Axovant Sciences Ltd. (Form: 10-Q, Received: 11/07/2018 16:54:15)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

ý QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-37418

Axovant Sciences Ltd.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Bermuda		98-1333697
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Suite 1, 3rd Floor 11-12 St. James's Square London SW1Y 4LB, United Kingdom		Not Applicable
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: +44 203 318 9708

(former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



Large accelerated filer	o	Accelerated filer	x



Non-accelerated filer	o	Smaller reporting company	o



		Emerging growth company	x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý

The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s common shares, $0.00001 par value per share, on November 5, 2018 , was 122,279,348 .

AXOVANT SCIENCES LTD.

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS



	Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited):
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018 and March 31, 2018	3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six-Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Six-Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	5
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Shareholders’ Equity for the Six Months Ended September 30, 2018	6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 201 7	7
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	37
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	37
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	38
Item 1A. Risk Factors	39
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	85
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	85
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	85
Item 5. Other Information	85
Item 6. Exhibits	86

SIGNATURES	87

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)

AXOVANT SCIENCES LTD.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited, in thousands, except share and per share data)



	September 30, 2018			March 31, 2018
Assets
Current assets:
Cash	$	90,726		$	154,337
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	4,095			2,174
Income tax receivable	1,530			1,751
Total current assets	96,351			158,262
Other non-current assets	4,324			—
Property and equipment, net	1,513			2,524
Total assets	$	102,188		$	160,786

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,817		$	3,949
Due to RSL, RSI and RSG	2,859			1,011
Accrued expenses	24,315			31,862
Current portion of long-term debt	20,009			9,753
Total current liabilities	49,000			46,575
Long-term debt	33,309			42,925
Total liabilities	82,309			89,500

Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)

Shareholders’ equity:
Common shares, par value $0.00001 per share, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 122,175,480 and 107,788,074 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and March 31, 2018, respectively	1			1
Additional paid-in capital	661,980			628,110
Accumulated deficit	(642,674		)	(556,951		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	572			126
Total shareholders’ equity	19,879			71,286
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	102,188		$	160,786

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

AXOVANT SCIENCES LTD.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited, in thousands, except share and per share amounts)



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Six Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses ⁽¹⁾
(includes total share-based compensation expense (benefit) of $(1,128) and $5,916 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 and $1,389 and $12,172 for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively)	$	21,502		$	38,555		$	58,920		$	82,267
General and administrative expenses ⁽²⁾
(includes total share-based compensation expense of $3,585 and $9,424 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 and $6,927 and $18,768 for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively)	10,622			30,112			22,376			51,630
Total operating expenses	32,124			68,667			81,296			133,897
Other expenses:
Interest expense	1,932			1,878			3,902			3,752
Other expense (income)	(315		)	131			353			(226		)
Loss before income tax expense	(33,741		)	(70,676		)	(85,551		)	(137,423		)
Income tax expense (benefit)	94			(1,590		)	172			929
Net loss	$	(33,835	)	$	(69,086	)	$	(85,723	)	$	(138,352	)
Net loss per common share — basic and diluted	$	(0.28	)	$	(0.64	)	$	(0.75	)	$	(1.29	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic and diluted	120,863,455			107,593,609			114,362,408			107,000,519

⁽¹⁾ Includes total costs allocated from RSL, RSI and RSG of $(3,069) and $2,257 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $(450) and $5,258 for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

⁽²⁾ Includes total costs allocated from RSL, RSI and RSG of $772 and $1,623 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $2,074 and $3,496 for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

AXOVANT SCIENCES LTD.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited, in thousands)



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Six Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net loss	$	(33,835	)	$	(69,086	)	$	(85,723	)	$	(138,352	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(113		)	99			446			(250		)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(113		)	99			446			(250		)
Comprehensive loss	$	(33,948	)	$	(68,987	)	$	(85,277	)	$	(138,602	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

AXOVANT SCIENCES LTD.

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Shareholders’ Equity

(Unaudited, in thousands, except share data)



	Common Shares			Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total Shareholders’ Equity
	Common Shares
	Shares	Amount
Balance at March 31, 2018	107,788,074	$	1	$	628,110		$	(556,951	)	$	126	$	71,286
Exercise of stock options	95,742	—		118			—			—		118
Shares issued for private placement offering	14,285,714	—		25,000			—			—		25,000
Shares sold under share sales agreement	5,950	—		14			—			—		14
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		11,004			—			—		11,004
Capital contribution — share-based compensation expense	—	—		(2,688		)	—			—		(2,688		)
Non-cash capital contribution received by ASG from RSI	—	—		422			—			—		422
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—			—			446		446
Net loss	—	—		—			(85,723		)	—		(85,723		)
Balance at September 30, 2018	122,175,480	$	1	$	661,980		$	(642,674	)	$	572	$	19,879

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

AXOVANT SCIENCES LTD.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited, in thousands)



	Six Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(85,723	)	$	(138,352	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Disposal of fixed assets	9			—
Foreign currency translation adjustment	446			(250		)
Share-based compensation	8,316			30,940
Depreciation and non-cash amortization	1,647			1,050
Deferred tax assets	—			2,709
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(1,921		)	1,870
Other non-current assets	(4,324		)	—
Accounts payable	(2,132		)	(5,691		)
Due to RSL, RSI and RSG	2,283			1,323
Accrued expenses	(7,547		)	(1,002		)
Income tax receivable	221			(2,155		)
Net cash used in operating activities	(88,725		)	(109,558		)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(18		)	(3,643		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(18		)	(3,643		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Exercise of stock options	118			1,486
Cash proceeds from issuance of common shares, net of costs	25,014			134,515
Net cash provided by financing activities	25,132			136,001
Net change in cash	(63,611		)	22,800
Cash—beginning of period	154,337			212,573
Cash—end of period	$	90,726		$	235,373
Non-cash financing activities:
Non-cash capital contribution received by ASG from RSI	$	422		$	—
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrant	—			2,594

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

AXOVANT SCIENCES LTD.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 1—Description of Business

Axovant Sciences Ltd., together with its wholly owned subsidiaries (the "Company"), is a clinical-stage gene therapy company focused on developing a pipeline of innovative product candidates for debilitating neurological and neuromuscular diseases such as Parkinson's disease, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ("OPMD"), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ("ALS"), frontotemporal dementia, and other indications. The Company is also developing nelotanserin for the treatment of Lewy body dementia ("LBD") and potentially other neurology and psychiatry indications.

The Company is an exempted limited company incorporated under the laws of Bermuda in October 2014 under the name Roivant Neurosciences Ltd. The Company changed its name to Axovant Sciences Ltd. in March 2015 . The Company has six wholly owned subsidiaries: Axovant Holdings Limited ("AHL"), a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Axovant Sciences Ltd., was incorporated in England and Wales in August 2016; Axovant Sciences, Inc. ("ASI"), a direct wholly owned subsidiary of AHL, was incorporated in Delaware in February 2015; Axovant Sciences GmbH ("ASG"), a direct wholly owned subsidiary of AHL, was organized in Switzerland in August 2016; Axovant Sciences America, Inc. ("ASA"), a direct wholly owned subsidiary of AHL, was incorporated in Delaware in July 2017; and Axovant Treasury Holdings, Inc. ("ATH"), a direct wholly owned subsidiary of ASL and Axovant Treasury, Inc. ("ATI"), a direct wholly owned subsidiary of ATH, were each incorporated in Delaware in March 2018. ASG holds all of the Company's intellectual property rights and is the principal operating company for conducting the Company’s business.

The Company's near-term focus is to develop its gene therapy product candidates AXO-Lenti-PD, a potential one-time treatment for Parkinson's disease, and AXO-AAV-OPMD, a potential one-time treatment for OPMD. The Company has initiated a clinical study of AXO-Lenti-PD in patients with Parkinson's disease and intends to initiate a clinical study of AXO-AAV-OPMD in patients with OPMD in the second half of 2019. Prior to the recent in-licensing of AXO-Lenti-PD in June 2018 and AXO-AAV-OPMD in July 2018, the Company's primary focus had been on developing nelotanserin, a selective inverse agonist of the 5-HT _2A receptor, and intepirdine, an antagonist of the 5-HT ₆ receptor for which development had been terminated in January 2018. Topline data from the ongoing Phase 2 study of nelotanserin in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder ("RBD") in LBD patients is expected to be available in December 2018. The Company is evaluating the possibility of partnering or pursuing other strategic opportunities for nelotanserin. In October 2018, the Company discontinued its development plans for RVT-104 as a potential treatment for patients with Alzheimer's disease or dementia with Lewy bodies ("DLB"), which is a sub-type of LBD.

From its inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to organizing and staffing the Company, raising capital, acquiring product candidates and advancing its product candidates into clinical development. The Company has determined that it has one operating and reporting segment as it allocates resources and assesses financial performance on a consolidated basis. The Company does not expect to generate revenue unless and until it successfully completes development and obtains regulatory approval for one of its product candidates. The Company believes it currently has access to sufficient funds to meet its financial needs for at least the next 12 months. The Company will be required to obtain further funding through public or private offerings of its share capital, debt financing, collaboration and licensing arrangements or other sources as it advances its product candidates through preclinical and clinical development. Adequate additional funding may not be available to the Company on acceptable terms, or at all.

Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(A) Basis of Presentation:

The Company’s fiscal year ends on March 31, and its fiscal quarters end on June 30, September 30 and December 31.

The accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 the ("Annual Report"), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on June 11, 2018. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary to present fairly the financial position of the

Company and its results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented have been included. Operating results for the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending March 31, 2019, for any other interim period, or for any other future year.

Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") and Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"). The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company has no unconsolidated subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

There have been no significant changes in the Company’s accounting policies from those disclosed in its Annual Report.

(B) Use of Estimates:

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company regularly evaluates estimates and assumptions related to the assets, liabilities, costs and expenses (including compensation expense) allocated to the Company under its services agreements with Roivant Sciences, Inc. ("RSI") and Roivant Sciences GmbH ("RSG"), each a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company’s parent company, RSL, as well as the evaluation of the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, contingent liabilities, share-based compensation and research and development costs. Specifically, the Company estimates the grant date fair value of stock option awards with only time-based vesting requirements using a Black-Scholes valuation model and uses a Monte Carlo Simulation method under the income approach to estimate the grant date fair value of stock option awards with market-based performance conditions. The Company bases its estimates and assumptions on historical experience and on various other factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing the net loss applicable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is computed by dividing the net loss applicable to common shareholders by the diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period calculated in accordance with the treasury stock method. Stock options to purchase approximately 15.8 million common shares were not included in the calculation of diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding for each of the three and six -months ended September 30, 2018 because they were anti-dilutive given the net loss of the Company. Stock options and a warrant which, combined, would enable the purchase of an aggregate of 5.4 million and 10.4 million common shares were not included in the calculation of diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding for the three and six -months ended September 30, 2017 , respectively, because they were anti-dilutive given the net loss of the Company.

(D) Fair Value Measurements:

The Company utilizes fair value measurement guidance prescribed by accounting standards to value its financial instruments. The guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and the Company’s own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

Fair value is defined as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy that distinguishes among the following:


•	Level 1-Valuations are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.


•	Level 2-Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and models for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.


•	Level 3-Valuations are based on inputs that are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

To the extent the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company’s financial instruments include cash, accounts payable and long-term debt. Cash and accounts payable are stated at their respective historical carrying amounts, which approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. The carrying value of the Company’s debt was $53.3 million as of September 30, 2018 and approximates fair value based on current interest rates for similar types of borrowings and is in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 5 for the actual book carrying value of the Company's long-term debt at September 30, 2018 .

(E) Recent Accounting Pronouncements:

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, " Leases (Topic 842) " ("ASU No. 2016-02"), as well as ASU No. 2018-10, " Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases " and ASU No. 2018-11, " Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements " in July 2018 (collectively, the "Lease Standards"), which relate to a comprehensive new lease standard that amends various aspects of existing accounting guidance for leases. The core principle of the Lease Standards will require lessees to present the assets and liabilities that arise from leases on their balance sheets. The Lease Standards are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has implemented a process to identify its outstanding lease portfolio and is currently evaluating its outstanding leases to determine the impact the Lease Standards will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, " Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business " ("ASU No. 2017-01"), which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU No. 2017-01 on April 1, 2018 on a prospective basis. The impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and disclosures will depend on the facts and circumstances of any specific future transactions. See Note 3 for further information regarding the impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2017-01 on the license agreements executed during the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, " Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income" ("ASU No. 2018-02"). ASU No. 2018-02 allows companies to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income to retained earnings. ASU No. 2018-02 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. The Company expects to adopt the provisions of ASU No. 2018-02 for the fiscal year beginning April 1, 2019. As the Company has not yet completed its final review of the impact of ASU No. 2018-02 but expects to by March 31, 2019, the Company has not determined whether the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05, " Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ," ("ASU No. 2018-05"). ASU No. 2018-05 amends certain SEC material in Topic 740 for the income tax accounting implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. ASU No. 2018-05 was effective immediately. The Company evaluated the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act as well as the guidance of Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 ("SAB 118") and incorporated the changes into the determination of a reasonable estimate of deferred taxes and appropriate disclosures in the notes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company will continue to evaluate the impact this tax reform legislation may have on our results of operations, financial position, cash flows and related disclosures.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, " Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting," ("ASU No. 2018-07") . ASU No. 2018-07 requires equity-classified share-based payment awards issued to nonemployees to be measured on the grant date, rather than remeasuring the awards through the performance completion date as previously required. Additionally, for nonemployee awards with performance conditions, compensation cost associated with the award is to be recognized when achievement of the performance condition is probable, rather than upon achievement of the performance condition. Further, the requirement to reassess the liability or equity classification for nonemployee awards upon vesting is eliminated, except for awards in the form of convertible instruments. ASU No. 2018-07 also clarifies that any share-based payment awards issued to customers should be evaluated under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . ASU No. 2018-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year, with early adoption permitted after the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09. The Company expects to adopt the provisions of ASU No. 2018-07 for the fiscal year beginning April 1, 2019. As the Company has not yet completed its final review of the impact of ASU No. 2018-07 but expects to by March 31, 2019, the Company has not determined whether the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, " Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement" ("ASU No. 2018-13") . ASU No. 2018-13 removes, modifies, and adds certain recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurement disclosures, including removing disclosures around the amount(s) of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy for timing of transfers between levels, and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements, among other things. ASU No. 2018-13 adds disclosure requirements around changes in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and a narrative description of measurement uncertainty. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-13 are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty are to be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption, with all other amendments applied retrospectively to all periods presented. Early adoption is permitted. The Company early adopted the provisions of ASU No. 2018-13 during the three months ended September 30, 2018, which did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures because the Company does not currently have any Level 3 fair value measurements on a recurring or nonrecurring basis, and also has not had transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Note 3—License and Collaboration Agreements

Oxford BioMedica License Agreement

On June 5, 2018, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, ASG, entered into an exclusive license agreement (the "Oxford BioMedica Agreement") with Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd. ("Oxford BioMedica"), pursuant to which the Company received a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing, sub-licensable license under certain patents and other intellectual property controlled by Oxford BioMedica to develop and commercialize AXO-Lenti-PD and related gene therapy products for all diseases and conditions. In June 2018, as consideration for the license, the Company made an upfront nonrefundable payment to Oxford BioMedica of $30.0 million , $5.0 million of which will be applied as a credit against the process development work and clinical supply that Oxford BioMedica will provide to the Company. Under the terms of the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, the Company could be obligated to make payments to Oxford BioMedica totaling up to $55.0 million upon the achievement of specified development milestones and $757.5 million upon the achievement of specified regulatory and sales milestones. The Company will also be obligated to pay Oxford BioMedica a tiered royalty from 7% to 10% , based on yearly aggregate net sales of the underlying gene therapy products, subject to specified reductions upon the occurrence of certain events as set forth in the Oxford BioMedica Agreement. These royalties are required to be paid, on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, until the latest to occur of the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of a licensed patent covering such product in such country, the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for such product in such country, or 10 years after the first commercial sale of such product in such country.

The Company is solely responsible, at its expense, for all activities related to the development and commercialization of the gene therapy products underlying the Oxford BioMedica Agreement. Pursuant to the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, the Company is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, obtain regulatory approval of, and commercialize a gene therapy product underlying the Oxford BioMedica Agreement in the United States and at least one major market country in Europe. In addition, the Company is required to meet certain diligence milestones and to include at least one U.S.-based clinical trial site in a pivotal study of a gene therapy product underlying the Oxford BioMedica Agreement. If the Company fails to meet any of these specified development milestones, it may cure such failure by paying Oxford BioMedica certain fees, which range from $0.5 million to $1.0 million .

The Company has evaluated the Oxford BioMedica Agreement and has determined that the acquired set of assets and activities did not meet the definition of a business and thus the transaction was not considered a business combination. The Company determined that the in-process research and development ("IPR&D") had not reached technological feasibility and therefore has no alternative future use. Accordingly, $25.0 million of the initial payment required under the license agreement was recorded as research and development expense in the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations during the six months ended September 30, 2018. As the remaining $5.0 million of the initial payment under the licensing agreement represents a nonrefundable payment for process development work and clinical supply that Oxford BioMedica will provide over the term of the license agreement, the Company fully capitalized this portion of the payment upon execution, with $1.1 million remaining capitalized within prepaid expenses and other current assets and $3.7 million remaining capitalized within other non-current assets in its unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018, which will be recorded to research and development expense as the process development work and clinical supply are provided by Oxford BioMedica. Additionally, the Company incurred $1.2 million and $1.3 million of AXO-Lenti-PD program-specific costs in its unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. During the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018, the Company paid a total of $0.1 million and $30.1 million , respectively, to Oxford BioMedica, including the upfront nonrefundable payment during the six months ended September 30, 2018.

Benitec Biopharma License and Collaboration Agreement

On July 8, 2018, ASG entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the "Benitec Agreement") with Benitec Biopharma Limited ("Benitec"). Pursuant to the Benitec Agreement, the Company received a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing, sub-licensable license under certain patents and other intellectual property controlled by Benitec to develop and commercialize investigational gene therapy AXO-AAV-OPMD and related gene therapy products (collectively, the "AXO-AAV-OPMD Program") for all diseases and conditions.

Under the Benitec Agreement, the Company will also collaborate with Benitec on five additional research plans as part of the "Collaboration Programs" for other genetic neurological or neuromuscular disorders using Benitec technologies. The Company will receive a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing, sub-licensable license under certain patents and other intellectual property controlled by Benitec to develop and commercialize products arising from each Collaboration Program.

The Company has evaluated the Benitec Agreement and has determined that the acquired set of assets and activities did not meet the definition of a business and thus the transaction was not considered a business combination. The Company determined that the IPR&D had not reached technological feasibility and therefore has no alternative future use. Accordingly, the $10.0 million upfront nonrefundable payment required under the terms of the Benitec Agreement was recorded as research and development expense in the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018. Additionally, the Company incurred $1.7 million of AXO-AAV-OPMD program-specific costs in its unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018. During the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018, the Company paid a total of $10.0 million to Benitec, including the upfront nonrefundable payment. Further, the Company will be obligated to make payments to Benitec totaling up to (i) for the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program, $67.5 million upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones and $120.0 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones, and (ii) for each Collaboration Program, $33.5 million upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones and $60.0 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones.

Benitec will receive 30% of net profits of world-wide sales of products from the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program, subject to an agreed minimum amount for such payments. This profit-sharing payment will be made for so long as the Company or its affiliates or sublicensees commercialize such products. The Company will also pay Benitec a tiered royalty based on yearly aggregate net sales of products arising from each Collaboration Program, subject to specified reductions upon the occurrence of certain events as set forth in the Benitec Agreement. These royalties are required to be paid, on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, until the latest to occur of the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of a licensed patent covering such product in such country, the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for such product in such country, or ten years after the first commercial sale of such product in such country.

Under the Benitec Agreement, Benitec will perform certain development and manufacturing activities for the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program and research activities for each Collaboration Program, and the Company will reimburse Benitec for its costs incurred, in accordance with an agreed-upon research and development plan and budget. The Company is solely responsible, at its expense, for all other activities related to the research, development and commercialization of products from the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program and the Collaboration Programs.

Note 4—Accrued Expenses

As of September 30, 2018 , and March 31, 2018 , the Company’s accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018		March 31, 2018
Research and development expenses	$	18,409	$	21,855
Salaries, bonuses, and other compensation expenses	3,169		7,718
Legal expenses	1,073		779
Other expenses	1,664		1,510
Total accrued expenses	$	24,315	$	31,862

Note 5—Long-term Debt

On February 2, 2017, the Company and its subsidiaries, AHL, ASG and ASI, entered into a loan and security agreement (as amended on May 24 and September 22, 2017) (the "Loan Agreement") with Hercules Capital, Inc., ("Hercules"), under which the Company, AHL and ASG (the "Borrowers") borrowed an aggregate of $55.0 million (the "Term Loan"). Subsequently, the Company added its subsidiary ASA as a Borrower in July 2017 and its subsidiaries ATH and ATI as Borrowers in April 2018. Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, ASI has issued a guaranty of the Borrowers’ obligations under the Loan Agreement. The Term Loan bears interest at a variable per annum rate calculated for any day as the greater of either (i) the prime rate plus 6.80% , and (ii) 10.55% . The Term Loan has a scheduled maturity date of March 1, 2021. The Borrowers were obligated to make monthly payments of accrued interest under the Loan Agreement until September 1, 2018, followed by monthly installments of principal and interest beginning October 1, 2018 through March 1, 2021. In connection with the Loan Agreement, the Borrowers and ASI, as guarantor, granted Hercules a first position lien on substantially all of their respective assets, excluding intellectual property. Prepayment of the Term Loan is subject to penalty.

On May 24, 2017, the Loan Agreement was amended such that, commencing July 1, 2017, the required minimum amount of unrestricted cash is equal to the lesser of (i) $35.0 million (the "Applicable Amount") plus certain aged accounts payable amounts (as further defined in the Loan Agreement) and (ii) the outstanding amount of debt under the Loan Agreement plus certain aged accounts payable (as further defined in the Loan Agreement), provided that the Applicable Amount may be lowered to $30 million upon the achievement of certain clinical milestones as set forth in the Loan Agreement.

The Loan Agreement also includes customary events of default. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, a default interest rate of an additional 5.0% may be applied to the outstanding principal balance, and Hercules may declare all outstanding obligations immediately due and payable and take such other actions as set forth in the Loan Agreement. At no time has the Company been in default under the provisions of the Loan Agreement. In addition, for so long as the Term Loan remains outstanding, the Company shall be required to use its commercially reasonable efforts to afford Hercules the opportunity to participate in future underwritten equity offerings of the Company’s common shares up to a total of $3.0 million .

In connection with the Loan Agreement, the Company issued a warrant to Hercules, exercisable for an aggregate of 274,086 of the Company’s common shares at an exercise price of $12.04 per share (the "Warrant"). In August 2017, Hercules exercised the Warrant on a cashless basis and received a net issuance of 129,827 of the Company's common shares. The Company has accounted for the Warrant as an equity instrument since it was indexed to the Company’s common shares and met the criteria for classification in shareholders’ equity. The relative fair value of the Warrant on the date of issuance was approximately $2.3 million and was treated as a discount to the debt. This amount will be amortized to interest expense under the effective interest method over the life of the Term Loan, which is a period of 48 months. The Company estimated the value of the Warrant using the Black-Scholes model. The key assumptions used to value the Warrant were as follows:



Exercise price	$	12.04
Share price on date of issuance	$	11.96
Volatility	77.6		%
Risk-free interest rate	2.27		%
Expected dividend yield	—		%
Contractual term (in years)	7

In addition, at the closing of the Term Loan, the Company paid transaction costs of $1.5 million , which were recorded as a discount on the debt and will be amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the life of the Term Loan, which is a period of 48 months.

Outstanding debt obligations are as follows (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018			March 31, 2018
Principal amount	$	55,000		$	55,000
Less: unamortized discount and debt issuance costs	(1,682		)	(2,322		)
Loan payable less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs	53,318			52,678
Less: current portion of long-term debt	(20,009		)	(9,753		)
Long-term loan payable, net of current maturities	$	33,309		$	42,925

Note 6—Related Party Transactions

(A) Services Agreements:

In 2015, the Company and ASI entered into a services agreement with RSI (the "Services Agreement") under which RSI has agreed to provide certain administrative and research and development services to the Company. The Company and ASI amended and restated the Services Agreement with RSI on October 13, 2015 effective for the fiscal year commencing April 1, 2015. Under the Services Agreement, as amended and restated, the Company pays or reimburses RSI for any expenses it, or third parties acting on its behalf, incurs for the Company. For any general and administrative and research and development activities performed by RSI employees, RSI charges back the employee compensation expense plus a predetermined mark-up. Employee compensation expense, inclusive of base salary and fringe benefits, is determined based upon the relative percentage of time utilized on Company matters. All other costs are billed back at cost. The accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include third-party expenses that have been paid by RSI and RSL, as well as share-based compensation expense allocated to the Company by RSL (see Note 8(B)(2)).

In February 2017, the Company and ASI amended and restated the Services Agreement, effective as of December 13, 2016, to add ASG as a services recipient. In addition, in February 2017, ASG entered into a separate services agreement with RSG, effective as of December 13, 2016, for the provision of services by RSG to ASG in relation to the identification of potential product candidates and project management of clinical trials, as well as other services related to development, administrative and financial activities.

Under the Services Agreements, the Company incurred expenses of $0.9 million and $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $4.3 million and $4.4 million for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, inclusive of the predetermined mark-up.

(B) Family Relationships:

Geetha Ramaswamy, MD, the former Vice President, Medical and Scientific Strategy of ASI and an employee of RSI, is the mother of Vivek Ramaswamy, the Chief Executive Officer of RSI, former Chairman of the Company's Board of Directors and former Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Sarah Friedhoff, formerly Senior Business Operations and Research and Development Specialist of ASI, is the daughter of Lawrence Friedhoff, MD, PhD, formerly the Chief Development Officer of ASI and an officer of RSI. Shankar Ramaswamy, MD, the Senior Vice President, Business Development of ASI, and a former employee of RSI, is the brother of Vivek Ramaswamy. Lawrence Friedhoff, MD, PhD, Geetha Ramaswamy, MD and Sarah Friedhoff were no longer employed by ASI beginning in October 2017. The accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include share-based compensation expense associated with family members Geetha Ramaswamy, MD, Shankar Ramaswamy, MD and Sarah Friedhoff (see Note 8(B)(3)).

Salary expenses for Shankar Ramaswamy, MD were $75,000 and $66,950 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively and $150,000 and $133,900 for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Salary expenses for Geetha Ramaswamy, MD were $ 66,950 and $133,900 for the three and six-months ended September 30, 2017 , respectively. Salary expenses for Sarah Friedhoff were $19,312 and $38,625 for the three and six-months ended September 30, 2017 , respectively.

On July 9, 2018, the Company received $25.0 million of net proceeds from RSL in exchange for the issuance and sale of 14,285,714 of the Company's common shares to RSL at a purchase price of $1.75 per common share, which was the closing price per share of the Company's common shares on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 5, 2018, the date of the share purchase agreement (see Note 7).

Note 7—Shareholders' Equity

In April 2017, the Company issued and sold 7,753,505 common shares, including 1,011,326 common shares sold pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, at an offering price of $18.54 per common share for gross proceeds of $143.7 million . The net proceeds to the Company were $134.5 million , after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses paid by the Company.

During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and September 30, 2018, RSL incurred $0.3 million and RSI incurred $ 0.4 million , respectively, of expenses on behalf of the Company. These amounts were treated as capital contributions.

On June 5, 2018, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with RSL, its majority shareholder, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell to RSL 14,285,714 of its common shares at a purchase price of $ 1.75 per share, which was the closing price per share of the Company's common shares on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 5, 2018. On July 9, 2018, the Company received $25.0 million of net proceeds from RSL upon the closing of this private placement (see Note 6 (C)).

On June 22, 2018, the Company entered into a sales agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC ("Cowen") to sell the Company's common shares having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million from time to time through an at-the-market equity offering program under which Cowen is acting as the Company's agent. Cowen is entitled to compensation for its services in an amount up to 3% of the gross proceeds of any of the Company's common shares sold under the sales agreement. As of September 30, 2018, approximately $75.0 million of the Company's common shares remained available for sale under the sales agreement.

Note 8—Share-Based Compensation

In April 2017, the number of common shares authorized for issuance under the Company's 2015 Equity Incentive Plan increased automatically to an aggregate of approximately 16.5 million common shares in accordance with the terms of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan. In June 2017, the Company's Board of Directors amended and restated the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2015 Plan") to, among other things, increase the number of common shares authorized for issuance thereunder to approximately 20.5 million common shares. The 2015 Plan became effective upon shareholder approval in August 2017. In April 2018, the number of common shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan increased automatically to approximately 24.8 million common shares in accordance with the terms of the 2015 Plan. At September 30, 2018 , a total of 8.2 million common shares were available for future grant under the 2015 Plan, and options to purchase approximately 15.8 million common shares were outstanding under the 2015 Plan, with a weighted average exercise price of $4.66 per share.

(A) Stock Options Granted to Employees and Directors:

During the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , the Company granted options to its employees and directors under the 2015 Plan to purchase a total of 2.1 million and 8.8 million common shares, respectively. The stock options granted during the six months ended September 30, 2018 include approximately 0.6 million common shares with market-based performance conditions to employees with a weighted average exercise price of $2.98 per share, a contractual term of 10 years, and a corresponding estimated grant date fair value of $1.1 million . As of September 30, 2018 , stock options with market-based performance conditions to purchase 1.5 million common shares were outstanding with a weighted-average exercise price of $2.02 per share. The market-based performance options vest based on exceeding certain closing prices of the Company's common shares. As of September 30, 2018 , stock options with market-based performance conditions to purchase approximately 0.4 million common shares with a weighted-average exercise price of $1.46 per share were vested, which occurred during the six months ended September 30, 2018 .

The Company recorded total share-based compensation expense related to stock options issued to Company employees and directors of $5.2 million and $12.7 million , respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and $9.8 million and $24.9 million for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. At September 30, 2018 , total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested options was $27.8 million , which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average service period of 2.3 years .

(B) Share-Based Compensation for Related Parties:

(1) Stock Options Granted to Non-Employees:

During the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , the Company granted options to purchase a total of 1.0 million and 0.2 million common shares, respectively, to consultants as well as employees and consultants of RSI as compensation for support services provided to the Company. The fair value of the stock options granted to RSI employees and other consultants is accounted for by the Company in accordance with the authoritative guidance for non-employee equity awards and is remeasured on each valuation date until performance is complete using the Black-Scholes pricing model.

Each award is subject to a specified vesting schedule. Compensation expense will be recognized by the Company over the required service period to earn each award. The Company recorded $(23) thousand and $0.3 million of share-based compensation expense (benefit) for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $0.4 million and $1.3 million for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The share-based compensation expense (benefit) was recorded within research and development and general and administrative expenses in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested stock options amounted to $1.2 million as of September 30, 2018 , which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average service period of 2.3 years .

(2) Share-Based Compensation Allocated to the Company by RSL:

The Company incurs share-based compensation expense for RSL common share awards and RSL options issued by RSL to RSL, RSG and RSI employees. Share-based compensation expense is allocated to the Company by RSL based upon the relative percentage of time utilized by RSL, RSG and RSI employees on Company matters.

The RSL common share awards are fair valued on the date of grant and that fair value is recognized over the requisite service period. Significant judgment and estimates were used to estimate the fair value of these awards, as they are not publicly traded. RSL common share awards are subject to specified vesting schedules and requirements (a mix of time-based, performance-based and corporate event-based, including targets for RSL’s post-IPO market capitalization and future financing events). The Company estimated the fair value of each RSL option on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes closed-form option-pricing model.

The Company recorded share-based compensation expense (benefit) of $(3.2) million and $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and $(2.7) million and $4.4 million for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, in relation to the RSL common share awards and options issued by RSL to RSG and RSI employees, net of forfeitures.

(3) Share-Based Compensation for Family Members:

The Company recorded aggregate share-based compensation expense of $0.9 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and $1.7 million and $2.4 million for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, in connection with options vesting for Geetha Ramaswamy, MD, Shankar Ramaswamy, MD and Sarah Friedhoff.

Shankar Ramaswamy, MD, while previously employed by RSI, was also granted RSL common shares. The Company recorded share-based compensation expense of $7 thousand and $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to the RSL common share awards held by Shankar Ramaswamy, which the Company has recorded as research and development expense in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. At September 30, 2018 , all compensation expense related to these RSL common share awards had been recognized.

Note 9—Restructuring

In October 2017, the Company initiated and committed to the first of two corporate realignments to focus its efforts and resources on the Company's ongoing and future programs that included a reduction in its workforce and a transfer of certain employees to affiliates. The second realignment was initiated and committed to in February 2018. The Company completed the reduction in headcount from these actions in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018.

During the six months ended September 30, 2018 , the Company made cash expenditures of approximately $1.6 million for one-time severance and related costs in connection with the corporate realignments completed in the prior fiscal year.

The impacted employees are eligible to receive severance payments in specified amounts, health benefits and outplacement services. The Company has recorded these charges in research and development and general and administrative expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations based on responsibilities of the impacted employees.

The following sets forth information regarding the balances and activity associated with the Company's accrued employee severance and other personnel benefits (in thousands):



	Balance as of March 31, 2018		Expenses, net		Cash			Non-cash		Balance as of September 30, 2018
Employee severance and other personnel benefits	$	2,460	$	—	$	(1,573	)	$	—	$	887

Note 10—Income Taxes

The Company is not subject to taxation under the laws of Bermuda since it was organized as a Bermuda Exempted Limited Company, for which there is no current tax regime. The Company’s provision for income taxes is primarily federal, state and local income taxes in the United States. The Company assesses the realizability of its deferred tax assets at each balance sheet date based on available positive and negative evidence in order to determine the amount which is more likely than not to be realized and records a valuation allowance as necessary. The Company's effective tax rates of (0.3)% and 2.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and (0.2)% and (0.7)% for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, differ from the Bermuda federal statutory rate of 0% primarily due to the U.S. permanent unfavorable tax differences, stock compensation deductions and a valuation allowance that effectively eliminates the Company's net deferred tax assets.

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law an Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to Titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018 (commonly known as the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act"), which introduced a comprehensive set of tax reforms. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act significantly revises U.S. tax law by, among other provisions, lowering the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate from 35% to 21% and eliminating or reducing certain income tax deductions.

The effects of changes in tax laws are required to be recognized in the period in which the legislation is enacted. However, due to the complexity and significance of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act’s provisions, the SEC staff issued SAB 118, which allows companies to record the tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on a provisional basis based on a reasonable estimate, and then, if necessary, subsequently adjust such amounts during a limited measurement period as more information becomes available. The measurement period ends when a company has obtained, prepared, and analyzed the information necessary to finalize its accounting, but cannot extend beyond one year from enactment.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act did not have a material impact on our financial statements since our deferred temporary differences are fully offset by a valuation allowance and the Company does not have any offshore earnings from which to record the mandatory transition tax. However, given the significant complexity of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, anticipated guidance from the U.S. Treasury about implementing the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, and the potential for additional guidance from the SEC or the FASB related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, these estimates may be adjusted during the measurement period. The Company's provisional amounts for income taxes were based on the Company’s present interpretations of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and current available information, including assumptions and expectations about future events, such as its projected financial performance, and are subject to further refinement as additional information becomes available (including potential new or interpretative guidance issued by the FASB or the Internal Revenue Service and other tax agencies) and further analyses are completed. The Company continues to analyze the changes in certain income tax deductions and gather additional data to compute the full impacts on the Company’s deferred and current tax assets and liabilities.

Note 11—Commitments and Contingencies

As of September 30, 2018, the Company had entered into commitments under a license agreement with Oxford BioMedica, a license and collaboration agreement with Benitec, a development, marketing, and supply agreement with Arena Pharmaceuticals GmbH ("Arena"), a Loan Agreement with Hercules, an amended services agreement with RSI, a separate service agreement with RSG (see Note 6(A)). In addition, the Company has entered into services agreements with third parties for pharmaceutical manufacturing and research activities. Expenditures to contract research organizations and contract manufacturing organizations represent significant costs in clinical development. Subject to required notice periods and the Company's obligations under binding purchase orders, the Company can elect to discontinue the work under these agreements at any time. The Company expects to enter into other commitments as the business further develops.

During the six months ended September 30, 2018 , there were no material changes outside the ordinary course of business to the Company's specified contractual obligations set forth in the contractual obligations table included in the Annual Report, other than to the license agreement for 19,554 square feet of office space in New York, New York, which was originally set to expire in January 2019 and was extended to January 2021. For the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018, the Company incurred $0.4 million and $0.9 million , respectively, in rent expense associated with all contractual rent obligations. The following table provides information regarding remaining contractual rent obligations due within each respective year ending March 31, as of September 30, 2018 (in thousands):



	Total		2019		2020		2021
Rent obligations, net of prepayments	$	3,576	$	895	$	1,791	$	890

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows should be read in conjunction with (1) the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and (2) the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on June 11, 2018. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to "Axovant", the "Company," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Axovant Sciences Ltd. and its subsidiaries.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). These statements are often identified by the use of words such as "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "plan," "project," "will," "would" or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions or variations, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. We cannot assure you that the events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements appearing in a number of places in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our intentions, beliefs, projections, outlook, analyses or current expectations concerning, among other things:


•	the success and timing of our ongoing development and commercialization of AXO-Lenti-PD, AXO-AAV-OPMD and nelotanserin;


•	our relationships under our license agreements with Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd. and Benitec Biopharma Limited;


•	the success of our interactions with international regulatory authorities;


•	the anticipated start dates, durations and completion dates of our ongoing and future nonclinical studies and clinical trials;


•	the anticipated designs of our future clinical studies;


•	anticipated future regulatory submissions and the timing of, and our ability to, obtain and maintain regulatory approval for our product candidates;


•	the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of any approved product candidate;


•	our ability to identify and in-license or acquire additional product candidates;


•	our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy;


•	continued service of our key scientific or management personnel;


•	our ability to obtain, maintain and enforce intellectual property rights for our product candidates;


•	our anticipated future cash position;


•	our estimates regarding our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, capital requirements, prospects, growth and strategies;


•	the success of competing drugs that are or may become available; and


•	our stated objective of becoming the leading gene therapy company focused on developing a pipeline of innovative product candidates for debilitating neurological and neuromuscular diseases such as Parkinson's disease, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ("OPMD"), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ("ALS"), frontotemporal dementia, and other indications.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events, including the responses we expect from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA") and other regulatory authorities and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, nonclinical studies and clinical trials and financial needs. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors known and unknown that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein, and those discussed in the section titled "Risk Factors" set forth in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our other filings with the SEC. These risks are not exhaustive. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage gene therapy company focused on developing a pipeline of innovative product candidates for debilitating neurological and neuromuscular diseases such as Parkinson's disease, OPMD, ALS, frontotemporal dementia, and other indications. We are also developing nelotanserin for the treatment of Lewy body dementia ("LBD") and potentially other neurology and psychiatry indications.

Our near-term focus is to develop our gene therapy product candidates AXO-Lenti-PD, a potential one-time treatment for Parkinson's disease, and AXO-AAV-OPMD, a potential one-time treatment for OPMD. In October 2018, we began a clinical study of AXO-Lenti-PD in patients with Parkinson's disease and intend to begin a clinical study of AXO-AAV-OPMD in patients with OPMD in the second half of 2019. Prior to the recent in-licensing of AXO-Lenti-PD in June 2018 and AXO-AAV-OPMD in July 2018, our primary focus had been on developing nelotanserin, a selective inverse agonist of the 5-HT _2A receptor, and intepirdine, an antagonist of the 5-HT ₆ receptor, for which development was discontinued in January 2018. Topline data from the ongoing Phase 2 study of nelotanserin in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder ("RBD") in LBD patients is expected to be available in December 2018. We are evaluating the possibility of partnering or pursuing other strategic opportunities for nelotanserin. In October 2018, we discontinued our development plans for RVT-104 as a potential treatment for patients with Alzheimer's disease or dementia with Lewy bodies ("DLB"), which is a sub-type of LBD.

In January 2018, we announced the discontinuation of our development of intepirdine, an antagonist of the 5-HT ₆ receptor, following our announcement that neither the Phase 2b HEADWAY clinical trial of intepirdine in patients with DLB nor the pilot Phase 2 Gait and Balance clinical trial of intepirdine in patients with dementia and gait impairment met their respective primary endpoints, and the September 2017 announcement that our Phase 3 MINDSET clinical trial of intepirdine in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease did not meet its co-primary efficacy endpoints. Following the announcement of Phase 3 MINDSET clinical trial results, we also discontinued further development of RVT-103, which had been intended for use in combination with intepirdine.

We remain committed to identifying, developing and commercializing other novel gene therapy treatments for debilitating neurological and neuromuscular diseases. We are continuing to actively explore opportunities to acquire or in-license additional products, product candidates and technologies to further build our pipeline.

We were founded in October 2014 and our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, raising capital, acquiring our product candidates and advancing our product candidates into clinical development. To date, we have not generated any revenue and we have financed our operations primarily through the public and private offerings of our equity securities and our venture debt financing. As of September 30, 2018 , we had $90.7 million of cash. In July 2018, we received $25.0 million of net proceeds from the issuance and sale of our common shares in a private placement to RSL. We recorded net losses of $33.8 million and $69.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, $85.7 million and $138.4 million for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $221.6 million for the year ended March 31, 2018. We have determined that we have one operating and reporting segment.

Our Product Pipeline

The following table summarizes the status of our development programs to which Axovant Sciences GmbH, our wholly owned subsidiary, holds global commercial rights:



Compound	Clinical Indication	Development Stage

Gene Therapy Programs
AXO-Lenti-PD	Parkinson's disease	Clinical

AXO-AAV-OPMD	Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy	Preclinical

AXO-AAV-ALS	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Research

AXO-AAV-FTD	Frontotemporal dementia	Research

Four additional AXO-AAV	Undisclosed	Research
Collaboration Programs

Small Molecule Program
Nelotanserin	Visual hallucinations in LBD	Phase 2 Pilot Study Completed
	REM sleep behavior disorder in LBD	Phase 2 Ongoing

Gene Therapy Programs

AXO-Lenti-PD

Overview

AXO-Lenti-PD (also known as OXB-102) is an in vivo lentiviral gene therapy investigational product candidate currently being developed for the one-time treatment of Parkinson’s disease. We licensed the worldwide development and commercialization rights to AXO-Lenti-PD and its predecessor product candidate ProSavin® from Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd. ("Oxford BioMedica"), under an exclusive license agreement (the "Oxford BioMedica Agreement") entered into in June 2018.

AXO-Lenti-PD delivers a construct of three genes that encode the critical enzymes required for the biochemical synthesis of dopamine from endogenous tyrosine. The three enzymes are: Tyrosine Hydroxylase (or TH, the enzyme that converts tyrosine to levodopa, or "L-dopa"), Cyclohydrolase 1 (or CH1, the rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of Tetrahydrobiopterin, or BH4, a critical cofactor for production of L-dopa), and Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase (or AADC, the enzyme that converts L-dopa to dopamine). AXO-Lenti-PD is delivered by a one-time MRI-guided stereotactic infusion into the putamen. We believe that delivery of all three of these genes will enable the continuous, tonic, endogenous synthesis of dopamine in this region of the brain that is suffering from loss of dopaminergic innervation. Dopamine deficiency plays a central role in Parkinson's disease and we believe that restoring dopamine synthesis capability in patients will offer lasting improvement in the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Oxford BioMedica previously conducted a Phase 1/2 clinical study with ProSavin (also known as OXB-101), an earlier version of this product candidate. In this clinical trial, ProSavin was observed to have a favorable long-term safety profile and demonstrated effects on motor function, supporting proof-of-concept. AXO-Lenti-PD delivers a re-engineered transgene construct relative to ProSavin and has been demonstrated to increase dopamine production in nonclinical studies.

Parkinson's Disease Overview

Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that primarily results in progressive and debilitating motor symptoms. It is estimated that up to one million people in the United States and 7 million to 10 million people worldwide suffer from Parkinson's disease. It typically develops between the ages of 55 and 65 years and affects approximately 1% of people over the age of 60 years. The underlying factors that result in the development of Parkinson's disease are largely unknown. However, Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that results in reduced levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the striatum, a region in the brain. Dopamine is essential for movement, and low levels of dopamine in patients with Parkinson's disease are believed to result in the typical motor symptoms of the disease, including hypo- and bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability.

The treatment of Parkinson's disease is currently limited to symptomatic treatments, as no therapies have proven effective in altering the course of the disease or addressing the underlying pathophysiological processes. The mainstay of treatment typically involves the daily administration of oral L-dopa, the precursor to dopamine. While L-dopa is effective in controlling motor symptoms early in the disease, progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and chronic L-dopa therapy are believed to contribute to the " wearing off" of L-dopa's efficacy in the more advanced stages of the disease. Patients become increasingly less responsive to oral L-dopa therapy and require higher doses to manage their symptoms. More advanced Parkinson's disease patients often begin to experience " on-off" motor fluctuations, characterized by unpredictable "OFF periods" of reduced mobility and increased rigidity and tremor. In addition, abnormal and involuntary movements known as dyskinesias may occur at higher L-dopa blood levels. Approximately 10% of patients per year develop " on-off " motor fluctuations after starting L-dopa therapy.

As Parkinson's disease progresses, other therapies can be given in combination with L-dopa and include dopamine receptor agonists and inhibitors of enzymes related to dopamine metabolism, such as monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) and catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT). These therapies aim to further improve overall dopaminergic function. Patient-friendly treatment options for motor fluctuations in advanced Parkinson's disease are limited. Subcutaneous injections of the dopamine agonist apomorphine are used for the acute treatment of OFF episodes. Duopa/Duodopa is an enteral suspension of L-dopa and the peripheral AADC inhibitor carbidopa that is continuously administered over the course of the day through a surgically-placed percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with jejunal ("PEG-J") tube to reduce fluctuations in L-dopa blood levels. Deep-Brain Stimulation ("DBS"), a procedure in which electrodes are surgically placed in the basal ganglia, either in the subthalamic nucleus or internal globus pallidus, is another option in advanced Parkinson's disease. Through an impulse generator, electrical stimuli are delivered to the brain to modulate neural signals within these target regions. It remains unclear exactly how DBS improves the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Both Duopa/Duodopa and DBS require indwelling hardware -- a PEG-J tube, or electrodes, leads and impulse generator -- respectively.

Predecessor Product Candidate: ProSavin (OXB-101)

ProSavin, the predecessor gene therapy candidate to AXO-Lenti-PD, delivered the same three genes (AADC, TH, and CH1) as AXO-Lenti-PD in the same lentiviral vector, but in a different payload configuration. AXO-Lenti-PD was the result of multifactorial experimentation to modify the payload configuration to improve endogenous dopamine production. The initial Phase 1/2 clinical trial of ProSavin was completed in 2012 and long-term follow-up is ongoing.

Nonclinical Studies for ProSavin

Nonclinical studies in non-human primate models of Parkinson's disease demonstrated that ProSavin can safely restore striatal dopamine production to approximately 50% and correct motor deficits without associated dyskinesias (p-value < 0.05). ProSavin was observed to improve Parkinson's disease symptoms and clinical disease severity in the same non-human primate model, with a durable response seen up to 12 months (p-value < 0.05 at all time points beyond week 4). One of the ProSavin treated non-human primates was continued on the study and exhibited a sustained motor improvement until the study was concluded at 44 months. Nonclinical study data did not reveal adverse reactions nor findings with potential impact on patient safety and provided pertinent data on the optimal method of delivery in the clinic. ProSavin was also observed to be well tolerated when co-administered with L-dopa and apomorphine, indicating that it can be used in conjunction with these commonly used Parkinson's disease medications.

In summary, these experiments were determined to demonstrate the long-term safety of therapeutic doses of ProSavin as well as significant efficacy to improve measures of movement and reduce dyskinesias in animal models. These results supported the initiation of clinical trials for ProSavin.

Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial of ProSavin

ProSavin was evaluated for safety and efficacy in a Phase 1/2 study in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease by Oxford BioMedica. In this study, ProSavin was observed to be well-tolerated with sustained improvements on motor function as measured by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale ("UPDRS") Part III (motor) score in the state "OFF" levodopa medication, which we refer to as UPDRS Part III "OFF." The Phase 1/2 clinical trial was conducted at sites in the United Kingdom and France on a total of 15 patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Three dose levels of ProSavin were assessed in four patient cohorts: dose level one (1.9 × 10 ⁷ transducing units, or "TU"; cohort 1); dose level two (4.0 × 10 ⁷ TU; cohorts 2a and 2b); and dose level three (1.0 × 10 ⁸ TU; cohort 3). Cohorts 2b and 3 underwent a modified delivery method to increase the rate of delivery of the viral vector. The primary endpoints were the number and severity of adverse events as well as the UPDRS Part III "OFF" scores at 6 months after gene therapy administration. No serious adverse events related to ProSavin or the surgical procedure were reported. Reported adverse events ("AEs") were generally mild and related to either Parkinson's disease progression or L-dopa-induced dyskinesias that were ameliorated with reduction of L-dopa administration. The most common AEs in the first 12 months were dyskinesia (n=11 subjects), " on-off " motor fluctuations (n=9), headache (n=4), and akinesia (n=3).

Across all patients, mean UPDRS Part III "OFF" scores were significantly improved at six months (33% reduction, p-value=0.0001) and 12 months (31% reduction, p-value=0.0001). Sustained improvement was seen through six years of follow-up and the long-term follow-up study is still ongoing (10 years exposure in the earliest subject). Clinical data from this study were published in The Lancet in 2014 and long-term follow-up data from this study were published in Human Gene Therapy Clinical Development in 2018.

