership is required to keep the registration statement current), or arising out of, based upon or resulting from the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements made therein not misleading; provided, however, that the Partnership shall not be liable to any Indemnified Person to the extent that any such claim arises out of, is based upon or results from an untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in such registration statement, such preliminary, summary or final prospectus or such amendment or supplement, in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Partnership by or on behalf of such Indemnified Person specifically for use in the preparation thereof. (d) The provisions of Section 7.12(a) and Section 7.12(b) shall continue to be applicable with respect to the General Partner (and any of the General Partner’s Affiliates and any of the General Partner’s or its Affiliates’ assignees) after it ceases to be a Partner of the Partnership, during a period of two years subsequent to the effective date of such cessation and for so long thereafter as is required for the Holder to sell all of the Partnership Securities with respect to which it has requested during such two-year period inclusion in a registration statement otherwise filed or that a registration statement be filed; provided, however, that the Partnership shall not be required to file successive registration statements covering the same Partnership Securities for which registration was demanded during such two-year period. The provisions of Section 7.12(c) shall continue in effect thereafter. (e) Any request to register Partnership Securities pursuant to this Section 7.12 shall (i) specify the Partnership Securities intended to be offered and sold by the Person making the request, (ii) express such Person’s present intent to offer such Partnership Securities for distribution, (iii) describe the nature or method of the proposed offer and sale of Partnership Securities, and (iv) contain the undertaking of such Person to provide all such information and


 
40 materials and take all action as may be required in order to permit the Partnership to comply with all applicable requirements in connection with the registration of such Partnership Securities. Section 7.13 Reliance by Third Parties. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, any Person dealing with the Partnership shall be entitled to assume that the General Partner and any officer of the General Partner authorized by the General Partner to act on behalf of and in the name of the Partnership has full power and authority to encumber, sell or otherwise use in any manner any and all assets of the Partnership and to enter into any authorized contracts on behalf of the Partnership, and such Person shall be entitled to deal with the General Partner or any such officer as if it were the Partnership’s sole party in interest, both legally and beneficially. Each Limited Partner hereby waives any and all defenses or other remedies that may be available against such Person to contest, negate or disaffirm any action of the General Partner or any such officer in connection with any such dealing. In no event shall any Person dealing with the General Partner or any such officer or its representatives be obligated to ascertain that the terms of this Agreement have been complied with or to inquire into the necessity or expedience of any act or action of the General Partner or any such officer or its representatives. Each and every certificate, document or other instrument executed on behalf of the Partnership by the General Partner or its representatives shall be conclusive evidence in favor of any and every Person relying thereon or claiming thereunder that (a) at the time of the execution and delivery of such certificate, document or instrument, this Agreement was in full force and effect, (b) the Person executing and delivering such certificate, document or instrument was duly authorized and empowered to do so for and on behalf of the Partnership and (c) such certificate, document or instrument was duly executed and delivered in accordance with the terms and provisions of this Agreement and is binding upon the Partnership. ARTICLE VIII BOOKS, RECORDS, ACCOUNTING AND REPORTS Section 8.1 Records and Accounting. The General Partner shall keep or cause to be kept at the principal office of the Partnership appropriate books and records with respect to the Partnership’s business, including all books and records necessary to provide to the Limited Partners any information required to be provided pursuant to Section 3.4(a). Any books and records maintained by or on behalf of the Partnership in the regular course of its business, including the record of the Record Holders of Units or other Partnership Securities, books of account and records of Partnership proceedings, may be kept on, or be in the form of, computer disks, hard drives, punch cards, magnetic tape, photographs, micrographics or any other information storage device; provided, that the books and records so maintained are convertible into clearly legible written form within a reasonable period of time. The books of the Partnership shall be maintained, for financial reporting purposes, on an accrual basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Section 8.2 Fiscal Year.


 
41 The fiscal year of the Partnership shall be a fiscal year ending December 31. Section 8.3 Reports. (a) As soon as practicable, but in no event later than 120 days after the close of each fiscal year of the Partnership, the General Partner shall cause to be mailed or made available to each Record Holder of a Unit as of a date selected by the General Partner, an annual report containing financial statements of the Partnership for such fiscal year of the Partnership, presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, including a balance sheet and statements of operations, Partnership equity and cash flows, such statements to be audited by a firm of independent public accountants selected by the General Partner. (b) As soon as practicable, but in no event later than 90 days after the close of each Quarter except the last Quarter of each fiscal year, the General Partner shall cause to be mailed or made available to each Record Holder of a Unit, as of a date selected by the General Partner, a report containing unaudited financial statements of the Partnership and such other information as may be required by applicable law, regulation or rule of any National Securities Exchange on which the Units are listed, or as the General Partner determines to be necessary or appropriate. ARTICLE IX TAX MATTERS Section 9.1 Tax Returns and Information. The Partnership shall timely file all returns of the Partnership that are required for foreign, federal, state and local income tax purposes on the basis of the accrual method and a taxable year ending on December 31. The tax information reasonably required by Record Holders for federal and state income tax reporting purposes with respect to a taxable year shall be furnished to them within 90 days of the close of the calendar year in which the Partnership’s taxable year ends. Section 9.2 Tax Elections. The General Partner is authorized to make the election on Form 8832 for the Partnership to be classified as an association taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes pursuant to Treasury Regulation Section 301.7701-3(c) effective on the Effective Date, and such election has been made (the “Tax Election”). Section 9.3 Tax Controversies. Subject to the provisions hereof, the General Partner is designated as the “tax matters partner” as defined in Section 6231 the Code as in effect prior to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 for taxable years of the Partnership beginning before January 1, 2018 (the “Tax Matters Partner”). For taxable years of the Partnership beginning after December 31, 2017, and ending on or prior to date immediately prior to the Effective Date, the General Partner shall, in its sole discretion, designate a “partnership representative” as defined in Section 6223 of the Code (the “Partnership Representative”). The Tax Matters Partner and the Partnership Representative


 
42 shall exercise any and all authority of a “tax matters partner” or a “partnership representative,” respectively, under the Code, including to represent the Partnership (at the Partnership’s expense) in connection with all examinations of the Partnership’s affairs by tax authorities, including resulting administrative and judicial proceedings, to bind the Partnership and its Partners with respect to any applicable tax matters, to make any available elections and to expend Partnership funds for professional services and costs associated therewith. Each Partner agrees to cooperate with the Tax Matters Partner and the Partnership Representative and to do or refrain from doing any or all things reasonably required by the Tax Matters Partner and the Partnership Representative to conduct such proceedings. Section 9.4 Withholding. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the General Partner is authorized to take any action that may be required to cause the Partnership and other Group Members to comply with any withholding requirements established under the Code or any other federal, state or local law including, without limitation, pursuant to Sections 1441, 1442, 1445 and 1446 of the Code. To the extent that the Partnership is required or elects to withhold and pay over to any taxing authority any amount resulting from the allocation or distribution of income to any Partner (including, without limitation, by reason of Section 1446 of the Code), the General Partner may treat the amount withheld as a distribution of cash pursuant to Section 6.3 in the amount of such withholding from such Partner. Section 9.5 Conduct of Operations. The General Partner shall use commercially reasonable efforts to conduct the business of the Partnership and its Affiliates in a manner that does not require a holder of Common Units or Preferred Units to file a tax return in any jurisdiction with which the holder has no contact other than through ownership of Common Units or Preferred Units. For greater certainty, the General Partner shall conduct the affairs and governance of the Partnership so that the General Partner and the Partnership are not residents of Canada for purposes of Canada’s tax legislation and neither the General Partner nor the Partnership is carrying on business in Canada for purposes of such legislation. ARTICLE X ADMISSION OF PARTNERS Section 10.1 [Reserved]. Section 10.2 Admission of Additional Limited Partners. (a) By acceptance of the transfer of any Limited Partner Interests in accordance with Article IV or the acceptance of any Limited Partner Interests issued pursuant to Article V or pursuant to a merger or consolidation pursuant to Article XIV, each transferee of, or other such Person acquiring, a Limited Partner Interest (including any nominee holder or an agent or representative acquiring such Limited Partner Interests for the account of another Person) (i) shall be admitted to the Partnership as a Limited Partner with respect to the Limited Partner Interests so transferred or issued to such Person when any such transfer, issuance or admission is


 
43 reflected in the books and records of the Partnership and such Limited Partner becomes the Record Holder of the Limited Partner Interests so transferred, (ii) shall become bound by the terms of this Agreement, (iii) represents that the transferee has the capacity, power and authority to enter into this Agreement, (iv) grants the powers of attorney set forth in this Agreement and (v) makes the consents and waivers contained in this Agreement, all with or without execution of this Agreement by such Person. The transfer of any Limited Partner Interests and the admission of any new Limited Partner shall not constitute an amendment to this Agreement. A Person may become a Limited Partner or Record Holder of a Limited Partner Interest without the consent or approval of any of the Partners. A Person may not become a Limited Partner until such Person acquires a Limited Partner Interest and such Person is reflected in the books and records of the Partnership as the Record Holder of such Limited Partner Interest. (b) The name and mailing address of each Limited Partner shall be listed on the books and records of the Partnership maintained for such purpose by the Partnership or the Transfer Agent. The General Partner shall update the books and records of the Partnership from time to time as necessary to reflect accurately the information therein (or shall cause the Transfer Agent to do so, as applicable). A Limited Partner Interest may be represented by a Certificate, as provided in Section 4.1 hereof. (c) Any transfer of a Limited Partner Interest shall not entitle the transferee to receive distributions or to any other rights to which the transferor was entitled until the transferee becomes a Limited Partner pursuant to Section 10.2(a). Section 10.3 Admission of Successor General Partner. A successor General Partner approved pursuant to Section 11.1 or 11.2 or the transferee of or successor to all of the General Partner Interest pursuant to Section 4.6 who is proposed to be admitted as a successor General Partner shall be admitted to the Partnership as the General Partner, effective immediately prior to the withdrawal or removal of the predecessor or transferring General Partner, pursuant to Section 11.1 or 11.2 or the transfer of the General Partner Interest pursuant to Section 4.6, provided, however, that no such successor shall be admitted to the Partnership until compliance with the terms of Section 4.6 has occurred and such successor has executed and delivered such other documents or instruments as may be required to effect such admission. Any such successor shall, subject to the terms hereof, carry on the business of the members of the Partnership Group without dissolution. Section 10.4 Amendment of Agreement and Certificate of Limited Partnership. To effect the admission to the Partnership of any Partner, the General Partner shall take all steps necessary or appropriate under the Marshall Islands Act to amend the records of the Partnership to reflect such admission and, if necessary, to prepare as soon as practicable an amendment to this Agreement and, if required by law, the General Partner shall prepare and file an amendment to the Certificate of Limited Partnership and the General Partner may for this purpose, among others, exercise the power of attorney granted pursuant to Section 2.6.


