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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020 or
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from              to                          
Commission File Number: 0-16533
ProAssurance Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
 
 
63-1261433
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
 
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100 Brookwood Place,
Birmingham,
AL
 
 
 
 
 
35209
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
 
(Zip Code)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(205)
877-4400
 
 
 
(Registrant’s telephone number,
including area code)
 
 
(Former name, former address and former
fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
PRA
New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes      No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes      No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
 
 
 
Accelerated filer
 
Non-accelerated filer
 
 
 
Smaller reporting company
 
Emerging growth company
 
 
 
 
 
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).     Yes     No  
As of May 1, 2020, there were 53,844,495 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.


Table of Contents

Glossary of Terms and Acronyms

When the following terms and acronyms appear in the text of this report, they have the meanings indicated below.
Term
Meaning
AAD
Annual aggregate deductible
AOCI
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
ASU
Accounting Standards Update
BEAT
Base erosion anti-abuse tax
Board
Board of Directors of ProAssurance Corporation
BOLI
Business owned life insurance
CARES Act
Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act
Council of Lloyd's
The governing body for Lloyd's of London
CODM
Chief Operating Decision Maker
Commutation
An agreement between a ceding insurer and the reinsurer that provides for the valuation, payment, and complete discharge of all obligations between the parties under a particular reinsurance contract
COVID-19
Coronavirus Disease 2019
DPAC
Deferred policy acquisition costs
Eastern Re
Eastern Re, LTD, S.P.C.
EBUB
Earned but unbilled premium
ECO/XPL
Extra-contractual obligations /excess of policy limit claims
FAL
Funds at Lloyd's
FASB
Financial Accounting Standards Board
FHLB
Federal Home Loan Bank
FHLMC
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
FNMA
Federal National Mortgage Association
GAAP
Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America
GILTI
Global intangible low-taxed income
GNMA
Government National Mortgage Association
HCPL
Healthcare professional liability
IBNR
Incurred but not reported
Inova Re
Inova Re, LTD, S.P.C.
IRS
Internal Revenue Service
LIBOR
London Interbank Offered Rate
LLC
Limited liability company
Lloyd's
Lloyd's of London market
LP
Limited partnership
Medical technology liability
Medical technology and life sciences products liability
Mortgage Loans
Two ten-year mortgage loans collectively with an original borrowing amount of approximately $40 million, each entered into by a subsidiary of ProAssurance
NAV
Net asset value
NOL
Net operating loss
NORCAL
NORCAL Group
NORCAL Mutual
NORCAL Mutual Insurance Company
NRSRO
Nationally recognized statistical rating organization
NYSE
New York Stock Exchange
OCI
Other comprehensive income (loss)
PCAOB
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board

2

Table of Contents

Term
Meaning
PDR
Premium deficiency reserve
PREP Act
The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
Revolving Credit Agreement
ProAssurance's $250 million revolving credit agreement
ROE
Return on equity
ROU
Right-of-use
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission
SPA
Special Purpose Arrangement
SPC
Segregated portfolio cell
Specialty P&C
Specialty Property and Casualty
Syndicate 1729
Lloyd's of London Syndicate 1729
Syndicate 6131
Lloyd's of London Syndicate 6131, a Special Purpose Arrangement with Lloyd's of London Syndicate 1729
Syndicate Credit Agreement
Unconditional revolving credit agreement with the Premium Trust Fund of Syndicate 1729
TCJA
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act H.R.1 of 2017
U.K.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
ULAE
Unallocated loss adjustment expense
VIE
Variable interest entity

3

Table of Contents

Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
Any statements in this Form 10-Q that are not historical facts are specifically identified as forward-looking statements. These statements are based upon our estimates and anticipation of future events and are subject to significant risks, assumptions and uncertainties that could cause actual results to vary materially from the expected results described in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are identified by words such as, but not limited to, "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "hope," "hopeful," "intend," "likely," "may," "optimistic," "possible," "potential," "preliminary," "project," "should," "will" and other analogous expressions. There are numerous factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. Thus, sentences and phrases that we use to convey our view of future events and trends are expressly designated as forward-looking statements as are sections of this Form 10-Q that are identified as giving our outlook on future business.
Forward-looking statements relating to our business include among other things: statements concerning future liquidity and capital requirements, investment valuation and performance, return on equity, financial ratios, net income, premiums, losses and loss reserve, premium rates and retention of current business, competition and market conditions, the expansion of product lines, the development or acquisition of business in new geographical areas, the pricing or availability of acceptable reinsurance, actions by regulators and rating agencies, court actions, legislative actions, payment or performance of obligations under indebtedness, payment of dividends and other matters.
These forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks, assumptions and uncertainties, including, among other things, the following factors that could affect the actual outcome of future events:
Ÿ
changes in general economic conditions, including the impact of inflation or deflation and unemployment;
Ÿ
our ability to maintain our dividend payments;
Ÿ
regulatory, legislative and judicial actions or decisions that could affect our business plans or operations, including the impact of Brexit and the impact of changes in interpretations of certain coverages as a result of COVID-19;
Ÿ
the enactment or repeal of tort reforms;
Ÿ
formation or dissolution of state-sponsored insurance entities providing coverages now offered by ProAssurance which could remove or add sizable numbers of insureds from or to the private insurance market;
Ÿ
changes in the interest and tax rate environment;
Ÿ
resolution of uncertain tax matters and changes in tax laws, including the impact of the TCJA;
Ÿ
changes in laws or government regulations regarding financial markets or market activity that may affect our business;
Ÿ
changes in the ability of the U.S. government to meet its obligations that may affect the U.S. economy and our business;
Ÿ
performance of financial markets affecting the fair value of our investments or making it difficult to determine the value of our investments;
Ÿ
changes in requirements or accounting policies and practices that may be adopted by our regulatory agencies, the FASB, the SEC, the PCAOB or the NYSE that may affect our business;
Ÿ
changes in laws or government regulations affecting the financial services industry, the property and casualty insurance industry or particular insurance lines underwritten by our subsidiaries;
Ÿ
the effect on our insureds, particularly the insurance needs of our insureds, and our loss costs, of changes in the healthcare delivery system and/or changes in the U.S. political climate that may affect healthcare policy or our business;
Ÿ
consolidation of our insureds into or under larger entities which may be insured by competitors, or may not have a risk profile that meets our underwriting criteria or which may not use external providers for insuring or otherwise managing substantial portions of their liability risk;
Ÿ
the effect of cyclical insurance industry trends on our underwriting, including demand and pricing in the
insurance and reinsurance markets in which we operate;
Ÿ
uncertainties inherent in the estimate of our loss and loss adjustment expense reserve and reinsurance recoverable;
Ÿ
changes in the availability, cost, quality or collectability of insurance/reinsurance;
Ÿ
the results of litigation, including pre- or post-trial motions, trials and/or appeals we undertake;
Ÿ
effects on our claims costs from mass tort litigation that are different from that anticipated by us;
Ÿ
allegations of bad faith which may arise from our handling of any particular claim, including failure to settle;
Ÿ
loss or consolidation of independent agents, agencies, brokers or brokerage firms;

4

Table of Contents

Ÿ
changes in our organization, compensation and benefit plans;
Ÿ
changes in the business or competitive environment may limit the effectiveness of our business strategy and impact our revenues;
Ÿ
our ability to retain and recruit senior management and other qualified personnel;
Ÿ
the availability, integrity and security of our technology infrastructure or that of our third-party providers of technology infrastructure, including any susceptibility to cyber-attacks which might result in a loss of information or operating capability;
Ÿ
the impact of a catastrophic event, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic, as it relates to our operations, investment results, Lloyd's Syndicates and our insured risks;
Ÿ
the impact of acts of terrorism and acts of war;
Ÿ
the effects of terrorism-related insurance legislation and laws;
Ÿ
guaranty funds and other state assessments;
Ÿ
our ability to achieve continued growth through expansion into new markets or through acquisitions or business combinations;
Ÿ
our ability to complete our planned acquisition of NORCAL due to regulatory approval or inability to fund the transaction, or inability to successfully integrate NORCAL and achieve expected synergies;
Ÿ
changes to the ratings assigned by rating agencies to our insurance subsidiaries, individually or as a group;
Ÿ
provisions in our charter documents, Delaware law and state insurance laws may impede attempts to replace or remove management or may impede a takeover;
Ÿ
state insurance restrictions may prohibit assets held by our insurance subsidiaries, including cash and investment securities, from being used for general corporate purposes;
Ÿ
taxing authorities can take exception to our tax positions and cause us to incur significant amounts of legal and accounting costs and, if our defense is not successful, additional tax costs, including interest and penalties; and
Ÿ
expected benefits from completed and proposed acquisitions may not be achieved or may be delayed longer than expected due to business disruption; loss of customers, employees or key agents; increased operating costs or inability to achieve cost savings and synergies; and assumption of greater than expected liabilities, among other reasons.
Additional risks, assumptions and uncertainties that could arise from our membership in the Lloyd's market and our participation in Lloyd's Syndicates include, but are not limited to, the following:
Ÿ
members of Lloyd's are subject to levies by the Council of Lloyd's based on a percentage of the member's underwriting capacity, currently a maximum of 3%, but can be increased by Lloyd's;
Ÿ
Syndicate operating results can be affected by decisions made by the Council of Lloyd's which the management of Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 have little ability to control, such as a decision to not approve the business plan of Syndicate 1729 or Syndicate 6131, or a decision to increase the capital required to continue operations, and by our obligation to pay levies to Lloyd's;
Ÿ
Lloyd's insurance and reinsurance relationships and distribution channels could be disrupted or Lloyd's trading licenses could be revoked, making it more difficult for a Lloyd's Syndicate to distribute and market its products;
Ÿ
rating agencies could downgrade their ratings of Lloyd's as a whole; and
Ÿ
Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 operations are dependent on a small, specialized management team, and the loss of their services could adversely affect the Syndicate’s business. The inability to identify, hire and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future could adversely affect the quality and profitability of Syndicate 1729’s or Syndicate 6131's business.
Our results may differ materially from those we expect and discuss in any forward-looking statements. The principal risk factors that may cause these differences are described in "Item 1A, Risk Factors" in our December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K, in "Item 1A, Risk Factors" included in this report and other documents we file with the SEC, such as our current reports on Form 8-K and our regular reports on Form 10-Q.
We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which are based upon conditions existing only as of the date made, and advise readers that these factors could affect our financial performance and could cause actual results for future periods to differ materially from any opinions or statements expressed with respect to future periods in any current statements. Except as required by law or regulations, we do not undertake and specifically decline any obligation to

5

Table of Contents

publicly release the result of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events.

6

Table of Contents

 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8
 
 
 
 
9
 
 
 
 
10
 
 
 
 
11
 
 
 
 
13
 
 
 
 
13
 
18
 
27
 
33
 
34
 
36
 
37
 
38
 
39
 
40
 
40
 
41
 
45
 
 
 
46
 
 
 
100
 
 
 
103
 
 
 
 
103
103
105
105
106

7

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
(In thousands, except share data)
 
March 31,
2020
 
December 31,
2019
Assets
 
 
 
Investments
 
 
 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost, $2,287,956 and $2,241,304, respectively; allowance for expected credit losses, $1,163 as of current period end)
$
2,281,664

 
$
2,288,785

Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value (cost, $47,282 and $46,772, respectively)
47,680

 
47,284

Equity investments, at fair value (cost, $108,548 and $227,873, respectively)
92,750

 
250,552

Short-term investments
347,340

 
339,907

Business owned life insurance
66,569

 
66,112

Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries
371,372

 
358,820

Other investments (at fair value, $30,871 and $36,018, respectively, otherwise at cost or amortized cost)
33,778

 
38,949

Total Investments
3,241,153

 
3,390,409

Cash and cash equivalents
217,169

 
175,369

Premiums receivable, net
266,822

 
249,540

Receivable from reinsurers on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses
16,375

 
12,739

Receivable from reinsurers on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
389,792

 
390,708

Prepaid reinsurance premiums
44,120

 
42,796

Deferred policy acquisition costs
56,166

 
55,567

Deferred tax asset, net
66,710

 
44,387

Real estate, net
31,122

 
30,410

Operating lease ROU assets
19,722

 
21,074

Intangible assets, net
70,167

 
70,757

Goodwill
210,725

 
210,725

Other assets
100,807

 
111,118

Total Assets
$
4,730,850


$
4,805,599

Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
Policy liabilities and accruals
 
 
 
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses
$
2,331,048

 
$
2,346,526

Unearned premiums
443,288

 
413,086

Reinsurance premiums payable
52,367

 
52,946

Total Policy Liabilities
2,826,703

 
2,812,558

Operating lease liabilities
21,311

 
22,051

Other liabilities
169,783

 
173,256

Debt less unamortized debt issuance costs
285,544

 
285,821

Total Liabilities
3,303,341

 
3,293,686

Shareholders' Equity
 
 
 
Common shares (par value $0.01 per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 63,165,667 and 63,117,235 shares issued, respectively)
632

 
631

Additional paid-in capital
384,732

 
384,551

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (net of deferred tax expense (benefit) of ($1,162) and $9,795, respectively)
(4,910
)
 
36,955

Retained earnings
1,463,017

 
1,505,738

Treasury shares, at cost (9,325,180 shares as of each respective period end)
(415,962
)
 
(415,962
)
Total Shareholders' Equity
1,427,509


1,511,913

Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
$
4,730,850

 
$
4,805,599

See accompanying notes.

8

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Capital (Unaudited)
(In thousands)
 
 
 
Common Stock
 
Additional Paid-in Capital
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
Retained Earnings
 
Treasury Stock
 
Total
Balance at December 31, 2019
 
$
631

 
$
384,551

 
$
36,955

 
$
1,505,738

 
$
(415,962
)
 
$
1,511,913

Cumulative-effect adjustment-
ASU 2016-13 adoption*
 

 

 

 
(4,076
)
 

 
(4,076
)
Common shares issued for compensation and effect of shares reissued to stock purchase plan
 

 
33

 

 

 

 
33

Share-based compensation
 

 
1,017

 

 

 

 
1,017

Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued
 
1

 
(869
)
 

 

 

 
(868
)
Dividends to shareholders
 

 

 

 
(16,691
)
 

 
(16,691
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 

 

 
(41,865
)
 

 

 
(41,865
)
Net income (loss)
 

 

 

 
(21,954
)
 

 
(21,954
)
Balance at March 31, 2020
 
$
632


$
384,732


$
(4,910
)

$
1,463,017


$
(415,962
)

$
1,427,509

 
 
Common Stock
 
Additional Paid-in Capital
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
Retained Earnings
 
Treasury Stock
 
Total
Balance at December 31, 2018
 
$
630

 
$
384,713

 
$
(16,911
)
 
$
1,571,847

 
$
(417,277
)
 
$
1,523,002

Cumulative-effect adjustment-
ASU 2018-07 adoption
 

 

 

 
(444
)
 

 
(444
)
Common shares issued for compensation and effect of shares reissued to stock purchase plan
 

 
176

 

 

 

 
176

Share-based compensation
 

 
1,237

 

 

 

 
1,237

Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued
 
1

 
(2,632
)
 

 

 

 
(2,631
)
Dividends to shareholders
 

 

 

 
(16,660
)
 

 
(16,660
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 

 

 
25,566

 

 

 
25,566

Net income
 

 

 

 
31,650

 

 
31,650

Balance at March 31, 2019
 
$
631

 
$
383,494

 
$
8,655

 
$
1,586,393

 
$
(417,277
)
 
$
1,561,896

* See Note 1 for discussion of accounting guidance adopted during the period.
See accompanying notes.

9

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)
(In thousands, except per share data)
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
Revenues
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
203,855

 
$
208,149

Net investment income
20,830

 
22,818

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries
(1,562
)
 
(810
)
Net realized investment gains (losses):
 
 
 
Impairment losses
(1,817
)
 
(136
)
Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) before taxes
654

 
87

Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
(1,163
)
 
(49
)
Other net realized investment gains (losses)
(27,510
)
 
36,672

Total net realized investment gains (losses)
(28,673
)
 
36,623

Other income
2,251

 
2,095

Total revenues
196,701

 
268,875

Expenses
 
 
 
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses
164,832

 
159,755

Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses:
 
 
 
Operating expense
34,773

 
33,290

DPAC amortization
27,283

 
28,102

SPC U.S. federal income tax expense
222

 

SPC dividend expense (income)
(508
)
 
4,787

Interest expense
4,129

 
4,330

Total expenses
230,731

 
230,264

Income (loss) before income taxes
(34,030
)
 
38,611

Provision for income taxes:
 
 
 
Current expense (benefit)
(1,852
)
 
343

Deferred expense (benefit)
(10,224
)
 
6,618

Total income tax expense (benefit)
(12,076
)
 
6,961

Net income (loss)
(21,954
)
 
31,650

Other comprehensive income (loss), after tax, net of reclassification adjustments
(41,865
)
 
25,566

Comprehensive income (loss)
$
(63,819
)
 
$
57,216

Earnings (loss) per share
 
 
 
Basic
$
(0.41
)
 
$
0.59

Diluted
$
(0.41
)
 
$
0.59

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
 
 
 
Basic
53,808

 
53,683

Diluted
53,885

 
53,808

Cash dividends declared per common share
$
0.31

 
$
0.31

See accompanying notes.

10

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
(In thousands)
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
Operating Activities
 
 
 
Net income
$
(21,954
)
 
$
31,650

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion
4,734

 
5,036

(Increase) decrease in cash surrender value of BOLI
(457
)
 
(453
)
Net realized investment (gains) losses
28,673

 
(36,623
)
Share-based compensation
1,011

 
1,228

Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
(10,224
)
 
6,618

Policy acquisition costs, net of amortization (net deferral)
(599
)
 
(2,807
)
Equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated subsidiaries
1,562

 
810

Distributed earnings from unconsolidated subsidiaries
1,585

 
1,938

Other
(703
)
 
1,337

Other changes in assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
Premiums receivable
(22,442
)
 
(27,660
)
Reinsurance related assets and liabilities
(4,623
)
 
(27,283
)
Other assets
14,268

 
(1,447
)
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses
(15,478
)
 
39,148

Unearned premiums
30,202

 
42,396

Other liabilities
(17,604
)
 
504

Net cash provided (used) by operating activities
(12,049
)
 
34,392

Investing Activities
 
 
 
Purchases of:
 
 
 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
(227,503
)
 
(179,107
)
Fixed maturities, trading
(407
)
 
(4,614
)
Equity investments
(23,136
)
 
(25,016
)
Other investments
(6,065
)
 
(4,602
)
Funding of qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships
(281
)
 
(247
)
Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries
(17,180
)
 
(31,150
)
Proceeds from sales or maturities of:
 
 
 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
180,698

 
119,425

Equity investments
157,652

 
25,812

Other investments
6,026

 
4,738

Return of invested capital from unconsolidated subsidiaries
1,481

 
5,305

Net sales or maturities (purchases) of short-term investments
(7,441
)
 
90,698

Unsettled security transactions, net change
12,937

 
5,440

Purchases of capital assets
(2,750
)
 
(2,572
)
Other
(2,206
)
 
(242
)
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities
71,825

 
3,868

Continued on the following page.
 
 
 


11

Table of Contents

 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
Continued from the previous page.
 
 
 
Financing Activities
 
 
 
Proceeds (repayments) of Mortgage Loans
(376
)
 
(362
)
Dividends to shareholders
(16,714
)
 
(43,338
)
Capital contribution received from (return of capital to) external segregated portfolio cell participants
204

 
(562
)
Other
(1,090
)
 
(2,639
)
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities
(17,976
)
 
(46,901
)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
41,800

 
(8,641
)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
175,369

 
80,471

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
$
217,169

 
$
71,830

Significant Non-Cash Transactions
 
 
 
Dividends declared and not yet paid
$
16,691

 
$
16,660


See accompanying notes.

12

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020


1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of ProAssurance Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries (ProAssurance, PRA or the Company). The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, have been included. ProAssurance’s results for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2020. The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes contained in ProAssurance’s December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K.
ProAssurance operates in five reportable segments as follows: Specialty P&C, Workers' Compensation Insurance, Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance, Lloyd's Syndicates and Corporate. For more information on the Company's segment reporting, including the nature of products and services provided and financial information by segment, refer to Note 12.
Other Liabilities
Other liabilities consisted of the following:
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
SPC dividends payable
 
$
55,669

 
$
55,763

Unpaid shareholder dividends
 
16,691

 
16,676

All other
 
97,423

 
100,817

Total other liabilities
 
$
169,783

 
$
173,256


SPC dividends payable represents the undistributed equity contractually payable to the external cell participants of SPCs operated by ProAssurance's Cayman Islands subsidiaries, Inova Re and Eastern Re.
Unpaid shareholder dividends represent common stock dividends declared by ProAssurance's Board that had not yet been paid as of March 31, 2020.
Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosures related to these amounts at the date of the financial statements. The Company evaluates these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis based on current and historical developments, market conditions, industry trends and other information that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. The Company can make no assurance that actual results will conform to its estimates and assumptions; reported results of operations may be materially affected by changes in these estimates and assumptions.
While the Company did not incur significant operational or financial disruptions during the three months ended March 31, 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company may reevaluate certain of these estimates and assumptions in future periods which could result in material changes to its results of operations including, but not limited to, higher losses and loss adjustment expenses, lower premium volume, asset impairment charges, declines in investment valuations, reductions in audit premium estimates, deferred tax valuation allowances and increases in the allowance for expected credit losses related to available-for-sale securities, premiums receivable and reinsurance receivables. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. These factors include, but are not limited to, the duration, spread, severity, reemergence or mutation of the COVID-19 pandemic, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company's insureds, the loss environment, the healthcare industry, the labor market and Lloyd's, the actions and stimulus measures taken by governments and governmental agencies, and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, the Company may experience an impact to its business as a result of any economic recession that has occurred or may occur in the future. Please see Note 13 for additional information.
Except as added below, the significant accounting policies followed by ProAssurance in making estimates that materially affect financial reporting are summarized in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance’s December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K.

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Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

Due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 at the beginning of 2020, ProAssurance began following the accounting policies described below:
Credit Losses
ProAssurance's premiums receivable and reinsurance receivables are exposed to credit losses but to-date have not experienced any significant amount of credit losses. ProAssurance measures expected credit losses on its premiums receivables and reinsurance receivables on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist, and the Company will reassess its pools each reporting period to ensure all receivables within the pool continue to share similar risk characteristics. If the Company determines that a receivable does not share risk characteristics with its other receivables within a pool, it will evaluate that receivable for expected credit losses on an individual basis. ProAssurance measures expected credit losses associated with its premium receivables at the segment level as each segment’s premium receivables share similar risk characteristics including term, type of financial asset and similar historical and expected credit loss patterns. ProAssurance measures expected credit losses associated with its reinsurance receivables (related to both paid and unpaid losses) at the consolidated level as its reinsurance receivables share similar risk characteristics including type of financial asset, type of industry and similar historical and expected credit loss patterns.
ProAssurance measures expected credit losses over the contractual term of each pool utilizing a loss rate method. Historical internal credit loss experience for each pool is the basis for the Company’s assessment of expected credit losses; however, the Company may also consider historical credit loss information from external sources. In addition to historical credit loss data, the Company also considers reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions in its estimate of expected credit losses by utilizing industry and macroeconomic factors that it believes most relevant to the collectability of each pool.
ProAssurance’s premiums receivable on its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2020 is reported net of the related allowance for expected credit losses of $6.2 million. The following table presents a roll forward of the allowance for expected credit losses related to the Company's premiums receivable for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
(In thousands)
Premiums Receivable, Net
 
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
Balance, December 31, 2019
$
249,540

 
$
1,590

Cumulative-effect adjustment on January 1, 2020, before tax - ASU 2016-13 adoption
 
 
5,160

Provision for expected credit losses
 
 
88

Write offs charged against the allowance
 
 
(689
)
Recoveries of amounts previously written off
 
 
48

Balance, March 31, 2020
$
266,822

 
$
6,197


ProAssurance’s expected credit losses associated with its reinsurance receivables (related to both paid and unpaid losses) were nominal in amount as of March 31, 2020. ProAssurance has other financial assets and off-balance-sheet commitments that are exposed to credit losses; however, expected credit losses associated with these assets and commitments were nominal in amount as of March 31, 2020.
Investments
Impairments
ProAssurance evaluates its available-for-sale investment securities, which at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consisted entirely of fixed maturity securities, on at least a quarterly basis for the purpose of determining whether declines in fair value below recorded cost basis represent impairment. The Company considers an impairment to have occurred:
if there is intent to sell the security;
if it is more likely than not that the security will be required to be sold before full recovery of its amortized cost basis; or
if the entire amortized basis of the security is not expected to be recovered.
The assessment of whether the amortized cost basis of a security is expected to be recovered requires management to make assumptions regarding various matters affecting future cash flows. The choice of assumptions is subjective and requires the use of judgment. Actual credit losses experienced in future periods may differ from management’s estimates of those credit losses. Methodologies used to estimate the present value of expected cash flows are:

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Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

The estimate of expected cash flows is determined by projecting a recovery value and a recovery time frame and assessing whether further principal and interest will be received. ProAssurance considers various factors in projecting recovery values and recovery time frames, including the following:
third-party research and credit rating reports;
the current credit standing of the issuer, including credit rating downgrades, whether before or after the balance sheet date;
the extent to which the decline in fair value is attributable to credit risk specifically associated with the security or its issuer;
internal assessments and the assessments of external portfolio managers regarding specific circumstances surrounding an investment, which indicate the investment is more or less likely to recover its amortized cost than other investments with a similar structure;
for asset-backed securities, the origination date of the underlying loans, the remaining average life, the probability that credit performance of the underlying loans will deteriorate in the future and ProAssurance's assessment of the quality of the collateral underlying the loan;
failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments;
any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency;
recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date;
adverse legal or regulatory events;
significant deterioration in the market environment that may affect the value of collateral (e.g. decline in real estate prices);
significant deterioration in economic conditions; and
disruption in the business model resulting from changes in technology or new entrants to the industry.
If deemed appropriate and necessary, a discounted cash flow analysis is performed to confirm whether a credit loss exists and, if so, the amount of the credit loss. ProAssurance uses the single best estimate approach for available-for-sale debt securities and considers all reasonably available data points, including industry analyses, credit ratings, expected defaults and the remaining payment terms of the debt security. For fixed rate available-for-sale debt securities, cash flows are discounted at the security's effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition. If the available-for-sale debt security’s contractual interest rate varies based on subsequent changes in an independent factor, such as an index or rate, for example, the prime rate, the LIBOR, or the U.S. Treasury bill weekly average, that security’s effective interest rate is calculated based on the factor as it changes over the life of the security.
If ProAssurance intends to sell a debt security or believes it will more likely than not be required to sell a debt security before the amortized cost basis is recovered, any existing allowance will be written off against the security's amortized cost basis, with any remaining difference between the debt security's amortized cost basis and fair value recognized as an impairment loss in earnings.
Exclusive of securities where there is an intent to sell or where it is not more likely than not that the security will be required to be sold before recovery of its amortized cost basis, impairment for debt securities is separated into a credit component and a non-credit component. The credit component of an impairment is the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows, while the non-credit component is the remaining difference between the security’s fair value and the present value of expected future cash flows. An allowance for expected credit losses will be recorded for the expected credit losses through income and the non-credit component is recognized in OCI. The amount of impairment recognized is limited to the excess of the amortized cost over the fair value of the available-for-sale debt security.
Accounting Changes Adopted
Improvements to Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (ASU 2016-13)
Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years, the FASB issued guidance that replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology, which delays recognition of credit losses until a probable loss has been incurred, with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. Included in the scope of this guidance are the Company's available-for-sale fixed maturity securities and its financial assets held at amortized cost. Under the new guidance, credit losses are required to be recorded through an allowance for expected credit losses account and the income statement will reflect the initial recognition of lifetime expected credit losses for any newly recognized financial assets as well as increases or decreases of expected credit losses that have taken place during the period. Credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities are required to be presented as an allowance, rather than as a write-down of the asset, limited to the amount by which