Second-Generation Product Candidate: AXO-Lenti-PD

AXO-Lenti-PD is a re-engineered gene therapy product candidate that was selected following multifactorial experimentation to modify the payload configuration of ProSavin to further improve dopamine production. The modifications included a different ordering of the genes, the fusion of TH and CH1 with a flexible linker, and the removal of a genetic control element between TH and AADC. We believe these changes lead to more balanced stoichiometry of gene expression and colocalization of enzymatic activity. The targeted net result is improved dopamine production in transduced cells.

Nonclinical studies for AXO-Lenti-PD

In vitro experiments with AXO-Lenti-PD demonstrated up to 10-fold increases in dopamine + L-dopa production over ProSavin. In vivo experiments in non-human primate models showed increased AADC activity in the brain with AXO-Lenti-PD compared to ProSavin as measured by PET scans. Functionally, in non-human primate models at approximately 1/5 ^th of the dose, AXO-Lenti-PD demonstrated a similar level of improvement in spontaneous locomotor activity compared to ProSavin. We believe these data provide evidence that AXO-Lenti-PD has greater potency compared to ProSavin in terms of dopamine production, enzymatic activity and functional improvement in animal models of Parkinson's disease.

Clinical Study of AXO-Lenti-PD

In October 2018, we initiated a clinical study of AXO-Lenti-PD in patients with Parkinson's disease with initial clinical data expected to be available in the first half of 2019. The planned study design consists of two parts:


•	Part A is a non-randomized dose-escalation of multiple potential dose levels.


•	Part B is a double-blind design with patients randomized either to an active group receiving the optimal dose as determined in Part A, or a control group receiving an imitation "sham" surgical procedure.

The study will evaluate the safety and tolerability of AXO-Lenti-PD as well as assess efficacy using clinical measures of motor function, such as UPDRS Part III, patient diaries and biomarkers.

Manufacturing for AXO-Lenti-PD

We intend to use Oxford Biomedica as our contract manufacturer for current good manufacturing practices ("cGMP") supply of AXO-Lenti-PD pursuant to a clinical supply agreement that will be negotiated by the parties. Oxford Biomedica has already produced the initial cGMP clinical trial material for initiation of the clinical study using an adherent cell process. Oxford Biomedica is currently developing a cell suspension process to support commercial scale cGMP manufacturing of AXO-Lenti-PD, which we intend to use in Part B of the clinical study.

AXO-AAV Programs

Silence-and-Replace Technology

The Silence-and-Replace technology platform is designed to produce a long-term restoration of normal gene function and is achieved by combining RNA interference ("RNAi") (silence) with gene therapy (replace) in a single administration of a single adeno-associated viral ("AAV") vector construct. This approach may be applicable to various genetic diseases, particularly autosomal dominant genetic disorders caused by nucleotide repeat expansion.

Multiple neurological and muscular diseases are associated with erroneous expression of a mutated gene. RNAi has shown potential to silence the expression of disease-associated genes. Commonly-used RNAi approaches, in which small interfering RNA ("siRNA") is introduced directly into the cell, achieve only transient gene silencing and are limited by the requirement for repeated administration and variable concentrations of siRNA over time. To provide lasting gene silencing, the Silence-and-Replace technology employs ddRNAi, in which viral vectors deliver a DNA construct that produces short hairpin RNAs ("shRNAs"), which are processed by the cell into siRNAs, which then silence the mutated genes.

In an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, particularly one caused by nucleotide repeat expansion, silencing of the mutant gene can also lead to silencing of the wild type gene, which may be required for normal function. The Silence-and-Replace strategy is designed to address this potential issue by delivering a functional copy of the gene that is re-engineered to be resistant to knockdown. The gene that encodes the functional protein may be contained within the same viral vector as the ddRNAi construct.

AXO-AAV-OPMD Program

Overview

The AXO-AAV-OPMD Program is an investigational gene therapy being developed as a one-time treatment for OPMD, which we licensed from Benitec Biopharma Limited ("Benitec") in July 2018. The Program utilizes an AAV vector to deliver a Silence-and-Replace construct to silence the mutant poly-A binding protein N1 (" PABPN1 ") gene that causes OPMD and replace it with a functional copy of the PABPN1 gene. This Silence-and-Replace approach aims to knock down the expression of both the wild-type and mutant PABPN1 gene through ddRNAi, while at the same time expressing a re-engineered copy of the PABPN1 , which is resistant to silencing and codes for the functional PABPN1 protein. The gene therapy will be delivered in a single administration directly into target muscle tissue to provide long-term correction of muscle pathology and restoration of function.

Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy Overview

OPMD is a muscular disease that is inherited through a primarily autosomal dominant pattern. OPMD is estimated to affect approximately 15,000 people in North America and Europe. The disease generally presents in patients between the ages of 40 and 70 years old and is characterized primarily by progressive difficulty swallowing, eyelid drooping, and weakness of the proximal extremities. Swallowing difficulties can have life-threating consequences, including malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia. As the disease progresses, the swallowing difficulties become more severe and other muscles may become involved. There are no products approved for the treatment of OPMD and therefore, treatment options available to patients are limited. OPMD is caused by mutations in the gene coding for PABPN1, a ubiquitously expressed protein that regulates the processing of messenger RNAs. The normal PABPN1 protein contains ten copies of the amino acid alanine, which forms a polyalanine tract. In OPMD, the mutated PABPN1 gene has an expansion of alanine-encoding trinucleotide repeats, resulting in an abnormally long polyalanine tract. The protein that forms from the mutated gene is prone to aggregating into insoluble nuclear inclusion bodies which leads to muscle cell pathology and disease progression.

Nonclinical studies for AXO-AAV-OPMD

Data from mouse models of OPMD showed gene therapy from the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program provided up to 86% inhibition of PABPN1 gene expression, while restoring functional PABPN1 transgene expression up to 63% of normal levels. The A17 mouse model is a well-validated in vivo model that is designed to exhibit many of the key pathological features of OPMD patients. The levels of gene silencing and expression achieved in this model coincided with decreased muscle pathology and a restoration of muscle force and muscle weight to near wild-type levels.

Planned Clinical Study for AXO-AAV-OPMD Program

We expect to initiate a clinical study for the investigational AXO-AAV-OPMD Program in the second half of 2019. The FDA and European Commission have granted Orphan Drug Designation to the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program for the treatment of OPMD.

AXO-AAV-OPMD Program Manufacturing

We plan to use a contract manufacturer for cGMP manufacturing of AXO-AAV-OPMD. We are currently working with a third-party cGMP manufacturer and have completed an engineering run of AXO-AAV-OPMD at the 250L scale using a baculovirus-based suspension production system in anticipation of cGMP manufacturing for clinical trials.

Additional Collaboration Programs

Under our license and collaboration agreement with Benitec (the "Benitec Agreement"), we will pursue five additional investigational gene therapy research plans as part of collaboration programs focused on genetic neurological or neuromuscular disorders utilizing Benitec’s technologies. We plan to initiate a research plan to develop gene therapy products targeting the C9orf72 gene, which is associated with ALS and frontotemporal dementia ("FTD"). In addition, we plan to initiate four other research plans focused on undisclosed genetic neurological disorders.

ALS and FTD are neurological disorders that have been linked to hexanucleotide repeats in the C9orf72 gene. Thirty to forty percent of familial ALS cases are associated with C9orf72 gene mutations and these patients have a progressive muscle weakness resulting from the death of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain. Patients with FTD associated with C9orf72 gene mutations have a progressive brain disorder that affects personality, behavior, language and movement. While the exact role of C9orf72 gene mutation is unknown, both expression of the mutated C9orf72 gene and lack of functional C9orf72 gene are believed to be implicated. We believe Silence-and-Replace gene therapy is a promising approach for the restoration of normal C9orf72 gene function and has the potential to deliver lasting benefits for ALS and FTD patients.

Small Molecule Program

Nelotanserin

Overview

In October 2015, we acquired from our majority shareholder, Roivant Sciences Ltd. ("RSL"), the global rights to nelotanserin, a selective inverse agonist of the 5-HT _2A receptor. To date, we have been investigating and developing nelotanserin to address visual hallucinations and RBD in patients with LBD. In January 2018, we reported results for a pilot Phase 2 Visual Hallucination study of nelotanserin in patients with LBD. Nelotanserin was generally well tolerated but did not show any statistical trends of improvement on prespecified analyses of various scales to assess visual hallucinations. However, we did observe positive trends on UPDRS Part III in the primary efficacy population (3.12 point improvement, p=0.075 unadjusted) which will also be assessed in the ongoing RBD study. We expect topline data, anticipated to be available in December 2018, from our currently ongoing Phase 2 study of nelotanserin to address visual hallucinations and RBD in patients with LBD.

Nelotanserin for REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Lewy Body Dementia

Medical Need

RBD is a common clinical feature of LBD, and is a condition where patients lose normal sleep paralysis resulting in the physical acting out of their dreams, impacting their quality of life and endangering themselves and their bed partners. While off-label treatment of RBD with benzodiazepines is common, this class of drugs is associated with severe side effects in patients with dementia, including sedation, worsening of cognition and increased risk of falls. We believe that there is a need for new therapeutic options that can reduce the frequency of RBD without sedating patients or worsening cognition in patients with dementia.

Clinical Development

In March 2016, we initiated a four-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2 study in patients with DLB and Parkinson's disease dementia suffering from RBD. This study will utilize objective measures of efficacy as assessed in a sleep-lab setting. Due to challenges with recruitment for this study, we elected to close enrollment prior to reaching our enrollment target. Because of this smaller than planned enrollment, the study may not qualify as pivotal. We expect to receive top-line results for this study in December 2018. Patients completing the double-blind portion of this study were eligible to enroll in an open label extension study of nelotanserin.

Our Key Agreements

Oxford BioMedica License Agreement

On June 5, 2018, we, through our wholly owned subsidiary, Axovant Sciences GmbH ("ASG"), entered into the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, pursuant to which we received a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing, sub-licensable license under certain patents and other intellectual property controlled by Oxford BioMedica to develop and commercialize AXO-Lenti-PD and related gene therapy products for all diseases and conditions. In June 2018, as partial consideration for the license, we made an upfront payment to Oxford BioMedica of $30.0 million , $5.0 million of which will be applied as a credit against the process development work and clinical supply that Oxford BioMedica will provide to us. Under the terms of the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, we could be obligated to make payments to Oxford BioMedica totaling up to $55.0 million upon the achievement of specified development milestones and $757.5 million upon the achievement of specified regulatory and sales milestones. We will also be obligated to pay Oxford BioMedica a tiered royalty from 7% to 10% , based on yearly aggregate net sales of the Gene Therapy Products, subject to specified reductions upon the occurrence of certain events as set forth in the Oxford BioMedica Agreement. These royalties are required to be paid, on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, until the latest to occur of the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of a licensed patent covering such product in such country, the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for such product in such country, or 10 years after the first commercial sale of such product in such country.

We are solely responsible, at our expense, for all activities related to the development and commercialization of the Gene Therapy Products. Pursuant to the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, we are required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, obtain regulatory approval of, and commercialize a Gene Therapy Product in the United States and at least one major market country in Europe. In addition, we are required to meet certain diligence milestones and to include at least one U.S.-based clinical trial site in a pivotal study of a Gene Therapy Product. If we fail to meet any of these specified development milestones, we may cure such failure by paying Oxford BioMedica certain fees, which range from $0.5 million to $1.0 million . Pursuant to the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, Oxford Biomedica will be our cGMP manufacturer for AXO-Lenti-PD, subject to a separate clinical and commercial supply agreement to be negotiated between the parties.

Benitec Biopharma License and Collaboration Agreement

On July 8, 2018, we, through our wholly owned subsidiary, ASG, entered into the Benitec Agreement, pursuant to which we received a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing, sub-licensable license under certain patents and other intellectual property controlled by Benitec to develop and commercialize investigational gene therapy AXO-AAV-OPMD and related gene therapy products (collectively, the "AXO-AAV-OPMD Program") for all diseases and conditions.

Under the Benitec Agreement, we will also collaborate with Benitec on five additional research plans ("Collaboration Programs") for other genetic neurological or neuromuscular disorders using Benitec technologies. We will receive a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing, sub-licensable license under certain patents and other intellectual property controlled by Benitec to develop and commercialize products arising from each Collaboration Program.

Under the terms of the Benitec Agreement, we made an upfront payment of $10.0 million . In addition, we will be obligated to make payments to Benitec totaling up to (i) for the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program, $67.5 million upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones and $120.0 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones, and (ii) for each Collaboration Program, $33.5 million upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones and $60.0 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones. Benitec will receive 30% of net profits of our world-wide sales of products from the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program, subject to an agreed minimum amount for such payments. This profit-sharing payment will be made for so long as we or our affiliates or sublicensees commercialize such products. We will also pay Benitec a tiered royalty based on yearly aggregate net sales of products arising from each Collaboration Program, subject to specified reductions upon the occurrence of certain events as set forth in the Benitec Agreement. These royalties are required to be paid, on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, until the latest to occur of the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of a licensed patent covering such product in such country, the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for such product in such country, or ten years after the first commercial sale of such product in such country.

Under the Benitec Agreement, Benitec will perform certain research activities for each Collaboration Program and development and manufacturing activities for the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program, and we will reimburse Benitec for its costs incurred, in accordance with an agreed-upon research and development plan and budget. We are solely responsible, at our expense, for all other activities related to the research, development and commercialization of products from the Collaboration Programs and the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program.

Arena Development Agreement for Nelotanserin

In October 2015, we exercised an option to acquire global rights, title, interest and obligations in and to nelotanserin from our parent company, RSL. In May 2015, RSL entered into a development, marketing and supply agreement for nelotanserin (the "Arena Development Agreement") with Arena Pharmaceuticals GmbH ("Arena"), and we entered into a Waiver and Option Agreement with RSL. Upon the exercise of our option, we assumed RSL’s rights and obligations under the Arena Development Agreement, as amended on October 18, 2017. In January 2018, we were notified by Arena that it has assigned all of its rights and obligations under the Arena Development Agreement to an affiliate, 125 Royalty Inc. Under the Waiver and Option Agreement, we recorded $5.3 million as research and development expense which was 110% of the payments made to Arena by RSL, and the costs incurred by RSL in connection with the development of nelotanserin. We will be responsible for future contingent payments under the Arena Development Agreement, including up to $4.0 million in potential development milestone payments, up to $37.5 million in potential regulatory milestone payments and up to $60.0 million in potential commercial milestone payments. Under the Arena Development Agreement, we are also obligated to purchase all commercial supplies of nelotanserin from Arena at a fixed price equal to 15% of net sales of nelotanserin.

The Arena Development Agreement will remain in effect until terminated: (1) by the parties’ mutual agreement; (2) for any reason by us upon 90 days’ written notice to Arena; (3) by either party upon written notice for the other party’s material breach or insolvency event if such party fails to cure such breach or the insolvency event is not dismissed within the specified cure period; or (4) by Arena if we or our affiliates participate in a challenge to certain Arena patents.

Services Agreements with Roivant Sciences, Inc. and Roivant Sciences GmbH

In October 2014, we and our wholly owned subsidiary, Axovant Sciences, Inc. ("ASI") entered into a services agreement with Roivant Sciences, Inc. ("RSI"), a wholly owned subsidiary of RSL, pursuant to which RSI provides us with services in relation to the identification of potential product candidates and project management of clinical trials, as well as other services related to our development, administrative and financial functions. In February 2017, in connection with the contribution and assignment of all of our intellectual property rights to ASG, we amended and restated this services agreement effective as of December 13, 2016, as a result of which ASG was added as a recipient of services from RSI. In addition, ASG also entered into a separate services agreement with Roivant Sciences GmbH ("RSG"), a wholly owned subsidiary of RSL, effective as of December 13, 2016, for the provision of services by RSG to ASG in relation to the identification of potential product candidates and project management of clinical trials, as well as other services related to development, administrative and financial activities. Under the terms of both services agreements, we are obligated to pay or reimburse RSI and RSG for the costs they, or third parties acting on their behalf, incur in providing services to us or ASG, including administrative and support services as well as research and development services. In addition, we are obligated to pay RSI and RSG for their services at a predetermined mark-up on the costs incurred directly by RSI and RSG in connection with any general and administrative and research and development services provided directly by RSI and RSG.

Under the services agreement in effect as of December 31, 2016, we incurred expenses of $0.9 million and $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and $4.3 million and $4.4 million for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, inclusive of the mark-up. We have recorded these charges as research and development expense and general and administrative expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Venture Debt Financing from Hercules Capital, Inc.

On February 2, 2017, we and our wholly owned subsidiaries, Axovant Holdings Limited ("AHL"), ASG and ASI entered into a loan and security agreement, as amended on May 24, 2017 and September 22, 2017 (the "Loan Agreement") with Hercules Capital, Inc. ("Hercules") under which we, AHL and ASG (collectively, the "Borrowers") borrowed an aggregate of $55.0 million (the "Term Loan"). ASI issued a guaranty of the Borrowers’ obligations under the Loan Agreement. At the closing of the Term Loan, the Borrowers paid Hercules a facility charge of $550,000 . Subsequently, we added our subsidiary Axovant Sciences America, Inc. ("ASA") as a Borrower in July 2017 and our subsidiaries ATH and ATI as Borrowers in April 2018. The Term Loan bears interest at a variable per annum rate calculated for any day as the greater of either (i) the prime rate plus 6.80% , and (ii) 10.55% . The Term Loan has a scheduled maturity date of March 1, 2021. The Borrowers are obligated to make monthly payments of accrued interest under the Loan Agreement until September 1, 2018, followed by monthly installments of principal and interest through March 1, 2021. In connection with the Loan Agreement, the Borrowers and ASI, as guarantor, granted Hercules a first position lien on substantially all of their respective assets, excluding intellectual property. Prepayment of the Term Loan is subject to penalty.

The Loan Agreement includes customary affirmative and restrictive covenants and representations and warranties, including a minimum cash covenant, a covenant against the occurrence of a "change in control," financial reporting obligations, and certain limitations on indebtedness, liens (including a negative pledge on intellectual property and other assets), investments, distributions (including dividends), collateral, transfers, mergers or acquisitions, taxes, corporate changes, and deposit accounts. The Loan Agreement also includes customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of covenants following any applicable cure period, the occurrence of certain events that could reasonably be expected to have a "material adverse effect" as set forth in the Loan Agreement, cross acceleration to the debt and certain events relating to bankruptcy or insolvency. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, a default interest rate of an additional 5.0% may be applied to the outstanding principal balance, and Hercules may declare all outstanding obligations immediately due and payable and take such other actions as set forth in the Loan Agreement.

In addition, for so long as the Term Loan remains outstanding, we are required to use commercially reasonable efforts to afford Hercules the opportunity to participate in future underwritten equity offerings of our common shares up to a specified amount.

In connection with the entry into the Loan Agreement, we issued a warrant to Hercules which was exercisable for an aggregate of 274,086 of our common shares at an exercise price of $12.04 per share. In August 2017, Hercules exercised the warrant on a cashless basis and received a net issuance of 129,827 of our common shares.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

We have not generated any revenue from the sale of any products, and we do not expect to generate any revenue unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and begin to commercialize one of our product candidates in development.

Research and Development Expense

Since our inception, our operations have primarily been focused on organizing and staffing our company, raising capital, acquiring, and preparing for and advancing our product candidates, intepirdine, nelotanserin, RVT-103, RVT-104, AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD, into clinical development. Our research and development expenses include program-specific costs, as well as unallocated internal costs.

Program-specific costs include:

•

direct third-party costs, which include expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations and contract manufacturing organizations, the cost of consultants who assist with the development of our product candidates on a program-specific basis, investigator grants, sponsored research, manufacturing costs in connection with producing materials for use in conducting nonclinical and clinical studies, and any other third-party expenses directly attributable to the development of our product candidates; and


•	upfront payments for the purchase of in-process research and development, which include costs incurred under the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, the Benitec Agreement and the Arena Development Agreement.

Unallocated internal costs include:


•	share-based compensation expense for research and development personnel, including expense related to RSL common share awards and RSL options issued by RSL to RSI and RSG employees;


•	personnel-related expenses, which include employee-related expenses, such as salaries, benefits and travel expenses, for research and development personnel;


•	costs allocated to us under our services agreements with RSI and RSG; and


•	other expenses, which includes the cost of consultants who assist with our research and development but are not allocated to a specific program.

Research and development activities will continue to be central to our business model. We expect to continue to incur research and development expense as we continue our development program for nelotanserin in LBD. However, due to the termination of the MINDSET, HEADWAY and Gait and Balance trials of intepirdine, we expect our overall research and development expense to decrease significantly until such time as we undertake additional development programs, including in relation to the AXO-Lenti-PD program, the AXO-AAV-OPMD program, the Collaboration Programs with Benitec and additional product candidates we may in-license or acquire as we pursue our updated business plan. We also expect our share-based compensation and other employee-related expenses for our research and development personnel to increase as a result of the transfer of certain activities from RSI and RSG in July 2018, offset by a reduction in costs allocated to us under our services agreements with RSI and RSG.

Product candidates in later stages of clinical development, such as nelotanserin, generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials of our products in development and any other product candidates will depend on a variety of factors that include, but are not limited to, the following:


•	the number of trials required for approval;


•	the per patient trial costs;


•	the number of patients who participate in the trials;


•	the number of sites included in the trials;


•	the countries in which the trials are conducted;


•	the length of time required to enroll eligible patients;


•	the number of doses that patients receive;


•	the drop-out or discontinuation rates of patients;


•	the potential additional safety monitoring or other studies requested by regulatory agencies;


•	the duration of patient follow-up;


•	the timing and receipt of regulatory approvals; and


•	the efficacy and safety profile of the product candidates.

In addition, the probability of success of our products in development and any other product candidate will depend on numerous factors, including competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval of our product candidates for any indication in any country. As a result of the uncertainties discussed above, we are unable to determine in advance the duration and completion costs of any clinical trial we conduct, or when and to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of our products in development or other product candidates, if at all.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of share-based compensation, legal and accounting fees, consulting services, services received under the services agreements with RSI and RSG and employee-related expenses, such as salaries, benefits and travel expenses, for general and administrative personnel.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will decrease, primarily as the result of a reduction in share-based compensation and other employee-related expenses for our general and administrative personnel due to the recent reduction in headcount, partially offset by the decision to build out internal administration and finance functions at Axovant and reduce our utilization of RSI services.

Results of Operations for the Three and Six-Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30,							Six Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		Change			2018		2017		Change
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses
(includes total share-based compensation expense (benefit) of $(1,128) and $5,916 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 and $1,389 and $12,172 for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively)	$	21,502	$	38,555	$	(17,053	)	$	58,920	$	82,267	$	(23,347	)
General and administrative expenses
(includes total share-based compensation expense of $3,585 and $9,424 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 and $6,927 and $18,768 for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively)	10,622		30,112		(19,490		)	22,376		51,630		(29,254		)
Total operating expenses	$	32,124	$	68,667	$	(36,543	)	$	81,296	$	133,897	$	(52,601	)

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses during the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30,								Six Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017		Change			2018			2017		Change
Program-specific costs:
AXO-Lenti-PD	$	1,198		$	—	$	1,198		$	26,330		$	—	$	26,330
AXO-AAV-OPMD	11,747			—		11,747			11,747			—		11,747
Intepirdine	964			20,923		(19,959		)	2,261			47,730		(45,469		)
Nelotanserin	4,206			3,579		627			7,560			6,793		767
RVT-103	1			369		(368		)	2			612		(610		)
RVT-104	3			285		(282		)	(73		)	634		(707		)
Unallocated internal costs:
Share-based compensation	(1,128		)	5,916		(7,044		)	1,389			12,172		(10,783		)
Personnel-related	2,881			4,755		(1,874		)	4,417			8,596		(4,179		)
Services agreements	107			295		(188		)	2,352			1,387		965
Other	1,523			2,433		(910		)	2,935			4,343		(1,408		)
Total research and development expenses	$	21,502		$	38,555	$	(17,053	)	$	58,920		$	82,267	$	(23,347	)

Research and development expenses were $21.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and consisted primarily of $11.7 million related to AXO-AAV-OPMD, $1.2 million related to AXO-Lenti-PD, $4.2 million related to nelotanserin clinical studies and related manufacturing, employee salaries and benefits of $2.9 million , and $1.0 million related to intepirdine clinical studies and related wind down activities, which were offset by a share-based compensation benefit of $(1.1) million . The share-based compensation benefit for the three months ended September 30, 2018 included $(3.2) million related to the RSL common share awards and RSL options issued by RSL to RSI employees, net of forfeitures.

Research and development expenses were $38.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and consisted primarily of program-specific costs of $25.2 million , share-based compensation expense of $5.9 million , and personnel-related expenses of $4.8 million . The share-based compensation expense included $2.1 million related to the RSL common share awards and RSL options issued by RSL to RSI employees, net of forfeitures.

Research and development expenses decreased by $17.1 million , to $21.5 million , in the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017 , as intepirdine costs decreased by $20.0 million due to the discontinuation of our intepirdine program, offset by an increase of $11.7 million related to AXO-AAV-OPMD which includes the $10.0 million license fee paid to Benitec in July 2018. Share-based compensation expense decreased by $7.0 million , net of forfeitures, primarily due to decreased headcount related to our previously announced reduction in workforce as well as an increase in forfeitures related to RSL options issued to RSI employees, and personnel-related expenses decreased by $1.9 million primarily due to decreased headcount related to our previously announced reduction in workforce.

Research and development expenses were $58.9 million for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and consisted primarily of $26.3 million related to AXO-Lenti-PD, $11.7 million related to AXO-AAV-OPMD, $7.6 million related to the nelotanserin clinical study, share-based compensation expense of $1.4 million , and employee salaries and benefits of $4.4 million . The share-based compensation expense was net of a benefit of $(2.8) million related to the RSL common share awards and RSL options issued by RSL to RSI employees, net of forfeitures.

Research and development expenses were $82.3 million for the six months ended September 30, 2017 and consisted primarily of $47.7 million related to intepirdine, share-based compensation expense of $12.2 million , and employee salaries and benefits of $8.6 million . The share-based compensation expense included $3.9 million related to the RSL common share awards and RSL options issued by RSL to RSI employees, net of forfeitures.

Research and development expenses decreased by $23.3 million in the six months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended September 30, 2017 , as intepirdine costs decreased by $45.5 million due to the discontinuation of our intepirdine program, share-based compensation expenses decreased by $10.8 million and personnel-related expenses decreased by $4.2 million primarily due to reduced headcount, net of forfeitures, offset by increases of $26.3 million related to AXO-Lenti-PD which includes the $25.0 million license fee paid to Oxford BioMedica in June 2018 and $11.7 million related to AXO-AAV-OPMD which includes the $10.0 million license fee paid to Benitec in July 2018.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $10.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and consisted primarily of share-based compensation expense of $3.6 million , legal and professional fees of $1.5 million , employee salaries and related benefits of $2.2 million , and $0.8 million of direct and indirect costs allocated to us under the services agreements with RSI and RSG.

General and administrative expenses were $30.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and consisted primarily of share-based compensation expense of $9.4 million , employee salaries and related benefits of $6.3 million , marketing expenses of $5.9 million , legal and professional fees of $2.2 million , and $1.4 million of direct and indirect costs allocated to us under the services agreement with RSI and RSG. The share-based compensation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2017 included $0.2 million for RSL common share awards and RSL options issued to RSI employees.

General and administrative expenses decreased by $19.5 million , to $10.6 million , in the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017 , primarily due to decreases in share-based compensation expense of $5.8 million and employee salaries and related benefits of $4.1 million due to decreased headcount, and a decrease in marketing expenses of $5.2 million due to negative clinical trial results for intepirdine. The remaining decrease of $4.4 million was primarily due to decreases in legal and professional fees, direct and indirect costs allocated to us under the services agreements with RSI and RSG, facilities expenses, and travel and entertainment expenses.

General and administrative expenses were $22.4 million for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and consisted primarily of share-based compensation expense of $6.9 million , legal and professional fees of $4.4 million , employee salaries and related benefits of $4.1 million and $2.0 million of direct and indirect costs allocated to us under the services agreements with RSI and RSG. The share-based compensation expense for the six months ended September 30, 2018 included share-based compensation expense of $0.1 million for RSL common share awards and RSL options issued to RSI employees.

General and administrative expenses were $51.6 million for the six months ended September 30, 2017 and consisted primarily of share-based compensation of $18.8 million , employee salaries and related benefits of $11.0 million , marketing expenses of $8.5 million , legal and professional fees of $3.9 million , and $3.0 million of direct and indirect costs allocated to us under the services agreements with RSI and RSG. The share-based compensation expense for the six months ended September 30, 2017 included $0.5 million for RSL common share awards and RSL options issued to RSI employees.

General and administrative expenses decreased by $29.3 million , to $22.4 million , in the six months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended September 30, 2017 , primarily due to decreases in share-based compensation of $11.8 million , employee salaries and related benefits of $6.9 million due to reduced headcount and marketing expenses of $7.8 million due to negative clinical trial results for intepirdine. The remaining decrease of $2.8 million was primarily due to decreases in direct and indirect costs allocated to us under the services agreements with RSI and RSG, travel and entertainment expenses, and expenses related to meetings and conferences.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $1.9 million and $3.9 million , respectively for the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018 and consisted of interest paid and the amortization of debt discount related to the Loan Agreement with Hercules.

Interest expense for the three and six-months ended September 30, 2017 was $1.9 million and $3.8 million , respectively, and consisted of interest paid and the amortization of debt discount related to the Loan Agreement with Hercules.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018 , respectively. Income tax benefit was $1.6 million and income tax expense was $0.9 million for the three and six-months ended September 30, 2017 , respectively, which was due to a valuation allowance recorded to offset our net deferred tax assets related to net operating losses during the three and six-months ended September 30, 2017 , which did not recur during the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018 .

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

In April 2017, we raised net proceeds of approximately $134.5 million , after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses paid by us, from the sale of 7,753,505 common shares in a follow-on public offering. As of September 30, 2018 , we had cash totaling $90.7 million .

On June 22, 2018, we entered into a sales agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC ("Cowen") to sell our common shares having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million from time to time through an at-the-market equity offering program under which Cowen is acting as our agent. Cowen is entitled to compensation for its services in an amount up to 3% of the gross proceeds of any of our common shares sold under the sales agreement. As of September 30, 2018 , approximately $75.0 million of our common shares remained available for sale under the sales agreement.

On July 9, 2018, we received $25.0 million of net proceeds from RSL in exchange for the issuance and sale of 14,285,714 of our common shares to RSL at a purchase price of $1.75 per share, which was the closing price per share of our common shares on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 5, 2018, the date of the share purchase agreement.

Loan and Security Agreement with Hercules Capital, Inc.

On February 2, 2017, we and our wholly owned subsidiaries, AHL, ASG and ASI, entered into the Loan Agreement with Hercules. Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, we, AHL and ASG, as the Borrowers, borrowed an aggregate of $55.0 million. ASI issued a guaranty of the Borrowers’ obligations under the Loan Agreement, and at the closing, we paid Hercules a facility charge of $550,000. Subsequently, we added our subsidiary ASA as a Borrower in July 2017 and our subsidiaries ATH and ATI as Borrowers in April 2018.

The Term Loan bears interest at a variable per annum rate calculated for any day as the greater of either (i) the prime rate plus 6.80%, and (ii) 10.55%. The Term Loan has a scheduled maturity date of March 1, 2021. The Borrowers were obligated to make monthly payments of accrued interest under the Loan Agreement until September 1, 2018, followed by monthly installments of principal and interest through March 1, 2021. The Borrowers’ obligations under the Loan Agreement are secured by a first position lien on substantially all of their and ASI’s respective assets, other than intellectual property. If we prepay the loan prior to March 1, 2021, we will be obligated to pay Hercules a prepayment charge, based on a percentage of the then-outstanding principal balance, equal to 2.0% if the prepayment occurs after 18 months but prior to 36 months following February 2, 2017, and 1.0% if the prepayment occurs thereafter.

For the six months ended September 30, 2018 , we used $88.7 million of cash in our operating activities. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses at least for the next several years. We do not expect to generate revenue unless and until after we successfully complete development and obtain regulatory approval for one of our products in development. Our cash utilization may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year, depending on the timing of our planned clinical trials and our expenditures on other research and development activities and activities related to potential commercialization. We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant expenses as we:


•	continue clinical development of AXO-Lenti-PD for advanced Parkinson's disease, including our ongoing Phase 1/2 trial;


•	continue nonclinical development and initiate clinical development of AXO-AAV-OPMD for the treatment of OPMD, including our planned clinical study in the second half of 2019;


•	initiate our research program for five targets with Benitec, including our research program on C9orf72;


•	continue the clinical development of nelotanserin for LBD and other potential indications;


•	continue open-label extension studies for patients completing our nelotanserin phase 2 studies;


•	seek to identify, acquire, develop and commercialize additional product candidates;


•	integrate acquired technologies into a comprehensive regulatory and product development strategy;


•	achieve milestones under our agreements with third parties that will require us to make substantial payments to those parties;


•	maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;


•	hire and retain scientific, clinical, regulatory, manufacturing, quality control, commercial and administrative personnel;


•	add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our drug development efforts;


•	seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;


•	scale up external manufacturing capabilities to commercialize our product candidates;


•	establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure for drug candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval; and


•	operate as a public company.

Our primary use of cash is to fund the research and development of our product candidates. We believe we have access to sufficient cash to enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. We have based our estimates on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Our existing funds will not be sufficient to enable us to complete all necessary development and to commercially launch any of our products. Accordingly, we will be required to obtain further funding through public or private equity offerings, debt financing, collaboration and licensing arrangements or other sources. Adequate additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or potentially discontinue operations.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue from sales of our products in development, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings and potential collaboration, license or development agreements. We do not currently have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, our shareholders’ ownership interests will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our shareholders’ rights. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be required to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our drug development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the six months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Six Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(88,725	)	$	(109,558	)
Net cash used in investing activities	(18		)	(3,643		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	25,132			136,001

Operating Activities

Cash flows from operating activities consist of net loss adjusted for non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization and share-based compensation expense, as well as the effect of changes in working capital and other activities.

For the six months ended September 30, 2018 , net cash used in operating activities was $88.7 million and was primarily attributable to a net loss of $85.7 million , which includes costs incurred for research and development activities, including contract research organization ("CRO") fees, manufacturing, regulatory and other clinical trial costs and our general and administrative expenses, a decrease of $7.5 million in accrued expenses, an increase of $4.3 million in other non-current assets, a decrease of $2.1 million in accounts payable and an increase of $1.9 million in prepaid assets and other current assets, which were partially offset by $8.3 million of non-cash share-based compensation expense, an increase of $2.3 million in amounts due to RSL, RSI and RSG and $1.6 million of depreciation and amortization. For the six months ended September 30, 2017 , net cash used in operating activities was $109.6 million and was primarily attributable to a net loss of $138.4 million , which includes costs incurred for research and development activities, including CRO fees, manufacturing, regulatory and other clinical trial costs, and our general and administrative expenses, and a decrease of $5.7 million in accounts payable, partially offset by $30.9 million of non-cash share-based compensation expense and a decrease of $2.7 million in deferred tax assets.

Investing Activities

For the six months ended September 30, 2018 , net cash used in investing activities was $18 thousand for purchases of computers and software. For the six months ended September 30, 2017 , net cash used in investing activities was $3.6 million , consisting of purchases of furniture and equipment.

Financing Activities

For the six months ended September 30, 2018 , net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $25.1 million and consisted of $25.0 million of net proceeds from the issuance and sale of our common shares in a private placement to RSL and our share sales agreement with Cowen, as well as proceeds of $0.1 million from the exercise of stock options. For the six months ended September 30, 2017 , net cash used in financing activities was $136.0 million , which consisted of net proceeds of $134.5 million received from the sale of 7,753,505 common shares in a follow-on public offering and proceeds of $1.5 million from the exercise of stock options.

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations did not materially change outside the ordinary course of our business during the six months ended September 30, 2018 , as compared to those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2018, except that, in June 2018, we entered into the Oxford BioMedica Agreement; in July 2018, we entered into the Benitec Agreement; and in August 2018, we extended our the license agreement for 19,554 square feet of office space in New York, New York, which was originally set to expire in January 2019 and was extended to January 2021. The following table provides information regarding remaining contractual rent obligations due within each respective year ending March 31, as of September 30, 2018 (in thousands):



	Total		2019		2020		2021
Rent obligations, net of prepayments	$	3,576	$	895	$	1,791	$	890

See “Our Key Agreements” above for additional information regarding the Oxford BioMedica Agreement and the Benitec Agreement and our commitments thereunder.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under the SEC’s rules. Accordingly, our operating results, financial condition and cash flows are not subject to off-balance sheet risks.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the dates of the balance sheets and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. Significant estimates include assumptions used in the determination of some of our costs incurred under the services agreements with RSI and RSG, which costs are charged to research and development and general and administrative expense, as well as assumptions used to estimate our ability to continue as a going concern and estimate the fair value of our common shares. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We define our critical accounting policies as those under U.S. GAAP that require us to make subjective estimates and judgments about matters that are uncertain and are likely to have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations, as well as the specific manner in which we apply those principles.

We believe the estimates and judgments involved in our contingent payment liabilities, research and development accruals, share-based compensation and income taxes have the greatest potential impact on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates described in our Annual Report.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, " Leases (Topic 842) " ("ASU No. 2016-02"), as well as ASU No. 2018-10, " Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases " and ASU No. 2018-11, " Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements " (collectively, the "Lease Standards") in July 2018, which relate to a comprehensive new lease standard that amends various aspects of existing accounting guidance for leases. The core principle of the Lease Standards will require lessees to present the assets and liabilities that arise from leases on their balance sheets. The Lease Standards are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We have implemented a process to identify our outstanding lease portfolio and are currently evaluating our outstanding leases to determine the impact the Lease Standards will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, " Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business" ("ASU No. 2017-01"), which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. We adopted the provisions of ASU No. 2017-01 on April 1, 2018 on a prospective basis. The impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures will depend on the facts and circumstances of any specific future transactions. Refer to Note 3, “License and Collaboration Agreements,” in the accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further information regarding the impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2017-01 on the license agreements executed during the three and six-months ended September 30, 2018.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, " Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income" ("ASU No. 2018-02"). ASU No. 2018-02 allows companies to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income to retained earnings. ASU No. 2018-02 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. We expect to adopt the provisions of ASU No. 2018-02 for the fiscal year beginning April 1, 2019. As we have not yet completed our final review of the impact of ASU No. 2018-02 but expect to by March 31, 2019, we have not determined whether the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05, " Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ," ("ASU No. 2018-05"). ASU No. 2018-05 amends certain SEC material in Topic 740 for the income tax accounting implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. ASU No. 2018-05 was effective immediately. We evaluated the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act as well as the guidance of Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 and incorporated the changes into the determination of a reasonable estimate of deferred taxes and appropriate disclosures in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. We will continue to evaluate the impact this tax reform legislation may have on our results of operations, financial position, cash flows and related disclosures.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, " Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting," ("ASU No. 2018-07") . ASU No. 2018-07 requires equity-classified share-based payment awards issued to nonemployees to be measured on the grant date, rather than remeasuring the awards through the performance completion date as previously required. Additionally, for nonemployee awards with performance conditions, compensation cost associated with the award is to be recognized when achievement of the performance condition is probable, rather than upon achievement of the performance condition. Further, the requirement to reassess the liability or equity classification for nonemployee awards upon vesting is eliminated, except for awards in the form of convertible instruments. ASU No. 2018-07 also clarifies that any share-based payment awards issued to customers should be evaluated under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . ASU No. 2018-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year, with early adoption permitted after the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09. We expect to adopt the provisions of ASU No. 2018-07 for the fiscal year beginning April 1, 2019. As we have not yet completed our final review of the impact of ASU No. 2018-07 but expect to by March 31, 2019, we have not determined whether the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, " Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement" ("ASU No. 2018-13") . ASU No. 2018-13 removes, modifies, and adds certain recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurement disclosures, including removing disclosures around the amount(s) of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy for timing of transfers between levels, and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements, among other things. ASU No. 2018-13 adds disclosure requirements around changes in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and a narrative description of measurement uncertainty. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-13 are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty are to be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption, with all other amendments applied retrospectively to all periods presented. Early adoption is permitted. We early adopted the provisions of ASU No. 2018-13 during the three months ended September 30, 2018, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures because we do not currently have any Level 3 fair value measurements on a recurring or nonrecurring basis, and also have not had transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and market prices such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and changes in the market value of equity instruments. As of September 30, 2018 , we had cash of $90.7 million , consisting of non-interest-bearing deposits denominated in the U.S. dollar and Swiss franc. We also have long-term debt that bears interest at a prime-based variable rate. A 10% change in this interest rate would have an impact of approximately $0.5 million on our annual interest expense. We do not believe we are currently exposed to any material market risk.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2018 , the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The term "disclosure controls and procedures" (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2018 at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Axovant Sciences Ltd. have been detected.

PART II: OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings relating to claims arising from the ordinary course of business. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, and we are not aware of any pending or threatened legal proceeding against us that we believe could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, in addition to the other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the section of this report titled "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. If any of the events described in the following risk factors and the risks described elsewhere in this report occurs, our business, operating results and financial condition could be seriously harmed, and the trading price of our common shares could decline. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of factors that are described below and elsewhere in this report.

Risks Related to Our Business, Financial Position and Capital Requirements

We have a limited operating history and have never generated any product revenues.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. We were formed in October 2014, and our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, raising capital, acquiring drug development programs and preparing for and advancing our existing and former product candidates into clinical development. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully complete a large-scale, pivotal clinical trial, obtain marketing approval, manufacture a commercial-scale product, or arrange for a third-party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Consequently, we have no meaningful operations upon which to evaluate our business and predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or a history of successfully developing and commercializing pharmaceutical products.

In addition, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors. The failure of our Phase 3 MINDSET trial, Phase 2b HEADWAY trial and Phase 2 Gait and Balance trial for intepirdine has required us to reevaluate our future development plans for our product candidates, as well as our business plan more broadly. We may never be successful in developing or commercializing any of our product candidates, including our newly licensedproduct candidates AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD, which remain in early stages of clinical development. If successful in developing and obtaining marketing approval of one of our product candidates, we would need to transition from a company with a product development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a transition.

Our ability to generate revenue and become profitable depends upon our ability to successfully complete the development of our product candidates and other assets in the fields of neurology and psychiatry and to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for their commercialization. We have never been profitable, have not generated any revenue from product sales, and have no products approved for commercial sale.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for our product candidates, we do not know when those candidates will generate revenue, if at all. Our ability to generate product revenue depends on a number of factors, including our ability to:


•	successfully commence and complete clinical trials and obtain regulatory approval for the marketing of our product candidates, including AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD;


•	set an acceptable price for our product candidates and obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payers;


•	establish effective sales, marketing and distribution systems for our product candidates;


•	add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our clinical, manufacturing and planned future commercialization efforts and operations as a public company;


•	initiate and continue relationships with third-party manufacturers, including Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd. ("Oxford BioMedica") for AXO-Lenti-PD and a third-party cGMP manufacturer for AXO-AAV-OPMD, and have commercial quantities of our product candidates manufactured at acceptable cost and quality levels;


•	attract and retain an experienced management and advisory team;


•	achieve broad market acceptance of our products in the medical community and with third-party payers and consumers;


•	launch commercial sales of our products, whether alone or in collaboration with others; and


•	maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA"), European Medicines Agency ("EMA"), Japan’s Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency ("PMDA"), or comparable regulatory authorities in other countries, to perform studies or clinical trials in addition to those that we currently anticipate. Even if our product candidates are approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with their commercial launch. If we cannot successfully execute any one of the foregoing, our business may not succeed, and your investment will be adversely affected.

We are in the process of implementing a business plan that may continue to evolve as we integrate our newly licensed product candidates AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD and await relevant clinical data for nelotanserin. Our business plan may lead to the initiation of one or more development programs, the discontinuation of one or more development programs, or the execution of one or more transactions that you do not agree with or that you do not perceive as favorable to your investment.

In early 2018, we began a process to review our strategic alternatives, including identifying potential business development opportunities, following the discontinuation of further development of intepirdine in January 2018. Also beginning in early 2018, we undertook a reassessment of our development plans for nelotanserin in various indications and RVT-104, which included an internal portfolio review of RVT-104 in the context of any newly acquired clinical assets. In October 2018, we discontinued our development plans for RVT-104, a combination of rivastigmine and a peripheral muscarinic receptor antagonist, as a potential treatment for patients with Alzheimer's disease or dementia with Lewy bodies ("DLB"), which is a sub-type of Lewy body dementia ("LBD"). We plan to make a determination of the overall development strategy for nelotanserin once we have reviewed final data from our currently ongoing Phase 2 study of nelotanserin in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and completed our ongoing comprehensive clinical, regulatory and commercial review.

In June 2018, we announced that we received from Oxford BioMedica a worldwide exclusive license to develop and commercialize AXO-Lenti-PD and its predecessor product candidate ProSavin and related gene therapy products (the "Oxford BioMedica Agreement"). In July 2018, we announced that we received from Benitec Biopharma Limited ("Benitec") a worldwide exclusive license to develop and commercialize investigational gene therapy AXO-AAV-OPMD and related gene therapy products (the "Benitec Agreement"). We initially plan to pursue a strategy to leverage our clinical experience and expertise to pursue the clinical development and regulatory approval of AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD while evaluating overall development strategy for nelotanserin. In addition, we continue to be actively engaged in extensive business development efforts to identify, evaluate and potentially obtain rights to and develop additional therapeutic and gene therapy product candidates that would complement our strategic goals and leverage our competitive advantages.

This business plan requires us to be successful in a number of challenging, uncertain and risky activities, including pursuing development of AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD in indications for which we have limited or no human clinical data, identifying promising new assets for development that are available for acquisition or in-license and that fit our strategic focus and, if so identified, negotiating and executing an acquisition or in-license agreement for one or more of those programs on favorable terms, converting early stage gene therapy research efforts into clinical development opportunities, building internal or outsourced gene therapy capabilities and designing and executing a nonclinical and/or clinical development program for any newly acquired product candidates. We may not be successful at one or more of the activities required for us to execute this business plan. We are also continuing to consider other alternatives, including mergers, acquisitions, divestitures, collaborations, or other transactions involving our Company as a whole, as well as individual product candidates. We cannot be sure when or if any type of transaction will result. Even if we pursue a transaction, such transaction may not be consistent with our shareholders’ expectations or may not ultimately be favorable for our shareholders, either in the shorter or longer term.

Our growth prospects and the future value of our company are primarily dependent on the progress of our ongoing and planned clinical development programs for AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD as well as the outcome of our ongoing business development efforts and pipeline expansion activities, together with the amount of our remaining available cash. The development of AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD and the outcome of our ongoing business development efforts and pipeline expansion activities are highly uncertain.

We have only very limited data from small, uncontrolled clinical trials, performed by or on behalf of Oxford BioMedica, regarding the safety and tolerability of ProSavin, as the predecessor product candidate to AXO-Lenti-PD, in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease, as well as nonclinical in vitro experiments with AXO-Lenti-PD. Prior ProSavin trials were not powered to demonstrate the efficacy of the therapy with statistical significance. Given the information above, these trials could be underpowered to demonstrate a potential clinical benefit for AXO-Lenti-PD in these indications. In addition, we have no prior clinical data regarding the safety, tolerability and efficacy of AXO-AAV-OPMD or any additional gene therapy product under the Benitec Agreement.

We expect to continue to reassess and make changes to our existing development programs and pipeline expansion strategy. Our plans for our AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD development programs may be affected by the results of competitors’ clinical trials of product candidates addressing Parkinson’s disease and oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ("OPMD"), respectively. Our plans for additional gene therapy products under the Benitec Agreement may also be affected by the results of competitors’ clinical trials of product candidates addressing our target indications, including, for example, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ("ALS"), and frontotemporal dementia ("FTD"), in the case of our first planned Benitec collaboration gene therapy product. Our plans for our business development efforts and pipeline expansion activities may also be affected by the results of competitors' ongoing research and development efforts. We may modify, expand or terminate some or all of our development programs, clinical trials or collaborative research programs at any time as a result of new competitive information or as the result of changes to our product pipeline or business development strategy.

We expect that our remaining cash balances will continue to decline as we pursue these development programs, our collaborative research programs and our business development activities until we receive additional funding, if any. As a result, the value of our shareholders’ investment may decline.

We expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

Investment in pharmaceutical and biological product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that a product candidate will fail to gain regulatory approval or become commercially viable. We have never generated any revenues, and we cannot estimate with precision the extent of our future losses. We do not currently have any products that are available for commercial sale and we may never generate revenue from selling products or achieve profitability. We expect to continue to incur substantial and increasing losses through the projected commercialization of our product candidates. Our product candidates have not been approved for marketing in the United States or any other jurisdiction, and we may never receive any such approvals. In January 2018, we discontinued further development of our product candidate intepirdine, which was our most progressed product candidate in clinical development at that time; and in October 2018, we discontinued development plans for RVT-104, a combination of rivastigmine and a peripheral muscarinic receptor antagonist, as a potential treatment for patients with Alzheimer's disease or DLB. While we have recently in-licensed our new product candidates AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD, these product candidates remain in early stages of clinical development. As a result, we are uncertain when or if we will achieve profitability and, if so, whether we will be able to sustain it. Our ability to produce revenue and achieve profitability is dependent on our ability to complete the development of our product candidates, obtain necessary regulatory approvals, and have our product candidates manufactured and successfully marketed and commercialized. We cannot assure you that we will be profitable even if we successfully commercialize our product candidates. If we do successfully obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates, our revenues will be dependent, in part, upon the size of the markets in the territories for which we gain regulatory approval, the number of competitors in such markets, the accepted price for our product candidates and whether we own the commercial rights for that territory. If the indication approved by regulatory authorities is narrower than we expect, or the treatment population is narrowed by competition, physician choice or treatment guidelines, we may not generate significant revenue from sales of our product candidates, even if approved. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Failure to become and remain profitable may adversely affect the market price of our common shares and our ability to raise capital and continue operations.