 
44 ARTICLE XI WITHDRAWAL OR REMOVAL OF PARTNERS Section 11.1 Withdrawal of the General Partner. (a) The General Partner shall be deemed to have withdrawn from the Partnership upon the occurrence of any one of the following events (each such event herein referred to as an “Event of Withdrawal”); (i) The General Partner voluntarily withdraws from the Partnership by giving written notice to the other Partners; (ii) The General Partner transfers all of its rights as General Partner pursuant to Section 4.6; (iii) The General Partner is removed pursuant to Section 11.2; (iv) The General Partner (A) makes a general assignment for the benefit of creditors; (B) files a voluntary petition in bankruptcy; (C) files a petition or answer seeking for itself a liquidation, dissolution or similar relief (but not a reorganization) under any law; (D) files an answer or other pleading admitting or failing to contest the material allegations of a petition filed against the General Partner in a proceeding of the type described in clauses (A)-(B) of this Section 11.1(a)(iv); or (E) seeks, consents to or acquiesces in the appointment of a trustee, receiver or liquidator of the General Partner or of all or any substantial part of its properties; (v) The General Partner is adjudged bankrupt or insolvent, or has entered against him or her an order for relief in any bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding; (vi) (A) in the case of a general partner that is a corporation, the filing of a certificate of dissolution, or its equivalent, for the corporation or the revocation of its charter and the expiration of ninety (90) days after the date of notice to the corporation of revocation without a reinstatement of its charter; (B) in the event the General Partner is a partnership or a limited liability company, the dissolution and commencement of winding up of the General Partner; (C) in the event the General Partner is acting in such capacity by virtue of being a trustee of a trust, the termination of the trust; (D) in the event the General Partner is a natural person, his death or adjudication of incompetency; and (E) otherwise in the event of the termination of the General Partner. If an Event of Withdrawal specified in Section 11.1(a)(iv), or Section 11.1(a)(vi)(A), (B), or (D) occurs, the withdrawing General Partner shall give notice to the Limited Partners within 30 days after such occurrence. The Partners hereby agree that only the Events of Withdrawal described in this Section 11.1 shall result in the withdrawal of the General Partner from the Partnership. (b) Withdrawal of the General Partner from the Partnership upon the occurrence of an Event of Withdrawal shall not constitute a breach of this Agreement under the following circumstances: (i) the General Partner voluntarily withdraws by giving at least 90 days’ advance


 
45 notice to the Unitholders, such withdrawal to take effect on the date specified in such notice; or (ii) at any time that the General Partner ceases to be the General Partner pursuant to Section 11.1(a)(ii) or is removed pursuant to Section 11.2. The withdrawal of the General Partner from the Partnership upon the occurrence of an Event of Withdrawal shall also constitute the withdrawal of the General Partner as general partner or managing member, if any, to the extent applicable, of the other Group Members. If the General Partner gives a notice of withdrawal pursuant to Section 11.1(a)(i), the holders of a Unit Majority, may, prior to the effective date of such withdrawal, elect a successor General Partner. The Person so elected as successor General Partner shall automatically become the successor general partner or managing member, to the extent applicable, of the other Group Members of which the General Partner is a general partner or a managing member. If, prior to the effective date of the General Partner’s withdrawal, a successor is not selected by the Unitholders as provided herein the Partnership shall be dissolved in accordance with Section 12.1. Any successor General Partner elected in accordance with the terms of this Section 11.1 shall be subject to the provisions of Section 10.3. Section 11.2 Removal of the General Partner. The General Partner may be removed if such removal is approved by the Unitholders holding at least 66 2/3% of the Outstanding Units (including Units held by the General Partner and its Affiliates voting as a single class). Any such action by such holders for removal of the General Partner must also provide for the election of a successor General Partner by the Unitholders holding a Unit Majority (including Units held by the General Partner and its Affiliates). Such removal shall be effective immediately following the admission of a successor General Partner pursuant to Section 10.3. The removal of the General Partner shall also automatically constitute the removal of the General Partner as general partner or managing member, to the extent applicable, of the other Group Members of which the General Partner is a general partner or a managing member. If a Person is elected as a successor General Partner in accordance with the terms of this Section 11.2, such Person shall, upon admission pursuant to Section 10.3, automatically become a successor general partner or managing member, to the extent applicable, of the other Group Members of which the General Partner is a general partner or a managing member. The right of the holders of Outstanding Units to remove the General Partner shall not exist or be exercised unless the Partnership has received an Opinion of Counsel that such removal (following the selection of the successor General Partner) would not result in the loss of the limited liability of any Limited Partner or any Group Member. Any successor General Partner elected in accordance with the terms of this Section 11.2 shall be subject to the provisions of Section 10.3. Section 11.3 Interest of Departing Partner and Successor General Partner. (a) In the event of (i) withdrawal of the General Partner under circumstances where such withdrawal does not violate this Agreement or (ii) removal of the General Partner by the holders of Outstanding Units under circumstances where Cause does not exist, if the successor General Partner is elected in accordance with the terms of Section 11.1 or 11.2, the Departing Partner shall have the option, exercisable prior to the effective date of the departure of such Departing Partner, to require its successor to purchase its General Partner Interest and its general partner interest (or equivalent interest), if any, in the other Group Members (collectively, the “Combined Interest”) in exchange for an amount in cash equal to the fair market value of such


 
46 Combined Interest, such amount to be determined and payable as of the effective date of its departure. If the General Partner is removed by the Unitholders under circumstances where Cause exists or if the General Partner withdraws under circumstances where such withdrawal violates this Agreement, and if a successor General Partner is elected in accordance with the terms of Section 11.1 or 11.2 (or if the business of the Partnership is continued pursuant to Section 12.2 and the successor General Partner is not the former General Partner), such successor shall have the option, exercisable prior to the effective date of the departure of such Departing Partner (or, in the event the business of the Partnership is continued, prior to the date the business of the Partnership is continued), to purchase the Combined Interest for such fair market value of such Combined Interest of the Departing Partner. In either event, the Departing Partner shall be entitled to receive all reimbursements due such Departing Partner pursuant to Section 7.4, including any employee-related liabilities (including severance liabilities), incurred in connection with the termination of any employees employed by the Departing Partner for the benefit of the Partnership or the other Group Members. For purposes of this Section 11.3(a), the fair market value of the Departing Partner’s Combined Interest shall be determined by agreement between the Departing Partner and its successor or, failing agreement within 30 days after the effective date of such Departing Partner’s departure, by an independent investment banking firm or other independent expert selected by the Departing Partner and its successor, which, in turn, may rely on other experts, and the determination of which shall be conclusive as to such matter. If such parties cannot agree upon one independent investment banking firm or other independent expert within 45 days after the effective date of such departure, then the Departing Partner shall designate an independent investment banking firm or other independent expert, the Departing Partner’s successor shall designate an independent investment banking firm or other independent expert, and such firms or experts shall mutually select a third independent investment banking firm or independent expert, which third independent investment banking firm or other independent expert shall determine the fair market value of the Combined Interest of the Departing Partner. In making its determination, such third independent investment banking firm or other independent expert may consider the then current trading price of Units on any National Securities Exchange on which Units are then listed, the value of the Partnership’s assets, the rights and obligations of the Departing Partner and other factors it may deem relevant. (b) If the Combined Interest is not purchased in the manner set forth in Section 11.3(a), the Departing Partner (or its transferee) shall become a Limited Partner and its Combined Interest shall be converted into Common Units pursuant to a valuation made by an investment banking firm or other independent expert selected pursuant to Section 11.3(a), without reduction in such Partnership Interest (but subject to proportionate dilution by reason of the admission of its successor). Any successor General Partner shall indemnify the Departing Partner (or its transferee) as to all debts and liabilities of the Partnership arising on or after the date on which the Departing Partner (or its transferee) becomes a Limited Partner. For purposes of this Agreement, conversion of the Combined Interest of the Departing Partner to Common Units will be characterized as if the Departing Partner (or its transferee) contributed its Combined Interest to the Partnership in exchange for the newly issued Common Units. (c) If a successor General Partner is elected in accordance with the terms of Section 11.1 or 11.2 (or if the business of the Partnership is continued pursuant to Section 12.2 and the


 
47 successor General Partner is not the former General Partner) and the option described in Section 11.3(a) is not exercised by the party entitled to do so, the successor General Partner shall, at the effective date of its admission to the Partnership, contribute to the Partnership cash in the amount equal to the product of (i) the quotient obtained by dividing (A) the Percentage Interest of the General Partner Interest of the Departing Partner by (B) a percentage equal to 100% less the Percentage Interest of the General Partner Interest of the Departing Partner and (ii) the Net Agreed Value of the Partnership’s assets on such date. In such event, such successor General Partner shall, subject to the following sentence, be entitled to its Percentage Interest of all Partnership allocations and distributions to which the Departing Partner was entitled. In addition, the successor General Partner shall cause this Agreement to be amended to reflect that, from and after the date of such successor General Partner’s admission, the successor General Partner’s interest in all Partnership distributions and allocations shall be equal to its Percentage Interest. Section 11.4 Withdrawal of Limited Partners. No Limited Partner shall have any right to withdraw from the Partnership; provided, however, that when a transferee of a Limited Partner’s Limited Partner Interest becomes a Record Holder of the Limited Partner Interest so transferred, such transferring Limited Partner shall cease to be a Limited Partner with respect to the Limited Partner Interest so transferred. ARTICLE XII DISSOLUTION AND LIQUIDATION Section 12.1 Dissolution. The Partnership shall not be dissolved by the admission of additional Limited Partners or by the admission of a successor General Partner in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. Upon the removal or withdrawal of the General Partner, if a successor General Partner is elected pursuant to Sections 11.1 or 11.2, the Partnership shall not be dissolved and such successor General Partner shall continue the business of the Partnership. The Partnership shall dissolve, and (subject to Section 12.2) its affairs shall be wound up, upon: (a) an election to dissolve the Partnership by the General Partner that is approved by the holders of a Unit Majority; (b) the sale of all or substantially all of the assets and properties of the Partnership Group; (c) the entry of a decree of judicial dissolution of the Partnership pursuant to the provisions of the Marshall Islands Act; or (d) an Event of Withdrawal of the General Partner as provided in Section 11.1(a) (other than Section 11.1(a)(ii)), unless a successor is elected and, if applicable, an Opinion of Counsel is received as provided in Section 11.2 and such successor is admitted to the Partnership pursuant to Section 10.3. Section 12.2 Continuation of the Business of the Partnership After Dissolution.


 
48 Upon (a) dissolution of the Partnership following an Event of Withdrawal caused by the withdrawal or removal of the General Partner as provided in Sections 11.1(a)(i) or 11.1(a)(iii) and the failure of the Partners to select a successor to such Departing Partner pursuant to Sections 11.1 or 11.2, then within 90 days thereafter, or (b) dissolution of the Partnership upon an event constituting an Event of Withdrawal as defined in Sections 11.1(a)(iv) or 11.1(a)(vi), then, to the maximum extent permitted by law, within 180 days thereafter, the holders of a Unit Majority may elect to continue the business of the Partnership on the same terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement by appointing as a successor General Partner a Person approved by the holders of a Unit Majority. Unless such an election is made within the applicable time period as set forth above, the Partnership shall conduct only activities necessary to wind up its affairs. If such an election is so made, then: (i) the Partnership shall continue without dissolution unless earlier dissolved in accordance with this Article XII; (ii) if the successor General Partner is not the former General Partner, then the interest of the former General Partner shall be treated in the manner provided in Section 11.3; and (iii) the successor General Partner shall be admitted to the Partnership as General Partner, effective as of the Event of Withdrawal, by agreeing in writing to be bound by this Agreement; provided, that the right of the holders of a Unit Majority to approve a successor General Partner and to reconstitute and to continue the business of the Partnership shall not exist and may not be exercised unless the Partnership has received an Opinion of Counsel that the exercise of the right would not result in the loss of limited liability of any Limited Partner. Section 12.3 Liquidator. Upon dissolution of the Partnership, unless the business of the Partnership is continued pursuant to Section 12.2, the General Partner shall select one or more Persons to act as Liquidator. The Liquidator (if other than the General Partner) shall be entitled to receive such compensation for its services as may be approved by holders of a Unit Majority. The Liquidator (if other than the General Partner) shall agree not to resign at any time without 15 days’ prior notice and may be removed at any time, with or without cause, by notice of removal approved by holders of a Unit Majority. Upon dissolution, removal or resignation of the Liquidator, a successor and substitute Liquidator (who shall have and succeed to all rights, powers and duties of the original Liquidator) shall within 30 days thereafter be approved by holders of a Unit Majority. The right to approve a successor or substitute Liquidator in the manner provided herein shall be deemed to refer also to any such successor or substitute Liquidator approved in the manner herein provided. Except as expressly provided in this Article XII, the Liquidator approved in the manner provided herein shall have and may exercise, without further authorization or consent of any of the parties hereto, all of the powers conferred upon the General Partner under the terms of this Agreement (but subject to all of the applicable limitations, contractual and otherwise, upon the exercise of such powers, other than the limitation on sale set forth in Section 7.3(b)) necessary or appropriate to carry out the duties and functions