15

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

the fair value is below amortized cost. ProAssurance adopted this guidance beginning January 1, 2020 using a modified retrospective application for the portion of the new guidance that relates to its premiums and reinsurance receivables and a prospective application for the portion of the new guidance that relates to its available-for-sale fixed maturity securities. ProAssurance recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $4.1 million, net of related tax impacts, to beginning retained earnings as of January 1, 2020 to increase its consolidated allowance for expected credit losses related to its premiums receivable. ProAssurance determined that estimated expected credit losses associated with the Company's other financial assets held at amortized cost included in the scope of this new guidance was nominal as of January 1, 2020. Adoption of this guidance had no material effect on ProAssurance's results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (ASU 2017-04)
Effective for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years, the FASB issued guidance that simplifies the requirements to test goodwill for impairment for business entities that have goodwill reported in their financial statements. The guidance eliminates the second step of the impairment test which measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount which is expected to reduce the complexity and cost of future tests of goodwill for impairment. In addition, the guidance also eliminates the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment. ProAssurance adopted the guidance beginning January 1, 2020, and adoption had no material effect on ProAssurance’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (ASU 2018-13)
Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years, the FASB issued guidance that eliminates, modifies and adds certain disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements. The new guidance eliminates the requirements to disclose the transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy for the timing of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy and the valuation process for Level 3 fair value measurements while it modifies existing disclosure requirements related to measurement uncertainty and the requirement to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee's assets for investments in certain entities that calculate NAV. The new guidance also adds requirements to disclose changes in unrealized gains and losses included in OCI for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements as well as the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. An entity is permitted to early adopt any eliminated or modified disclosure requirements and delay adoption of the additional disclosure requirements until the guidance is effective. During the third quarter of 2018, ProAssurance elected to early adopt the provisions that eliminate and modify certain disclosure requirements within Note 2 on a retrospective basis, and adopted the additional disclosure requirements beginning January 1, 2020. Adoption of this guidance had no material effect on ProAssurance’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows as it affected disclosures only.
Intangibles - Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (ASU 2018-15)
Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years, the FASB amended the new standard regarding accounting for implementation costs in cloud computing arrangements. The amended guidance substantially aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. ProAssurance adopted the guidance beginning January 1, 2020, and adoption had no material effect on ProAssurance’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for VIEs (ASU 2018-17)
Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years, the FASB amended guidance which improves the consistency of the application of the VIE guidance for common control arrangements. The amended guidance requires an entity to consider indirect interests held through related parties under common control on a proportional basis rather than as the equivalent of a direct interest in its entirety when determining whether a decision-making fee is a variable interest. ProAssurance adopted the guidance beginning January 1, 2020. ProAssurance does not have any material indirect interests held through related parties under common control; therefore, adoption had no material effect on ProAssurance’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

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Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

Collaborative Arrangements (ASU 2018-18)
Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years, the FASB issued new guidance which clarifies how to assess whether certain transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement should be accounted for under the revenue from contracts with customers accounting standard when the counterpart is a customer. In addition, the guidance precludes an entity from presenting consideration from a transaction in a collaborative arrangement as revenue from contracts with customers if the counterparty is not a customer for that transaction. ProAssurance adopted the guidance beginning January 1, 2020, and adoption had no material effect on ProAssurance’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
Reference Rate Reform (ASU 2020-04)
The FASB issued guidance intended to assist stakeholders during the market-wide reference rate transition period and is effective for a limited period between March 12, 2020 and December 31, 2022. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate that is expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. ProAssurance has exposure to LIBOR-based financial instruments through its variable rate Mortgage Loans and Revolving Credit Agreement; however, these agreements include provisions for an alternative benchmark rate if LIBOR ceases to exist, which do not materially change the liability exposure. Additionally, ProAssurance has exposure to LIBOR in its available-for-sale fixed maturities portfolio which represented approximately 6% of total investments, or $185 million, as of March 31, 2020; 25% of these investments with exposure to LIBOR were issued during 2020 or 2019 and include provisions for an alternative benchmark rate. Optional expedients for contract modifications include a prospective adjustment that does not require contract remeasurement or reassessment of a previous accounting determination; therefore, the modified contract is accounted for as a continuation of the existing contract. ProAssurance adopted the guidance beginning March 12, 2020, and adoption had no material effect on ProAssurance's results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
Accounting Changes Not Yet Adopted
Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (ASU 2019-12)
Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those fiscal years, the FASB issued new guidance which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. In addition, it removes certain exceptions to the general principles in the income tax guidance in the codification and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. ProAssurance plans to adopt the guidance beginning January 1, 2021, and adoption is not expected to have a material effect on ProAssurance's results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
Clarifying the Interactions between Investments - Equity Securities, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures, and Derivatives and Hedging (ASU 2020-01)
Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those fiscal years, the FASB amended guidance that clarifies the accounting for the transition into and out of the equity method and measuring certain purchased options and forward contracts to acquire investments. ProAssurance plans to adopt the guidance beginning January 1, 2021, and adoption is not expected to have a material effect on ProAssurance's results of operations, financial position or cash flows.


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Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

2. Fair Value Measurement
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three level hierarchy has been established for valuing assets and liabilities based on how transparent (observable) the inputs are that are used to determine fair value, with the inputs considered most observable categorized as Level 1 and those that are the least observable categorized as Level 3. Hierarchy levels are defined as follows:
 
Level 1:
quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. For ProAssurance, Level 1 inputs are generally quotes for debt or equity securities actively traded in exchange or over-the-counter markets.
 
Level 2:
market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs). For ProAssurance, Level 2 inputs generally include quoted prices in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, and results from pricing models that use observable inputs such as interest rates and yield curves that are generally available at commonly quoted intervals.
 
Level 3:
the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions based on the best information available in the circumstances (non-observable inputs). For ProAssurance, Level 3 inputs are used in situations where little or no Level 1 or 2 inputs are available or are inappropriate given the particular circumstances. Level 3 inputs include results from pricing models for which some or all of the inputs are not observable, discounted cash flow methodologies, single non-binding broker quotes and adjustments to externally quoted prices that are based on management judgment or estimation.
Fair values of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are shown in the following tables. Where applicable, the tables also indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine those fair values. For some assets, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. When this is the case, the asset is categorized based on the level of the most significant input to the fair value measurement. Assessments of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement require judgment and consideration of factors specific to the assets being valued.

18

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

 
March 31, 2020
 
Fair Value Measurements Using
 
Total
(In thousands)
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Fair Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury obligations
$

 
$
129,260

 
$

 
$
129,260

U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations

 
12,410

 

 
12,410

State and municipal bonds

 
291,667

 

 
291,667

Corporate debt, multiple observable inputs

 
1,285,278

 

 
1,285,278

Corporate debt, limited observable inputs

 

 
3,440

 
3,440

Residential mortgage-backed securities

 
229,905

 
693

 
230,598

Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities

 
13,363

 

 
13,363

Other commercial mortgage-backed securities

 
78,519

 
605

 
79,124

Other asset-backed securities

 
230,925

 
5,599

 
236,524

Fixed maturities, trading

 
47,680

 

 
47,680

Equity investments
 
 
 
 
 
 

Financial
14,953

 

 

 
14,953

Utilities/Energy
447

 

 

 
447

Consumer oriented
1,067

 

 

 
1,067

Industrial
1,286

 

 

 
1,286

Bond funds
34,923

 

 

 
34,923

All other
17,135

 

 

 
17,135

Short-term investments
336,426

 
10,914

 

 
347,340

Other investments
380

 
29,153

 
1,338

 
30,871

Other assets

 
465

 

 
465

Total assets categorized within the fair value hierarchy
$
406,617

 
$
2,359,539

 
$
11,675

 
2,777,831

Assets carried at NAV, which approximates fair value and which are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy, reported as a part of:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
22,939

Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries
 
 
 
 
 
 
280,842

Total assets at fair value
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
3,081,612


19

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

 
December 31, 2019
 
Fair Value Measurements Using
 
Total
(In thousands)
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Fair Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury obligations
$

 
$
110,467

 
$

 
$
110,467

U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations

 
17,340

 

 
17,340

State and municipal bonds

 
296,093

 

 
296,093

Corporate debt, multiple observable inputs

 
1,335,285

 

 
1,335,285

Corporate debt, limited observable inputs

 

 
5,079

 
5,079

Residential mortgage-backed securities

 
208,408

 

 
208,408

Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities

 
8,221

 

 
8,221

Other commercial mortgage-backed securities

 
71,868

 

 
71,868

Other asset-backed securities

 
233,032

 
2,992

 
236,024

Fixed maturities, trading

 
47,284

 

 
47,284

Equity investments
 
 
 
 
 
 

Financial
40,294

 

 

 
40,294

Utilities/Energy
21,195

 

 

 
21,195

Consumer oriented
29,288

 

 

 
29,288

Industrial
26,440

 

 

 
26,440

Bond funds
58,346

 

 

 
58,346

All other
52,512

 

 

 
52,512

Short-term investments
317,313

 
22,594

 

 
339,907

Other investments
219

 
32,713

 
3,086

 
36,018

Other assets

 
760

 

 
760

Total assets categorized within the fair value hierarchy
$
545,607


$
2,384,065


$
11,157


2,940,829

Assets carried at NAV, which approximates fair value and which are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy, reported as a part of:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
22,477

Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries
 
 
 
 
 
 
270,524

Total assets at fair value
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
3,233,830


The fair values for securities included in the Level 2 category, with the few exceptions described below, were developed by one of several third party, nationally recognized pricing services, including services that price only certain types of securities. Each service uses complex methodologies to determine values for securities and subject the values they develop to quality control reviews. Management selected a primary source for each type of security in the portfolio and reviewed the values provided for reasonableness by comparing data to alternate pricing services and to available market and trade data. Values that appeared inconsistent were further reviewed for appropriateness. Any value that did not appear reasonable was discussed with the service that provided the value and adjusted, if necessary. There were no material changes to the values supplied by the pricing services as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

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Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

Level 2 Valuations
Below is a summary description of the valuation methodologies primarily used by the pricing services for securities in the Level 2 category, by security type:
U.S. Treasury obligations were valued based on quoted prices for identical assets, or, in markets that are not active, quotes for similar assets, taking into consideration adjustments for variations in contractual cash flows and yields to maturity.
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations were valued using pricing models that consider current and historical market data, normal trading conventions, credit ratings, and the particular structure and characteristics of the security being valued, such as yield to maturity, redemption options, and contractual cash flows. Adjustments to model inputs or model results were included in the valuation process when necessary to reflect recent regulatory, government or corporate actions or significant economic, industry or geographic events affecting the security’s fair value.
State and municipal bonds were valued using a series of matrices that considered credit ratings, the structure of the security, the sector in which the security falls, yields, and contractual cash flows. Valuations were further adjusted, when necessary, to reflect the expected effect on fair value of recent significant economic or geographic events or ratings changes.
Corporate debt, multiple observable inputs consisted primarily of corporate bonds, but also included a small number of bank loans. The methodology used to value Level 2 corporate bonds was the same as the methodology previously described for U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations. Bank loans were valued based on an average of broker quotes for the loans in question, if available. If quotes were not available, the loans were valued based on quoted prices for comparable loans or, if the loan was newly issued, by comparison to similar seasoned issues. Broker quotes were compared to actual trade prices to permit assessment of the reliability of the quotes; unreliable quotes were not considered in quoted averages.
Residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities were valued using a pricing matrix which considers the issuer type, coupon rate and longest cash flows outstanding. The matrix used was based on the most recently available market information. Agency and non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations were both valued using models that consider the structure of the security, current and historical information regarding prepayment speeds, ratings and ratings updates, and current and historical interest rate and interest rate spread data.
Other asset-backed securities were valued using models that consider the structure of the security, monthly payment information, current and historical information regarding prepayment speeds, ratings and ratings updates, and current and historical interest rate and interest rate spread data. Spreads and prepayment speeds consider collateral type.
Fixed maturities, trading, are held by the Lloyd's Syndicates segment and include U.S. Treasury obligations, corporate debt with multiple observable inputs and residential mortgage-backed securities. These securities were valued using the respective valuation methodologies discussed above for each security type.
Short-term investments were securities maturing within one year, carried at fair value which approximated the cost of the securities due to their short-term nature.
 Other investments consisted primarily of convertible bonds valued using a pricing model that incorporated selected dealer quotes as well as current market data regarding equity prices and risk free rates. If dealer quotes were unavailable for the security being valued, quotes for securities with similar terms and credit status were used in the pricing model. Dealer quotes selected for use were those considered most accurate based on parameters such as underwriter status and historical reliability.
Other assets consisted of an interest rate cap derivative instrument, valued using a model which considers the volatilities from other instruments with similar maturities, strike prices, durations and forward yield curves. Under the terms of the interest rate cap agreement, ProAssurance paid a premium of $2 million for the right to receive cash payments based upon a notional amount of $35 million if and when the three-month LIBOR rises above 2.35%. The Company's variable-rate Mortgage Loans bear an interest rate of three-month LIBOR plus 1.325%. For additional information regarding the interest rate cap agreement, see Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K.

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Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

Level 3 Valuations
Below is a summary description of the valuation methodologies used as well as quantitative information regarding securities in the Level 3 category, by security type:
Level 3 Valuation Methodologies
Corporate debt, limited observable inputs consisted of corporate bonds valued using dealer quotes for similar securities or discounted cash flow models using yields currently available for similar securities. Similar securities are defined as securities of comparable credit quality that have like terms and payment features. Assessments of credit quality were based on NRSRO ratings, if available, or were determined by management if not available. At March 31, 2020, 100% of the securities were rated and the average rating was BB+. At December 31, 2019, 66% of the securities were rated and the average rating was BBB-.
Residential mortgage-backed, other commercial mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities consisted of securitizations of receivables valued using dealer quotes for similar securities or discounted cash flow models using yields currently available for similar securities. Similar securities are defined as securities of comparable credit quality that have like terms and payment features. Assessments of credit quality were based on NRSRO ratings, if available, or were subjectively determined by management if not available. At March 31, 2020, 75% of the securities were rated and the average rating was AA-. At December 31, 2019, 100% of the securities were rated and the average rating was AA.
Other investments consisted of convertible securities for which limited observable inputs were available at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The securities were valued internally based on expected cash flows, including the expected final recovery, discounted at a yield that considered the lack of liquidity and the financial status of the issuer.
Quantitative Information Regarding Level 3 Valuations
 
 
Fair Value at
 
 
 
 
 
 
($ in thousands)
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
 
Valuation Technique
 
Unobservable Input
 
Range
(Weighted Average)
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate debt, limited observable inputs
 
$3,440
 
$5,079
 
Market Comparable
Securities
 
Comparability Adjustment
 
0% - 5% (2.5%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discounted Cash Flows
 
Comparability Adjustment
 
0% - 5% (2.5%)
Residential mortgage-backed and other commercial mortgage-backed securities
 
$1,298
 
 
Market Comparable
Securities
 
Comparability Adjustment
 
0% - 5% (2.5%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discounted Cash Flows
 
Comparability Adjustment
 
0% - 5% (2.5%)
Other asset-backed securities
 
$5,599
 
$2,992
 
Market Comparable
Securities
 
Comparability Adjustment
 
0% - 5% (2.5%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discounted Cash Flows
 
Comparability Adjustment
 
0% - 5% (2.5%)
Other investments
 
$1,338
 
3,086
 
Discounted Cash Flows
 
Comparability Adjustment
 
0% - 10% (5%)

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the above listed securities were the valuations of comparable securities with similar issuers, credit quality and maturity. Changes in the availability of comparable securities could result in changes in the fair value measurements.

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Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

Fair Value Measurements - Level 3 Assets
The following tables (the Level 3 Tables) present summary information regarding changes in the fair value of assets measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs.
 
March 31, 2020
 
Level 3 Fair Value Measurements – Assets
(In thousands)
Corporate Debt
 
Asset-backed Securities
 
Other investments
 
Total
Balance December 31, 2019
$
5,079

 
$
2,992

 
$
3,086

 
$
11,157

Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Included in earnings, as a part of:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net investment income

 

 

 

Net realized investment gains (losses)

 

 
(222
)
 
(222
)
Included in other comprehensive income
(83
)
 
(122
)
 

 
(205
)
Purchases

 
3,422

 

 
3,422

Sales
(1,707
)
 

 

 
(1,707
)
Transfers in
945

 
605

 

 
1,550

Transfers out
(794
)
 

 
(1,526
)
 
(2,320
)
Balance March 31, 2020
$
3,440

 
$
6,897

 
$
1,338

 
$
11,675

Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets held at period-end
$

 
$

 
$
(222
)
 
$
(222
)
 
March 31, 2019
 
Level 3 Fair Value Measurements – Assets
(In thousands)
Corporate Debt
 
Asset-backed Securities
 
Other investments
 
Total
Balance December 31, 2018
$
4,322

 
$
3,850

 
$
3

 
$
8,175

Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Included in earnings, as a part of:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net investment income
2

 
(118
)
 

 
(116
)
Net realized investment gains (losses)

 

 

 

Included in other comprehensive income
3

 
157

 

 
160

Purchases
1,305

 

 

 
1,305

Sales
(136
)
 
(6
)
 

 
(142
)
Transfers in

 
1,200

 

 
1,200

Transfers out
(1,200
)
 
(951
)
 

 
(2,151
)
Balance March 31, 2019
$
4,296

 
$
4,132

 
$
3

 
$
8,431

Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets held at period-end
$

 
$

 
$

 
$




23

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

Transfers
Transfers shown in the preceding Level 3 tables were as of the end of the quarter in which the transfer occurred. All transfers were to or from Level 2.
All transfers in and out of Level 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 related to securities held for which the level of market activity for identical or nearly identical securities varies from period to period. The securities were valued using multiple observable inputs when those inputs were available; otherwise the securities were valued using limited observable inputs.
Fair Values Not Categorized
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, certain LPs/LLCs and investment funds measure fund assets at fair value on a recurring basis and provide a NAV for ProAssurance's interest. The carrying value of these interests is based on the NAV provided and was considered to approximate the fair value of the interests. For investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries, ProAssurance recognizes any changes in the NAV of its interests in equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries during the period of change. In accordance with GAAP, the fair value of these investments was not classified within the fair value hierarchy. The amount of ProAssurance's unfunded commitments related to these investments as of March 31, 2020 and fair values of these investments as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were as follows:
 
Unfunded
Commitments
 
Fair Value
(In thousands)
March 31,
2020
 
March 31,
2020
 
December 31,
2019
Equity investments:
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage fund (1)
$

 
$
22,939

 
$
22,477

Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries:
 
 
 
 
 
Private debt funds (2)
$12,040
 
19,275

 
19,011

Long equity fund (3)
None
 
4,863

 
5,293

Long/short equity funds (4)
None
 
29,107

 
30,542

Non-public equity funds (5)
$62,272
 
131,238

 
120,343

Multi-strategy fund of funds (6)
None
 
1,993

 
1,951

Credit funds (7)
$2,048
 
42,959

 
42,415

Long/short commodities fund (8)
None
 
14,409

 
14,519

Strategy focused funds (9)
$42,991
 
36,998

 
36,450

 
 
 
280,842

 
270,524

Total investments carried at NAV
 
 
$
303,781


$
293,001

Below is additional information regarding each of the investments listed in the table above as of March 31, 2020.
(1) 
This investment fund is focused on the structured mortgage market. The fund will primarily invest in U.S. Agency mortgage-backed securities. Redemptions are allowed at the end of any calendar quarter with a prior notice requirement of 65 days and are paid within 45 days at the end of the redemption dealing day.
(2) 
This investment is comprised of interests in three unrelated LP funds that are structured to provide interest distributions primarily through diversified portfolios of private debt instruments. One LP allows redemption by special consent; the other two do not permit redemption. Income and capital are to be periodically distributed at the discretion of the LPs over an anticipated time frame that spans from three to eight years.
(3) 
This fund is a LP that holds long equities of public international companies. Redemptions are allowed at the end of any calendar month with a prior notice requirement of 15 days and are paid within 10 days of the end of the calendar month of the redemption request.
(4) 
This investment is comprised of interests in multiple unrelated LP funds. The funds hold primarily long and short North American equities and target absolute returns using strategies designed to take advantage of market opportunities. The funds generally permit quarterly or semi-annual capital redemptions subject to notice requirements of 30 to 90 days. For some funds, redemptions above specified thresholds (lowest threshold is 90%) may be only partially payable until after a fund audit is completed and are then payable within 30 days.

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Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

(5) 
This investment is comprised of interests in multiple unrelated LP funds, each structured to provide capital appreciation through diversified investments in private equity, which can include investments in buyout, venture capital, debt including senior, second lien and mezzanine, distressed debt, collateralized loan obligations and other private equity-oriented LPs. Two of the LPs allow redemption by terms set forth in the LP agreements; the others do not permit redemption. Income and capital are to be periodically distributed at the discretion of the LP over time frames that are anticipated to span up to ten years.
(6) 
This fund is a LLC structured to build and manage low volatility, multi-manager portfolios that have little or no correlation to the broader fixed income and equity security markets. Redemptions are not permitted but offers to repurchase units of the LLC may be extended periodically.
(7) 
This investment is comprised of four unrelated LP funds. Two funds seek to obtain superior risk-adjusted absolute returns through a diversified portfolio of debt securities, including bonds, loans and other asset-backed instruments. A third fund focuses on private middle market company mezzanine loans, while the remaining fund seeks event driven opportunities across the corporate credit spectrum. Two funds are allowed redemptions at any quarter-end with a prior notice requirement of 90 days; one fund permits redemption at any quarter-end with a prior notice requirement of 180 days and one fund does not allow redemptions. For the fund that does not allow redemptions, income and capital are to be periodically distributed at the discretion of the LP over time frames that are anticipated to span up to twelve years.
(8) 
This fund is a LLC invested across a broad range of commodities and focuses primarily on market neutral, relative value strategies, seeking to generate absolute returns with low correlation to broad commodity, equity and fixed income markets. Following an initial one-year lock-up period, redemptions are allowed with a prior notice requirement of 30 days and are payable within 30 days.
(9) This investment is comprised of multiple unrelated LPs/LLCs funds. One fund is a LLC focused on investing in North American consumer products companies, comprised of equity and equity-related securities, as well as debt instruments. A second fund is focused on aircraft investments, along with components and assets related to aircrafts. For both funds, redemptions are not permitted. Another fund is a LP focused on North American energy infrastructure assets that allows redemption with consent of the General Partner. The remaining funds are real estate focused LPs, one of which allows for redemption with prior notice.
ProAssurance may not sell, transfer or assign its interest in any of the above LPs/LLCs without special consent from the LPs/LLCs.
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurement
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, ProAssurance did not have any assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

25

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

Financial Instruments - Methodologies Other Than Fair Value
The following table provides the estimated fair value of the Company's financial instruments that, in accordance with GAAP for the type of investment, are measured using a methodology other than fair value. Fair values provided primarily fall within the Level 3 fair value category.
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
(In thousands)
Carrying
Value
 
Fair
Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair
Value
Financial assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
BOLI
$
66,569

 
$
66,569

 
$
66,112

 
$
66,112

Other investments
$
2,907

 
$
2,907

 
$
2,931

 
$
2,931

Other assets
$
23,353

 
$
23,361

 
$
28,645

 
$
28,650

Financial liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior notes due 2023*
$
250,000

 
$
255,235

 
$
250,000

 
$
273,865

Mortgage Loans*
$
37,240

 
$
37,240

 
$
37,617

 
$
37,617

Other liabilities
$
22,495

 
$
22,495

 
$
27,953

 
$
27,953

* Carrying value excludes unamortized debt issuance costs.

The fair value of the BOLI was equal to the cash surrender value associated with the policies on the valuation date.
Other investments listed in the table above include FHLB common stock carried at cost and an annuity investment carried at amortized cost. Two of ProAssurance's insurance subsidiaries are members of an FHLB. The estimated fair value of the FHLB common stock was based on the amount the subsidiaries would receive if their memberships were canceled, as the memberships cannot be sold. The fair value of the annuity represents the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted using a rate available in active markets for similarly structured instruments.
Other assets and other liabilities primarily consisted of related investment assets and liabilities associated with funded deferred compensation agreements. The fair value of the funded deferred compensation assets was based upon quoted market prices, which is categorized as a Level 1 valuation, and had a fair value of $22.6 million and $26.9 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The deferred compensation liabilities are adjusted to match the fair value of the deferred compensation assets. Other assets also included an unsecured note receivable under a separate line of credit agreement. Fair value of the note receivable was based on the present value of expected cash flows from the note receivable, discounted at market rates on the valuation date for receivables with similar credit standings and similar payment structures.
The fair value of the debt was estimated based on the present value of expected future cash outflows, discounted at rates available on the valuation date for similar debt issued by entities with a similar credit standing to ProAssurance.