We expect our research and development expenses to be significant as we develop: AXO-Lenti-PD for the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease; AXO-AAV-OPMD for the potential treatment of OPMD; our additional gene therapy products under the Benitec Agreement for the potential treatment of ALS, FTD and other indications; and nelotanserin for the potential treatment of multiple aspects of LBD. In addition, if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur increased sales and marketing expenses. As a result, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future. These losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our financial position and working capital.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify and acquire additional product candidates.

Part of our strategy involves the business development activities of identifying and acquiring novel product candidates. The process by which we identify product candidates may fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons, including those discussed in these risk factors and also:


•	the process by which we identify and decide to acquire product candidates may not be successful;


•	potential product candidates may, on further study, be shown to have harmful side effects or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to be products that will receive marketing approval and achieve market acceptance; or


•	potential product candidates may not be effective in treating their targeted diseases.

In addition, the process of identifying and acquiring product candidates is highly competitive, and our ability to compete successfully is impacted by the fact that many of the companies with which we compete for these candidates have significantly greater experience, development and commercialization capabilities, name recognition and financial and human resources than we do. Further, our business development efforts are led by our senior executive officers and other management team members and would be significantly impaired if we were to lose the services of any of these executives. The time and resources spent on business development activities may also distract management’s attention from our other development and business activities. Even if we are successful in identifying and acquiring additional product candidates, we may choose to focus our efforts and resources on a potential product candidate that ultimately proves to be unsuccessful. If we are unable to identify and acquire suitable product candidates for clinical development, this would adversely impact our business strategy and our financial position and share price.

We are heavily dependent on the success of AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD, our gene therapy product candidates, which are still in early stages of clinical development, and if either product candidate does not receive regulatory approval or is not successfully commercialized, our business may be harmed.

We currently have no products that are approved for commercial sale and may never be able to develop marketable products. We expect that a substantial portion of our efforts and expenditures over the next few years will be devoted to AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD. Accordingly, our business currently depends heavily on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of these product candidates. We cannot be certain that any of our product candidates will receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized even if we receive regulatory approval. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution of our product candidates are and will remain subject to extensive regulation by the FDA, the EMA, the PMDA and other comparable regulatory authorities that each have differing regulations. We are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States or in any foreign countries until they receive the requisite approvals from the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities in other countries. We have not submitted marketing applications to the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities and do not expect to be in a position to do so for the foreseeable future. Obtaining marketing approval is a lengthy, expensive and inherently uncertain process, and regulatory authorities may delay, limit or deny approval of our product candidates for many reasons, including:


•	we may not be able to demonstrate that a product candidate is safe and effective as a treatment for our targeted indications to the satisfaction of the applicable regulatory authorities;


•	our biologics license applications ("BLA"), new drug application ("NDA") or other key regulatory filings may be delayed or rejected due to issues, including those related to the FDA’s Pharmaceutical Quality/CMC guidance, timing of results from supporting studies, database lock, and data conversion, cleaning, and transfer;


•	the regulatory authorities may require additional nonclinical studies or registrational studies of the product candidate in Parkinson’s disease or other indications, which would increase our costs and prolong our development;


•	the results of our clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical or clinical significance required for marketing approval;


•	the regulatory authorities may disagree with the number, design, size, conduct or implementation of our clinical trials;


•	the contract research organizations ("CROs") that we retain to conduct clinical trials may take actions outside of our control, or otherwise commit errors or breaches of protocols, that adversely impact our clinical trials;


•	the regulatory authorities may not find the data from nonclinical studies and clinical trials sufficient to demonstrate that the clinical and other benefits of the product candidate outweigh its safety risks;


•	the regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from our nonclinical studies and clinical trials or may require that we conduct additional studies;


•	the regulatory authorities may not accept data generated at our clinical trial sites;


•	the regulatory authorities may require, as a condition of approval, limitations on approved labeling or distribution and use restrictions;


•	the FDA may require development of a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy ("REMS") as a condition of approval;

•

the regulatory authorities may identify deficiencies in the manufacturing processes or facilities of our third-party manufacturers, including Oxford BioMedica, which is expected to be our sole and exclusive supplier of AXO-Lenti-PD until the process is validated or BLA submission for AXO-Lenti-PD, a third-party cGMP manufacturer that is currently our sole supplier of AXO-AAV-OPMD, and Arena Pharmaceuticals GmbH ("Arena"), our sole and exclusive supplier for nelotanserin, or any manufacturer that Arena may engage to manufacture nelotanserin on its behalf; or


•	the regulatory authorities may change their approval policies or adopt new regulations.

The terms of our credit facility place restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility.

In February 2017, we and our subsidiaries entered into a loan and security agreement (as amended in May and September 2017) (the "Loan Agreement") with Hercules Capital, Inc. ("Hercules"). The Loan Agreement is secured by substantially all of our property and that of our subsidiaries that are parties to the Loan Agreement, other than intellectual property.

The Loan Agreement subjects us and our subsidiaries to various affirmative and restrictive covenants, including a minimum cash covenant that ceases to apply if we achieve certain clinical development milestones as set forth in the Loan Agreement, a covenant against the occurrence of a "change in control," financial reporting obligations, and certain limitations on the incurrence of indebtedness, liens (including a negative pledge on intellectual property and other assets), investments, distributions (including dividends), collateral, transfers, mergers or acquisitions, taxes, corporate changes, and deposit accounts. Compliance with these covenants may limit our flexibility in operating our business and our ability to take actions that might be advantageous to us and our shareholders.

Additionally, we may be required to repay the entire amount of outstanding indebtedness under the Loan Agreement in cash if we fail to stay in compliance with our covenants or suffer some other event of default under the Loan Agreement. Under the Loan Agreement, an event of default will occur if, among other things: we fail to make payments under the Loan Agreement; we breach any of our covenants under the Loan Agreement, subject to specified cure periods with respect to certain breaches; there occurs an event that has a material adverse effect on (i) our business, operations, properties, assets or financial condition, (ii) our ability to perform or satisfy our obligations under the Loan Agreement as they become due or Hercules’s ability to enforce its rights or remedies with respect to our obligations under the Loan Agreement, or (iii) the collateral or liens securing our obligations under the Loan Agreement; we or our assets become subject to certain legal proceedings, such as bankruptcy proceedings; we are unable to pay our debts as they become due; or we default on contracts with third parties which would permit Hercules to accelerate the maturity of such indebtedness or that could have a material adverse effect on us. We may not have enough available cash or be able to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings to repay such indebtedness at the time any such event of default occurs. In that case, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our clinical development efforts or grant to others rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. Hercules could also exercise its rights as collateral agent to take possession and dispose of the collateral securing the loan for its benefit, which collateral includes all of our property other than our intellectual property. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be substantially harmed as a result of any of these events.

We will require additional capital to fund our operations, and if we fail to obtain necessary financing, we may not be able to complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We expect to spend substantial amounts to complete the development of, seek regulatory approvals for and commercialize our product candidates. These expenditures will include costs payable to Oxford BioMedica under the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, Benitec under the Benitec Agreement and In May 2015, RSL entered into a development, marketing and supply agreement for nelotanserin (the "Arena Development Agreement") with Arena. Under the terms of these agreements, we are obligated to make significant cash payments upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and sales performance milestones, as well as payments in connection with the sale of resulting products and the manufacture and supply of our product candidates for commercial purposes. For example, we are required to pay Benitec 30% of the net profits from worldwide sales of approved and commercialized products arising from the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program, subject to an agreed minimum for such payments.

We will require additional capital to complete the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates, particularly AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD, which remain in early stages of clinical development. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our development program or any future commercialization efforts. In addition, attempting to secure additional financing may divert the time and attention of our management from day-to-day activities and harm our product candidate development efforts.

We believe our existing cash resources will be sufficient to meet our financial needs for at least the next 12 months. This estimate is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Because the length of time and activities associated with successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require for development and any approved marketing and commercialization activities. Our future funding requirements, both near and long-term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:


•	the progress, timing, costs and results of our clinical trials of our product candidates;


•	the outcome, timing and cost of meeting regulatory requirements established by the FDA, the EMA, or the PMDA, and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities;


•	the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patent claims and other intellectual property rights;


•	the cost of defending potential intellectual property disputes, including patent infringement actions brought by third parties against us or our product candidates or any future product candidates;


•	the effect of competing technological and market developments;


•	the cost and timing of completion of commercial-scale manufacturing activities;


•	the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for our product candidates in regions where we choose to commercialize our products on our own; and


•	the initiation, progress, timing and results of our commercialization of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale.

We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of our product candidates or potentially discontinue operations.

We may be required to make significant payments to third parties under the agreements pursuant to which we acquired our product candidates.

In May 2015, RSL entered into a development, marketing and supply agreement for nelotanserin (the "Arena Development Agreement") with Arena, and we entered into a Waiver and Option Agreement with RSL. Upon the exercise of our option in October 2015, we assumed RSL’s rights and obligations under the Arena Development Agreement, as amended on October 18, 2017. In January 2018, we were notified by Arena that it has assigned all of its rights and obligations under the Arena Development Agreement to an affiliate, 125 Royalty Inc.; in June 2018, we entered into a license agreement with Oxford BioMedica for AXO-Lenti-PD; and in July 2018, we entered into a license agreement with Benitec for AXO-AAV-OPMD and five research collaboration programs. Under these agreements, we are subject to significant obligations, including payment obligations upon achievement of specified milestones and payments based on product sales, as well as other material obligations. For example, under our agreement with Oxford Biomedica, we could be obligated to make payments totaling up to $55.0 million upon the achievement of specified development milestones and $757.5 million upon the achievement of specified regulatory and sales milestones. In addition, we will also be obligated to pay Oxford BioMedica a tiered royalty percentage ranging from 7% to 10% based on yearly aggregate net sales of the Gene Therapy Products licensed under the agreement. Under the Benitec Agreement, we will be obligated to make payments to Benitec totaling up to (i) for the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program, $67.5 million upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones and $120.0 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones, and (ii) for each collaboration program under the Benitec Agreement, $33.5 million upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones and $60.0 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones. In addition, Benitec will receive 30% of net profits of worldwide sales of approved and commercialized products arising from the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program, subject to an agreed minimum amount for such payments, and a tiered royalty based on yearly aggregate net sales of products arising from each Collaboration Program, subject to specified reductions upon the occurrence of certain events. If these payments become due under the terms of the agreements, we may not have sufficient funds available to meet our obligations, in which case our development efforts would be substantially harmed. Further, failure to make these payments or to meet our other material obligations may result in our counterparties pursuing various remedies under those agreements that could adversely affect our operations.

Raising additional funds by issuing securities may cause dilution to existing shareholders and raising funds through lending and licensing arrangements may restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, strategic alliances and license and development agreements in connection with any collaborations. We do not have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, including pursuant to our "shelf" registration statement filed with the SEC, our existing shareholders’ ownership may experience substantial dilution, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common shareholder. Additional debt financing or preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants further limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise develop and market ourselves.

We currently have a limited number of employees and we currently rely on Roivant Sciences, Inc. and Roivant Sciences GmbH to provide various services for us.

We currently rely in part on services provided by Roivant Sciences, Inc. ("RSI"), and Roivant Sciences GmbH ("RSG"), wholly owned subsidiaries of Roivant Sciences Ltd. ("RSL"), pursuant to the Services Agreements we have with these entities. Personnel and support staff who provide services to us under these Services Agreements are not required to treat management and administration of our business as their primary responsibility or act exclusively for us, and we do not expect them to do so. Under the Services Agreements, RSI and RSG have the discretion to determine who, among their employees, will perform services for us. RSI and RSG have limited resources. If either RSI or RSG fails to perform its obligations in accordance with the terms of the Services Agreements or to effectively manage services provided to us, the operations of our business may be adversely affected.

In addition, the level of support we receive from RSI and RSG has decreased and we expect that it will continue to decrease in the near term. As a result, we will be required to replace many of these services with our own internally developed teams or engage external professional service providers. We primarily intend to develop these capabilities internally, and may incur increased costs as we hire and train additional personnel. If we are unable to develop these capabilities or we fail to do so in a timely and effective manner, the operations of our business would be adversely affected.

We may not be able to manage our business effectively if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel. In addition, if we are unable to effectively transition and integrate our new executive officers and solidify and implement our updated business strategy, our business and financial performance could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to attract or retain qualified management and commercial, scientific and clinical personnel due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses. If we are not able to attract and retain necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will significantly impede the achievement of our development objectives, our ability to raise additional capital and our ability to implement our business strategy.

Several members of our senior management team are relatively new to Axovant. Our financial performance will depend in significant part on our senior management team and key employees, including new members of management with expertise in the gene therapy development field. In addition, recent corporate restructurings may have impacted employee morale and led, and may continue to lead, to higher rates of voluntary attrition compared to prior years. We are highly dependent on the skills and leadership of our management team. Our senior management and key employees may terminate their position with us at any time.

If we lose one or more members of our senior management team or key employees, our ability to successfully implement our business strategy could be seriously harmed. Replacing these individuals may be difficult, cause disruption, and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize products successfully. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate additional key personnel. We do not maintain "key person" insurance for any of our executives or other employees.

We will need to expand our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

We expect to hire, either directly or through Axovant Sciences, Inc., Axovant Sciences GmbH ("ASG") or Axovant Sciences America, Inc., additional employees for our managerial, clinical, scientific and engineering, operational, sales and marketing teams. We may have operational difficulties in connection with identifying, hiring and integrating new personnel. Future growth would impose significant additional responsibilities on our management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees, consultants and contractors. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities, including development of product candidates, and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and grow revenues could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations across our entities, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.

Many of the other pharmaceutical companies that we compete against for qualified personnel and consultants have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles and a longer history in the industry than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates and consultants than what we have to offer. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high-quality personnel and consultants, the rate and success at which we can discover and develop product candidates and our business will be limited.

Our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, consultants, commercial collaborators, service providers and other vendors, or those of our affiliates, may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our employees and contractors, including principal investigators, consultants, commercial collaborators, manufacturers, service providers and other vendors, or those of our affiliates, may engage in fraudulent or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or other unauthorized activities that violate the laws and regulations, including those of the FDA and other similar regulatory bodies that require the reporting of true, complete and accurate information; manufacturing standards; federal, state and foreign healthcare fraud and abuse laws and data privacy; or laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. In particular, sales, marketing and other business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing, bribery, corruption, antitrust violations, and other abusive practices. These laws may restrict or prohibit a wide range of business activities, including research, manufacturing, distribution, pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, the creation of fraudulent data in nonclinical studies or clinical trials or illegal misappropriation of drug product, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee or third-party misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. Additionally, we are subject to the risk that a person or government agency could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, consultants, commercial collaborators, service providers or other vendors, or those of our affiliates, are alleged or found to be in violation of any such regulatory standards or requirements, or become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement and curtailment of our operations, it could have a significant impact on our business and financial results, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, suspension or delay in clinical trials, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, FDA debarment, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting requirements and oversight, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

International expansion of our business exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial and economic risks associated with doing business in various jurisdictions globally.

Our business strategy incorporates international expansion, including establishing and maintaining operations and certain key functions in various jurisdictions around the world and establishing and maintaining relationships with distributors and manufacturers globally. Doing business internationally involves a number of risks, including:


•	multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as tax laws, export and import restrictions, employment laws, anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, regulatory requirements and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;


•	failure by us or our distributors to obtain appropriate licenses or regulatory approvals for the sale or use of our product candidates, if approved, in various countries;


•	difficulties in managing foreign operations;


•	complexities associated with managing multiple payer-reimbursement regimes or self-pay systems;


•	financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty enforcing contracts and collecting accounts receivable and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;


•	reduced protection for intellectual property rights;


•	reduced protection of contractual rights in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency of the other contracting party;


•	natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism and political unrest, outbreak of disease, boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions;


•	failure to comply with foreign laws, regulations, standards and regulatory guidance governing the collection, use, disclosure, retention, security and transfer of personal data, including the European Union General Data Privacy Regulation ("GDPR"); and


•	failure to comply with the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010 ("U.K. Bribery Act") and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions, and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, including its books and records provisions and its anti-bribery provisions, including by failing to maintain accurate information and control over sales and distributors’ activities.

Any of these risks, if encountered, could significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures, security breaches or cyber-attacks.

Our computer systems, as well as those of various third parties on which we rely, including those of RSL and its affiliates and our CROs and other contractors, consultants, and law and accounting firms, may sustain damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, data breaches, phishing attacks, cybercriminals, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. We rely on our third-party providers to implement effective security measures and identify and correct for any such failures, deficiencies or breaches. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. We have experienced phishing attacks in the past, which have not had a material impact on our operations; however, we may in the future experience material system failures or security breaches that could cause interruptions in our operations or result in a material disruption of our drug development programs. For example, the loss of nonclinical or clinical trial data from completed, ongoing or planned trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of personal, confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed.

The failure to successfully implement a new enterprise resource planning system, or maintain our current system, could adversely impact our business and results of operations.

As RSL decreases and decentralizes the services it provides to its affiliated companies, we expect to adapt the current enterprise resource planning ("ERP") system or implement a new ERP system to upgrade certain existing business, operational, and financial processes, upon which we rely. Until such time, we will be reliant on financial systems supported by RSI and RSG. ERP implementations are complex and time-consuming projects that require transformations of business and financial processes in order to reap the benefits of the ERP system; any such transformation involves risk inherent in the conversion to a new computer system, including loss of information and potential disruption to normal operations. Additionally, if the ERP system is not effectively implemented as planned, or the system does not operate as intended, the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting could be adversely affected or our ability to assess those controls adequately could be delayed. Significant delays in documenting, reviewing and testing our internal control could cause us to fail to comply with our SEC reporting obligations related to our management's assessment of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we experience interruptions in service or operational difficulties and are unable to effectively manage our business during or following the implementation of the ERP system, our business and results of operations could be harmed.

Potential product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

The use of our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we obtain marketing approval exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by consumers, health care providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our products. On occasion, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated adverse effects. If we are not successful in defending ourselves against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liability and costs. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:


•	impairment of our business reputation and significant negative media attention;


•	withdrawal of participants from our clinical trials;


•	significant costs to defend related litigation;


•	distraction of management’s attention from our primary business;


•	substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants;


•	inability to commercialize our product candidates or any future product candidate;


•	product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;


•	decreased demand for our product candidates or any future product candidate, if approved for commercial sale; and


•	loss of revenue.

The product liability insurance we currently carry, and any additional product liability insurance coverage we acquire in the future, may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive, and in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our share price to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of operations and business, including preventing or limiting the commercialization of any product candidates we develop.

If we fail to comply with applicable U.S. and foreign privacy and data protection laws and regulations, we may be subject to liabilities that adversely affect our business, operations and financial performance.

Our information security systems are subject to laws and regulations requiring that we take measures to protect the privacy and security of certain information we gather and use in our business. For example, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA"), and its implementing regulations impose, among other requirements, certain regulatory and contractual requirements regarding the privacy and security of personal health information. In addition to HIPAA, numerous other federal and state laws, including, without limitation, state security breach notification laws, state health information privacy laws and federal and state consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use, and storage of personal information.

We may also be subject to or affected by foreign laws and regulation, including regulatory guidance, governing the collection, use, disclosure, security, transfer and storage of personal data, such as information that we collect about patients and healthcare providers in connection with clinical trials and our other operations in the U.S. and abroad. For example, the EU has adopted the GDPR," which introduces strict requirements for processing personal data. The GDPR is likely to increase the compliance burden on us, including by mandating potentially burdensome documentation requirements and granting certain rights to individuals to control how we collect, use, disclose, retain and leverage information about them. The processing of sensitive personal data, such as physical health conditions, may impose heightened compliance burdens under the GDPR and is a topic of active interest among foreign regulators. In addition, the GDPR provides for breach reporting requirements, more robust regulatory enforcement and fines of up to 20 million euros or up to 4% of annual global revenue. While the GDPR affords some flexibility in determining how to comply with the various requirements, significant effort and expense has been, and will continue to be, invested to ensure continuing compliance. Moreover, the requirements under the GDPR may change periodically or may be modified by European Union national law and could have an effect on our business operations if compliance becomes substantially more costly than under current requirements.

The global legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve, and implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. This evolution may create uncertainty in our business, result in liability or impose additional costs on us. The cost of compliance with these laws, regulations and standards is high and is likely to increase in the future.

It is possible that each of these privacy laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state, or foreign laws or self-regulatory standards could result in negative publicity, diversion of management time and effort and proceedings against us by governmental entities or others. In many jurisdictions, enforcement actions and consequences for noncompliance are rising. As we continue to expand into other foreign countries and jurisdictions, we may be subject to additional laws and regulations that may affect how we conduct business.

Risks Related to Clinical Development, Regulatory Approval and Commercialization

Clinical trials are very expensive, time-consuming, difficult to design and implement and involve an uncertain outcome.

Our product candidates are still in development and will require extensive clinical testing before we are prepared to submit an application for marketing approval to regulatory authorities. We cannot predict with any certainty if or when we might submit any such application for regulatory approval for our product candidates or whether any such application will be approved by the applicable regulatory authority in our target markets. Human clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. For instance, regulatory authorities may not agree with our proposed endpoints for any clinical trials of our product candidates, which may delay the commencement of our clinical trials. The clinical trial process is also time-consuming. We estimate that clinical trials of our product candidates will take at least several years to complete. Furthermore, failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through nonclinical studies and initial clinical trials, and the results of smaller nonclinical or early clinical trials therefore may not be predictive of the results of large scale or later-stage clinical programs. For example, in January 2018, we announced that intepirdine did not meet its primary efficacy endpoints in the Phase 2B HEADWAY and pilot Phase 2 Gait and Balance studies. In light of the data from these studies, as well as data from the September 2017 MINDSET readout, we discontinued our intepirdine program. Likewise, there can be no assurance that the results of studies conducted by collaborators or other third parties will be viewed favorably or are indicative of our own future study results. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry, and especially in the neurology field, have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials, and in the regulatory approval process. For example, in August 2017, Acorda Therapeutics received a refusal to file letter from the FDA regarding its NDA for INBRIJA, an investigational treatment for symptoms of OFF episodes in patients with Parkinson’s disease taking a carbidopa/levodopa regimen.

Our gene therapy product candidates, AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD, are in early stages of development. The outcome of nonclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later stage clinical trials, interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results and results from one completed clinical trial may not be replicated in a subsequent clinical trial with a similar study design. The Phase 1/2 clinical trial of ProSavin conducted by Oxford BioMedica was conducted with a small patient population and was not blinded or placebo-controlled, making it difficult to predict whether the favorable results that we observed in such trials will be repeated in larger and more advanced clinical trials.

The commencement and completion of clinical trials may be delayed by several factors, including:


•	failure to obtain regulatory approval to commence a trial;


•	unforeseen safety issues;


•	determination of dosing issues;


•	lack of effectiveness during clinical trials;


•	inability to reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and clinical trial sites;


•	slower than expected rates of patient recruitment or failure to recruit suitable patients to participate in a trial;


•	changes in or modifications to clinical trial design;


•	failure to manufacture or obtain supply of sufficient quantities of a drug candidate or placebo or failure to obtain sufficient quantities of concomitant medication for use in clinical trials;


•	inability or unwillingness of medical investigators to follow our clinical and other applicable protocols;


•	inability to monitor patients adequately during or after treatment;


•	failure to establish sufficient number of clinical trial sites; or


•	clinical sites or others deviating from trial protocol, inappropriately unblinding results, or dropping out of a trial.

Further, by way of example, we, a regulatory agency or an institutional review board ("IRB") at a clinical trial site may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we or our collaborators are failing to conduct a trial in accordance with regulatory requirements, including the FDA’s current Good Clinical Practice ("cGCP") regulations, that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks, or if the FDA finds deficiencies in our investigational new drug application ("IND") submissions or the conduct of these trials. Therefore, we cannot predict with any certainty the schedule for commencement and completion of clinical trials. If we experience delays in the commencement or completion of our clinical trials, or if we terminate a clinical trial prior to completion, the commercial prospects of our product candidates could be harmed, and our ability to generate revenues may be delayed. In addition, any delays in our clinical trials could increase our costs, cause a drop in our share price, slow down the approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and receive compensation in connection with such services. Under certain circumstances, we may be required to report some of these relationships to the applicable regulatory agency, which may conclude that a financial relationship between us and a principal investigator has created a conflict of interest or otherwise affected interpretation of the study. The applicable regulatory agency may therefore question the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized. This could result in a delay in approval, or rejection, of our marketing applications by the applicable regulatory agency and may ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of one or more of our product candidates.

In addition, we acquired worldwide rights to our product candidates and were not involved in their development prior to such acquisitions. Any difficulties we experience in transitioning and integrating such product candidates into our operations may result in delays in clinical trials as well as problems in our development efforts and regulatory filings, particularly if we do not receive all of the necessary drug products, information, reports and data from third parties in a timely manner. More particularly, we have had no involvement with or control over the nonclinical and clinical development of our product candidates prior to acquiring the rights to them. We are dependent on our predecessors including Oxford BioMedica, Benitec and Arena, having conducted such research and development in accordance with the applicable protocols, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, having accurately reported the results of all clinical trials and other research conducted prior to our acquisition of the product candidates, having correctly collected and interpreted the data from these trials and other research and having supplied us with complete information, data sets and reports required to adequately demonstrate the results reported through the date of our acquisition of these assets. In addition, we have only very limited data regarding the safety, tolerability and efficacy of AXO-Lenti-PD for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and AXO-AAV-OPMD for the treatment of OPMD, and we have not previously conducted development activities for a biological product candidate. Problems related to our predecessors, including Oxford BioMedica, Benitec and Arena, and our limited available data for AXO-Lenti-PD in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and AXO-AAV-OPMD in the treatment of OPMD could result in increased costs and delays in the development of our product candidates, which could adversely affect our ability to generate future revenues.

Enrollment and retention of patients in clinical trials is an expensive and time-consuming process and could be made more difficult or rendered impossible by multiple factors outside our control.

We may encounter delays in enrolling, or be unable to enroll, a sufficient number of patients to complete any of our clinical trials, and even once enrolled we may be unable to retain a sufficient number of patients to complete any of our trials. Patient enrollment and retention in clinical trials depends on many factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature of the trial protocol, the effectiveness of our patient recruitment efforts, the existing body of safety and efficacy data with respect to the study drug, the perceived risks and benefits of gene therapy approaches for the treatment of neurological diseases, the number and nature of competing treatments and ongoing clinical trials of competing drugs for the same indication, including more traditional approaches for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease or OPMD, perceived risk of the delivery procedure, patients with pre-existing conditions that preclude their participation in any trial, the proximity of patients to clinical sites and the eligibility criteria for the study. Furthermore, the negative results we have reported in clinical trials to date and any other negative results we may report in clinical trials of any of our product candidates in the future may make it difficult or impossible to recruit and retain patients in other clinical trials of those product candidates. Similarly, negative results reported by our competitors about their drug candidates may negatively affect patient recruitment in our clinical trials. Delays or failures in planned patient enrollment or retention may result in increased costs, program delays or both, which could have a harmful effect on our ability to develop our product candidates or could render further development impossible. In addition, we expect to rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure proper and timely conduct of our future clinical trials and, while we intend to enter into agreements governing their services, we will be limited in our ability to control their actual performance.

We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.

Drug development, particularly in the gene therapy field, is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological advancements. As a significant unmet medical need exists in the neurology field, particularly for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer’s disease, there are several large and small pharmaceutical companies focused on delivering therapeutics for the treatment of these diseases. Further, it is likely that additional drugs will become available in the future for the treatment of our target indications.

We consider our most direct competitor with respect to AXO-Lenti-PD to be Voyager Therapeutics, which is developing VY-AADC, a gene therapy product candidate for the treatment of advanced Parkinson’s disease. VY-AADC delivers the AADC gene, one of the three genes contained in AXO-Lenti-PD, via an adeno-associated virus (an "AAV virus-based vector"). Voyager began a Phase 2 study in June 2018. Agilis Biotherapeutics, which was acquired by PTC Therapeutics, is developing AGIL-AADC, another AAV virus-based vector gene therapy that delivers the AADC gene, for the treatment of AADC deficiency, a rare disorder that involves loss of AADC gene function. In addition, DBS (Deep Brain Stimulation) is approved for treating Parkinson’s disease and is marketed by multiple device manufacturers, including Medtronic, Abbott and Boston Scientific. DBS treatment involves permanent placement of hardware in the brain via stereotactic neurosurgery and may require follow-up adjustments or even invasive device replacements. Another surgical approach is Abbvie’s Duopa which is delivered via a port implanted in the abdominal wall. Further efforts are also underway to develop new improved formulations of L-dopa, including Acorda’s Inbrija, for which an NDA is under FDA review, and Mitsubishi Tanabe’s ND0612. Adjunct therapies are also being developed or have recently been approved to supplement L-dopa therapy, including Sunovion’s sublingual apomorphine and Adamas Pharmaceuticals’ GoCovri. Several companies are also trying to develop other disease modifying therapies that could prevent the progression of Parkinson’s disease. Examples of these early stage efforts include Denali Therapeutics’ LRRK2 inhibitors and anti-alpha synuclein antibodies from Prothena/Roche and Biogen, as well as Prevail Therapeutics’ pipeline of AAV-based therapeutics targeting lysosomal dysfunction.

We consider our most direct competitor with respect to AXO-AAV-OPMD to be BioBlast Pharma, which is developing trehalose, an investigational drug product thought to stabilize mutant proteins and increase autophagy, for the treatment of OPMD and other indications. In addition, there are surgical approaches to address the symptoms of OPMD, such as cricopharyngeal myotomy.

We consider our most direct competitor with respect to nelotanserin to be Acadia Pharmaceuticals, which is marketing and developing pimavanserin, a 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist that received FDA approval in April 2016 for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis. We believe the FDA approval of pimavanserin adds further validation to the therapeutic relevance of 5-HT2A as a potential target for the treatment of visual hallucinations.

Many of our existing or potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and significantly greater experience in the discovery and development of product candidates, as well as in obtaining regulatory approvals of those product candidates in the United States and in foreign countries. Our current and potential future competitors also have significantly more experience commercializing drugs, particularly gene therapy and other biological products, that have been approved for marketing. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries could result in even more resources being concentrated among a small number of our competitors.

We will face competition from other drugs or from other non-drug products currently approved or that will be approved in the future in the neurology field, including for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, our ability to compete successfully will depend largely on our ability to:


•	develop and commercialize drugs that are superior to other products in the market;


•	demonstrate through our clinical trials that our product candidates are differentiated from existing and future therapies;


•	attract qualified scientific, product development and commercial personnel;


•	obtain patent or other proprietary protection for our medicines;


•	obtain required regulatory approvals;


•	obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from, and negotiate competitive pricing with, third-party payers; and


•	successfully collaborate with pharmaceutical companies in the discovery, development and commercialization of new medicines.

The availability of our competitors’ products could limit the demand, and the price we are able to charge, for any product candidate we develop. The inability to compete with existing or subsequently introduced drugs would have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make our product candidates less competitive. In addition, any new product that competes with an approved product must demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and safety in order to overcome price competition and to be commercially successful. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection, discovering, developing, receiving regulatory and marketing approval for or commercializing drugs before we do, which would have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

If we are not able to obtain required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

The activities associated with the development and commercialization of our product candidates, including their design, research, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, packaging, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by the EMA, the PMDA and similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Failure to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates will prevent us from commercializing them.

We have not received approval from regulatory authorities to market any product candidate in any jurisdiction, and we will need to complete pivotal clinical trials successfully for our product candidates before we can submit any application for regulatory approval. It is possible that our product candidates in the future will never obtain the appropriate regulatory approvals necessary for us to commence product sales.

We expect to rely on third-party CROs and consultants to assist us in filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain marketing approvals. Securing marketing approval requires the submission of extensive nonclinical and clinical data and supporting information for our product candidates to regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish safety and efficacy of the product candidate for that indication. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the regulatory authorities. Delays or errors in the submission of applications for marketing approval or issues, including those related to gathering the appropriate data and the inspection process, may ultimately delay or affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval, commercialize our product candidates and generate product revenues.

Our product candidates may cause adverse effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or limit the scope of any approved label or market acceptance.

Adverse events caused by our product candidates or that of adjuncts could cause us, other reviewing entities, clinical trial sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in the denial of regulatory approval. If an unacceptable frequency or severity of adverse events are reported in our clinical trials for our product candidates or any future product candidates, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for such product candidates may be negatively impacted. The laws and regulations governing controlled substances could limit commercialization of our product candidates, and failure to comply with those laws and regulations could also result in adverse regulatory, legal, and operational consequences.

In particular, there have been several significant adverse side effects in gene therapy treatments in the past, including reported cases of leukemia in trials using earlier generation viral vectors. Gene therapy is still a relatively new approach to disease treatment and additional adverse side effects could develop. Possible adverse side effects that could occur with treatment with gene therapy products include an immunologic reaction early after administration which could substantially limit the effectiveness of the treatment or represent safety risks for patients. Another traditional safety concern for gene therapies using viral vectors has been the possibility of insertional mutagenesis by the vectors, leading to malignant transformation of transduced cells. Additionally, in previous clinical trials involving AAV vectors for gene therapy, some subjects experienced the development of a positive ELISPOT test associated with T-cell responses, which is of unclear clinical translatability.

There is also the potential risk of delayed adverse events following exposure to gene therapy products due to persistent biologic activity of the genetic material or other components of products used to carry the genetic material. Possible adverse side effects that may occur with treatment with gene therapy products include an immunologic reaction early after administration that could substantially limit the effectiveness of the treatment or represent safety risks for patients. Many times, side effects are only detectable after investigational products are tested in larger scale, pivotal clinical trials or, in some cases, after they are made available to patients on a commercial scale after approval.

In addition to side effects that may be caused by AXO-Lenti-PD, AXO-AAV-OPMD and our other product candidates, the administration process or related procedures also can cause adverse side effects. For example, integration of AAV DNA into the host cell's genome has been reported to occur. Further, our AAV delivery system for AXO-AAV-OPMD has not been validated in human clinical trials previously, and if such delivery system does not meet the safety criteria or cannot provide the desired efficacy results, then we may be forced to suspend or terminate our development of AXO-AAV-OPMD.

If additional clinical experience indicates that AXO-Lenti-PD, AXO-AAV-OPMD or any other product candidate has side effects or causes serious or life-threatening side effects, the development of the product candidate may fail or be delayed, or, if the product candidate has received regulatory approval, such approval may be revoked or limited.

Furthermore, if any of our products are approved and then cause serious or unexpected side effects, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:


•	regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or require a REMS to impose restrictions on its distribution or other risk management measures;


•	regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as warnings or contraindications;


•	we may be required to change the way the product is administered or to conduct additional clinical trials;


•	we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;


•	we could elect to discontinue the sale of our product; and


•	our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our product candidates.

Our lentiviral-based gene therapy product candidate AXO-Lenti-PD and our AAV-based gene therapy product candidate AXO-AAV-OPMD are based on novel gene transfer technology, which makes it difficult to predict the time and cost of product candidate development and of subsequently obtaining regulatory approval.

We expect to concentrate our research and development efforts in gene therapy on AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD. The use of gene therapy in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and OPMD is novel. There can be no assurance that we will not experience problems or delays in developing new product candidates and that such problems or delays will not cause unanticipated costs, or that any such development problems can be solved. We may also experience delays in developing a sustainable, reproducible and scalable manufacturing process or transferring that process for our gene therapy product candidates from their current manufacturers, which may prevent us from completing our clinical studies or commercializing our products on a timely or profitable basis, if at all.

In addition, the clinical trial requirements of the FDA and other foreign regulatory authorities and the criteria these regulators use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product candidate vary substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use and market of such product candidates. The regulatory approval process for novel product candidates such as ours can be more expensive and take longer than for other, better known or more extensively studied product candidates. To date, only a limited number of gene therapies have received marketing authorization from the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities. Until August 2017, the FDA had never approved a gene therapy product. Since that time, it has only approved a small number of product candidates, including Kymriah by Novartis International AG, for pediatric and young adult patients with a form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Yescarta by Kite Pharma, Inc., for adult patients with certain forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and Luxturna by Spark Therapeutics, Inc., for patients with an inherited form of vision loss. It is difficult to determine how long it will take or how much it will cost to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates in either the United States, or other major markets or how long it will take to commercialize our product candidates, if any are approved. Approvals by foreign regulatory authorities may not be indicative of what the FDA may require for approval, and vice versa.

Regulatory requirements governing gene therapy products have changed frequently and may continue to change in the future. The FDA has established the Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies within its Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research ("CBER") to consolidate the review of gene therapy and related products, and has established the Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee to advise the CBER in its review. Gene therapy clinical trials conducted at institutions that receive funding for recombinant DNA research from the NIH, also are potentially subject to review by the NIH Office of Science Policy’s Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (the "RAC") in limited circumstances. Although the FDA decides whether individual gene therapy protocols may proceed, the RAC public review process, if undertaken, can delay the initiation of a clinical trial, even if the FDA has reviewed the trial design and details and authorized its initiation. Conversely, the FDA can put an IND" on clinical hold even if the RAC has provided a favorable review or an exemption from in-depth, public review. If we were to engage an NIH-funded institution, to conduct a clinical trial, that institution’s institutional biosafety committee as well as its IRB would need to review the proposed clinical trial to assess the safety of the trial and may determine that RAC review is needed. In addition, adverse developments in clinical trials of gene therapy products conducted by others may cause the FDA or other oversight bodies to change the requirements for approval of any of our product candidates. Similarly, foreign regulatory authorities may issue new guidelines concerning the development and marketing authorization for gene therapy medicinal products and require that we comply with these new guidelines.

The FDA, NIH and the European Medicines Agency ("EMA") have each expressed interest in further regulating biotechnology, including gene therapy and genetic testing. For example, the EMA advocates a risk-based approach to the development of a gene therapy product. Agencies at both the federal and state level in the United States, as well as the U.S. Congressional committees and other governments or governing agencies, have also expressed interest in further regulating the biotechnology industry. Such action may delay or prevent commercialization of some or all of our product candidates.

These regulatory review committees and advisory groups and any new guidelines they promulgate may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional studies, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of these product candidates or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. As we advance our product candidates, we will be required to consult with these regulatory and advisory groups and comply with applicable guidelines. If we fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue development of certain of our product candidates. These additional processes may result in a review and approval process that is longer than we otherwise would have expected. Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approval necessary to bring a potential product to market could decrease our ability to generate sufficient product revenue, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

The FDA recently announced that it is preparing to release a series of draft guidance regarding potential accelerated approval endpoints for certain gene therapy products and other clinical and manufacturing issues related to gene therapy products. We cannot be certain when such guidance will be issued or whether any such guidance will address accelerated approval endpoints or other clinical or manufacturing issues that will be relevant to or have an impact on our gene therapy candidates or the duration or expense of any applicable regulatory review processes.

Even if we obtain FDA approval for our product candidates in the United States, we may never obtain approval for or commercialize them in any other jurisdiction, which would limit our ability to realize their full market potential.

In order to market any products in any particular jurisdiction, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements on a country-by-country basis regarding safety and efficacy. Approval by the FDA in the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions. In addition, clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not guarantee regulatory approval in any other country. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additional administrative review periods. Seeking foreign regulatory approval could result in difficulties and costs for us and require additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials which could be costly and time consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in those countries. We do not have any product candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including in international markets, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approvals in international markets are delayed, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of any product we develop will be unrealized.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, we will still face extensive regulatory requirements and our products may face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, recordkeeping, export, import, advertising and promotional activities for such product, among other things, will be subject to extensive and ongoing requirements of and review by the FDA, the EMA, the PMDA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, establishment registration and drug listing requirements, continued compliance with current good manufacturing practices ("cGMP") requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping and cGCP requirements for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, including any requirement to implement a REMS. If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, the accompanying labels for such products may limit the approved use of the drug, which could limit sales.

Regulatory authorities may also impose requirements for costly post-marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. For example, the holder of an approved NDA or BLA is obligated to monitor and report adverse events and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA or BLA. The FDA typically advises that patients treated with gene therapy undergo follow-up observations for potential adverse events for a 15-year period. The holder of an approved NDA or BLA also must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. These authorities closely regulate the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs to ensure drugs are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. We will be subject to stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use and if we do not market our products for their approved indications, we may be subject to enforcement action for off-label marketing. Violations of the DCA or PHSA in the United States, and other comparable regulations in foreign jurisdictions, relating to the promotion of prescription drugs may lead to enforcement actions and investigations alleging violations of U.S. federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws, as well as state consumer protection laws and comparable laws in foreign jurisdictions.

In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results, including:


•	restrictions on manufacturing such products;


•	restrictions on the labeling or marketing of such products;


•	restrictions on product marketing, distribution or use;


•	requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;


•	warning or untitled letters;


•	withdrawal of the products from the market;


•	recall of products;


•	fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues;


•	suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals;


•	refusal to permit the import or export of such products;


•	product seizure; or


•	injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

Government regulations may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted, either of which could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates or any future product candidate. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained.

Even if our product candidates receive marketing approval, they may fail to achieve market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payers or others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

Even if our product candidates receive marketing approval, they may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payers and others in the medical community, including due to the novelty of gene therapy products in general. If they do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenues and become profitable. The degree of market acceptance for our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to:


•	the efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments;


•	the effectiveness of sales and marketing efforts;


•	the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments, including any similar generic treatments;


•	our ability to offer our products for sale at competitive prices;


•	the convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;


•	the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;


•	the ethical, social and legal concerns about gene therapy;


•	the strength of marketing and distribution support;


•	the availability of third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement;


•	the prevalence and severity of any side effects; and


•	any restrictions on the use of our product together with other medications.

We expect sales of our product candidates, if approved, to generate substantially all of our product revenues for the foreseeable future. The failure of any of our product candidates, if approved, to find market acceptance would harm our business and could require us to seek additional financing.

Our gene therapy approach for our gene therapy product candidates, AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD, utilizes lentiviral and AAV vectors, respectively, derived from plasmids that encode viral proteins, which may be perceived as unsafe or may result in unforeseen adverse events. Negative public opinion and increased regulatory scrutiny of gene therapy and genetic research may damage public perception of our product candidates or adversely affect our ability to conduct our business or obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates.

Gene therapy remains a novel technology, with only a limited number of gene therapy products approved to date. Public perception may be influenced by claims that gene therapy is unsafe, unethical or immoral, and gene therapy may not gain the acceptance of the public or the medical community. In particular, our success will depend upon the comfort level of physicians to prescribe our product candidates, including AXO-Lenti-PD (if approved) and AXO-AAV-OPMD (if approved), in lieu of, or in addition to, existing or standard treatments they are already familiar with and for which greater clinical data may be available. More restrictive government regulations or negative public opinion would have a negative effect on our business or financial condition and may delay or impair the development and commercialization of AXO-Lenti-PD or AXO-AAV-OPMD. Earlier gene therapy trials led to several well-publicized adverse events, including cases of leukemia and death seen in such trials using earlier generation vectors. For example, a public backlash developed against gene therapy following the death of a patient in 1999 during a gene therapy trial of research subjects with ornithine transcarbamylase ("OTC") deficiency, a rare disorder in which the liver lacks a functional copy of the OTC gene. The death of the trial subject was due to complications of adenovirus vector administration. In addition, there is the potential risk of delayed adverse events following exposure to gene therapy products due to persistent biological activity of the genetic material or other components of products used to carry the genetic material. Adverse events in our clinical studies, even if not ultimately attributable to our product candidates (such as the many adverse events that typically arise from the conditioning process), or adverse events in other lentiviral gene therapy trials, and the resulting publicity, could result in increased governmental regulation, unfavorable public perception, potential regulatory delays in the testing or approval of our potential product candidates, stricter labeling requirements for those product candidates that are approved and a decrease in demand for any such product candidates.

We may not be able to benefit from orphan drug designation for AXO-AAV-OPMD.

The FDA and European Commission granted AXO-AAV-OPMD orphan drug designation for the treatment of OPMD in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The designation of AXO-AAV-OPMD as an orphan drug does not guarantee that any regulatory agency will accelerate regulatory review of, or ultimately approve, that product candidate, nor does it limit the ability of any regulatory agency to grant orphan drug designation to product candidates of other companies that treat the same indications as our product candidate prior to our product candidate receiving exclusive marketing approval.

We may lose orphan drug exclusivity if the FDA or European Commission determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if we cannot assure sufficient quantity of the applicable drug to meet the needs of patients with OPMD.

Even if we maintain orphan drug exclusivity for AXO-AAV-OPMD or obtain orphan drug exclusivity for our other product candidate, the exclusivity may not effectively protect the product candidate from competition because regulatory authorities still may authorize different drugs for the same condition.

If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we may not be successful in commercializing our product candidates, even if approved.

We do not have a full infrastructure for the sales, marketing or distribution of our product candidates should they be approved, and the cost of establishing and maintaining such an organization may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market any product that may be approved, we must build our sales, distribution, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services and obtain requisite licenses. To achieve commercial success for any product for which we have obtained marketing approval, we will need a sales and marketing organization.

We plan to commercialize our product candidates in the United States, the European Union, Japan and other major markets. If our product candidates are approved for marketing, we may build a focused sales, distribution and marketing infrastructure to market them. There are significant expenses and risks involved with establishing our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, including our ability to hire, retain and appropriately incentivize qualified individuals, generate sufficient sales leads, provide adequate training to sales and marketing personnel, and effectively manage a geographically dispersed sales and marketing team. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, and any failure to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses, could delay any product launch, which would adversely impact the commercialization of our product candidates.

Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our products on our own include:


•	our inability to recruit, train and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel;


•	the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians or attain adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe any drugs; and


•	unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization.

If we are unable to build our own sales force or negotiate a collaborative relationship for the commercialization of our product candidates, we may be forced to delay the potential commercialization of such products or reduce the scope of our sales or marketing activities for our product candidates. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund commercialization activities ourselves, we will need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we will not be able to bring our product candidates to market or generate product revenue. We could enter into arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be ideal and we may be required to relinquish rights to one or more of our product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.

If we obtain approval to commercialize any products outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could materially adversely affect our business.

If our product candidates are approved for commercialization, we may enter into agreements with third parties to market them in certain jurisdictions outside the United States. We expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to international operations or entering into international business relationships, including:


•	different regulatory requirements for drug approvals and rules governing drug commercialization in foreign countries;


•	reduced protection for intellectual property rights;


•	unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;


•	economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;


•	compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;


•	foreign reimbursement, pricing and insurance regimes;


•	foreign taxes;


•	foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country;


•	workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;


•	potential noncompliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions;


•	production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and


•	business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires.

Our current and future relationships with investigators, health care professionals, consultants, third-party payers, and customers will be subject to applicable healthcare regulatory laws, which could expose us to penalties.

Our business operations and current and future arrangements with investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party payers and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations. These laws may regulate the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct our operations, including how we research, market, sell and distribute our products for which we obtain marketing approval. Such laws include:

•

the federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation; in addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act;

•

the federal false claims laws and civil monetary penalties laws, including the civil False Claims Act, impose criminal and civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent, knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government; in addition, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act;

•

HIPAA imposes criminal and civil liability for, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false or fraudulent statements relating to healthcare matters. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation;

•

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information on health plans, health care clearing houses, and most health care providers, known as covered entities, and their business associates, defined as independent contractors or agents of covered entities that create, receive or obtain protected health information in connection with providing a service for or on behalf of a covered entity;


•	a number of federal, state and foreign laws, regulations, guidance and standards that impose requirements regarding the protection of health or other personal data that are applicable to or affect our operations;

•

the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to the government information related to payments or other "transfers of value" made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, and requires applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations to report annually to the government ownership and investment interests held by the physicians described above and their immediate family members; and

•

analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to our business practices, including but not limited to, research, distribution, sales, and marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payers, including private insurers, or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources; and state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government; state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures, as well as state and local laws that require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives; and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Efforts to ensure that our current and future business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance or case law involving applicable healthcare laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these or any other health regulatory laws that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement, and curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. Even the mere issuance of a subpoena or the fact of an investigation alone, regardless of the merit, may result in negative publicity, a drop in our share price, and other harm to our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant financial and personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired.

Recently enacted and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we may obtain.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could, among other things, prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell any products for which we obtain marketing approval.

For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, collectively the Affordable Care Act, was enacted to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for health care and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. The law has continued the downward pressure on pharmaceutical pricing, especially under the Medicare program, and increased the industry’s regulatory burdens and operating costs. Among the provisions of the Affordable Care Act of importance to our potential drug candidates are the following:


•	an annual, nondeductible fee payable by any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents;


•	an increase in the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program;


•	a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected;


•	a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% (and 70% commencing January 1, 2019) point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries under their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D;


•	extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations;


•	expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs in certain states;


•	expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program;


•	a new requirement to annually report drug samples that manufacturers and distributors provide to physicians; and


•	a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research.