 
49 of the Liquidator hereunder for and during the period of time required to complete the winding up and liquidation of the Partnership as provided for herein. Section 12.4 Liquidation. The Liquidator shall proceed to dispose of the assets of the Partnership, discharge its liabilities, and otherwise wind up its affairs in such manner and over such period as determined by the Liquidator, subject to Section 60 of the Marshall Islands Act and the following: (a) The assets may be disposed of by public or private sale or by distribution in kind to one or more Partners on such terms as the Liquidator and such Partner or Partners may agree. If any property is distributed in kind, the Partner receiving the property shall be deemed for purposes of Section 12.4(c) to have received cash equal to its fair market value; and contemporaneously therewith, appropriate cash distributions must be made to the other Partners. The Liquidator may defer liquidation or distribution of the Partnership’s assets for a reasonable time if it determines that an immediate sale or distribution of all or some of the Partnership’s assets would be impractical or would cause undue loss to the Partners. The Liquidator may distribute the Partnership’s assets, in whole or in part, in kind if it determines that a sale would be impractical or would cause undue loss to the Partners. (b) Liabilities of the Partnership include amounts owed to the Liquidator as compensation for serving in such capacity (subject to the terms of Section 12.3) and amounts to Partners otherwise than in respect of their distribution rights under Article VI and XVI, as applicable. With respect to any liability that is contingent, conditional or unmatured or is otherwise not yet due and payable, the Liquidator shall either settle such claim for such amount as it thinks appropriate or establish a reserve of cash or other assets to provide for its payment. When paid, any unused portion of the reserve shall be distributed as additional liquidation proceeds. (c) All property and all cash in excess of that required to discharge liabilities as provided in Section 12.4(b) shall be distributed to the Partners as follows: (i) First, to the Preferred Unit Holders in accordance with their respective Preferred Unit Liquidation Preference until there has been distributed in respect of each Preferred Unit then Outstanding an amount equal to the respective Preferred Liquidation Preference; and (ii) Thereafter, any remaining amount (A) to the General Partner in accordance with its Percentage Interest and (B) to all Unitholders holding Common Units, Pro Rata, a percentage equal to 100% less the General Partner’s Percentage Interest. Section 12.5 Cancellation of Certificate of Limited Partnership. Upon the completion of the distribution of Partnership cash and property as provided in Section 12.4 in connection with the liquidation of the Partnership, the Certificate of Limited Partnership and all qualifications of the Partnership as a foreign limited partnership in


 
50 jurisdictions other than the Marshall Islands shall be canceled and such other actions as may be necessary to terminate the Partnership shall be taken. Section 12.6 Return of Contributions. The General Partner shall not be personally liable for, and shall have no obligation to contribute or loan any monies or property to the Partnership to enable it to effectuate, the return of the Capital Contributions of the Limited Partners or Unitholders, or any portion thereof, it being expressly understood that any such return shall be made solely from Partnership assets. Section 12.7 Waiver of Partition. To the maximum extent permitted by law, each Partner hereby waives any right to partition of the Partnership property. ARTICLE XIII AMENDMENT OF PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT; MEETINGS; RECORD DATE Section 13.1 Amendments to be Adopted Solely by the General Partner. Each Partner agrees that the General Partner, without the approval of any Partner, may amend any provision of this Agreement and execute, swear to, acknowledge, deliver, file and record whatever documents may be required in connection therewith, to reflect: (a) a change in the name of the Partnership, the location of the principal place of business of the Partnership, the registered agent of the Partnership or the registered office of the Partnership; (b) admission, substitution, withdrawal or removal of Partners in accordance with this Agreement; (c) a change that the General Partner determines to be necessary or appropriate to qualify or continue the qualification of the Partnership as a limited partnership or a partnership in which the Limited Partners have limited liability under the laws of the Marshall Islands or to ensure that the Group Members will not be taxed as entities for Marshall Islands income tax purposes; (d) subject to Section 16.5, to the extent applicable, a change that the General Partner determines, (i) does not adversely affect the Limited Partners (including any particular class or series of Partnership Interests as compared to other classes or series of Partnership Interests) in any material respect, (ii) to be necessary or appropriate to (A) satisfy any requirements, conditions or guidelines contained in any opinion, directive, order, ruling or regulation of any Marshall Islands authority (including the Marshall Islands Act) or (B) facilitate the trading of the Units (including the division of any class, classes or series of Outstanding Units into different classes to facilitate uniformity of tax consequences within such classes or series of Units) or comply with any rule, regulation, guideline or requirement of any National Securities Exchange on which the Units are or will be listed, (iii) to be necessary or appropriate in connection with


 
51 action taken by the General Partner pursuant to Section 5.9 or (iv) is required to effect the intent expressed in the Registration Statement or the intent of the provisions of this Agreement or is otherwise contemplated by this Agreement; (e) a change in the fiscal year or taxable year of the Partnership and any other changes that the General Partner determines to be necessary or appropriate as a result of a change in the fiscal year or taxable year of the Partnership including, if the General Partner shall so determine, a change in the definition of “Quarter” and the dates on which distributions (other than Preferred Unit Distributions) are to be made by the Partnership; (f) an amendment that is necessary, in the Opinion of Counsel, to prevent the Partnership, or the General Partner or its directors, officers, trustees or agents from in any manner being subjected to the provisions of the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, or “plan asset” regulations adopted under the U.S. Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, regardless of whether such are substantially similar to plan asset regulations currently applied or proposed by the United States Department of Labor; (g) subject to Section 16.5, an amendment that the General Partner determines to be necessary or appropriate in connection with the authorization of issuance of any class or series of Partnership Securities pursuant to Section 5.6; (h) any amendment expressly permitted in this Agreement to be made by the General Partner acting alone; (i) an amendment that the General Partner determines to be necessary or appropriate to reflect and account for the formation by the Partnership of, or investment by the Partnership in, any corporation, partnership, joint venture, limited liability company or other entity, in connection with the conduct by the Partnership of activities permitted by the terms of Section 2.4; or (j) any other amendments substantially similar to the foregoing. Section 13.2 Amendment Procedures. Except as provided in Sections 13.1 and 13.3, all amendments to this Agreement shall be made in accordance with the following requirements. Amendments to this Agreement may be proposed only by the General Partner; provided, however, that the General Partner shall have no duty or obligation to propose any amendment to this Agreement and may decline to do so free of any fiduciary duty or obligation whatsoever to the Partnership, any Limited Partner and, in declining to propose an amendment, shall not be required to act in good faith or pursuant to any other standard imposed by this Agreement, any Group Member Agreement, any other agreement contemplated hereby or under the Marshall Islands Act or any other law, rule or regulation. Subject to Section 16.5, to the extent applicable, a proposed amendment shall be effective upon its approval by the General Partner and the holders of a Unit Majority, unless a greater or different percentage is required under this Agreement or by the Marshall Islands Act. Each proposed amendment that requires the approval of the holders of a specified percentage of Outstanding Units shall be set forth in a writing that contains the text of the proposed


 
52 amendment. If such an amendment is proposed, the General Partner shall seek the written approval of the requisite percentage of Outstanding Units or call a meeting of the Unitholders to consider and vote on such proposed amendment. The General Partner shall notify all Record Holders upon final adoption of any such proposed amendments. Section 13.3 Amendment Requirements. (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 13.1 and 13.2, no provision of this Agreement that establishes a percentage of Outstanding Units (including Units deemed owned by the General Partner) required to take any action shall be amended, altered, changed, repealed or rescinded in any respect that would have the effect of reducing such voting percentage unless such amendment is approved by the written consent or the affirmative vote of holders of Outstanding Units whose aggregate Outstanding Units constitute not less than the voting requirement sought to be reduced. (b) Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 13.1 and 13.2, no amendment to this Agreement may (i) enlarge the obligations of any Limited Partner without its consent, unless such shall be deemed to have occurred as a result of an amendment approved pursuant to Section 13.3(c), (ii) enlarge the obligations of, restrict in any way any action by or rights of, or reduce in any way the amounts distributable, reimbursable or otherwise payable to, the General Partner or any of its Affiliates without its consent, which consent may be given or withheld at its option, (iii) change Section 12.1(a), or (iv) change the term of the Partnership or, except as set forth in Section 12.1(a), give any Person the right to dissolve the Partnership. (c) Except as provided in Section 14.3 and subject to Section 16.5(c)(i) with respect to the applicable series of Preferred Units described therein, and without limitation of the General Partner’s authority to adopt amendments to this Agreement without the approval of any Partners as contemplated in Section 13.1, any amendment that would have a material adverse effect on the rights or preferences of any class or series of Partnership Interests in relation to other classes or series of Partnership Interests must be approved by the holders of not less than a majority of the Outstanding Partnership Interests of the class or series affected. (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, except for amendments pursuant to Section 13.1 and except as otherwise provided in Section 14.3(b), no amendments shall become effective without the approval of the holders of at least 90% of the Outstanding Units voting as a single class unless the Partnership obtains an Opinion of Counsel to the effect that such amendment will not affect the limited liability of any Limited Partner under applicable law. (e) Except as provided in Section 13.1, this Section 13.3 shall only be amended with the approval of the holders of at least 90% of the Outstanding Units. Section 13.4 Special Meetings. All acts of Limited Partners to be taken pursuant to this Agreement shall be taken in the manner provided in this Article XIII. Special meetings of the Limited Partners may be called by the General Partner or by Limited Partners owning 20% or more of the Outstanding Units of the class, classes or series for which a meeting is proposed. Limited Partners shall call a special


 
53 meeting by delivering to the General Partner one or more requests in writing stating that the signing Limited Partners wish to call a special meeting and indicating the general or specific purposes for which the special meeting is to be called. Within 60 days after receipt of such a call from Limited Partners or within such greater time as may be reasonably necessary for the Partnership to comply with any statutes, rules, regulations, listing agreements or similar requirements governing the holding of a meeting or the solicitation of proxies for use at such a meeting, the General Partner shall send a notice of the meeting to the Limited Partners either directly or indirectly through the Transfer Agent. A meeting shall be held at a time and place determined by the General Partner on a date not less than 10 days nor more than 60 days after the mailing of notice of the meeting. Limited Partners shall not vote on matters that would cause the Limited Partners to be deemed to be taking part in the management and control of the business and affairs of the Partnership so as to jeopardize the Limited Partners’ limited liability under the Marshall Islands Act or the law of any other jurisdiction in which the Partnership is qualified to do business. Section 13.5 Notice of a Meeting. Notice of a meeting called pursuant to Section 13.4 shall be given to the Record Holders of the class, classes or series of Units for which a meeting is proposed in writing by mail or other means of written communication in accordance with Section 17.1. The notice shall be deemed to have been given at the time when deposited in the mail or sent by other means of written communication. Section 13.6 Record Date. For purposes of determining the Limited Partners entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of the Limited Partners or to give approvals without a meeting as provided in Section 13.11 the General Partner may set a Record Date, which shall not be less than 10 nor more than 60 days before (a) the date of the meeting (unless such requirement conflicts with any rule, regulation, guideline or requirement of any National Securities Exchange on which the Units are listed for trading, in which case the rule, regulation, guideline or requirement of such exchange shall govern) or (b) in the event that approvals are sought without a meeting, the date by which Limited Partners are requested in writing by the General Partner to give such approvals. Section 13.7 Adjournment. When a meeting is adjourned to another time or place, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting and a new Record Date need not be fixed, if the time and place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken, unless such adjournment shall be for more than 45 days. At the adjourned meeting, the Partnership may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than 45 days or if a new Record Date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given in accordance with this Article XIII. Section 13.8 Waiver of Notice; Approval of Meeting; Approval of Minutes. The transactions of any meeting of Limited Partners, however called and noticed, and whenever held, shall be as valid as if it had occurred at a meeting duly held after regular call and