26

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

3. Investments
Available-for-sale fixed maturities at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 included the following:
 
March 31, 2020
(In thousands)
Amortized
Cost
 
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
 
Gross Unrealized Gains
 
Gross Unrealized Losses
 
Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury obligations
$
123,840

 
$

 
$
5,420

 
$

 
$
129,260

U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations
12,205

 

 
205

 

 
12,410

State and municipal bonds
282,451

 

 
9,795

 
579

 
291,667

Corporate debt
1,302,979

 
1,163

 
20,157

 
33,255

 
1,288,718

Residential mortgage-backed securities
228,584

 

 
7,174

 
5,160

 
230,598

Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities
12,901

 

 
464

 
2

 
13,363

Other commercial mortgage-backed securities
80,470

 

 
1,446

 
2,792

 
79,124

Other asset-backed securities
244,526

 

 
1,130

 
9,132

 
236,524

 
$
2,287,956

 
$
1,163

 
$
45,791

 
$
50,920

 
$
2,281,664


 
December 31, 2019
(In thousands)
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross Unrealized Gains
 
Gross Unrealized Losses
 
Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury obligations
$
109,060

 
$
1,533

 
$
126

 
$
110,467

U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations
17,215

 
125

 

 
17,340

State and municipal bonds
287,658

 
9,110

 
675

 
296,093

Corporate debt
1,308,889

 
33,050

 
1,575

 
1,340,364

Residential mortgage-backed securities
205,588

 
3,139

 
319

 
208,408

Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities
8,054

 
182

 
15

 
8,221

Other commercial mortgage-backed securities
70,621

 
1,468

 
221

 
71,868

Other asset-backed securities
234,219

 
1,958

 
153

 
236,024

 
$
2,241,304


$
50,565


$
3,084

 
$
2,288,785



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Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

The recorded cost basis and estimated fair value of available-for-sale fixed maturities at March 31, 2020, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
(In thousands)
Amortized
Cost
 
Due in one
year or less
 
Due after
one year
through
five years
 
Due after
five years
through
ten years
 
Due after
ten years
 
Total Fair
Value
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury obligations
$
123,840

 
$
28,290

 
$
79,453

 
$
21,059

 
$
458

 
$
129,260

U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations
12,205

 
2,001

 
5,057

 
5,197

 
155

 
12,410

State and municipal bonds
282,451

 
22,973

 
113,255

 
123,840

 
31,599

 
291,667

Corporate debt
1,302,979

 
130,833

 
762,741

 
371,657

 
23,487

 
1,288,718

Residential mortgage-backed securities
228,584

 

 

 

 

 
230,598

Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities
12,901

 

 

 

 

 
13,363

Other commercial mortgage-backed securities
80,470

 

 

 

 

 
79,124

Other asset-backed securities
244,526

 

 

 

 

 
236,524

 
$
2,287,956

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
2,281,664


Excluding obligations of the U.S. Government, U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises and a U.S. Government obligations money market fund, no investment in any entity or its affiliates exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity at March 31, 2020.
Cash and securities with a carrying value of $44.0 million at March 31, 2020 were on deposit with various state insurance departments to meet regulatory requirements.
As a member of Lloyd's, ProAssurance is required to maintain capital at Lloyd's, referred to as FAL, to support underwriting by Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131. At March 31, 2020, ProAssurance's FAL investments were comprised of available-for-sale fixed maturities with a fair value of $123.7 million and cash and cash equivalents of $12.5 million on deposit with Lloyd's in order to satisfy these FAL requirements.

28

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

Investments Held in a Loss Position
The following tables provide summarized information with respect to investments held in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, including the length of time the investment had been held in a continuous unrealized loss position.
 
March 31, 2020
 
Total
 
Less than 12 months
 
12 months or longer
 
Fair
 
Unrealized
 
Fair
 
Unrealized
 
Fair
 
Unrealized
(In thousands)
Value
 
Loss
 
Value
 
Loss
 
Value
 
Loss
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
State and municipal bonds
$
26,636

 
$
579

 
$
26,636

 
$
579

 
$

 
$

Corporate debt
532,748

 
33,255

 
510,054

 
30,631

 
22,694

 
2,624

Residential mortgage-backed securities
66,200

 
5,160

 
62,274

 
5,143

 
3,926

 
17

Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities
311

 
2

 

 

 
311

 
2

Other commercial mortgage-backed securities
36,679

 
2,792

 
36,059

 
2,771

 
620

 
21

Other asset-backed securities
159,054

 
9,132

 
157,064

 
9,116

 
1,990

 
16

 
$
821,628

 
$
50,920

 
$
792,087

 
$
48,240

 
$
29,541

 
$
2,680


 
December 31, 2019
 
Total
 
Less than 12 months
 
12 months or longer
 
Fair
 
Unrealized
 
Fair
 
Unrealized
 
Fair
 
Unrealized
(In thousands)
Value
 
Loss
 
Value
 
Loss
 
Value
 
Loss
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury obligations
$
25,959

 
$
126

 
$
15,305

 
$
103

 
$
10,654

 
$
23

State and municipal bonds
36,565

 
675

 
35,621

 
674

 
944

 
1

Corporate debt
128,254

 
1,575

 
88,582

 
932

 
39,672

 
643

Residential mortgage-backed securities
59,291

 
319

 
28,048

 
63

 
31,243

 
256

Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities
459

 
15

 
158

 

 
301

 
15

Other commercial mortgage-backed securities
18,339

 
221

 
16,924

 
206

 
1,415

 
15

Other asset-backed securities
48,912

 
153

 
37,322

 
145

 
11,590

 
8

 
$
317,779

 
$
3,084

 
$
221,960

 
$
2,123

 
$
95,819

 
$
961


As of March 31, 2020, excluding U.S. Government or U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations, there were 932 debt securities (39.4% of all available-for-sale fixed maturity securities held) in an unrealized loss position representing 547 issuers. The greatest and second greatest unrealized loss positions among those securities were approximately $2.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively. The securities were evaluated for impairment as of March 31, 2020.
As of December 31, 2019, excluding U.S. Government or U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations, there were 263 debt securities (12.1% of all available-for-sale fixed maturity securities held) in an unrealized loss position representing 204 issuers. The greatest and second greatest unrealized loss positions among those securities were approximately $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The securities were evaluated for impairment as of December 31, 2019.
Each quarter, ProAssurance performs a detailed analysis for the purpose of assessing whether any of the securities it holds in an unrealized loss position has suffered an impairment due to credit or non-credit factors. A detailed discussion of the factors considered in the assessment is included in Note 1.
Fixed maturity securities held in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2020, excluding asset-backed securities, have paid all scheduled contractual payments and are expected to continue doing so. Expected future cash flows of asset-backed

29

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

securities, excluding those issued by GNMA, FNMA and FHLMC, held in an unrealized loss position were estimated as part of the March 31, 2020 impairment evaluation using the most recently available six-month historical performance data for the collateral (loans) underlying the security or, if historical data was not available, sector based assumptions, and equaled or exceeded the current amortized cost basis of the security.
The following table presents a roll forward of the allowance for expected credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturities for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
(In thousands)
Corporate Debt
Total
Balance December 31, 2019
$

$

Additional credit losses related to securities for which:
 


No allowance for credit losses has been previously recognized
1,163

1,163

Balance March 31, 2020
$
1,163

$
1,163


Other information regarding sales and purchases of fixed maturity available-for-sale securities is as follows:
 
Three Months Ended
March 31
(In millions)
2020
 
2019
Proceeds from sales (exclusive of maturities and paydowns)
$
64.9

 
$
31.5

Purchases
$
227.5

 
$
179.1


Equity Investments
ProAssurance's equity investments are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in income as a component of net realized investment gains (losses) during the period of change. Equity investments on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 primarily included stocks, bond funds and investment funds.
Short-term Investments
ProAssurance's short-term investments, which have a maturity at purchase of one year or less, are primarily comprised of investments in U.S. treasury obligations, commercial paper and money market funds. Short-term investments are carried at fair value which approximates the cost of the securities due to their short-term nature.
BOLI
ProAssurance holds BOLI policies that are carried at the current cash surrender value of the policies (original cost $33 million). All insured individuals were members of ProAssurance management at the time the policies were acquired. The primary purpose of the program is to offset future employee benefit expenses through earnings on the cash value of the policies. ProAssurance is the owner and beneficiary of these policies.
Net Investment Income
Net investment income by investment category was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended
March 31
(In thousands)
2020
 
2019
Fixed maturities
$
18,285

 
$
17,517

Equities
1,909

 
4,823

Short-term investments, including Other
1,472

 
1,835

BOLI
456

 
453

Investment fees and expenses
(1,292
)
 
(1,810
)
Net investment income
$
20,830

 
$
22,818



30

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

Investment in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries
ProAssurance's investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries were as follows:
 
March 31, 2020
 
Carrying Value
(In thousands)
Percentage
Ownership
 
March 31,
2020
 
December 31,
2019
Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships
See below
 
$
42,079

 
$
46,421

Other tax credit partnerships
See below
 
1,763

 
2,085

All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs
See below
 
327,530

 
310,314

 
 
 
$
371,372

 
$
358,820


Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnership interests held by ProAssurance generate investment returns by providing tax benefits to fund investors in the form of tax credits and project operating losses. The carrying value of these investments reflects ProAssurance's total commitments (both funded and unfunded) to the partnerships, less any amortization. ProAssurance's ownership percentage relative to two of the tax credit partnership interests is almost 100%; these interests had a carrying value of $15.2 million at March 31, 2020 and $17.2 million at December 31, 2019. ProAssurance's ownership percentage relative to the remaining tax credit partnership interests is less than 20%; these interests had a carrying value of $26.9 million at March 31, 2020 and $29.2 million at December 31, 2019. Since ProAssurance has the ability to exert influence over the partnerships but does not control them, all are accounted for using the equity method. See further discussion of the entities in which ProAssurance holds passive interests in Note 10.
Other tax credit partnerships are comprised entirely of an investment in a historic tax credit partnership. The historic tax credit partnership generates investment returns by providing benefits to fund investors in the form of tax credits, tax deductible project operating losses and positive cash flows. The carrying value of this investment reflects ProAssurance's total funded commitment less any amortization. ProAssurance's ownership percentage relative to the historic tax credit partnership is almost 100%. Since ProAssurance has the ability to exert influence over the partnership but does not control it, it is accounted for using the equity method. See further discussion of the entities in which ProAssurance holds passive interests in Note 10.
ProAssurance holds interests in investment fund LPs/LLCs and other equity method investments and LPs/LLCs which are not considered to be investment funds. ProAssurance's ownership percentage relative to three of the LPs/LLCs is greater than 25%, which is expected to be reduced as the funds mature and other investors participate in the funds; these investments had a carrying value of $41.0 million at both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. ProAssurance's ownership percentage relative to the remaining investments and LPs/LLCs is less than 25%; these interests had a carrying value of $286.5 million at March 31, 2020 and $269.3 million at December 31, 2019. ProAssurance does not have the ability to exert control over any of these funds.
Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries included losses from qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships and a historic tax credit partnership. Losses recorded reflect ProAssurance's allocable portion of partnership operating losses. Tax credits reduce income tax expense in the period they are recognized. Losses recorded and tax credits recognized related to ProAssurance's tax credit partnership investments were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended
March 31
(In thousands)
2020
 
2019
Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships
 
 
 
Losses recorded
$
4,342

 
$
4,430

Tax credits recognized
$
4,369

 
$
4,531

 
 
 
 
Historic tax credit partnership
 
 
 
Losses recorded
$
323

 
$
189

Tax credits recognized
$
103

 
$
103



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Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

Due to the consolidated loss before income taxes recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2020, the tax credits generated in the first quarter of 2020 from tax credit partnership investments of $4.5 million were deferred and are expected to be utilized in future periods.
Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)
Realized investment gains and losses are recognized on the first-in, first-out basis. The following table provides detailed information regarding net realized investment gains (losses):
 
Three Months Ended
March 31
(In thousands)
2020
 
2019
Total impairment losses:
 
 
 
Corporate debt
$
(1,817
)
 
$
(136
)
Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income before taxes:
 
 
 
Corporate debt
654

 
87

Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
(1,163
)
 
(49
)
Gross realized gains, available-for-sale fixed maturities
2,427

 
367

Gross realized (losses), available-for-sale fixed maturities
(1,403
)
 
(336
)
Net realized gains (losses), trading fixed maturities
103

 
(28
)
Net realized gains (losses), equity investments
15,190

 
1,790

Net realized gains (losses), other investments
48

 
379

Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), trading fixed maturities
(118
)
 
210

Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), equity investments
(38,477
)
 
32,394

Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), convertible securities, carried at fair value
(5,273
)
 
1,895

Other
(7
)
 
1

Net realized investment gains (losses)
$
(28,673
)
 
$
36,623


For the three months ended March 31, 2020, ProAssurance recognized credit-related impairment losses in earnings of approximately $1.2 million and non-credit impairment losses in OCI of approximately $0.7 million. The credit-related impairment losses related to four corporate bonds in the energy, consumer and entertainment sectors. The non-credit related impairment losses related related to three corporate bonds in the energy and consumer sectors. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, ProAssurance recognized a nominal amount of both credit related impairment losses in earnings and non-credit impairment losses in OCI, both of which related to a corporate bond.
ProAssurance recognized $28.7 million of net realized investment losses during the 2020 three-month period driven by the impact of decreases in fair value on its equity portfolio of $38.5 million and convertible securities of $5.3 million attributable to the recent disruptions in global financial markets related to COVID-19. During the 2019 three-month period, ProAssurance recognized $36.6 million of net realized investment gains driven by increases in fair value on its equity portfolio of $32.4 million due to the improvement of the market during the first quarter of 2019.
The following table presents a roll forward of cumulative credit losses recorded in earnings related to impaired debt securities for which a portion of the impairment was recorded in OCI.
 
Three Months Ended
March 31
(In thousands)
2020
 
2019
Balance beginning of period
$
470

 
$
93

Additional credit losses recognized during the period, related to securities for which:
 
 
 
No impairment has been previously recognized
1,064

 
49

Balance March 31
$
1,534

 
$
142



32

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

4. Income Taxes
For interim periods, ProAssurance generally utilizes the estimated annual effective tax rate method under which the Company determines its provision (benefit) for income taxes based on the current estimate of its annual effective tax rate. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, ProAssurance adopted the discrete effective tax rate method to record its provision for income taxes after the estimated annual effective tax rate method produced an unusually low estimated annual tax rate. The discrete effective tax rate method is applied when the application of the estimated annual effective tax rate method is impractical because it is not possible to reliably estimate the annual effective tax rate. The Company believes the use of the discrete effective tax rate method is more appropriate for the current period than the annual effective tax rate method, as minor changes in the Company's estimated ordinary income would have a significant effect on the estimated annual effective tax rate and would result in sizeable variations in the customary relationship between income tax expense (benefit) and pretax accounting income (loss). ProAssurance will reevaluate its use of this method each quarter until the Company believes a return to the estimated annual effective tax rate method is deemed appropriate. The provision for income taxes is different from that which would be obtained by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income (loss) before income taxes primarily due to the tax benefit recognized from tax credits transferred from tax credit partnership investments.
ProAssurance had a receivable for federal and U.K. income taxes carried as a part of other assets of $3.8 million at March 31, 2020 and $8.0 million at December 31, 2019. The liability for unrecognized tax benefits, which is included in the total receivable for federal and U.K. income taxes, was $11.0 million and $5.7 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, which included an accrued liability for interest of approximately $0.6 million at both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
ProAssurance recognized a nominal amount of tax expense related to the GILTI provision of the TCJA during each of the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, ProAssurance did not recognize any incremental tax expense related to the BEAT provision of the TCJA. For additional information regarding ProAssurance's accounting for certain provisions of the TCJA, see Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K.
Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act
In response to COVID-19, the CARES Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020 and contains several provisions for corporations and eases certain deduction limitations originally imposed by the TCJA. The CARES Act, among other things, includes temporary changes regarding the prior and future utilization of NOLs, temporary changes to the prior and future limitations on interest deductions, temporary suspension of certain payment requirements for the employer portion of Social Security taxes and the creation of certain refundable employee retention credits. ProAssurance has an NOL of approximately $34.4 million from the 2019 tax year that will be carried back to the 2014 tax year and is expected to generate a tax refund of approximately $12.0 million. ProAssurance is currently evaluating the other provisions of the CARES Act and how certain elections may impact its financial position and results of operations, if elected.

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Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

5. Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The reserve for losses is established based on estimates of individual claims and actuarially determined estimates of future losses based on ProAssurance’s past loss experience, available industry data and projections as to future claims frequency, severity, inflationary trends and settlement patterns. Estimating the reserve, particularly the reserve appropriate for liability exposures, is a complex process. For a high proportion of the risks insured or reinsured by ProAssurance, claims may be resolved over an extended period of time, often five years or more, and may be subject to litigation. Estimating losses requires ProAssurance to make and revise judgments and assessments regarding multiple uncertainties over an extended period of time. As a result, the reserve estimate may vary considerably from the eventual outcome. The assumptions used in establishing ProAssurance’s reserve are regularly reviewed and updated by management as new data becomes available. Changes to estimates of previously established reserves are included in earnings in the period in which the estimate is changed.
ProAssurance believes that the methods it uses to establish reserves are reasonable and appropriate. Each year, ProAssurance uses internal actuaries to review the reserve for losses of each insurance subsidiary. ProAssurance also engages consulting actuaries to review ProAssurance claims data and provide observations regarding cost trends, rate adequacy and ultimate loss costs. ProAssurance considers the views of the actuaries as well as other factors, such as premium rates, claims frequency and severity, historical paid and incurred loss development trends, the expected effect of inflation, general economic and social trends and the legal and political environment in establishing the amount of its reserve for losses. The statutory filings of each insurance company with the insurance regulators must be accompanied by a consulting actuary's certification as to their respective reserves.
ProAssurance partitions its reserve by accident year, which is the year in which the claim becomes its liability. For claims-made policies, the insured event generally becomes a liability when the event is first reported to the Company. For occurrence policies, the insured event becomes a liability when the event takes place. For retroactive coverages, the insured event becomes a liability at inception of the underlying contract. As claims are incurred (reported) and claim payments are made, they are aggregated by accident year for analysis purposes. ProAssurance also partitions its reserve by reserve type: case reserves and IBNR reserves. Case reserves are established by the claims department based upon the particular circumstances of each reported claim and represent ProAssurance’s estimate of the future loss costs (often referred to as expected losses) that will be paid on reported claims. Case reserves are decremented as claim payments are made and are periodically adjusted upward or downward as estimates regarding the amount of future losses are revised; a reported loss for an individual claim equates to the case reserve at any point in time plus the claim payments that have been made to date. IBNR reserves represent an estimate, in the aggregate, of future development on losses that have been reported to ProAssurance plus an estimate of losses that have been incurred but not reported.
Development of Prior Accident Years
In addition to setting the initial reserve for the current accident year, each period ProAssurance reassesses the amount of reserve required for prior accident years. The foundation of ProAssurance’s reserve re-estimation process is an actuarial analysis that is performed by both the internal and consulting actuaries. This detailed analysis projects ultimate losses based on partitions which include line of business, geography, coverage layer and accident year. The procedure uses the most representative data for each partition, capturing its unique patterns of development and trends. In all, there are over 200 different partitions of ProAssurance's business for purposes of this analysis. ProAssurance believes that the use of consulting actuaries provides an independent view of the loss data as well as a broader perspective on industry loss trends.

34

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

Activity in the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses is summarized as follows:
(In thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Balance, beginning of year
$
2,346,526

 
$
2,119,847

 
$
2,119,847

Less reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
390,708

 
343,820

 
343,820

Net balance, beginning of year
1,955,818

 
1,776,027

 
1,776,027

Net losses:
 
 
 
 
 
Current year(1)
170,874

 
170,032

 
765,698

Favorable development of reserves established in prior years, net
(6,042
)
 
(10,277
)
 
(11,783
)
Total
164,832

 
159,755

 
753,915

Paid related to:
 
 
 
 
 
Current year
(15,876
)
 
(17,027
)
 
(115,133
)
Prior years
(163,518
)
 
(109,079
)
 
(458,991
)
Total paid
(179,394
)
 
(126,106
)
 
(574,124
)
Net balance, end of period
1,941,256

 
1,809,676

 
1,955,818

Plus reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
389,792

 
349,319

 
390,708

Balance, end of period
$
2,331,048

 
$
2,158,995

 
$
2,346,526


(1) Current year net losses for the year ended December 31, 2019 included a PDR of $9.2 million associated with the unearned premium of a large national healthcare account in the Specialty P&C segment. Current year net losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 included $5.5 million of amortization of the aforementioned PDR which offsets the impact of the losses incurred associated with the premium earned during the fist quarter of 2020 related to the large national healthcare account. For additional information regarding the PDR, see Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 Form 10-K.
The net favorable loss development recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2020 primarily reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns in the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments as well as a reduction in the reserve for potential ECO/XPL claims in the Specialty P&C segment. The net favorable loss development recognized in the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment primarily related to the 2016 through 2018 accident years and the net favorable loss development recognized in the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment primarily related to the 2015 and 2016 accident years. The net favorable loss development recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2019 primarily reflected a lower than anticipated claims severity trend (i.e., the average size of a claim) for accident years 2012 through 2015 in the Specialty P&C segment. The net favorable loss development recognized in the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 primarily reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns in the Workers' Compensation Insurance and Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segments, largely offset by net unfavorable loss development recognized in the Specialty P&C segment. The net favorable loss development recognized in the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment primarily related to the 2015 and 2016 accident years and the net favorable loss development recognized in the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment primarily related to the 2015 through 2018 accident years. The net unfavorable loss development recognized in the Specialty P&C segment primarily related to accident years 2012 through 2015.
For additional information regarding ProAssurance's reserve for losses, see Note 1 and Note 8 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K.

35

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

6. Commitments and Contingencies
ProAssurance is involved in various legal actions related to insurance policies and claims handling including, but not limited to, claims asserted by policyholders. These types of legal actions arise in the Company's ordinary course of business and, in accordance with GAAP for insurance entities, are considered as a part of the Company's loss reserving process, which is described in detail under the heading "Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses" in the Accounting Policies section in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 Form 10-K.
As a member of Lloyd's, ProAssurance has obligations to Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 including a Syndicate Credit Agreement and FAL requirements. The Syndicate Credit Agreement is an unconditional revolving credit agreement to the Premium Trust Fund of Syndicate 1729 for the purpose of providing working capital with maximum permitted borrowings of £30.0 million (approximately $37.3 million as of March 31, 2020). The Syndicate Credit Agreement has a maturity date of December 31, 2021 and contains an annual auto-renewal feature which allows for ProAssurance to elect to non-renew if notice is given at least 30 days prior to the next auto-renewal date, which is one year prior to the maturity date. Under the Syndicate Credit Agreement, advances bear interest at 3.8% annually and may be repaid at any time but are repayable upon demand after December 31, 2021, subject to extension through the auto-renewal feature. As of March 31, 2020, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Syndicate Credit Agreement. ProAssurance provides FAL to support underwriting by Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 which is comprised of investment securities and cash and cash equivalents deposited with Lloyd's with a total fair value of approximately $136.2 million at March 31, 2020 (see Note 3).
ProAssurance has entered into financial instrument transactions that may present off-balance sheet credit risk or market risk. These transactions include a short-term loan commitment and commitments to provide funding to non-public investment entities. Under the short-term loan commitment, ProAssurance has agreed to advance funds on a 30 day basis to a counterparty provided there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. As of March 31, 2020, ProAssurance had total funding commitments related to non-public investment entities as well as the short-term loan commitment of approximately $223.5 million which included the amount at risk if the full short-term loan is extended and the counterparties default. However, the credit risk associated with the short-term loan commitment is minimal as the counterparties to the contract are highly rated commercial institutions and to-date have been performing in accordance with their contractual obligations. ProAssurance’s expected credit losses associated with this short-term loan commitment were nominal in amount as of March 31, 2020.
ProAssurance entered into an agreement with a company to provide data analytics services for certain product lines within the Company's HCPL book of business. The agreement contains a minimum two year commitment with optional extension features for an annual fee of approximately $4.8 million per year with additional variable quarterly incentive fees based on service utilization metrics prescribed in the contract. ProAssurance incurred operating expenses associated with this agreement of $1.2 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and as of March 31, 2020, the remaining commitment under this agreement was between $2.4 million and $3.2 million.
ProAssurance has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire NORCAL, an underwriter of medical professional liability insurance, subject to the demutualization of NORCAL Mutual, NORCAL's ultimate controlling party. ProAssurance will pay base consideration of $450 million and is expected to be funded with cash and debt; with a contingent consideration of up to $150 million should NORCAL reserves as of the acquisition date develop favorably to estimates made by ProAssurance. The demutualization and the definitive agreement are mutually contingent, and are subject to customary conditions, including approval by NORCAL Mutual policyholders and appropriate state and federal regulators. The companies are targeting to close the transaction either by the end of 2020 or early 2021.

36

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

7. Leases
ProAssurance is involved in a number of operating leases primarily for office facilities. Office facility leases have remaining lease terms ranging from one year to twelve years; some of which include options to extend the leases for up to ten years, and some of which include an option to terminate the lease within one year. ProAssurance subleases certain office facilities to third parties and classifies these leases as operating leases.
The following table provides a summary of the components of net lease expense as well as the reporting location in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.
(In thousands)
Location in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income
Three Months Ended March 31
2020
2019
Operating lease expense (1)
Operating expense
$
1,625

$
774

Sublease income (2)
Other income
(38
)
(38
)
Net lease expense
 
$
1,587

$
736

(1) Includes short-term lease costs and variable lease costs, if applicable. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, no short-term lease costs were recognized and variable lease costs were nominal in amount.
(2) Sublease income excludes rental income from owned properties of $0.6 million during each of the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 which is included in other income. See “Item 2. Properties” in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K for a listing of currently owned properties.
The following table provides supplemental lease information for operating leases on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
($ in thousands)
March 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
Operating lease ROU assets
$
19,722

$
21,074

Operating lease liabilities
$
21,311

$
22,051

Weighted-average remaining lease term
8.67 years

8.74 years

Weighted-average discount rate
3.08
%
3.08
%
The following table provides supplemental lease information for the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.
 
Three Months Ended March 31
(In thousands)
2020
2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
 
 
Operating cash flows from operating leases
$
613

$
809



37

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

The following table is a schedule of remaining future minimum lease payments for operating leases that had an initial or remaining non-cancellable lease term in excess of one year as of March 31, 2020. Operating lease payments exclude $0.5 million of future minimum lease payments for one lease signed but not yet commenced as of March 31, 2020. This lease will commence in the first quarter of 2021 with a lease term of approximately seven years.
(In thousands)
 
2020
$
3,139

2021
3,951

2022
3,064

2023
2,361

2024
1,773

Thereafter
10,047

Total future minimum lease payments
24,335

Less: Imputed interest
3,024

Total operating lease liabilities
$
21,311


8. Debt
ProAssurance’s outstanding debt consisted of the following:
(In thousands)
March 31,
2020
 
December 31,
2019
Senior Notes due 2023, unsecured, interest at 5.3% annually
$
250,000

 
$
250,000

Mortgage Loans, outstanding borrowings are secured by first priority liens on two office buildings, and bear an interest rate of three-month LIBOR plus 1.325% (2.14% and 3.21%, respectively) determined on a quarterly basis.
37,240

 
37,617

Total principal
287,240

 
287,617

Less unamortized debt issuance costs
1,696

 
1,796

Debt less unamortized debt issuance costs
$
285,544

 
$
285,821


Revolving Credit Agreement
ProAssurance has a Revolving Credit Agreement, which expires November 2024, that may be used for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, short-term working capital, share repurchases as authorized by the Board and support for other activities. ProAssurance's Revolving Credit Agreement permits borrowings up to $250 million, and has available a $50 million accordion feature which, if successfully subscribed, would expand the permitted borrowings to a maximum of $300 million. As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were no outstanding borrowings on the Revolving Credit Agreement.
Covenant Compliance
There are no financial covenants associated with the Senior Notes due 2023.
The Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary representations, covenants and events constituting default, and remedies for default. The Revolving Credit Agreement also defines financial covenants regarding permitted leverage ratios. ProAssurance is currently in compliance with all covenants of the Revolving Credit Agreement.
The Mortgage Loans contain customary representations, covenants and events constituting default, and remedies for default. The Mortgage Loans also define a financial covenant regarding a permitted leverage ratio for each of the two ProAssurance subsidiaries that entered into the Mortgage Loans. ProAssurance's subsidiaries are currently in compliance with the financial covenant of the Mortgage Loans.
Additional Information
For additional information regarding ProAssurance's debt, see Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K.