We cannot predict the full impact of the Affordable Care Act on pharmaceutical companies, as many of the reforms require the promulgation of detailed regulations implementing the statutory provisions, some of which has not yet fully occurred. For example, in January 2016, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services issued a final rule regarding the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, effective April 1, 2016, that, among other things, revises the manner in which the "average manufacturer price" is to be calculated by manufacturers participating in the program and implements certain amendments to the Medicaid rebate statute created under the Affordable Care Act. Further, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the Affordable Care Act in the future. Since January 2017, the President of the United States has signed two Executive Orders and other directives designed to delay the implementation of certain provisions of the Affordable Care Act or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by the Affordable Care Act. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 includes a provision repealing, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the Affordable Care Act on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the "individual mandate." Additionally, on January 22, 2018, President Trump signed a continuing resolution on appropriations for fiscal year 2018 that delayed the implementation of certain fees mandated by the Affordable Care Act, including the so-called “Cadillac” tax on certain high cost employer-sponsored insurance plans, the annual fee imposed on certain health insurance providers based on market share, and the medical device excise tax on non-exempt medical devices. Further, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (the "BBA"), among other things, amends the Affordable Care Act, effective January 1, 2019, to increase from 50 percent to 70 percent the point-of-sale discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole.” In addition, citing legal guidance from the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has concluded that cost-sharing reduction ("CSR") payments to insurance companies required under the Affordable Care Act have not received necessary appropriations from Congress and announced that it will discontinue these payments immediately until such appropriations are made. The loss of the CSR payments is expected to increase premiums on certain policies issued by qualified health plans under the Affordable Care Act. While Congress is considering legislation to appropriate funds for CSR payments, the future of that legislation is uncertain. Moreover, in July 2018, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS") published a final rule permitting further collections and payments to and from certain Affordable Care Act qualified health plans and health insurance issuers under the Affordable Care Act risk adjustment program in response to the outcome of federal district court litigation regarding the method CMS uses to determine this risk adjustment. Congress will likely consider other legislation to replace elements of the Affordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Act is likely to continue the downward pressure on pharmaceutical pricing and may also increase our regulatory burdens and operating costs. We continue to evaluate the effect that the Affordable Care Act and its possible repeal and replacement has on our business.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. For example, in August 2011, President Obama signed into law the Budget Control Act of 2011, which, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend to Congress proposals in spending reductions. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This included further reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will stay in effect through 2027 unless additional Congressional action is taken. Additionally, in January 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers and increased the statute of limitations period in which the government may recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. Additionally, on May 30, 2018, the Trickett Wendler, Frank Mongiello, Jordan McLinn, and Matthew Bellina Right to Try Act of 2017 was signed into law. The law, among other things, provides a federal framework for certain patients to access certain investigational new drug products that have completed a Phase I clinical trial and are undergoing investigation for FDA approval. Under certain circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining FDA permission under the FDA expanded access program. There is no obligation for a pharmaceutical company to make its product candidates available to eligible patients as a result of the Right to Try Act.

Further, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the out-of-pocket cost of prescription drugs and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. Such scrutiny has resulted in several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to pharmaceutical product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. At the federal level, the current administration’s budget proposal for fiscal year 2019 contains further drug price control measures that could be enacted during the 2019 budget process or in other future legislation, including, for example, measures to permit Medicare Part D plans to negotiate the price of certain drugs under Medicare Part B, to allow some states to negotiate drug prices under Medicaid, and to eliminate cost sharing for generic drugs for low-income patients. Additionally, on May 11, 2018, the President of the United States laid out his administration’s "Blueprint to Lower Drug Prices and Reduce Out-of-Pocket Costs" to reduce the cost of prescription drugs while preserving innovation and cures. The Department of Health and Human Services has already started the process of soliciting feedback on some of these measures and, at the same time, is immediately implementing others under its existing authority. Although some of these and other proposals will require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, Congress and the U.S. presidential administration have each indicated that they will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. At the state level, legislatures have become increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Moreover, the Drug Supply Chain Security Act, which was enacted in 2012 as part of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, imposes new obligations on manufacturers of pharmaceutical products related to product tracking and tracing. Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We are not sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the current regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on our business, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.

We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our product candidates or additional pricing pressures.

Coverage and adequate reimbursement may not be available for our product candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell our products profitably, if approved.

Market acceptance and sales of any approved product candidates that we develop will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from third-party payers, including government health administration authorities and private health insurers. In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payers. Third-party payers decide which drugs or therapies they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. One payer’s determination to provide coverage for a product does not assure that other payers will also provide coverage, and adequate reimbursement, for the product. Additionally, a third-party payer’s decision to provide coverage for a drug or therapy does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Each plan determines whether or not it will provide coverage for a drug or therapy, what amount it will pay the manufacturer for the drug or therapy, on what tier of its formulary the drug or therapy will be placed, and whether to require step therapy. The position of a drug on a formulary generally determines the co-payment that a patient will need to make to obtain the drug and can strongly influence the adoption of a drug by patients and physicians. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers prescribing such services generally rely on third-party payers to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Patients are unlikely to use our products unless coverage is provided, and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our products.

The process for determining whether a third-party payer will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price of a product or for establishing the reimbursement rate that such a payer will pay for the product. Even if we do obtain adequate levels of reimbursement, third-party payers, such as government or private healthcare insurers, carefully review and increasingly question the coverage of, and challenge the prices charged for, products. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Increasingly, third-party payers are requiring that pharmaceutical companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for products. We may also be required to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies to justify the coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Inadequate coverage or reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product for which we obtain marketing approval. If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available, or are available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidates that we develop.

Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

We do not have our own manufacturing capabilities and will rely on third parties to produce clinical and commercial supplies of our product candidates.

We are building teams with drug formulation and manufacturing expertise but do not own or operate, nor do we expect to own or operate, facilities for product manufacturing, storage and distribution, or testing. In addition to the technical challenges of drug product formulation and scale-up and environmental compliance aspects of chemical and biologics manufacturing, our vendors of manufacturing services will need to comply with U.S. and foreign regulatory authority licensure and cGMP quality requirements. These obligations are enforced by periodic inspection and audit by regulatory authorities, and any adverse findings or violations discovered on such inspections could distract our vendors and be costly and time consuming to remediate, potentially impacting their supply of clinical and future commercial products to us.

Under the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, Oxford BioMedica will manufacture and supply the AXO-Lenti-PD in accordance with separate clinical and commercial supply agreements, which will be negotiated between us and Oxford BioMedica. The Oxford BioMedica Agreement contains certain key provisions of the clinical and commercial supply agreements, including pricing structure and our ability to transfer the technology to another manufacturer at any time following the completion of formal process characterization, process validation or BLA submission. Further, the process for manufacturing gene therapy products such as AXO-Lenti-PD is more complex than those required for most chemical pharmaceuticals. Moreover, unlike chemical pharmaceuticals, the physical and chemical properties of a gene therapy product such as ours generally cannot be fully characterized. Although we may establish our own manufacturing facility or use that of a third-party contract manufacturer to support a commercial launch of AXO-Lenti-PD, if approved, the timeframe for us to obtain approval for such facility or qualify such third-party contract manufacturer and ensure that all processes, methods and equipment are compliant with cGMP requirements is uncertain. In addition, our ability to receive damages from our CROs in connection with such failures is generally contractually limited. As a result, we will heavily depend on Oxford BioMedica and its key personnel to manufacture sufficient quantities of AXO-Lenti-PD drug product for future clinical trials as well as in commercial quantities if such product candidate receives regulatory approval.

Under the Benitec Agreement, Benitec will be responsible for certain development and manufacturing activities for the AXO-AAV-OPMD Program, and we will reimburse Benitec for its costs incurred, in accordance with an agreed-upon development plan and budget. Benitec and a third-party cGMP manufacturer are responsible for completing the cGMP manufacturing processes necessary to initiate clinical trials of AXO-AAV-OPMD. If Benitec or the third-party cGMP manufacturer fails to complete these processes in a timely manner, our clinical development of AXO-AAV-OPMD may be delayed.

Under the Arena Development Agreement, subject to specified exceptions, Arena remains the sole and exclusive commercial manufacturer of nelotanserin, and we will depend on Arena to manufacture sufficient quantities of nelotanserin if nelotanserin is approved for commercial sale. Subject to Arena's approval, we have the right to contract with third parties for the manufacture of nelotanserin for development purposes only. Arena has sold their manufacturing facility and will be reliant on third parties to supply finished drug product for commercial sale. We and Arena are reliant on third-party suppliers for the active pharmaceutical ingredient in nelotanserin, and we and Arena have an agreement in place for the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredient. If we are unable to maintain a relationship with this or other third-party contractors, or if Arena is unable to manufacture or otherwise supply nelotanserin finished product to us, whether as a result of its own inability to obtain active pharmaceutical ingredient or finished drug product or otherwise, we could experience delays in our development and commercial efforts. In January 2018, we were notified by Arena that it has assigned all of its rights and obligations under the Arena Development Agreement to an affiliate, 125 Royalty Inc.

Further, our reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured product candidates ourselves, including:


•	failure to satisfy their contractual duties or obligations;


•	inability to meet our product specifications and quality requirements consistently;


•	delay or inability to procure or expand sufficient manufacturing capacity;


•	manufacturing and/or product quality issues related to manufacturing development and scale-up;


•	costs and validation of new equipment and facilities required for scale-up;


•	failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards, including cGMP and similar foreign standards;


•	deficient or improper record-keeping;


•	contractual restrictions on our ability to engage additional or alternative manufacturers;


•	inability to negotiate manufacturing agreements with third parties under commercially reasonable terms;


•	termination or nonrenewal of manufacturing agreements with third parties in a manner or at a time that is costly or damaging to us;


•	reliance on a limited number of sources, and in some cases, single sources for product components, such that if we are unable to secure a sufficient supply of these product components, we will be unable to manufacture and sell our product candidates or any future product candidate in a timely fashion, in sufficient quantities or under acceptable terms;


•	lack of access or licenses to proprietary manufacturing methods used by third-party manufacturers to make our product candidates;


•	lack of qualified backup suppliers for those components that are currently purchased from a sole or single source supplier;


•	operations of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers could be disrupted by conditions unrelated to our business or operations, including the bankruptcy of the manufacturer or supplier or regulatory sanctions related to the manufacture of our or other company’s products;


•	carrier disruptions or increased costs that are beyond our control; and


•	failure to deliver our products under specified storage conditions and in a timely manner.

Our product candidates AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD are manufactured using technically complex processes requiring specialized facilities, highly specific raw materials and other production constraints. The complexity of these processes, as well as strict government standards for the manufacture and storage of our product candidates, subjects us to manufacturing risks for this product candidate. If supply from a manufacturing facility is interrupted, there could be a significant disruption in supply of our product candidates. Further, under the terms of our supply and manufacturing agreements, including those we will enter into with Oxford BioMedica for AXO-Lenti-PD and with a third-party cGMP manufacturer for AXO-AAV-OPMD, we may be limited in entering into arrangements with one or more third parties for the manufacture and supply of AXO-Lenti-PD or AXO-AAV-OPMD. Even if we were able to engage other manufacturers or suppliers, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with on favorable terms or at all. Use of new third-party manufacturers could increase the risk of delays in production or insufficient supplies of our product candidates as we transfer our manufacturing technology to these manufacturers and as they gain experience manufacturing our product candidates.

Any of these events affecting our product candidates or those of adjuncts could lead to clinical trial delays, cost overruns, delay or failure to obtain regulatory approval or impact our ability to successfully commercialize our products, as well as potential product liability litigation, product recalls or product withdrawals. Some of these events could be the basis for FDA action, including injunction, recall, seizure, or total or partial suspension of production.

We intend to rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our nonclinical studies and our clinical trials, and if those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business.

We intend to rely on CROs and nonclinical and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our nonclinical studies and our clinical trials, and we expect to have limited influence over their actual performance. In addition, pursuant to the Oxford BioMedica Agreement and the Benitec Agreement, we may rely on Oxford BioMedica and Benitec employees for certain services in connection with the transition of AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD, respectively. We will not have complete control over those employees or their execution of services provided to us under the Oxford BioMedica Agreement or the Benitec Agreement.

We intend to rely upon CROs to monitor and manage data for our clinical programs, as well as the execution of future nonclinical studies. We expect to control only certain aspects of our CROs’ activities. Nevertheless, we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

We and our CROs will be required to comply with Good Laboratory Practices ("GLPs") and cGCPs, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and are also required by the competent authorities of the member states of the European Economic Area and comparable foreign regulatory authorities in the form of International Council for Harmonization guidelines for any of our product candidates that are in nonclinical and clinical development. The regulatory authorities enforce cGCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with cGCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may reject our marketing applications or require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. Accordingly, if we or our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or other applicable laws, regulations or standards, or fail to recruit a sufficient number of subjects, we may be required to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the relevant regulatory approval process. Failure by our CROs to properly execute study protocols in accordance with applicable law could also create product liability and healthcare regulatory risks for us as sponsors of those studies.

Our CROs will not be our employees, and we will not control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical and nonclinical programs. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials, or other drug development activities which could harm our competitive position. We face the risk of potential unauthorized disclosure or misappropriation of our intellectual property by CROs, which may reduce our trade secret and intellectual property protection and allow our potential competitors to access and exploit our proprietary technology. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our (or their own) clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, any product candidate that we develop. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for any product candidate that we develop could be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

If our relationships with these CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or do so on commercially reasonable terms or in a timely manner. Switching or adding additional CROs involves substantial cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we intend to carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Certain intellectual property of Oxford BioMedica relating to AXO-Lenti-PD and other gene therapy products that we have licensed from Oxford BioMedica are subject to a lien under Oxford BioMedica’s debt agreements. The foreclosure on such intellectual property or exercise of other remedies available to the lenders under such debt agreements could materially adversely affect our rights under the Oxford BioMedica Agreement and our future prospects.

Certain intellectual property and other intangible assets of Oxford BioMedica, excluding the Gene Therapy Product-specific intellectual property licensed under the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, are encumbered by an existing loan agreement between Oxford BioMedica and certain of its lenders. There can be no assurance that Oxford BioMedica will remain in compliance with its obligations under the loan agreement. In the event of foreclosure or exercise of other remedies by the lenders under such agreement on the assets (including such intellectual property) pledged to such lenders, our ability to use and develop AXO-Lenti-PD and other gene therapy product candidates under the license may be materially adversely affected, and we may be required to negotiate with third-party lenders with whom we do not have a prior relationship.

We may seek to enter into collaborations in the future with other third parties. If we are unable to enter into such collaborations, or if these collaborations are not successful, our business could be adversely affected.

We will seek to enter into additional collaborations in the future, including sales, marketing, distribution, development, licensing, and/or broader collaboration agreements. Our likely collaborators include large and mid-size pharmaceutical companies, regional and national pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, and medical device manufacturers. However, we may not be able to enter into additional collaborations on favorable terms or at all. Our ability to generate revenues from our collaborations will depend on our and our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to each of us in these arrangements. In addition, our collaborators have the ability to abandon research or development projects and terminate applicable agreements. Moreover, an unsuccessful outcome in any clinical trial for which our collaborator is responsible could be harmful to the public perception and prospects of our existing product candidate pipeline.

Our relationship with any future collaborations may pose several risks, including the following:


•	collaborators have significant discretion in determining the amount and timing of the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations;


•	collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected;


•	the nonclinical studies and clinical trials conducted as part of these collaborations may not be successful;

•

collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of any product candidates that achieve regulatory approval or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on nonclinical study or clinical trial results, changes in the collaborators’ strategic focus or available funding or external factors, such as an acquisition, that divert resources or create competing priorities;


•	collaborators may delay nonclinical studies and clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for nonclinical studies and clinical trials, stop a nonclinical study or clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new nonclinical studies or clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for nonclinical studies or clinical trials;


•	we may not have access to, or may be restricted from disclosing, certain information regarding product candidates being developed or commercialized under a collaboration and, consequently, may have limited ability to inform our stockholders about the status of such product candidates;


•	collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our product candidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;


•	product candidates developed in collaboration with us may be viewed by our collaborators as competitive with their own product candidates or products, which may cause collaborators to cease to devote resources to the commercialization of our product candidates;


•	a collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to one or more of our product candidates that achieve regulatory approval may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of any such product candidate;

•

disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation or the preferred course of development of any product candidates, may cause delays or termination of the research, development or commercialization of such product candidates, may lead to additional responsibilities for us with respect to such product candidates or may result in litigation or arbitration, any of which would be time consuming and expensive;


•	collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation;


•	disputes may arise with respect to the ownership or inventorship of intellectual property developed pursuant to our collaborations;


•	collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability;


•	the terms of our collaboration agreement may restrict us from entering into certain relationships with other third parties, thereby limiting our options; and


•	collaborations may be terminated for the convenience of the collaborator and, if terminated, we could be required to raise additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates.

We will face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators, and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. Our ability to reach a definitive collaboration agreement with any future collaborators will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of several factors. Those factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge, and industry and market conditions generally. We may also be restricted under future license agreements from entering into agreements on certain terms with potential collaborators.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technology and products or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

We rely, and will continue to rely, upon a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements with employees, consultants, collaborators, advisors and other third parties to protect the intellectual property related to our current and future drug development programs and product candidates. Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries for our current product candidates and any future product candidates. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our current and future product development programs and product candidates. The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner.

The patent applications we have in-licensed cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless and until a patent issues from such application(s). The licensed patent applications may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover AXO-AAV-OPMD or other gene therapy product candidates in the United States or in foreign countries. As a result, our in-licensed patent portfolio alone may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our current product candidates or any future product candidates in the United States or in other foreign countries. We may also inadvertently make statements to regulatory agencies during the regulatory approval process that may be inconsistent with positions that have been taken during prosecution of our patents which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable. The patents and patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our current product candidates or any future product candidates in the United States or in other foreign countries.

The patent rights that we own or have licensed relating to our product candidates may be limited in ways that may affect our ability to exclude third parties from competing against us if we obtain regulatory approval to market these product candidates. For our current product candidates or future product candidates for which we do not hold or do not obtain composition of matter patents, competitors who obtain the requisite regulatory approval can offer products with the same composition as our products so long as the competitors do not infringe any method patents that we may hold. Method patents only protect the product when used or sold for the specified method. However, this type of patent protection does not limit a competitor from making and marketing a product that is identical to our product that is labeled for an indication that is outside of the patented method, or for which there is a substantial use in commerce outside the patented method.

There is no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found, which can prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application or be used to invalidate a patent. The patent examination process may require us to narrow our claims, which may limit the scope of patent protection that we may obtain. Even if patents do successfully issue based on our owned or in-licensed applications and even if such patents cover our current or future product candidates, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us in the future could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any current or future product candidates, if approved. Further, if we encounter delays in regulatory approvals, the period of time during which we could market a product candidate under patent protection could be reduced.

Our owned or in-licensed pending applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless and until a patent issues from such applications. If the patent applications we hold or have in-licensed with respect to our development programs and product candidates fail to issue, if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, or if they fail to provide meaningful exclusivity for our current or future product candidates, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop product candidates and threaten our ability to commercialize future drugs. Any such outcome could have an adverse effect on our business.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States law does. Publications of discoveries in scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or licensed patents or pending patent applications, or whether we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

Patent reform legislation could increase uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our owned and in-licensed patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our owned or in-licensed issued patents. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (the "Leahy-Smith Act") was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act made a number of significant changes to United States patent laws. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and challenged at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO") and may also affect patent litigation. The USPTO has developed and continues to develop new regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions, only became effective on March 16, 2013. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act, subsequent rulemaking, and judicial interpretation of the Leahy-Smith Act and regulations with have on the operation of our business. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement and/or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Moreover, we may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO, or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights.

Even if our patent applications that we own or license issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products.

The inventorship and/or ownership rights for patents we own or in-license may be challenged by third parties. Such challenges could result in loss of exclusive rights to such patents, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products or require us to obtain a license from such third parties on commercially reasonable terms to secure exclusive rights, or our business could be harmed. If any such challenges to inventorship and/or ownership were asserted, there is no assurance that a court would find in our favor or that, if we choose to seek a license, such license would be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

Moreover, patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after the first non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available; however, the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Without patent protection for our current or future product candidates, we may be open to competition from biosimilar or generic versions of such products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

If we do not obtain protection under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments by extending the patent term and obtain data exclusivity for our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.

Our commercial success will largely depend on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology, product candidates and our target indications. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new drug candidates, patents protecting our drug candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates begin to be commercialized. We expect to seek extensions of patent terms in the United States and, if available, in other countries where we are prosecuting patents.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term restoration under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term of up to five years beyond the normal expiration of the patent as compensation for patent term lost during development and the FDA regulatory review process, which is limited to the approved indication (or any additional indications approved during the period of extension). This extension is limited to only one patent that covers the approved product, the approved use of the product, or a method of manufacturing the product. However, the applicable authorities, including the FDA and the USPTO in the United States, and any equivalent regulatory authority in other countries, may not agree with our assessment of whether such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant extensions to our patents, or may grant more limited extensions than we request. We may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request.

If we are unable to extend the expiration date of our existing patents or obtain new patents with longer expiry dates, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our investment in development and clinical trials by referencing our clinical and nonclinical data to obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration and launch their product earlier than might otherwise be the case.

The validity, scope and enforceability of any patents that cover our drug product candidates, including those listed in the Orange Book, can be challenged by third parties.

One or more third parties may challenge the current patents, or patents that may issue in the future, within our portfolio, including those covering nelotanserin, which could result in the invalidation of, or render unenforceable, some or all of the relevant patent claims or a finding of non-infringement. For example, if one of our drug product candidates is approved by the FDA and a third-party files an Abbreviated New Drug Application ("ANDA") for a generic drug containing nelotanserin, and relies in whole or in part on studies conducted by or for us, the third-party will be required to certify to the FDA that either: (1) there is no patent information listed in the FDA’s Orange Book with respect to our NDA for the applicable approved drug candidate; (2) the patents listed in the Orange Book have expired; (3) the listed patents have not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or (4) the listed patents are invalid or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of the third-party’s generic drug. A certification that the new drug will not infringe the Orange Book-listed patents for the applicable approved drug candidate, or that such patents are invalid, is called a paragraph IV certification. If the third-party submits a paragraph IV certification to the FDA, a notice of the paragraph IV certification must also be sent to us once the third-party’s ANDA is accepted for filing by the FDA. We may then initiate a lawsuit to defend the patents identified in the notice. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of receipt of the notice automatically prevents the FDA from approving the third-party’s ANDA until the earliest of 30 months or the date on which the patent expires, the lawsuit is settled, or the court reaches a decision in the infringement lawsuit in favor of the third-party. If we do not file a patent infringement lawsuit within the required 45-day period, the third-party’s ANDA will not be subject to the 30-month stay of FDA approval.

Moreover, a third party may challenge the current patents, or patents that may issue in the future, within our portfolio, including those covering nelotanserin, which could result in the invalidation of some or all of the patents that might otherwise be eligible for listing in the Orange Book for one of our drug product candidates. If a third-party successfully challenges all of the patents that might otherwise be eligible for listing in the Orange Book for one of our drug products prior to FDA approval of our drug product candidate, we will not be entitled to the 30-month stay of FDA approval upon the filing of an ANDA for a generic drug containing, for example, nelotanserin, and relies in whole or in part on studies conducted by or for us.

Litigation or other proceedings to enforce or defend intellectual property rights are often very complex in nature, may be very expensive and time-consuming, may divert our management’s attention from our core business, and may result in unfavorable results that could limit our ability to prevent third parties from competing with our drug candidates.

The validity, scope and enforceability of any patents that cover our biologic product candidates can be challenged by third parties.

For biologics, such as AXO-Lenti-PD and AXO-AAV-OPMD, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act ("BPCIA") provides a mechanism for one or more third parties to seek FDA approval to manufacture or sell a biosimilar or interchangeable versions of brand name biological products. Due to the large size and complexity of biological products, as compared to small molecules, a biosimilar must be "highly similar" to the reference product with "no clinically meaningful differences between the two." The BPCIA does not require reference product sponsors to list patents in an Orange Book and does not include an automatic 30-month stay of FDA approval upon the timely filing of a lawsuit. The BPCIA, however, does require a formal pre-litigation process which includes the exchange of information between a biosimilar applicant and a reference biologic sponsor that includes the identification of relevant patents and each parties’ basis for infringement and invalidity. After the exchange of this information, we may then initiate a lawsuit within 30 days to defend the patents identified in the exchange. If the biosimilar applicant successfully challenges the asserted patent claims it could result in the invalidation of, or render unenforceable, some or all of the relevant patent claims or result in a finding of non-infringement.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and other foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign national or international patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of patent rights include, but are not limited to, failure to timely file national and regional stage patent applications based on our international patent application, failure to respond to office actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we or our licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our current or future product candidates, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have an adverse effect on our business.

We may need to license intellectual property from third parties, and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.

A third-party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights and trade secrets that are important or necessary to the development of our current or future product candidates. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of one or more third parties to manufacture or commercialize our product candidates, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from these third parties on commercially reasonable terms, or our business could be harmed, possibly materially. If any such patents were to be asserted against us, there is no assurance that a court would find in our favor or that, if we choose or are required to seek a license, a license to any of these patents would be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

It may be necessary to use a patented or proprietary AAV-related technology of one or more third parties to manufacture and commercialize AXO-AAV-OPMD. If we are unable to obtain licenses from such third parties when needed or on commercially reasonable terms, our ability to commercialize AXO-AAV-OPMD, if approved, would likely be delayed or impaired.

Third-party claims or litigation alleging infringement of patents or other proprietary rights or seeking to invalidate patents or other proprietary rights may delay or prevent the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement and other violations of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, derivation and administrative law proceedings, inter partes review, and post-grant review before the USPTO, as well as oppositions and similar proceedings in foreign jurisdictions. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we and our collaborators are developing product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, and as we gain greater visibility and market exposure as a public company, the risk increases that our product candidates or other business activities may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent and other proprietary rights of third parties. Third parties may assert that we are infringing their patents or employing their proprietary technology without authorization.

There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to compositions, materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to our current or future product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our current or future product candidates may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents. If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of any of our product candidates, any molecules formed during the manufacturing process, any final product itself or the intended method of treatment of the product, including combination therapy, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product candidate unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire.

A license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In addition, we may be subject to claims that we are infringing other intellectual property rights, such as trademarks or copyrights, or misappropriating the trade secrets of others, and to the extent that our employees, consultants or contractors use intellectual property or proprietary information owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful infringement or other intellectual property claim against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, obtain one or more licenses from third parties, pay royalties or redesign our affected products, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. We cannot predict whether any such license would be available at all or whether it would be available on commercially reasonable terms. Furthermore, even in the absence of litigation, we may need to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our product candidates, and we have done so from time to time. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates, which could harm our business significantly. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business.

We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist which might be enforced against our product candidates, resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties or other forms of compensation to third parties.

We are also aware of a third-party patent application directed to methods for producing a recombinant lentiviral vector that could adversely affect the potential commercialization of AXO-Lenti-PD. While we do not believe that any such claims that would cover the methods of making AXO-Lenti-PD are patentable, we may be incorrect in this belief.

We may not identify relevant third-party patents or may incorrectly interpret the relevance, scope or expiration of a third-party patent, which might adversely affect our ability to develop and market our products.

We cannot guarantee that any of our or our licensors’ patent searches or analyses, including the identification of relevant patents, the scope of patent claims or the expiration of relevant patents, are complete or thorough, nor can we be certain that we have identified each and every third-party patent and pending application in the United States and abroad that is or may be relevant to or necessary for the commercialization of our product candidates in any jurisdiction. Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are not published until approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. In addition, U.S. patent applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain U.S. patent applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Therefore, patent applications covering our products could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our product candidates or the use of our products.

The scope of a patent claim is determined by an interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a patent and the patent’s prosecution history. Our interpretation of the relevance or the scope of a patent or a pending application may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to market our products. We may incorrectly determine that our products are not covered by a third-party patent or may incorrectly predict whether a third party’s pending application will issue with claims of relevant scope. Our determination of the expiration date of any patent in the United States or abroad that we consider relevant may be incorrect, and our failure to identify and correctly interpret relevant patents may negatively impact our ability to develop and market our products.

If we fail to identify and correctly interpret relevant patents, we may be subject to infringement claims. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing any of our products that are held to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign products or services so that we no longer infringe the third-party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business.

If we breach any of our license or collaboration agreements, it could compromise our development and commercialization efforts for our product candidates.

We have licensed rights to intellectual property from third parties in order to commercialize our product candidates, and, in the case of AXO-Lenti-PD, intend to enter into commercial supply and manufacturing agreements with Oxford BioMedica. In particular, our product candidate AXO-Lenti-PD is dependent on the Oxford BioMedica Agreement. Pursuant to such agreement, we received from Oxford BioMedica a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing, sub-licensable license under certain patents and other intellectual property controlled by Oxford BioMedica to develop and commercialize AXO-Lenti-PD and related gene therapy products for all diseases and conditions. We also received from Oxford BioMedica an exclusive option to obtain a worldwide license to other patents and know-how controlled by Oxford BioMedica related to certain technology processes. Under the terms of the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, we and Oxford BioMedica have each agreed to customary non-compete restrictions limiting our respective abilities to develop certain directly-competing gene therapy products. We are solely responsible, at our expense, for all activities related to the development and commercialization of the Gene Therapy Products under the license. We must provide Oxford BioMedica with regular forecasts and updates with respect to our development and commercialization activities. We are required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, obtain regulatory approval of, and commercialize a Gene Therapy Product in the United States and at least one major market country in Europe. We are required to meet certain diligence milestones relating to clinical site selection, obtaining regulatory advice for a Gene Therapy Product, and inclusion of at least one U.S. based clinical site in a pivotal study of a Gene Therapy Product.

On July 8, 2018, we entered into the Benitec Agreement with Benitec. In particular, our product candidate AXO-AAV-OPMD is dependent on the Benitec Agreement. Pursuant to such agreement, we received from Benitec a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing, sub-licensable license under certain patents and other intellectual property controlled by Benitec to develop and commercialize AXO-AAV-OPMD and related gene therapy products. Under the Benitec Agreement, Benitec also agreed to collaborate on five additional research plans for other genetic neurological disorders using Benitec technologies. We will receive a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing, sub-licensable license under certain patents and other intellectual property controlled by Benitec to develop and commercialize products arising from each collaboration program. We are required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and to seek regulatory approval for at least one collaboration product candidate from each collaboration program in the United States and major market countries in Europe. In addition, we are required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and to seek regulatory approval for at least one AXO-AAV-OPMD product candidate for OPMD in each of the United States, Canada, France, and Israel. We will be solely responsible for the cost for the development, manufacture, and commercialization of AXO-AAV-OPMD product candidates and collaboration product candidates, with contract manufacturing performed by a third-party cGMP manufacturer.

In October 2015, we exercised an option to acquire global rights, title, interest and obligations in and to nelotanserin from our parent company, RSL. In May 2015, RSL entered into the Arena Development Agreement with Arena, and we entered into a Waiver and Option Agreement with RSL. Upon the exercise of our option, we assumed RSL’s rights and obligations under the Arena Development Agreement, as amended on October 18, 2017.

Disputes may arise between us and any of these counterparties regarding intellectual property rights that are subject to such agreements, including, but not limited to:


•	the scope of rights granted under the agreement and other interpretation-related issues;


•	whether and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the agreement;


•	our right to sublicense patent and other rights to third parties;


•	our diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed technology in relation to our development and commercialization of our product candidates, and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;


•	the ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our partners;


•	our right to transfer or assign our license; and


•	the effects of termination.

These or other disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed (or will license or acquire in the future) may prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current arrangements on acceptable terms or may impair the value of the arrangement to us. Any such dispute could have an adverse effect on our business.

If we materially breach or fail to perform any provision under these license and collaboration agreements, including failure to make payments to a licensor or collaborator when due for royalties and failure to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize our product candidates, such as AXO-Lenti-PD or AXO-AAV-OPMD, such licensors and collaborators have the right to terminate our agreement, and upon the effective date of such termination, our right to practice the licensed patent rights and other intellectual property would end. Any uncured, material breach under the agreements could result in our loss of rights to practice the patent rights and other intellectual property licensed to us under the agreements and to liability for potential damages.

Our intellectual property agreements with third parties may be subject to disagreements over contract interpretation, which could narrow the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology.

Certain provisions in our intellectual property agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could affect the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or affect financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, the patents of our licensors or our other intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe or otherwise violate our patents, the patents of our licensors or our other intellectual property rights. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file legal claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours or our licensors is not valid or is unenforceable or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing. The initiation of a claim against a third-party may also cause the third-party to bring counter claims against us such as claims asserting that our patents are invalid or unenforceable.

In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, non-enablement, or lack of statutory subject matter. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant material information from the USPTO, or made a materially misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar validity claims before the USPTO in post-grant proceedings such as ex parte reexaminations, inter partes review, or post-grant review, or oppositions or similar proceedings outside the United States, in parallel with litigation or even outside the context of litigation. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. We cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. For the patents and patent applications that we have licensed, we may have limited or no right to participate in the defense of any licensed patents against challenge by a third-party. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of any future patent protection on our current or future product candidates. Such a loss of patent protection could harm our business.

We may not be able to detect or prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States. Any litigation or other proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights may fail, and even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees.

Even if we establish infringement, the court may decide not to grant an injunction against further infringing activity and instead award only monetary damages, which may or may not be an adequate remedy. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have an adverse effect on the price of our common shares.

Because of the expense and uncertainty of litigation, we may not be in a position to enforce our intellectual property rights against third parties.

Because of the expense and uncertainty of litigation, we may conclude that even if a third-party is infringing our issued patent, any patents that may be issued as a result of our pending or future patent applications or other intellectual property rights, the risk-adjusted cost of bringing and enforcing such a claim or action may be too high or not in the best interest of our company or our shareholders. In such cases, we may decide that the more prudent course of action is to simply monitor the situation or initiate or seek some other non-litigious action or solution.

Changes in U.S. patent law or the patent law of other countries or jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

The United States has recently enacted and implemented wide-ranging patent reform legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or that we might obtain in the future. Similarly, changes in patent law and regulations in other countries or jurisdictions or changes in the governmental bodies that enforce them or changes in how the relevant governmental authority enforces patent laws or regulations may weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we have licensed or that we may obtain in the future.

The United States federal government retains certain rights in inventions produced with its financial assistance under the Bayh-Dole Act. The federal government retains a "nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license" for its own benefit. The Bayh-Dole Act also provides federal agencies with "march-in rights". March-in rights allow the government, in specified circumstances, to require the contractor or successors in title to the patent to grant a "nonexclusive, partially exclusive, or exclusive license" to a "responsible applicant or applicants." If the patent owner refuses to do so, the government may grant the license itself.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world, which could impair our business.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents covering our current and future product candidates throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we may obtain patent protection, but where patent enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued or licensed patents and any future patent claims, or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from so competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of some countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.

Many countries, including European Union countries, India, Japan and China, have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled under specified circumstances to grant licenses to third parties. In those countries, we may have limited remedies if patents are infringed or if we are compelled to grant a license to a third-party, which could materially diminish the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.

Because we expect to rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and we expect to continue to collaborate with third parties on the development of our current and future product candidates, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. We also conduct joint research and development programs that may require us to share trade secrets under the terms of our collaboration or similar agreements. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, including our trade secrets. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Any disclosure, either intentional or unintentional, by our employees, the employees of third parties with whom we share our facilities or third-party consultants and vendors that we engage to perform research, clinical trials or manufacturing activities, or misappropriation by third parties (such as through a cybersecurity breach) of our trade secrets or proprietary information could enable competitors to duplicate or surpass our technological achievements, thus eroding our competitive position in our market. Further, adequate remedies may not exist in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, a competitor’s discovery of our trade secrets or other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our competitive position and may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In addition, these agreements typically restrict the ability of our advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets, although our agreements may contain certain limited publication rights. Policing unauthorized use of our or our licensors' intellectual property is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and we may be unable to determine the extent of any unauthorized use. Moreover, enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either through breach of our agreements with third parties, independent development or publication of information by any of our third-party collaborators. A competitor's discovery of our trade secrets would impair our competitive position and have an adverse impact on our business.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of their former employers or other third parties.

We employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. Although we seek to protect our ownership of intellectual property rights by ensuring that our agreements with our employees, collaborators, and other third parties with whom we do business include provisions requiring such parties to assign rights in inventions to us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential information of our employees’ former employers or other third parties. We may also be subject to claims that former employers or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. There is no guarantee of success in defending these claims, and if we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Even if we are successful, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and other employees. Moreover, any such litigation or the threat thereof may adversely affect our reputation, our ability to form strategic alliances or sublicense our rights to collaborators, engage with scientific advisors or hire employees or consultants, each of which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Our and their assignment agreements may not be self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

If we or our licensors fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we and our licensors are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common shares. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could compromise our ability to raise the funds necessary to initiate or continue our clinical trials and internal research programs, or in-license needed technology or other product candidates. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could compromise our ability to compete in the marketplace, including compromising our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development collaborations that would help us commercialize our drug candidates, if approved.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patents for our current and future drug candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

Any trademarks we have obtained or may obtain may be infringed or successfully challenged, resulting in harm to our business.

We expect to rely on trademarks as one means to distinguish any of our drug candidates that are approved for marketing from the products of our competitors. Once we select new trademarks and apply to register them, our trademark applications may not be approved. Third parties may oppose or attempt to cancel our trademark applications or trademarks, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our drugs, which could result in loss of brand recognition and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Our competitors may infringe our trademarks and we may not have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.

If we attempt to enforce our trademarks and assert trademark infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we have asserted are invalid or unenforceable, or that the party against whom we have asserted trademark infringement has superior rights to the marks in question. In this case, we could ultimately be forced to cease use of such trademarks.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:


•	others may be able to make products that are the same as or similar to our product candidates, but that are not covered by the claims of the patents or other intellectual property rights that we own that we have exclusively licensed and have the right to enforce;


•	we, our licensor or any collaborators might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own;


•	we or our licensor might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions;


•	others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;


•	it is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents;


•	issued patents that we own may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges;

•

our competitors might conduct research and development activities in the United States and other countries that provide a safe harbor from patent infringement claims for certain research and development activities, as well as in countries where we do not have patent rights, and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets; and


•	we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable.

Risks Related to Our Common Shares

An active trading market for our common shares may not be sustained.

Although our common shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market ("Nasdaq"), we cannot assure you that an active trading market for our common shares will continue to develop or be sustained. In addition, as a result of RSL owning 73.1% of our common shares as of September 30, 2018 , trading in our common shares may be less liquid than the shares of companies with broader public ownership. If an active market for our common shares is not sustained, you may not be able to sell your shares quickly or at the market price. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund operations by selling common shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using our common shares as consideration.

The market price of our common shares has been and is likely to continue to be highly volatile, and you may lose some or all of your investment.

The market price of our common shares has been and is likely to continue to be highly volatile and may be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a variety of factors, including the following:


•	any additional delays in the commencement, enrollment and ultimate completion of our clinical trials;

•

results of clinical trials of our product candidates or those of our competitors, such as our announcement of the failure of our Phase 2B HEADWAY clinical trial of intepirdine in patients with DLB and the pilot Phase 2 Gait and Balance clinical trial of intepirdine in patients with dementia and gait impairment to meet their respective primary endpoints and the September 2017 announcement that our Phase 3 MINDSET clinical trial of intepirdine in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease did not meet its co-primary efficacy endpoints;


•	any delay in filing applications for marketing approval of AXO-Lenti-PD or AXO-AAV-OPMD, and any adverse development or perceived adverse development with respect to applicable regulatory authorities’ review of those applications;


•	failure to successfully develop and commercialize AXO-Lenti-PD, AXO-AAV-OPMD or any other of our current or future product candidates;


•	failure to maintain our relationship with Oxford BioMedica or Benitec or comply with the terms of the Oxford BioMedica Agreement or the Benitec Agreement;


•	inability to obtain additional funding;


•	regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries applicable to our product candidates, including gene therapies;


•	adverse regulatory decisions or statements;


•	changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;


•	inability to obtain adequate product supply for our current product candidates or any future product candidate, or the inability to do so at acceptable prices;


•	introduction of new products, services or technologies by our competitors;


•	failure to meet or exceed financial projections we provide to the public;


•	failure to meet or exceed the estimates and projections of the investment community;


•	changes in the market valuations of similar companies;


•	market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, and the issuance of new or changed securities analysts’ reports or recommendations;


•	announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by us or our competitors;


•	significant lawsuits, including patent or shareholder litigation, and disputes or other developments relating to our proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;


•	additions or departures of key scientific or management personnel;


•	short sales of our common shares;


•	sales of our common shares by us or our shareholders in the future;


•	negative coverage in the media or analyst reports, whether accurate or not;


•	issuance of subpoenas or investigative demands, or the public fact of an investigation by a government agency, whether meritorious or not;


•	trading volume of our common shares;


•	general economic, industry and market conditions; and


•	the other factors described in this "Risk Factors" section.

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors, as well as general economic, political, regulatory and market conditions, may negatively affect the market price of our common shares, regardless of our actual operating performance.

Volatility in our share price could subject us to securities class action litigation.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities and/or the discontinuation of development of a product candidate due to adverse clinical circumstances or results. This risk is especially relevant for us because pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant share price volatility in recent years. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business.

We are a "controlled company" within the meaning of the applicable rules of the Nasdaq and, as a result, qualify for exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. If we rely on these exemptions, you will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.

RSL controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common shares. As a result, we are a "controlled company" within the meaning of the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power for the election of directors is held by an individual, group or another company is a "controlled company" and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirements:


•	that a majority of its board of directors consists of independent directors;


•	for an annual performance evaluation of the nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees;


•	to require director nominees to be selected, or recommended for the board of directors’ selection, either by independent directors constituting a majority of the Board’s independent directors in a vote in which only independent directors participate or a nominations committee comprised solely of independent directors; and


•	to have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibility.

We have elected to use certain of these exemptions and we may continue to use all or some of these exemptions in the future. As a result, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

RSL owns a significant percentage of our common shares and is able to exert significant control over matters subject to shareholder approval.

Based on common shares outstanding as of September 30, 2018 , RSL beneficially owns approximately 73.1% of the voting power of our outstanding common shares, and has the ability to substantially influence us through this ownership position. For example, RSL and its shareholders may be able to control elections of directors, issuance of equity, including to our employees under equity incentive plans, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. RSL’s interests may not always coincide with our corporate interests or the interests of other shareholders, and it may act in a manner with which you may not agree or that may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders. Further, RSL is a privately held company whose ownership and governance structure is not transparent to our other shareholders. There may be changes to the management or ownership of RSL that could impact RSL’s interests in a way that may not coincide with our corporate interests or the interests of other shareholders. So long as RSL continues to own a significant amount of our equity, it will continue to be able to strongly influence or effectively control our decisions.

Our organizational and ownership structure may create significant conflicts of interests.

Our organizational and ownership structure involves a number of relationships that may give rise to certain conflicts of interest between us and minority holders of our common shares, on the one hand, and RSL and its shareholders, on the other hand. Certain of our directors and employees have equity interests in RSL and, accordingly, their interests may be aligned with RSL’s interests, which may not always coincide with our corporate interests or the interests of our other shareholders. Further, our other shareholders may not have visibility into the RSL ownership of any of our directors or officers, which may change at any time through acquisition, disposition, dilution, or otherwise. Any change in our directors’ or officers’ RSL ownership could impact the interests of those holders.

In addition, we are party to certain related party agreements with RSL, RSI and RSG. These entities and their shareholders, including certain of our directors and employees, may have interests which differ from our interests or those of the minority holders of our common shares. For example, we are party to an information sharing and cooperation agreement with RSL pursuant to which RSL has granted us a right of first review on any potential dementia-related product or investment opportunity that RSL may consider pursuing. It is possible that we could fail to pursue a product candidate under this agreement and that product candidate is then successfully developed and commercialized by RSL or one of its other subsidiaries or affiliates. Any material transaction between us and RSL, RSI or RSG is subject to our related party transaction policy, which requires prior approval of such transaction by our Audit Committee. To the extent we fail to appropriately deal with any such conflicts of interests, it could negatively impact our reputation and ability to raise additional funds and the willingness of counterparties to do business with us, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

If securities or industry analysts cease to publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common shares depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If our financial performance fails to meet analyst estimates or one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common shares or change their opinion of our common shares, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common shares in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, would be your sole source of gain.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common shares. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. We are also subject to Bermuda legal constraints that may affect our ability to pay dividends on our common shares and make other payments. Additionally, our ability to pay dividends is currently restricted by the terms of the Loan Agreement. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common shares would be your sole source of gain on an investment in our common shares for the foreseeable future.

Future sales of our common shares, or the perception that such sales may occur, could depress our share price, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of our common shares in the public market, or the perception by investors that our shareholders intend to sell substantial amounts of our common shares in the public market, could depress the market price of our common shares, even if our business is doing well. Such a decrease in our share price could in turn impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

All of the shares sold in our initial public offering ("IPO") and our follow-on offering described below, as well as shares issued upon the exercise of options granted to persons other than our officers and directors, are freely transferable without restrictions or further registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). As of September 30, 2018 , 89,285,714 of our outstanding common shares, representing a majority of our common shares, were held by RSL. If RSL or any of our executive officers or directors were to sell our common shares, or if the market perceived that RSL or any of our executive officers or directors intend to sell our common shares, it could negatively affect our share price. Prior to RSL’s corporate reorganization and recapitalization in December 2015, any decision by RSL to sell or otherwise dispose of our shares required the unanimous agreement of all of the directors of RSL, including Vivek Ramaswamy, our former director and former principal executive officer. Subsequent to RSL’s corporate reorganization and recapitalization in December 2015, any such decision no longer requires a unanimous vote of RSL’s directors, meaning that all or a portion of the shares of our common stock held by RSL may be sold without Vivek Ramaswamy’s consent. However, any such sales must still be made in compliance with the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, which could limit the number of our shares that RSL could sell in any 90-day period.

We have filed registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register the common shares that may be issued under our equity incentive plans from time to time. Shares registered under these registration statements are available for sale in the public market subject to vesting arrangements and exercise of options, as well as Rule 144 in the case of our affiliates. We also filed a "shelf" registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act in December 2016, allowing us, from time to time, to offer up to $750 million of any combination of registered common shares, preferred shares, debt securities and warrants. In April 2017, we offered and sold approximately $134.5 million of our common shares, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, pursuant to this registration statement.

We have incurred and will continue to incur substantial costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management has been and will be required to continue to devote substantial time to compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to compliance with these requirements. Moreover, changing rules and regulations may increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and more costly. If, notwithstanding our efforts to comply with new or changing laws, regulations and standards, we fail to comply, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us, and our business may be harmed.

Further, failure to comply with these laws, regulations and standards may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, which could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our Board of Directors or members of senior management.

If we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common shares, may be adversely affected.

Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and to protect from fraudulent, illegal or unauthorized transactions. Effective disclosure controls and procedures enable us to make timely and accurate disclosure of financial and non-financial information that we are required to disclose. If we cannot provide effective controls and reliable financial reports and other disclosures, our business and operating results could be harmed. We have in the past discovered, and may in the future discover, areas of our internal controls over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures that, even if effective, could be improved. For example, with respect to disclosure controls and procedures, in January 2018, we issued a press release disclosing clinical trial results that included an erroneous statistical value. We issued a correction the next day, and we are taking steps to further enhance controls over our clinical data disclosure process. We are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of each fiscal year. Our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC following the later of the date we are deemed to be a "large accelerated filer," as defined in the Exchange Act, or the date we are no longer an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act.

If material weaknesses or control deficiencies occur or our disclosure controls and procedures are ineffective in the future, we may be unable to report our financial results or make other disclosures accurately on a timely basis, which could cause our reported financial results or other disclosures to be materially misstated and result in the loss of investor confidence and cause the market price of our common shares to decline.

We are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common shares less attractive to investors.

We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (1) March 31, 2021, (2) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, (3) the date on which we are deemed to be a "large accelerated filer," which means the market value of our common shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior September 30, the end of our second fiscal quarter, and (4) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

In addition, under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a "smaller reporting company" which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements including exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common shares and our share price may be more volatile.

We are a Bermuda company and it may be difficult for you to enforce judgments against us or our directors and executive officers.

We are a Bermuda exempted company. As a result, the rights of our shareholders are governed by Bermuda law and our memorandum of association and bye-laws. The rights of shareholders under Bermuda law may differ from the rights of shareholders of companies incorporated in another jurisdiction. It may be difficult for investors to enforce in the United States judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws. It is doubtful whether courts in Bermuda will enforce judgments obtained in other jurisdictions, including the United States, against us or our directors or officers under the securities laws of those jurisdictions or entertain actions in Bermuda against us or our directors or officers under the securities laws of other jurisdictions.

Bermuda law differs from the laws in effect in the United States and may afford less protection to our shareholders.

We are incorporated under the laws of Bermuda. As a result, our corporate affairs are governed by the Bermuda Companies Act 1981, as amended (the "Companies Act"), which differs in some material respects from laws typically applicable to U.S. corporations and shareholders, including the provisions relating to interested directors, amalgamations, mergers and acquisitions, takeovers, shareholder lawsuits and indemnification of directors. Generally, the duties of directors and officers of a Bermuda company are owed to the company only. Shareholders of Bermuda companies typically do not have rights to take action against directors or officers of the company and may only do so in limited circumstances. Shareholder class actions are not available under Bermuda law. The circumstances in which shareholder derivative actions may be available under Bermuda law are substantially more proscribed and less clear than they would be to shareholders of U.S. corporations. The Bermuda courts, however, would ordinarily be expected to permit a shareholder to commence an action in the name of a company to remedy a wrong to the company where the act complained of is alleged to be beyond the corporate power of the company or illegal, or would result in the violation of the company’s memorandum of association or bye-laws. Furthermore, consideration would be given by a Bermuda court to acts that are alleged to constitute a fraud against the minority shareholders or, for instance, where an act requires the approval of a greater percentage of the company’s shareholders than those who actually approved it.