 
54 notice, if a quorum is present either in person or by proxy, and if, either before or after the meeting, Limited Partners representing such quorum who were present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote, sign a written waiver of notice or an approval of the holding of the meeting or an approval of the minutes thereof. All waivers and approvals shall be filed with the Partnership records or made a part of the minutes of the meeting. Attendance of a Limited Partner at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of the meeting, except when the Limited Partner attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened; and except that attendance at a meeting is not a waiver of any right to disapprove the consideration of matters required to be included in the notice of the meeting, but not so included, if the disapproval is expressly made at the meeting. Section 13.9 Quorum and Voting. The holders of a majority of the Units of the class, classes or series for which a meeting has been called (including Outstanding Units deemed owned by the General Partner) represented in person or by proxy shall constitute a quorum at a meeting of Limited Partners of such class, classes or series unless any such action by the Limited Partners requires approval by holders of a greater percentage of such Units, in which case the quorum shall be such greater percentage. At any meeting of the Limited Partners duly called and held in accordance with this Agreement at which a quorum is present, the act of Limited Partners holding Outstanding Units that in the aggregate represent a majority of the Outstanding Units entitled to vote and be present in person or by proxy at such meeting shall be deemed to constitute the act of all Limited Partners, unless a greater or different percentage is required with respect to such action under the provisions of this Agreement, in which case the act of the Limited Partners holding Outstanding Units that in the aggregate represent at least such greater or different percentage shall be required. The Limited Partners present at a duly called or held meeting at which a quorum is present may continue to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough Limited Partners to leave less than a quorum, if any action taken (other than adjournment) is approved by the required percentage of Outstanding Units specified in this Agreement (including Outstanding Units deemed owned by the General Partner). In the absence of a quorum any meeting of Limited Partners may be adjourned from time to time by the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the Outstanding Units entitled to vote at such meeting (including Outstanding Units deemed owned by the General Partner) represented either in person or by proxy, but no other business may be transacted, except as provided in Section 13.7. Section 13.10 Conduct of a Meeting. The General Partner shall have full power and authority concerning the manner of conducting any meeting of the Limited Partners or solicitation of approvals in writing, including the determination of Persons entitled to vote, the existence of a quorum, the satisfaction of the requirements of Section 13.4, the conduct of voting, the validity and effect of any proxies and the determination of any controversies, votes or challenges arising in connection with or during the meeting or voting. The General Partner shall designate a Person to serve as chairman of any meeting and shall further designate a Person to take the minutes of any meeting. All minutes shall be kept with the records of the Partnership maintained by the General Partner. The General Partner may make such other regulations consistent with applicable law and this Agreement as it


 
55 may deem advisable concerning the conduct of any meeting of the Limited Partners or solicitation of approvals in writing, including regulations in regard to the appointment of proxies, the appointment and duties of inspectors of votes and approvals, the submission and examination of proxies and other evidence of the right to vote, and the revocation of approvals in writing. Section 13.11 Action Without a Meeting. If authorized by the General Partner, any action that may be taken at a meeting of the Limited Partners may be taken without a meeting if an approval in writing setting forth the action so taken is signed by Limited Partners owning not less than the minimum percentage of the Outstanding Units (including Units deemed owned by the General Partner) that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all the Limited Partners were present and voted (unless such provision conflicts with any rule, regulation, guideline or requirement of any National Securities Exchange on which the Units are listed, in which case the rule, regulation, guideline or requirement of such exchange shall govern). Prompt notice of the taking of action without a meeting shall be given to the Limited Partners who have not approved in writing. The General Partner may specify that any written ballot submitted to Limited Partners for the purpose of taking any action without a meeting shall be returned to the Partnership within the time period, which shall be not less than 20 days, specified by the General Partner. If a ballot returned to the Partnership does not vote all of the Units held by the Limited Partners, the Partnership shall be deemed to have failed to receive a ballot for the Units that were not voted. If approval of the taking of any action by the Limited Partners is solicited by any Person other than by or on behalf of the General Partner, the written approvals shall have no force and effect unless and until (a) they are deposited with the Partnership in care of the General Partner, (b) approvals sufficient to take the action proposed are dated as of a date not more than 90 days prior to the date sufficient approvals are deposited with the Partnership and (c) an Opinion of Counsel is delivered to the General Partner to the effect that the exercise of such right and the action proposed to be taken with respect to any particular matter (i) will not cause the Limited Partners to be deemed to be taking part in the management and control of the business and affairs of the Partnership so as to jeopardize the Limited Partners’ limited liability, and (ii) is otherwise permissible under the applicable statutes then governing the rights, duties and liabilities of the Partnership and the Partners. Section 13.12 Right to Vote and Related Matters. (a) Only those Record Holders of the Units on the Record Date set pursuant to Section 13.6 (and also subject to the limitations contained in the definition of “Outstanding”) shall be entitled to notice of, and to vote at, a meeting of Limited Partners or to act with respect to matters as to which the holders of the Outstanding Units have the right to vote or to act. All references in this Agreement to votes of, or other acts that may be taken by, the Outstanding Units shall be deemed to be references to the votes or acts of the Record Holders of such Outstanding Units. (b) With respect to Units that are held for a Person’s account by another Person (such as a broker, dealer, bank, trust company or clearing corporation, or an agent of any of the foregoing), in whose name such Units are registered, such other Person shall, in exercising the voting rights in respect of such Units on any matter, and unless the arrangement between such


 
56 Persons provides otherwise, vote such Units in favor of, and at the direction of, the Person who is the beneficial owner, and the Partnership shall be entitled to assume it is so acting without further inquiry. The provisions of this Section 13.12(b) (as well as all other provisions of this Agreement) are subject to the provisions of Section 4.3. ARTICLE XIV MERGER Section 14.1 Authority. The Partnership may merge or consolidate with or into one or more corporations, limited liability companies, statutory trusts or associations, real estate investment trusts, common law trusts or unincorporated businesses, including a partnership (whether general or limited (including a limited liability partnership)), formed under the laws of the Marshall Islands, pursuant to a written agreement of merger or consolidation (“Merger Agreement”) in accordance with this Article XIV. Section 14.2 Procedure for Merger or Consolidation. Merger or consolidation of the Partnership pursuant to this Article XIV requires the prior consent of the General Partner, provided, however, that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the General Partner shall have no duty or obligation to consent to any merger or consolidation of the Partnership and may decline to do so free of any fiduciary duty or obligation whatsoever to the Partnership or any Limited Partner and, in declining to consent to a merger or consolidation, shall not be required to act in good faith or pursuant to any other standard imposed by this Agreement, any Group Member Agreement, any other agreement contemplated hereby or under the Marshall Islands Act or any other law, rule or regulation or at equity. If the General Partner shall determine to consent to the merger or consolidation, the General Partner shall approve the Merger Agreement, which shall set forth: (a) the names and jurisdictions of formation or organization of each of the business entities proposing to merge or consolidate; (b) the name and jurisdiction of formation or organization of the business entity that is to survive the proposed merger or consolidation (the “Surviving Business Entity”); (c) the terms and conditions of the proposed merger or consolidation; (d) the manner and basis of exchanging or converting the equity securities of each constituent business entity for, or into, cash, property or interests, rights, securities or obligations of the Surviving Business Entity; and (i) if any general or limited partner interests, securities or rights of any constituent business entity are not to be exchanged or converted solely for, or into, cash, property or interests, rights, securities or obligations of the Surviving Business Entity, the cash, property or general or limited partner interests, rights, securities or obligations of any general or limited partnership, corporation, trust, limited liability company, unincorporated business or other entity (other than the Surviving Business Entity) which the holders of such interests, securities or rights are to receive in exchange for, or upon conversion of their interests,


 
57 securities or rights, and (ii) in the case of securities represented by certificates, upon the surrender of such certificates, which cash, property or interests, rights, securities or obligations of the Surviving Business Entity or any general or limited partnership, corporation, trust, limited liability company, unincorporated business or other entity (other than the Surviving Business Entity), or evidences thereof, are to be delivered; (e) a statement of any changes in the constituent documents or the adoption of new constituent documents (the articles or certificate of incorporation, articles of trust, declaration of trust, certificate or agreement of limited partnership or other similar charter or governing document) of the Surviving Business Entity to be effected by such merger or consolidation; (f) the effective time of the merger, which may be the date of the filing of the certificate of merger pursuant to Section 14.4 or a later date specified in or determinable in accordance with the Merger Agreement (provided, that if the effective time of the merger is to be later than the date of the filing of such certificate of merger, the effective time shall be fixed at a date or time certain at or prior to the time of the filing of such certificate of merger and stated therein); and (g) such other provisions with respect to the proposed merger or consolidation that the General Partner determines to be necessary or appropriate. Section 14.3 Approval by Limited Partners of Merger or Consolidation. (a) Except as provided in Sections 14.3(d) and 14.3(e), the General Partner, upon its approval of the Merger Agreement, shall direct that the Merger Agreement be submitted to a vote of Limited Partners, whether at a special meeting or by written consent, in either case in accordance with the requirements of Article XIII. A copy or a summary of the Merger Agreement shall be included in or enclosed with the notice of a special meeting or the written consent. (b) Except as provided in Sections 14.3(d) and 14.3(e), the Merger Agreement shall be approved upon receiving the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of a Unit Majority. (c) Except as provided in Sections 14.3(d) and 14.3(e), after such approval by vote or consent of the Limited Partners, and at any time prior to the filing of the certificate of merger pursuant to Section 14.4, the merger or consolidation may be abandoned pursuant to provisions therefor, if any, set forth in the Merger Agreement. (d) Notwithstanding anything else contained in this Article XIV or in this Agreement, the General Partner is permitted, without Limited Partner approval, to convert the Partnership or any Group Member into a new limited liability entity, to merge the Partnership or any Group Member into, or convey all of the Partnership’s assets to, another limited liability entity which shall be newly formed and shall have no assets, liabilities or operations at the time of such conversion, merger or conveyance other than those it receives from the Partnership or other Group Member if (i) the General Partner has received an Opinion of Counsel that the conversion, merger or conveyance, as the case may be, would not result in the loss of the limited liability of any Limited Partner, (ii) the primary purpose of such conversion, merger or conveyance is to effect a change in the legal form of the Partnership into another limited liability entity and (iii)


 
58 the governing instruments of the new entity provide the Limited Partners with substantially the same or greater rights and no greater obligations as are herein contained. (e) Additionally, notwithstanding anything else contained in this Article XIV or in this Agreement, the General Partner is permitted, without Limited Partner approval, to merge or consolidate the Partnership with or into another entity if (i) the General Partner has received an Opinion of Counsel that the merger or consolidation, as the case may be, would not result in the loss of the limited liability of any Limited Partner, (ii) the merger or consolidation would not result in an amendment to the Partnership Agreement, other than any amendments that could be adopted pursuant to Section 13.1, (iii) the Partnership is the Surviving Business Entity in such merger or consolidation, (iv) each Unit outstanding immediately prior to the effective date of the merger or consolidation is to be an identical Unit of the Partnership after the effective date of the merger or consolidation, and (v) the number of Partnership Securities to be issued by the Partnership in such merger or consolidation does not exceed 20% of the Partnership Securities Outstanding immediately prior to the effective date of such merger or consolidation. Section 14.4 Certificate of Merger. Upon the required approval by the General Partner and the Unitholders of a Merger Agreement, a certificate of merger shall be executed and filed in conformity with the requirements of the Marshall Islands Act. Section 14.5 Amendment of Partnership Agreement. Pursuant to Section 20(2) of the Marshall Islands Act, an agreement of merger or consolidation approved in accordance with Section 20(2) of the Marshall Islands Act may (a) effect any amendment to this Agreement or (b) effect the adoption of a new partnership agreement for a limited partnership if it is the Surviving Business Entity. Any such amendment or adoption made pursuant to this Section 14.5 shall be effective at the effective time or date of the merger or consolidation. Section 14.6 Effect of Merger. (a) At the effective time of the certificate of merger: (i) all of the rights, privileges and powers of each of the business entities that has merged or consolidated, and all property, real, personal and mixed, and all debts due to any of those business entities and all other things and causes of action belonging to each of those business entities, shall be vested in the Surviving Business Entity and after the merger or consolidation shall be the property of the Surviving Business Entity to the extent they were of each constituent business entity; (ii) the title to any real property vested by deed or otherwise in any of those constituent business entities shall not revert and is not in any way impaired because of the merger or consolidation; (iii) all rights of creditors and all liens on or security interests in property of any of those constituent business entities shall be preserved unimpaired; and


 
59 (iv) all debts, liabilities and duties of those constituent business entities shall attach to the Surviving Business Entity and may be enforced against it to the same extent as if the debts, liabilities and duties had been incurred or contracted by it. (b) A merger or consolidation effected pursuant to this Article shall not be deemed to result in a transfer or assignment of assets or liabilities from one entity to another. ARTICLE XV RIGHT TO ACQUIRE LIMITED PARTNER INTERESTS Section 15.1 Right to Acquire Limited Partner Interests. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, if at any time the General Partner and its Affiliates hold more than 80% of the total Limited Partner Interests of any class or series then Outstanding, the General Partner shall then have the right, which right it may assign and transfer in whole or in part to the Partnership or any Affiliate of the General Partner, exercisable at its option, to purchase all, but not less than all, of such Limited Partner Interests of such class or series then Outstanding held by Persons other than the General Partner and its Affiliates, at the greater of (x) the Current Market Price as of the date three days prior to the date that the notice described in Section 15.1(b) is mailed and (y) the highest price paid by the General Partner or any of its Affiliates for any such Limited Partner Interest of such class or series purchased during the 90-day period preceding the date that the notice described in Section 15.1(b) is mailed. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the repurchase right described in this Article XV shall not apply to Preferred Units. As used in this Agreement, (i) “Current Market Price” as of any date of any class or series of Limited Partner Interests means the average of the daily Closing Prices (as hereinafter defined) per Limited Partner Interest of such class or series for the 20 consecutive Trading Days (as hereinafter defined) immediately prior to such date; (ii) “Closing Price” for any day means the last sale price on such day, regular way, or in case no such sale takes place on such day, the average of the closing bid and asked prices on such day, regular way, as reported in the principal consolidated transaction reporting system with respect to securities listed on the principal National Securities Exchange (other than the Nasdaq Stock Market) on which such Limited Partner Interests are listed or, if such Limited Partner Interests of such class or series are not listed on any National Securities Exchange (other than the Nasdaq Stock Market), the last quoted price on such day or, if not so quoted, the average of the high bid and low asked prices on such day in the over-the-counter market, as reported by the Nasdaq Stock Market or such other system then in use, or, if on any such day such Limited Partner Interests of such class or series are not quoted by any such organization, the average of the closing bid and asked prices on such day as furnished by a professional market maker making a market in such Limited Partner Interests of such class or series selected by the General Partner, or if on any such day no market maker is making a market in such Limited Partner Interests of such class or series, the fair value of such Limited Partner Interests on such day as determined by the General Partner; and (iii) “Trading Day” means a day on which the principal National Securities Exchange on which such Limited Partner Interests of any class or series are listed is open for the transaction of business or, if Limited Partner Interests of a class or series are not listed on any National Securities Exchange, a day on which banking institutions in New York City generally are open.