38

Table of Contents
ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

9. Shareholders’ Equity
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, ProAssurance had 100 million shares of authorized common stock and 50 million shares of authorized preferred stock. The Board has the authority to determine provisions for the issuance of preferred shares, including the number of shares to be issued, the designations, powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such shares. To date, the Board has not approved the issuance of preferred stock.
ProAssurance declared cash dividends of $0.31 per share during the first quarter of both 2020 and 2019, totaling $16.7 million during each period.
At March 31, 2020, Board authorizations for the repurchase of common shares or the retirement of outstanding debt of $110 million remained available for use. ProAssurance did not repurchase any common shares during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.
Share-based compensation expense and related tax benefits were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
(In thousands)
2020
 
2019
Share-based compensation expense
$
1,011

 
$
1,228

Related tax benefits
$
212

 
$
258


ProAssurance awarded approximately 112,000 restricted share units and 39,000 base performance share units to employees in February 2020. The fair value of each unit awarded was estimated at $29.18, equal to the market value of a ProAssurance common share on the date of grant less the estimated present value of expected dividends during the vesting period. The majority of awards are charged to expense as an increase to additional paid-in capital over the service period (generally the vesting period) associated with the award. However, a nominal amount of awards are recorded as a liability as they are structured to be settled in cash. Restricted share units and performance share units vest in their entirety at the end of a three-year period following the grant date based on a continuous service requirement and, for performance share units, achievement of a performance objective. Partial vesting is permitted for retirees. For equity classified awards, a ProAssurance common share is issued for each unit once vesting requirements are met, except that units sufficient to satisfy required tax withholdings are paid in cash. The number of common shares issued for performance share units varies from 50% to 200% of base awards depending upon the degree to which stated performance objectives are achieved. ProAssurance issued approximately 47,000 common shares to employees in February 2020 related to restricted share units granted in 2017. Liability classified awards, which are nominal in amount, are settled in cash at the end of the vesting period.
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following tables provide a detailed breakout of the components of AOCI and the amounts reclassified from AOCI to net income (loss). The tax effects of all amounts in the table below, except for an immaterial amount of unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities held at the Company's U.K. subsidiary, were computed using the enacted U.S. federal corporate tax rate of 21%. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, OCI included a deferred tax benefit of $11.0 million and a deferred tax expense of $6.8 million, respectively.
The changes in the balance of each component of AOCI for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
(In thousands)
Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)
 
Non-credit Impairments
 
Unrecognized Change in Defined Benefit Plan Liabilities*
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance December 31, 2019
$
36,577

 
$
300

 
$
78

 
$
36,955

OCI, before reclassifications, net of tax
$
(42,497
)
 
$
517

 
$

 
$
(41,980
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax
115

 

 

 
115

Net OCI, current period
$
(42,382
)
 
$
517

 
$

 
$
(41,865
)
Balance March 31, 2020
$
(5,805
)

$
817


$
78

 
$
(4,910
)



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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

(In thousands)
Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)
 
Non-credit Impairments
 
Unrecognized Change in Defined Benefit Plan Liabilities*
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance December 31, 2018
$
(17,089
)
 
$
121

 
$
57

 
$
(16,911
)
OCI, before reclassifications, net of tax
$
25,477

 
$
69

 
$
7

 
$
25,553

Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax
13

 

 

 
13

Net OCI, current period
$
25,490

 
$
69

 
$
7

 
$
25,566

Balance March 31, 2019
$
8,401

 
$
190

 
$
64

 
$
8,655

* Represents the reestimation of the defined benefit plan liability assumed in the Eastern acquisition. The defined benefit plan is frozen as to the earnings of additional benefits and the benefit plan liability is reestimated annually.

10. Variable Interest Entities
ProAssurance holds passive interests in a number of entities that are considered to be VIEs under GAAP guidance. ProAssurance's VIE interests principally consist of interests in LPs/LLCs formed for the purpose of achieving diversified equity and debt returns. ProAssurance's VIE interests, carried as a part of investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries, totaled $322.7 million at March 31, 2020 and $309.0 million at December 31, 2019.
ProAssurance does not have power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these VIEs and thus is not the primary beneficiary. Investments in entities where ProAssurance holds a greater than minor interest but does not hold a controlling interest are accounted for using the equity method. Therefore, ProAssurance has not consolidated these VIEs. ProAssurance’s involvement with each VIE is limited to its direct ownership interest in the VIE. Except for the funding commitments disclosed in Note 6, ProAssurance has no arrangements with any of the VIEs to provide other financial support to or on behalf of the VIE. At March 31, 2020, ProAssurance’s maximum loss exposure relative to these investments was limited to the carrying value of ProAssurance’s investment in the VIE.
11. Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Diluted weighted average shares is calculated as basic weighted average shares plus the effect, calculated using the treasury stock method, of assuming that restricted share units, performance share units and purchase match units have vested. The following table provides the weighted average number of common shares outstanding used in the calculation of the Company's basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share:
(In thousands, except per share data)
Three Months Ended
March 31
2020
 
2019
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic
53,808

 
53,683

Dilutive effect of securities:
 
 
 
Restricted Share Units
74

 
82

Performance Share Units
3

 
29

Purchase Match Units

 
14

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, diluted
53,885

 
53,808

Effect of dilutive shares on earnings (loss) per share
$

 
$


Dilutive common share equivalents are reflected in the earnings (loss) per share calculation while antidilutive common share equivalents are not reflected in the earnings (loss) per share calculation. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, all incremental common share equivalents were not included in the computation of diluted earnings (loss) per share because to do so would have been antidilutive for the period. There were no antidilutive common share equivalents for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

12. Segment Information
ProAssurance's segments are based on the Company's internal management reporting structure for which financial results are regularly evaluated by the Company's CODM to determine resource allocation and assess operating performance. The Company continually assesses its internal management reporting structure and information evaluated by its CODM to determine whether any changes have occurred that would impact its segment reporting structure. The Company operates in five segments that are organized around the nature of the products and services provided: Specialty P&C, Workers' Compensation Insurance, Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance, Lloyd's Syndicates and Corporate. A description of each of ProAssurance's five operating and reportable segments follows.
Specialty P&C includes professional liability insurance and medical technology liability insurance. Professional liability insurance is primarily offered to healthcare providers and institutions and, to a lesser extent, to attorneys and their firms. Medical technology liability insurance is offered to medical technology and life sciences companies that manufacture or distribute products including entities conducting human clinical trials. In addition, the Specialty P&C segment also offers custom alternative risk solutions including loss portfolio transfers and captive cell programs for healthcare professional liability insureds. For the alternative market captive cell programs, the Specialty P&C segment cedes either all or a portion of the premium to certain SPCs in the Company's Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment.
Workers' Compensation Insurance includes workers' compensation products provided to employers with 1,000 or fewer employees. The segment's products include guaranteed cost policies, policyholder dividend policies, retrospectively-rated policies, deductible polices and alternative market solutions. Alternative market products include program design, fronting, claims administration, risk management, SPC rental, asset management and SPC management services. Alternative market program premiums are 100% ceded to either SPCs in the Company's Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment or, to a limited extent, to a captive insurer unaffiliated with ProAssurance.
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance reflects the net operating results (underwriting profit or loss, plus investment results, net of U.S. federal income taxes) of SPCs at Inova Re and Eastern Re, the Company's Cayman Islands SPC operations. Each SPC is owned, fully or in part, by an agency, group or association, and the operating results of the SPCs are due to the participants of that cell. ProAssurance participates to a varying degree in the results of selected SPCs. SPC operating results attributable to external cell participants are reflected as SPC dividend expense (income) in the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment and in ProAssurance's Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. In addition, the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment includes the SPC investment results as the investments are solely for the benefit of the cell participants, and investment results attributable to external cell participants are reflected in the SPC dividend expense (income). The SPCs assume workers' compensation insurance, healthcare professional liability insurance or a combination of the two from the Company's Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments.
Lloyd's Syndicates includes operating results from ProAssurance's participation in Lloyd's of London Syndicate 1729 and its 100% participation in Syndicate 6131, which is an SPA that underwrites on a quota share basis with Syndicate 1729. The results of this segment are normally reported on a quarter lag, except when information is available that is material to the current period. Furthermore, investment results associated with the majority of investment assets solely allocated to Lloyd's Syndicate operations and certain U.S. paid administrative expenses are reported concurrently as that information is available on an earlier time frame. For the 2020 underwriting year, ProAssurance decreased its participation in the operating results of Syndicate 1729 to 29% from 61% ; however, due to the quarter lag these changes will not be reflected in the Company's results until the second quarter of 2020. Syndicate 1729 underwrites risks over a wide range of property and casualty insurance and reinsurance lines in both the U.S. and international markets. Syndicate 6131 focuses on contingency and specialty property business, also within the U.S. and international markets.
Corporate includes ProAssurance's investment operations, other than those reported in the Company's Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance and Lloyd's Syndicates segments, interest expense and U.S. income taxes. The segment also includes non-premium revenues generated outside of the Company's insurance entities and corporate expenses.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance’s December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K and Note 1 herein. ProAssurance evaluates the performance of its Specialty P&C and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments based on before tax underwriting profit or loss, which excludes investment performance. ProAssurance evaluates the performance of its Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment based on operating profit or loss, which includes investment results of investment assets solely allocated to SPC operations, net of U.S. federal income taxes. Performance of the Lloyd's Syndicates segment is evaluated based on operating profit or loss, which includes investment results of investment assets solely allocated to Lloyd's Syndicate operations, net of U.K. income tax expense. Performance of the Corporate segment is evaluated based on the contribution made to consolidated after-tax results. ProAssurance accounts for inter-segment transactions as if the transactions were to third parties at

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

current market prices. Assets are not allocated to segments because investments, other than the investments discussed above that are solely allocated to the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance and Lloyd's Syndicates segments, and other assets are not managed at the segment level.
Financial results by segment were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
(In thousands)
Specialty P&C
 
Workers' Compensation Insurance
 
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance
 
Lloyd's Syndicates
 
Corporate
 
Inter-segment Eliminations
 
Consolidated
Net premiums earned
$
120,359

 
$
44,515

 
$
16,980

 
$
22,001

 
$

 
$

 
$
203,855

Net investment income

 

 
254

 
1,159

 
19,417

 

 
20,830

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries

 

 

 

 
(1,562
)
 

 
(1,562
)
Net realized gains (losses)

 

 
(3,207
)
 
81

 
(25,547
)
 

 
(28,673
)
Other income (expense)(1)
1,698

 
757

 
136

 
(232
)
 
633

 
(741
)
 
2,251

Net losses and loss adjustment expenses
(110,931
)
 
(29,769
)
 
(9,352
)
 
(14,780
)
 

 

 
(164,832
)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses(1)
(29,585
)
 
(14,164
)
 
(5,079
)
 
(9,142
)
 
(4,827
)
 
741

 
(62,056
)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense(2)

 

 
(222
)
 

 

 

 
(222
)
SPC dividend (expense) income

 

 
508

 

 

 

 
508

Interest expense

 

 

 

 
(4,129
)
 

 
(4,129
)
Income tax benefit (expense)

 

 

 
29

 
12,047

 

 
12,076

Segment operating results
$
(18,459
)
 
$
1,339

 
$
18

 
$
(884
)
 
$
(3,968
)
 
$

 
$
(21,954
)
Significant non-cash items:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion
$
1,580

 
$
926

 
$
69

 
$
9

 
$
2,150

 
$

 
$
4,734



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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
(In thousands)
Specialty P&C
 
Workers' Compensation Insurance
 
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance
 
Lloyd's Syndicates
 
Corporate
 
Inter-segment Eliminations
 
Consolidated
Net premiums earned
$
124,067

 
$
45,939

 
$
19,502

 
$
18,641

 
$

 
$

 
$
208,149

Net investment income

 

 
448

 
1,006

 
21,364

 

 
22,818

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries

 

 

 

 
(810
)
 

 
(810
)
Net realized gains (losses)

 

 
2,141

 
178

 
34,304

 

 
36,623

Other income (expense)(1)
1,209

 
729

 
87

 
(146
)
 
905

 
(689
)
 
2,095

Net losses and loss adjustment expenses
(107,658
)
 
(30,443
)
 
(10,745
)
 
(10,909
)
 

 

 
(159,755
)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses(1)
(29,615
)
 
(14,192
)
 
(5,235
)
 
(8,469
)
 
(4,570
)
 
689

 
(61,392
)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense(2)

 

 

 

 

 

 

SPC dividend (expense) income

 

 
(4,787
)
 

 

 

 
(4,787
)
Interest expense

 

 

 

 
(4,330
)
 

 
(4,330
)
Income tax benefit (expense)

 

 

 
(304
)
 
(6,657
)
 

 
(6,961
)
Segment operating results
$
(11,997
)
 
$
2,033

 
$
1,411

 
$
(3
)
 
$
40,206

 
$

 
$
31,650

Significant non-cash items:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion
$
1,736

 
$
977

 
$
46

 
$
(3
)
 
$
2,280

 
$

 
$
5,036

(1) Certain fees for services provided to the SPCs at Inova Re and Eastern Re are recorded as expenses within the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment and as other income within the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment. These fees are primarily SPC rental fees and are eliminated between segments in consolidation.
(2) Represents the provision for U.S. federal income taxes for SPCs at Inova Re, which have elected to be taxed as a U.S. corporation under Section 953(d) of the Internal Revenue Code. U.S. federal income taxes are included in the total SPC net operating results and are paid by the individual SPCs.



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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

The following table provides detailed information regarding ProAssurance's gross premiums earned by product as well as a reconciliation to net premiums earned. All gross premiums earned are from external customers except as noted. ProAssurance's insured risks are primarily within the U.S.
 
Three Months Ended March 31
(In thousands)
2020
 
2019
Specialty P&C Segment
 
 
 
Gross premiums earned:
 
 
 
Healthcare professional liability
$
123,366

 
$
128,021

Legal professional liability
6,751

 
6,560

Medical technology liability
8,529

 
8,302

Other
377

 
136

Ceded premiums earned
(18,664
)
 
(18,952
)
Segment net premiums earned
120,359

 
124,067

 
 
 
 
Workers' Compensation Insurance Segment
 
 
 
Gross premiums earned:
 
 
 
Traditional business
47,485

 
49,285

Alternative market business
18,128

 
20,991

Ceded premiums earned
(21,098
)
 
(24,337
)
Segment net premiums earned
44,515

 
45,939

 
 
 
 
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance Segment
 
 
 
Gross premiums earned:
 
 
 
Workers' compensation(1)
17,513

 
20,496

Healthcare professional liability(2)
1,677

 
1,323

Other

 
120

Ceded premiums earned
(2,210
)
 
(2,437
)
Segment net premiums earned
16,980

 
19,502

 
 
 
 
Lloyd's Syndicates Segment
 
 
 
Gross premiums earned:
 
 
 
Property and casualty(3)
28,196

 
23,828

Ceded premiums earned
(6,195
)
 
(5,187
)
Segment net premiums earned
22,001

 
18,641

 

 

Consolidated net premiums earned
$
203,855

 
$
208,149

(1) Premium for all periods is assumed from the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment.
(2) Premium for all periods is assumed from the Specialty P&C segment.
(3) Includes a nominal amount of premium assumed from the Specialty P&C segment for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2020

13. Subsequent Events
In connection with its preparation of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, ProAssurance evaluated events that occurred subsequent to March 31, 2020 for recognition or disclosure in its financial statements and notes to financial statements.
Large National Healthcare Account
During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company increased reserve estimates for a large national healthcare account in its Specialty P&C segment that exceeded the assumptions the Company made when originally underwriting the account. The policy term for this account expires towards the end of the second quarter of 2020. Based on underwriting negotiations with the insured to-date, the Company believes it is more likely than not that the account will not renew on terms offered by ProAssurance and the insured will exercise its option to purchase the extended reporting endorsement or "tail" coverage. Based on preliminary projected exposure data provided to the Company, if the account exercises its option to purchase tail coverage, a net loss of up to approximately $50 million could be recognized in the second quarter of 2020; if the insured chooses to exercise this tail policy all premium and corresponding losses will be fully recognized in the same period the tail policy is written.
COVID-19
The Company is closely monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of its business and geographies, including how it will impact its insureds, the loss environment, the healthcare industry, the labor market and Lloyd's. While the Company did not incur significant operational or financial disruptions during the three months ended March 31, 2020 from the COVID-19 pandemic, it is unable to predict the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows due to numerous uncertainties.
Subsequent to March 31, 2020, the Company has started granting certain premium relief requests as a result of COVID-19, most often in the form of premium credits or deferrals. These premium relief efforts are intended for insureds adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and to adjust for changes in exposures given payroll reductions, suspension of elective medical procedures and general reduction in non-COVID-19 healthcare consumption. The Company is evaluating each request on an individual basis, considering a number of factors; however, it is unable to predict the impact that premium relief efforts will have on its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In response to COVID-19, the federal government and a number of states have started enacting legislative changes. The PREP Act was amended on March 27, 2020 to extend liability immunity for activities related to medical countermeasures against COVID-19, except for claims involving "willful misconduct" as defined in the PREP Act. Certain states have started enacting legislative changes designed to effectively expand workers’ compensation coverage by potentially incorporating a presumption of compensability for certain types of workers. Other states are considering similar measures. Depending on the number of states that institute such changes and the terms of the changes, as well as the impact of the amendment to the PREP Act and any related legal challenges, the Company may experience increases in claims frequency and severity for its healthcare professional liability and workers’ compensation books of business, which could have an effect on its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Furthermore, the Company is closely monitoring the impact of potential legislation or court decisions that could retroactively require insurers to extend certain insurance to cover COVID-19 claims, even if the original contract excluded the cover of communicable diseases as is typical in certain policies. These actions could result in a significant increase in claim frequency and severity due to an unintended increase in exposure for Syndicate 1729 and 6131 which could have an effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations and cash flows given its participation in those Syndicates.
Capital Management
Given the Company’s current earnings profile, the effects that underlying conditions in the broader insurance marketplace continue to have on the Company’s results, and the uncertainties introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic, as described above, the Board has made the decision to reduce the quarterly cash dividend from $0.31 per share to $0.05 per share, beginning with the dividend declared for the second quarter of 2020 on May 7, 2020. Any decision to pay future cash dividends is subject to the Board’s final determination after a comprehensive review of financial performance, future expectations and other factors deemed relevant by the Board.

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Table of Contents

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to those statements which accompany this report. Throughout the discussion we use certain terms and abbreviations, which can be found in the Glossary of Terms and Acronyms at the beginning of this report. In addition, a glossary of insurance terms and phrases is available on the investor section of our website. Throughout the discussion, references to "ProAssurance," "PRA," "Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to ProAssurance Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. The discussion contains certain forward-looking information that involves significant risks, assumptions and uncertainties. As discussed under the heading "Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," our actual financial condition and operating results could differ significantly from these forward-looking statements.
ProAssurance Overview
ProAssurance Corporation is a holding company for property and casualty insurance companies. Our wholly owned insurance subsidiaries provide professional liability insurance for healthcare professionals and facilities, professional liability insurance for attorneys and their firms, liability insurance for medical technology and life sciences risks and workers' compensation insurance. We also provide capital to Syndicate 1729 and are the sole (100%) capital provider for Syndicate 6131 at Lloyd's of London.
We operate in five segments which are based on our internal management reporting structure for which financial results are regularly evaluated by our CODM to determine resource allocation and assess operating performance. Descriptions of ProAssurance's five operating and reportable segments are as follows:
Specialty P&C - This segment includes our professional liability business and medical technology liability business. Professional liability insurance is primarily offered to healthcare providers and institutions and, to a lesser extent, to attorneys and their firms. Medical technology liability insurance is offered to medical technology and life sciences companies that manufacture or distribute products including entities conducting human clinical trials. We also offer custom alternative risk solutions including loss portfolio transfers, assumed reinsurance and captive cell programs for healthcare professional liability insureds. For our alternative market captive cell programs, we cede either all or a portion of the premium to certain SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment.
Workers' Compensation Insurance - This segment includes our workers' compensation insurance business which is provided primarily to employers with 1,000 or fewer employees. Our workers' compensation products include guaranteed cost policies, policyholder dividend policies, retrospectively-rated policies, deductible policies and alternative market solutions. Alternative market program premiums are 100% ceded to either SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment or, to a limited extent, an unaffiliated captive insurer.
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance - This segment includes the operating results (underwriting profit or loss, plus investment results, net of U.S. federal income taxes) of SPCs at Inova Re and Eastern Re, our Cayman Islands SPC operations. Each SPC is owned, fully or in part, by an agency, group or association, and the operating results of the SPCs are due to the participants of that cell. We participate to a varying degree in the results of selected SPCs and, for the SPCs in which we participate, our participation interest ranges from a low of 20% to a high of 85%. SPC operating results attributable to external cell participants are reflected as an SPC dividend expense (income) in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. The SPCs assume workers' compensation insurance, healthcare professional liability insurance or a combination of the two from our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments.
Lloyd's Syndicates - This segment includes the operating results from our participation in Lloyd's of London Syndicate 1729 and our 100% participation in Syndicate 6131, which is an SPA that underwrites on a quota share basis with Syndicate 1729. The results of this segment are normally reported on a quarter lag, except when information is available that is material to the current period. To reduce our exposure and the associated earnings volatility, we decreased our participation in the operating results of Syndicate 1729 for the 2020 underwriting year to 29% from 61%; however, due to the quarter lag, these changes will not be reflected in our results until the second quarter of 2020. Syndicate 1729 underwrites risks over a wide range of property and casualty insurance and reinsurance lines in both the U.S. and international markets while Syndicate 6131 focuses on contingency and specialty property business, also within the U.S. and international markets.

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Corporate - This segment includes our investment operations, other than those reported in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance and Lloyd's Syndicates segments, interest expense and U.S. income taxes. This segment also includes non-premium revenues generated outside of our insurance entities and corporate expenses.
Additional information regarding our segments is included in Note 12 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and in the Segment Operating Results sections that follow.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP. Preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts we report on those statements. We evaluate these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis based on current and historical developments, market conditions, industry trends and other information that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We can make no assurance that actual results will conform to our estimates and assumptions; reported results of operations may be materially affected by changes in these estimates and assumptions.
While we did not incur significant operational or financial disruptions during the three months ended March 31, 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we may reevaluate certain of these estimates and assumptions in future periods which could result in material changes to our results of operations including, but not limited to, higher losses and loss adjustment expenses, lower premium volume, asset impairment charges, declines in investment valuations, reductions in audit premium estimates, deferred tax valuation allowances and increases in the allowance for expected credit losses related to available-for-sale securities, premiums receivable and reinsurance receivables. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. These factors include, but are not limited to, the duration, spread, severity, reemergence or mutation of the COVID-19 pandemic, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our insureds, the loss environment, the healthcare industry, the labor market and Lloyd's, the actions and stimulus measures taken by governments and governmental agencies, and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may experience an impact to our business as a result of any economic recession that has occurred or may occur in the future. Please see Note 13 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Management considers the following accounting estimates to be critical because they involve significant judgment by management and those judgments could result in a material effect on our financial statements.
Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The largest component of our liabilities is our reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses ("reserve for losses" or "reserve"), and the largest component of expense for our operations is incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses (also referred to as “losses and loss adjustment expenses,” “incurred losses,” “losses incurred” and “losses”). Incurred losses reported in any period reflect our estimate of losses incurred related to the premiums earned in that period as well as any changes to our previous estimate of the reserve required for prior periods.
As of March 31, 2020, our reserve is comprised almost entirely of long-tail exposures. The estimation of long-tailed losses is inherently difficult and is subject to significant judgment on the part of management. Due to the nature of our claims, our loss costs, even for claims with similar characteristics, can vary significantly depending upon many factors, including but not limited to the specific characteristics of the claim and the manner in which the claim is resolved. Long-tailed insurance is characterized by the extended period of time typically required both to assess the viability of a claim and potential damages, if any, and to reach a resolution of the claim. The claims resolution process may extend to more than five years. The combination of continually changing conditions and the extended time required for claim resolution results in a loss cost estimation process that requires actuarial skill and the application of significant judgment, and such estimates require periodic modification.
Our reserve is established by management after taking into consideration a variety of factors including premium rates, claims frequency and severity, historical paid and incurred loss development trends, the expected effect of inflation, general economic and social trends, the legal and political environment and the conclusions reached by our internal and consulting actuaries. We update and review the data underlying the estimation of our reserve for losses each reporting period and make adjustments to loss estimation assumptions that we believe best reflect emerging data. Both our internal and consulting actuaries perform an in-depth review of our reserve for losses on at least a semi-annual basis using the loss and exposure data of our insurance subsidiaries.
Our reserving process can be broadly grouped into three areas: the establishment of the reserve for the current accident year (the initial reserve), the re-estimation of the reserve for prior accident years (development of prior accident years) and the establishment of the initial reserve for risks assumed in business combinations, applicable only in periods in which acquisitions occur (the acquired reserve).