When the affairs of a company are being conducted in a manner that is oppressive or prejudicial to the interests of some shareholders, one or more shareholders may apply to the Supreme Court of Bermuda, which may make such order as it sees fit, including an order regulating the conduct of the company’s affairs in the future or ordering the purchase of the shares of any shareholders by other shareholders or by the company. Additionally, under our bye-laws and as permitted by Bermuda law, each shareholder has waived any claim or right of action against our directors or officers for any action taken by directors or officers in the performance of their duties, except for actions involving fraud or dishonesty. In addition, the rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Bermuda law are not as clearly established as under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in jurisdictions in the United States, particularly the State of Delaware. Therefore, our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction within the United States.

There are regulatory limitations on the ownership and transfer of our common shares.

Common shares may be offered or sold in Bermuda only in compliance with the provisions of the Companies Act and the Bermuda Investment Business Act 2003, which regulates the sale of securities in Bermuda. In addition, the Bermuda Monetary Authority must approve all issues and transfers of shares of a Bermuda exempted company. However, the Bermuda Monetary Authority has, pursuant to its statement of June 1, 2005, given its general permission under the Exchange Control Act 1972 and related regulations for the issue and free transfer of our common shares to and among persons who are non-residents of Bermuda for exchange control purposes as long as the shares are listed on an appointed stock exchange, which includes Nasdaq. Specific permission of the Bermuda Monetary Authority has also been obtained dated June 8, 2015 to the issue and transfer of our shares, options, warrants, depositary receipts, rights, loan notes, debt instruments and our other securities to persons resident and non-resident of Bermuda for exchange control purposes while our shares are listed on an appointed stock exchange. The general permission and the specific permission would cease to apply if we were to cease to be listed on Nasdaq or any other appointed stock exchange.

Our bye-laws enable our board of directors to issue preference shares, which may discourage a change of control.

Our bye-laws contain provisions that enable our board of directors to determine the powers, preferences, and rights of our preference shares and to issue the preference shares without shareholder approval.

This could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company and may prevent our shareholders from receiving the benefit from any premium to the market price of our common shares offered by a bidder in a takeover context. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of this provision may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common shares if it is viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future.

We may reduce the voting power of your common shares without your consent.

Under our amended and restated bye-laws, in the event that any U.S. person holds, directly, indirectly or constructively, 9.5% or more of the total voting power of our issued share capital, excluding any U.S. person that held, directly, indirectly or constructively, 9.5% or more of the total voting power of issued share capital immediately prior to the closing of our IPO, the aggregate votes conferred by the common shares held by such person (or by any person through which such U.S. person indirectly or constructively holds shares) will be reduced by our Board of Directors to the extent necessary such that the common shares held, directly, indirectly or constructively, by such U.S. person will constitute less than 9.5% of the voting power of all issued and outstanding shares. RSL, certain of its affiliates, and Vivek Ramaswamy, our founder and former principal executive officer, will not be subject to these provisions. Further, our Board of Directors may determine that shares shall carry different or no voting rights as it reasonably determines, based on the advice of counsel, to be appropriate to (1) avoid the existence of any U.S. person who holds 9.5% or more of the total voting power of our issued share capital or (2) avoid adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences to us, any subsidiary of ours or any holder of our common shares or its affiliates.

These provisions may discourage potential investors from acquiring a stake or making a significant investment in our company as well as discourage a takeover attempt, which may prevent our shareholders from receiving the benefit of any such transactions as well as adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common shares if viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future.

We may become subject to unanticipated tax liabilities and higher effective tax rates.

We are incorporated under the laws of Bermuda, where we are not subject to any income or withholding taxes. We are centrally managed and controlled in the United Kingdom, and under current U.K. tax law, a company which is centrally managed and controlled in the United Kingdom is regarded as resident in the United Kingdom for taxation purposes. We may also become subject to income, withholding or other taxes in certain jurisdictions by reason of our activities and operations, and it is also possible that taxing authorities in any such jurisdictions could assert that we are subject to greater taxation than we currently anticipate. Any such additional tax liability could adversely affect our results of operations. For example, ASG is our principal operating company for conducting our business and is the entity that holds our intellectual property rights, including AXO-Lenti-PD, AXO-AAV-OPMD and nelotanserin. The establishment of this Swiss entity as our principal operating company and the transfer of our intellectual property rights to this entity may result in a higher overall effective tax rate.

The intended tax effects of our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements depend on the application of the tax laws of various jurisdictions and on how we operate our business.

We and RSL, our principal shareholder, are incorporated under the laws of Bermuda. We currently have subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Switzerland and the United States. If we succeed in growing our business, we expect to conduct increased operations through our subsidiaries in various countries and tax jurisdictions in part through intercompany service agreements between us, our majority shareholder, RSL, and our subsidiaries. In that case, our corporate structure and intercompany transactions, including the manner in which we develop and use our intellectual property, will be organized so that we can achieve our business objectives in a tax-efficient manner and in compliance with applicable transfer pricing rules and regulations. If two or more affiliated companies are located in different countries or tax jurisdictions, the tax laws and regulations of each country generally will require that transfer prices be the same as those between unrelated companies dealing at arm's length and that appropriate documentation be maintained to support the transfer prices. While we believe that we operate in compliance with applicable transfer pricing laws and intend to continue to do so, our transfer pricing procedures are not binding on applicable tax authorities. If tax authorities in any of these countries were to successfully challenge our transfer prices as not reflecting arm’s length transactions, they could require us to adjust our transfer prices and thereby reallocate our income to reflect these revised transfer prices, which could result in a higher tax liability to us. In addition, if the country from which the income is reallocated does not agree with the reallocation, both countries could tax the same income, potentially resulting in double taxation. If tax authorities were to allocate income to a higher tax jurisdiction, subject our income to double taxation or assess interest and penalties, it would increase our consolidated tax liability, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Significant judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. For example, our effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates or by changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, principles, and interpretations. As we intend to operate in numerous countries and taxing jurisdictions, the application of tax laws can be subject to diverging and sometimes conflicting interpretations by tax authorities of these jurisdictions. It is not uncommon for taxing authorities in different countries to have conflicting views, for instance, with respect to, among other things, the manner in which the arm’s length standard is applied for transfer pricing purposes, or with respect to the valuation of intellectual property. In addition, tax laws are dynamic and subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. For example, on December 22, 2017, an Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018 (commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act) was enacted in the United States, which introduced a comprehensive set of tax reforms. Certain impacts of this legislation have been taken into account, including the reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate from the previous 35 percent to 21 percent. Also, in September 2018, the Swiss Parliament approved a new tax bill known as Tax Proposal 17, which will enter into force in January 2020 absent a referendum that halts its effectiveness. Tax Proposal 17 would implement a set of changes to Swiss federal and cantonal tax laws, such as the amendment of the capital tax to provide a uniform rate of 0.1%, a new patent box regime, and a reduction in the statutory profit tax rate in Canton Basel-Stadt that will result in a combined Swiss federal and cantonal tax rate of 13.04%. We continue to assess the impact of such changes in tax laws on our business and may determine that changes to our structure, practice or tax positions are necessary in light of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and Tax Proposal 17. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and Tax Proposal 17, in conjunction with the tax laws of other jurisdictions in which we operate, however, may require consideration of changes to our structure and the manner in which we conduct our business. Such changes may nevertheless be ineffective in avoiding an increase in our consolidated tax liability, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Changes in our effective tax rate may reduce our net income in future periods.

Our tax position could be adversely impacted by changes in tax rates, tax laws, tax practice, tax treaties or tax regulations or changes in the interpretation thereof by the tax authorities in Europe (including the United Kingdom and Switzerland), the United States, Bermuda, and other jurisdictions as well as being affected by certain changes currently proposed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and their action plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. Such changes may become more likely as a result of recent economic trends in the jurisdictions in which we operate, particularly if such trends continue. If such a situation was to arise, it could adversely impact our tax position and our effective tax rate. Failure to manage the risks associated with such changes, or misinterpretation of the laws providing such changes, could result in costly audits, interest, penalties, and reputational damage, which could adversely affect our business, results of our operations, and our financial condition.

Our actual effective tax rate may vary from our expectation and that variance may be material. A number of factors may increase our future effective tax rates, including: (1) the jurisdictions in which profits are determined to be earned and taxed; (2) the resolution of issues arising from any future tax audits with various tax authorities; (3) changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; (4) increases in expenses not deductible for tax purposes, including transaction costs and impairments of goodwill in connection with acquisitions; (5) changes in the taxation of share-based compensation; (6) changes in tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws, and changes in generally accepted accounting principles; and (7) challenges to the transfer pricing policies related to our structure.

U.S. holders of our common shares may suffer adverse tax consequences if we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company.

Generally, if, for any taxable year, at least 75% of our gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of the value of our assets is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, including cash, we would be characterized as a passive foreign investment company ("PFIC") for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For purposes of these tests, passive income includes dividends, interest, and gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and rents and royalties other than rents and royalties which are received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business. Additionally, a look-through rule generally applies with respect to 25% or more owned subsidiaries. If we are characterized as a PFIC, U.S. holders of our common shares may suffer adverse tax consequences, including having gains realized on the sale of our common shares treated as ordinary income rather than capital gain, the loss of the preferential tax rate applicable to dividends received on our common shares by individuals who are U.S. holders, and having interest charges apply to distributions by us and the proceeds of sales of our common shares.

Our status as a PFIC will depend on the nature and composition of our income and the nature, composition and value of our assets from time to time. The 50% passive asset test described above is generally based on the fair market value of each asset, with the value of goodwill and going concern value determined in large part by reference to the market value of our common shares, which may be volatile. Our status may also depend, in part, on how quickly we utilize the cash proceeds from our IPO and subsequent financings in our business. With respect to the taxable year that ended on March 31, 2018, we believe that we were not a PFIC, however, with respect to foreseeable future taxable years, because the PFIC tests are based upon the value of our assets, including any goodwill and going concern value, and the nature and composition of our income and assets, which cannot be known at this time, we cannot predict whether we will or will not be classified as a PFIC. Because the determination of whether we are a PFIC for any taxable year is a fact-intensive determination made annually after the end of each taxable year, and because certain aspects of the PFIC rules are uncertain, we cannot provide any assurances regarding our PFIC status for the current or future taxable years.

In our current taxable year ending March 31, 2019, we have implemented structures and arrangements intended to mitigate the possibility that we will be classified as a PFIC. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not successfully challenge these structures and arrangements, which may result in an adverse impact on the determination of whether we are classified as a PFIC.

U.S. holders that own 10 percent or more of the vote or value of our common shares may suffer adverse tax consequences because we and/or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are expected to be characterized as a controlled foreign corporation ("CFC"), under Section 957(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended ("the Code").

A non-U.S. corporation is considered a CFC if more than 50 percent of (1) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote, or (2) the total value of the stock of such corporation, is owned, or is considered as owned by applying certain constructive ownership rules, by United States shareholders (U.S. persons who own stock representing 10% or more of the vote or, for taxable years of non-U.S. corporations beginning after December 31, 2017 and for taxable years of shareholders with or within which such taxable years of non-U.S. corporations end, 10% or more of the value) on any day during the taxable year of such non-U.S. corporation. Certain United States shareholders of a CFC generally are required to include currently in gross income such U.S. shareholders’ share of the CFC’s "Subpart F income", a portion of the CFC’s earnings to the extent the CFC holds certain U.S. property, and a portion of the CFC's "global intangible low-taxed income" (as defined under Section 951A of the Code). Such United States shareholders are subject to current U.S. federal income tax with respect to such items, even if the CFC has not made an actual distribution to such shareholders. "Subpart F income" includes, among other things, certain passive income (such as income from dividends, interests, royalties, rents and annuities or gain from the sale of property that produces such types of income) and certain sales and services income arising in connection with transactions between the CFC and a person related to the CFC. "Global intangible low-taxed income" may include most of the remainder of a CFC’s income over a deemed return on its tangible assets.

As a result of certain changes in the U.S. tax law introduced by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, we believe that we and our non-U.S. subsidiaries are classified as CFCs in the current taxable year. For U.S. holders who hold 10% or more of the vote or value of our common shares, this may result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, such as current U.S. taxation of Subpart F income and of any such shareholder’s share of our accumulated non-U.S. earnings and profits (regardless of whether we make any distributions), taxation of amounts treated as global intangible low-taxed income under Section 951A of the Code with respect to such shareholder, and being subject to certain reporting requirements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Any such U.S. holder who is an individual generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a U.S. corporation. If you are a U.S. holder who holds 10% or more of the vote or value of our common shares, you should consult your own tax advisors regarding the U.S. tax consequences of acquiring, owning, or disposing our common shares and the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, especially the changes to the rules relating to CFCs.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

Item 6. Exhibits.



		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Description of Document	Schedule/Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date

3.1	Certificate of Incorporation.	S-1	333-204073	3.1	05/11/2015

3.2	Memorandum of Association.	S-1	333-204073	3.2	05/11/2015

3.3	Amended and Restated Bye-laws.	8-K	001-37418	3.1	12/21/2017

10.1*+	License Agreement, dated as of July 9, 2018, by and between the Registrant and Benitec Biopharma Limited.

10.2*+	Amendment No. 1, dated July 23, 2018, to the License Agreement, dated as of July 9, 2018, by and between the Registrant and Benitec Biopharma Limited.

31.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1*#	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2*#	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS*	XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema

101.CAL*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase

101.DEF*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase

101.LAB*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase

101.PRE*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

* Filed herewith.

+ Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment and have been separately filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

# These certifications are being furnished solely to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



		AXOVANT SCIENCES LTD.


		By:	/s/ Gregory Weinhoff
Date:	November 7, 2018		Gregory Weinhoff (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 10.1

[***] = Portions of this exhibit have been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Confidential treatment requested under 17 C.F.R. Section 240.24b-2.

LICENSE AND COLLABORATION AGREEMENT

THIS LICENSE AND COLLABORATION AGREEMENT (this “ Agreement ”) is entered into as of July 9, 2018 (the “ Effective Date ”), by and between BENITEC BIOPHARMA LIMITED , a company organized under the laws of Australia and having an address of Suite 1201, 99 Mount Street, North Sydney, NSW Australia (“ Benitec ”), and AXOVANT SCIENCES GMBH , a company organized under the laws of Switzerland and having an address of Viaduktstrasse 8, 4051 Basel, Switzerland ( “ Axovant ”). Benitec and Axovant may be referred to herein individually as a “ Party ” or collectively as the “ Parties ”.

RECITALS

WHEREAS , Benitec is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company that has identified and developed certain products and technologies related to gene therapy, including relating to DNA- directed RNA interference (“ ddRNAi ”), and owns or controls certain patents, know-how and data relating to such products and technologies;

WHEREAS , Benitec has researched and preclinically developed a modified AAV9 ddRNAi product known as BB-301 for the potential treatment of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (“ OPMD ”);

WHEREAS , Axovant desires to obtain from Benitec, and Benitec desires to grant to Axovant, an exclusive worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercialize products containing or based on BB-301, all subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement; and

WHEREAS , the Parties wish to collaborate on the discovery, research and development of other products directed to genetically driven neurological diseases using Benitec’s technology, all subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.

NOW, THEREFORE , in consideration of the foregoing premises and the mutual covenants contained herein, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, Benitec and Axovant hereby agree as follows:

ARTICLE I

DEFINITIONS

[***]

“ Accounting Standards ” shall mean internationally recognized accounting principles (including IFRS, US GAAP, and the like), in each case, as generally and consistently applied by the applicable Selling Entity.

“ Acquiree ” has the meaning set forth in Section 14.2(b) ( Assignment ).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Acquisition ” has the meaning set forth in Section 14.2(b) ( Assignment ).

“ Additional VAT Amount ” has the meaning set forth in Section 8.10(d) ( VAT ).

“ Affiliate ” means, with respect to a Party or a Third Party, any entity that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by or is under common control with such Party or Third Party, as applicable, but for only so long as such control exists. As used in this definition of “Affiliate”, “control” means (a) to possess, directly or indirectly, the power to direct the management or policies of an entity, whether through ownership of voting securities, by contract relating to voting rights or corporate governance, or otherwise; or (b) direct or indirect beneficial ownership of more than [***] (or such lesser percentage which is the maximum allowed to be owned by a foreign corporation in a particular jurisdiction) of the voting share capital or other equity interest in such entity.

“ Allowable Expenses ” shall have the meaning set forth in Exhibit B .

“ Applicable Laws ” means the applicable provisions of any and all national, supranational, regional, state and local laws, treaties, statutes, rules, regulations, administrative codes, guidance, ordinances, judgments, decrees, directives, injunctions, orders, permits (including MAAs) of or from any court, arbitrator, Regulatory Authority or Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over or related to the subject item.

“ Auditor ” has the meaning set forth in Section 8.12 ( Audit Dispute ).

“ Axovant-Developed Collaboration IP ” means (a) Collaboration Inventions created, discovered, conceived of or reduced to practice by Axovant independently of Benitec and Benitec’s Affiliates, (b) Collaboration Patents covering only the foregoing, and (c) Collaboration Know-How created or discovered by Axovant independently of Benitec and Benitec’s Affiliates.

“ Axovant Commercial Credit ” has the meaning set forth in Section 8.4(c) ( Excess Costs ).

“ Axovant Fiscal Year ” means the period from April 1 of a Calendar Year through March 31 of the following Calendar Year, provided that Axovant may change the time period for such Axovant Fiscal Year on [***] prior written notice to Benitec and the Parties shall, in such instance, make such appropriate adjustments to the reporting and other payment terms under this Agreement to accommodate such change.

“ Axovant Indemnitee ” has the meaning set forth in Section 11.1 ( Indemnification by Benitec ).

“ Axovant Know-How ” means all Know-How that Axovant or its Affiliates Control as of the Effective Date or during the Term that is necessary or reasonably useful for the Development, manufacture or Commercialization of Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory, including Axovant’s interest in the Collaboration Know-How.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Axovant Patents ” means all Patents that Axovant or its Affiliates Control as of the Effective Date or during the Term that are necessary or reasonably useful for the Development, manufacture or Commercialization of any Compound or Licensed Product in the Field in the Territory, including Axovant’s interest in the Collaboration Patents.

“ Axovant Technology ” means the Axovant Know-How and the Axovant Patents.

“ Bankruptcy Code ” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.7 ( Provisions for Insolvency ).

“ BB-301 ” or “ BB-301 Compound ” means (a) Benitec’s proprietary gene therapy construct which utilizes as its primary mechanism of action a viral vector to deliver and/or produce ddRNAi to silence expression of mutant PABPN1 and replace with wildtype PABPN1, and any modification, variant, or derivative thereof, and (b) any other compound, construct, composition or biological entity that is Covered or disclosed by the following Patents: [***].

“ BB-301 Development Plan ” means, the detailed plan to be agreed in writing by the Parties for the conduct of the BB-301 Retained Development Activities, including the budget, allocation of resources, timelines and desired criteria for BB-301 Products, as such plan may be modified by the Parties, as such plan may be modified in accordance with Section 4.1(a) ( BB-301 Development Plan ).

“ BB-301 Development Plan Costs ” means Benitec FTE Costs and Out-of-Pocket Costs incurred by Benitec in the conduct of BB-301 Retained Development Activities, in each case to the extent incurred in accordance with this Agreement and the BB-301 Development Plan (including budget).

“ BB-301 Major Market ” means individually, each of [***].

“ BB-301 Product ” means any product containing, comprising, consisting of or incorporating BB-301, in any form, presentation, formulation or dosage form.

“ BB-301 Retained Development Activities ” means, with respect to the Development of BB-301, those Development activities for which, as between the Parties, Benitec shall retain operational oversight and responsibility, as set forth in the BB-301 Development Plan. Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the Parties, the BB-301 Retained Development Activities shall mean Development activities related to (a) [***].

“ BB-301-Royalty Term ” means, with respect to a BB-301 Product, the period that commences upon the First Commercial Sale of such BB-301 Product in the United States and continues until the latest of (a) expiration of the last-to-expire Valid Claim of the Benitec Patents that Cover the manufacture, use, or sale of such BB-301 Product (or the Compound therein) in the United States; (b) ten (10) years after the First Commercial Sale of such BB-301 Product in the United States; and (c) expiration of Regulatory Exclusivity for such BB-301 Product in the United States.

“ BB-301 Transfer Plan ” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.4 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs ” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.4(d) ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301).

“ Benitec Collaboration Program Transfer Costs ” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.7(d) ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ).

“ Benitec-Developed Collaboration IP ” means (a) Collaboration Inventions created, discovered, conceived of or reduced to practice by Benitec independently of Axovant and Axovant’s Affiliates, (b) Collaboration Patents covering only the foregoing, and (c) Collaboration Know-How created or discovered by Benitec independently of Axovant and Axovant’s Affiliates.

“ Benitec Fiscal Year ” means the period from July 1 of a Calendar Year through June 30 of the following Calendar Year.

“ Benitec FTEs ” means FTEs who are employees of Benitec or any of its Affiliates directly engaged in performing activities under the BB-301 Development Plan or a Research Plan or Know-How or technology transfer activities pursuant to this Agreement.

“ Benitec FTE Rate ” means U.S. $[***] per Benitec FTE (which shall be prorated on the basis of $[***] per year, when calculating amounts due for partial years). The Benitec FTE Rate is “fully burdened” and will cover employee salaries and such facilities and equipment and other materials and services, including ordinary laboratory consumables, as they may use, such rates to be adjusted biennially (with the first of such adjustments to be made as of [***] and every other Calendar Year thereafter) with respect to the FTEs in a particular location, by the applicable CPI adjustment.

“ Benitec Indemnitee ” has the meaning set forth in Section 11.2 ( Indemnification by Axovant ).

“ Benitec Know-How ” means all Know-How that Benitec or its Affiliates Control as of the Effective Date or during the Term that is necessary or reasonably useful for the Development, manufacture or Commercialization of Compounds or Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory.

“ Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties ” has the meaning set forth in Section 8.4(a) ( Profit Based Royalty Percentage ).

“ Benitec Notice ” has the meaning set forth in Section 8.10(b) ( Tax Cooperation ).

“ Benitec Patents ” means all Patents in the Territory that Benitec or its Affiliates Control as of the Effective Date or during the Term that are necessary or reasonably useful for the Development, manufacture or Commercialization of any Compound or Licensed Product in the Field in the Territory. The Benitec Patents existing as of the Effective Date are listed on Exhibit A .

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Benitec Platform Patents ” means all Benitec Patents that claim any Benitec Platform Technology [***]. The Benitec Platform Patents existing as of the Effective Date are specifically identified in Exhibit E .

“ Benitec Platform Technology ” means any Know-How of Benitec or any of its Affiliates relating to gene therapy, gene silencing and/or replacement, RNA interference (including ddRNAi) and related technologies, in each case that is of general utility and is not specific to any Collaboration Program, Scheduled Target, Collaboration Target, Compound or Licensed Product.

“ Benitec Product Patents ” has the meaning set forth in Section 9.2(c)(i) ( Benitec Product Patents ).

“ Benitec Profit-Based Royalties ” has the meaning set forth in Section 8.4(a) ( Profit- Based Royalties Percentage ).

“ Benitec Step-In Right ” has the meaning set forth in Section 9.2(c)(iii) ( Benitec Product Patents).

“ Benitec Technology ” means the Benitec Know-How and the Benitec Patents.

“ Benitec Technology Transfer Costs ” has the meaning set forth in Section 6.2 ( Manufacturing Technology Transfer ).

“ Business Day ” means a day other than a Saturday, Sunday or a bank or other public holiday in Basel, Switzerland; New York, New York; or Sydney, Australia.

“ Calendar Year ” means each respective period of twelve (12) consecutive months ending on December 31.

“ cGMP ” means the then-current standards for good manufacturing practices, as required by the FDA and defined in the applicable FDA rules and regulations, or required by another applicable Regulatory Authority and as defined in such Regulatory Authority’s rules and regulations, that apply to the manufacture of a Compound or Licensed Product in the applicable jurisdiction, each as may be amended from time to time, including, as applicable, United States regulations set forth in Title 21 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations Parts 210 and 211 and the corresponding regulations of any other applicable Regulatory Authority.

“ Claims ” means all Third Party demands, claims, actions, proceedings and liability (whether criminal or civil, in contract, tort or otherwise) for losses, damages, fees, costs (including reasonable attorneys’ fees), and other expenses of any nature.

“ CMC ” means chemistry, manufacturing, and controls.

“ CMO ” means a Third Party contract manufacturing organization.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Collaboration Compound ” means, for a Collaboration Program, any compound (including any peptide, protein or nucleic acid), construct, composition or biological entity directed to the Collaboration Target identified for such Collaboration Program and arising from the conduct of such Collaboration Program which meets the criteria for further Development set forth in the applicable Research Plan, and any modification, variant or derivative thereof.

“ Collaboration Invention ” means any Invention created, discovered, conceived of or reduced to practice, during the Term, by or on behalf of either Party or both Parties pursuant to a Research Plan or the BB-301 Development Plan.

“ Collaboration IP ” means Collaboration Patents and Collaboration Know-How. “Collaboration Know-How” means any Know-How created or discovered, during the Term, by or on behalf of either Party or both Parties pursuant to a Research Plan or the BB-301 Development Plan.

“ Collaboration Patent ” means any Patent disclosing or Covering a Collaboration Invention.

“ Collaboration Product ” means any product containing, comprising, consisting of or incorporating a Collaboration Compound, in any form, presentation, formulation or dosage form.

“ Collaboration Program ” means a program to be undertaken by the Parties pursuant to ARTICLE III (Collaboration Programs) directed to the discovery and Development of one or more gene therapy products directed against the Collaboration Target for such Collaboration Program and utilizing ddRNAi, gene replacement, silence and replace therapy, or other related technologies for the treatment, prevention and diagnosis of a particular genetic neurological disorder, disease or condition.

“ Collaboration Program Transfer Plan ” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.7(a) ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ).

“ Collaboration Target ” means, with respect to a Collaboration Program, the gene target that is the subject of such Collaboration Program and to which Collaboration Products arising from such Collaboration Program are directed.

“ Combination Product ” means any (a) Licensed Product comprising a Compound and at least one other active compound or ingredient, either formulated together (e.g., as a fixed dose combination, co-formulated or co-packaged combination or other concomitant or sequential therapy or use thereof) or packaged together or (b) Licensed Product sold together with a Delivery System (whether or not co-packaged), and in each of case (a) and (b), sold for a single price.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Commercialization ” means the conduct of all activities undertaken before and after Regulatory Approval necessary or helpful in order to promote, market, sell and distribute (including importing, exporting, transporting, customs clearance, warehousing, invoicing, handling and delivering Licensed Products to customers) Licensed Products in the Territory, including: (a) sales force efforts, detailing, advertising, medical education, planning, marketing, sales force training, sales and distribution, pricing and price reporting; reimbursement by public and private third party payers; and (b) scientific and medical affairs. For clarity, Commercialization does not include any Development activities, whether conducted before or after Regulatory Approval. “ Commercialize ”, “ Commercialized ”, and “ Commercializing ” have correlative meanings.

“ Commercially Reasonable Efforts ” means, (a) with respect to a Party’s obligations under this Agreement relating to the conduct of a Research Plan, BB-301 Development Plan or other Development or Commercialization activities relating to Compounds and Licensed Products, those efforts and resources that are consistent with the exercise of customary scientific and business practices that a company within the pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical industry similarly situated to such Party would expend for development, regulatory, manufacturing and commercialization activities conducted with respect to products at a similar stage of development or commercialization and having similar commercial potential, taking into account all relevant factors, and (b) with respect to the efforts to be expended by a Party with respect to any objective or activity other than those described in clause (a), those reasonable, good faith efforts to accomplish such objective or perform such activity as such Party would normally use to accomplish a similar objective under similar circumstances. With respect to clause (a), the Parties hereby agree that the level of effort may be different for different markets and may change over time, reflecting changes in the status of the aforementioned attributes and potential of the applicable Compound(s) and Licensed Product(s).

“ [***] ” has the meaning set forth in [***].

“ Compound ” means any BB-301 Compound or Collaboration Compound.

“ Confidential Information ” of a Party means all Know-How, materials, and other proprietary scientific, marketing, financial, or commercial information that is: (a) disclosed by or on behalf of such Party or any of its Affiliates or otherwise made available to the other Party or any of its Affiliates, whether made available orally, in writing, or in electronic form; or (b) learned by the other Party pursuant to this Agreement. The existence and terms of this Agreement are the Confidential Information of both Parties. All information disclosed by or on behalf of a Party under the Confidentiality Agreement shall be deemed the Confidential Information of such Party under this Agreement. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, but subject to Section 13.3(a)(iii) (Effect of Termination), Benitec Know-How that is solely related to a Compound or a Licensed Product will be Axovant’s Confidential Information.

“ Confidentiality Agreement ” means that certain Mutual Nondisclosure Agreement between Benitec and Axovant Sciences, Inc., dated June 14, 2018.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Control ” or “ Controlled ” means, with respect to any Know-How, materials, Patents or other intellectual property rights, the legal authority or right (whether by ownership, license or otherwise but without taking into account any rights granted by one Party to the other Party pursuant to this Agreement) of a Party to grant access, a license or a sublicense of or under such Know-How, materials, Patents or other intellectual property rights to the other Party, or to otherwise disclose proprietary or trade secret information to such other Party, without breaching the terms of any agreement with a Third Party, or misappropriating the proprietary or trade secret information of a Third Party.

“ Cover ” means, with respect to a product and a claim of a Patent, that such claim would be infringed, absent a license, by the manufacture, use, offer for sale, sale or importation of such product (with claims of patent applications to be treated as if issued as then pending). “ Covered ” and “ Covering ” have correlative meanings.

“ CPI ” means (a) with respect to FTEs in the United States the Consumer Price Index – All Urban Consumers, 1982-84=100, by the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Statistics (or its successor equivalent index) or (b) an equivalent index in a foreign country applicable to FTEs in such country, accounting if possible for the area in such country where the personnel are located.

“ [***] ” means the [***].

“ Data ” means any and all scientific, technical and test data pertaining to the Compounds or Licensed Products, including research data, pharmacology data, CMC data (including analytical and quality control data and stability data), pre-clinical and non-clinical data, clinical data or submissions made in association with an IND or MAA with respect to any Compound or Licensed Product, in each case that is Controlled by a Party or its Affiliates.

“ ddRNAi ” has the meaning set forth in the Recitals.

“ Delivery System ” means any delivery system comprising equipment, instrumentation, one (1) or more devices, or other components designed to assist in the administration of a Licensed Product.

“ Develop ” means all actions directed to obtaining, maintaining or expanding Regulatory Approval(s) for a Compound or Licensed Product, including to research, develop (including clinical, non-clinical and CMC development), analyze, test and conduct preclinical, clinical and all other regulatory trials for a Compound or a Licensed Product, including all post-approval clinical trials, as well as all related regulatory activities and any and all activities pertaining to new indications, pharmacokinetic studies and all related activities including work on new formulations, new methods of treatment and CMC activities including new manufacturing methods. “ Developing ” and “ Development ” have correlative meanings.

“ Disclosing Party ” has the meaning set forth in Section 12.1(a) ( Duty of Confidence ).

“ Dollar ” means United States dollars and “$” shall be interpreted accordingly.

“ EMA ” means the European Medicines Agency or any successor agency thereto.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Excluded Claim ” has the meaning set forth in Section 14.9(g) ( Dispute Resolution ).

“ Existing Agreements ” has the meaning set forth in Section 10.4(l) ( Additional Benitec Representations, Warranties and Covenants ).

“ FDA ” means the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any successor agency thereto.

“ Field ” means the treatment, prevention and diagnosis of any and all human diseases, disorders and conditions.

“ First Commercial Sale ” means, on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and country-by-country basis, the first sale by or on behalf of a Selling Entity to a Third Party for end use or consumption of a Licensed Product in a given country in the Territory after Regulatory Approval has been granted with respect to such Licensed Product in such country.

“ Fiscal Quarter ” means each of the following three (3)-month periods during each Fiscal Year: April 1 through June 30; July 1 through September 30; October 1 through December 31; and January 1 through March 31; provided that the first Fiscal Quarter shall commence on the Effective Date and end on September 30, 2018.

“ Fiscal Year ” means an Axovant Fiscal Year or Benitec Fiscal Year, as applicable.

“ FTE ” means a full-time employee equivalent, consisting of [***] person hours of effort per year, from one individual (or aggregated for more than one individual).

“ Generic Competition ” means, on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and country- by-country basis, that, in a given Fiscal Quarter, one or more Third Parties is selling a Generic Product to such Licensed Product in such country where the unit sales of all Generic Products for such Licensed Product in such country in such Fiscal Quarter equal or exceed [***] of the sum of unit sales of such Licensed Product and all such Generic Products in such country in such Fiscal Quarter.

“ Generic Product ” means, with respect to a particular Licensed Product that holds a Regulatory Approval, any biological drug product sold by a Third Party (which may be called, for example, a “biogeneric,” “follow-on biologic,” “follow-on biological product,” “follow-on protein product,” “interchangeable product,” “similar biological medicinal product,” or “biosimilar product”) approved by way of an abbreviated regulatory mechanism by the Regulatory Authority in the Territory, but limited, in each case, to a biological product that (a) has not been licensed by Axovant or its Affiliates to such Third Party in the Territory, and (b) in the Territory, has received an equivalency determination by the applicable Regulatory Authority that the product is interchangeable with the Licensed Product with a Regulatory Approval, such that the product may be substituted for the Licensed Product without the intervention of the health care provider who prescribed such Licensed Product under Applicable Law.

“ GLP ” means the then-current standards for good laboratory practice, as required by the FDA and defined in 21 C.F.R. Part 58 or the successor thereto.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ GLP Toxicity Study(ies) ” means a toxicology study commenced using GLP grade Collaboration Product in an animal model to determine toxicology of said Collaboration Product, as defined in the relevant Research Plan for such Collaboration Product.

“ Governmental Authority ” means any national, international, federal, state, provincial or local government, or political subdivision thereof, or any multinational organization or any authority, agency or commission entitled to exercise any administrative, executive, judicial, legislative, police, regulatory or taxing authority or power, any court or tribunal (or any department, bureau or division thereof, or any governmental arbitrator or arbitral body).

“ [***] ” means that certain [***].

“ IND ” means an application submitted to a Regulatory Authority in any country to initiate human clinical investigations or trials with respect to a product or therapy, including an investigational new drug application or any successor application or procedure filed with the FDA, or any foreign equivalent thereof, and all supplements and amendments that may be filed with respect to the foregoing.

“ Indemnified Party ” has the meaning set forth in Section 11.3 ( Indemnification Procedure ).

“ Indemnifying Party ” has the meaning set forth in Section 11.3 ( Indemnification Procedure ).

“ Initial Selection Period ” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.6 ( Exclusivity ).

“ Initiation ” means, with respect to a clinical trial, the first dosing of the first subject in such clinical trial.

“ Insolvency Event ” has the meaning set forth in Section 13.2(c) ( Termination for Bankruptcy ).

“ Invention ” means any process, method, composition of matter, article of manufacture, discovery or finding, patentable or otherwise, that is made, generated, conceived or otherwise invented as a result of a Party exercising its rights or carrying out its obligations under this Agreement, whether directly or via its Affiliates, agents or independent contractors, including all rights, title and interest in and to the intellectual property rights therein.

“ JAMS Rules ” has the meaning set forth in Section 14.9(b) ( Dispute Resolution ).

“ Jointly-Developed Collaboration IP ” means all Collaboration Inventions, Collaboration Patents and Collaboration Know-How that are developed jointly by the Parties (or their Affiliate(s)) (i.e., that are neither Axovant-Developed Collaboration IP nor Benitec-Developed Collaboration IP).

“ JRC ” has the meaning set forth in Section 4.6 ( Joint Research Committee ).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Know-How ” means any information, discoveries, compounds, compositions, formulations, formulas, inventions, dosage regimens, practices, procedures, processes, methods, knowledge, know-how, trade secrets, techniques, designs, drawings, correspondence, computer programs, documents, apparatus, results, strategies, regulatory documentation, information and submissions pertaining to, or made in association with, filings with any Governmental Authority or patent office, Data, assays, chemical formulations, specifications, material, product and other samples, physical, chemical and biological materials and compounds, and the like, in written, electronic, oral or other tangible or intangible form, now known or hereafter developed, whether or not patentable or copyrightable, but in all cases excluding any Patents.

“ Knowledge ” means, when used in connection with Benitec or Axovant, with respect to any matter in question, the actual knowledge of, in the case of Benitec, [ ***], and in the case of Axovant, [***], in each case, following reasonable inquiry as to such matter.

“ Licensed Product ” means (a) any BB-301 Product and (b) any Collaboration Product.

“ [***] ” means [***].

“ MAA ” means an application to the appropriate Regulatory Authority for approval to market for commercial sale a Licensed Product (but excluding Pricing Approval) in a country, including (a) a new drug application submitted to the FDA pursuant to Section 505(b) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 355(b) (an “NDA”); (b) a biologics license application submitted to the FDA pursuant to the Public Health Service Act, 42 U.S.C. § 262 (a “BLA”), or (c) an application for authorization to market and/or sell a drug product submitted to a Regulatory Authority in a country other than the U.S., in each case ((a), (b) or (c)), including all amendments and supplements thereto.

“ Major Market ” means each of [***].

“ Marks ” has the meaning set forth in Section 9.9 ( Trademarks ).

“ Net Losses ” means, [***].

“ Net Profits ” means, [***].

“ Net Sales ” means: [***].

[***]:


(i)	[***];


(ii)	[***]; and


(iii)	[***].


(iv)	[***].

“ OPMD ” has the meaning set forth in the Recitals.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Other Party ” has the meaning set forth in Section 12.9 ( Reporting of Financial Information ).

“ Out-of-Pocket Costs ” means [***].

“ PABPN1 ” means poly(A) binding protein nuclear 1 (HGNC ID:8565 / Entrez Gene:8106).

“ Patents ” means (a) all patents, certificates of invention, applications for certificates of invention, priority patent filings and patent applications, and (b) any renewals, divisions, continuations (in whole or in part), or requests for continued examination of any of such patents, certificates of invention and patent applications, any and all patents or certificates of invention issuing thereon, and any and all reissuances, reexaminations, extensions, divisions, renewals, substitutions, confirmations, registrations, revalidations, revisions, and additions of or to any of the foregoing.

“ Phase 2 Clinical Trial ” means a human clinical trial that would satisfy the requirements for a Phase 2 study as defined in 21 CFR § 312.21(b) (or any amended or successor regulations) or any equivalent regulations in other countries in the Territory, regardless of where such clinical trial is conducted.

“ Phase 3 Clinical Trial ” means a human clinical trial that would satisfy the requirements for a Phase 3 study, as defined by the applicable Regulatory Authority responsible for granting the IND for such study in the applicable country, including, with respect to the United States and the FDA, as defined in 21 CFR § 312.21(c) (or any amended or successor regulations).

“ Phase 4 Clinical Trial ” means a human clinical trial of a product conducted after Regulatory Approval of such product has been obtained from an appropriate Regulatory Authority in the country in which such trial is to be conducted (including post-approval studies), which trial (a) is not conducted due to a request or requirement of a Regulatory Authority (a “Voluntary Phase 4 Clinical Trial”), or (b) is conducted due to a request or requirement of a Regulatory Authority, and, in each case ((a) and (b)), is not a Phase 1 Clinical Trial, Phase 2 Clinical Trial or Phase 3 Clinical Trial. A Phase 4 Clinical Trial may include epidemiological studies, modeling and pharmacoeconomic studies, “post-marketing surveillance trials” and investigator-sponsored clinical trials, but excludes clinical trials conducted for the purposes of label expansion or initial Regulatory Approval.

“ PMDA ” means Japan’s Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency or any successor entity thereto.

“ Pricing Approval ” means an approval, agreement, determination or decision by a Governmental Authority establishing prices for a Licensed Product in a country, but only with respect to a country where such approval, agreement, determination or decision is reasonably necessary to make commercial sales of such Licensed Product.

“ Product Infringement ” has the meaning set forth in Section 9.4(a) ( Notice ).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Profit-Based Royalties ” has the meaning set forth in Section 8.4 ( Profit-Based Royalties for BB-301 Products ).

“ Profit-Based Royalties Percentage ” has the meaning set forth in Section 8.4 ( Profit- Based Royalties for BB-301 Products ).

“ Prosecution and Maintenance ” has the meaning set forth in Section 9.2 ( Patent Prosecution and Maintenance ) and “ Prosecute and Maintain ” shall have its correlative meaning.

“ Public Official or Entity ” means any: (a) officer or employee of a Governmental Authority or of a public international organization, or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of such person; (b) officer, employee or person acting in an official capacity on behalf of a political party; (c) candidate for political office; (d) officer or employee of a government- owned or government-controlled entity or company, including public stock companies in which the majority shareholders are government-owned or government-controlled entities or companies, regardless of the officer’s or employee’s rank or title; (e) uncompensated honorary officials who have influence in the award of business; (f) members of royal families; (g) any entity hired to review or accept bids for a Governmental Authority; (h) officials, whether elected, appointed or under a contract, permanent or temporary, who hold a legislative, administrative, or judicial position of any kind in a country or territory; (i) person who performs public functions in any branch of the national, local, or municipal governments of a country or territory or who exercises a public function for any public agency or public enterprise of such country or territory; (j) executive, officer, agent or employee acting in a business (even if privately owned) providing a service to the general public; or (k) immediate family members of any of the persons listed above. An immediate family member is a parent, spouse, significant other, child, or sibling.

“ Received Amounts ” means [***].

“ Receiving Party ” has the meaning set forth in Section 12.1(a) ( Duty of Confidence ).

“ Regulatory Approval ” means all approvals, including Pricing Approvals and MAAs, that are necessary for commencing any commercial sale of a Licensed Product in a given country.

“ Regulatory Authority ” means any applicable Governmental Authority responsible for granting Regulatory Approvals for Licensed Products, including the FDA, the EMA, the PMDA, and any corresponding regulatory authorities.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Regulatory Documentation ” means all applications, filings, submissions, approvals, licenses, registrations, permits, notifications and authorizations (or waivers), all correspondence submitted to or received from Regulatory Authorities (including minutes and official contact reports relating to any communications with any Regulatory Authority), all reports and documentation in connection with studies and tests (including study reports and study protocols, and copies of all interim study analysis), and all Data contained in any of the foregoing, with respect to the testing, Development, manufacture or Commercialization of any Licensed Product, including any IND, NDA, MAA, Regulatory Approval, manufacturing data and drug master files.

“ Regulatory Exclusivity ” means any exclusive marketing rights or data exclusivity rights conferred by any Regulatory Authority with respect to a pharmaceutical product other than Patents, including orphan drug exclusivity, market exclusivity, data exclusivity, or pediatric exclusivity.

“ Remedial Action ” has the meaning set forth in Section 5.4 ( Remedial Actions ).

“ Reporting Party ” has the meaning set forth in Section 12.9 ( Reporting of Financial Information ).

“ Research Plan ” means, for each Collaboration Program, the detailed plan agreed in writing by the Parties for the conduct of such Collaboration Program, including the indication(s) of interest, budget, allocation of resources, timelines and desired criteria for Collaboration Compounds arising from such Collaboration Program covering the activities to be performed from Collaboration Target nomination through the Initiation of GLP Toxicity Studies, as such plan may be modified in accordance with Section 3.2 (Research Plans). The Parties do not intend that any Research Plan will cover IND-enabling studies, unless otherwise agreed in writing by the Parties.

“ Research Plan Costs ” means Benitec FTE Costs and Out-of-Pocket Costs incurred by Benitec in the conduct of Development activities in accordance with the Research Plan, in each case to the extent incurred in accordance with this Agreement and the applicable Research Plan (including budget).

“ [***] ” means, collectively [***].

“ Royalty Term ” has the meaning set forth in Section 8.5(b) ( Royalty Term ).

“ Sale Transaction ” has the meaning set forth in Section 14.2(a) ( Assignment ).

“ Scheduled Target ” means any gene target set forth on Exhibit C .

“ SEC ” has the meaning set forth in Section 12.7(a) ( Disclosure to the SEC ).

“ Selling Entity ” means Axovant, its Affiliates and Sublicensees.

“ [***] ” has the meaning [***] as of the Effective Date.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ [***] ” has the meaning set forth in Section [***].

“ Sublicense ” means a license or sublicense to Develop, make, use, import, promote, offer for sale or sell any Compound or any Licensed Product.

“ Sublicensee ” means a Third Party to whom Axovant or its Affiliates has granted a Sublicense in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.

“ Tax ” or “ Taxes ” means any (a) all federal, provincial, territorial, state, municipal, local, foreign or other taxes, imposts, rates, levies, assessments and other charges in the nature of a tax (and all interest and penalties thereon and additions thereto imposed by any Governmental Authority), including all income, excise, franchise, gains, capital, real property, goods and services, transfer, value added, gross receipts, windfall profits, severance, ad valorem, personal property, production, sales, use, license, stamp, documentary stamp, mortgage recording, employment, payroll, social security, unemployment, disability, estimated or withholding taxes, and all customs and import duties, together with all interest, penalties and additions thereto imposed with respect to such amounts, in each case whether disputed or not; (b) any liability for the payment of any amounts of the type described in clause (a) as a result of being or having been a member of an affiliated, consolidated, combined or unitary group; and (c) any liability for the payment of any amounts as a result of being party to any tax sharing agreement or arrangement or as a result of any express or implied obligation to indemnify any other person with respect to the payment of any amounts of the type described in clause (a) or (b).

“ Term ” has the meaning set forth in Section 13.1 ( Term ).

“ Territory ” means worldwide.

“ Third Party ” means any entity other than Benitec or Axovant or an Affiliate of Benitec or Axovant.

“ [***] ” has the meaning set forth in Section [***].

“ Transfer Tax ” has the meaning set forth in Section 8.10(e) ( Transfer Tax ).

“ Unavailable Target ” means a gene target other than the Scheduled Targets with respect to which, at the relevant time, (a) Benitec has granted rights to a Third Party, or owes obligations to a Third Party, which rights or obligations are inconsistent with the rights Axovant would have, and the obligations Benitec would have, under this Agreement if such Target were to become a Collaboration Target, provided that Benitec’s entering into the applicable arrangement with such Third Party was not a breach of Benitec’s obligations under this Agreement; or (b) [***].

“ United States ” or “ U.S. ” means the United States of America, including its territories and possessions.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

“ Valid Claim ” means a claim of (a) an issued and unexpired Patent that has not been revoked or held unenforceable, unpatentable or invalid by a decision of a court or other governmental agency of competent jurisdiction that is not appealable or has not been appealed within the time allowed for appeal, and that has not been abandoned, disclaimed or admitted to be invalid or unenforceable through reissue, re-examination or disclaimer or otherwise; or (b) a pending Patent application that has not been finally abandoned or finally rejected or expired and which has been pending for no more than [***] years from the date of filing of the earliest priority Patent application to which such pending Patent application is entitled to claim benefit.

“ VAT ” means value added tax, goods and services tax, sales tax or other similar tax. For the avoidance of doubt, “VAT” shall include Australian Goods and Services Tax.

“ VAT-Exclusive Consideration ” has the meaning set forth in Section 8.10(d) ( VAT ).

ARTICLE II

LICENSE GRANTS

2.1 Licenses to Axovant . Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Benitec hereby grants to Axovant an exclusive (even as to Benitec, subject to Section 2.3(a) ( Rights Retained by Benitec; License to Benitec )), royalty-bearing license, with the right to grant Sublicenses including through multiple tiers only in accordance with and to the extent permitted by Section 2.2 ( Sublicense Rights ), under the Benitec Technology to research, Develop, make, have made, use, distribute, sell, offer for sale, have sold, import, export and otherwise Commercialize Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory.

2.2 Sublicense Rights . Subject to the terms of this Section 2.2 ( Sublicense Rights ), Axovant may grant Sublicenses of the licenses granted in Section 2.1 ( Licenses to Axovant ) through multiple tiers to Affiliates of Axovant or to any Third Parties without the prior written consent of Benitec. Notwithstanding the foregoing, each such sublicense to a Third Party shall be granted only pursuant to written agreements that (a) do not purport to grant to the sublicensee any greater or broader rights or licenses under the Benitec Technology than those granted to Axovant under this Agreement, (b) obligate the sublicensee to comply with the restrictions applicable to Axovant relating to the Benitec Technology and all licenses granted under this Agreement, as applicable to the activities of the relevant Sublicensee, and (c) bind the sublicensee to confidentiality obligations at least as protective of Confidential Information as ARTICLE XII. Axovant shall be responsible and liable for the acts and omissions of each of its sublicensees as if such acts and omissions are Axovant’s own. Axovant shall provide Benitec with written notice of any sublicense to any Third Party (other than a sublicense to a subcontractor described in Section 4.5 ( Axovant Subcontractors )) [***] and shall provide a complete copy of the Sublicense agreement to Benitec at such time; provided , however , that Axovant may redact any confidential or proprietary information contained therein that is not reasonably necessary for Benitec to determine compliance with this Agreement. For clarity, Axovant may not redact information reasonably necessary for Benitec to determine the value of any payment owed to Benitec (to the extent such disclosure is not prohibited by any existing contractual or legal obligation binding on Axovant). For clarity, any information provided by Axovant to Benitec under this Section 2.2 ( Sublicense Rights ) shall be the Confidential Information of Axovant. [***].

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

2.3 Rights Retained by Benitec; License to Benitec .

(a) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, Benitec retains (i) the right under the Benitec Technology to itself research, Develop and use Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory solely as necessary to perform its obligations under this Agreement, and

(ii) all right, title and interest in and to the Benitec Technology that is not expressly licensed by Benitec to Axovant pursuant to Sections 2.1 ( Licenses to Axovant ) and 2.2 ( Sublicense Rights ).