 
60 (b) If the General Partner, any Affiliate of the General Partner or the Partnership elects to exercise the right to purchase Limited Partner Interests granted pursuant to Section 15.1(a), the General Partner shall deliver to the Transfer Agent notice of such election to purchase (the “Notice of Election to Purchase”) and shall cause the Transfer Agent to mail a copy of such Notice of Election to Purchase to the Record Holders of Limited Partner Interests of such class or series (as of a Record Date selected by the General Partner) at least 10, but not more than 60, days prior to the Purchase Date. Such Notice of Election to Purchase shall also be published for a period of at least three consecutive days in at least two daily newspapers of general circulation printed in the English language and published in the Borough of Manhattan, New York. The Notice of Election to Purchase shall specify the Purchase Date and the price (determined in accordance with Section 15.1(a)) at which Limited Partner Interests will be purchased and state that the General Partner, its Affiliate or the Partnership, as the case may be, elects to purchase such Limited Partner Interests, upon surrender of Certificates representing such Limited Partner Interests in exchange for payment, at such office or offices of the Transfer Agent as the Transfer Agent may specify, or as may be required by any National Securities Exchange on which such Limited Partner Interests are listed. Any such Notice of Election to Purchase mailed to a Record Holder of Limited Partner Interests at his address as reflected in the records of the Transfer Agent shall be conclusively presumed to have been given regardless of whether the owner receives such notice. On or prior to the Purchase Date, the General Partner, its Affiliate or the Partnership, as the case may be, shall deposit with the Transfer Agent cash in an amount sufficient to pay the aggregate purchase price of all of such Limited Partner Interests to be purchased in accordance with this Section 15.1. If the Notice of Election to Purchase shall have been duly given as aforesaid at least 10 days prior to the Purchase Date, and if on or prior to the Purchase Date the deposit described in the preceding sentence has been made for the benefit of the holders of Limited Partner Interests subject to purchase as provided herein, then from and after the Purchase Date, notwithstanding that any Certificate shall not have been surrendered for purchase, all rights of the holders of such Limited Partner Interests (including any rights pursuant to Articles IV, V, VI, and XII) shall thereupon cease, except the right to receive the purchase price (determined in accordance with Section 15.1(a)) for Limited Partner Interests therefor, without interest, upon surrender to the Transfer Agent of the Certificates representing such Limited Partner Interests, and such Limited Partner Interests shall thereupon be deemed to be transferred to the General Partner, its Affiliate or the Partnership, as the case may be, on the record books of the Transfer Agent and the Partnership, and the General Partner or any Affiliate of the General Partner, or the Partnership, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be the owner of all such Limited Partner Interests from and after the Purchase Date and shall have all rights as the owner of such Limited Partner Interests (including all rights as owner of such Limited Partner Interests pursuant to Articles IV, V, VI, and XII). (c) At any time from and after the Purchase Date, a holder of an Outstanding Limited Partner Interest subject to purchase as provided in this Section 15.1 may surrender his Certificate evidencing such Limited Partner Interest to the Transfer Agent in exchange for payment of the amount described in Section 15.1(a), without interest thereon. ARTICLE XVI PREFERRED UNITS


 
61 Section 16.1 Designation. (a) On October 5, 2016, the General Partner designated and created a series of Preferred Units designated as “9.00% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units,” and fixed the preferences, rights, powers and duties of the holders of the Series A Preferred Units as set forth in this Article XVI. Each Series A Preferred Unit shall be identical in all respects to every other Series A Preferred Unit, except as to the respective dates from which the Series A Liquidation Preference shall increase or from which Series A Distributions may begin accruing, to the extent such dates may differ. The Series A Preferred Units represent perpetual equity interests in the Partnership and shall not give rise to a claim by the holder for redemption thereof at a particular date. (b) The General Partner hereby designates and creates a series of Preferred Units to be designated as “8.50% Series B Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units,” and fixes the preferences, rights, powers and duties of the holders of the Series B Preferred Units as set forth in this Article XVI. Each Series B Preferred Unit shall be identical in all respects to every other Series B Preferred Unit, except as to the respective dates from which the Series B Liquidation Preference shall increase or from which Series B Distributions may begin accruing, to the extent such dates may differ. The Series B Preferred Units represent perpetual equity interests in the Partnership and shall not give rise to a claim by the holder for redemption thereof at a particular date. Section 16.2 Units. (a) The authorized number of Series A Preferred Units and of Series B Preferred Units shall each be unlimited. Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units that are purchased or otherwise acquired by the Partnership shall be cancelled. (b) The Series A Preferred Units and the Series B Preferred Units shall, as to each such series of Preferred Units, be represented by a single Certificate registered in the name of the Depository or its nominee, and no Series A Holder or Series B Holder shall be entitled to receive a Certificate evidencing such Units, unless otherwise required by law or the Depository gives notice of its intention to resign or is no longer eligible to act as such with respect to such series of Preferred Units and the Partnership shall have not selected a substitute Depository within 60 calendar days thereafter. So long as the Depository shall have been appointed and is serving with respect to such series of Preferred Units, payments and communications made by the Partnership to Series A Holders or Series B Holders shall be made by making payments to, and communicating with, the Depository. Section 16.3 Distributions. (a) Distributions on each Series A Preferred Unit shall accumulate at the Series A Distribution Rate in each Series A Distribution Period from and including the first day of the Series A Distribution Period (or for any Series A Preferred Units issued after the Series A Original Issue Date, from and including the first day of the Series A Distribution Period immediately preceding the issuance date of such additional Series A Preferred Units) to and including the earlier of (a) the last day of such Series A Distribution Period and (b) the date the


 
62 Partnership redeems the applicable Series A Preferred Units in full in accordance with Section 16.6 below, whether or not such Series A Distributions shall have been declared. Distributions on each Series B Preferred Unit shall accumulate at the applicable Series B Distribution Rate in each Series B Distribution Period from and including the first day of the Series B Distribution Period (or for any Series B Preferred Units issued after the Series B Original Issue Date, from and including the first day of the Series B Distribution Period immediately preceding the issuance date of such additional Series B Preferred Units) to and including the earlier of (x) the last day of such Series B Distribution Period and (y) the date the Partnership redeems the applicable Series B Preferred Units in full in accordance with Section 16.6 below, whether or not such Series B Distributions shall have been declared. Series A Holders and Series B Holders shall be entitled to receive Series A Distributions or Series B Distributions, as applicable, from time to time out of any assets of the Partnership legally available for the payment of distributions at the Series A Distribution Rate per Series A Preferred Unit or at the applicable Series B Distribution Rate per Series B Preferred Unit, as applicable, in each case when, as, and if declared by the General Partner. Distributions, to the extent declared by the General Partner to be paid by the Partnership in accordance with this Section 16.3, shall be paid for each Series A Distribution Period on each Series A Distribution Payment Date or for each Series B Distribution Period on each Series B Distribution Payment Date. Series A Distributions shall be payable based on a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. Series B Distributions for any Series B Distribution Period during the Series B Fixed Rate Period shall be payable based on a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months and Series B Distributions for any Series B Distribution Period during the Series B Floating Rate Period shall be payable based on a 360-day year and the number of days actually elapsed during such Series B Distribution Period. All Series A Distributions and Series B Distributions payable by the Partnership pursuant to this Section 16.3 shall be payable without regard to income of the Partnership. The guaranteed payment with respect to any Series A Distribution Period shall be for the account of the Series A Holders as of the close of the last Business Day of such Series A Distribution Period. (b) Not later than 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on each Series A Distribution Payment Date and Series B Distribution Payment Date, the Partnership shall pay those Series A Distributions or Series B Distributions, if any, that shall have been declared by the General Partner to Series A Holders or Series B Holders, as applicable, on the Record Date for the applicable Series A Preferred Distribution or Series B Preferred Distribution. The Record Date (the “Series A Distribution Record Date”) for any Series A Distribution payment shall be as of the close of the National Securities Exchange on which the Series A Preferred Units are listed or admitted to trading on the last Business Day of each Series A Distribution Period immediately preceding the applicable Series A Distribution Payment Date, except that in the case of payments of Series A Distributions in arrears, the Series A Distribution Record Date with respect to a Series A Distribution Payment Date shall be such date as may be designated by the General Partner in accordance with this Article XVI. The Record Date (the “Series B Distribution Record Date”) for any Series B Distribution payment shall be as of the close of the National Securities Exchange on which the Series B Preferred Units are listed or admitted to trading on the last Business Day of each Series B Distribution Period immediately preceding the applicable Series B Distribution Payment Date, except that in the case of payments of Series B Distributions in arrears, the Series B Distribution Record Date with respect to a Series B Distribution Payment Date shall be such date as may be designated by the General Partner in accordance with this


 
63 Article XVI. No distribution shall be declared or paid or set apart for payment on any Junior Securities (other than a distribution payable solely in Junior Securities) unless full cumulative Series A Distributions and Series B Distributions have been or contemporaneously are being paid or provided for on all Outstanding Series A Preferred Units, Series B Preferred Units and any other Parity Securities through the most recent respective Series A Distribution Payment Dates and Series B Distribution Payment Dates. Accumulated Series A Distributions or accumulated Series B Distributions in arrears for any past Series A Distribution Period or Series B Distribution Period, as applicable, may be declared by the General Partner and paid on any date fixed by the General Partner, whether or not a Series A Distribution Payment Date or a Series B Distribution Payment Date, to Series A Holders or Series B Holders, as applicable, on the record date for such payment, which may not be more than 60 days, nor less than 15 days, before such payment date. Subject to the next succeeding sentence, if all accumulated Series A Distributions and Series B Distributions in arrears on all Outstanding Series A Preferred Units, Series B Preferred Units and any other Parity Securities shall not have been declared and paid, or if sufficient funds for the payment thereof shall not have been set apart, payment of accumulated distributions in arrears on the Series A Preferred Units, Series B Preferred Units and any such Parity Securities shall be made in order of their respective distribution payment dates, commencing with the earliest. If less than all distributions payable with respect to all Series A Preferred Units, Series B Preferred Units and any other Parity Securities are paid, any partial payment shall be made pro rata with respect to the Series A Preferred Units, Series B Preferred Units and any such other Parity Securities entitled to a distribution payment at such time in proportion to the aggregate distribution amounts remaining due in respect of such Series A Preferred Units, Series B Preferred Units and such other Parity Securities at such time. Subject to Sections 12.4 and 16.6, neither Series A Holders nor Series B Holders shall be entitled to any distribution, whether payable in cash, property or stock, in excess of full cumulative Series A Distributions or Series B Distributions, as applicable. No interest or sum of money in lieu of interest shall be payable in respect of any distribution payment which may be in arrears on the Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units. So long as the Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units, as applicable, are held of record by the nominee of the Depository, declared Series A Distributions or Series B Distributions shall be paid to the Depository in same- day funds on each Series A Distribution Payment Date or Series B Distribution Payment Date, as applicable. Section 16.4 [Reserved]. Section 16.5 Voting Rights. (a) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, neither the Series A Preferred Units nor the Series B Preferred Units shall have any voting rights except as set forth in Section 13.3(d), this Section 16.5 or as otherwise provided by the Marshall Islands Act. (b) In the event that six quarterly Series A Distributions, whether consecutive or not, are in arrears, the Series A Holders shall have the right, voting as a class together with holders of any other Parity Securities upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable, at a meeting of the General Partner called for such purpose within 30 days after receipt by the General Partner of a request by Series A Holders holding a majority of the Outstanding Series A Preferred Units, to elect one member of the Board of Directors of the