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Current Accident Year - Initial Reserve
Considerable judgment is required in establishing our initial reserve for any current accident year period, as there is limited data available upon which to base our estimate. Our process for setting an initial reserve considers the unique characteristics of each product, but in general we rely heavily on the loss assumptions that were used to price business, as our pricing reflects our analysis of loss costs that we expect to incur relative to the insurance product being priced.
Specialty P&C Segment. Loss costs within this segment are impacted by many factors including but not limited to the nature of the claim, including whether or not the claim is an individual or a mass tort claim, the personal situation of the claimant or the claimant's family, the outcome of jury trials, the legislative and judicial climate where any potential litigation may occur, general economic and social trends and, for claims involving bodily injury, the trend of healthcare costs. Within our Specialty P&C segment, for our HCPL business (76% of our consolidated gross reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2019), we set an initial reserve based upon our evaluation of the current loss environment including frequency, severity, economic inflation, social inflation and legal trends. The initial loss ratio for our HCPL business has ranged from 87% to 106% in recent years. We have recently trended towards the higher end of this range due to increases in loss severity in the broader HCPL industry, including our excess and surplus lines of business (see further discussion in our Segment Operating Results - Specialty Property & Casualty section that follows under the heading "Losses"). This range also reflects the higher than average current accident year net loss ratio recorded in 2019 due to increased reserve estimates for a large national healthcare account that exceeded the assumptions we made when originally underwriting the account. The policy term for this account expires towards the end of the second quarter of 2020. Based on underwriting negotiations with the insured to-date, we believe it is more likely than not that the account will not renew on terms offered by us and the insured will exercise its option to purchase the extended reporting endorsement or "tail" coverage. Based on preliminary projected exposure data provided, if the account exercises its option to purchase tail coverage, a net loss of up to approximately $50 million could be recognized in the second quarter of 2020; if the insured chooses to exercise this tail policy all premium and corresponding losses will be fully recognized in the same period the tail policy is written.
A practice similar to our HCPL business is followed for our legal professional liability business (3% of our consolidated gross reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2019).
The risks insured in our medical technology liability business (3% of our consolidated gross reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2019) are more varied, and policies are individually priced based on the risk characteristics of the policy and the account. The insured risks range from startup operations to large multinational entities, and the larger entities often have significant deductibles or self-insured retentions. Reserves are established using our most recently developed actuarial estimates of losses expected to be incurred based on factors which include results from prior analysis of similar business, industry indications, observed trends and judgment. Claims in this line of business primarily involve bodily injury to individuals and are affected by factors similar to those of our HCPL line of business. For the medical technology liability business, we also establish an initial reserve using a loss ratio approach, including a provision in consideration of historical loss volatility that this line of business has exhibited.
Workers' Compensation Insurance Segment. Many factors affect the ultimate losses incurred for our workers' compensation coverages (10% of our consolidated gross reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2019) including but not limited to the type and severity of the injury, the age, health and occupation of the injured worker, the estimated length of disability, medical treatment and related costs, and the jurisdiction and workers' compensation laws of the state of the injury occurrence. Recently, legislative and regulatory bodies in certain states have changed or are attempting to change compensability requirements and presumptions for certain types of workers related to COVID-19 claims and, if successful, could result in an increase in clams frequency and severity for the current accident year. See Note 13 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
We use various actuarial methodologies in developing our workers’ compensation reserve, combined with a review of the payroll exposure base. For the current accident year, given the lack of seasoned information, the different actuarial methodologies produce results with significant variability; therefore, more emphasis is placed on supplementing results from the actuarial methodologies with trends in exposure base, medical expense inflation, general inflation, severity, and claim counts, among other things, to select an expected loss ratio.
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance Segment. The factors that affect the ultimate losses incurred for the workers' compensation and healthcare professional liability coverages assumed by the SPCs at Inova Re and Eastern Re (4% of our consolidated gross reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2019) are consistent with that of our Workers’ Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments, respectively.
Lloyd's Syndicates Segment. Initial reserves for Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 are primarily recorded using the loss assumptions by risk category incorporated into each Syndicate's business plan submitted to Lloyd's with consideration given to loss experience incurred to date (4% of our consolidated gross reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2019). The assumptions used in each business plan are consistent with loss results reflected in Lloyd's historical

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data for similar risks. The loss ratios may also fluctuate due to the timing of earned premium adjustments. Such adjustments may be the result of premiums for certain policies and assumed reinsurance contracts being reported subsequent to the coverage period and may be subject to adjustment based on loss experience. Premium and exposure for some of Syndicate 1729's insurance policies and reinsurance contracts are initially estimated and subsequently recorded over an extended period of time as reports are received under delegated underwriting authority programs. When reports are received, the premium, exposure and corresponding loss estimates are revised accordingly. Changes in loss estimates due to premium or exposure fluctuations are incurred in the accident year in which the premium is earned.
For significant property catastrophe exposures, Syndicate 1729 uses third-party catastrophe models to accumulate a listing of potentially affected policies. Each identified policy is given an estimate of loss severity based upon a combination of factors including the probable maximum loss of each policy, market share analytics, underwriting judgment, client/broker estimates and historical loss trends for similar events. These models are inherently uncertain, reliant upon key assumptions and management judgment and are not always a representation of actual events and ensuing potential loss exposure. Determination of actual losses may take an extended period of time until claims are reported and resolved, including coverage litigation.
Development of Prior Accident Years
In addition to setting the initial reserve for the current accident year, each period we reassess the amount of reserve required for prior accident years.
Our reserve re-estimation process is based upon the most recently completed actuarial analysis supplemented by any new analysis, information or trends that have emerged since the date of that study. We also take into account currently available industry trend information. Changes to previously established reserve estimates are recognized in the current period if management’s best estimate of ultimate losses differs from the estimate previously established. While management considers a variety of variables in determining its best estimate, in general, as claims age, our methodologies give more weight to actual loss costs which, for the majority of our reserves, continue to indicate that ultimate loss costs will be lower than our previous estimates. The discussion in our Critical Accounting Estimates section in Item 7 of our December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K includes additional information regarding the methodologies used to evaluate our reserve.
Any change in our estimate of net ultimate losses for prior accident years is reflected in net income (loss) in the period in which such changes are made. In recent years such changes have reduced our estimate of consolidated net ultimate losses, resulting in a reduction of reported losses for the period and a corresponding increase in pre-tax income.
Due to the size of our consolidated reserve for losses and the large number of claims outstanding at any point in time, even a small percentage adjustment to our total reserve estimate could have a material effect on our results of operations for the period in which the adjustment is made.
Use of Judgment
The process of estimating reserves involves a high degree of judgment and is subject to a number of variables. These variables can be affected by both views of internal and external events, such as changes in views of economic inflation, legal trends and legislative changes, as well as differentiating views of individuals involved in the reserve estimation process, among others. We continually refine our estimates in a regular, ongoing process as historical loss experience develops and additional claims are reported and settled. Our objective is to consider all significant facts and circumstances known at the time.
Changes in economic conditions and steps taken by the federal government and the Federal Reserve in response to COVID-19 could lead to inflation trends that are different from those we had anticipated when establishing our reserves, which could in turn lead to an increase or decrease in our loss costs and the need to strengthen or reduce reserves. These impacts of inflation on loss costs and reserves could be more pronounced for our HCPL line of business as that business generally requires a longer period of time to settle claims for a given accident year and, accordingly, is relatively more inflation sensitive.
We use various actuarial methods in the process of setting reserves. Each actuarial method generally returns a different value, and for the more recent accident years the variations among the various methodologies can be significant. In order to project ultimate losses, we partition our reserves for analysis such as by line of business, geography, coverage layer or accident year; in all, there are over 200 different partitions of our business used for actuarial evaluation. For each partition of our reserves, we evaluate the results of the various methods, along with the supplementary statistical data regarding such factors as closed with and without indemnity ratios, claim severity trends, the expected duration of such trends, changes in the legal and legislative environment and the current economic environment to develop a point estimate based upon management's judgment and past experience. The series of selected point estimates is then combined to produce an overall point estimate for ultimate losses.
HCPL. Over the past several years, the most influential factor affecting the analysis of our HCPL reserves and the related development recognized has been an observed increase in claim severity for the broader HCPL industry as well as higher initial loss expectations on incurred claims. The severity trend is an explicit component of our pricing models, whereas in our

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reserving process the severity trend's impact is implicit. Our estimate of this trend and our expectations about changes in this trend impact a variety of factors, from the selection of expected loss ratios to the ultimate point estimates established by management.
Because of the implicit and wide-ranging nature of severity trend assumptions on the loss reserving process, it is not practical to specifically isolate the impact of changing severity trends. However, because severity is an explicit component of our HCPL pricing process we can better isolate the impact that changing severity can have on our loss costs and loss ratios in regards to our pricing models for this business component. Our current HCPL pricing models assume severity trends in the range of 2% to 5% depending on state, territory and specialty. In some portions of our HCPL business we have observed and reflected higher severity trends in our estimates of losses and loss adjustment expenses.
If the severity trend were to be higher by 1 percentage point, the impact would be an increase in our initial expected loss ratio for this business of 3.2 percentage points, based on current claim disposition patterns. An increase in the severity trend of 3 percentage points would result in a 10.1 percentage point increase in our initial expected loss ratio. Due to the long-tailed nature of our claims and the previously discussed historical volatility of loss costs, selection of a severity trend assumption is a subjective process that is inherently likely to prove inaccurate over time. Given the long tail and volatility, we are generally cautious in making changes to the severity assumptions within our pricing models. All open claims and accident years are generally impacted by a change in the severity trend, which compounds the effect of such a change.
Although the future degree and impact of the ultimate severity trend remains uncertain due to the long-tailed nature of our business, we have given consideration to observed loss costs in setting our rates. For our HCPL business, this practice had generally resulted in rate reductions as claim frequency declined and remained at historically low levels. For example, on average, excluding our podiatry business acquired in 2009, we had gradually reduced the premium rates we charged on our standard physician renewal business (our largest HCPL line) by approximately 17% from the beginning of 2006 to December 31, 2016. However, from early 2017 to March 31, 2020, the average charged premium rates on our standard physician renewal business have increased by approximately 7% per annum, and we anticipate further rate increases due to increasing loss severity.
Workers' Compensation. The projection of changes in claim severity trend has not historically been an influential factor affecting our analysis of workers' compensation reserves, as claims are typically resolved more quickly than the industry norm. As previously mentioned, the determination and calculation of loss development factors, in particular, the selection of tail factors which are used to extend the projection of losses beyond historical data, requires considerable judgment.
Loss Development - Prior Accident Years
We recognized net favorable reserve development of $6.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 of which favorable development of $2.4 million related to our Specialty P&C segment, $1.8 million related to our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment, $1.5 million related to our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment and $0.3 million related to our Lloyd's Syndicates segment.
Net favorable reserve development recognized within our Specialty P&C segment reflected a reduction in our reserve for potential ECO/XPL claims. As previously discussed, we continue to see elevated loss severity in the broader HCPL industry, including our excess and surplus lines of business, and are observing early indications of these increased severity trends in our paid loss data. Furthermore, there are uncertainties around the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on variables such as premium volume, claims frequency and severity, historical paid and incurred loss trends, general economic and social trends, inflation and the legal and political environment. Given these factors and uncertainties as well as a lack of sufficient and reliable related data, we have taken no action to change our previously established reserve estimates during the first quarter of 2020 outside of the reduction in our reserve for potential ECO/XPL claims.
Net favorable development recognized within our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment included $1.0 million related to the healthcare professional liability business and $0.8 million related to workers' compensation business, which primarily reflected the overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns.
Net favorable development recognized within our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns, primarily in the 2015 and 2016 accident years. As it relates to both our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segments, the current economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have introduced significant risk of a prolonged recession, which could have an adverse impact on our return to wellness efforts and the ability of injured workers to return to work, resulting in a potential reduction in favorable claim trends in future periods.

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Investment Valuations
We record the majority of our investments at fair value as shown in the table below. At March 31, 2020, the distribution of our investments based on GAAP fair value hierarchies (levels) was as follows:
 
Distribution by GAAP Fair Value Hierarchy
 
 
 
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Not Categorized
 
Total
Investments
Investments recorded at:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value
13%
 
72%
 
1%
 
9%
 
95%
Other valuations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5%
Total Investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100%
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. All of our fixed maturity and equity investments are carried at fair value. The fair value of our short-term securities approximates the cost of the securities due to their short-term nature.
Because of the number of securities we own and the complexity of developing accurate fair values, we utilize multiple independent pricing services to assist us in establishing the fair value of individual securities. The pricing services provide fair values based on exchange-traded prices, if available. If an exchange-traded price is not available, the pricing services, if possible, provide a fair value that is based on multiple broker/dealer quotes or that has been developed using pricing models. Pricing models vary by asset class and utilize currently available market data for securities comparable to ours to estimate a fair value for our securities. The pricing services scrutinize market data for consistency with other relevant market information before including the data in the pricing models. The pricing services disclose the types of pricing models used and the inputs used for each asset class. Determining fair values using these pricing models requires the use of judgment to identify appropriate comparable securities and to choose a valuation methodology that is appropriate for the asset class and available data.
The pricing services provide a single value per instrument quoted. We review the values provided for reasonableness each quarter by comparing market yields generated by the supplied value versus market yields observed in the marketplace. We also compare yields indicated by the provided values to appropriate benchmark yields and review for values that are unchanged or that reflect an unanticipated variation as compared to prior period values. We utilize a primary pricing service for each security type and compare provided information for consistency with alternate pricing services, known market data and information from our own trades, considering both values and valuation trends. We also review weekly trades versus the prices supplied by the services. If a supplied value appears unreasonable, we discuss the valuation in question with the pricing service and make adjustments if deemed necessary. Historically our review has not resulted in any material changes to the values supplied by the pricing services. The pricing services do not provide a fair value unless an exchange-traded price or multiple observable inputs are available. As a result, the pricing services may provide a fair value for a security in some periods but not others, depending upon the level of recent market activity for the security or comparable securities.
Level 1 Investments
Fair values for a majority of our equity securities and portions of our corporate debt, short-term and convertible securities are determined using exchange-traded prices. There is little judgment involved when fair value is determined using an exchange-traded price. In accordance with GAAP, we classify securities valued using an exchange-traded price as Level 1 securities.
Level 2 Investments
Most fixed income securities do not trade daily; thus, exchange-traded prices are generally not available for these securities. However, market information (often referred to as observable inputs or market data, including but not limited to, last reported trade, non-binding broker quotes, bids, benchmark yield curves, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, offers and recent data regarding assumed prepayment speeds, cash flow and loan performance data) is available for most of our fixed income securities. We determine fair value for a large portion of our fixed income securities using available market information. In accordance with GAAP, we classify securities valued based on multiple market observable inputs as Level 2 securities.
Level 3 Investments
When a pricing service does not provide a value for one of our fixed maturity securities, management estimates fair value using either a single non-binding broker quote or pricing models that utilize market based assumptions which have limited

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observable inputs. The process involves significant judgment in selecting the appropriate data and modeling techniques to use in the valuation process. In accordance with GAAP, we classify securities valued using limited observable inputs as Level 3 securities.
Fair Values Not Categorized
We hold interests in certain investment funds, primarily LPs/LLCs, which measure fund assets at fair value on a recurring basis and provide us with a NAV for our interest. As a practical expedient, we consider the NAV provided to approximate the fair value of the interest. In accordance with GAAP, we do not categorize these investments within the fair value hierarchy.
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
We measure the fair value of certain assets on a nonrecurring basis when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. These assets include investments carried principally at cost, investments in tax credit partnerships, fixed assets, goodwill and other intangible assets. These assets would also include any equity method investments that do not provide a NAV.
Investments - Other Valuation Methodologies
Certain of our investments, in accordance with GAAP for the type of investment, are measured using methodologies other than fair value. At March 31, 2020, these investments represented approximately 5% of total investments, and are detailed in the following table. Additional information about these investments is provided in Notes 2 and 3 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
(In millions)
Carrying Value
 
GAAP Measurement Method
Other investments:
 
 
 
Other, principally FHLB capital stock
$
2.9

 
Principally Cost
Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries:
 
 
 
Investments in tax credit partnerships
43.8

 
Equity
Equity method investments, primarily LPs/LLCs
46.7

 
Equity
 
90.5

 
 
BOLI
66.6

 
Cash surrender value
Total investments - Other valuation methodologies
$
160.0

 
 
Impairments
We evaluate our available-for-sale investment securities, which at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consisted entirely of fixed maturity securities, on at least a quarterly basis for the purpose of determining whether declines in fair value below recorded cost basis represent impairment. We consider an impairment to have occurred:
if there is intent to sell the security;
if it is more likely than not that the security will be required to be sold before full recovery of its amortized cost basis; or
if the entire amortized basis of the security is not expected to be recovered.
The assessment of whether the amortized cost basis of a security is expected to be recovered requires management to make assumptions regarding various matters affecting future cash flows. The choice of assumptions is subjective and requires the use of judgment. Actual credit losses experienced in future periods may differ from management’s estimates of those credit losses. Methodologies used to estimate the present value of expected cash flows are:
The estimate of expected cash flows is determined by projecting a recovery value and a recovery time frame and assessing whether further principal and interest will be received. We consider various factors in projecting recovery values and recovery time frames, including the following:
third-party research and credit rating reports;
the current credit standing of the issuer, including credit rating downgrades, whether before or after the balance sheet date;
the extent to which the decline in fair value is attributable to credit risk specifically associated with the security or its issuer;

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internal assessments and the assessments of external portfolio managers regarding specific circumstances surrounding an investment, which indicate the investment is more or less likely to recover its amortized cost than other investments with a similar structure;
for asset-backed securities, the origination date of the underlying loans, the remaining average life, the probability that credit performance of the underlying loans will deteriorate in the future and our assessment of the quality of the collateral underlying the loan;
failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments;
any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency;
recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date;
adverse legal or regulatory events;
significant deterioration in the market environment that may affect the value of collateral (e.g. decline in real estate prices);
significant deterioration in economic conditions; and
disruption in the business model resulting from changes in technology or new entrants to the industry.
If deemed appropriate and necessary, a discounted cash flow analysis is performed to confirm whether a credit loss exists and, if so, the amount of the credit loss. We use the single best estimate approach for available-for-sale debt securities and consider all reasonably available data points, including industry analyses, credit ratings, expected defaults and the remaining payment terms of the debt security. For fixed rate available-for-sale debt securities, cash flows are discounted at the security's effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition. If the available-for-sale debt security’s contractual interest rate varies based on subsequent changes in an independent factor, such as an index or rate, for example, the prime rate, the LIBOR, or the U.S. Treasury bill weekly average, that security’s effective interest rate is calculated based on the factor as it changes over the life of the security. If we intend to sell a debt security or believe we will more likely than not be required to sell a debt security before the amortized cost basis is recovered, any existing allowance will be written off against the security's amortized cost basis, with any remaining difference between the debt security's amortized cost basis and fair value recognized as an impairment loss in earnings.
Exclusive of securities where there is an intent to sell or where it is not more likely than not that the security will be required to be sold before recovery of its amortized cost basis, impairment for debt securities is separated into a credit component and a non-credit component. The credit component of an impairment is the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows, while the non-credit component is the remaining difference between the security’s fair value and the present value of expected future cash flows. An allowance for expected credit losses will be recorded for the expected credit losses through income and the non-credit component is recognized in OCI. The amount of impairment recognized is limited to the excess of the amortized cost over the fair value of the available-for-sale debt security.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Policy acquisition costs (primarily commissions, premium taxes and underwriting salaries) which are directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal premiums are capitalized as DPAC and charged to expense, net of ceding commissions earned, as the related premium revenue is recognized. We evaluate the recoverability of our DPAC typically at the segment level each reporting period or in a manner that is consistent with the way we manage our business. Any amounts estimated to be unrecoverable are charged to expense in the current period.
As part of our evaluation of the recoverability of DPAC, we also evaluate our unearned premiums for premium deficiencies. A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of anticipated losses and loss adjustment expenses, unamortized DPAC and maintenance costs, net of anticipated investment income, exceeds the related unearned premium. If a premium deficiency is identified, the associated DPAC is written off, and a PDR is recorded for the excess deficiency as a component of net losses and loss adjustment expenses in our Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income and as a component of the reserve for losses on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. During the three months ended March 31, 2020 we did not determine any DPAC to be unrecoverable.
Estimation of Taxes / Tax Credits
For interim periods, we generally utilize the estimated annual effective tax rate method under which we determine our provision (benefit) for income taxes based on the current estimate of our annual effective tax rate. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we adopted the discrete effective tax rate method for recording income taxes in the period. The discrete method is applied when the application of the estimated annual effective tax rate method is impractical and does not provide a reliable estimate of the annual effective tax rate. We believe the use of the discrete effective tax rate method is more appropriate than the annual effective tax rate method as minor changes in our estimated ordinary income would have a significant effect on the estimated annual effective tax rate and would result in sizeable variations in the customary relationship between income tax

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expense (benefit) and pretax accounting income (loss). We will reevaluate our use of this method each quarter until we believe a return to the estimated annual effective tax rate method is deemed appropriate. In calculating our year-to-date income tax expense (benefit), we include the estimated benefit of tax credits for the year-to-date period based on the most recently available information provided by the tax credit partnerships; the actual amounts of credits provided by the tax credit partnerships may prove to be different than our estimates. The effect of such a difference is recognized in the period identified.
Deferred Taxes
Deferred federal income taxes arise from the recognition of temporary differences between the basis of assets and liabilities determined for financial reporting purposes and the basis determined for income tax purposes. Our temporary differences principally relate to our loss reserves, unearned and advanced premiums, DPAC, compensation related items, unrealized investment gains (losses) and basis differences on fixed assets, intangible assets and operating leases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such benefits are realized. We review our deferred tax assets quarterly for impairment. If we determine that it is more likely than not that some or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying value of the asset. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, management is required to make certain judgments and assumptions about our future operations based on historical experience and information as of the measurement period regarding reversal of existing temporary differences, carryback capacity, future taxable income (including its capital and operating characteristics) and tax planning strategies.
A valuation allowance was established in a prior year against the deferred tax asset related to the NOL carryforwards for the U.K. operations as management concluded that it was more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We also established a valuation allowance in a prior year against the deferred tax assets of certain SPCs at our wholly owned Cayman Islands reinsurance subsidiary, Inova Re. Due to the limited operations of these SPCs, management concluded that a valuation allowance was required. As of March 31, 2020, management concluded that a valuation allowance was still required against the deferred tax assets related to the NOL carryforwards for the U.K. operations and against the deferred tax assets of certain SPCs at Inova Re. See further discussion in Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2019 Form 10-K.
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
The TCJA introduced a minimum tax on payments made to related foreign entities referred to as the BEAT. The BEAT is imposed by adding back into the U.S. tax base any base erosion payment made by the U.S. taxpayer to a related foreign entity and applying a minimum tax rate to this newly calculated modified taxable income. Base erosion payments represent any amount paid or accrued by the U.S. taxpayer to a related foreign entity for which a deduction is allowed. Premiums we cede to the SPCs at Inova Re, one of our wholly owned Cayman Islands reinsurance subsidiaries, do not fall within the scope of base erosion payments as the SPCs at Inova Re have elected to be taxed as U.S. taxpayers. However, premiums that we cede to any active SPC at our other wholly owned Cayman Islands reinsurance subsidiary, Eastern Re, fall within the scope of base erosion payments and therefore could be significantly impacted by the BEAT. We have evaluated our exposure to the BEAT and have concluded that our expected outbound deductible payments to related foreign entities are below the threshold for application of the BEAT; therefore, we have not recognized any incremental tax expense for the BEAT provision of the TCJA during the three months ended March 31, 2020 or 2019. See further discussion on our Cayman Islands SPC operations in the Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section that follows. See further discussion in Note 4 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
The TCJA also requires a U.S. shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation to include its GILTI in U.S. taxable income. The GILTI amount is based on the U.S. shareholder’s aggregate share of the gross income of the controlled foreign corporation reduced by certain exceptions and a net deemed tangible income return. The net deemed tangible income return is based on the controlled foreign corporation’s basis in the tangible depreciable business property. Cell rental fee income earned by Inova Re and Eastern Re fall within the scope of the GILTI provisions of the TCJA. We have evaluated the new GILTI provisions of the TCJA and we have made an accounting policy election to treat the taxes due on inclusions of GILTI in U.S. taxable income as a current period expense when incurred. We recognized a nominal amount of tax expense for the GILTI provision of the TCJA during each of the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. See further discussion in Note 4 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act
In response to COVID-19, the CARES Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020 and contains several provisions for corporations and eases certain deduction limitations originally imposed by the TCJA. The CARES Act, among other things, includes temporary changes regarding the prior and future utilization of NOLs, temporary changes to the prior and future limitations on interest deductions, temporary suspension of certain payment requirements for the employer portion of Social Security taxes and the creation of certain refundable employee retention credits. We anticipate the temporary changes regarding

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NOL carryback provisions will have a favorable impact on our liquidity (see discussion that follows in the Liquidity and Capital Resources and Financial Condition section under the heading "Taxes"). We are currently evaluating the other provisions of the CARES Act and how certain elections may impact our financial position and results of operations if elected. See discussion in Note 4 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
We evaluate tax positions taken on tax returns and recognize positions in our financial statements when it is more likely than not that we will sustain the position upon resolution with a taxing authority. If recognized, the benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% probability of being realized. We review uncertain tax positions each period, considering changes in facts and circumstances, such as changes in tax law, interactions with taxing authorities and developments in case law, and make adjustments as we consider necessary. Adjustments to our unrecognized tax benefits may affect our income tax expense, and settlement of uncertain tax positions may require the use of cash. Other than differences related to timing, no significant adjustments were considered necessary during the three months ended March 31, 2020 or 2019. At March 31, 2020, our liability for unrecognized tax benefits approximated $10.4 million.
Goodwill / Intangibles
We test goodwill and intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis, in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis if there is an indicator of impairment. Impairment of goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level, which is consistent with our reportable segments identified in Note 12 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Of the five reporting units, three have goodwill - Specialty P&C, Workers' Compensation Insurance and Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance. At the last evaluation date, management determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit with goodwill and the fair value of our intangible assets was greater than their respective carrying amounts. As of March 31, 2020, we considered various estimates and sensitivities utilized in the previous impairment testing in light of information that was reasonably available to us at that time and determined that an interim impairment assessment was not necessary. While we do not believe that our operating results and impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic have triggered the need to perform an impairment test on goodwill, we will continue to assess the impact on our business plans throughout 2020. As additional information becomes available to us, our future assessments of estimates, including our expectations at that time could change. Additional information regarding our goodwill and intangible assets is included in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K.
Leases
We are involved in a number of leases, primarily for office facilities. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at the inception date of the contract and classify all leases as either financing or operating. As of March 31, 2020, all of our leases were classified as operating. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized as of the lease commencement date based on the present value of the remaining lease payments, discounted over the term of the lease using a discount rate determined based on information available as of the commencement date. The ROU asset represents the right to use the underlying asset (office space) for the lease term. As the majority of our lessors do not provide an implicit discount rate, we use our collateralized incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of remaining lease payments. For leases entered into or reassessed after the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019, we account for lease and non-lease components of a contract as a single lease component.
We evaluate our operating lease ROU assets for impairment at the asset group level whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset group may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of an asset group, which includes the operating lease ROU asset and the related operating lease liability, is not recoverable if the carrying amount exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset group over the life of the primary asset in the asset group. That assessment is based on the carrying amount of the asset group, including the operating lease ROU asset and the related operating lease liability, at the date it is tested for recoverability, and an impairment loss is measured and recognized as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. Any impairment loss is allocated to each asset in the asset group, including the operating ROU asset.
When a lease of an office facility is to be abandoned and will not be subleased, we first evaluate whether or not the operating lease ROU asset’s inclusion in an existing asset group continues to be appropriate and if the commitment to abandon the lease constitutes a change in circumstances requiring the operating lease ROU asset, or the larger asset group, to be tested for impairment. If an impairment test is required, it is performed in the same manner as discussed above. Any remaining carrying value of the operating lease ROU asset is amortized from the date we commit to a plan to abandon the lease to the expected date that we will cease to use the leased property. Leases to be abandoned in which we have the intent or practical ability to sublease continue to be accounted for under a held and use model, with no change to the amortization period of the operating lease ROU asset, and are evaluated for impairment as a separate asset group at the date the sublease is executed.