(b) Axovant hereby grants to Benitec a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free, sublicensable (through multiple tiers) (solely in accordance with the following sentence) license under all Axovant Technology solely to the extent necessary for Benitec to perform its obligations under the BB-301 Development Plan or each applicable Research Plan. The foregoing license grant may be sublicensed solely to permitted service providers performing services on behalf of Benitec to comply with its obligations hereunder as provided in Section 3.1 ( General; Target Selection; Encumbrances ).


2.4	Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 .

(a) Promptly following the Effective Date, the Parties shall agree in writing on a plan for the transfer of Benitec Know-How (including the Data therein) by Benitec or its Affiliate(s) including certain tangible materials Controlled by Benitec as of the Effective Date relating to BB-301 to Axovant, an outline of which is attached hereto as Exhibit 2.4 (the “ BB-301 Transfer Plan ”). As soon as practical and pursuant to the BB-301 Transfer Plan, Benitec shall (itself or through its Affiliate(s)) commence disclosing and making available to Axovant the Benitec Know-How and materials listed in the BB-301 Transfer Plan and all additional Benitec Know-How required or reasonably useful in connection with the Development of the BB-301 Compound, according to the timeline set forth in the BB-301 Transfer Plan, and Benitec shall use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to complete such transfer no later than [***] after the Effective Date. The Parties shall cooperate with each other in good faith to enable a smooth transfer of such Benitec Know-How to Axovant. Upon Axovant’s reasonable request, Benitec shall provide reasonable technical assistance, including making appropriate personnel available to Axovant at reasonable times, places, and frequency, and upon reasonable prior notice, for the purpose of assisting Axovant to understand and use the Benitec Know-How in connection with Axovant’s Development and manufacture of BB-301 Products, which shall include using Commercially Reasonable Efforts to cause its contract manufacturers or other providers to provide reasonable assistance in connection with the same.

(b) If (i) one or both Parties become aware of Benitec Know-How relating to BB- 301 that was Controlled by Benitec as of the Effective Date but was not transferred to Axovant; or

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(ii) one or both Parties become aware of Benitec Know-How relating to BB-301 that first came within the Control of Benitec after the Effective Date; then, in each case of (i) and (ii), Benitec shall (itself or through its Affiliate(s)) promptly upon identifying any such Benitec Know-How disclose and transfer such Benitec Know-How (including tangible materials relating thereto) to Axovant, and Benitec shall provide reasonable technical assistance, including making appropriate personnel available to Axovant at reasonable times, places, and frequency, and upon reasonable prior notice, for the purpose of assisting Axovant to understand and use such Benitec Know-How in connection with Axovant’s Development and manufacture of BB-301 Compounds and BB-301 Products.

(c) Benitec shall, at Axovant’s request, use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to make such introductions and facilitate discussions with CMOs, contract research organizations and other Third Parties that have performed services related to BB-301 on behalf of Benitec in order for Axovant to evaluate and potentially contract for such Third Parties’ services, to the extent such evaluation and potential contracting relates to BB-301. Subject to the foregoing, Benitec shall use (itself or through its Affiliate(s)) Commercially Reasonable Efforts to transfer the work for BB- 301 Compounds by Third Parties that is on-going as of the Effective Date, as described in Schedule 10.4(m) , to Axovant, either by assignment of the relevant contract to Axovant or its Affiliate promptly following the Effective Date or consenting to the transfer of such work (including any data and materials) to Axovant or its Affiliate under a separate contract between Axovant or its Affiliate and the applicable Third Party.

(d) Axovant will reimburse and pay Benitec for its time incurred in performing its obligations under this Section 2.4 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ) at the Benitec FTE Rate; provided , however , that the first [***] Benitec FTE hours provided under this Section 2.4 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ) shall be free of charge. The following costs and fees for the assistance described in this Section 2.4 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ) shall be reimbursed and paid by Axovant pursuant to Section 8.2(c) ( Reimbursement of Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs ): (i) the amounts actually paid by Benitec to Third Parties, including vendors or contractors, for services or materials provided by them in furtherance of such assistance, as well as any penalties or termination fees paid as a result of Section 2.4(c) ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ), and (ii) the product of the Benitec FTE Rate multiplied by the number of Benitec FTE hours provided in excess of the above- referenced free [***], in each case of (i) and (ii) that are directly related to the assistance provided by Benitec or its Affiliate pursuant to this Section 2.4 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ) (collectively, the “ Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs ”). The Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs shall be reimbursed by Axovant in accordance with Section 8.2(c) ( Reimbursement of Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs ).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(e) Third Party Consents. The Parties acknowledge that the transfer of certain Benitec Know-How related to the manufacture of Licensed Products, including chemistry, cell line technology, manufacturing and controls information and other biologic manufacturing and process development technology may be subject to the consent of [***] or other Third Party contract manufacturers. Promptly following the Effective Date, Benitec shall use diligent efforts to obtain such consent from [***] or such other contractors as soon as practicable and, if consent is obtained, then upon obtaining such consent, shall (itself or through its Affiliate(s)) transfer such manufacturing-related Benitec Know-How to Axovant (or its designee) to enable Axovant (or its designee) to manufacture Licensed Products, provided that Axovant shall reasonably cooperate with Benitec in connection with such consent and transfer, including by providing information requested by [***] or such other contractors and agreeing to reasonable covenants that [***] or such other contractors may require to protect their respective interests in connection with such transfer. Axovant shall have no obligation to reimburse Benitec for any amounts that may be owed to [***] or such other contractors in connection with obtaining consents therefrom.

2.5 No Implied Licenses . Other than as expressly set forth in this Agreement, neither Party grants any licenses to the other Party hereunder. Except as expressly set forth in this Agreement, neither Party shall acquire any license or other intellectual property interest, by implication or otherwise, under or to any Patents, Know-How or other intellectual property owned or controlled by the other Party.


2.6	Exclusivity .

(a) Target Exclusivity . During the Term, but subject to Section 13.3(a)(ii) ( Effect of Termination ), Benitec shall not conduct, itself or through an Affiliate or Third Party, and shall not enable a Third Party to conduct, any pre-clinical or clinical development, manufacture, promotion, or commercialization of any compound, construct, composition or biological entity, regardless of modality directed to (i) any Collaboration Target for which Axovant is then developing a Collaboration Compound, or (ii) PABPN1.

(b) Selection Period Exclusivity . Without limiting Section 2.6(a) ( Target Exclusivity ), Benitec shall not for a period of [***] following the Effective Date (the “ Initial Selection Period ”) commence or engage in any partnering discussions or initiate any new internal development activities, in either case, with respect to any research or development program directed to a gene target that, as of the Effective Date is not an Unavailable Target, without first providing Axovant notice of the identity of such gene target and providing Axovant with the opportunity to select such Target as a Collaboration Target under this Agreement.

(c) Acknowledgment . Each Party recognizes that the restrictions contained in this Section 2.6 ( Exclusivity ) are properly required for the adequate protection of the Parties’ rights hereunder, and agree that if any provision in this Section 2.6 ( Exclusivity ) is determined by any court to be unenforceable by reason of its extending for too great a period of time or over too great a geographic area, or by reason of its being too extensive in any other respect, such restrictions shall be interpreted to extend only for the longest period of time and over the greatest geographic area, and to otherwise have the broadest application as shall be permissible and enforceable.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED


2.7	Provisions for Insolvency .

(a) 365N . All licenses now or hereafter granted under or pursuant to this Agreement, including, for the avoidance of doubt, the licenses granted pursuant to Sections 2.1 ( Licenses to Axovant ) and 2.3 ( Rights Retained by Benitec; License to Benitec ), are, for all purposes of Section 365(n) of Title 11 of the United States Code, as amended (the “ Bankruptcy Code ”), licenses of rights to “intellectual property” as defined in the Bankruptcy Code. Upon the occurrence of any Insolvency Event with respect to a Party, the Parties agree that the other Party, as licensee of such licenses under this Agreement, shall retain and may fully exercise all of its rights and elections under the Bankruptcy Code with respect to such licenses. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Benitec and Axovant intend and agree that any sale of a Party’s assets under Section 363 of the Bankruptcy Code shall be subject to the other Party’s rights under Section 365(n), that a Party cannot be compelled to accept a money satisfaction of its interests in the intellectual property licensed pursuant to this Agreement, and that any such sale therefore may not be made to a purchaser “free and clear” of such Party’s rights under this Agreement and Section 365(n) without the express, contemporaneous consent of such Party. Further, each Party agrees and acknowledges that all payments by Axovant to Benitec hereunder, other than the milestone payments pursuant to Section 8.3 ( Milestone Payments ), the profit-based royalty payments pursuant to Section 8.4 ( Profit-Based Royalties for BB-301 Products ) and the royalty payments pursuant to Section 8.5 ( Royalty Payments for Collaboration Products ), do not constitute royalties within the meaning of Section 365(n) of the Bankruptcy Code or relate to licenses of intellectual property hereunder. Each Party shall, during the Term, create and maintain current copies or, if not amenable to copying, detailed descriptions or other appropriate embodiments, to the extent feasible, of all intellectual property licensed pursuant to this Agreement. Benitec and Axovant acknowledge and agree that “embodiments” of intellectual property within the meaning of Section 365(n) include laboratory notebooks, cell lines, vectors, reagents, assays, product samples and inventory, research studies and data, Regulatory Documentation and Regulatory Approvals. If (i) a case under the Bankruptcy Code is commenced by or against a Party, (ii) this Agreement is rejected as provided in the Bankruptcy Code, and (iii) the other Party elects to retain its rights hereunder as provided in Section 365(n) of the Bankruptcy Code, such Party (in any capacity, including debtor-in-possession) and its successors and assigns (including a trustee) shall:

(A) provide to the other Party all such intellectual property (including all embodiments thereof) held by such Party and such successors and assigns, or otherwise available to them, immediately upon the other Party’s written request. Whenever such Party or any of its successors or assigns provides to the other Party any of the intellectual property licensed hereunder (or any embodiment thereof) pursuant to this Section 2.7 ( Provisions for Insolvency ), the other Party shall have the right to perform such Party’s obligations hereunder with respect to such intellectual property, but neither such provision nor such performance by the other Party shall release such Party from liability resulting from rejection of the license or the failure to perform such obligations; and

(B) not interfere with the other Party’s rights under this Agreement, or any agreement supplemental hereto, to such intellectual property (including such embodiments), including any right to obtain such intellectual property (or such embodiments) from another entity, to the extent provided in Section 365(n) of the Bankruptcy Code.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(b) Cumulative Remedies . All rights, powers and remedies of the other Party provided herein are in addition to and not in substitution for any and all other rights, powers and remedies now or hereafter existing at law or in equity (including the Bankruptcy Code) in the event of the commencement of a case under the Bankruptcy Code with respect to such Party. The Parties agree that they intend the following rights to extend to the maximum extent permitted by law, and to be enforceable under Bankruptcy Code Section 365(n):

(i) the right of access to any intellectual property (including all embodiments thereof) of such Party, or any Third Party with whom such Party contracts to perform an obligation of such Party under this Agreement, and, in the case of the Third Party, which is necessary for the manufacture, use, sale, import or export of Licensed Products; and

(ii) the right to contract directly with any Third Party to complete the contracted work.

ARTICLE III

COLLABORATION PROGRAMS

3.1 General; Target Selection; Encumbrances . During the Term, the Parties will collaborate on, and Axovant will pursue and fund as required under this Agreement (in accordance with the budget set forth in the relevant Research Plan and Section 8.2 ( Reimbursement of Benitec Costs )), [***] five (5) Collaboration Programs, each targeting a different Collaboration Target, in accordance with the terms of this ARTICLE III ( Collaboration Programs ). As of the Effective Date, Axovant has identified the five (5) gene targets that it believes will be suitable as subjects for a Collaboration Program, which are identified as the Scheduled Targets hereunder on Exhibit C attached hereto. At the conclusion of the Initial Selection Period, Axovant shall confirm in writing the five (5) Collaboration Targets to which each of five (5) Collaboration Programs will be directed, which for clarity may differ from the Scheduled Targets on Exhibit C as of the Effective Date. With respect to any Research Plan, if any Third Party intellectual property that has been licensed to Benitec or its Affiliates is proposed by Benitec for use in the Collaboration Program to which such Research Plan relates, Benitec shall disclose all terms related to the use (including prosecution and enforcement rights) of such intellectual property (other than financial terms for which Benitec shall remain solely responsible) in writing to Axovant prior to the execution of the Research Plan therefor. Benitec will not subcontract any work under any Research Plan or the BB-301 Development Plan to any Third Party except with Axovant’s prior written consent, which will not be unreasonably withheld.

3.2 Research Plans . Promptly following Axovant’s confirmation of the initial Collaboration Targets pursuant to Section 3.1 ( General; Target Selection; Encumbrances ), the Parties shall negotiate in good faith to agree in writing upon a Research Plan for each Collaboration Program. Without limiting Sections 3.4 ( Failed Collaboration Products; Substitute Targets and Substitute Products ) or 3.5 ( Termination of Research Plan for Cause ), the Parties shall cooperate in good faith to modify and update each Research Plan from time to time, as appropriate upon mutual agreement. Each Party shall use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to conduct its efforts under and in accordance with the applicable Research Plan, and shall comply with all Applicable Laws in connection with its conduct of such Research Plan, and, in the case of Benitec, secure audit rights from each vendor performing work under such Research Plan in a scope reasonably acceptable to Axovant.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

3.3 Costs . Axovant shall reimburse Benitec for its Research Plan Costs incurred after the Effective Date in connection with the conduct of each Research Plan (including Benitec FTEs at the Benitec FTE Rate) in accordance with the budget set forth in such Research Plan and Section 8.2 ( Reimbursement of Benitec Costs ). Except as set forth in the preceding sentence and in Section 8.2 ( Reimbursement of Benitec Costs ), each Party shall bear its own costs and expenses incurred in connection with its performance of any Research Plan and Collaboration Program.

3.4 Failed Collaboration Products; Substitute Targets and Substitute Products .

(a) Axovant shall promptly notify Benitec in writing of any Collaboration Program under which, in Axovant’s good faith determination, it is either (i) not technically feasible (including due to safety issues) to generate successful Collaboration Products under the then- current state of the art, or (ii) not commercially viable to Develop or Commercialize Collaboration Products arising from such Collaboration Program (such written notice, a “ Failure Notice ” and the gene target of such Collaboration Program, a “ Failed Target ”). If, notwithstanding the delivery of a Failure Notice, Benitec believes in good faith that the generation of viable Collaboration Products arising from the relevant existing Collaboration Program is technically feasible, then Benitec shall so notify Axovant in writing (an “ Objection Notice ”) within [***] following receipt of such Failure Notice and the Parties shall promptly meet and discuss in good faith whether such Collaboration Product is technically feasible or commercially unviable. Axovant shall advise Benitec in writing of its final decision as to whether such Collaboration Target is a Failed Target within [***] following its receipt of such notice from Benitec, or such longer period as the Parties may agree in writing. If Benitec does not provide Axovant with an Objection Notice as set forth above, then such Collaboration Program shall be deemed to be a “ Failed Program ” commencing [***] following Benitec’s receipt of a Failure Notice therefor. If Benitec does provide Axovant with an Objection Notice as set forth above and Axovant does not agree with Benitec following consultation with Benitec, then such Collaboration Program shall be deemed to be a Failed Program commencing [***] following Benitec’s receipt of a Failure Notice therefor or such longer period as the Parties may agree in writing.

(b) Upon a Collaboration Program becoming a Failed Program: (i) all activities under this Agreement with respect to the Collaboration Program directed to the Failed Target shall cease; (ii) the licenses granted by Benitec to Axovant pursuant to Section 2.1 ( Licenses to Axovant ) shall terminate with respect to such Failed Program, and (iii) [***]

(c) For any Failed Program, Axovant shall have the right, but not the obligation, to elect to select one (1) different gene target to replace the relevant Failed Target (such newly selected gene target, a “ Substitute Target ”), provided that (i) [***], and (ii) Axovant may not, without the consent of Benitec, elect as a Substitute Target any genetic target that is an Unavailable Target.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED


(d)	Upon Axovant’s provision of a Substitution Notice for a given Failed Target,

(i) all activities under this Agreement with respect to the Collaboration Program directed to the Failed Target shall cease; (ii) the Substitute Target shall be deemed a Collaboration Target and the program to be undertaken by the Parties directed to the discovery and Development of a gene therapy product directed against such new Collaboration Target shall be deemed a new substitute Collaboration Program hereunder; and (iii) the Parties shall agree to a Research Plan for the new substitute Collaboration Program to replace the Research Plan from the Collaboration Program for the Failed Target. For clarity, with respect to each Failed Target, (A) the licenses granted by Benitec to Axovant pursuant to Section 2.1 ( Licenses to Axovant ) shall, as of the date that new Research Plan is agreed for such new Collaboration Program, terminate with respect to the relevant Collaboration Products directed to the relevant Failed Target, but, for clarity, shall continue solely with respect to any Licensed Products Directed to such Failed Target and other Research Target and (B) [***].

3.5 Termination of Research Plan for Cause . If Axovant reasonably and in good faith believes that Benitec is materially failing to perform its obligations in connection with a Research Plan, then Axovant may deliver written notice thereof. Benitec shall have [***] from the receipt of notice to cure such alleged failure. If Benitec does not cure such failure within such [***] period, then Axovant may terminate such Research Plan on written notice of termination. In such event, Axovant may, by written notice to Benitec, elect to continue the Collaboration Program relating to such Research Plan. In such event: (a) Benitec shall perform the technology transfer described in Section 3.7 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ), and (b) without limiting any other remedy that may be available to Axovant hereunder, all milestone and royalty payment obligations under this Agreement from Axovant to Benitec with respect to such Collaboration Program thereafter shall be reduced by [***]. If Benitec disputes Axovant’s position that Benitec was materially failing to perform its obligations or failed to cure any such failure during the cure period, then, in either case, [***].

3.6 Decision-Making Authority . In the event of any dispute relating to the content of a Research Plan or conduct of a Collaboration Program, Axovant shall have the right of final decision following good faith consultation with Benitec, provided that Axovant may not use such right of final decision to (a) cause Benitec to undertake work that is not covered by the budget set forth in such Research Plan or is otherwise unreimbursed by Axovant, or to cause Benitec to take any action that Benitec reasonably believes to be in violation of Applicable Laws based on the written advice of its counsel, or (b) change the Collaboration Target of the Research Plan or Collaboration Program (which shall not be changed unless agreed upon in writing by the Parties) or as otherwise set forth in Section 3.4 ( Failed Collaboration Products; Substitute Targets and Substitute Products ).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED


3.7	Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs .

(a) For each Collaboration Program, upon the date that is [***] following Benitec’s completion of its activities under the applicable Research Plan or Axovant’s written request, the Parties will agree in writing on a plan for the transfer of Benitec Know-How (including the Data therein) by Benitec or its Affiliate(s) relating to such Collaboration Program to Axovant, including all Collaboration Compounds and related materials arising from such Collaboration Program (a “ Collaboration Program Transfer Plan ”). The Parties intend that each Collaboration Program Transfer Plan encompass the transfer to Axovant of all Benitec Know-How (including tangible materials) Controlled by Benitec as of the date of such transfer as is necessary or reasonably useful to enable Axovant’s Development and manufacture of the Collaboration Compounds and Collaboration Product arising from such Collaboration Program. As soon as practical and pursuant to such Collaboration Program Transfer Plan, Benitec shall (itself or through its Affiliate(s)) commence disclosing and making available to Axovant the Benitec Know-How and materials listed in the Collaboration Program Transfer Plan, according to the timeline set forth in the Collaboration Program Transfer Plan, and Benitec shall (itself or through its Affiliate(s)) use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to complete such transfer no later than [***] after the Effective Date. The Parties shall cooperate with each other in good faith to enable a smooth transfer of such Benitec Know-How to Axovant. Upon Axovant’s reasonable request, Benitec shall provide reasonable technical assistance, including making appropriate personnel available to Axovant at reasonable times, places, and frequency, and upon reasonable prior notice, for the purpose of assisting Axovant to understand and use the Benitec Know-How in connection with Axovant’s Development and manufacture of Collaboration Compounds and Collaboration Products.

(b) If (i) one or both Parties become aware of Benitec Know-How relating to a Collaboration Program that was Controlled by Benitec as of the Effective Date but was not transferred to Axovant; or (ii) one or both Parties become aware of Benitec Know-How relating to a Collaboration Program that first came within the Control of Benitec after the Effective Date; then, in each case of (i) and (ii), Benitec shall promptly upon identifying any such Benitec Know- How disclose and transfer such Benitec Know-How (including tangible materials relating thereto) to Axovant, and Benitec shall provide reasonable technical assistance, including making appropriate personnel available to Axovant at reasonable times, places, and frequency, and upon reasonable prior notice, for the purpose of assisting Axovant to understand and use such Benitec Know-How in connection with Axovant’s Development and manufacture of Collaboration Compounds and Collaboration Products arising from such Collaboration Program.

(c) Benitec shall, at Axovant’s request, use reasonable efforts to make such introductions and facilitate discussions with CMOs, contract research organizations and other Third Parties that have performed services related to each Collaboration Program on behalf of Benitec in order for Axovant to evaluate and potentially contract for such Third Parties’ services, to the extent such evaluation and potential contracting relates to the Collaboration Program.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(d) Axovant will reimburse and pay Benitec for its time incurred in performing its obligations under this Section 3.7 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ) at the Benitec FTE Rate; provided , however , that the [***] provided pursuant to this Section 3.7 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ) shall be free of charge. The following costs and fees for the assistance described in this Section 3.7 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ) shall be reimbursed and paid by Axovant pursuant to Section 8.2(d) ( Reimbursement of Benitec Collaboration Program Transfer Costs ): (i) the amounts actually paid by Benitec to Third Parties, including vendors or contractors, for services or materials provided by them in furtherance of such assistance, and (ii) the product of the Benitec FTE Rate multiplied by the number of Benitec FTE hours provided in excess of the above-referenced free [***], in each case of (i) and (ii) that are directly related to the assistance provided by Benitec pursuant to this Section 3.7 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ) (collectively, the “ Benitec Collaboration Program Transfer Costs ”). The Benitec Collaboration Program Transfer Costs shall be reimbursed by Axovant in accordance with Section 8.2(d) ( Reimbursement of Benitec Collaboration Program Transfer Costs ).

ARTICLE IV

DEVELOPMENT; JOINT RESEARCH COMMITTEE

4.1 General .

(a) BB-301 Development Plan . Promptly following the Effective Date, the Parties shall agree in writing upon the BB-301 Development Plan. The Parties shall cooperate in good faith to modify and update the BB-301 Development Plan from time to time as reasonably necessary in connection with the Development of BB-301 Products. In the event of any dispute regarding the BB-301 Development Plan or modification thereto, Axovant shall have the final decision following good faith consultation with Benitec. Benitec shall use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to conduct the BB-301 Retained Development Activities under and in accordance with the BB-301 Development Plan, and shall comply with all Applicable Laws in connection with its conduct of such BB-301 Retained Development Activities. In the event of any dispute relating to the content of the BB-301 Development Plan or conduct of activities thereunder, Axovant shall have the right of final decision following good faith consultation with Benitec, provided that Axovant may not use such right of final decision to cause Benitec to undertake work that is not covered by the budget set forth in the BB-301 Development Plan or is otherwise unreimbursed by Axovant, or to cause Benitec to take any action that Benitec reasonably believes to be in violation of Applicable Laws based on the written advice of its counsel. Benitec (i) will not change any subcontractors that are engaged in the Development of BB-301 as of the Effective Date or during the Term without Axovant’s prior written consent, not to be unreasonably withheld and (ii) secure audit rights from each vendor performing any new work under the BB-301 Development Plan in a scope reasonably acceptable to Axovant.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(b) General Development Responsibilities for BB-301 . Except as set forth in Section 4.1(d) ( Benitec Development Responsibilities ), following the completion of the initial technology transfer for BB-301 as set forth in Section 2.4(a) ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ), Axovant shall be responsible for the Development of BB-301 Compounds and BB- 301 Products in the Field in the Territory, including the performance of preclinical and clinical studies of any BB-301 Compound or BB-301 Product in the Field and the manufacture and supply of BB-301 Compounds and BB-301 Products for use in such Development work. Axovant shall provide Benitec with [***], reasonably detailed written summary updates of its pre-clinical and clinical Development plans, progress, and results for BB-301 Compounds and BB-301 Products. As between the Parties, Axovant shall be solely responsible for the cost for the Development of BB-301 Compounds and BB-301 Products in the Field in the Territory, subject to Section 8.2 ( Reimbursement of Benitec Costs ).

(c) General Development Responsibilities for Collaboration Programs . Except as set forth in Section 4.1(d) ( Benitec Development Responsibilities ), following the completion of the initial technology transfer for a Collaboration Program as set forth in Section 3.7(a) ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ), and except as set forth in the relevant Research Plan, Axovant shall be solely responsible for the Development of Collaboration Compounds and Collaboration Product arising from such Collaboration Program in the Field in the Territory, including the performance of preclinical and clinical studies of any such Collaboration Compound or Collaboration Product in the Field and the manufacture and supply of such Collaboration Compounds and Collaboration Product for use in such Development work. Axovant shall provide Benitec with [***], reasonably detailed written summary updates of its pre-clinical and clinical Development plans, progress, and results for Collaboration Compounds and Collaboration Products. As between the Parties, Axovant shall be solely responsible for the cost for the Development of Collaboration Compounds and Collaboration Products in the Field in the Territory, subject to Section 8.2 ( Reimbursement of Benitec Costs ).

(d) Benitec Development Responsibilities . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 4.1(b) ( General Development Responsibilities for BB-301 ) or Section 4.1(c) ( General Development Responsibilities for Collaboration Programs ), subject to Section 4.1(a) ( BB-301 Development Plan ) , Benitec will continue to have responsibility with respect to those Development activities for BB-301 Products and Collaboration Products as and to the extent set forth in the BB-301 Development Plan and each Research Plan. For the avoidance of doubt, Benitec shall be compensated for the continued performance of the foregoing activities as set forth in the BB-301 Development Plan or the relevant Research Plan, as set forth in Section 8.2 ( Reimbursement of Benitec Costs ). Benitec shall maintain complete, current and accurate records of all activities conducted by or on behalf of Benitec under the BB-301 Development and each Research Plan (including records of all costs for which Benitec intends to seek reimbursement hereunder), and all data and other information resulting from such activities in accordance with Benitec’s standard procedures. Such records shall properly reflect all work done and results achieved in the performance of the activities in good scientific manner appropriate for regulatory and patent purposes.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

4.2 Development Diligence . Axovant, directly or indirectly through Affiliates or Sublicensees, shall use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to Develop and to seek Regulatory Approval for at least one Collaboration Product from each Collaboration Program in the Field in each Major Markets. In addition, Axovant shall use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to Develop and to seek Regulatory Approval for at least one BB-301 Product in OPMD in each of the BB-301 Major Markets. If Axovant determines to cease pursuing, directly or through its Affiliates or Sublicensees, all BB-301 Products or all Collaboration Products from a Collaboration Program, then Axovant shall notify Benitec thereof in writing as soon as practicable. Such notice shall be deemed to be a notice of termination for convenience pursuant to Section 13.2(a) ( Termination by Axovant for Convenience ) with respect to BB-301 Products or such Collaboration Program, as applicable.

4.3 Development Records . Axovant shall maintain complete, current and accurate records of all Development activities conducted by or on behalf of Axovant, its Affiliates and Sublicensees for any Compound and Licensed Product in the Field, and all data and other information resulting from such activities in accordance with Axovant’s standard procedures. Such records shall properly reflect all work done and results achieved in the performance of the Development activities in good scientific manner appropriate for regulatory and patent purposes.

4.4 Compliance. Axovant agrees that, in performing its obligations under this Agreement, (a) it shall comply with all Applicable Laws, and (b) it shall not employ or engage any person who has been debarred or disqualified by any Regulatory Authority, or debarred, disqualified, excluded, suspended or otherwise determined to be ineligible to participate in any health care programs of any Governmental Entity, or, to its Knowledge, is the subject of any actions, or proceedings by any Governmental Authority for any such debarment, disqualification, exclusion, suspension or ineligibility.

4.5 Axovant Subcontractors . Axovant, its Affiliates and its Sublicensees may engage subcontractors for the performance of its obligations under this Agreement and shall cause the subcontractors engaged by it to be bound by written obligations of confidentiality and non-use of Benitec’s Confidential Information consistent with those contained herein, and Axovant shall remain primarily responsible for the performance of such subcontractors and responsible and liable for the acts and omissions of its subcontractors as if such acts and omissions are Axovant’s own.


4.6	Joint Research Committee.

(a) Establishment . Promptly following the Effective Date, Axovant and Benitec shall establish a joint research committee (the “ JRC ”) (i) to evaluate and discuss the Collaboration Programs under this Agreement, (ii) to facilitate the conduct of the BB-301 Development Plan and sharing of information with respect to any the activities conducted thereunder, and (iii) to facilitate the conduct of the Research Plans and sharing of information with respect to the Collaboration Programs.

(b) Responsibilities . The JRC shall be responsible for:

(i) Evaluating and discussing the Collaboration Programs and products and technologies in relation thereto, including discussing the suitability of potential Substitute Targets proposed by Axovant for inclusion as Collaboration Targets under this Agreement;

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(ii) Monitoring, reviewing and providing feedback and guidance with respect to the conduct of each Research Plan and the BB-301 Development Plan, including the progress thereof;

(iii) Reviewing and discussing any activities proposed to be added or withdrawn from a Research Plan or BB-301 Development Plan;

(iv) Reviewing and discussing any proposed updates to each Research Plan or the BB-301 Development Plan, as applicable;

(v) Facilitating the transfer of Know-How and Regulatory Materials from Benitec to Axovant as provided herein (including establishing appropriate procedures therefor);

(vi) Reviewing and discussing any guidance received from Regulatory Authorities that either Party reasonably believes would be applicable to the activities under this Agreement; and

(vii) Reviewing and discussing such other issues as brought to the JRC by one of the Parties or its delegates to the JRC.

(c) Limitation on Authority . For clarity, the JRC is not and shall not be a decision-making body under this Agreement, but rather is intended to operate solely as an advisory and informational body.

(d) Membership . The JRC shall consist of two representatives from each of Benitec and Axovant with the appropriate experience and seniority to perform the obligations of the JRC. Either Party may replace its respective representative(s) at any time with prior written notice to the other Party. Axovant shall appoint one of its representatives to the JRC to chair the meetings of the JRC (the “ Chairperson ”). The Chairperson, in coordination with Benitec’s JRC representatives, shall coordinate, schedule and ensure the orderly conduct of the JRC’s meetings. If any representative of the JRC from a Party is unable to attend or participate in any meeting of the JRC, then such Party may appoint a substitute representative for the meeting (including in the case of Axovant, a substitute Chairperson).

(e) Meetings . Subject to Section 4.6(f) ( Disbandment ), the JRC shall hold meetings (either in person or by teleconference) at such times and places as Chairperson determines are reasonably necessary for the JRC to conduct its responsibilities, provided that, unless the Parties otherwise agree, the JRC shall meet at least on a [***] basis. Each Party shall bear its own costs associated with attending such meetings. As appropriate, other employees or consultants of a Party or its Affiliates may attend JRC meetings as observers subject to the confidentiality provisions in ARTICLE XII ( Confidentiality; Publication ). Each Party may also call for special meetings to address matters requiring prompt attention with at least [***] (or such shorter period as necessary to address exigent matters) to address particular matters identified by such Party in such notice.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(f) Disbandment . The JRC shall continue to exist until the Parties mutually agree to disband the JRC, at which time the JRC shall disband, have no further responsibilities under this Agreement and will be considered dissolved by the Parties.

ARTICLE V

REGULATORY

5.1 Regulatory Responsibilities . Axovant shall be responsible for all regulatory activities necessary to obtain and maintain Regulatory Approval of Compounds and Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory. Axovant shall keep Benitec informed of material regulatory developments related to Compounds and Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory.

5.2 Regulatory Documentation . Benitec shall and hereby does assign to Axovant, all Regulatory Documentation and Regulatory Approvals related to any Compound or Licensed Product, and shall promptly take all actions reasonably requested by Axovant to effect and evidence such assignment (it being understood that the foregoing rights of assignment shall revert to Benitec upon termination (but not expiration) of this Agreement in accordance with Section 13.3(b) ( Effect of Termination ), for whatever reason). Axovant shall prepare and submit all Regulatory Documentation for Compounds and Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory and shall own all Regulatory Documentation for Compounds and Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory. Upon reasonable advance request by Axovant, Benitec shall provide Axovant with, or provide Axovant access to, all raw data underlying or referenced in, any Regulatory Documentation, to the extent not provided as part of the transfer contemplated under Section 2.4 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ) or Section 3.7 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ); provided , however , that if Benitec is not able under Applicable Laws to provide access to Axovant to such raw data, and if such data is required or requested by any Regulatory Authority, Benitec shall provide such raw data directly to such Regulatory Authority on Axovant’s behalf upon request of Axovant.

5.3 Rights of Reference . Subject to Section 2.6 ( Exclusivity ), each Party hereby grants the other Party, and its Affiliates the right to use and reference all Regulatory Documentation (including data contained therein) and Regulatory Approvals for the Compounds and Licensed Products (including as the foregoing may relate to Benitec’s platform technologies, such as ddRNAi, used in connection with the Compounds and Licensed Products). The foregoing rights shall be exercisable by or through Axovant only with respect to regulatory submissions for Licensed Products and no other products and shall be exercisable by or through Benitec only with respect to regulatory submissions for programs that comply with Section 2.6 ( Exclusivity ). Either Party may allow its Affiliates or its Affiliate’s (sub)licensees (including sublicensees) or collaborators to exercise such right of reference or use of Regulatory Documentation of the other Party, its Affiliates or (sub)licensees or other collaborators, but only to the extent that such (sub)licensee or collaborator grants to such Party a right of reference or use of Regulatory Documentation of such licensee or collaborator that can be exercised by the other Party for purposes of obtaining and maintaining regulatory submissions for the Licensed Products (in the case of Axovant) or for any permitted products (in the case of Benitec), in which case such Regulatory Documentation of such licensee or collaborator shall be included in the grant of a right of reference to the applicable Party, as described in this Section 5.3 ( Right of Reference ). Each Party shall use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to obtain the consent of its (sub)licensees to grant the rights of reference described in this Section 5.3 ( Right of Reference ) to the other Party.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

5.4 Remedial Actions . Each Party shall notify the other Party immediately, and promptly confirm such notice in writing, if it obtains information indicating that a Licensed Product may be subject to any recall, corrective action, or other regulatory action with respect to the Licensed Product taken by virtue of Applicable Laws (a “ Remedial Action ”). The Parties shall assist each other in gathering and evaluating such information as is necessary to determine the necessity of conducting a Remedial Action.

ARTICLE VI

MANUFACTURING

6.1 Manufacturing Responsibilities . Except as otherwise provided for in a Research Plan, Axovant shall be solely responsible for all preclinical, clinical, and commercial manufacture and supply of Compounds and Licensed Products for all uses under this Agreement, at its sole expense. Axovant may conduct such manufacturing activities itself or through a CMO, subject to Sections 2.2 ( Sublicense Rights ) and 4.5 ( Axovant Subcontractors ).

6.2 Manufacturing Technology Transfer . In addition to Benitec’s obligations under Section 2.4 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ) and Section 3.7 ( Transfer of Know- How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ), Benitec shall (itself or through its Affiliate(s)) transfer to Axovant or its designee all process development work conducted by Benitec as of the Effective Date or during the Term to the extent that it is reasonably necessary or useful for the manufacture of any of Compound or Licensed Product at any time that such work is completed and ready to be transferred, solely for Axovant or its CMO to manufacture or have manufactured Compounds or Licensed Products in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement. Such transfer shall include copies of the Benitec Know-How and any tangible materials that are necessary for the implementation of such process development work in manufacture of Compounds or Licensed Products. Upon Axovant’s reasonable request, Benitec shall (itself or through its Affiliate(s)) provide reasonable technical assistance by making appropriate personnel available to Axovant at reasonable times, places, and frequency, and upon reasonable prior notice for up to an aggregate of [***], which shall be free of charge to Axovant, for the purpose of assisting Axovant to understand and use such Benitec Know-How for the manufacture of Compounds and Licensed Products. Thereafter, if requested by Axovant, Benitec shall continue to make its personnel available to Axovant and continue to perform such technology transfer obligations, provided that Axovant will reimburse and pay Benitec for its time incurred in performing such technology transfer obligations and providing such assistance at the Benitec FTE Rate. The following costs and fees for the manufacturing and technology transfer assistance described in this Section 6.2 ( Manufacturing Technology Transfer ) shall be reimbursed and paid by Axovant pursuant to Section 8.2(b) ( Reimbursement of Benitec Manufacturing Technology Transfer Costs ): (a) the Out-of-Pocket Costs incurred by Benitec or its Affiliate(s), and (b) the product of the Benitec FTE Rate multiplied by the number of Benitec FTE hours provided in excess of the above-referenced free [***], in each case of (a) and (b) that are directly related to such technology transfer or assistance (collectively, the “ Benitec Technology Transfer Costs ”). The Benitec Technology Transfer Costs shall be reimbursed by Axovant in accordance with Section 8.2(b) ( Reimbursement of Benitec Manufacturing Technology Transfer Costs ).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

ARTICLE VII

COMMERCIALIZATION

7.1 General . Axovant shall be responsible for all aspects of the Commercialization of the Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory, including: (a) developing and executing a commercial launch and pre-launch plan, (b) negotiating with applicable Governmental Authorities and others regarding the price and reimbursement status of the Licensed Products and obtaining and maintaining Pricing Approvals; (c) marketing, medical affairs, and promotion; (d) formulary access arrangements, including agreements with third party payers and pharmacy benefit managers; (e) advertising and promotional material and activities (f) storage, warehousing and distribution activities and any permits required in connection therewith; (g) booking sales and distribution and performance of related services; (h) handling all aspects of order processing, invoicing and collection, inventory and receivables; (i) providing customer support, including handling medical queries, and performing other related functions; and (j) conforming its practices and procedures to Applicable Law relating to the marketing, detailing and promotion of Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory. As between the Parties, Axovant shall be solely responsible for the costs and expenses of Commercialization of the Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory.

7.2 Commercial Diligence . Axovant, directly or indirectly through Affiliates or Sublicensees, shall use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to Commercialize each Licensed Product in the Field in each Major Market for which Axovant (or its Affiliates or Sublicensees) obtains Regulatory Approval for such Licensed Product. Approximately [***] months prior to the planned date of First Commercial Sale of a BB-301 Product or a Collaboration Product from a Collaboration Program, Axovant shall provide Benitec with a commercialization plan for such Licensed Product, including launch plans. [***].

ARTICLE VIII

FINANCIAL PROVISIONS

8.1 Upfront Payment . Axovant shall make a one-time, non-refundable upfront payment of Ten Million Dollars ($10,000,000) to Benitec within [***] Business Days after the Effective Date.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED


8.2	Reimbursement of Benitec Costs .

(a) Reimbursement of Research and Development Plan Costs. Axovant shall reimburse Benitec for all of Benitec’s Research Plan Costs and BB-301 Development Plan Costs, in each case to the extent incurred after the Effective Date, as follows: Within [***] after the end of each Calendar Quarter during which Benitec performs work under any Research Plan or BB-301 Development Plan, as applicable, Benitec shall submit to Axovant a reasonably detailed report setting forth the actual Research Plan Costs and BB-301 Development Plan Costs incurred by Benitec in such Calendar Quarter, together with an invoice therefor. Upon Axovant’s request, Benitec shall submit such additional documentation as Axovant may reasonably request to support such report and invoice. If Axovant in good faith believes that any such invoice is inaccurate, then Axovant may dispute such invoice by promptly notifying Benitec of such dispute regarding such invoice, which notice shall include a reasonably detailed explanation of the basis for the dispute, within [***] following the date on which Benitec submitted such invoice and, if Axovant timely raises such dispute, the Parties shall seek in good faith to promptly resolve any such dispute. Axovant shall pay all invoices submitted pursuant to this Section 8.2(a) ( Reimbursement of Research and Development Plan Costs ) to the extent not subject to a good faith dispute timely raised in accordance with the foregoing within [***] of receipt thereof. Axovant shall have no liability to Benitec under this Agreement for, and Benitec shall have no obligation to incur, Research Plan Costs or BB-301 Development Plan Costs in excess of the corresponding line item budget set forth in the applicable Research Plan or BB-301 Development Plan, if and as applicable, except as agreed in writing by an authorized representative of Axovant.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(b) Reimbursement of Benitec Manufacturing Technology Transfer Costs. Axovant shall reimburse and pay Benitec for all Benitec Manufacturing Technology Transfer Costs, to the extent incurred after the Effective Date, as described in Section 6.2 ( Manufacturing Technology Transfer ), which shall be payable as follows, solely to the extent that such Benitec Manufacturing Technology Transfer Costs are not subject to reimbursement as Research Plan Costs or BB-301 Development Plan Costs: Within [***] after the end of each Calendar Quarter during which Benitec performs any work or provides any assistance in connection with a technology transfer described in Section 6.2 ( Manufacturing Technology Transfer ), Benitec shall submit to Axovant a reasonably detailed report setting forth the Benitec Manufacturing Technology Transfer Costs for such Calendar Quarter together with an invoice therefor. Upon Axovant’s request, Benitec shall submit such additional documentation as Axovant may reasonably request to support such report and invoice. If Axovant in good faith believes that any such invoice is inaccurate, then Axovant may dispute such invoice by promptly notifying Benitec of such dispute regarding such invoice, which notice shall include a reasonably detailed explanation of the basis for the dispute, within [***] following the date on which Benitec submitted such invoice and, if Axovant timely raises such dispute, the Parties shall seek in good faith to promptly resolve any such dispute. Axovant shall pay all invoices submitted pursuant to this Section 8.2(b) ( Reimbursement of Benitec Manufacturing Technology Transfer Costs ) to the extent not subject to a good faith dispute timely raise in accordance with the foregoing within [***] of receipt thereof. For clarity, subject to and without limiting Axovant’s obligations under Section 8.2(a) ( Reimbursement of Research and Development Plan Costs ), Axovant shall have no liability to Benitec under this Agreement for Benitec Manufacturing Technology Transfer Costs that are (i) subject to reimbursement as Research Plan Costs or BB- 301 Development Plan Costs pursuant to Section 8.2(a) ( Reimbursement of Research and Development Plan Costs ) or (ii) not, in Axovant’s good faith, reasonable discretion following consultation with Benitec in advance of Benitec incurring the Benitec Manufacturing Technology Transfer Costs, reasonably necessary for the performance of the transfer described in Section 6.2, except as agreed in writing by an authorized representative of Axovant; provided , however , that (A) Benitec shall have no obligation to incur any Benitec Manufacturing Technology Transfer Costs that would be excluded from reimbursement by Axovant pursuant to this clause (ii), and (B) Benitec FTE hours that Axovant elects to use pursuant to Section 6.2 ( Manufacturing Technology Transfer ) shall automatically be deemed reasonably necessary for the performance of the transfer described in Section 6.2 ( Manufacturing Technology Transfer ).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(c) Reimbursement of Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs. Axovant shall reimburse and pay Benitec for all Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs to the extent incurred after the Effective Date, as described in Section 2.4(d) ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ) , which shall be payable as follows: Within [***] after the end of each Calendar Quarter during which Benitec performs any work or provides any assistance described in Section 2.4( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ), Benitec shall submit to Axovant a reasonably detailed report setting forth the Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs for such Calendar Quarter together with an invoice therefor. Upon Axovant’s request, Benitec shall submit such additional documentation as Axovant may reasonably request to support such report and invoice. If Axovant in good faith believes that any such invoice is inaccurate, then Axovant may dispute such invoice by promptly notifying Benitec of such dispute regarding such invoice, which notice shall include a reasonably detailed explanation of the basis for the dispute, within [***] following the date on which Benitec submitted such invoice and, if Axovant timely raises such dispute, the Parties shall seek in good faith to promptly resolve any such dispute. Axovant shall pay all invoices submitted pursuant to this Section 8.2(c) ( Reimbursement of Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs ) to the extent not subject to a good faith dispute timely raised in accordance with the foregoing within [***] of receipt thereof. For clarity, Axovant shall have no liability to Benitec under this Agreement for Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs that are not, in Axovant’s good faith, reasonable discretion following consultation with Benitec in advance of Benitec incurring the Benitec BB- 301 Transfer Costs, reasonably necessary for the performance of the transfer and assistance described in Section 2.4 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ), except as agreed in writing by an authorized representative of Axovant; provided , however , that (y) Benitec shall have no obligation to incur any Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs that would be excluded from reimbursement by Axovant pursuant to the foregoing, and (z) FTE hours that Axovant elects to have Benitec provide pursuant to Section 2.4 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ) or FTE hours provided or costs incurred pursuant to the BB-301 Transfer Plan shall automatically be deemed reasonably necessary for the performance of the transfer and assistance described in Section 2.4 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for BB-301 ).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(d) Reimbursement of Benitec Collaboration Program Transfer Costs . Axovant shall reimburse and pay Benitec for all Benitec Collaboration Program Transfer Costs, as described in Section 3.7(d) ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ), to the extent incurred after the Effective Date, which shall be payable as follows: Within [***] after the end of each Calendar Quarter during which Benitec performs any work or provides any assistance described in Section 3.7 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ), Benitec shall submit to Axovant a reasonably detailed report setting forth the Benitec BB-301 Transfer Costs for such Calendar Quarter together with an invoice therefor. Upon Axovant’s request, Benitec shall submit such additional documentation as Axovant may reasonably request to support such report and invoice. If Axovant in good faith believes that any such invoice is inaccurate, then Axovant may dispute such invoice by promptly notifying Benitec of such dispute regarding such invoice, which notice shall include a reasonably detailed explanation of the basis for the dispute, within [***] following the date on which Benitec submitted such invoice and, if Axovant timely raises such dispute, the Parties shall seek in good faith to promptly resolve any such dispute. Axovant shall pay all invoices submitted pursuant to this Section 8.2(d) ( Reimbursement of Benitec Collaboration Program Transfer Costs ) to the extent not subject to a good faith dispute timely raised in accordance with the foregoing within [***] of receipt thereof. For clarity, Axovant shall have no liability to Benitec under this Agreement for Benitec Collaboration Program Transfer Costs that are not, in Axovant’s good faith, reasonable discretion following consultation with Benitec in advance of Benitec incurring the Benitec Collaboration Program Transfer Costs, reasonably necessary for the performance of the transfer and assistance described in Section 3.7 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ), except as agreed in writing by an authorized representative of Axovant; provided , however , that (i) Benitec shall have no obligation to incur any Benitec Collaboration Program Transfer Costs that would be excluded from reimbursement by Axovant pursuant to the foregoing, and (ii) FTE hours that Axovant elects to have Benitec provide pursuant to Section 3.7 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ) or FTE hours provided or costs incurred pursuant to the Collaboration Program Transfer Plan shall automatically be deemed reasonably necessary for the performance of the transfer and assistance described in Section 3.7 ( Transfer of Know-How and Materials for Collaboration Programs ).


8.3	Milestone Payments .


(a)	Development and Regulatory Milestone Payments .

(i) BB-301 Products. Subject to [***], within [***] after the first achievement of each milestone event below by or on behalf of Axovant or any of its Affiliates or Sublicensees, Axovant shall notify Benitec of the achievement of such milestone event. Benitec shall invoice Axovant for the applicable milestone payment, which shall be non-refundable and non-creditable. Axovant shall remit payment to Benitec within [***] of the receipt of such invoice. For clarity, each milestone payment below will be paid only once, irrespective of how many BB-301 Products achieve the same milestone.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED



Milestone Events for BB-301 Products	Milestone Payments
(A) [***]	$[***]
(B) [***]	$[***]
(C) [***]	$[***]
(D) [***]	$[***]
(E) [***]	$[***]
(F) [***]	$[***]

For clarity, if any Milestone Event set forth above in this subsection (i) is skipped, then the achievement of a subsequent Milestone Event set forth above shall trigger the payment of all relevant preceding unpaid milestones under this subsection (i) excluding Milestone Event (A), which shall only be paid if actually achieved. The maximum amount payable by Axovant under this subsection (i) is [***].

(ii) Collaboration Products. Within [***] after the first achievement of each milestone event below for each Collaboration Product by or on behalf of Axovant or any of its Affiliates or Sublicensees, Axovant shall notify Benitec of the achievement of such milestone event. Benitec shall invoice Axovant for the applicable milestone payment, which shall be non-refundable and non-creditable. Axovant shall remit payment to Benitec within [***] of the receipt of such invoice.



Milestone Events for each Collaboration Product	Milestone Payments
(A) [***]	$[***]
(B) [***]	$[***]
(C) [***]	$[***]
(D) [***]	$[***]
(E) [***]	$[***]

For clarity, if any Milestone Event set forth above in this subsection (ii) is skipped, then the achievement of a subsequent Milestone Event set forth above triggers the payment of all preceding unpaid milestones, excluding Milestone Event (C) above which shall only be paid if actually achieved. The maximum amount payable by Axovant per Collaboration Product under this subsection (ii) is [***].


(b)	Sales Milestone Payments

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(i) Subject to Subject to [***], within [***] after the end of an Axovant Fiscal Year in which annual Net Sales of BB- 301 Products in the Field in the Territory first reach any threshold indicated in the milestone events listed below, Axovant shall notify Benitec of the achievement of such milestone event. Benitec shall invoice Axovant for the applicable milestone payment, which shall be non-refundable and non-creditable. Axovant shall remit payment to Benitec within [***] of the receipt of such invoice. Each such milestone payment shall only be paid once, irrespective of how many times the applicable milestone event is subsequently achieved. The maximum amount payable by Axovant under this subsection (i) is One Hundred and Twenty Million Dollars ($120,000,000).