 
64 General Partner, and the size of the Board of Directors of the General Partner shall be increased as needed to accommodate such change. Such right of such Series A Holders to elect a member of the Board of Directors of the General Partner shall continue until the Partnership pays in full, or declares and sets aside funds for the payment of, all Series A Distributions accumulated and in arrears on the Series A Preferred Units, at which time such right shall terminate, subject to the revesting of such right in the event of each and every subsequent failure to pay six quarterly Series A Distributions as described above in this Section 16.5(b). In the event that six quarterly Series B Distributions, whether consecutive or not, are in arrears, the Series B Holders shall have the right, voting as a class together with holders of any other Parity Securities upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable, at a meeting of the General Partner called for such purpose within 30 days after receipt by the General Partner of a request by Series B Holders holding a majority of the Outstanding Series B Preferred Units, to elect one member of the Board of Directors of the General Partner, and the size of the Board of Directors of the General Partner shall be increased as needed to accommodate such change. Such right of such Series B Holders to elect a member of the Board of Directors of the General Partner shall continue until the Partnership pays in full, or declares and sets aside funds for the payment of, all Series B Distributions accumulated and in arrears on the Series B Preferred Units, at which time such right shall terminate, subject to the revesting of such right in the event of each and every subsequent failure to pay six quarterly Series B Distributions as described above in this Section 16.5(b). Upon any termination of the right of the Series A Holders, the Series B Holders and, if applicable, holders of any other Parity Securities to vote as a class for such director, the term of office of the director then in office elected by such Series A Holders, Series B Holders and holders voting as a class shall terminate immediately. Any director elected by the Series A Holders, the Series B Holders and, if applicable, holders of any other Parity Securities shall be entitled to one vote on any matter before the Board of Directors of the General Partner. (c) (i) Unless the General Partner shall have received the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the Outstanding Series A Preferred Units, voting as a separate class, the General Partner shall not adopt any amendment to this Agreement that would have a material adverse effect on the existing terms of the Series A Preferred Units. Unless the General Partner shall have received the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the Outstanding Series B Preferred Units, voting as a separate class, the General Partner shall not adopt any amendment to this Agreement that would have a material adverse effect on the existing terms of the Series B Preferred Units. (ii) Unless the General Partner shall have received the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the Outstanding Series A Preferred Units and Series B Preferred Units, voting as a class together with holders of any other Parity Securities upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable, the Partnership shall not (x) issue any Parity Securities or Senior Securities if the cumulative dividends payable on Outstanding Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units are in arrears or (y) create or issue any Senior Securities.


 
65 (d) For any matter described in this Section 16.5 in which the Series A Holders or Series B Holders are entitled to vote as a class (whether separately or together with the holders of any Parity Securities), such Series A Holders or Series B Holders shall be entitled to one vote per Series A Preferred Unit or Series B Preferred Unit, as applicable. Any Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units held by the Partnership or any of its subsidiaries or Affiliates shall not be entitled to vote. Section 16.6 Optional Redemption. (a) The Partnership shall have the right at any time, and from time to time, on or after October 5, 2021 to redeem the Series A Preferred Units, in whole or in part, from any source of funds legally available for such purpose. Any such redemption shall occur on a date set by the General Partner (the “Series A Redemption Date”). The Partnership shall have the right at any time, and from time to time, on or after October 15, 2027 to redeem the Series B Preferred Units, in whole or in part, from any source of funds legally available for such purpose. Any such redemption shall occur on a date set by the General Partner (the “Series B Redemption Date”). (b) The Partnership shall effect any such redemption by paying cash for each Series A Preferred Unit or Series B Preferred Unit, as applicable, to be redeemed equal to (i) the Series A Liquidation Preference for such Series A Preferred Unit on such Series A Redemption Date (the “Series A Redemption Price”) or (ii) the Series B Liquidation Preference for such Series B Preferred Unit on such Series B Redemption Date (the “Series B Redemption Price”), as applicable. So long as the Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units to be redeemed are held of record by the nominee of the Depository, the Series A Redemption Price or Series B Redemption Price, as applicable, shall be paid by the Paying Agent to the Depository on the Series A Redemption Date or the Series B Redemption Date, as applicable. (c) The Partnership shall give notice of any redemption by mail, postage prepaid, not less than 30 days and not more than 60 days before the scheduled Series A Redemption Date or Series B Redemption Date, to the Series A Holders or Series B Holders, as applicable (as of 5:00 p.m. New York City time on the Business Day next preceding the day on which notice is given), of any Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units to be redeemed as such Series A Holders’ or Series B Holders’ names, as applicable, appear on the books of the Transfer Agent and at the address of such Series A Holders or Series B Holders shown therein. Such notice (the “Series A Redemption Notice” or the “Series B Redemption Notice”, as applicable) shall state, as applicable: (1) the Series A Redemption Date or Series B Redemption Date, (2) the number of Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units to be redeemed and, if less than all Outstanding Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units are to be redeemed, the number (and the identification) of Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units to be redeemed from such Series A Holder or Series B Holder, (3) the Series A Redemption Price or Series B Redemption Price, (4) the place where the Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units are to be redeemed and shall be presented and surrendered for payment of the Series A Redemption Price or Series B Redemption Price therefor and (5) that distributions on the Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units to be redeemed shall cease to accumulate from and after such Series A Redemption Date or Series B Redemption Date.


 
66 (d) If the Partnership elects to redeem less than all of the Outstanding Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units, as applicable, the number of Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units to be redeemed shall be determined by the General Partner, and such Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units shall be redeemed by such method of selection as the Depository shall determine either Pro Rata or by lot, with adjustments to avoid redemption of fractional Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units. The aggregate Series A Redemption Price or Series B Redemption Price for any such partial redemption of the Outstanding Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units shall be allocated correspondingly among the redeemed Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units, as applicable. The Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units not redeemed shall remain Outstanding and entitled to all the rights and preferences provided in this Article XVI. The Partnership is permitted to redeem all or part of one series of Preferred Units without redeeming all or part of any other series of Preferred Units. (e) If the Partnership gives or causes to be given a Series A Redemption Notice or Series B Redemption Notice, the Partnership shall deposit with the Paying Agent funds, sufficient to redeem the Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units, as applicable, as to which such Series A Redemption Notice or Series B Redemption Notice shall have been given, no later than 5:00 p.m. New York City time on the Business Day immediately preceding the Series A Redemption Date or Series B Redemption Date, and shall give the Paying Agent irrevocable instructions and authority to pay the Series A Redemption Price to the Series A Holders or the Series B Redemption Price to the Series B Holders to be redeemed upon surrender or deemed surrender (which shall occur automatically if the Certificate representing such Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Unit, as applicable, is issued in the name of the Depository or its nominee) of the certificates therefor as set forth in the Series A Redemption Notice or Series B Redemption Notice. If the Series A Redemption Notice or Series B Redemption Notice shall have been given, from and after the Series A Redemption Date or Series B Redemption Date, as applicable, unless the Partnership defaults in providing funds sufficient for such redemption at the time and place specified for payment pursuant to the Series A Redemption Notice or Series B Redemption Notice, all Series A Distributions on such Series A Preferred Units to be redeemed or Series B Distributions on such Series B Preferred Units to be redeemed shall cease to accumulate and all rights of holders of such Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units as Limited Partners with respect to such Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units to be redeemed shall cease, except the right to receive the Series A Redemption Price or Series B Redemption Price, as applicable, and such Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units shall not thereafter be transferred on the books of the Transfer Agent or be deemed to be Outstanding for any purpose whatsoever. The Partnership shall be entitled to receive from the Paying Agent the interest income, if any, earned on such funds deposited with the Paying Agent (to the extent that such interest income is not required to pay the Series A Redemption Price of the Series A Preferred Units or the Series B Redemption Price of the Series B Preferred Units, as applicable, to be redeemed), and the holders of any Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units so redeemed shall have no claim to any such interest income. Any funds deposited with the Paying Agent hereunder by the Partnership for any reason, including redemption of Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units, that remain unclaimed or unpaid after two years after the applicable Series A Redemption Date or Series B Redemption Date or other payment date, shall be, to the extent permitted by law, repaid to the Partnership upon its written request, after which repayment the


 
67 Series A Holders or Series B Holders entitled to such redemption or other payment shall have recourse only to the Partnership. Notwithstanding any Series A Redemption Notice or Series B Redemption Notice, there shall be no redemption of any Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units, as applicable, called for redemption until funds sufficient to pay the full Series A Redemption Price of such Series A Preferred Units or the full Series B Redemption Price of such Series B Preferred Units shall have been deposited by the Partnership with the Paying Agent. (f) Any Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units that are redeemed or otherwise acquired by the Partnership shall be canceled. If only a portion of the Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units represented by a Certificate shall have been called for redemption, upon surrender of the Certificate to the Paying Agent (which shall occur automatically if the Certificate representing such Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units is registered in the name of the Depository or its nominee), the Paying Agent shall issue to the Series A Holders or Series B Holders, as applicable, a new Certificate (or adjust the applicable book-entry account) representing the number of Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units represented by the surrendered Certificate that have not been called for redemption. (g) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Article XVI, in the event that full cumulative distributions on the Series A Preferred Units, Series B Preferred Units and any other Parity Securities shall not have been paid or declared and set apart for payment, none of the Partnership, the General Partner or any Affiliate of the General Partner shall be permitted to repurchase, redeem or otherwise acquire, in whole or in part, any Series A Preferred Units, Series B Preferred Units or other Parity Securities except pursuant to a purchase or exchange offer made on the same terms to all Series A Holders, Series B Holders and holders of any other Parity Securities. None of the Partnership, the General Partner or any Affiliate of the General Partner shall be permitted to redeem, repurchase or otherwise acquire any Common Units or any other Junior Securities unless full cumulative distributions on the Series A Preferred Units, Series B Preferred Units and any other Parity Securities for all prior and the then-ending Series A Distribution Periods and Series B Distribution Periods shall have been paid or declared and set apart for payment. Section 16.7 Rank. The Series A Preferred Units and Series B Preferred Units shall each be deemed to rank: (a) Senior to (i) the Common Units and (ii) any other class or series of Partnership Securities established after the Series A Original Issue Date by the General Partner, the terms of which class or series do not expressly provide that it is made senior to or on parity with the Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units as to current distributions (collectively referred to with the Partnership’s Common Units as “Junior Securities”); (b) On a parity with each other and with any other class or series of Partnership Securities established after the Series A Original Issue Date by the General Partner, the terms of which class or series are not expressly subordinated or senior to the Series A Preferred Units or


 
68 Series B Preferred Units as to current distributions (collectively referred to as “Parity Securities”); and (c) Junior to any class or series of Partnership Securities established after the Series A Original Issue Date by the General Partner, the terms of which class or series expressly provide that it ranks senior to the Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units as to current distributions (collectively referred to as “Senior Securities”). The Partnership may issue Junior Securities and, subject to any approvals required by Series A Holders and Series B Holders pursuant to Section 16.5(c)(ii), Parity Securities from time to time in one or more classes or series without the consent of the Series A Holders or Series B Holders. The General Partner has the authority to determine the preferences, powers, qualifications, limitations, restrictions and special or relative rights or privileges, if any, of any such class or series before the issuance of any Partnership Securities of such class or series. Section 16.8 No Sinking Fund. Neither the Series A Preferred Units nor the Series B Preferred Units shall have the benefit of any sinking fund. Section 16.9 Record Holders. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the General Partner, Partnership, the Registrar, the Transfer Agent and the Paying Agent may deem and treat any Series A Holder and Series B Holder as the true, lawful and absolute owner of the applicable Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units, as applicable, for all purposes, and neither the General Partner, the Partnership nor the Registrar, the Transfer Agent or the Paying Agent shall be affected by any notice to the contrary. Section 16.10 Notices. All notices or communications in respect of the Series A Preferred Units or Series B Preferred Units shall be sufficiently given if given in writing and delivered in person or by first class mail, postage prepaid, or if given in such other manner as may be permitted in this Article XVI, this Agreement or by applicable law. Section 16.11 Other Rights; Fiduciary Duties. Neither the Series A Preferred Units nor the Series B Preferred Units shall have any voting powers, preferences or relative, participating, optional or other special rights, or qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, other than as set forth in this Article XVI or as provided by applicable law. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, but subject to Section 7.9(c) and without reference to the definition of “good faith” in Section 7.9(b), neither the General Partner nor any other Indemnitee shall owe any fiduciary duties to Series A Holders or Series B Holders, other than a contractual duty of good faith and fair dealing.