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Additional information regarding our leases is included in Note 7 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements herein and Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K.
Audit Premium
Workers’ compensation premiums are determined based upon the payroll of the insured, respective premium rates and, where applicable, an experience-based modification factor. An audit of the policyholders’ records is conducted after policy expiration to make a final determination of applicable premiums. Audit premium due from or due to a policyholder as a result of an audit is reflected in net premiums written and earned when billed. We track, by policy, the amount of additional premium billed in final audit invoices as a percentage of payroll exposure and use this information to estimate the probable additional amount of EBUB premium as of the balance sheet date. We include changes to the EBUB premium estimate in net premiums written and earned in the period recognized. Subsequent to the first quarter of 2020 and as a result of the economic impact of COVID-19, we expect insured payroll exposure to decrease which could result in significant reductions in our EBUB premium estimate; however, the length and magnitude of such changes depends on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. See Note 13 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Lloyd’s Premium Estimates
For certain insurance policies and reinsurance contracts written in our Lloyd’s Syndicates segment, premiums are initially recognized based upon estimates of ultimate premium. Estimated ultimate premium consists primarily of premium written under delegated underwriting authority arrangements, which consist primarily of binding authorities, and certain assumed reinsurance agreements. These estimates of ultimate premium are judgmental and are dependent upon certain assumptions, including historical premium trends for similar agreements. As reports are received from programs, ultimate premium estimates are revised, if necessary, with changes reflected in current operations.
Accounting Changes
We did not have any change in accounting estimate or policy that had a material effect on our results of operations or financial position during the three months ended March 31, 2020. We are not aware of any accounting changes not yet adopted as of March 31, 2020 that would have a material effect on our results of operation, financial position or cash flows. Note 1 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements provides additional detail regarding accounting changes not yet adopted.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources and Financial Condition
Overview
ProAssurance Corporation is a holding company and is a legal entity separate and distinct from its subsidiaries. As a holding company, our principal source of external revenue is our investment revenues. In addition, dividends from our operating subsidiaries represent another source of funds for our obligations, including debt service and shareholder dividends. We also charge our operating subsidiaries within our Specialty P&C and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments a management fee based on the extent to which services are provided to the subsidiary and the amount of gross premium written by the subsidiary. At March 31, 2020, we held cash and liquid investments of approximately $242 million outside our insurance subsidiaries that were available for use without regulatory approval or other restriction. We also have $250 million in permitted borrowings available under our Revolving Credit Agreement as well as the possibility of a $50 million accordion feature; however, the potential subscription of this feature as of May 1, 2020 is uncertain due to recent COVID-19 related events (see further discussion in this section under the heading "Debt"). As of May 1, 2020, no borrowings were outstanding under our Revolving Credit Agreement.
To date, during 2020, our operating subsidiaries have paid dividends to us of approximately $1 million. Our insurance subsidiaries, in the aggregate, are permitted to pay additional dividends of approximately $88 million over the remainder of 2020 without prior approval of state insurance regulators. However, the payment of any dividend requires prior notice to the insurance regulator in the state of domicile, and the regulator may reduce or prevent the dividend if, in its judgment, payment of the dividend would have an adverse effect on the surplus of the insurance subsidiary. We make the decision to pay dividends from an insurance subsidiary based on the capital needs of that subsidiary and may pay less than the permitted dividend or may also request permission to pay an additional amount (an extraordinary dividend).
Cash Flows
Cash flows between periods compare as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
(In thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Net cash provided (used) by:
 
 
 
 
 
Operating activities
$
(12,049
)
 
$
34,392

 
$
(46,441
)
Investing activities
71,825

 
3,868

 
67,957

Financing activities
(17,976
)
 
(46,901
)
 
28,925

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
$
41,800

 
$
(8,641
)
 
$
50,441

 
Three Months Ended March 31
(In thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Net cash provided (used) by:
 
 
 
 
 
Operating activities
$
34,392

 
$
73,354

 
$
(38,962
)
Investing activities
3,868

 
146,107

 
(142,239
)
Financing activities
(46,901
)
 
(310,709
)
 
263,808

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
$
(8,641
)
 
$
(91,248
)
 
$
82,607

The principal components of our operating cash flows are the excess of premiums collected and net investment income over losses paid and operating costs, including income taxes. Timing delays exist between the collection of premiums and the payment of losses associated with the premiums. Premiums are generally collected within the twelve-month period after the policy is written, while our claim payments are generally paid over a more extended period of time. Likewise, timing delays exist between the payment of claims and the collection of any associated reinsurance recoveries.
The decrease in operating cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019 of $46.4 million was primarily due to an increase in paid losses of $54.2 million and a decrease in net premium receipts of $9.3 million. The increase in paid losses was driven by our Specialty P&C and Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segments. The increase in paid losses in our Specialty P&C segment was primarily due to higher average claim payments and we believe is an early indication that the higher severity trends that we are experiencing in our HCPL case reserve estimates are starting to emerge in actual claim payments. The increase in paid losses in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment reflected the payment of a $10 million claim by an SPC at Eastern Re in which we do not participate. The payment related to a reserve established by the SPC in 2019 related to an errors and omissions liability policy. The decrease in net premium receipts was primarily due to a decline in written premium in our Specialty P&C and Workers' Compensation

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Insurance segments. The decrease in operating cash flows was somewhat offset by a decrease in 2020 tax payments as compared to 2019 of $6.4 million and a decrease in paid bonuses of $3.0 million. The decrease in tax payments was primarily due to refunds received during the three months ended March 31, 2020. The remaining variance in operating cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019 was comprised of individually insignificant components.
The decrease in operating cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2018 of $39.0 million was primarily due to the timing of the cash settlement of the 2017 and 2016 calendar year quota share reinsurance arrangements between our Specialty P&C segment and Syndicate 1729. The 2017 and 2016 calendar year quota share reinsurance arrangements were commuted in December of 2018 and 2017, respectively, and the cash settlements typically occur in the first quarter of the following year. The commutation of the 2016 calendar year quota share reinsurance arrangement resulted in a net cash receipt of $14.5 million in the first quarter of 2018. We received the cash settlement for the commutation of the 2017 calendar year quota share reinsurance arrangement in the second quarter of 2019 which caused a $14.5 million decrease in operating cash flows as compared to the first quarter of 2018. Additionally, the decrease in operating cash flows reflected a decrease in cash received from investment income of $9.4 million, a decrease in net premium receipts of $5.2 million, an increase in cash paid for operating expenses of $5.2 million and an increase in paid losses of $4.9 million. The decrease in cash received from investment income was primarily due to a decline in distributed earnings from our unconsolidated subsidiaries. The increase in cash paid for operating expenses was primarily due to an increase in operating expenses in our Lloyd's Syndicates segment primarily due to the growth in Syndicate 1729 operations and the addition of Syndicate 6131 and, to a lesser extent, an increase in operating expenses in our Specialty P&C segment primarily due to a data analytics services agreement entered into during the fourth quarter of 2018. The decrease in net premium receipts was primarily due to an increase in cash paid to reinsurers in our Specialty P&C segment as a result of unfavorable prior year development on ceded losses over the past year, partially offset by an increase in premium receipts due to the growth of written premium. The increase in paid losses was driven by our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments primarily due to the timing of loss payments between periods.
We manage our investing cash flows to ensure that we will have sufficient liquidity to meet our obligations, taking into consideration the timing of cash flows from our investments, including interest payments, dividends and principal payments, as well as the expected cash flows to be generated by our operations as discussed in this section under the heading "Investing Activities and Related Cash Flows."
Our financing cash flows are primarily composed of dividend payments and borrowings and repayments under our Revolving Credit Agreement. See further discussion of our financing activities in this section under "Financing Activities and Related Cash Flows."

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Operating Activities and Related Cash Flows
Reinsurance
Within our Specialty P&C segment, we use insurance and reinsurance (collectively, “reinsurance”) to provide capacity to write larger limits of liability, to provide reimbursement for losses incurred under the higher limit coverages we offer and to provide protection against losses in excess of policy limits. Within our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment, we use reinsurance to reduce our net liability on individual risks, to mitigate the effect of significant loss occurrences (including catastrophic events), to stabilize underwriting results and to increase underwriting capacity by decreasing leverage. In both our Specialty P&C and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments, we use reinsurance in risk sharing arrangements to align our objectives with those of our strategic business partners and to provide custom insurance solutions for large customer groups. The purchase of reinsurance does not relieve us from the ultimate risk on our policies; however, it does provide reimbursement for certain losses we pay. We pay our reinsurers a premium in exchange for reinsurance of the risk. In certain of our excess of loss arrangements, the premium due to the reinsurer is determined by the loss experience of the business reinsured, subject to certain minimum and maximum amounts. Until all loss amounts are known, we estimate the premium due to the reinsurer. Changes to the estimate of premium owed under reinsurance agreements related to prior periods are recorded in the period in which the change in estimate occurs and can have a significant effect on net premiums earned.
We offer alternative market solutions whereby we cede certain premiums from our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments to either the SPCs at Inova Re or Eastern Re, our Cayman Islands reinsurance subsidiaries which are reported in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment, or, to a limited extent, an unaffiliated captive insurer for one program. During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, we wrote total alternative market premium of approximately $29.8 million and $38.3 million, respectively. The majority of these policies ($27.1 million and $35.9 million of premium for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively) are reinsured to the SPCs at Inova Re or Eastern Re, net of a ceding commission. Each SPC at Inova Re and Eastern Re is owned, fully or in part, by an agency, group or association, and the operating results of the SPCs are due to the participants of that cell. We participate to a varying degree in the results of selected SPCs and, for the SPCs in which we participate, our participation interest ranges from a low of 20% to a high of 85%. SPC operating results attributable to external cell participants are reflected as an SPC dividend expense (income) in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. See further discussion on our SPC operations in the Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section that follows. The alternative market workers' compensation policies are ceded from our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment to the SPCs under 100% quota share reinsurance agreements. The alternative market healthcare professional liability policies are ceded from our Specialty P&C segment to the SPCs under either excess of loss or quota share reinsurance agreements, depending on the structure of the individual program. The nominal portion of the risk that is not ceded to an SPC is retained in our Specialty P&C segment and may also be reinsured under our standard healthcare professional liability reinsurance program depending on the policy limits provided. The remaining premium written in our alternative market business of $2.6 million and $2.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to one program that was 100% ceded to an unaffiliated captive insurer.
For all of our segments, we make a determination of the amount of insurance risk we choose to retain based upon numerous factors, including our risk tolerance and the capital we have to support it, the price and availability of reinsurance, the volume of business, our level of experience with a particular set of exposures and our analysis of the potential underwriting results. We purchase excess of loss reinsurance to limit the amount of risk we retain and we do so from a number of companies to mitigate concentrations of credit risk. We utilize reinsurance brokers to assist us in the placement of these reinsurance programs and in the analysis of the credit quality of our reinsurers. The determination of which reinsurers we choose to do business with is based upon an evaluation of their then current financial strength, rating and stability. However, the financial strength of our reinsurers and their corresponding ability to pay us may change in the future due to circumstances or events we cannot control or anticipate.

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Excess of Loss Reinsurance Agreements
We generally reinsure risks under treaties (our excess of loss reinsurance agreements) pursuant to which the reinsurers agree to assume all or a portion of all risks that we insure above our individual risk retention levels, up to the maximum individual limits offered. These agreements are negotiated and renewed annually. Renewal dates for our healthcare professional liability, medical technology liability and workers' compensation treaties are October 1, January 1 and May 1, respectively. Our healthcare professional liability treaty renewed October 1, 2019 at a higher rate than the previous agreement, partially offset by a lower intermediary compensation rate. Our medical technology liability treaty renewed January 1, 2020 at a lower rate than the previous agreement. Our traditional workers' compensation treaty renewed May 1, 2020 at a higher rate than the previous agreement, with an increase in the AAD from $3.9 million to $6.0 million and an increase in the percentage of subject premium from 2.1% to 3.2%; all other material treaty terms were consistent with the expiring agreement. The significant coverages provided by our current excess of loss reinsurance agreements are detailed in the following table.
Excess of Loss Reinsurance Agreements
REINSURANCECHART.JPG
 
Healthcare Professional Liability
 
Medical Technology & Life Sciences Products
 
Workers'
Compensation - Traditional
(1) Historically, retention has ranged from 5% to 32.5%.
(2) Historically, retention has been as high as $2M.
(3) Includes an AAD where retention is the greater of $3.9M or 2.1% of subject premium (2019 treaty)/$6.0M or 3.2% of subject premium (2020 treaty) in annual losses otherwise recoverable in excess of the $500k retention per loss occurrence.
Large healthcare professional liability risks that are above the limits of our basic reinsurance treaties are reinsured on a facultative basis, whereby the reinsurer agrees to insure a particular risk up to a designated limit. We also have in place a number of risk sharing arrangements that apply to the first $1 million of losses for certain large healthcare systems and other insurance entities, as well as with certain insurance agencies that produce business for us.

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Other Reinsurance Arrangements
For the workers' compensation business ceded to Inova Re and Eastern Re, each SPC has in place its own reinsurance arrangements; which are illustrated in the following table.
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance
SPCRECHARTA01.JPG
Per Occurrence Coverage
 
Aggregate Coverage
(1) The attachment point is based on a percentage of written premium within individual cells (average is 89%) and varies by cell.
Each SPC has participants and the profit or loss of each cell accrues fully to these cell participants. As previously discussed, we participate in certain SPCs to a varying degree. Each SPC maintains a loss fund initially equal to the difference between premium assumed by the cell and the ceding commission. The external participants of each cell provide collateral to us, typically in the form of a letter of credit, that is initially equal to the difference between the loss fund of the SPC (amount of funds available to pay losses after deduction of ceding commission) and the aggregate attachment point of the reinsurance. Over time, an SPC's retained profits are considered in the determination of the collateral amount required to be provided by the cell's external participants.
Within our Lloyd's Syndicates segment, Syndicate 1729 utilizes reinsurance to provide capacity to write larger limits of liability on individual risks, to provide protection against catastrophic loss and to provide protection against losses in excess of policy limits. The level of reinsurance that Syndicate 1729 purchases is dependent on a number of factors, including its underwriting risk appetite for catastrophic exposure, the specific risks inherent in each line or class of business written and the pricing, coverage and terms and conditions available from the reinsurance market. Reinsurance protection by line of business is as follows:
Reinsurance is utilized on a per risk basis for the property insurance and casualty coverages in order to mitigate risk volatility.
Catastrophic protection is utilized on both our property insurance and casualty coverages to protect against losses in excess of policy limits as well as natural catastrophes.
Both quota share reinsurance and excess of loss reinsurance are utilized to manage the net loss exposure on our property reinsurance coverages.
Property umbrella excess of loss reinsurance is utilized for peak catastrophe and frequency of catastrophe exposures.

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External excess of loss reinsurance is utilized by Syndicate 1729 to manage the net loss exposure on the specialty property and contingency coverages ceded to Syndicate 6131 (see further discussion in Segment Operating Results - Lloyd's Syndicates section that follows).
Syndicate 1729 may still be exposed to losses that exceed the level of reinsurance purchased as well as to reinstatement premiums triggered by losses exceeding specified levels. Cash demands on Syndicate 1729 can vary significantly depending on the nature and intensity of a loss event. For significant reinsured catastrophe losses, the inability or unwillingness of the reinsurer to make timely payments under the terms of the reinsurance agreement could have an adverse effect on Syndicate 1729's liquidity.
Taxes
We are subject to the tax laws and regulations of the U.S. and U.K. We file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return that includes the holding company and its U.S. subsidiaries. Our filing obligations include a requirement to make quarterly payments of estimated taxes to the IRS using the corporate tax rate effective for the tax year. We did not make any quarterly estimated tax payments during either of the three months ended March 31, 2020 or 2019.
As a result of the CARES Act that was signed into law on March 27, 2020, as previously discussed, we now have the ability to carryback NOLs generated in tax years 2018, 2019, and 2020 for up to five years. We have an NOL of approximately $34.4 million from the 2019 tax year that will be carried back to the 2014 tax year and is expected to generate a tax refund of approximately $12.0 million. Furthermore, our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was affected by the tax rate differential on the carryback of the 2019 NOL to the 2014 tax year when the federal statutory tax rate was 35% as compared to the current tax rate of 21%. See further discussion on our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020 in the Segment Operating Results - Corporate section that follows under the heading "Taxes." We are currently evaluating the other provisions of the CARES Act and how certain elections may impact our liquidity, financial position and results of operations if elected. See further discussion in Note 4 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Litigation
We are involved in various legal actions related to insurance policies and claims handling including, but not limited to, claims asserted against us by policyholders. These types of legal actions arise in the ordinary course of business and, in accordance with GAAP for insurance entities, are generally considered as a part of our loss reserving process, which is described in detail in our Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses." We also have other direct actions against the Company unrelated to our claims activity which we evaluate and account for as a part of our other liabilities. For these corporate legal actions, we evaluate each case separately and establish what we believe is an appropriate reserve based on GAAP guidance related to contingent liabilities. As of March 31, 2020 there were no material reserves established for corporate legal actions.

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Investing Activities and Related Cash Flows
Our investments at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are comprised as follows:
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
($ in thousands)
Carrying
Value
% of Total Investment
 
Carrying
Value
% of Total Investment
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury obligations
$
129,260

4
%
 
$
110,467

3
%
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations
12,410

1
%
 
17,340

1
%
State and municipal bonds
291,667

9
%
 
296,093

9
%
Corporate debt
1,288,718

40
%
 
1,340,364

40
%
Residential mortgage-backed securities
230,598

7
%
 
208,408

6
%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
92,487

3
%
 
80,089

2
%
Other asset-backed securities
236,524

6
%
 
236,024

7
%
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale
2,281,664

70
%
 
2,288,785

68
%
Fixed maturities, trading
47,680

1
%
 
47,284

1
%
Total fixed maturities
2,329,344

71
%
 
2,336,069

69
%
 
 

 
 
 
Equity investments
92,750

3
%
 
250,552

7
%
Short-term investments
347,340

11
%
 
339,907

10
%
BOLI
66,569

2
%
 
66,112

2
%
Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries
371,372

12
%
 
358,820

11
%
Other investments
33,778

1
%
 
38,949

1
%
Total investments
$
3,241,153

100
%
 
$
3,390,409

100
%
At March 31, 2020, 99% of our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity securities were rated and the average rating was A+. The distribution of our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity securities by rating were as follows:
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
 ($ in thousands)
Carrying
Value
% of Total Investment
 
Carrying
Value
% of Total Investment
Rating*
 
 
 
 
 
AAA
$
689,388

30
%
 
$
677,554

30
%
AA+
87,194

3
%
 
84,991

3
%
AA
147,652

6
%
 
152,118

7
%
AA-
130,468

6
%
 
153,377

7
%
A+
197,781

9
%
 
182,966

8
%
A
359,992

16
%
 
338,697

15
%
A-
172,052

8
%
 
171,553

7
%
BBB+
178,510

8
%
 
182,041

8
%
BBB
151,120

7
%
 
155,935

7
%
BBB-
41,269

2
%
 
52,523

2
%
Below investment grade
119,271

4
%
 
130,929

5
%
Not rated
6,967

1
%
 
6,101

1
%
Total
$
2,281,664

100
%
 
$
2,288,785

100
%
*Average of three NRSRO sources, presented as an S&P equivalent. Source: S&P, Copyright ©2020, S&P Global Market Intelligence

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A detailed listing of our investment holdings as of March 31, 2020 is located under the Financial Information heading on the Investor Relations page of our website which can be reached directly at www.proassurance.com/investmentholdings or through links from the Investor Relations section of our website, investor.proassurance.com.
We manage our investments to ensure that we will have sufficient liquidity to meet our obligations, taking into consideration the timing of cash flows from our investments, including interest payments, dividends and principal payments, as well as the expected cash flows to be generated by our operations. After the end of the first quarter of 2020, we have received and granted requests for premium relief for certain insureds that have been adversely impacted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic in the form of either premium credits or premium deferrals which could have an impact on our cash flows to be generated from our operations in future quarters and could result in an increase to our allowance for expected credit losses related to our premiums receivable. In addition to the interest and dividends we will receive from our investments, we anticipate that between $40 million and $80 million of our portfolio will mature (or be paid down) each quarter over the next twelve months and become available, if needed, to meet our cash flow requirements. In response to COVID-19, we have restricted the reinvestment of these cash flows in order to maximize cash availability. The primary outflow of cash at our insurance subsidiaries is related to paid losses and operating costs, including income taxes. The payment of individual claims cannot be predicted with certainty; therefore, we rely upon the history of paid claims in estimating the timing of future claims payments with consideration to current and anticipated industry trends and macroeconomic conditions, including the impacts of COVID-19. To the extent that we may have an unanticipated shortfall in cash, we may either liquidate securities or borrow funds under existing borrowing arrangements through our Revolving Credit Agreement and the FHLB system. Permitted borrowings under our Revolving Credit Agreement are $250 million with the possibility of an additional $50 million accordion feature; however, the potential subscription of this feature as of May 1, 2020 is uncertain due to recent COVID-19 related events, as discussed in this section under the heading "Debt." Given the duration of our investments, we do not foresee a shortfall that would require us to meet operating cash needs through additional borrowings. Additional information regarding our Revolving Credit Agreement is detailed in Note 8 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
At March 31, 2020, our FAL was comprised of fixed maturity securities with a fair value of $123.7 million and cash and cash equivalents of $12.5 million deposited with Lloyd's. See further discussion in Note 3 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. We expect to receive a return of approximately $33.0 million of FAL in the second quarter of 2020 given our reduced participation in the operating results of Syndicate 1729 for the 2020 underwriting year to 29% from 61%.
Our investment portfolio continues to be primarily composed of high quality fixed income securities with approximately 95% of our fixed maturities being investment grade securities as determined by national rating agencies. The weighted average effective duration of our fixed maturity securities at March 31, 2020 was 2.97 years; the weighted average effective duration of our fixed maturity securities combined with our short-term securities was 2.57 years.
The carrying value and unfunded commitments for certain of our investments were as follows:
 
Carrying Value
 
March 31, 2020
($ in thousands, except expected funding period)
March 31, 2020
December 31, 2019
 
Unfunded Commitment
Expected funding period in years
Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships (1)
$
42,079

$
46,421

 
$
847

6
Historic tax credit partnership (2)
1,763

2,085

 
276

1
All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs
327,530

310,314

 
147,384

4
Total
$
371,372

$
358,820

 
$
148,507

 
(1) The carrying value reflects our total commitments (both funded and unfunded) to the partnerships, less any amortization, since our initial investment. We fund these investments based on funding schedules maintained by the partnerships.
(2) The carrying value reflects our funded commitments less any amortization.
Investment fund LPs/LLCs are by nature less liquid and may involve more risk than other investments. We manage our risk through diversification of asset class and geographic location. At March 31, 2020, we had investments in 37 separate investment funds with a total carrying value of $327.5 million which represented approximately 10% of our total investments. Our investment fund LPs/LLCs generate earnings from trading portfolios, secured debt, debt securities, multi-strategy funds and private equity investments, and the performance of these LPs/LLCs is affected by the volatility of equity and credit markets. For our investments in LPs/LLCs, we record our allocable portion of the partnership operating income or loss as the results of the LPs/LLCs become available, typically following the end of a reporting period. Due to this lack of availability, the impact of the recent disruption in global financial markets due to COVID-19 on these investments was not fully reflected in our results for the first quarter of 2020.

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Acquisitions
We have entered into a definitive agreement to acquire NORCAL, an underwriter of medical professional liability insurance, subject to the demutualization of NORCAL Mutual, NORCAL's ultimate controlling party. We are targeting to close the transaction either by the end of 2020 or early 2021. We will pay base consideration of $450 million with a contingent consideration of up to $150 million should NORCAL reserves as of the acquisition date develop favorably to our estimates. We plan to utilize our Revolving Credit Agreement to partially finance the acquisition (see further discussion on our Revolving Credit Agreement in this section under the heading "Debt"). The COVID-19 pandemic’s potential disruption to our business operations may require us to access our Revolving Credit Agreement for other purposes including working capital, capital expenditures or other general corporate requirements. If needed, we may be required to obtain additional financing and our ability to arrange such financing or refinancing will depend on, among other factors, our financial position and performance, as well as prevailing market conditions and other factors beyond our control. As a result, we may be compelled to take additional measures to preserve our cash flow, including the reduction of operating expenses or reduction or suspension of dividend payments, at least until the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic improve. We believe that funds available under the Revolving Credit Agreement, along with cash generated from our operations and investment portfolio, will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs, including the planned acquisition of NORCAL.
Financing Activities and Related Cash Flows
Treasury Shares
During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, we did not repurchase any common shares and, as of May 1, 2020, our remaining Board authorization was approximately $110 million.
ProAssurance Shareholder Dividends
Our Board declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.31 per share during the first quarters of both 2020 and 2019, each of which was paid in the following quarter. Dividends paid in the first quarter of 2019 included a special dividend of $0.50 per share declared in the fourth quarter of 2018. Given our current earnings profile, the effects that underlying conditions in the broader insurance marketplace continue to have on or results and the uncertainties introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic, our Board has made the decision to reduce our quarterly cash dividend from $0.31 per share to $0.05 per share, beginning with the dividend declared for the second quarter of 2020 on May 7, 2020. Any decision to pay future cash dividends is subject to the Board’s final determination after a comprehensive review of financial performance, future expectations and other factors deemed relevant by the Board.
Debt
At March 31, 2020 our debt included $250 million of outstanding unsecured senior notes. The notes bear interest at 5.3% annually and are due in 2023 although they may be redeemed in whole or part prior to maturity. There are no financial covenants associated with these notes.
We have a Revolving Credit Agreement, which expires in November 2024, that may be used for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, short-term working capital, share repurchases as authorized by the Board and support for other activities, such as the planned acquisition of NORCAL, as previously discussed under the heading "Acquisitions." Our Revolving Credit Agreement permits borrowings of up to $250 million as well as the possibility of a $50 million accordion feature; however, the subscription of this feature as of May 1, 2020 is uncertain due to recent COVID-19 related events. At March 31, 2020, there were no outstanding borrowings on our Revolving Credit Agreement; we are in compliance with the financial covenants of the Revolving Credit Agreement.
We have Mortgage Loans with one lender in connection with the recapitalization of two office buildings, which mature in December 2027. The Mortgage Loans accrue interest at three-month LIBOR plus 1.325% with principal and interest payable on a quarterly basis. At March 31, 2020, the outstanding balance of the Mortgage Loans was approximately $37 million; we are in compliance with the financial covenant of the Mortgage Loans.
Additional information regarding our debt is provided in Note 8 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
We utilize an interest rate cap agreement with a notional amount of $35 million to manage our exposure to increases in LIBOR on our Mortgage Loans. Per the interest rate cap agreement, we are entitled to receive cash payments if and when the three-month LIBOR exceeds 2.35%. Additional information on our interest rate cap agreement is provided in Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K.