Annual Net Sales Milestone Events for BB-301 Products	Milestone Payments
First time that annual Net Sales of all BB-301 Products is > $[***]	$[***]
First time that annual Net Sales of all BB-301 Products is > $[***]	$[***]

(ii) Collaboration Products . On a Collaboration Program-by- Collaboration Program basis, within [***] after the end of an Axovant Fiscal Year in which annual Net Sales of the Collaboration Product from such Collaboration Program in the Field in the Territory first reach any threshold indicated in the milestone events listed below, Axovant shall notify Benitec of the achievement of such milestone event. Benitec shall invoice Axovant for the applicable milestone payment, which shall be non-refundable and non-creditable. Axovant shall remit payment to Benitec within [***] of the receipt of such invoice. The maximum amount payable by Axovant per Collaboration Program under this subsection (ii) is Sixty Million Dollars ($60,000,000).



Annual Net Sales Milestone Events for Collaboration Product, per Collaboration Program	Milestone Payments
First time that annual Net Sales of all Collaboration Products from such Collaboration Program is > $[***]	$[***]
First time that annual Net Sales of all Collaboration Products from such Collaboration Program is > $[***]	$[***]

(iii) If an Annual Net Sales Milestone Event in Section 8.3(b)(i) or (ii) ( Sales Milestone Payments ) is achieved for a given Licensed Product and payment with respect to any previous milestone event for such Licensed Product has not been made, then such previous milestone event shall be deemed achieved, Benitec shall invoice Axovant for such unpaid previous milestone events, and Axovant shall remit payment to Benitec within [***] of the receipt of such invoice for each such accrued milestone payments.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED


8.4	Profit-Based Royalties for BB-301 Products .

(a) Profit-Based Royalties Percentage . Benitec will have the right to receive from Axovant (i) with respect to the period commencing on the Effective Date and continuing until the Buy-Out Closing Date, thirty percent (30%) of all Net Profits (if any) with respect to BB- 301 Products worldwide (such percentage, the “ Profit-Based Royalties Percentage ”), and (ii) with respect to the period commencing on the [***] starting after the date that is [***] following the First Commercial Sale of a BB-301 Product and continuing until the [***] ending prior to the expiration of the BB-301-Royalty Term, the greater of (A) the Profit-Based Royalties Percentage of all Net Profits (if any) with respect to BB-301 Products worldwide and (B) [***] BB-301 Products in all countries worldwide (such [***] described in this clause (B), the “ Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties ”), as such Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties amount may be adjusted pursuant to Section 8.4(b) ( Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalty Adjustment ) (the Dollar amount payable to Benitec pursuant to clause (i) or (ii), as applicable, with respect to any Fiscal Quarter, the “ Benitec Profit- Based Royalties ”). Axovant will retain all Net Profits with respect to BB-301 Products worldwide that remain after paying to Benitec the Benitec Profit-Based Royalties (such calculation, the “ Profit-Based Royalties ”). Net Profits and Net Losses will be calculated and paid in accordance with the terms set forth in Exhibit B .

(b) Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties Adjustment . The calculation of the Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties amount is subject to adjustment, on a country-by- country basis, as a result of the events set forth below (such adjustments to be prorated for the then-current Fiscal Quarter in which the reduction becomes applicable); provided , however , that, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, in no event shall the Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties amount with respect to a given country be reduced by more than [***] in the aggregate from the amount of the Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties amount that would otherwise be payable with respect to such country if no reductions were applied. Subject to the foregoing:

(i) Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties Adjustment for Third Party License Payments . Without limiting either Party’s rights or obligations under Section 9.10 ( Relevant Third Party Rights ), if Axovant, its Affiliates, or Sublicensees, in their respective reasonable judgment, are required or determines it is commercially necessary to make any payments to a Third Party for a license under any Patent to make, have made, use, offer for sale, sell or import any BB-301 Product in the Field in a particular country in the Territory, then the Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties amount with respect to such country shall be reduced by [***] of the amount of such payments made by Axovant to such Third Party on account of the sale of the BB-301 Product in such country in such Fiscal Quarter.

(ii) Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties Adjustment for Expiration of Valid Claim . After the expiration of the last-to-expire Valid Claim of the Benitec Patents that Cover the manufacture, use, or sale of such BB-301 Product (or the Compound therein) in a particular country in the Territory, the portion of the Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties amount that is payable on the Net Sales of BB-301 Products in such country in such Fiscal Quarter shall be reduced by [***].

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(iii) Benitec Minimum Adjustment for Generic Competition . If there is Generic Competition for a particular BB-301 Product in a particular country in the Territory in a particular Fiscal Quarte r , the portion of the Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties amount that is payable on the Net Sales of BB-301 Products in such country in such Fiscal Quarter shall be reduced by [***].

(c) Excess Costs (Losses). With respect to any Fiscal Quarter for which Axovant reports a Net Loss with respect to BB-301 Products, Axovant will not be required to make any payment to Benitec under Section 8.4(a) ( Profit-Based Royalties Percentage ) in respect of such Fiscal Quarter, except to the extent Axovant is required to pay a Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties amount to Benitec, and Axovant will bear all of such Net Losses, provided that Axovant will have the right, as of the date such Net Loss is reported to Benitec, to credit an amount equal to [***] of such Net Loss (the “ Axovant Commercial Credit ”) against any future amounts payable to Benitec as a Profit-Based Royalties Percentage (but not the Benitec Minimum Profit- Based Royalties) under Section 8.4(a) ( Profit-Based Royalties Percentage ).


8.5	Royalty Payments for Collaboration Products .

(a) Royalty Rate . Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, and on a Collaboration Program-by-Collaboration Program basis, Axovant shall make non-refundable, non- creditable royalty payments to Benitec on the Net Sales of Collaboration Products from such Collaboration Program sold in the Territory during the applicable Royalty Term, as calculated by multiplying the applicable royalty rate set forth below by the corresponding amount of Net Sales of all Collaboration Products from such Collaboration Program sold in the Territory in the applicable Axovant Fiscal Year.



Net Sales of Collaboration Products in the Territory per Collaboration Program	Royalty Rate
For that portion of aggregate Net Sales of such Collaboration Products in the Territory in an Axovant Fiscal Year less than [***]	[***]%
For that portion of aggregate Net Sales of such Collaboration Products in the Territory in an Axovant Fiscal Year greater than or equal to [*] but less than or equal to [*]	[***]%
For that portion of aggregate Net Sales of such Collaboration Product in the Territory in an Axovant Fiscal Year greater than [***]	[***]%

(b) Royalty Term . The period with respect to which royalties shall be paid on for a given Collaboration Product shall be determined on Collaboration Product-by-Collaboration Product and country-by-country basis and shall commence upon the First Commercial Sale of such Collaboration Product in such country in the Territory and continue until the latest of (i) expiration of the last-to-expire Valid Claim of the Benitec Patents and Collaboration Patents that Cover the manufacture, use, or sale of such Collaboration Product (or the Compound therein) in such country in the Territory; (ii) ten (10) years after the First Commercial Sale of such Collaboration Product in such country; and (iii) expiration of Regulatory Exclusivity for such Collaboration Product in such country (the “ Royalty Term ” for such Collaboration Product and country).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(c) Royalty Adjustment . Royalties due pursuant to this Section 8.5 ( Royalty Payments for Collaboration Products ) are subject to adjustment on a country-by-country, Collaboration Product-by-Collaboration Product, and Fiscal Quarter-by-Fiscal Quarter basis as a result of the events set forth below (such adjustments to be prorated for the then-current Fiscal Quarter in which the reduction becomes applicable); provided , however , that, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, in no event shall the amount of any royalties payable by Axovant (on a country-by-country, Collaboration Product-by-Collaboration Product, and Fiscal Quarter-by-Fiscal Quarter basis) be reduced by more than [***] in the aggregate from the amount of such royalties that would otherwise be payable if no reductions were applied. Subject to the foregoing:

(i) Royalty Adjustment for Third Party License Payments . Without limiting either Party’s rights or obligations under Section 9.10 ( Relevant Third Party Rights ), if Axovant, its Affiliates, or Sublicensees, in their respective reasonable judgment, are required or, subject to Axovant’s compliance with Section 9.10 ( Relevant Third Party Rights ), determines it is commercially necessary to make any payments to a Third Party for a license under any Patent to make, have made, use, offer for sale, sell or import any Collaboration Product in the Field in any country in the Territory, then, the amount of royalties payable under Section 8.5(a) ( Royalty Rate ) shall be reduced by [***] of the amount of such payments to such Third Party on account of the sale of the Collaboration Products in such country in such Fiscal Quarter.

(ii) Royalty Adjustment for Expiration of Valid Claim . After the expiration of the last-to-expire Valid Claim of the Benitec Patents and Collaboration Patents that Cover the manufacture, use, or sale of such Collaboration Product (or the Compound therein) in a country in the Territory, the royalties payable under Section 8.5(a) ( Royalty Rate ) on the sale of such Collaboration Product in such country shall be reduced by [***].

(iii) Royalty Adjustment for Generic Competition . If there is Generic Competition for a particular Collaboration Product in a particular country in a particular Fiscal Quarter, the royalties payable to Benitec on the sales of such Collaboration Product in such country in such Fiscal Quarter shall be reduced by [***].

(d) Payment; Reports . Within (a) [***] after the end of each Fiscal Quarter (other than the last Fiscal Quarter of an Axovant Fiscal Year) and (b) [***] after the end of the last Fiscal Quarter of an Axovant Fiscal Year, commencing with the First Commercial Sale of any Collaboration Product is made anywhere in the Territory (whichever is earlier), Axovant shall (i) provide Benitec with a report that contains the following information for the applicable Fiscal Quarter, on a Collaboration Product-by-Collaboration Product and country- by-country basis: (A) Net Sales in the Territory; (B) a calculation of the royalty payment due on Net Sales in the Territory; and (C) the exchange rates used. Benitec shall invoice Axovant for the corresponding royalty payment. Axovant shall remit payment to Benitec within [***] of the receipt of such invoice.

8.6 [***]. If Axovant, its Affiliates, or Sublicensees, [***], then the following shall apply:

(a) [***] . With respect to [***], Axovant shall be entitled to [***], provided that in no event shall [***].

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(b) [***]. With respect to any [***], Axovant shall be entitled to [***].

(i) if Axovant [***] with respect to [***], then Axovant shall be entitled to [***], provided that (A) for clarity, [***] and (B) [***]; or

(ii) if Axovant [***], then Axovant shall be entitled to [***], provided that (A) in no event shall [***], and (B) [***].


8.7	[RESERVED] .

8.8 Late Payments . If any payment (other than an invoiced amount timely disputed in good faith by Axovant in accordance with Sections 8.2(a) ( Reimbursement of Research and Development Plan Costs ) or 8.2(b) ( Reimbursement of Benitec Manufacturing Technology Transfer Costs )) due is not paid by the due date, Benitec may charge interest on any outstanding amount of such payment, accruing as of the original due date, at an annual rate equal to [***] or the maximum rate allowable by Applicable Law, whichever is less. The payment of such interest shall not limit the Party entitled to receive payment from exercising any other rights it may have as a consequence of the lateness of any payment.

8.9 Exchange Rate; Manner and Place of Payment. All payments hereunder shall be payable in Dollars. When conversion of payments from any currency other than Dollars is required, such conversion such conversion shall use the OANDA forex currency converter, or other reputable currency converter agreed between Axovant and Benitec from time to time, on the last day of the Fiscal Quarter in which the applicable sales were made. All payments owed under this Agreement, including the Upfront Payment, shall be made by wire transfer in immediately available funds from a bank and account in Switzerland by Axovant to a bank and account designated in writing by Benitec.


8.10	Taxes .

(a) Taxes on Income . Notwithstanding anything else in this Section 8.10 ( Taxes ), each Party shall solely bear and pay all Taxes imposed on or measured by such Party’s net income or gain (however denominated), franchise Taxes, and branch profits Taxes arising directly or indirectly from the activities of the Parties under this Agreement, in each case imposed on such Party.

(b) Tax Cooperation . The Parties shall use commercially reasonable efforts to cooperate with one another on all Tax matters with respect to this Agreement, including to manage, to the extent permitted by Applicable Laws, Tax withholding or similar obligations in respect of royalties, milestone payments, and other payments made by Axovant to Benitec under this Agreement. In this connection, the Parties agree that this Agreement is intended to be and shall be treated as a license of the Benitec Technology for all Tax purposes and shall take that position unless otherwise required by a Governmental Authority. The Parties acknowledge and agree that the Upfront Payment described in Section 8.1 ( Upfront Payment ) shall be sourced to Switzerland, is not subject to any withholding Taxes, and shall take these positions unless otherwise required by a Governmental Authority. The Parties acknowledge and agree that the reimbursement costs

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

described in Section 8.2 ( Reimbursement of Benitec Costs ) are not subject to any withholding Taxes and shall take that position unless otherwise required by a Governmental Authority. The Parties shall cooperate in good faith (1) to determine the source of payments made by Axovant to Benitec pursuant to this Agreement for Tax purposes; (2) to determine the appropriate amount of withholding Taxes that apply to such payments under Applicable Laws; and (3) to determine and apply, to the extent permitted under Applicable Laws, arrangements or positions that will minimize the incidence of withholding Taxes. At least [***] prior to any payment, Axovant shall notify Benitec in writing of its determination of where it believes such payment should be sourced for Tax withholding and reporting purposes. If Benitec disagrees with Axovant’s determination, Benitec may, within [***] after receipt of the determination, deliver a notice (“ Benitec Notice ”) of its determination as to where such payment should be sourced. If the Benitec Notice is duly delivered, Axovant and Benitec will, during the [***] following such delivery, work together in good faith to reach agreement on sourcing. If Axovant and Benitec are unable to reach such agreement, they will promptly thereafter submit the sourcing determination for resolution to an independent accountant from one of the Big Four accounting firms that is not being used by either Party (and if the Parties cannot agree on the selection it shall be the first Big Four accounting firm in this order that is not being used by a Party: PwC, KPMG, Deloitte and Ernst & Young) and will instruct the independent accountant to make a determination regarding sourcing as promptly as practicable, and in any event within [***] after the date on which such dispute is referred to the independent accountant (or such longer period as the independent accountant may reasonably require, and should a longer period be required and extend beyond the payment date, such longer period shall extend the date of payment). The costs, fees and expenses of the independent accountant shall be borne equally between Axovant and Benitec. The sourcing determination of Axovant, if no Benitec Notice has been timely given, the sourcing determination agreed to by the Parties or the sourcing determination made by the independent accountant (the “Final Sourcing Determination”), will be conclusive and binding on the Parties. The Parties agree to (and will cause their respective Affiliates to) report, act and file in accordance with the Final Sourcing Determination in any relevant Tax returns or Tax filings. The Parties will promptly advise one another of the existence of any Tax audit, controversy, litigation or other Tax proceeding related to the Final Sourcing Determination. None of the Parties will take any position (whether on any Tax returns, in any Tax proceeding or otherwise with respect to Taxes) that is inconsistent with the Final Sourcing Determination except to the extent required pursuant to a “determination” within the meaning of Section 1313(a) of the Code (or any analogous provision of state, local or non-United States Law). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, in no event shall the Parties be required to alter or otherwise modify the manner in which research, development, manufacturing, commercialization or any other business activities with respect to the Compounds and/or the Licensed Products are conducted in order to satisfy any obligations in this Section 8.10(b) ( Tax Cooperation ) or Section 8.10(c) ( Tax Withholding ). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, Benitec shall indemnify and hold harmless Axovant and its Affiliates for any and all Taxes (including any associated penalties and interest) required by Applicable Law to be withheld or otherwise deducted with respect to payments made by Axovant to Benitec pursuant to this Agreement and any out-of-pocket costs incurred by Axovant with respect to such indemnification (including any such costs incurred in connection with any Tax audit, controversy, litigation or other Tax proceeding related to such Taxes), except to the extent that any such Taxes (including any associated interest and penalties) were directly incurred as a result of Axovant’s failure to comply with the procedures for determining the source of each payment as set forth in this Section 8.10(b) ( Tax Cooperation ).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(c) Tax Withholding. If withholding Taxes are imposed on any payment to Benitec hereunder, the liability for such Taxes shall be the sole responsibility of Benitec, and Axovant shall (i) deduct or withhold such Taxes from the payment made to Benitec in accordance with the methodology set forth in Section 8.10(b) ( Tax Cooperation ) above, (ii) timely pay such Taxes to the proper taxing authority, and (iii) send the original or a certified copy of a receipt issued by such taxing authority evidencing such payment, a copy of the return reporting such payment or other evidence of such payment reasonably satisfactory to Benitec within [***] following such payment. To the extent that amounts are deducted or withheld and paid to the proper taxing authority, such amounts shall be treated for all purposes of this Agreement as having been paid to the persons with respect to whom such amounts were withheld. Each Party shall comply with (or provide the other Party with) any certification, identification or other reporting requirements that may be reasonably necessary in order for Axovant to not withhold Tax or to withhold Tax at a reduced rate under an applicable bilateral income tax treaty, it being understood that an IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E shall be the proper form in the case of United States withholding, unless a different form or forms are required by Applicable Law. Each Party shall provide the other with commercially reasonable assistance to enable the recovery, as permitted by Applicable Laws, of withholding Taxes or similar obligations resulting from payments made under this Agreement, such recovery to be for the benefit of Benitec as the Party bearing the cost of such withholding Tax under this Section 8.10(c) ( Tax Withholding ).

(d) VAT . Unless stated to the contrary in this Agreement, any amounts payable by one Party to the other Party under this Agreement shall be exclusive of the applicable VAT. If a Party makes a supply pursuant to this Agreement and VAT is payable on that supply, the amounts payable for the supply (the “ VAT-Exclusive Consideration ”) shall be increased by an amount equal to the VAT payable by the supplying Party on that supply (the “ Additional VAT Amount ”), except where the receiving Party is liable under the VAT law to pay the VAT on that supply. The Additional VAT Amount shall be paid at the same time and in the same manner as the VAT- Exclusive Consideration. In the event that a Party charges or pays any amount of VAT, such Party shall promptly provide the original or a certified copy of a receipt or invoice of such VAT to the other Party. Notwithstanding anything else in this Section 8.10(d) ( VAT ) and without duplication, any amount of VAT payable by either Party with respect to a Licensed Product or a Compound on any payment to any Third Party shall be taken into account as an item of expense for the purposes of determining the amount of Net Profits or Net Sales if the party incurring the VAT does not receive a credit for that VAT.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(e) Transfer Tax . Subject to Sections 8.10(a) ( Taxes on Income ), 8.10(c) ( Tax Withholding ), and 8.10(d) ( VAT ), Axovant, on the one hand, and Benitec, on the other hand, shall each bear and pay [***] of any transfer, sales, use, stamp duty or similar Taxes or obligations (“ Transfer Tax ”) imposed on amounts payable by Axovant to Benitec in connection with this Agreement or otherwise with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, if such amount is not taken into account as an item of expense for the purposes of determining the amount of Net Profits or Net Sales. For the avoidance of doubt, Transfer Taxes exclude Taxes on capital or revenue gains on the transfer or grant of any rights. Each party shall cooperate with the other to file any Tax returns (as required to be filed under Applicable Law) with respect to such Transfer Taxes. Notwithstanding anything else in this Section 8.10(e) ( Transfer Tax ) and without duplication, any amount of Transfer Taxes payable by either Party with respect to a Licensed Product or a Compound on any payment to any Third Party shall be taken into account as an item of expense for the purposes of determining the amount of Net Profits or Net Sales if the party incurring the Transfer Tax does not receive a credit for such Transfer Tax. The Parties acknowledge and agree that no Australian stamp duty will apply on any amounts payable by Axovant to Benitec in connection with this Agreement, and will not take any position (whether on any Tax returns, in any Tax proceeding or otherwise with respect to Taxes) that is inconsistent with such position, except to the extent required pursuant to a “determination” within the meaning of Section 1313(a) of the Code (or any analogous provision of state, local or non-United States Law).

8.11 Financial Records and Audit . Throughout the Term and the [***] year period thereafter, each Party shall (and shall ensure that its Affiliates and Sublicensees will) maintain complete and accurate records in sufficient detail to permit the other Party to confirm the accuracy of all royalty payments and other amounts payable under this Agreement and to verify the achievement (or non-achievement) of milestone events under this Agreement. Upon at least [***] prior notice, such records shall be open for examination, during regular business hours, for a period of [***] Axovant Fiscal Years or Benitec Fiscal Years from the end of the Axovant Fiscal Year or Benitec Fiscal Year, respectively, to which such records pertain, and not more often than once each Axovant Fiscal Year or Benitec Fiscal Year, as applicable, by an independent certified public accountant selected by one Party and reasonably acceptable to the other Party, for the sole purpose of verifying for Benitec or Axovant, as applicable, the accuracy of the financial reports and invoices furnished by either Party under this Agreement or of any payments made, or required to be made, by either Party pursuant to this Agreement. The independent certified public accountant shall disclose to the requesting Party only whether the audited reports are correct or incorrect and the specific details concerning any discrepancies. No other information shall be provided to the requesting Party. The requesting Party shall bear the full cost of such audit unless such audit reveals an underpayment by the other Party of more than [***] of the amount actually due for any Axovant Fiscal Year or Benitec Fiscal Year, as applicable, being audited, in which case the other Party shall reimburse the requesting Party for the reasonable costs for such audit. A Party shall pay to the other Party any underpayment or refund any overcharge discovered by such audit within [***] after the accountant’s report, plus interest (as set forth in Section 8.8 ( Late Payments )) from the original due date. If the audit reveals an overpayment by Axovant, then Axovant may take a credit for such overpayment against any future payments due to Benitec.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

8.12 Audit Dispute . If Axovant or Benitec disputes the results of any audit conducted pursuant to Section 8.11 ( Financial Records and Audit ), the Parties shall work in good faith to resolve the disagreement. If the Parties are unable to reach a mutually acceptable resolution of any such dispute within [***], the dispute shall be submitted for resolution to a certified public accounting firm jointly selected by each Party’s certified public accountants or to such other person as the Parties shall mutually agree (the “ Auditor ”). The decision of the Auditor shall be final and the costs of such procedure as well as the initial audit shall be borne between the Parties in such manner as the Auditor shall determine. If the Auditor determines that there has been an underpayment by Axovant, Axovant shall then promptly pay to Benitec the underpayment within [***] after the Auditor’s decision, plus interest (as set forth in Section 8.8 ( Late Payments )) from the original due date. If the Auditor determines that there has been an overcharge by Benitec, Benitec shall then promptly refund to Axovant the overcharge within [***] after the Auditor’s decision, plus interest (as set forth in Section 8.8 ( Late Payments )) from the original due date. If the Auditor determines that there has been an overpayment by Axovant, then Axovant may take a credit for such overpayment against any future payments due to Benitec.

8.13 Third Party Payments . Benitec shall be solely responsible for all payments, if any, due with respect to the Compounds or Licensed Products pursuant to the Existing Agreements or other agreements to which Benitec or any of its Affiliates, as of the Effective Date, is a party for a license or rights to intellectual property owned or controlled by any Third Party, including the [***] Agreement entered into by [***] and Benitec and effective as of the [***].

8.14 Net Sales Reporting for Existing Agreements . To the extent an Existing Agreement requires that net sales be calculated and reported on a basis other than the basis on which Net Sales is calculated hereunder, for purposes of determining amounts payable by Benitec to the Third Party licensor under such Existing Agreement and fulfilling Benitec’s reporting obligations to such Third Party licensor, upon Benitec’s written request to Axovant at least [***] but no more than [***] prior to the date a report may be required under an Existing Agreement, Axovant shall, concurrently with its provision to Benitec of the Net Sales calculations, reports and statements to be provided by Axovant pursuant to this Agreement, provide to Benitec such information specifically requested by Benitec (e.g., calculation of such net sales on such other basis and the reporting required by such Existing Agreement) so long as such information is available from the internal reporting systems of Axovant.


8.15	Invoices and Estimates

(a) Within [***] after the end of each month during the Term, Benitec shall provide Axovant with a good faith estimate of the amount for which it anticipates that it will invoice Axovant for any amounts for which Benitec is required to invoice Axovant under this Agreement in such month.

(b) Benitec shall include a reasonably detailed description of the work performed or other basis for any amount for which it issues an invoice to Axovant under this Agreement.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

ARTICLE IX

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

9.1 Ownership .

(a) Existing Intellectual Property . As between the Parties, and except as expressly set forth herein, each Party shall retain sole ownership of any Patents, Know-How and other intellectual property Controlled such Party or its Affiliates as of the Effective Date, or developed or acquired by such Party or its Affiliates outside of the performance of this Agreement.

(b) Data . All Data generated in connection with any Development, regulatory, manufacturing or Commercialization activities with respect to any Compound or any Licensed Product conducted by or on behalf of Axovant or its Affiliates or Sublicensees shall be deemed Collaboration Know-How and Axovant Technology.

(c) Ownership of Collaboration Inventions and Collaboration Know-How . All Collaboration Inventions and Collaboration Know-How will be and remain at all times Axovant’s sole and exclusive property and shall be deemed to be Axovant’s Confidential Information. Benitec hereby assigns and will cause its Affiliates to assign, and Benitec and its Affiliates automatically will be deemed to have assigned, to Axovant all of Benitec’s and its Affiliates’ right, title and interest in and to all Collaboration Inventions and Collaboration Know-How. Benitec will cause each of its subcontractors to assign to Benitec all of such subcontractor’s right, title and interest in and to all Collaboration Inventions and Collaboration Know-How so that Benitec can assign such Collaboration Inventions and Collaboration Know-How to Axovant as set forth above. At Axovant’s request, and without further compensation other than reimbursement of Benitec’s reasonable, documented out-of-pocket costs directly incurred in connection therewith, Benitec will undertake, and will cause its subcontractors to undertake, all further actions required to perfect Axovant’s title to, and quiet enjoyment of, such Collaboration Inventions and Collaboration Know-How. If for any reason whatsoever Axovant is unable to secure Benitec’s signature on any document needed in connection with furthering the purposes of this Section, Benitec hereby irrevocably designates and appoints Axovant and its duly authorized officers and agents, as Benitec’s and its Affiliates’ agents and attorneys-in-fact, to act for and in behalf and instead of Benitec and its Affiliates, to execute and file any documents and to do all other lawfully permitted acts to further the purposes of this Section with the same legal force and effect as if executed by Benitec or its applicable Affiliate, and shall cause its subcontractors to do the same.

(d) Disclosure of Collaboration Inventions, Collaboration Patents and Collaboration Know-How . Each Party shall promptly disclose to the other Party in writing all Collaboration Inventions, Collaboration Patents and Collaboration Know-How, including any invention disclosures or other similar documents submitted to such Party by its and its Affiliates’ employees, agents or independent contractors describing such Collaboration Inventions, and shall promptly respond to reasonable requests from the other Party for additional information relating to such Collaboration Inventions and Collaboration Know-How.

(e) Inventorship . Inventorship of Inventions shall be determined by application of U.S. patent laws pertaining to inventorship.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED


9.2	Patent Prosecution and Maintenance .

(a) Axovant Patents . Axovant shall have the sole right, but not the obligation, to control the preparation, filing, prosecution (including any interferences, reissue proceedings, derivation proceedings, reexaminations, inter partes review, oppositions, revocations, post-grant review proceedings and any other proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and any foreign equivalents and appeals therefrom) and maintenance (collectively, “ Prosecution and Maintenance ”) of all Axovant Patents other than Collaboration Patents and the first right, but not the obligation, to control the Prosecution and Maintenance of all Collaboration Patents, in each case at its sole cost and expense and by counsel of its own choice. With respect to Collaboration Patents, Axovant shall:

(i) (A) consult with Benitec and keep Benitec reasonably informed of the status of such Patents and shall promptly provide Benitec with all material correspondence received from any patent authority in connection therewith, (B) promptly provide Benitec with drafts of all proposed material filings and correspondence to any patent authority with respect to such Patents for Benitec’s review and comment prior to the submission of such proposed filings and correspondence, and (C) confer with Benitec and consider in good faith Benitec’s comments prior to submitting such filings and correspondence, provided that Benitec provides such comments within [***] (or a shorter period reasonably designated by Axovant if [***] is not practicable given the filing deadline) of receiving the draft filings and correspondence from Axovant.

(ii) If Axovant desires to abandon or cease Prosecution and Maintenance of any Collaboration Patent, Axovant shall provide reasonable prior written notice to Benitec of such intention to abandon (which notice shall, to the extent possible, be given no later than [***] prior to the next deadline for any action that must be taken with respect to any such Patent in the relevant patent office). In such case, upon Benitec’s written election provided no later than [***] after such notice from Axovant, Benitec may assume Prosecution and Maintenance of such Patent at Benitec’s expense. If Benitec does not provide such election within [***] after such notice from Axovant, Axovant may, in its sole discretion, continue Prosecution and Maintenance of such Patent or discontinue Prosecution and Maintenance of such Patent.

(b) Benitec Platform Patents . Benitec shall have the sole right, but not the obligation, to control the Prosecution and Maintenance of all Benitec Platform Patents, at its sole cost and expense and by counsel of its own choice. Benitec shall (i) keep Axovant informed as to all material developments with respect to the Prosecution and Maintenance of the Benitec Platform Patents that are being used by Axovant in connection with any Compound or Licensed Product in the Field, including by providing copies of all substantive office actions or any other substantive documents that Benitec receives from or submits to any patent office, including notice of all interferences, reissues, re-examinations, oppositions and post-issuance patent challenges and other proceedings under the U.S. Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, (ii) promptly provide Axovant with drafts of all proposed material filings and correspondence to any patent authority with respect to such Patents for Axovant’s review and comment prior to the submission of such proposed filings and correspondence, and (iii) confer with Axovant and consider in good faith Axovant’s comments prior to submitting such filings and correspondence, provided that Axovant provides such comments within [***] (or a shorter period reasonably designated by Benitec if [***] is not practicable given the filing deadline) of receiving the draft filings and correspondence from Benitec.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED


(c)	Benitec Product Patents .

(i) To the extent not prohibited by the terms of any in-licenses of Benitec Patents from Third Parties to Benitec (including the Existing Agreements) which have been disclosed to Axovant, Axovant shall have the first right, but not the obligation, to control the Prosecution and Maintenance of all Benitec Patents other than the Benitec Platform Patents (the “ Benitec Product Patents ”), at its sole cost and expense and by counsel selected by Axovant and reasonably acceptable to Benitec.

(ii) With respect to the Benitec Product Patents described in subsection (i) above, Axovant shall: (A) consult with Benitec and keep Benitec reasonably informed of the status of such Patents and shall promptly provide Benitec with all material correspondence received from any patent authority in connection therewith, (B) promptly provide Benitec with drafts of all proposed material filings and correspondence to any patent authority with respect to such Patents for Benitec’s review and comment prior to the submission of such proposed filings and correspondence, and (C) confer with Benitec and consider in good faith Benitec’s comments prior to submitting such filings and correspondence, provided that Benitec provides such comments within [***] (or a shorter period reasonably designated by Axovant if [***] is not practicable given the filing deadline) of receiving the draft filings and correspondence from Axovant.

(iii) If Axovant desires to abandon or cease Prosecution and Maintenance of any Benitec Patent, Axovant shall provide reasonable prior written notice to Benitec of such intention to abandon (which notice shall, to the extent possible, be given no later than [***] prior to the next deadline for any action that must be taken with respect to any such Patent in the relevant patent office). In such case, upon Benitec’s written election provided no later than [***] after such notice from Axovant, Benitec may assume Prosecution and Maintenance of such Patent at Benitec’s expense (the “Benitec Step-In Right”), to the extent not prohibited by the terms of any licenses of Benitec Patents from Third Parties to Benitec. If Benitec does not provide such election within [***] after such notice from Axovant, Axovant may, in its sole discretion, continue Prosecution and Maintenance of such Patent or discontinue Prosecution and Maintenance of such Patent.

(d) If Benitec is prevented by any agreement between Benitec and a Third Party licensor from granting to Axovant the first right to Prosecute and Maintain any Benitec Product Patent in accordance with Section 9.2(c)(iii) ( Benitec Product Patents ), then Benitec shall, to the extent not prohibited by such agreement, maintain patent protection on, and shall not cease to pursue, discontinue its financial support for, abandon or otherwise forfeit, any Benitec Product Patent, except to the extent otherwise consented to by Axovant in writing, such consent not to be unreasonably conditioned, withheld or delayed. To the extent permitted by such agreement, Benitec shall (A) consult with Axovant and keep Axovant reasonably informed of the status of such Patents and shall promptly provide Axovant with all material correspondence received from any patent authority in connection therewith, (B) promptly provide Axovant with drafts of all proposed material filings and correspondence to any patent authority with respect to such Patents for Axovant’s review and comment prior to the submission of such proposed filings and correspondence, and (C) confer with Axovant and consider in good faith Axovant’s comments prior to submitting such filings and correspondence, provided that Axovant provides such comments within [***] (or a shorter period reasonably designated by Benitec if [***] is not practicable given the filing deadline) of receiving the draft filings and correspondence from Benitec.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

9.3 Cooperation of the Parties . If either Benitec or Axovant becomes aware of any challenges by any Third Parties to the validity of any of any Benitec Patent, it will notify the other Party in writing to that effect. Each Party agrees to cooperate fully in the preparation, filing, prosecution, and maintenance of Patents under Section 9.2 ( Patent Prosecution and Maintenance ), at its own cost. Such cooperation includes: (a) executing all papers and instruments, or requiring its employees or contractors, to execute such papers and instruments, so as enable the other Party to apply for and to prosecute patent applications in any country as permitted by Section 9.2 ( Patent Prosecution and Maintenance ); and (b) promptly informing the other Party of any matters coming to such Party’s attention that may affect the preparation, filing, prosecution or maintenance of any such patent applications.


9.4	Infringement by Third Parties .

(a) Notice . If either Benitec or Axovant becomes aware of any infringement or threatened infringement by a Third Party of any Benitec Patent, which infringing activity involves the using, making, importing, offering for sale or selling of a Compound or Licensed Product, or the submission to a Party or a Regulatory Authority of an application for a product referencing a Licensed Product, or any declaratory judgment or equivalent action challenging any Benitec Patent in connection with any such infringement (each, a “ Product Infringement ”), it will notify the other Party in writing to that effect.


(b)	Benitec Patents .

(i) Subject to this Section 9.4(b) ( Benitec Patents ) and the terms of Benitec’s license agreements, including the Existing Agreements, Axovant shall, right as between Benitec and Axovant, bring an appropriate suit or take other action against any person or entity engaged in, or to defend against, a Product Infringement of any Benitec Patents, at its own expense and by counsel of its own choice. Benitec may, at its own expense, be represented in any such action by counsel of its own choice, and Axovant and its counsel will reasonably cooperate with Benitec and its counsel in strategizing, preparing, and prosecuting any such action or proceeding. If Axovant fails to bring an action or proceeding with respect to such Product Infringement of any Benitec Patent within (A) [***] following the notice of alleged infringement or declaratory judgment or (B)[***] before the time limit, if any, set forth in the appropriate laws and regulations for the filing of such actions, whichever comes first, Benitec shall have the right, but not the obligation, to bring and control any such action at its own expense and by counsel of its own choice, and Axovant may, at its own expense, be represented in any such action by counsel of its own choice.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(ii) Except as otherwise agreed by the Parties as part of a cost-sharing arrangement, any recovery or damages realized as a result of such action or proceeding with respect to Benitec Patents shall be used first to reimburse the Parties’ documented out-of-pocket legal expenses relating to the action or proceeding, and any remaining compensatory damages relating to Licensed Products (including lost sales or lost profits with respect to Licensed Products) shall be retained by the Party that brought and controlled such action or proceeding, and in the case that Axovant brought and controlled such action or proceeding, such remaining recovery, if related to a BB-301 Product shall be deemed to be Net Profits ([***]) subject to profit-based royalty sharing with Benitec in accordance with Section 8.4 ( Profit-Based Royalties for BB-301 Products ) or, if related to Collaboration Products, shall be deemed to be Net Sales subject to royalty payments to Benitec in accordance with the royalty provisions of Section 8.5 ( Royalty Payments for Collaboration Products ).

(c) Axovant Patents . Axovant shall have the sole right, as between Benitec and Axovant, but not the obligation, to bring an appropriate suit or take other action against any person or entity engaged in, or to defend against, a Product Infringement of any Axovant Patents at its own expense and by counsel of its own choice. Any recovery or damages realized as a result of such action or proceeding by Axovant with respect to Axovant Patents in the Territory shall be used first to reimburse Axovant’s documented out-of-pocket legal expenses relating to the action or proceeding, and any remaining recoveries relating to Licensed Products (including lost sales or lost profits with respect to Licensed Products) shall be retained solely by Axovant.

(d) Biosimilars. Axovant shall be responsible for determining the strategy with respect to certifications, notices and patent enforcement procedures regarding Benitec Patents Covering any Compound or Licensed Product under the U.S. Food, Drug & Cosmetics Act and the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (the “ BPCIA ”). Benitec shall cooperate, as reasonably requested by Axovant, in a manner consistent with this Section. Benitec hereby authorizes Axovant to: (i) provide in any BLA or in connection with the BPCIA, a list of Benitec Patents as required under the BPCIA; (ii) except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement, exercise any rights exercisable by Axovant as an exclusive licensee under the BPCIA; and (iii) exercise any rights that may be exercisable by Axovant as reference product sponsor under the BPCIA, including (A) engaging in the Patent resolution provisions of the BPCIA with regard to Benitec Patents Covering any Compound or Licensed Product; and (B) determining which Patents will be the subject of an immediate Patent infringement action under 42 U.S.C. § 262( l )(6) of the BPCIA; provided that with respect to Axovant’s exercise of rights under the BPCIA, Axovant shall consult with a representative of Benitec designated by Benitec in writing and qualified to receive confidential information pursuant to § 262( l )(1) of the BPCIA with respect to Axovant’s exercise of any rights exercisable as reference product sponsor, including providing such representative with timely copies of material correspondence relating to such matters, providing such representative the opportunity, reasonably in advance of any related Axovant action, to comment thereon and to consult with and consider in good faith the requests and suggestions of Benitec with respect to such matters.

(e) Cooperation . In the event a Party brings an action in accordance with this Section 9.4 ( Infringement by Third Parties ), the other Party shall cooperate fully, including, if required to bring such action, the furnishing of a power of attorney or being named as a party to such action.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(f) Other Infringement . Benitec shall have the sole right, but not the obligation, to bring and control, at its own cost and expense, any legal action in connection with any infringement of any Benitec Patent that is not a Product Infringement. Axovant shall have the sole right, but not the obligation, to bring and control, at its own cost and expense, any legal action in connection with any infringement of any Axovant Patent that is not a Product Infringement.

9.5 Infringement of Third Party Rights . Each Party shall promptly notify the other in writing of any allegation by a Third Party that the manufacture, Development, or Commercialization of any Compound or Licensed Product infringes or may infringe the intellectual property rights of a Third Party. If a Third Party asserts that any of its Patents or other rights are infringed by the manufacture, Commercialization or Development by Axovant or its Affiliates of any Licensed Product, Axovant shall have the sole right, but not the obligation, to defend against any such assertions at its sole cost and expense. Benitec shall cooperate fully and shall provide full access to documents, information and witnesses as reasonably requested by the Party defending such action. The Party defending the action will reimburse all reasonable, out-of- pocket costs incurred in connection with such requested cooperation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Parties’ rights and obligations under this Section 9.5 ( Infringement of Third Party Rights ), including payment obligations, will be subject to the terms of ARTICLE XI ( Indemnification ), provided , however , that Benitec’s obligations to indemnify Axovant relating to intellectual property infringement shall be solely as set forth in ARTICLE XI.

9.6 Consent for Settlement . Neither Party shall unilaterally enter into any settlement or compromise of any action or proceeding under this ARTICLE IX ( Intellectual Property ) that would in any manner alter, diminish, or be in derogation of the other Party’s rights under this Agreement without the prior written consent of such other Party, which shall not be unreasonably conditioned, withheld, or delayed.

9.7 Patent Marking . Axovant shall mark and ensure that its Affiliates mark all patented Licensed Products they sell or distribute pursuant to this Agreement in accordance with the applicable patent statutes or regulations in the country or countries of manufacture and sale thereof.

9.8 Patent Extensions . Axovant shall have sole decision-making authority regarding, and Benitec shall reasonably cooperate with Axovant (and Axovant shall reimburse Benitec’s reasonable, documented, out-of-pocket costs directly incurred in connection therewith) in obtaining, patent term restoration, supplemental protection certificates or their equivalents, and patent term extensions with respect to the Benitec Patents and Axovant Patents in any country in the Territory where applicable. Axovant shall file for such extensions at Axovant’s sole cost and expense.

9.9 Trademarks . Axovant shall own and be responsible for all trademarks, trade names, branding or logos related to Licensed Products in the Field in the Territory (“ Marks ”). Axovant shall be responsible for selecting, registering, prosecuting, defending, and maintaining all such Marks at Axovant’s sole cost and expense.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

9.10 Relevant Third Party Rights . If either Party identifies any Patent or other intellectual property, Controlled by a Third Party in any country in the Territory that may be commercially necessary in connection with the Development or Commercialization of a Licensed Product hereunder, then, such Party will promptly notify the other Party. Following receipt of such notice, on Benitec’s request, the Parties shall meet and discuss whether Axovant or Benitec should obtain one or more licenses with respect to such rights or take other appropriate measures in view of such Third Party rights, such as whether the Parties should obtain an opinion relating to such Third Party intellectual property rights, or take alternative approaches to avoid using such Third Party intellectual property rights. As between the Parties, Axovant shall have the right, but not the obligation, to negotiate and obtain a license or other rights from such Third Party to such Third Party Right as necessary or desirable to Develop or Commercialize Licensed Products in such country. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if Axovant negotiates and obtains any such license from a Third Party, Axovant shall be entitled to offset payments made on account of such license to the extent set forth in Section 8.4(b)(i) ( Benitec Minimum Profit-Based Royalties Adjustment for Third Party License Payments ) or 8.5(c)(i) ( Royalty Adjustment for Third Party License Payments ) as applicable.

ARTICLE X

REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

10.1 Mutual Representations and Warranties . Each Party represents and warrants to the other that, as of the Effective Date: (a) it is duly organized and validly existing under the laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation or formation, and has full corporate or other power and authority to enter into this Agreement and to carry out the provisions hereof; (b) it is duly authorized to execute and deliver this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder, and the person or persons executing this Agreement on its behalf has been duly authorized to do so by all requisite corporate action; (c) this Agreement is legally binding upon it, enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and equitable principles, and does not conflict with any agreement, instrument or understanding, oral or written, to which it is a Party or by which it may be bound, nor violate any material law or regulation of any court, governmental body or administrative or other agency having jurisdiction over it; and (d) it has the right to grant the licenses granted by it under this Agreement.


10.2	Mutual Covenants .

(a) Employees, Consultants and Contractors . Each Party covenants that it has obtained or will obtain written agreements from each of its employees, consultants and contractors who perform Development, manufacturing or Commercialization activities pursuant to this Agreement, which agreements will obligate such persons to obligations of confidentiality and non- use and to assign Inventions in a manner consistent with the provisions of this Agreement.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(b) Debarment . Each Party represents, warrants and covenants to the other Party that neither it, nor any of its Affiliates, nor any of its or its Affiliates’ employees, agents, or, to its Knowledge, contractors, has been, or during the Term will be, debarred, disqualified, excluded, suspended or otherwise been deemed ineligible to participate in any health care programs of any Governmental Authority, or convicted of any crime regarding health care products or services that may result in any such debarment, disqualification, exclusion, suspension, ineligibility or conviction, including, without limitation, debarment under 21 U.S.C. § 335a or any similar Applicable Law or exclusion under 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7 or any similar Applicable Law. If either Party becomes aware of any such actual or threatened debarment, disqualification, exclusion, suspension, ineligibility or conviction that directly or indirectly relate to activities contemplated by this Agreement, such Party shall immediately notify the other Party in writing.


(c)	Compliance . Each Party covenants as follows:

(i) In the performance of its obligations under this Agreement, such Party shall comply and shall cause its and its Affiliates’ employees, agents and contractors to comply with all Applicable Laws, including all anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws and regulations, economic, trade and financial sanctions, and trade embargoes.

(ii) Such Party and its and its Affiliates’ employees and contractors shall not, in connection with the performance of their respective obligations under this Agreement, directly or indirectly through Third Parties, pay, promise or offer to pay, or authorize the payment of, any money or give any promise or offer to give, or authorize the giving of anything of value to a Public Official or Entity or other person for purpose of obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person, including either Party (and each Party represents and warrants that as of the Effective Date, such Party, and to its Knowledge, its and its Affiliates’ employees and contractors, have not directly or indirectly promised, offered or provided any corrupt payment, gratuity, emolument, bribe, kickback, illicit gift or hospitality or other illegal or unethical benefit to a Public Official or Entity or any other person in connection with the performance of such Party’s obligations under this Agreement, and each Party covenants that it and its Affiliates’ employees and contractors shall not, directly or indirectly, engage in any of the foregoing).

10.3 Neither Party, nor any of its directors, officers, employees or subcontractors, or, to its knowledge, agents, is subject to economic, trade or financial sanctions under Applicable Law. Neither Party will, directly or indirectly, use the proceeds of the transactions contemplated hereby, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds, to any individual or entity otherwise subject to such sanctions.

10.4 Additional Benitec Representations, Warranties and Covenants . Benitec represents, warrants and covenants, as applicable, to Axovant that, as of the Effective Date:

(a) neither it nor any of its Affiliates have previously assigned, transferred, conveyed or otherwise encumbered its respective right, title and interest in any of the Patents listed on Exhibit A Covering BB-301 Compound or any Compound directed to PABPN1 or any Scheduled Target in the Field in the Territory in a manner that is inconsistent with the exclusive licenses granted to Axovant under Section 2.1 ( Licenses to Axovant );

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(b) all issued Patents listed on Exhibit A (i) are (A) to Benitec’s Knowledge, subsisting and are not invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part and (B) free of any encumbrance, lien or claim of ownership by any Third Party and (ii) have been prosecuted, filed and maintained in accordance with Applicable Law and all applicable fees have been paid on or before the due date for payment. With respect to any pending applications listed on Exhibit A , such applications are being prosecuted in the respective patent offices in the Territory in accordance with Applicable Law and Benitec and its Affiliates have presented all relevant references, documents, and information of which it or the inventors are aware to the relevant patent examiner at the relevant patent office;

(c) true, complete and correct copies of the file wrappers and other documents and materials relating to the prosecution, defense, maintenance, validity and enforceability of the Patents listed on Exhibit A have been provided or made available to Axovant prior to the Effective Date;

(d) to Benitec’s Knowledge, (i) each person who has or has had any rights in or to any Patents listed in Section 1 of Exhibit A or any Benitec Know-How, has assigned and has executed an agreement assigning its entire right, title, and interest in and to such Patents listed in Section 1 of Exhibit A and Benitec Know-How to Benitec, and (ii) no current officer, employee, agent, or consultant of Benitec or any of its Affiliates is in violation of any term of any assignment or other agreement regarding the protection of the Patents listed on Exhibit A or other intellectual property or proprietary Know-How of Benitec or such Affiliate or of any employment contract relating to the relationship of any such person with Benitec;

(e) neither Benitec nor any of its Affiliates have received any notice from a Third Party that the Development of BB-301 conducted by Benitec prior to the Effective Date has infringed any Patents of any Third Party or misappropriated any other intellectual property of any Third Party and has no Knowledge of any imminent or likely threat from a Third Party of such infringement or misappropriation;

(f) neither Benitec nor any of its Affiliates have granted to any Third Party, and no Third Party retains, any rights relating to any BB-301 Compound, and neither Benitec nor any of its Affiliates will during the Term grant any right to any Third Party under the Benitec Technology that would conflict with the rights granted to Axovant hereunder;

(g) to Benitec’s Knowledge, no Third Party is infringing or misappropriating any of the Benitec Technology;

(h) no claim or action has been brought or, to Benitec’s Knowledge, threatened in writing by any Third Party alleging that the Benitec Patents are invalid or unenforceable, and no Benitec Patent is the subject of any interference, derivation, opposition, cancellation or other protest proceeding;

(i) the patents and patent applications listed on Exhibit A constitute all existing Benitec Patents relating to the development and commercialization of BB-301 Compound and Compounds directed to PABPN1 or a Scheduled Target in the Field in the Territory;

(j) to Benitec’s Knowledge, there is no Know-How necessary for the Development and manufacture of BB-301 Compound or any Compound directed to PABPN1 or a Scheduled Target in the Field in the Territory that is Controlled ( mutatis mutandis ) by any Third Party;

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(k) neither Benitec nor its Affiliates has granted any Third Party any rights of reference or use with respect to any Regulatory Documentation;

(l) Schedule 10.4(l) sets forth a list of all agreements to which Benitec or any of its Affiliates is a party under which Benitec grants a sublicense of rights obtained under such agreement to Axovant pursuant to this Agreement (“ Existing Agreements ”). All Existing Agreements are in full force and effect, no notice has been delivered of any breach under such Existing Agreements and no rights granted herein are inconsistent with any Existing Agreement. Benitec and its Affiliates, and to Benitec’s Knowledge, the other parties to the Existing Agreements are in compliance in all material respects with the Existing Agreements. Benitec has provided true and complete copies of such Existing Agreements to Axovant;

(m) Schedule 10.4(m) sets forth a list of all Third Party vendors which have performed any substantive work relating to any BB-301 Compound on behalf of Benitec or its Affiliates (i) in the twelve (12) months preceding the Effective Date or (ii) as of the Effective Date;

(n) To Benitec’s Knowledge, there are no circumstances currently existing that would reasonably be expected to lead to any loss of or refusal to renew any Regulatory Approval or result in an investigation, corrective action or enforcement action by any other Regulatory Authority with respect to BB-301 Compound or any Compound directed to PABPN1 or any Scheduled Target in the Field in the Territory;

(o) Benitec has no Knowledge of any material side effect or adverse effect (each, in humans or animals) resulting from, or alleged to result from BB-301 Compound or any Compound directed to PABPN1 or any Scheduled Target in the Field in the Territory;

(p) to Benitec’s Knowledge, it has provided Axovant with true, accurate and complete information, reports and data concerning all scientific studies relating to BB-301 Compound or any Compound directed to PABPN1 or any Scheduled Target in the Field in the Territory;

(q) the research, Development and manufacture of all BB-301 Compounds and BB- 301 Products by or on behalf of Benitec and its Affiliates prior to the Effective Date has been conducted compliance with Applicable Law and regulatory standards, including as applicable those relating to GLP, and no person made any claim, or has a bona fide legal basis to make a claim, of personal injury, death or injury to property arising from the performance of such research, Development or manufacture;

(r) no Third Party that has conducted any research, Development or manufacture of any BB-301 Compound or BB-301 Product by or on behalf of Benitec and its Affiliates prior to the Effective Date has, with respect to any contract between such Third Party and Benitec or its applicable Affiliate, (i) made any claim of breach of such contract, or (ii) has a bona fide legal basis to make a claim of breach of such contract, in each case, against Benitec or its applicable Affiliate;

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(s) Benitec has disclosed to Axovant all Patents owned or controlled by any Third Party of which Benitec is aware that, in Benitec’s reasonable good faith judgement, may be reasonably necessary for the manufacture, Development or Commercialization or to otherwise the BB-301 Compounds (including any vector used in conjunction therewith) in the Field in the Territory as such BB-301 Compounds exist as of the Effective Date;

(t) all animal studies and other non-clinical tests conducted by Benitec or its Affiliates relating to any Compound were conducted by or on behalf of Benitec or its Affiliates in all material respects in accordance with its or their standard operating procedures for the conduct of animal or non-clinical studies at the time such tests were conducted;

(u) no license or rights to any [***] are necessary to make, have made, use, sell offer for sale, import or export BB-301 Compounds in any country in the Territory;

(v) neither Benitec nor any of its Affiliates have used any [***] in connection with the research or Development of BB-301 Compounds or any gene therapy construct licensed to Axovant hereunder; and

(w) To Benitec’s Knowledge, [***] is not necessary for the Commercialization of BB-301 Compounds for therapeutic applications.