 
69 ARTICLE XVII GENERAL PROVISIONS Section 17.1 Addresses and Notices. Any notice, demand, request, report or proxy materials required or permitted to be given or made to a Partner under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed given or made when delivered in person or when sent by first class United States mail or by other means of written communication to the Partner at the address described below. Any notice, payment or report to be given or made to a Partner hereunder shall be deemed conclusively to have been given or made, and the obligation to give such notice or report or to make such payment shall be deemed conclusively to have been fully satisfied, upon sending of such notice, payment or report to the Record Holder of such Partnership Securities at his address as shown on the records of the Transfer Agent or as otherwise shown on the records of the Partnership, regardless of any claim of any Person who may have an interest in such Partnership Securities by reason of any assignment or otherwise. An affidavit or certificate of making of any notice, payment or report in accordance with the provisions of this Section 17.1 executed by the General Partner, the Transfer Agent or the mailing organization shall be prima facie evidence of the giving or making of such notice, payment or report. If any notice, payment or report addressed to a Record Holder at the address of such Record Holder appearing on the books and records of the Transfer Agent or the Partnership is returned by the United States Postal Service marked to indicate that the United States Postal Service is unable to deliver it, such notice, payment or report and any subsequent notices, payments and reports shall be deemed to have been duly given or made without further mailing (until such time as such Record Holder or another Person notifies the Transfer Agent or the Partnership of a change in his address) if they are available for the Partner at the principal office of the Partnership for a period of one year from the date of the giving or making of such notice, payment or report to the other Partners. Any notice to the Partnership shall be deemed given if received by the General Partner at the principal office of the Partnership designated pursuant to Section 2.3. The General Partner may rely and shall be protected in relying on any notice or other document from a Partner or other Person if believed by it to be genuine. Section 17.2 Further Action. The parties shall execute and deliver all documents, provide all information and take or refrain from taking action as may be necessary or appropriate to achieve the purposes of this Agreement. Section 17.3 Binding Effect. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their heirs, executors, administrators, successors, legal representatives and permitted assigns. Section 17.4 Integration.


 
70 This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement among the parties hereto pertaining to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings pertaining thereto, including the Prior Agreement. Section 17.5 Creditors. None of the provisions of this Agreement shall be for the benefit of, or shall be enforceable by, any creditor of the Partnership. Section 17.6 Waiver. No failure by any party to insist upon the strict performance of any covenant, duty, agreement or condition of this Agreement or to exercise any right or remedy consequent upon a breach thereof shall constitute waiver of any such breach of any other covenant, duty, agreement or condition. Section 17.7 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, all of which together shall constitute an agreement binding on all the parties hereto, notwithstanding that all such parties are not signatories to the original or the same counterpart. Each party shall become bound by this Agreement immediately upon affixing its signature hereto or, in the case of a Person acquiring a Limited Partner Interest pursuant to Section 10.2(a), without execution hereof. Section 17.8 Applicable Law. This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with and governed by the laws of the Marshall Islands, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law. Section 17.9 Invalidity of Provisions. If any provision of this Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not be affected thereby. Section 17.10 Consent of Partners. Each Partner hereby expressly consents and agrees that, whenever in this Agreement it is specified that an action may be taken upon the affirmative vote or consent of less than all of the Partners, such action may be so taken upon the concurrence of less than all of the Partners and each Partner shall be bound by the results of such action. Section 17.11 Facsimile Signatures. The use of facsimile signatures affixed in the name and on behalf of the transfer agent and registrar of the Partnership on Certificates is expressly permitted by this Agreement. [REMAINDER OF THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]


 
71 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Fifth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership as of the date first written above. GENERAL PARTNER: Teekay GP L.L.C. By: Name: Anne Liversedge Title: Secretary (Place of Execution: ) LIMITED PARTNERS: All Limited Partners now and hereafter admitted as Limited Partners of the Partnership, pursuant to powers of attorney now and hereafter executed in favor of, and granted and delivered to the General Partner. Teekay GP L.L.C. By: Name: Anne Liversedge Title: Secretary (Place of Execution: ) ACKNOWLEDGED AND AGREED FOR PURPOSES OF SECTION 16.5(B): Teekay Holdings Limited, as Sole Member of the General Partner, to evidence its agreement to modify the governing documents of the General Partner at such time and in such manner as may be required from time to time by Section 16.5(b) By: Name: Anne Liversedge Title: President


 
A-72 EXHIBIT A to the Fifth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Teekay LNG Partners L.P. Certificate Evidencing Common Units Representing Limited Partner Interests in Teekay LNG Partners L.P. No._________ _________Common Units In accordance with Section 4.1 of the Fifth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Teekay LNG Partners L.P., as amended, supplemented or restated from time to time (the “Partnership Agreement”), Teekay LNG Partners L.P., a Marshall Islands limited partnership (the “Partnership”), hereby certifies that (the “Holder”) is the registered owner of Common Units representing limited partner interests in the Partnership (the “Common Units”) transferable on the books of the Partnership, in person or by duly authorized attorney, upon surrender of this Certificate properly endorsed. The rights, preferences and limitations of the Common Units are set forth in, and this Certificate and the Common Units represented hereby are issued and shall in all respects be subject to the terms and provisions of, the Partnership Agreement. Copies of the Partnership Agreement are on file at, and will be furnished without charge on delivery of written request to the Partnership at, the principal office of the Partnership located at 4th Floor, Belvedere Building, 69 Pitts Bay Road, Hamilton HM 08, Bermuda. Capitalized terms used herein but not defined shall have the meanings given them in the Partnership Agreement. The Holder, by accepting this Certificate, is deemed to have (i) requested admission as, and agreed to become, a Limited Partner and to have agreed to comply with and be bound by and to have executed the Partnership Agreement, (ii) represented and warranted that the Holder has all right, power and authority and, if an individual, the capacity necessary to enter into the Partnership Agreement, (iii) granted the powers of attorney provided for in the Partnership Agreement and (iv) made the waivers and given the consents and approvals contained in the Partnership Agreement. This Certificate shall not be valid for any purpose unless it has been countersigned and registered by the Transfer Agent and Registrar. Dated: ______________________________ Teekay LNG Partners L.P. Countersigned and Registered by: By: Teekay GP L.L.C., its General Partner as Transfer Agent and Registrar By: Name: By: By: Authorized Signature Secretary


 
A-73 [Reverse of Certificate] ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations, when used in the inscription on the face of this Certificate, shall be construed as follows according to applicable laws or regulations: TEN COM — as tenants in common UNIF GIFT/TRANSFERS MIN ACT ___________Custodian___________ TEN ENT — as tenants by the entireties (Cust) (Minor) under Uniform Gifts/Transfers to CD JT TEN — as joint tenants with right of Minors Act (State) survivorship and not as tenants in common Additional abbreviations, though not in the above list, may also be used. ASSIGNMENT OF COMMON UNITS in TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. FOR VALUE RECEIVED, hereby assigns, conveys, sells and transfers unto (Please print or typewrite name (Please insert Social Security or other and address of assignee) identifying number of assignee) Common Units representing limited partner interests evidenced by this Certificate, subject to the Partnership Agreement, and does hereby irrevocably constitute and appoint as its attorney-in-fact with full power of substitution to transfer the same on the books of Teekay LNG Partners L.P. Date: _____________ NOTE: The signature to any endorsement hereon must correspond with the name as written upon the face of this Certificate in every particular, without alteration, enlargement or change. THE SIGNATURE(S) MUST BE GUARANTEED BY AN ELIGIBLE GUARANTOR INSTITUTION (BANKS, STOCKBROKERS, SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS AND CREDIT UNIONS WITH MEMBERSHIP IN AN APPROVED SIGNATURE (Signature) (Signature)


 
A-74 GUARANTEE MEDALLION PROGRAM), PURSUANT TO S.E.C. RULE 17d-15 No transfer of the Common Units evidenced hereby will be registered on the books of the Partnership, unless the Certificate evidencing the Common Units to be transferred is surrendered for registration or transfer.


 
B-1 EXHIBIT B to the Fifth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Teekay LNG Partners L.P. Certificate Evidencing Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units Representing Limited Partner Interests in Teekay LNG Partners L.P. No._________ _________Series A Preferred Units In accordance with Section 4.1 of the Fifth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Teekay LNG Partners L.P., as amended, supplemented or restated from time to time (the “Partnership Agreement”), Teekay LNG Partners L.P., a Marshall Islands limited partnership (the “Partnership”), hereby certifies that (the “Holder”) is the registered owner of 9.00% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units representing limited partner interests in the Partnership (the “Series A Preferred Units”) transferable on the books of the Partnership, in person or by duly authorized attorney, upon surrender of this Certificate properly endorsed. The rights, preferences and limitations of the Series A Preferred Units are set forth in, and this Certificate and the Series A Preferred Units represented hereby are issued and shall in all respects be subject to the terms and provisions of, the Partnership Agreement. Copies of the Partnership Agreement are on file at, and will be furnished without charge on delivery of written request to the Partnership at, the principal office of the Partnership located at 4th Floor, Belvedere Building, 69 Pitts Bay Road, Hamilton HM 08, Bermuda. Capitalized terms used herein but not defined shall have the meanings given them in the Partnership Agreement. The Holder, by accepting this Certificate, is deemed to have (i) requested admission as, and agreed to become, a Limited Partner and to have agreed to comply with and be bound by and to have executed the Partnership Agreement, (ii) represented and warranted that the Holder has all right, power and authority and, if an individual, the capacity necessary to enter into the Partnership Agreement, (iii) granted the powers of attorney provided for in the Partnership Agreement and (iv) made the waivers and given the consents and approvals contained in the Partnership Agreement. This Certificate shall not be valid for any purpose unless it has been countersigned and registered by the Transfer Agent and Registrar. Dated: ______________________________ Teekay LNG Partners L.P. Countersigned and Registered by: By: Teekay GP L.L.C., its General Partner as Transfer Agent and Registrar By: Name: By: By: Authorized Signature Secretary


 
B-2 [Reverse of Certificate] ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations, when used in the inscription on the face of this Certificate, shall be construed as follows according to applicable laws or regulations: TEN COM — as tenants in common UNIF GIFT/TRANSFERS MIN ACT ___________Custodian___________ TEN ENT — as tenants by the entireties (Cust) (Minor) under Uniform Gifts/Transfers to CD JT TEN — as joint tenants with right of Minors Act (State) survivorship and not as tenants in common Additional abbreviations, though not in the above list, may also be used. ASSIGNMENT OF SERIES A PREFERRED UNITS in TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. FOR VALUE RECEIVED, hereby assigns, conveys, sells and transfers unto (Please print or typewrite name (Please insert Social Security or other and address of assignee) identifying number of assignee) Series A Preferred Units representing limited partner interests evidenced by this Certificate, subject to the Partnership Agreement, and does hereby irrevocably constitute and appoint as its attorney-in-fact with full power of substitution to transfer the same on the books of the Partnership. Date: NOTE: The signature to any endorsement hereon must correspond with the name as written upon the face of this Certificate in every particular, without alteration, enlargement or change. THE SIGNATURE(S) MUST BE GUARANTEED BY AN ELIGIBLE GUARANTOR INSTITUTION (BANKS, STOCKBROKERS, SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS AND CREDIT UNIONS WITH MEMBERSHIP IN AN APPROVED SIGNATURE GUARANTEE MEDALLION PROGRAM), PURSUANT TO S.E.C. RULE 17Ad-15 (Signature) (Signature)


 
B-3 No transfer of the Series A Preferred Units evidenced hereby will be registered on the books of the Partnership, unless the Certificate evidencing the Series A Preferred Units to be transferred is surrendered for registration or transfer.