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Table of Contents

Two of our insurance subsidiaries are members of an FHLB. Through membership, those subsidiaries have access to secured cash advances which can be used for liquidity purposes or other operational needs. In order for us to use FHLB proceeds, regulatory approvals may be required depending on the nature of the transaction. To date, those subsidiaries have not materially utilized their membership for borrowing purposes.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no significant off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. See more information on our off-balance sheet arrangements in Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Table of Contents

Results of Operations – Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Selected consolidated financial data for each period is summarized in the table below.
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands, except per share data)
2020
2019
Change
Revenues:
 
 
 
Net premiums written
$
232,217

$
245,742

$
(13,525
)
Net premiums earned
$
203,855

$
208,149

$
(4,294
)
Net investment result
19,268

22,008

(2,740
)
Net realized investment gains (losses)
(28,673
)
36,623

(65,296
)
Other income
2,251

2,095

156

Total revenues
196,701

268,875

(72,174
)
 
 
 
 
Expenses:
 
 
 
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses
164,832

159,755

5,077

Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses
62,056

61,392

664

SPC U.S. federal income tax expense
222


222

Segregated portfolio cell dividend expense (income)
(508
)
4,787

(5,295
)
Interest expense
4,129

4,330

(201
)
Total expenses
230,731

230,264

467

Income (loss) before income taxes
(34,030
)
38,611

(72,641
)
Income tax expense (benefit)
(12,076
)
6,961

(19,037
)
Net income (loss)
$
(21,954
)
$
31,650

$
(53,604
)
Non-GAAP operating income (loss)
$
(1,146
)
$
4,163

$
(5,309
)
Earnings (loss) per share:
 
 
 
Basic
$
(0.41
)
$
0.59

$
(1.00
)
Diluted
$
(0.41
)
$
0.59

$
(1.00
)
Non-GAAP operating earnings (loss) per share:
 
 
 
Basic
$
(0.02
)
$
0.08

$
(0.10
)
Diluted
$
(0.02
)
$
0.08

$
(0.10
)
Net loss ratio
80.9
%
76.8
%
4.1
 pts
Underwriting expense ratio
30.4
%
29.5
%
0.9
 pts
Combined ratio
111.3
%
106.3
%
5.0
 pts
Operating ratio
101.1
%
95.3
%
5.8
 pts
Effective tax rate
35.5
%
18.0
%
17.5
 pts
Return on equity*
(6.0
%)
8.2
%
(14.2
 pts)
 
 
 
 
* Annualized
In all tables that follow, the abbreviation "nm" indicates that the information or the percentage change is not meaningful.



67


Executive Summary of Operations
The following sections provide an overview of our consolidated and segment results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. See the Segment Operating Results sections that follow for additional information regarding each segment's operating results.
Revenues
The following table shows our consolidated and segment net premiums earned:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Net premiums earned
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Specialty P&C
$
120,359

 
$
124,067

 
$
(3,708
)
 
(3.0
%)
Workers' Compensation Insurance
44,515

 
45,939

 
(1,424
)
 
(3.1
%)
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance
16,980

 
19,502

 
(2,522
)
 
(12.9
%)
Lloyd's Syndicates
22,001

 
18,641

 
3,360

 
18.0
%
Consolidated total
$
203,855

 
$
208,149

 
$
(4,294
)
 
(2.1
%)
Consolidated net premiums earned decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019 driven by decreases in net premiums earned in our Specialty P&C, Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments, partially offset by an increase in net premiums earned in our Lloyd's Syndicates segment. The decrease in net premiums earned in our Specialty P&C segment was primarily due to our focus on underwriting discipline as we continue to emphasize careful risk selection, rate adequacy and a willingness to walk away from business that does not fit our goal of achieving a long-term underwriting profit (see further discussion in our Segment Operating Results - Specialty P&C section that follows). For our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment, the decrease in net premiums earned reflected the reduction in premium funding for a large workers' compensation alternative market program and the competitive workers' compensation market conditions (see further discussion in our Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section that follows). The decrease in net premiums earned in our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment also reflected the competitive workers' compensation market conditions as well as a reduction in our EBUB premium estimate. The increase in net premiums earned in our Lloyd's Syndicates segment was driven by the pro rata effect of higher premiums written during the preceding twelve months, primarily property insurance coverages.
The following table shows our consolidated net investment result:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Net investment income
$
20,830

 
$
22,818

 
$
(1,988
)
 
(8.7
%)
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries
(1,562
)
 
(810
)
 
(752
)
 
(92.8
%)
Net investment result
$
19,268

 
$
22,008

 
$
(2,740
)
 
(12.5
%)
The decrease in our consolidated net investment result for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019 primarily reflected a decrease in our allocation to equities and partial reinvestment in fixed maturities, as well as lower overall investment balances as compared to the prior year period. Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries includes our share of the operating results of interests we hold in certain LPs/LLCs as well as operating losses associated with our tax credit partnership investments, which are designed to generate returns in the form of tax credits and tax-deductible project operating losses. For both the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the earnings generated from our LPs/LLCs did not exceed the tax-deductible operating losses recorded from our tax credit partnership investments resulting in an overall loss from our investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries. The increase in our loss of unconsolidated subsidiaries for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019 was primarily due to lower reported earnings from two LPs reflecting the market environment during the early part of the first quarter of 2020.

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The following table shows our total consolidated net realized investment gains (losses):
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
$
(1,163
)
 
$
(49
)
 
$
(1,114
)
 
2,273.5
%
Other net realized investment gains (losses)
(27,510
)
 
36,672

 
(64,182
)
 
(175.0
%)
Net realized investment gains (losses)
$
(28,673
)
 
$
36,623

 
$
(65,296
)
 
(178.3
%)
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we recognized credit-related impairment losses in earnings of $1.2 million and non-credit impairment losses in OCI of $0.7 million. The credit-related impairment losses related to four corporate bonds in the energy, consumer and entertainment sectors. The non-credit impairment losses related to three corporate bonds in the energy and consumer sectors.
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we recognized other net realized investment losses of $27.5 million which was driven by the impact of decreases in fair value on our equity portfolio and convertible securities attributable to the recent disruptions in the global financial markets related to COVID-19. Other net realized investment gains of $36.7 million recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2019 reflected the improvement in the market during the first quarter of 2019, which caused our equity portfolio to increase in value. See further discussion in our Segment Operating Results - Corporate section that follows.
Expenses
The following table shows our consolidated and segment net loss ratios and net loss development:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in millions)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Current accident year net loss ratio
 
 
 
 
 
Consolidated ratio
83.8
%
 
81.7
%
 
2.1
 pts
Specialty P&C
94.2
%
 
93.1
%
 
1.1
 pts
Workers' Compensation Insurance
70.2
%
 
68.2
%
 
2.0
 pts
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance
65.7
%
 
66.7
%
 
(1.0
 pts)
Lloyd's Syndicates
68.7
%
 
54.5
%
 
14.2
 pts
 
 
 
 
 
 
Calendar year net loss ratio
 
 
 
 
 
Consolidated ratio
80.9
%
 
76.8
%
 
4.1
 pts
Specialty P&C
92.2
%
 
86.8
%
 
5.4
 pts
Workers' Compensation Insurance
66.9
%
 
66.3
%
 
0.6
 pts
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance
55.1
%
 
55.1
%
 

Lloyd's Syndicates
67.2
%
 
58.5
%
 
8.7
 pts
 
 
 
 
 
 
Favorable (unfavorable) net loss development, prior accident years
 
 
 
 
 
Consolidated
$
6.0

 
$
10.3

 
$
(4.3
)
Specialty P&C
$
2.4

 
$
7.9

 
$
(5.5
)
Workers' Compensation Insurance
$
1.5

 
$
0.9

 
$
0.6

Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance
$
1.8

 
$
2.3

 
$
(0.5
)
Lloyd's Syndicates
$
0.3

 
$
(0.8
)
 
$
1.1

The increase in our consolidated current accident year net loss ratio during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019 was primarily due to a higher current accident year net loss ratio in our Lloyd's Syndicates, Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments. The higher current accident year net loss ratio in our Lloyd's Syndicates segment was driven by a decrease in estimated reinsurance recoveries as Syndicate 1729 experienced fewer significant storm-related property and catastrophe related losses as compared to the prior year period; therefore, fewer losses in the current period breached the reinsurance retention limits. In addition, the higher current accident year net loss ratio in our Lloyd's Syndicates segment reflected certain large losses incurred by Syndicate 6131 during the first quarter of 2020. For our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment, the higher current accident year net loss ratio was driven by the continuation of intense price

69


competition and the resulting renewal rate decreases, as well as the effect of lower net premiums earned during the 2020 three-month period (see previous discussion in this section under the heading "Net Premiums Earned" and further discussion in our Segment Operating Results - Workers' Compensation Insurance section that follows). The higher current accident year net loss ratio in our Specialty P&C segment was driven by higher severity trends in our HCPL book of business, particularly in our healthcare facilities and excess and surplus lines (see further discussion in our Segment Operating Results - Specialty P&C section that follows).
In both the 2020 and 2019 three-month periods, our consolidated calendar year net loss ratio was lower than our consolidated current accident year net loss ratio due to the recognition of net favorable prior year reserve development, as shown in the previous table. Net favorable prior year reserve development recognized in the 2020 three-month period was lower as compared to the same respective period of 2019 driven by our Specialty P&C segment given our concerns around elevated loss severity in the broader HCPL industry, including our excess and surplus lines of business, and uncertainties around the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on variables such as premium volume, claims frequency and severity, historical paid and incurred loss trends, general economic and social trends, inflation and the legal and political environment. Given these factors and uncertainties as well as a lack of sufficient and reliable related data, we have taken no action to change our previously established reserve estimates in our Specialty P&C segment outside of the $2.4 million reduction in our reserve for potential ECO/XPL claims. As it relates to both our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segments, the current economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have introduced significant risk of a prolonged recession, which could have an adverse impact on our return to wellness efforts and the ability of injured workers to return to work, resulting in a potential reduction in favorable claim trends in future periods. See Note 13 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Our consolidated and segment underwriting expense ratios were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Underwriting Expense Ratio
 
 
 
 
 
Consolidated
30.4
%
 
29.5
%
 
0.9
 pts
Specialty P&C
24.6
%
 
23.9
%
 
0.7
 pts
Workers' Compensation Insurance
31.8
%
 
30.9
%
 
0.9
 pts
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance
29.9
%
 
26.8
%
 
3.1
 pts
Lloyd's Syndicates
41.6
%
 
45.4
%
 
(3.8
 pts)
Corporate*
2.4
%
 
2.2
%
 
0.2
 pts
*There are no net premiums earned associated with the Corporate segment. Ratios shown are the contribution of the Corporate segment to the consolidated ratio (Corporate operating expenses divided by consolidated net premium earned).
Our consolidated underwriting expense ratio increased for the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same respective period of 2019 primarily due to a decrease in consolidated net premiums earned driven by our Specialty P&C and Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segments (see previous discussion in this section under the heading "Net Premiums Earned"). Additionally, the increase in our consolidated underwriting expense ratio reflected an increase in operating expenses in our Specialty P&C segment driven by $1.4 million of one-time expenses primarily related to the restructuring of our HCPL field office organization (see further discussion in our Segment Operating Results - Specialty P&C section that follows). Furthermore, the increase in our consolidated underwriting expense ratio reflected an increase in operating expenses in our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment primarily due to compensation-related expenses and costs related to the implementation of a new policy administration and claims system (see further discussion in our Segment Operating Results - Workers' Compensation Insurance section that follows).

70


Taxes
Our provision for income taxes and effective tax rates for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
($ in thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Income (loss) before income taxes
$
(34,030
)
 
$
38,611

 
$
(72,641
)
(188.1
%)
Income tax expense (benefit)
(12,076
)
 
6,961

 
(19,037
)
(273.5
%)
Net income (loss)
$
(21,954
)
 
$
31,650

 
$
(53,604
)
(169.4
%)
Effective tax rate
35.5
%
 
18.0
%
 
17.5 pts
 
We recognized an income tax benefit of $12.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to income tax expense of $7.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019; however, the comparability of our effective tax rates is impacted by the pre-tax loss recognized during the 2020 three-month period as compared to pre-tax income recognized in the 2019 three-month period. Our effective tax rates as of March 31, 2020 and 2019 were different from the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% primarily due to the benefit recognized from the tax credits transferred to us from our tax credit partnership investments. See further discussion in the Segment Operating Results - Corporate section that follows under the heading "Taxes."
Operating Ratio
Our operating ratio is our combined ratio, less our investment income ratio. This ratio provides the combined effect of underwriting profitability and investment income. Our operating ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Combined ratio
111.3
%
 
106.3
%
 
5.0
 pts
Less: investment income ratio
10.2
%
 
11.0
%
 
(0.8
 pts)
Operating ratio
101.1
%
 
95.3
%
 
5.8
 pts
Our operating ratio for the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019 increased by approximately 5.8 percentage points driven by a higher combined ratio in our Specialty P&C segment. The combined ratio in our Specialty P&C segment was higher as compared to the prior year period driven by our continued concern with elevated loss severity in the broader HCPL industry, including our excess and surplus lines of business, which influenced our current accident year net loss ratio and resulted in a lower amount of prior accident year favorable development. See further discussion in our Segment Operating Results - Specialty Property & Casualty section that follows under the heading "Losses."
ROE
ROE is calculated as annualized net income (loss) for the period divided by the average of beginning and ending shareholders’ equity. This ratio measures our overall after-tax profitability and shows how efficiently capital is being used. ROE for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
2019
Change
ROE
(6.0
%)
8.2
%
(14.2
 pts)
The decrease in our ROE was driven by the change in market conditions during the first quarter of 2020 as compared to the first quarter of 2019 and the corresponding impact on the fair value on our equity portfolio. During the first quarter of 2020, global financial markets experienced disruptions due to COVID-19 which resulted in a decrease in fair value on our equity portfolio of $38.5 million. In contrast, the fair value of our equity portfolio increased $32.4 million during the first quarter of 2019 as a result of the market recovering from the volatility experienced at the end of 2018.

71


Book Value per Share
Book value per share is calculated as total shareholders’ equity at the balance sheet date divided by the total number of common shares outstanding. This ratio measures the net worth of the Company to shareholders on a per-share basis. Our book value per share at March 31, 2020 as compared to December 31, 2019 is shown in the following table.
 
Book Value Per Share
Book Value Per Share at December 31, 2019
$
28.11

Increase (decrease) to book value per share during the three months ended March 31, 2020 attributable to:
 
Dividends declared
(0.31
)
Net income (loss)
(0.41
)
OCI
(0.78
)
Other *
(0.10
)
Book Value Per Share at March 31, 2020
$
26.51

* Includes the impact of cumulative effect adjustments related to ASUs adopted during 2020 and the impact of share-based compensation.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) is a financial measure that is widely used to evaluate performance within the insurance sector. In calculating Non-GAAP operating income (loss), we have excluded the effects of the items listed in the following table that do not reflect normal operating results. We believe Non-GAAP operating income (loss) presents a useful view of the performance of our insurance operations, however it should be considered in conjunction with net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP.
The following table is a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Non-GAAP operating income (loss):
 
Three Months Ended
March 31
(In thousands, except per share data)
2020
 
2019
Net income (loss)
$
(21,954
)
 
$
31,650

Items excluded in the calculation of Non-GAAP operating income (loss):
 
 
 
Net realized investment (gains) losses
28,673

 
(36,623
)
Net realized gains (losses) attributable to SPCs which no profit/loss is retained (1)
(2,498
)
 
1,741

Guaranty fund assessments (recoupments)
(2
)
 
88

Pre-tax effect of exclusions
26,173

 
(34,794
)
Tax effect, at 21% (2)
(5,365
)
 
7,307

After-tax effect of exclusions
20,808

 
(27,487
)
Non-GAAP operating income (loss)
$
(1,146
)
 
$
4,163

Per diluted common share:
 
 
 
Net income (loss)
$
(0.41
)
 
$
0.59

Effect of exclusions
0.39

 
(0.51
)
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share
$
(0.02
)
 
$
0.08

(1) Net realized investment gains (losses) on investments related to SPCs are recognized in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. SPC operating results, including any realized gain or loss, that are attributable to external cell participants are reflected in the SPC dividend expense (income). To be consistent with our exclusion of net realized investment gains (losses) recognized in earnings, we are excluding the portion of net realized investment gains (losses) that is included in the SPC dividend expense (income) which is attributable to the external cell participants.
(2) The 21% rate is the annual expected statutory tax rate associated with the taxable or tax deductible items listed above. Our effective tax rate for the respective periods was applied to these items in calculating net income (loss), excluding net realized investment gains (losses) and related adjustments. Net realized investment gains (losses) in our Corporate segment are discrete items and are tax affected at the annual expected statutory tax rate (21%) in the period they are included in our consolidated tax provision and net income (loss). See previous discussion in this section under the heading "Taxes." The taxes associated with the net realized investment gains (losses) related to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment are paid by the individual SPCs and are not included in our consolidated tax provision or net income (loss); therefore, both the net realized investment gains (losses) from our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment and the adjustment to exclude the portion of net realized investment gains (losses) included in the SPC dividend expense (income) in the table above are not tax effected.

72


Segment Operating Results - Specialty Property & Casualty
Our Specialty P&C segment focuses on professional liability insurance and medical technology liability insurance as discussed in Note 12 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Segment operating results reflected pre-tax underwriting profit or loss from these insurance lines, exclusive of investment results, which are included in our Corporate segment. Segment operating results included the following:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
2019
Change
Net premiums written
$
131,255

$
140,657

$
(9,402
)
 
(6.7
%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
120,359

$
124,067

$
(3,708
)
 
(3.0
%)
Other income
1,698

1,209

489


40.4
%
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses
(110,931
)
(107,658
)
(3,273
)
 
3.0
%
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses
(29,585
)
(29,615
)
30

 
(0.1
%)
Segment operating results
$
(18,459
)
$
(11,997
)
$
(6,462
)

(53.9
%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss ratio
92.2%
86.8%
5.4

pts
Underwriting expense ratio
24.6%
23.9%
0.7

pts
Premiums Written
Changes in our premium volume within our Specialty P&C segment are driven by four primary factors: (1) the amount of new business, (2) our retention of existing business, (3) the premium charged for business that is renewed, which is affected by rates charged and by the amount and type of coverage an insured chooses to purchase and (4) the timing of premium written through multi-period policies. In addition, premium volume may periodically be affected by shifts in the timing of renewals between periods. The healthcare professional liability market, which accounts for a majority of the revenues in this segment, remains challenging as physicians continue joining hospitals or larger group practices and are thus no longer purchasing individual or group policies in the standard market. In addition, some competitors have chosen to compete primarily on price; both factors may impact our ability to write new business and retain existing business. Furthermore, the insurance and reinsurance markets have historically been cyclical, characterized by extended periods of intense price competition due to excessive underwriting capacity as well as periods when shortages of capacity permitted more favorable premium levels. Changes in the frequency and severity of losses may affect the cycles of the insurance and reinsurance markets significantly. During soft markets, it could be very difficult for us to grow or maintain premium volume levels without sacrificing underwriting profits. Conversely, during hard markets, rising prices may pressure retention levels. Subsequent to the first quarter of 2020 and as a result of the impact of COVID-19, we expect downward pressure in future quarters on our premium volume resulting from new business disruptions and reductions in exposure due to suspension of elective medical procedures and general reduction in non-COVID-19 healthcare consumption; however, the length and magnitude of such changes depends on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. See Note 13 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Gross, ceded and net premiums written were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Gross premiums written
$
155,381

 
$
166,431

 
$
(11,050
)
 
(6.6
%)
Less: Ceded premiums written
24,126

 
25,774

 
(1,648
)
 
(6.4
%)
Net premiums written
$
131,255

 
$
140,657

 
$
(9,402
)
 
(6.7
%)

73


Gross Premiums Written
Gross premiums written by component were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Professional liability
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Physicians (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Twelve month term
$
100,489

 
$
107,788

 
$
(7,299
)
 
(6.8
%)
Twenty-four month term
7,366

 
6,605

 
761

 
11.5
%
Total Physicians
107,855

 
114,393

 
(6,538
)
 
(5.7
%)
Healthcare facilities (2)(7)
17,822

 
22,220

 
(4,398
)
 
(19.8
%)
Other healthcare providers (3)
8,500

 
9,951

 
(1,451
)
 
(14.6
%)
Legal professionals (4)
8,438

 
8,070

 
368

 
4.6
%
Tail coverages (5)
6,189

 
4,429

 
1,760

 
39.7
%
Total professional liability
148,804

 
159,063

 
(10,259
)
 
(6.4
%)
Medical technology liability (6)
6,219

 
7,203

 
(984
)
 
(13.7
%)
Other (8)
358

 
165

 
193

 
117.0
%
Total
$
155,381

 
$
166,431

 
$
(11,050
)
 
(6.6
%)
(1) 
Physician policies were our greatest source of premium revenues in both 2020 and 2019. The decrease in twelve month term policies during the 2020 three-month period included the effect of timing differences of $2.0 million related to the prior year renewal of certain policies. Excluding the effect of these timing differences, twelve month term premiums decreased $5.3 million as compared to the same period of 2019. This decrease was driven by retention losses and our non-renewal of two large policies written on an excess and surplus lines basis totaling $2.6 million, partially offset by an increase in renewal pricing and, to a lesser extent, new business written. Renewal pricing increases in 2020 are reflective of the rising loss cost environment. The lower retention for the 2020 three-month period is largely attributable to our focus on underwriting discipline as we continue to emphasize careful risk selection, rate adequacy and a willingness to walk away from business that does not fit our goal of achieving a long-term underwriting profit. We anticipate a lower than average level of retention to persist as we continue to reevaluate certain books of business and set our rates to reflect our observations of higher severity trends. We also offer twenty-four month term premiums to our physician insureds in one selected jurisdiction. The increase in twenty-four month term premiums during the 2020 three-month period, as compared to the same respective period in 2019, primarily reflected the normal cycle of renewals (policies subject to renewal in 2020 were previously written in 2018 rather than in 2019).
(2) 
Our healthcare facilities premium (which includes hospitals, surgery centers and other similar facilities) decreased for the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same respective period of 2019 primarily due to retention losses, partially offset by an increase in renewal pricing and, to a lesser extent, new business written. Retention losses in 2020 were driven by our decision not to renew certain products written on an excess and surplus lines basis after our underwriting evaluation and, to a lesser extent, the loss of one large policy totaling $1.4 million due to price competition. As we continue to reevaluate certain books of business, we anticipate our retention to remain at a lower than historic level. Renewal pricing increases in 2020 reflect rate increases where we believe appropriate given the loss environment and loss indications we are seeing in the healthcare facilities space.
(3) 
Our other healthcare providers are primarily dentists, chiropractors and allied health professionals. The decrease for the 2020 three-month period is primarily driven by retention losses, including the loss of one large policy totaling $1.1 million due to price competition.
(4) 
Our legal professionals policies are primarily individual and small group policies in select areas of practice. Our legal professionals premium remained relatively unchanged in the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019 as new business written and renewal pricing increases were largely offset by retention losses. The increase in renewal pricing was primarily the result of an increase in the rate charged for certain renewed policies in select states due to rate filings.
(5) 
We offer extended reporting endorsement or "tail" coverage to insureds who discontinue their claims-made coverage with us, and we also periodically offer tail coverage through custom policies. Tail coverage premiums are generally 100% earned in the period written because the policies insure only incidents that occurred in prior periods and are not cancellable. The amount of tail coverage premium written can vary significantly from period to period.

74


(6) 
Our medical technology liability business is marketed throughout the U.S.; coverage is typically offered on a primary basis, within specified limits, to manufacturers and distributors of medical technology and life sciences products including entities conducting human clinical trials. In addition to the previously listed factors that affect our premium volume, our medical technology liability premium is impacted by the sales volume of insureds. The decrease during the 2020 three-month period was primarily due to retention losses and, to a lesser extent, renewal pricing decreases, partially offset by new business written. Retention losses in the 2020 three-month period are primarily attributable to an increase in competition on terms and pricing. Renewal pricing decreases during the 2020 three-month period are primarily due to changes in exposure on several renewing policies as well as changes in the sales volume of certain insureds.
(7) 
Certain components of our gross premiums written include alternative market premiums. We currently cede either all or a portion of the alternative market premium, net of reinsurance, to three SPCs of our wholly owned Cayman Islands reinsurance subsidiaries, Inova Re and Eastern Re, which are reported in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment (see further discussion in the Ceded Premiums Written section that follows). The portion not ceded to the SPCs is retained within our Specialty P&C segment. During the 2020 and 2019 three-month periods, we wrote alternative market premiums of $3.8 million and $3.7 million, respectively, in our healthcare facilities line of business.
(8) 
This component of gross premiums written includes all other product lines within our Specialty P&C segment.
We are committed to a rate structure that will allow us to fulfill our obligations to our insureds, while generating competitive long-term returns for our shareholders. Our pricing continues to be based on expected losses as indicated by our historical loss data and available industry loss data. In recent years, this practice has resulted in gradual rate increases and we anticipate further rate increases due to indications of increasing loss severity. Additionally, the pricing of our business includes the effects of filed rates, surcharges and discounts. Renewal pricing also reflects changes in our exposure base, deductibles, self-insurance retention limits and other policy items.
The change in renewal pricing for our Specialty P&C segment, including by major component, was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended
March 31
 
2020
Specialty P&C segment (1)
11
%
Physicians (1)(2)
13
%
Healthcare facilities (1)(2)
20
%
Other healthcare providers (1)
4
%
Legal professionals (2)
5
%
Medical technology liability (2)
(3
%)
(1) Excludes certain policies written on an excess and surplus lines basis as the terms and conditions of these policies are not consistent between periods.
(2) See Gross Premiums Written section for further explanation of changes in renewal pricing.
New business written by major component on a direct basis was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended
March 31
(In millions)
2020
 
2019
Physicians
$
2.1

 
$
14.4

Healthcare facilities
0.5

 
4.3

Other healthcare providers
0.2

 
0.4

Legal professionals
0.9

 
0.9

Medical technology liability
0.7

 
0.9

Total
$
4.4

 
$
20.9


75


For our Specialty P&C segment, we calculate retention as annualized renewed premium divided by all annualized premium subject to renewal. Retention is affected by a number of factors. We may lose insureds to competitors or to alternative insurance mechanisms such as risk retention groups or self-insurance entities (often when physicians join hospitals or large group practices) or due to pricing or other issues. We may choose not to renew an insured as a result of our underwriting evaluation. Insureds may also terminate coverage because they have left the practice of medicine for various reasons, principally for retirement, death or disability, but also for personal reasons.
Retention for our Specialty P&C segment, including by major component, was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended
March 31
 
2020
 
2019
Specialty P&C segment (1)
81
%
 
89
%
Physicians (1)(2)
84
%
 
91
%
Healthcare facilities (1)(2)
54
%
 
71
%
Other healthcare providers (1)(2)
67
%
 
89
%
Legal professionals
88
%
 
89
%
Medical technology liability (2)
78
%
 
80
%
(1) Excludes certain policies written on an excess and surplus lines basis as the terms and conditions of these policies are not consistent between periods.
(2) See Gross Premiums Written section for further explanation of retention decline in 2020.
Ceded Premiums Written
Ceded premiums represent the amounts owed to our reinsurers for their assumption of a portion of our losses. Through our current excess of loss reinsurance arrangements we generally retain the first $1 million in risk insured by us and cede coverages in excess of this amount. For our healthcare professional liability coverages, we also retain from 4% to 9% of the next $25 million of risk for coverages in excess of $1 million. For our medical technology liability coverages, we also retain 10% of the next $9 million of risk for coverages in excess of $1 million. We pay our reinsurers a ceding premium in exchange for their accepting the risk, and in certain of our excess of loss arrangements, the ultimate amount of which is determined by the loss experience of the business ceded, subject to certain minimum and maximum amounts.
Ceded premiums written were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
2019
Change
Excess of loss reinsurance arrangements (1)
$
8,617