10.5 Third Party Vendors . Benitec (a) represents warrants that, as of the Effective Date it has made all payments due to the Third Party Vendors, including to [***], and (b) covenants that, following the Effective Date, it shall make all payments due to (i) the Third Party Vendors, including to [***], and (ii) any of its subcontractors performing any research or Development activities hereunder, subject to Benitec’s withholding of amounts for which there is a reasonable, good faith dispute.

10.6 No Other Warranties. EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT, NEITHER PARTY MAKES, AND EACH PARTY EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS, ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING THE WARRANTIES OF DESIGN, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, VALIDITY OF PATENTS, NON-INFRINGEMENT OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES, OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE OR TRADE PRACTICES.

ARTICLE XI

INDEMNIFICATION

11.1 Indemnification by Benitec . Benitec shall indemnify and hold Axovant, its Affiliates and Sublicensees, and their respective officers, directors, agents and employees (“ Axovant Indemnitees ”) harmless from and against any Claims to the extent arising or resulting from:

(a) the gross negligence or willful misconduct of any of the Benitec Indemnitees;

(b) any breach of any of the warranties or representations made by Benitec to Axovant under this Agreement; or

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED


(c)	any breach by Benitec of any covenant or obligation under this Agreement.

in each case, except to the extent such Claims result from Section 11.2(a)–(d) ( Indemnification by Axovant ).

11.2 Indemnification by Axovant . Axovant shall indemnify and hold Benitec, its Affiliates, and their respective officers, directors, agents and employees (“ Benitec Indemnitees ”) harmless from and against any Claims to the extent arising or resulting from:

(a) the research, development (both pre-clinical and clinical), manufacture, promotion, or commercialization of any Compound or Licensed Product by or on behalf of Axovant, its Affiliates, or Sublicensees on or after the Effective Date;


(b)	the gross negligence or willful misconduct of any Axovant Indemnitees;

(d) any breach by Axovant of any covenant or obligation under this Agreement; in each case, except to the extent such Claims result from Section 11.1(a)–(c) (Indemnification by Benitec).

11.3 Indemnification Procedure . If either Party is seeking indemnification under Sections 11.1 ( Indemnification by Benitec ) or 11.2 ( Indemnification by Axovant ) (the “ Indemnified Party ”), it shall inform the other Party (the “ Indemnifying Party ”) of the claim giving rise to the obligation to indemnify pursuant to such section as soon as reasonably practicable after receiving notice of the claim, provided that the failure or delay by an Indemnified Party to give such notice of a Claim shall not affect the indemnification obligations provided hereunder except to the extent the Indemnifying Party is actually and materially prejudiced as a result of such failure or delay to give notice, in which case the Indemnifying Party shall be relieved of its obligation under this ARTICLE XI ( Indemnification ). The Indemnifying Party may assume the defense of any such claim for which it is obligated to indemnify the Indemnified Party. The Indemnified Party shall cooperate with the Indemnifying Party and the Indemnifying Party’s insurer as the Indemnifying Party may reasonably request, and at the Indemnifying Party’s cost and expense. The Indemnified Party may participate, at its own expense and with counsel of its choice, in the defense of any claim or suit that has been assumed by the Indemnifying Party. Neither Party shall have the obligation to indemnify the other Party in connection with any settlement made without such Party’s written consent, which consent shall not be unreasonably conditioned, withheld, or delayed. If the Parties cannot agree as to the application of Section 11.1 ( Indemnification by Benitec ) or Section 11.2 ( Indemnification by Axovant ) as to any claim, pending resolution of the dispute pursuant to Section 14.9 ( Dispute Resolution ), the Parties may conduct separate defenses of such claims, with each Party retaining the right to claim indemnification from the other Party in accordance with Section 11.1 ( Indemnification by Benitec ) or Section 11.2 ( Indemnification by Axovant ) upon resolution of the underlying claim.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

11.4 Mitigation of Loss . Each Indemnified Party shall take, and shall procure that its Affiliates take, all such reasonable steps and actions as are reasonably necessary or as the Indemnifying Party may reasonably require in order to mitigate any Claims (or potential losses or damages) under this ARTICLE XI ( Indemnification ). Nothing in this Agreement shall or shall be deemed to relieve any Party of any common law or other duty to mitigate any losses incurred by it.

11.5 Special, Indirect and Other Losses . EXCEPT IN THE EVENT OF A PARTY’S GROSS NEGLIGENCE OR WILLFUL MISCONDUCT, OR BREACH OF ARTICLE XII (CONFIDENTIALITY), NEITHER PARTY SHALL BE ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM THE OTHER PARTY ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT OR ANY LICENSE GRANTED HEREUNDER; provided , however , that this Section 11.5 ( Special, Indirect and Other Losses ) shall not be construed to limit either Party’s indemnification obligations under Section 11.1 ( Indemnification by Benitec ) or Section 11.2 ( Indemnification by Axovant ), as applicable. Nothing in this Section 11.5 ( Special, Indirect and Other Losses ) shall prejudice or limit either Party’s rights and remedies available at law or equity relating to the unauthorized use of such Party’s or its Affiliates’ intellectual property by the other Party or its Affiliates.

11.6 Insurance . Each Party, at its own expense, shall maintain product liability and other appropriate insurance (or self-insure) in an amount consistent with sound business practice and reasonable in light of its obligations under this Agreement during the Term. Each Party shall provide a certificate of insurance (or evidence of self-insurance) evidencing such coverage to the other Party upon request. Without limiting the foregoing, Axovant shall, at its own expense, procure and maintain insurance, including, without limitation, product liability insurance, in a manner adequate to cover its activities obligations hereunder and consistent with normal business practices of prudent companies similarly situated at all times during which any Licensed Product is being manufactured, clinically tested or commercially distributed or sold. It is understood that such insurance shall not be construed to create any limitation of Axovant’s liability under or in connection with this Agreement. Axovant shall provide Benitec with written evidence of such insurance or self-insurance upon request.

ARTICLE XII

CONFIDENTIALITY; PUBLICATION

12.1 Duty of Confidence . The Parties hereby agree as follows:

(a) all Confidential Information disclosed by a Party (the “ Disclosing Party ”) or its Affiliates under this Agreement will be maintained in confidence and otherwise safeguarded by the recipient Party (the “ Receiving Party ”) and its Affiliates using at least the same standard of care as the Receiving Party uses to protect its own proprietary or Confidential Information (but in no event less than reasonable care);

(b) the Receiving Party may only use any such Confidential Information for the purposes of performing its obligations or exercising its rights under this Agreement; and

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(c) the Receiving Party may disclose Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party only to: (i) the Receiving Party’s Affiliates and, in the case of Axovant as the Receiving Party, its Sublicensees; and (ii) employees, directors, agents, contractors, consultants and advisers of the Receiving Party and its Affiliates and, in the case of Axovant as the Receiving Party, Sublicensees, in each case to the extent reasonably necessary for the purposes of, and for those matters undertaken pursuant to, this Agreement; provided that such persons are bound to maintain the confidentiality, and not to make any unauthorized use, of the Confidential Information in a manner consistent with this ARTICLE XII ( Confidentiality; Publication ).

12.2 Exceptions . The foregoing obligations as to particular Confidential Information of a Disclosing Party shall not apply to the extent that the Receiving Party can demonstrate by competent evidence that such Confidential Information:

(a) is lawfully known by the Receiving Party at the time of its receipt, not through a prior disclosure by the Disclosing Party, and from a source that was not known to have a duty of confidentiality, as shown by contemporaneous written documents of the Receiving Party, provided that this Section 12.2(a) shall not apply to any Collaboration Inventions, Collaboration Know-How or Benitec Know-How that is solely related to a Compound or a Licensed Product;

(b) is in the public domain by use or publication before its receipt from the Disclosing Party, or thereafter enters the public domain through no fault of, or breach of this Agreement by, the Receiving Party;

(c) is subsequently disclosed to the Receiving Party on a non-confidential basis by a Third Party who may lawfully do so and is not under an obligation of confidentiality to the Disclosing Party; or

(d) is developed by the Receiving Party independently and without use of or reference to any Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party, as shown by contemporaneous written documents of the Receiving Party.

12.3 Authorized Disclosures . Notwithstanding the obligations set forth in Section 12.1 ( Duty of Confidence ), the Receiving Party may disclose Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party and the terms of this Agreement to the extent such disclosure is reasonably necessary in the following instances:

(a) filing or prosecuting of Patents as permitted by this Agreement;

(b) enforcing the Receiving Party’s rights under this Agreement or performing the Receiving Party’s obligations under this Agreement;


(d)	prosecuting or defending litigation as permitted by this Agreement;

(e) by Benitec to Third Party licensor counterparties to Existing Agreements to satisfy Benitec’s obligations under such Existing Agreements, marked as confidential;

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(f) to the Receiving Party’s directors, Affiliates, actual or potential Sublicensees (in the case of Axovant), commercial partners, independent contractors, consultants, attorneys, independent accountants or financial advisors who, in each case, have a need to know such Confidential Information in order for the Receiving Party to exercise its rights or fulfill its obligations under this Agreement, provided that, in each case, that any such person agrees to be bound written terms, or legally enforceable obligations, of confidentiality and non-use consistent with the terms hereof (or, in the case of the Receiving Party’s attorneys and independent accountants, such person is obligated by applicable professional or ethical obligations) and that are at least as restrictive as those set forth in this ARTICLE XII ( Confidentiality; Publication );

(g) to actual or potential investors, investment bankers, lenders, other financing sources or acquirors (and attorneys and independent accountants thereof) in connection with potential investment, acquisition, collaboration, merger, public offering, due diligence or similar investigations by such Third Parties or in confidential financing documents, provided that, in each case, that any such Third Party agrees to be bound by written terms, or legally enforceable obligations, of confidentiality and non-use consistent with the terms hereof (or, in the case of the Receiving Party’s attorneys and independent accountants, such Third Party is obligated by applicable professional or ethical obligations) that are no less stringent than those contained in this Agreement (except to the extent that a shorter confidentiality period is customary in the industry); and

(h) such disclosure is required by court order, judicial or administrative process or Applicable Law, provided that in such event the Receiving Party shall promptly inform the Disclosing Party of such required disclosure and provide the Disclosing Party an opportunity to challenge or limit the disclosure obligations. Confidential Information that is disclosed as required by court order, judicial or administrative process or Applicable Law shall remain otherwise subject to the confidentiality and non-use provisions of this ARTICLE XII ( Confidentiality; Publication ), and the Receiving Party shall take all steps reasonably necessary, including seeking of confidential treatment or a protective order, to ensure the continued confidential treatment of such Confidential Information; provided , that to the extent practicable, the Receiving Party provides prior written notice of such intended disclosure to the Disclosing Party and assists the Disclosing Party in its reasonable and lawful efforts to avoid or minimize the degree of such disclosure.

12.4 Publication . Benitec shall not publish nor otherwise publicly disclose any data or results regarding any Compound or Licensed Product without the prior written consent of Axovant. Benitec represents and warrants that it does not have any data, results, or publications relating to any Compound or Licensed Product currently under review that may be published or otherwise disclosed after the Effective Date. Prior to publishing a peer reviewed manuscript disclosing the results of studies carried out under this Agreement, Axovant shall use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to provide Benitec with an opportunity to review any such publication that relates to any Compound or Licensed Product prior to its intended submission for publication.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

12.5 Publicity; Use of Names . No disclosure of the existence, or the terms, of this Agreement may be made by either Party or its Affiliates, and neither Party shall use the name, trademark, trade name or logo of the other Party, its Affiliates or their respective employees in any publicity, promotion, news release or disclosure relating to this Agreement or its subject matter, without the prior express written permission of the other Party, except as set forth in Section 12.7 ( Disclosure to the SEC ) or as otherwise may be required by law. Notwithstanding the above, each Party and its Affiliates may disclose on its website and in its promotional materials that the other Party is a development partner of such Party for the Licensed Products and may use the other Party’s name and logo in conjunction with such disclosure.

12.6 Prior Confidentiality Agreement . As of the Effective Date, the terms of this ARTICLE XII ( Confidentiality; Publication ) shall supersede any prior non-disclosure, secrecy or confidentiality agreement between the Parties (or their Affiliates) relating to the subject of this Agreement, including the Confidentiality Agreement. Any information disclosed pursuant to any such prior agreement shall be deemed Confidential Information for purposes of this Agreement.


12.7	Disclosure to the SEC .

(a) A Party may disclose this Agreement and its terms, and material developments or material information generated under this Agreement, in securities filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“ SEC ”) (or equivalent foreign agency, such as the Australian Securities Exchange or the Australian Securities and Investments Commission) to the extent required by law after complying with the procedure set forth in this Section 12.7 ( Disclosure to the SEC ). In such event, the Party seeking to make such disclosure will prepare a draft confidential treatment request and proposed redacted version of this Agreement to request confidential treatment for this Agreement, and the other Party agrees to promptly (and in any event, no more than [***] after receipt of such confidential treatment request and proposed redactions) give its input in a reasonable manner in order to allow the Party seeking disclosure to file its request within the timelines prescribed by applicable SEC regulations. The Party seeking such disclosure shall exercise Commercially Reasonable Efforts to obtain confidential treatment of this Agreement from the SEC as represented by the redacted version reviewed by the other Party.

(b) Further, each Party acknowledges that the other Party may be legally required, or may be required by the listing rules of any exchange on which the other Party’s or its Affiliate’s securities are traded, to make public disclosures (including in filings with the SEC or other agency) of certain material developments or material information generated under this Agreement and agrees that each Party may make such disclosures as required by law or such listing rules, provided that the Party seeking such disclosure shall provide the other Party with a copy of the proposed text of such disclosure sufficiently in advance of the scheduled release to afford such other Party a reasonable opportunity to review and comment thereon.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED


12.8	Press Releases .

(a) The Parties shall cooperate to issue a mutually agreeable press releases announcing the entering into this Agreement. Thereafter, if either Party desires to issue a press release or make a public announcement concerning the material terms of this Agreement or the Development or Commercialization of the Licensed Product under this Agreement, such as the achievement of Regulatory Approvals of the Licensed Product, such Party shall provide the other Party with the proposed text of such announcement [***] in advance of such announcement for prior review and approval by such other Party. No Party shall issue a press release or other public announcement relating to this Agreement without the other Party’s prior written consent, except as permitted pursuant to Sections 12.4 ( Publication ), 12.7 ( Disclosure to SEC ) and 12.8 ( Press Release ).

(b) The Parties agree that after a public disclosure has been made or a press release or other public announcement has been issued in compliance with this Agreement, each Party may make subsequent public disclosures or issue press releases or other public announcements disclosing the same content without having to obtain the other Party’s prior consent and approval.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

12.9 Reporting of Financial Information . From and after the Effective Date, to the extent required by the SEC in connection with a Party or an Affiliate of a Party registering securities in a public offering (the applicable Party, a “ Reporting Party ”), the other Party (the “ Other Party ”) shall (a) cooperate with the Reporting Party or its Affiliates and their respective accountants and auditors by providing access to information, books, and records related to the Licensed Products as the Reporting Party may reasonably request in connection with the preparation by the Reporting Party or its Affiliates of historical and pro forma financial statements related to the Licensed Products as may be required to be included in any filing made by the Reporting Party or any of its Affiliates under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, including Regulation S-X and (b) without limiting the foregoing, shall provide the Reporting Party with such information as is required for the Reporting Party or its Affiliates to prepare audited “carve out” financial statements related to the Licensed Products, for the two (2) Fiscal Years prior to the Effective Date (or such shorter period as agreed to by the Reporting Party) and information requested by the Reporting Party and reasonably necessary to prepare any applicable pro forma financial information required to be filed by the Reporting Party with the SEC. Such cooperation shall include, as applicable, (i) the signing of management representation letters to the extent required in connection with any such audit performed by the Reporting Party’s auditors, (ii) providing the Reporting Party or its Affiliates and their respective accountants and auditors with access to management representation letters provided by the Other Party to such Other Party’s accountants and auditors, and (iii) causing the Other Party’s accountants, auditors, and counsel to cooperate with the Reporting Party or its Affiliates and its accountants, auditors, and counsel in connection with the preparation and audit of any financial information to be provided under this Section 12.9 ( Reporting of Financial Information ). If the Other Party is required to provide the Reporting Party with the audited financial statements contemplated hereunder, the selection of an external audit firm will be at the discretion of the Other Party. Such financial statements shall be derived from the Other Party’s historical financial statements, and accurately present in all material respects the financial position of the Licensed Products as of the dates thereof. the Other Party hereby consents to the inclusion or incorporation by reference of any financial statements provided to the Reporting Party under this Section 12.9 ( Reporting of Financial Information ) in any filing by the Reporting Party or its Affiliates with the SEC and, upon request therefor of the Reporting Party, agrees to request that any auditor of the Other Party that audits any financial statements provided to the Reporting Party or its Affiliates under this Section 12.9 ( Reporting of Financial Information ) consent to the inclusion or incorporation by reference of its audit opinion with respect to such financial statements in any filing by the Reporting Party or its Affiliates with the SEC.

ARTICLE XIII

TERM AND TERMINATION

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

13.1 Term . Unless earlier terminated as permitted by this Agreement, the term of this Agreement shall commence upon the Effective Date and continue in full force and effect, on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product basis, until (a) with respect to BB-301 Products, the expiration of the payments required by Axovant pursuant to Section 8.4 ( Profit-Based Royalties for BB-301 Products ) (i.e., until the occurrence of a Buy-Out Closing) in accordance with Section 1.3 of Exhibit B ( Expiration and Buyout ), and (b) with respect to Collaboration Products, the expiration of the Royalty Term for such Collaboration Product in the Territory (the “ Term ”). Upon the expiration (but not early termination) of the Term for any such Licensed Product, the licenses granted to Axovant shall continue in effect, as an exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty-free, transferable, perpetual and irrevocable, with the right to grant Sublicenses through multiple tiers, with respect to such Licensed Product in the Field in the Territory.

13.2 Termination .

(a) Termination by Axovant for Convenience . At any time, Axovant may terminate this Agreement, at its sole discretion and for any reason or no reason, (1) in its entirety, (2) solely with respect to BB-301 Products or (3) solely with respect to one or more Collaboration Programs, in each case by providing written notice of termination to Benitec, which notice includes an effective date of termination at least:

(i) [***] after the date of the notice if the notice is given before the Regulatory Approval of any Licensed Product (with respect to a termination under subclause (a)(1)), any BB-301 Product (with respect to a termination under subclause (a)(2)) or any Collaboration Product from the terminated Collaboration Program (with respect to a termination under subclause (a)(3)); or

(ii) [***] after the date of the notice if the notice is given after the Regulatory Approval of any Licensed Product (with respect to a termination under subclause (a)(1)), any BB-301 Product (with respect to a termination under subclause (a)(2)) or any Collaboration Product from the terminated Collaboration Program (with respect to a termination under subclause (a)(3)).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(b) Termination for Cause . If either Party believes that the other is in material breach of its obligations hereunder, then the non-breaching Party may deliver notice of such breach to the other Party. The allegedly breaching Party shall have [***] (or [***] in the case of any payment breach) to cure such breach from the receipt of the notice; provided that, if such breach is capable of being cured but cannot be cured within such [***], the breaching Party may cure such breach during an additional period as is reasonable in the circumstances by initiating actions to cure such breach during such [***] period and using Commercially Reasonable Efforts to pursue such actions, provided that such additional cure period shall be capped at an additional [***]. If the allegedly breaching Party fails to cure that breach within the applicable period set forth above, then the Party originally delivering the notice of breach may terminate this Agreement on written notice of termination. Axovant’s failure to use Commercially Reasonable Efforts as required by Section 4.2 ( Development Diligence ) or Section 7.2 ( Commercial Diligence ) shall be deemed a material breach by Axovant of this Agreement with respect to BB-301 or the applicable Collaboration Program (as applicable). Any right to terminate this Agreement under this Section 13.2(b) ( Termination for Cause ) shall be stayed and the applicable cure period tolled if, during such cure period, the Party alleged to have been in material breach shall have initiated dispute resolution in accordance with Section 14.9 ( Dispute Resolution ) with respect to the alleged breach, which stay and tolling shall continue until such dispute has been resolved in accordance with Section 14.9 ( Dispute Resolution ). If a Party is determined to be in material breach of this Agreement, the other Party may terminate this Agreement if the breaching Party fails to cure the breach within [***] after the conclusion of the dispute resolution procedure (and such termination shall then be effective upon written notification from the notifying Party to the breaching Party). For clarity, if such material breach relates solely to BB-301 Products, the non-breaching Party shall have the right to terminate this Agreement solely with respect to BB-301 Products, and if such material breach relates solely to one or more Collaboration Programs, the non-breaching Party shall have the right to terminate this Agreement solely with respect to such Collaboration Programs.

(c) Termination for Bankruptcy . This Agreement may be terminated at any time during the Term by either Party upon the other Party’s filing or institution of bankruptcy, reorganization, liquidation or receivership proceedings, or upon an assignment of a substantial portion of the assets for the benefit of creditors by the other Party (each, an “ Insolvency Event ”); provided , however , that in the case of any involuntary bankruptcy proceeding such right to terminate shall only become effective if the Party consents to the involuntary bankruptcy or such proceeding is not dismissed within [***] after the filing thereof.


13.3	Effect of Termination .

(a) Upon termination of this Agreement by either Party pursuant to Section 13.2(a) ( Termination by Axovant for Convenience ); Section 13.2(b) ( Termination for Cause ), or Section 13.2(c) ( Termination for Bankruptcy ), the following consequences shall apply and shall be effective as of the effective date of such termination, provided that if such termination is only with respect to BB-301 Products or one or more Collaboration Programs, then such consequences shall only apply with respect to such BB-301 Products or Collaboration Program:

(i) Axovant’s licenses under Section 2.1 ( Licenses to Axovant ) shall terminate;

(ii) Benitec shall not have any obligations under Section 2.6 ( Exclusivity ) with respect to the relevant Collaboration Target and/or PABPN1, as applicable.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(iii) Any Benitec Know-How that is solely related to any Compound(s) to which the termination applies shall no longer be considered the Confidential Information of Axovant and shall, as of the effective date of termination be the Confidential Information of Benitec.

(iv) Axovant shall return to Benitec or destroy, at Benitec’s election, all Confidential Information of Benitec, including all copies thereof and all materials, substances and compositions delivered or provided by Benitec to Axovant; provided , however , that Axovant may keep one copy of such Confidential Information in its legal files solely for the purpose of enabling it to comply with the provisions of this Agreement, and Axovant shall not be required to remove such Confidential Information from its back-up or archive electronic records, including its electronic laboratory notebook and laboratory information management systems; and

(v) Benitec shall be solely responsible for all, but shall not be obligated to conduct any, future Development, manufacture and Commercialization of Compounds and Licensed Products in the Field, at its sole cost and expense.

(b) Upon termination of this Agreement by Axovant pursuant to Section 13.2(a) ( Termination by Axovant for Convenience ) or by Benitec pursuant to Section 13.2(b) ( Termination for Cause ) or Section 13.2(c) ( Termination for Bankruptcy ), the following consequences shall apply and shall be effective as of the effective date of such termination:

(i) Axovant hereby grants to Benitec, effective only upon such termination, a non-exclusive, worldwide, fully paid-up, perpetual and irrevocable license, with the right to grant sublicenses through multiple tiers, under the Axovant Technology (including Axovant’s interest in the applicable Collaboration IP) to research, Develop, make, have made, use, distribute, sell, offer for sale, have sold, import, export, and otherwise Commercialize Compounds and Licensed Products in the Field. For clarity, Benitec shall, following such termination, be solely responsible for the payment of any monies payable to a Third Party licensor of Axovant or its Affiliates for rights to intellectual property included in Axovant Technology based upon the Development, manufacture and Commercialization of Compounds and Licensed Products in the Field by Benitec, its Affiliates or licensees, which payments shall be made on a pro rata basis reasonably agreed by the Parties taking into account the value of the Third Party license to Axovant with respect to compounds and products other than the Compounds and Licensed Products hereunder, which pro rata allocation shall, if the Parties do not agree, shall be finally determined pursuant to Section 14.10 ( Baseball Arbitration ).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(ii) If requested in writing by Benitec, Axovant shall grant to Benitec, effective only upon such termination, an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing, perpetual and irrevocable license, with the right to grant sublicenses through multiple tiers, under the Axovant Technology (including Axovant’s interest in the applicable Collaboration IP) to research, Develop, make, have made, use, distribute, sell, offer for sale, have sold, import, export, and otherwise Commercialize Compounds and Licensed Products in the Field. The Parties shall negotiate the terms of such license in good faith for a period not to exceed [***], including milestone payments to become due upon the achievement of the then-remaining development milestone events set forth in Section 8.3(a) ( Development and Regulatory Milestone Payments ) and the sales- based milestone events set forth in Section 8.3(b) ( Sales Milestone Payments ), together with royalty payments; if the Parties are unable to agree on the terms and execute a definitive agreement with respect to the license during such [***] negotiation period, then they shall have such terms determined pursuant to Section 14.10 ( Baseball Arbitration ).

(iii) Axovant shall assign to Benitec all Regulatory Documentation, all Regulatory Approvals and any other licenses or permits issued by any Governmental Authorities that are necessary for the Development, manufacture or Commercialization of any Compound and Licensed Product, to the extent solely related to the relevant Compound and/or Licensed Product;

(iv) Axovant shall use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to provide to Benitec or its designees all assistance reasonably necessary to assist Benitec in transitioning to Benitec or its designee all aspects of the Parties’ relationship hereunder, including all work in progress and including by disclosing to Benitec all Axovant Know-How to the extent not already known to Benitec that is reasonably useful for Benitec to Develop, manufacture and Commercialize Compounds and Licensed Products in the Field; in addition, Axovant shall, at Benitec’s request, provide reasonable technical assistance and transfer all Axovant Know-How necessary to manufacture Compounds and Licensed Products to Benitec or its designee, and Benitec shall reimburse Axovant for its reasonable expenses associated with such technical assistance and the transfer of Axovant Know-How including to all employee expenses of Axovant;

(v) Axovant shall, at Benitec’s request and election, use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to facilitate negotiations between Benitec and Axovant’s Third Party providers of clinical research, manufacturing, health plan coverage, marketing sales or distribution services, including, without limitation, with respect to group purchasing arrangements and pharmacy benefit management;

(vi) Axovant shall, and hereby does, effective on such termination, assign to Benitec all of Axovant’s and its Affiliates’ right, title and interest in and to any and all trademarks (including the Marks) used by Axovant and its Affiliates in the Territory in connection with its Development, manufacture or Commercialization of Licensed Products (excluding any such trademarks that include, in whole or part, any corporate name or logo of Axovant or its Affiliates), including all goodwill therein; and

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(vii) At Benitec’s reasonable request, and without further compensation other than reimbursement of Axovant’s reasonable, documented out-of-pocket costs directly incurred in connection therewith, Axovant will undertake, and will use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to cause its subcontractors to undertake, all further actions reasonably required to perfect Benitec’s right, title and interest in and to, and quiet enjoyment of, all of the items set forth in Sections 13.3(b)(iii) and (vi) ( Effect of Termination ) (including the execution of such instruments, assignments and documents as may be necessary to effect, evidence, register and record such assignment).

13.4 Survival. Expiration or termination of this Agreement shall not relieve the Parties of any obligation accruing prior to such expiration or termination, nor shall expiration or any termination of this Agreement preclude either Party from pursuing all rights and remedies it may have under this Agreement, at law or in equity, with respect to breach of this Agreement. Without limiting the foregoing, the following Sections and Articles of this Agreement will survive termination or expiration for any reason: ARTICLE I (to the extent definitions are used in the following Sections or portions thereof), Section 2.2 (with respect to responsibility for sublicensees); Section 2.7; Section 3.4(b) (with respect to responsibility for sublicensees); Section 4.5 (with respect to responsibility); Section 5.3 (only in the case of expiration); Section 8.10 (for the time periods therein); Section 8.11; Section 9.1 (for Data and Inventions generated or otherwise made during the Term); Section 10.6; Sections 11.1 – 11.6; ARTICLE XII (other than Section 12.4 and Section 12.8) (including the Sections referenced therein, if applicable); Section 13.3; Section 13.4; Section 13.5; Section 14.1; Section 14.3 - Section 14.5; and Section 14.7 – Section 14.18. In addition, the applicable provisions of ARTICLE II, ARTICLE III, ARTICLE IV, ARTICLE VI, and ARTICLE VIII, whether or not identified in the above, will survive, in each case, solely to the extent required to make final reimbursements, reconciliations or other payments or any other costs and expenses incurred or accrued prior to the date of termination or expiration and payable under the terms of this Agreement. If this Agreement is terminated with respect to a given Collaboration Program, but not in its entirety, then following such termination the foregoing provisions of this Agreement shall remain in effect with respect to the terminated Collaboration Program (to the extent they would survive and apply in the event the Agreement expires or is terminated in its entirety or as otherwise necessary for the Parties to exercise their rights with respect thereto) and all provisions not surviving in accordance with the foregoing shall terminate with respect to the terminated Collaboration Program, as applicable, upon the effective date of termination thereof.

13.5 Termination Not Sole Remedy . Termination is not the sole remedy under this Agreement and, whether or not termination is effected and notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement to the contrary, all other remedies will remain available except as agreed to otherwise herein.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

ARTICLE XIV

GENERAL PROVISIONS

14.1 Governing Law; Venue . This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York without reference to any rules of conflict of laws with the exception of sections 5-1401 and 5-1402 of New York General Obligations Law. Subject to Section 14.9 ( Dispute Resolution ), each Party hereto (a) hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, for the purposes of any suit, action or other proceeding arising out of this Agreement; (b) agrees to commence any such action, suit or proceeding in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York or, if such suit, action or other proceeding may not be brought in such court for jurisdictional reasons, in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County; and (c) hereby irrevocably and unconditionally waives any objection to the laying of any such suit, action or other proceeding in such courts and further irrevocably and unconditionally waives and agrees not to plead or claim in any such court that any such action, suit or proceeding brought in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum.


14.2	Assignment.

(a) Except as expressly provided hereunder, neither this Agreement nor any rights or obligations hereunder may be assigned or otherwise transferred by either Party without the prior written consent of the other Party (which consent shall not be unreasonably conditioned, withheld, or delayed); provided , however, that either Party may assign or otherwise transfer this Agreement and its rights and obligations hereunder without the other Party’s consent: (i) in connection with the transfer or sale of all or substantially all of the business or assets of such Party to which this Agreement relates to a Third Party, whether by merger, consolidation, divesture, restructure, sale of stock, sale of assets or otherwise; provided that in the event of any such transaction (whether this Agreement is actually assigned or is assumed by the acquiring party by operation of law (e.g., in the context of a reverse triangular merger)), intellectual property rights of the acquiring party to such transaction (if other than one of the Parties to this Agreement) and its Affiliates existing prior to the transaction shall not be included in the technology licensed hereunder (a “ Sale Transaction ”); or (ii) to an Affiliate, provided that the assigning Party shall ensure that the assignee assumes the rights and obligations under this Agreement, or it shall remain liable and responsible to the non-assigning Party hereto for the performance and observance of all such duties and obligations by such Affiliate. The rights and obligations of the Parties under this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the successors and permitted assigns of the Parties, and the name of a Party appearing herein will be deemed to include the name of such Party’s successors and permitted assigns to the extent necessary to carry out the intent of this section. Any assignment not in accordance with this Section 14.2 ( Assignment ) shall be null and void.

(b) In the event of (a) a Sale Transaction by a Party, or (b) the acquisition by a Party of all or substantially all of the business of a Third Party (together with any entities that were Affiliates of such Third Party immediately prior to such acquisition, an “ Acquiree ”), whether by merger, consolidation, divestiture, restructure, sale of stock, sale of assets or otherwise (an “ Acquisition ”), intellectual property rights of the acquiring party in a Sales Transaction or the Acquiree, if other than one of the Parties to this Agreement (together with any entities that were Affiliates of such Acquiree, as applicable), in each case existing prior to such transaction shall not be included in the technology licensed hereunder or otherwise subject to this Agreement.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

14.3 Entire Agreement; Modification . This Agreement is both a final expression of the Parties’ agreement and a complete and exclusive statement with respect to all of its terms. This Agreement supersedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements and communications, whether oral, written or otherwise, concerning any and all matters contained herein, including the Confidentiality Agreement and for clarity, the confidential and proprietary information exchanged thereunder shall be treated as Confidential Information under this Agreement. This Agreement may only be modified or supplemented in a writing expressly stated for such purpose and signed by the Parties to this Agreement.

14.4 Relationship Between the Parties . The Parties’ relationship with one another, as established by this Agreement, is solely that of independent contractors. This Agreement does not create any partnership, joint venture or similar business relationship between the Parties. Neither Party is a legal representative of the other Party. Neither Party can assume or create any obligation, representation, warranty or guarantee, express or implied, on behalf of the other Party for any purpose whatsoever.

14.5 Non-Waiver . The failure of a Party to insist upon strict performance of any provision of this Agreement or to exercise any right arising out of this Agreement shall neither impair that provision or right nor constitute a waiver of that provision or right, in whole or in part, in that instance or in any other instance. Any waiver by a Party of a particular provision or right shall be in writing, shall be as to a particular matter and, if applicable, for a particular period of time and shall be signed by such Party.

14.6 Force Majeure . Neither Party shall be held liable to the other Party nor be deemed to have defaulted under or breached this Agreement for failure or delay in performing any obligation under this Agreement (excluding payment obligations) to the extent such failure or delay is caused by or results from causes beyond the reasonable control of the affected Party, potentially including embargoes, war, acts of war (whether war be declared or not), acts of terrorism, insurrections, riots, civil commotions, strikes, lockouts or other labor disturbances, fire, floods, or other acts of God, or acts, omissions or delays in acting by any Governmental Authority or unavailability of materials related to the manufacture of Compounds or Licensed Products. The affected Party shall notify the other Party of such force majeure circumstances as soon as reasonably practical and shall promptly undertake and continue diligently all reasonable efforts necessary to cure such force majeure circumstances and to perform its obligations in spite of the ongoing circumstances.

14.7 Severability . If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Agreement is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby, unless the absence of the invalidated provisions adversely affects the substantive rights of the Parties. The Parties shall in such an instance use their best efforts to replace the invalid, illegal or unenforceable provisions with valid, legal and enforceable provisions which, insofar as practical, implement the purposes of this Agreement.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

14.8 Notices . Any notice to be given under this Agreement must be in writing and delivered (a) in person (receipt confirmed in writing), (b) by internationally recognized overnight courier, with a copy via e-mail with delivery and return receipts requested and confirmation of delivery thereafter, either to the Party to be notified at its address(es) given below, or at any address such Party may designate by prior written notice to the other. Notice shall be deemed sufficiently given for all purposes upon official confirmation of receipt by the courier service.

If to Benitec:

Benitec Biopharma

Suite 1201, 99 Mount Street

North Sydney NSW 2060

Australia

Attention: Chief Executive Officer

With a copy to: [***]

If to Axovant:

Axovant Sciences GmbH

Viaduktstrasse 8

4051 Basel, Switzerland

Attention: President and Chief Commercial Officer With a copy to: [***]


14.9	Dispute Resolution

(a) The Parties shall negotiate in good faith and use reasonable efforts to settle any dispute, controversy or claim arising from or related to this Agreement or the breach thereof. Subject to Section 14.9(h) ( Dispute Resolution ), in the event the Parties cannot resolve such dispute, controversy or claim within a period of [***] after notice of a dispute from one Party to the other, then the matter shall be referred to designated senior executives of the Parties for resolution by the sending of a Notice of Dispute(s) for Executive Resolution. The designated senior executives shall endeavor to meet in person within [***] following transmittal of the Notice of Dispute(s) for Executive Resolution. The initial designated senior executives shall be the President of Axovant, and Executive Chairman of Benitec. Each Party shall be entitled to name substitute senior executives upon written notice to the other Party.

(b) Except as expressly set forth in Section 14.9(h) ( Dispute Resolution ), if, after going through this procedure, the Parties do not fully settle, and a Party wishes to pursue the matter, each such dispute, controversy or claim that is not an Excluded Claim (defined in Section 14.9(g) ( Dispute Resolution )) shall be finally resolved by binding arbitration administered by JAMS pursuant to JAMS’ Streamlined Arbitration Rules and Procedures then in effect (the “ JAMS Rules ”).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

(c) The arbitration shall be conducted by a panel of three (3) neutral arbitrators, each of whom shall have significant legal or business experience in the pharmaceutical industry, and none of whom shall be a current or former employee or director, or a current significant shareholder, of either Party or any of their respective Affiliates or any Sublicensee: within [***] after initiation of arbitration, each Party shall select one (1) person to act as arbitrator and the two (2) Party-selected arbitrators shall select a third (3 ^rd ) arbitrator within [***] of their appointment. If the arbitrators selected by the Parties are unable or fail to agree upon the third (3 ^rd ) arbitrator, the third (3 ^rd ) arbitrator shall be appointed by JAMS. The place of arbitration shall be New York, New York, and all proceedings and communications shall be in English. Within [***] after selection of the third arbitrator, the arbitrators shall conduct the Preliminary Conference (as defined in the JAMS Rules). In addressing any of the subjects within the scope of the Preliminary Conference, the arbitrators shall take into account both the desirability of making discovery efficient and cost-effective and the needs of the Parties for an understanding of any legitimate issue raised in the arbitration. The award rendered by the arbitrators shall be final, binding and non-appealable, and judgment may be entered upon it in any court of competent jurisdiction.

(d) Either Party may apply to the arbitrators for interim injunctive relief until the arbitration award is rendered or the controversy is otherwise resolved. The arbitrators’ authority to award punitive or any other type of damages not measured by a Party’s compensatory damages shall be subject to the limitation set forth in Section 11.5 ( Special, Indirect and Other Losses ). Each Party shall bear its own costs and expenses and attorneys’ fees and an equal share of the arbitrators’ fees and any administrative fees of arbitration.

(e) Except to the extent necessary to confirm or enforce an award or as may be required by law, neither Party nor an arbitrator may disclose the existence, content, or results of an arbitration without the prior written consent of the other Party. In no event shall an arbitration be initiated after the date when commencement of a legal or equitable proceeding based on the dispute, controversy or claim would be barred by the applicable New York statute of limitations.

(f) The Parties agree that, in the event of a dispute over the nature or quality of performance under this Agreement, neither Party may terminate this Agreement until final resolution of the dispute through arbitration or other judicial determination. The Parties further agree that any payments made pursuant to this Agreement pending resolution of the dispute shall be refunded if an arbitrator or court determines that such payments are not due.

(g) As used in this Section 14.9 ( Dispute Resolution ), the term “ Excluded Claim ” means a dispute, controversy or claim that concerns (i) the construction, scope, validity, enforceability, inventorship or infringement of a patent, patent application, trademark or copyright; or (ii) any antitrust, anti-monopoly or competition law or regulation, whether or not statutory.

(h) Nothing contained in this Agreement shall deny either Party the right to seek injunctive or other equitable relief from a court of competent jurisdiction in the context of a bona fide emergency or prospective irreparable harm, and such an action may be filed and maintained notwithstanding any ongoing discussions between the Parties or any ongoing arbitration proceeding. In addition, either Party may bring an action in a court of competent jurisdiction to resolve disputes pertaining to the validity, construction, scope, enforceability, infringement or other violation of Patents or other intellectual property rights, and no such claim shall be subject to arbitration pursuant to Sections 14.9(b) ( Dispute Resolution ) and 14.9(c) ( Dispute Resolution ).

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

14.10 Baseball Arbitration. This Section 14.10 ( Baseball Arbitration ) shall apply to disputes arising under Section 13.3(b) ( Effect of Termination ) to be resolved by baseball arbitration. Baseball arbitration will be conducted by one (1) arbitrator who shall be reasonably acceptable to the Parties and who shall be appointed in accordance with the JAMS Rules. If the Parties are unable to select an arbitrator within [***], then the arbitrator shall be appointed in accordance with the JAMS Rules. Any arbitrator chosen under this Section 14.10 ( Baseball Arbitration ) shall have significant legal or business experience in the pharmaceutical industry, and shall not be a current or former employee or director, or a current or former shareholder of either Party or any of their respective Affiliates or any Sublicensee. Within [***] after the selection of the arbitrator, each Party shall submit to the arbitrator and the other Party a proposed resolution of the dispute that is the subject of the arbitration, together with any relevant evidence in support thereof (the “ Proposals ”). Within [***] after the delivery of the last Proposal to the arbitrator, each Party may submit a written rebuttal of the other Party’s Proposal and may also amend and re-submit its original Proposal. The Parties and the arbitrator shall meet within [***] after the Parties have submitted their final Proposals (and rebuttals, if any), at which time each Party shall have one (1) hour to argue in support of its Proposal. The Parties shall not have the right to call any witnesses in support of their arguments, nor compel any production of documents or take any discovery from the other Party in preparation for the meeting. Within [***] after such meeting, the arbitrator shall select one of the final Proposals so submitted by one of the Parties as the resolution of the dispute, but may not alter the terms of either final Proposal and may not resolve the dispute in a manner other than by selection of one of the submitted final Proposals. If a Party fails to submit a Proposal within the initial [***] time frame set forth above, the arbitrator shall select the Proposal of the other Party as the resolution of the dispute.

14.11 Performance by Affiliates . Each Party may perform its obligations and exercise any rights hereunder directly or indirectly through any of its Affiliates. Each Party hereby guarantees the performance by its Affiliates of such Party’s obligations under this Agreement, and shall cause its Affiliates to comply with the provisions of this Agreement in connection with such performance. Any breach by a Party’s Affiliate of any of such Party’s obligations under this Agreement shall be deemed a breach by such Party, and the other Party may proceed directly against such Party without any obligation to first proceed against such Party’s Affiliate.

14.12 Headings . The captions to the several Articles, Sections and subsections hereof are not a part of this Agreement, but are merely for convenience to assist in locating and reading the several Articles and Sections hereof.

14.13 Waiver of Rule of Construction . Each Party has had the opportunity to consult with counsel in connection with the review, drafting and negotiation of this Agreement. Accordingly, the rule of construction that any ambiguity in this Agreement shall be construed against the drafting Party shall not apply.

14.14 Business Day Requirements . If any notice or other action or omission is required to be taken by a Party under this Agreement on a day that is not a Business Day, then such notice or other action or omission shall be deemed to require such notice or action or omission to be taken on the next occurring Business Day.

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

14.15 English Language . This Agreement has been prepared in the English language, and the English language shall control its interpretation. In addition, all notices required or permitted to be given hereunder, and all written, electronic, oral or other communications between the Parties regarding this Agreement shall be in the English language.

14.16 Interpretation . All references in this Agreement to the singular include the plural where applicable. Unless otherwise specified, references in this Agreement to any Article include all Sections, subsections and paragraphs in such Article, and references to any Section include all subsections and paragraphs in such Section. The word “including” and similar words mean “including without limitation”. The words “herein,” “hereof” and “hereunder” and other words of similar import refer to this Agreement as a whole and not to any particular Section or other subdivision. The word “or” is used in the conjunctive sense (i.e., “and/or”), unless the context clearly requires otherwise. All references to days in this Agreement mean calendar days, unless otherwise specified. Except as otherwise specified herein, references to a person or entity are also to its permitted successors and assigns.

14.17 Further Assurances . Each Party shall duly execute and deliver or cause to be duly executed and delivered, such further instruments and do and cause to be done such further acts and things, including the filing of such assignments, agreements, documents and instruments, as may be necessary or as the other Party may reasonably request in connection with this Agreement or to carry out more effectively the provisions and purposes hereof or to better assure and confirm unto such other Party its rights and remedies under this Agreement.

14.18 Counterparts . This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.

{REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK}

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties hereto have caused this LICENSE AND COLLABORATION AGREEMENT to be executed and entered into by their duly authorized representatives as of the Effective Date.

BENITEC BIOPHARMA LIMITED

By:_ /s/ Megan Boston

Name: Megan Boston

Title: Executive Director, Benitec Biopharma Limited

BENITEC BIOPHARMA LIMITED

AXOVANT SCIENCES GMBH

By:_ /s/ Sascha Bucher

Name: Sascha Bucher

Title: Director, Axovant Sciences GmbH

By: /s/Peter Francis

Name: Peter Francis

Title: Director, Benitec Biopharma Limited

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Exhibits and Schedules :


Exhibit A	Benitec Patents as of the Effective Date

Exhibit B Profit-Based Royalties

Exhibit C Scheduled Targets


Exhibit D	[***]

Appendix A [***]

Exhibit E Benitec Platform Patents

Exhibit 2.4 Technology Transfer Plan

Exhibit 3.5 [***]

Schedule 10.4(l) Existing Agreements

Schedule 10.4(m) Third Party Vendors

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Exhibit A Benitec Patents as of the Effective Date

[***]

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Exhibit B Profit-Based Royalties Terms

[***]

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Exhibit C Scheduled Targets

[*** ]

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Exhibit D

[***]

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Appendix A to Exhibit D

[***]

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Exhibit E Benitec Platform Patents

Genetic silencing

[***]

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Exhibit 2.4 Technology Transfer Plan

[***]

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Exhibit 3.5

[***]

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Schedule 10.4(l) Existing Agreements

*Note: The following is a general summary only. Terms of agreements to be consulted for confirmation and specific details.*

[***]

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Schedule 10.4(m) Third Party Vendors

[***]

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Exhibit 10.2

Confidential

[***] = Portions of this exhibit have been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Confidential treatment requested under 17 C.F.R. Section 240.24b-2.

July 23, 2018

Jerel A Banks, M.D., Ph.D.

Executive Chairman

Benitec Biopharma Limited

Suite 1201, 99 Mount Street

North Sydney NSW 2060

Australia

Re: Amendment No. 1 to License and Collaboration Agreement between Axovant Sciences GmbH and Benitec Biopharma Limited.

Dear Dr. Banks,

Reference is made to that certain License and Collaboration Agreement between Axovant Sciences GmbH and Benitec Biopharma Limited entered into as of July 9, 2018 (the “Agreement”). Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined have the meaning ascribed to them in the Agreement.

The Parties agree that Exhibit A of the Agreement is replaced in its entirety with Exhibit A attached hereto.

Except as set forth above, all terms and conditions of the Agreement remain in full force and effect.

Accepted and Agreed

For Axovant Sciences GmbH:

By: /s/ Mark Altmeyer

Mark Altmeyer

President & COO, Axovant Sciences GmbH



Accepted and Agreed For Benitec Biopharma Limited: By: /s/Peter Francis Name: Peter Francis Title: Director	By: /s/Megan Boston Name: Megan Boston Title: Executive Director

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED


Exhibit A	Benitec Patents as of the Effective Date

[***]

[***] = CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OMITTED

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Pavan Cheruvu, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Axovant Sciences Ltd.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.



Date: November 7, 2018	By:	/s/ Pavan Cheruvu
		Pavan Cheruvu
		Principal Executive Officer

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Gregory Weinhoff, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Axovant Sciences Ltd.;

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.



Date: November 7, 2018	By:	/s/ Gregory Weinhoff
		Gregory Weinhoff
		Principal Financial Officer

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Axovant Sciences Ltd. (the “Company”) for the period ended September 30, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Pavan Cheruvu, Principal Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that to his knowledge:

(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.



Date: November 7, 2018	By:	/s/ Pavan Cheruvu
		Pavan Cheruvu
		Principal Executive Officer

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the SEC or its staff upon request.

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Axovant Sciences Ltd. (the “Company”) for the period ended September 30, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Gregory Weinhoff, Principal Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that to his knowledge:

(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.



Date: November 7, 2018	By:	/s/ Gregory Weinhoff
		Gregory Weinhoff
		Principal Financial Officer

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the SEC or its staff upon request.