 
C-1 EXHIBIT C to the Fifth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Teekay LNG Partners L.P. Certificate Evidencing Series B Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units Representing Limited Partner Interests in Teekay LNG Partners L.P. No._________ _________Series B Preferred Units In accordance with Section 4.1 of the Fifth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Teekay LNG Partners L.P., as amended, supplemented or restated from time to time (the “Partnership Agreement”), Teekay LNG Partners L.P., a Marshall Islands limited partnership (the “Partnership”), hereby certifies that (the “Holder”) is the registered owner of 8.50% Series B Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units representing limited partner interests in the Partnership (the “Series B Preferred Units”) transferable on the books of the Partnership, in person or by duly authorized attorney, upon surrender of this Certificate properly endorsed. The rights, preferences and limitations of the Series B Preferred Units are set forth in, and this Certificate and the Series B Preferred Units represented hereby are issued and shall in all respects be subject to the terms and provisions of, the Partnership Agreement. Copies of the Partnership Agreement are on file at, and will be furnished without charge on delivery of written request to the Partnership at, the principal office of the Partnership located at 4th Floor, Belvedere Building, 69 Pitts Bay Road, Hamilton HM 08, Bermuda. Capitalized terms used herein but not defined shall have the meanings given them in the Partnership Agreement. The Holder, by accepting this Certificate, is deemed to have (i) requested admission as, and agreed to become, a Limited Partner and to have agreed to comply with and be bound by and to have executed the Partnership Agreement, (ii) represented and warranted that the Holder has all right, power and authority and, if an individual, the capacity necessary to enter into the Partnership Agreement, (iii) granted the powers of attorney provided for in the Partnership Agreement and (iv) made the waivers and given the consents and approvals contained in the Partnership Agreement. This Certificate shall not be valid for any purpose unless it has been countersigned and registered by the Transfer Agent and Registrar. Dated: ______________________________ Teekay LNG Partners L.P. Countersigned and Registered by: By: Teekay GP L.L.C., its General Partner as Transfer Agent and Registrar By: Name: By: By: Authorized Signature Secretary


 
C-2 [Reverse of Certificate] ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations, when used in the inscription on the face of this Certificate, shall be construed as follows according to applicable laws or regulations: TEN COM — as tenants in common UNIF GIFT/TRANSFERS MIN ACT ___________Custodian___________ TEN ENT — as tenants by the entireties (Cust) (Minor) under Uniform Gifts/Transfers to CD JT TEN — as joint tenants with right of Minors Act (State) survivorship and not as tenants in common Additional abbreviations, though not in the above list, may also be used. ASSIGNMENT OF SERIES B PREFERRED UNITS in TEEKAY LNG PARTNERS L.P. FOR VALUE RECEIVED, hereby assigns, conveys, sells and transfers unto (Please print or typewrite name (Please insert Social Security or other and address of assignee) identifying number of assignee) Series B Preferred Units representing limited partner interests evidenced by this Certificate, subject to the Partnership Agreement, and does hereby irrevocably constitute and appoint as its attorney-in-fact with full power of substitution to transfer the same on the books of the Partnership. Date: NOTE: The signature to any endorsement hereon must correspond with the name as written upon the face of this Certificate in every particular, without alteration, enlargement or change. THE SIGNATURE(S) MUST BE GUARANTEED BY AN ELIGIBLE GUARANTOR INSTITUTION (BANKS, STOCKBROKERS, SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS AND CREDIT UNIONS (Signature)


 
C-3 WITH MEMBERSHIP IN AN APPROVED SIGNATURE GUARANTEE MEDALLION PROGRAM), PURSUANT TO S.E.C. RULE 17Ad-15 (Signature) No transfer of the Series B Preferred Units evidenced hereby will be registered on the books of the Partnership, unless the Certificate evidencing the Series B Preferred Units to be transferred is surrendered for registration or transfer.


 

EXHIBIT 8.1
LISTING OF SUBSIDIARIES
The following is a list of the Company’s subsidiaries as at December 31, 2020, excluding certain subsidiaries that in aggregate are not significant.
Name of Subsidiary State or Jurisdiction of Incorporation Proportion of Ownership Interest
Al Areesh L.L.C. Marshall Islands 29.7%
Al Daayen L.L.C. Marshall Islands 29.7%
Al Marrouna L.L.C. Marshall Islands 29.7%
Alexander Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Americas Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Arctic Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Athens Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Atlanta Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Australian Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Axel Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Bahrain Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Banff L.L.C. Marshall Islands 100%
Barcelona Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Beijing Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Bermuda Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Creole Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
DHJS Hull No. 2007-001 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
DHJS Hull No. 2007-002 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Dilong Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Donegal Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Erik Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Esther Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
European Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Everest Spirit Holding L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Explorer Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Galway Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Helga Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Hummingbird Holdings L.L.C. Marshall Islands 100%
Hummingbird Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 100%
Jiaolong Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Kaveri Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Limerick Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
London Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Los Angeles Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Macoma L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Magdala L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Matterhorn Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Megara L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Montreal Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Moscow Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Murex L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Myrina L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Nakilat Holdco L.L.C. Marshall Islands 29.7%
Naviera Teekay Gas II, S.L.U. Spain 42.4%
Naviera Teekay Gas III, S.L.U. Spain 42.4%
Naviera Teekay Gas IV, S.L.U. Spain 42.4%
Naviera Teekay Gas, S.L.U. Spain 42.4%
Navigator Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Oak Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Petrojarl IV DA Norway 100%
Pinnacle Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%



Polar Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Remora AS Norway 89.9%
Rio Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Sean Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Seoul Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Shenlong Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Sonoma L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
STX Hull No. S1672 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Summit Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Sydney Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. Holdings Ltd. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. I L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. II L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. III L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. IV L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. IX L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. V L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. VI L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. VII L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. VIII L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. X L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. XI L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. XII L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. XIII L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
T.I.L. XIV L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Taizhou Hull No. WZL 0501 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Taizhou Hull No. WZL 0502 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Taizhou Hull No. WZL 0503 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Tangguh Hiri Finance Limited United Kingdom 29.7%
Tangguh Hiri Operating Limited United Kingdom 29.7%
Tangguh Sago Finance Limited United Kingdom 29.7%
Tangguh Sago Operating Limited United Kingdom 29.7%
Tanker Investments Ltd. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Teekay BLT Corporation Marshall Islands 29.7%
Teekay BLT Finance Corporation Marshall Islands 29.7%
Teekay Business Process Services, Inc. Philippines 100%
Teekay Chartering Limited Marshall Islands 28.7%
Teekay Cyprus Limited Cyprus 100%
Teekay Finance Limited Bermuda 100%
Teekay Gas Group Ltd. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Teekay GP L.L.C. Marshall Islands 100%
Teekay Holdings Australia Pty Ltd. Australia 100%
Teekay Holdings Limited Bermuda 100%
Teekay Hummingbird Production Limited United Kingdom 100%
Teekay Lightering Services L.L.C. Marshall Islands 100%
Teekay LNG Bahrain Operations L.L.C. Bahrain 42.4%
Teekay LNG Chartering L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Teekay LNG Holdco L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Teekay LNG Operating L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Teekay LNG Partners L.P. (1)
Marshall Islands 42.4%
Teekay LNG Project Services L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Teekay Luxembourg S.A.R.L. Luxembourg 42.4%
Teekay Marine (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Singapore 28.7%
Teekay Marine Holdings Ltd. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Teekay Marine Ltd. Marshall Islands 28.7%
Teekay Marine Resources Pty Ltd. Australia 100%
Teekay Marine Solutions Inc. USA 28.6%
Teekay Nakilat (II) Limited United Kingdom 29.7%



Teekay Nakilat Corporation Marshall Islands 29.7%
Teekay Nakilat Holdings (III) Corporation Marshall Islands 42.4%
Teekay Nakilat Holdings Corporation Marshall Islands 42.4%
Teekay Petrojarl Floating Production (UK) Ltd. United Kingdom 100%
Teekay Service Holdings Cooperatief U.A. Netherlands 100%
Teekay Shipbuilding Supervision Services L.L.C. Marshall Islands 100%
Teekay Shipping (Australia) Pty Ltd. Australia 100%
Teekay Shipping (Canada) Ltd. Canada 100%
Teekay Shipping (Glasgow) Ltd. United Kingdom 100%
Teekay Shipping (India) Private Limited India 100%
Teekay Shipping (Singapore) Pte. Ltd Singapore 100%
Teekay Shipping (UK) Ltd. United Kingdom 100%
Teekay Shipping (USA) Inc. USA 100%
Teekay Shipping Limited Bermuda 100%
Teekay Shipping Philippines Inc. Philippines 100%
Teekay Spain S.L.U. Spain 42.4%
Teekay Tangguh Borrower L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Teekay Tangguh Holdings Corporation Marshall Islands 42.4%
Teekay Tanker Operations Ltd. Marshall Islands 28.7%
Teekay Tankers Chartering L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Teekay Tankers Chartering Pte. Ltd. Singapore 28.6%
Teekay Tankers Holdings Ltd. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Teekay Tankers HZ Hull No. H 1586 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Teekay Tankers HZ Hull No. H 1587 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Teekay Tankers HZ Hull No. H 1592 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Teekay Tankers HZ Hull No. H 1593 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Teekay Tankers Ltd.(2)
Marshall Islands 28.6%
Teekay Tankers TS Hull No. S-1415 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Teekay Workboats L.L.C. USA 28.6%
Tianlong Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Tokyo Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Torben Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
TPO AS Norway 100%
TPO Investments Inc. Marshall Islands 100%
Ugland Stena Storage AS Norway 100%
Yamal Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%
Yamuna Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Zenith Spirit L.L.C. Marshall Islands 28.6%
Zhonghua Hull No. 451 L.L.C. Marshall Islands 42.4%

(1)The partnership is controlled by its general partner. Teekay Corporation has a 100% beneficial ownership in the general partner. In limited cases, approval of a majority or supermajority of the common unitholders (in some cases excluding units held by the general partner and its affiliates) is required to approve certain actions.
(2)Proportion of voting power held is 53.9%.


EXHIBIT 12.1
CERTIFICATION
I, Kenneth Hvid, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify that:
1 I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Teekay Corporation (the “Company”);
2 Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3 Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4 The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a -15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5 The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: April 1, 2021 By: /s/ Kenneth Hvid
Kenneth Hvid
President and Chief Executive Officer



EXHIBIT 12.2
CERTIFICATION
I, Vincent Lok, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify that:
1 I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Teekay Corporation (the “Company”);
2 Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3 Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4 The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a -15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5 The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: April 1, 2021 By: /s/ Vincent Lok
Vincent Lok
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer



EXHIBIT 13.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of Teekay Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Form 20-F”), I, Kenneth Hvid, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:
(1) The Form 20-F fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and
(2) The information contained in the Form 20-F fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date: April 1, 2021
By: /s/ Kenneth Hvid
Kenneth Hvid
President and Chief Executive Officer



EXHIBIT 13.2
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of Teekay Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Form 20-F”), I, Vincent Lok, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:
(1) The Form 20-F fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and
(2) The information contained in the Form 20-F fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date: April 1, 2021
By: /s/ Vincent Lok
Vincent Lok
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer





EXHIBIT 15.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements (Nos. 333-42434, 333-119564, 333-147683, 333-166523 and 333-187142) on Form S-8 and Registration Statements (Nos. 033-97746, 333-212787, 333-221806, 333-231003, and 333-251793) on Form F-3 of Teekay Corporation (the “Company”) of our reports dated April 1, 2021, with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of income (loss), comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and changes in total equity for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, 2020, and related notes and financial statement schedule I, and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, which reports appear in the December 31, 2020 Annual Report on Form 20-F of the Company.
Our report refers to a change in accounting policies as of January 1, 2019 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-02 Leases and ASU 2017-12 Derivatives and Hedging – Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, and a change in accounting policies as of January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.


/s/ KPMG LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
Vancouver, Canada
April 1, 2021