$
9,321

$
(704
)
(7.6
%)
Other shared risk arrangements (2)
10,864

11,718

(854
)
(7.3
%)
Premium ceded to SPCs (3)
3,784

3,738

46

1.2
%
Other ceded premiums written
861

997

(136
)
(13.6
%)
Adjustment to premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years, net (4)



nm

Total ceded premiums written
$
24,126

$
25,774

$
(1,648
)
(6.4
%)
(1) 
We generally reinsure risks under our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements pursuant to which the reinsurers agree to assume all or a portion of all risks that we insure above our individual risk retention levels, up to the maximum individual limits offered. Premium due to reinsurers also fluctuates with the volume of written premium subject to cession under the arrangement. In certain of our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements, the premium due to the reinsurer is determined by the loss experience of that business reinsured, subject to certain minimum and maximum amounts. Premium due to reinsurers also fluctuates with the volume of written premium subject to cession under the arrangement. The decrease in ceded premiums written under our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019 primarily reflected a decrease in the overall volume of gross premiums written subject to cession.
(2) 
We have entered into various shared risk arrangements, including quota share, fronting, and captive arrangements, with certain large healthcare systems and other insurance entities. These arrangements include our Ascension Health and CAPAssurance programs. While we cede a large portion of the premium written under these arrangements, they provide us an opportunity to grow net premium through strategic partnerships. The decrease in ceded premiums written under our

76


shared risk arrangements during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019 reflected a timing difference of $0.9 million related to the prior year renewal of a policy in our CAPAssurance program. Excluding the effect of this timing difference, ceded premiums written under our shared risk arrangements remained relatively unchanged.
(3) 
As previously discussed, as a part of our alternative market solutions, all or a portion of certain healthcare premium written is ceded to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment under either excess of loss or quota share reinsurance agreements, depending on the structure of the individual program. See the Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section for further discussion on the cession to the SPCs from our Specialty P&C segment. Premiums ceded to SPCs during the 2020 three-month period remained relatively unchanged as compared to the same period of 2019.
(4) 
Given the length of time that it takes to resolve our claims, many years may elapse before all losses recoverable under a reinsurance arrangement are known. As a part of the process of estimating our loss reserve we also make estimates regarding the amounts recoverable under our reinsurance arrangements. As previously discussed, the premiums ultimately ceded under certain of our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements are subject to the losses ceded under the arrangements. As part of the review of our reserves during both the 2020 and 2019 three-month periods, we concluded that our current estimate of expected losses and associated recoveries for prior year ceded losses was reasonable; therefore, we did not adjust our estimate of ceded premiums owed to reinsurers.
Ceded Premiums Ratio
The ceded premiums ratios were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
Change
Ceded premiums ratio, as reported
15.5
%
 
15.5
%
pts
Less the effect of adjustments in premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years (as previously discussed)
%
 
%
pts
Ratio, current accident year
15.5
%
 
15.5
%
pts
The ceded premiums ratio during the 2020 three-month period was unchanged as compared to the same period of 2019 as the increase in premium ceded to the SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment was offset by the decrease in premium ceded under our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements.
Net Premiums Earned
Net premiums earned consist of gross premiums earned less the portion of earned premiums that we cede to our reinsurers for their assumption of a portion of our losses. Because premiums are generally earned pro rata over the entire policy period, fluctuations in premiums earned tend to lag those of premiums written. Generally, our policies carry a term of one year; however, as discussed above, we write certain policies with a twenty-four month term, and a few of our medical technology liability policies have a multi-year term. Tail coverage premiums are generally 100% earned in the period written because the policies insure only incidents that occurred in prior periods and are not cancellable. Retroactive coverage premiums are 100% earned at the inception of the contract, as all of the underlying loss events occurred in the past. Additionally, ceded premium changes due to changes to estimates of premiums owed under reinsurance agreements for prior accident years are fully earned in the period of change.
Net premiums earned were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Gross premiums earned
$
139,023

 
$
143,019

 
$
(3,996
)
 
(2.8
%)
Less: Ceded premiums earned
18,664

 
18,952

 
(288
)
 
(1.5
%)
Net premiums earned
$
120,359

 
$
124,067

 
$
(3,708
)
 
(3.0
%)
The decrease in gross premiums earned during the 2020 three-month period reflected the pro rata effect of a decrease in the volume of written premium during the preceding twelve months, predominantly in our healthcare facilities line of business due to our focus on underwriting discipline (see previous discussion in footnote 2 under the heading "Gross Premiums Written").
Ceded premiums earned remained relatively unchanged during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019.

77


Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The determination of calendar year losses involves the actuarial evaluation of incurred losses for the current accident year and the actuarial re-evaluation of incurred losses for prior accident years, including an evaluation of the reserve amounts required for ECO/XPL losses.
Accident year refers to the accounting period in which the insured event becomes a liability of the insurer. For claims-made policies, which represent the majority of the premiums written in our Specialty P&C segment, the insured event generally becomes a liability when the event is first reported to us. For occurrence policies, the insured event becomes a liability when the event takes place. For retroactive coverages, the insured event becomes a liability at inception of the underlying contract. We believe that measuring losses on an accident year basis is the best measure of the underlying profitability of the premiums earned in that period, since it associates policy premiums earned with the estimate of the losses incurred related to those policy premiums.
The following table summarizes calendar year net loss ratios by separating losses between the current accident year and all prior accident years. The net loss ratios for our Specialty P&C segment were as follows:
 
Net Loss Ratios (1)
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Calendar year net loss ratio
92.2
%
 
86.8
%
 
5.4
Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio
(2.0
%)
 
(6.3
%)
 
4.3
Current accident year net loss ratio
94.2
%
 
93.1
%
 
1.1
Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:
 
 
 
 
 
Ceded premium adjustments, prior accident years (2)
%
 
%
 
Current accident year net loss ratio, excluding the effect of prior year ceded premium (3)
94.2
%
 
93.1
%
 
1.1
(1) 
Net losses, as specified, divided by net premiums earned.
(2) 
As part of the review of our reserves during both the 2020 and 2019 three-month periods, we concluded that our current estimate of expected losses and associated recoveries for prior year ceded losses was reasonable; therefore, we did not adjust our estimate of ceded premiums owed to reinsurers. See the discussion in the Premiums section for our Specialty P&C segment under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written" for additional information.
(3) 
The current accident year net loss ratio was higher during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019 driven by higher severity trends in our HCPL book of business, particularly in our healthcare facilities and excess and surplus lines. We reflected higher severity trends in our estimates of losses at the end of 2019; however, the current accident year net loss ratio for the first quarter of 2020 is slightly improved as compared to the current accident year net loss ratio for the full year 2019 due to our re-underwriting efforts and focus on rate adequacy.
We recognized net favorable loss development related to our previously established reserves of $2.4 million and $7.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Net favorable loss development recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2020 was due to a reduction in our reserve for potential ECO/XPL claims. We re-evaluate our previously established reserve each quarter based upon the most recently completed actuarial analysis supplemented by any new analysis, information or trends that have emerged since the date of that study. We also take into account currently available industry trend information. We continue to see elevated loss severity in the broader HCPL industry, including our excess and surplus lines of business, and are observing early indications of these increased severity trends in our paid loss data. Furthermore, there are uncertainties around the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on variables such as premium volume, claims frequency and severity, historical paid and incurred loss trends, general economic and social trends, inflation and the legal and political environment. Given these factors and uncertainties as well as a lack of sufficient and reliable related data, we have taken no action to change our previously established reserve estimates during the first quarter of 2020 outside of the reduction in our reserve for potential ECO/XPL claims.
A detailed discussion of factors influencing our recognition of loss development is included in our Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses" and in our December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K under the same heading. Assumptions used in establishing our reserve are regularly reviewed and updated by management as new data becomes available. Any adjustments necessary are reflected in the then current operations. Due to the size of our reserve, even a small percentage adjustment to the assumptions can have a material effect on our results of operations for the period in which the change is made, as was the case in both 2020 and 2019.

78


Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses
Our Specialty P&C segment underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses were comprised as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
DPAC amortization
$
13,916

 
$
14,091

 
$
(175
)
 
(1.2
%)
Management fees
1,832

 
1,966

 
(134
)
 
(6.8
%)
Other underwriting and operating expenses
13,837

 
13,558

 
279

 
2.1
%
Total
$
29,585

 
$
29,615

 
$
(30
)
 
(0.1
%)
DPAC amortization decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same respective period of 2019 driven by a decrease in earned premium. In addition, the decrease in DPAC amortization reflected a decrease in brokerage expenses due to our non-renewal of certain products written on an excess and surplus lines basis in our healthcare facilities business (see discussion under the heading "Gross Premiums Written"), partially offset by an increase in medical costs associated with employee health plans. Furthermore, the decrease in DPAC amortization reflected an increase in ceding commission income, which is an offset to expense, from certain of our shared risk arrangements.
Management fees are charged pursuant to a management agreement by the Corporate segment to the operating subsidiaries within our Specialty P&C segment for services provided based on the extent to which services are provided to the subsidiary and the amount of premium written by the subsidiary. While the terms of the management agreement were consistent between 2020 and 2019, fluctuations in the amount of premium written by each subsidiary can result in corresponding variations in the management fee charged to each subsidiary during a particular period.
Other underwriting and operating expenses increased during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same respective period of 2019 primarily due to $1.4 million of one-time expenses primarily related to the restructuring of our HCPL field office organization and, to a lesser extent, an increase in the allocation of facilities costs charged by our Corporate segment. One-time restructuring expenses were comprised of lease exit costs due to a reduction in physical office locations and employee severance charges.
Underwriting Expense Ratio (the Expense Ratio)
Our expense ratio for the Specialty P&C segment for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Underwriting expense ratio
24.6
%
 
23.9
%
 
0.7
The increase in the underwriting expense ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019 was driven by a decrease in net premiums earned and one-time expenses related to our HCPL field office reorganization, as previously discussed, which increased the underwriting expense ratio approximately 1.2 percentage points.

79


Segment Operating Results - Workers' Compensation Insurance
Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment includes workers' compensation products provided to employers generally with 1,000 or fewer employees, as discussed in Note 12 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Workers' compensation products offered include guaranteed cost policies, policyholder dividend policies, retrospectively-rated policies, deductible policies and alternative market programs. Alternative market programs include program design, fronting, claims administration, risk management, SPC rental, asset management and SPC management services. Alternative market program premiums are 100% ceded to either the SPCs within our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment or, to a limited extent, an unaffiliated captive insurer for one program. Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment operating results reflected pre-tax underwriting profit or loss from these workers' compensation products, exclusive of investment results, which are included in our Corporate segment. Segment operating results included the following:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
2019
Change
Net premiums written
$
50,312

$
51,407

$
(1,095
)
(2.1
%)
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
44,515

$
45,939

$
(1,424
)
(3.1
%)
Other income
757

729

28

3.8
%
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses
(29,769
)
(30,443
)
674

(2.2
%)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses
(14,164
)
(14,192
)
28

(0.2
%)
Segment operating results
$
1,339

$
2,033

$
(694
)
(34.1
%)
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss ratio
66.9
%
66.3
%
0.6

pts
Underwriting expense ratio
31.8
%
30.9
%
0.9

pts
Premiums Written
Our workers’ compensation premium volume is driven by five primary factors: (1) the amount of new business written, (2) retention of our existing book of business, (3) premium rates charged on our renewal book of business, (4) changes in payroll exposure and (5) audit premium.
Gross, ceded and net premiums written were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
2019
Change
Gross premiums written
$
79,243

$
89,354

$
(10,111
)
(11.3
%)
Less: Ceded premiums written
28,931

37,947

(9,016
)
(23.8
%)
Net premiums written
$
50,312

$
51,407

$
(1,095
)
(2.1
%)

80


Gross Premiums Written
Gross premiums written by product were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Traditional business:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Guaranteed cost
$
42,062

 
$
42,737

 
$
(675
)
 
(1.6
%)
Policyholder dividend
8,031

 
7,186

 
845

 
11.8
%
Deductible
1,926

 
2,246

 
(320
)
 
(14.2
%)
Retrospective*
344

 
763

 
(419
)
 
(54.9
%)
Other
1,781

 
1,827

 
(46
)
 
(2.5
%)
Alternative market business
25,959

 
34,595

 
(8,636
)
 
(25.0
%)
Change in EBUB estimate
(860
)
 

 
(860
)
 
nm

Total
$
79,243

 
$
89,354

 
$
(10,111
)
 
(11.3
%)
*The change in retrospective-related policies included premium adjustments of $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Gross premiums written decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019, primarily reflecting the continuation of intense price competition, a decrease in renewal retention and a reduction in our EBUB premium estimate. Renewal rate decreases were 4% during the three months ended March 31, 2020, as compared to 2% for the same period in 2019. Renewal retention was 83% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Retention was impacted by the reduction in premium funding for a large alternative market program (see further discussion in our Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section that follows). Retention in our traditional business was 85% and 82% for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
In our traditional business, gross premiums written decreased slightly from 2019 to 2020, primarily reflecting renewal rate decreases of 4%, partially offset by new business written and an increase in audit premium. The increase in our policyholder dividend premium primarily reflected new business written. The decrease in our deductible premium primarily reflected retention losses, while the decrease in our retrospective-rated premium primarily reflected estimated premium adjustments and retention losses.
In our alternative market business, the decrease in gross premiums written during the three months ended March 31, 2020 primarily reflected the reduction in premium funding for one of our large alternative market programs and the continuation of intense price competition, as discussed above. Renewal rate decreases were 6% for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as compared to 2% for the same period in 2019. Renewal rate decreases and retention losses were partially offset by new business of $1.1 million. We retained 100% of the 9 alternative market programs up for renewal during the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Subsequent to the first quarter of 2020 and as a result of the economic impact of COVID-19, we expect downward pressure in future quarters on our workers' compensation premium resulting from reductions in insured payroll exposure; however, the length and magnitude of such changes depends on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. See Note 13 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

81


New business, audit premium, retention and renewal price changes for both the traditional business and the alternative market business are shown in the table below:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
($ in millions)
Traditional Business
Alternative Market Business
Segment
Results
 
Traditional Business
Alternative Market Business
Segment
Results
New business
$
8.0

$
1.1

$
9.1

 
$
6.4

$
1.1

$
7.5

Audit premium (including EBUB)
$
1.2

$
(0.3
)
$
0.9

 
$
0.2

$
0.5

$
0.7

Retention rate (1)
85
%
78
%
83
%
 
82
%
97
%
87
%
Change in renewal pricing (2)
(4
%)
(6
%)
(4
%)
 
(3
%)
(2
%)
(2
%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) We calculate our workers' compensation retention rate as annualized expiring renewed premium divided by all annualized expiring premium subject to renewal. Our retention rate can be impacted by various factors, including price or other competitive issues, insureds being acquired, or a decision not to renew based on our underwriting evaluation.
(2) The pricing of our business includes an assessment of the underlying policy exposure and market conditions. We continue to base our pricing on expected losses, as indicated by our historical loss data.
Ceded Premiums Written
Ceded premiums written were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Premiums ceded to SPCs
$
23,356

 
$
32,146

 
$
(8,790
)
 
(27.3
%)
Premiums ceded to external reinsurers
2,941

 
3,442

 
(501
)
 
(14.6
%)
Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers
2,603

 
2,449

 
154


6.3
%
Change in return premium estimate under external reinsurance
31

 
(90
)
 
121

 
134.4
%
Total ceded premiums written
$
28,931

 
$
37,947

 
$
(9,016
)
 
(23.8
%)
Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment cedes alternative market business under a 100% quota share reinsurance agreement, net of a ceding commission, to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment and, to a limited extent, to an unaffiliated captive insurer. The decrease in premiums ceded to SPCs during the three months ended March 31, 2020 reflects the reduction in alternative market gross premiums written as discussed above under the heading "Gross Premiums Written".
Under our external reinsurance agreement for traditional business, we retain the first $0.5 million in risk insured by us and cede losses in excess of this amount on each loss occurrence under our primary external reinsurance treaty. Effective May 1, 2019, our primary reinsurance layer was renewed with an AAD equal to the greater of $3.9 million or 2.1% of subject premium, in excess of the $0.5 million retention per loss occurrence, and the elimination of the return premium component of the contract. The addition of the AAD was partially offset by a reduction in the reinsurance rates under our renewed treaty. Effective May 1, 2020, our primary reinsurance layer was renewed at a higher rate than the expiring year, with an increase in the AAD to $6.0 million or 3.2% of subject premium, in excess of the $0.5 million retention per loss occurrence, and the elimination of the return premium component of the contract. Per our reinsurance agreements, we cede premiums related to our traditional business on an earned premium basis. The decrease in premiums ceded to external reinsurers during the three months ended March 31, 2020 primarily reflected the decrease in traditional earned premium and the impact of lower reinsurance rates for the treaty year effective May 1, 2019.
Changes in the return premium estimate reflected the loss experience under the reinsurance contract for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. The change in estimated return premium for the three months ended March 31, 2020 reflected prior year loss development on previously reported reinsured claims.

82


Ceded Premiums Ratio
Ceded premiums ratio was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Ceded premiums ratio, as reported
32.2
%
 
34.6
%
 
(2.4
 pts)
Less the effect of:
 
 
 
 


Premiums ceded to SPCs (100%)
24.7
%
 
26.9
%
 
(2.2
 pts)
Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers (100%)
1.2
%
 
0.9
%
 
0.3
 pts
Change in EBUB
0.1
%
 
%
 
0.1
 pts
Return premium estimated under external reinsurance
0.1
%
 
(0.2
%)
 
0.3
 pts
Assumed premiums earned (not ceded to external reinsurers)
(0.2
%)
 
(0.3
%)
 
0.1
 pts
Ceded premiums ratio (related to external reinsurance), less the effects of above
6.3
%

7.3
%
 
(1.0
 pts)
The above table reflects ceded premiums earned as a percent of gross premiums earned. As discussed above, we cede premiums related to our traditional business to external reinsurers on an earned premium basis. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the ceded premiums ratio, excluding the effects in the table above, decreased as compared to the same period in 2019, which primarily reflected the impact of lower reinsurance rates for the treaty year effective May 1, 2019.
Net Premiums Earned
Net premiums earned were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
2019
Change
Gross premiums earned
$
65,613

$
70,276

$
(4,663
)
(6.6
%)
Less: Ceded premiums earned
21,098

24,337

(3,239
)
(13.3
%)
Net premiums earned
$
44,515

$
45,939

$
(1,424
)
(3.1
%)
Net premiums earned consist of gross premiums earned less the portion of earned premiums that we cede to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment, external reinsurers or to any unaffiliated captive insurers. Because premiums are generally earned pro rata over the entire policy period, fluctuations in premiums earned tend to lag those of premiums written. Our workers’ compensation policies are twelve month term policies, and premiums are earned on a pro rata basis over the policy period. Net premiums earned also include premium adjustments related to the audit of our insureds' payrolls, changes in our EBUB premium estimate and premium adjustments related to retrospectively-rated policies. Payroll audits are conducted subsequent to the end of the policy period and any related adjustments are recorded as fully earned in the current period. In addition, we record an estimate for EBUB premium and evaluate the estimate on a quarterly basis. We reduced our EBUB premium estimate by $0.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily reflecting a reduction in earned payroll exposure. There was no adjustment to our EBUB premium estimate during the three months ended March 31, 2019. Premium adjustments related to retrospectively-rated policies totaled $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decrease in net premiums earned during the three months ended March 31, 2020 primarily reflected the pro rata effect of a reduction in net premiums written during the preceding twelve months and the reduction in our EBUB premium estimate.

83


Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
We estimate our current accident year loss and loss adjustment expenses based on an expected loss ratio. Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses for the current accident year are determined by applying the expected loss ratio to net premiums earned for the respective period. The following table summarizes calendar year net loss ratios by separating losses between the current accident year and all prior accident years. Calendar year and current accident year net loss ratios by component were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Calendar year net loss ratio
66.9
%
 
66.3
%
 
0.6
 pts
Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio
(3.3
%)
 
(1.9
%)
 
(1.4
 pts)
Current accident year net loss ratio
70.2
%
 
68.2
%
 
2.0
 pts
The increase in the current accident year loss ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2020 primarily reflected the continuation of intense price competition and the resulting renewal rate decreases, as well as the effect of lower net premiums earned driven by a reduction in our EBUB premium estimate. Due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, legislative and regulatory bodies in certain states have changed or are attempting to change compensability requirements and presumptions for certain types of workers related to COVID-19 claims. If successful, these endeavors could result in an increase in claims frequency and severity which may result in a higher current accident year net loss ratio in future quarters.
Calendar year incurred losses (excluding IBNR) ceded to our external reinsurers totaled $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to ceded incurred losses of $1.0 million for the same respective period of 2019. There were no current accident year ceded incurred losses during the three months ended March 31, 2020 or 2019.
We recognized net favorable prior year development related to our previously established reserve of $1.5 million and $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The net favorable prior year development for the three months ended March 31, 2020 reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns, primarily in the 2015 and 2016 accident years. Net favorable development for the three months ended March 31, 2019 included $0.4 million related to the amortization of purchase accounting adjustments, which were fully amortized at December 31, 2019. The current economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have introduced significant risk of a prolonged recession, which could have an adverse impact on our return to wellness efforts and the ability of injured workers to return to work, resulting in a potential reduction in favorable claim trends in future periods.
Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses includes the amortization of commissions, premium taxes and underwriting salaries, which are capitalized and deferred over the related workers’ compensation policy period, net of ceding commissions earned. The capitalization of underwriting salaries can vary as they are subject to the success rate of our contract acquisition efforts. These expenses also include a management fee charged by our Corporate segment, which represents intercompany charges pursuant to a management agreement, and the amortization of intangible assets, primarily related to the acquisition of Eastern by ProAssurance. The management fee is based on the extent to which services are provided to the subsidiary and the amount of premium written by the subsidiary.
Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses were comprised as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
DPAC amortization
$
7,850

 
$
8,450

 
$
(600
)
 
(7.1
%)
Management fees
601

 
670

 
(69
)
 
(10.3
%)
Other underwriting and operating expenses
10,032

 
9,385

 
647

 
6.9
%
SPC ceding commission offset
(4,319
)
 
(4,313
)
 
(6
)
 
0.1
%
Total
$
14,164

 
$
14,192

 
$
(28
)
 
(0.2
%)

84


The decrease in DPAC amortization for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019, primarily reflects the decrease in net premiums earned. The increase in other underwriting and operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 primarily reflects higher compensation-related expenses due to an increase in headcount as we have secured talent for most of the positions that were open during the first quarter of 2019. In addition, the increase in other underwriting and operating expenses reflected costs related to the implementation of a new policy administration and claims system.
As previously discussed, alternative market premiums written through our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment's alternative market business unit are 100% ceded, less a ceding commission, to either the SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment or, to a limited extent, an unaffiliated captive insurer. The ceding commission consists of an amount for fronting fees, cell rental fees, commissions, premium taxes and risk management fees. The fronting fees, commissions, premium taxes and risk management fees are recorded as an offset to underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses. Cell rental fees are recorded as a component of other income and claims administration fees are recorded as ceded ULAE. SPC ceding commissions earned were relatively unchanged for three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same respective period of 2019.
Underwriting Expense Ratio (the Expense Ratio)
The underwriting expense ratio included the impact of the following:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Underwriting expense ratio, as reported
31.8
%
 
30.9
%
 
0.9
 pts
Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:
 
 
 
 
 
Impact of ceding commissions received from SPCs
2.3
%
 
3.2
%
 
(0.9
 pts)
Retrospective premium adjustment
0.1
%
 
0.1
%
 

Impact of audit premium
(0.2
%)
 
(0.1
%)
 
(0.1
 pts)
Underwriting expense ratio, less listed effects
29.6
%
 
27.7
%
 
1.9
 pts
The increase in the expense ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2020, excluding the items noted in the table, primarily reflected the decrease in net premiums earned, including the adjustment to our EBUB premium estimate, and the increase in underwriting and operating expenses, as previously discussed, partially offset by the decrease in DPAC amortization.

85


Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance
The Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment reflects the operating results (underwriting profit or loss, plus investment results, net of U.S. federal income taxes) of SPCs at Inova Re and Eastern Re, our Cayman Islands SPC operations, as discussed in Note 12 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. SPCs are segregated pools of assets and liabilities that provide an insurance facility for a defined set of risks. Assets of each SPC are solely for the benefit of that individual cell and each SPC is solely responsible for the liabilities of that individual cell. Assets of one SPC are statutorily protected from the creditors of the others. Each SPC is owned, fully or in part, by an agency, group or association and the operating results of the SPCs are attributable to the participants of that cell. We participate to a varying degree in the results of selected SPCs and, for the SPCs in which we participate, our participation interest ranges from a low of 20% to a high of 85%. SPC operating results attributable to external cell participants are reflected as SPC dividend (expense) income in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. In addition, our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment includes the SPC investment results as the investments are solely for the benefit of the cell participants and investment results attributable to external cell participants are reflected in the SPC dividend (expense) income. As of March 31, 2020, there were 26 (23 active) SPCs. The SPCs assume workers' compensation insurance, healthcare professional liability insurance or a combination of the two from our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments. As of March 31, 2020, there were two SPCs that assumed both workers' compensation insurance and healthcare professional liability insurance and one SPC that assumed only healthcare professional liability insurance.
Segment operating results reflects our share of the underwriting and investment results of the SPCs in which we participate, and included the following:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
2019
Change
Net premiums written
$
23,990

$
32,682

$
(8,692
)
(26.6
%)
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
16,980

$
19,502

$
(2,522
)
(12.9
%)
Net investment income
254

448

(194
)
(43.3
%)
Net realized gains (losses)
(3,207
)
2,141

(5,348
)
(249.8
%)
Other income
136

87

49

56.3
%
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses
(9,352
)
(10,745
)
1,393

(13.0
%)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses
(5,079
)
(5,235
)
156

(3.0
%)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense(1)
(222
)

(222
)
nm

SPC net operating results
(490
)
6,198

(6,688
)
(107.9
%)
SPC dividend (expense) income (2)
508

(4,787
)
5,295

(110.6
%)
Segment operating results (3)
$
18

$
1,411

$
(1,393
)
(98.7
%)
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss ratio
55.1
%
55.1
%

 
Underwriting expense ratio
29.9
%
26.8
%
3.1
 pts
 
(1) Represents the provision for U.S. federal income taxes for SPCs at Inova Re, which have elected to be taxed as a U.S. corporation under Section 953(d) of the Internal Revenue Code. U.S. federal income taxes are included in the total SPC net operating results and are paid by the individual SPCs.
(2) Represents the net operating (profit) loss due to external cell participants.
(3) Represents our share of the net operating profit (loss) of the SPCs in which we participate.

86


Premiums Written
The majority of premiums in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment are assumed from either our Workers' Compensation Insurance or Specialty P&C segments. Premium volume is driven by five primary factors: (1) the amount of new business written, (2) retention of the existing book of business, (3) premium rates charged on the renewal book of business and, for workers' compensation business, (4) changes in payroll exposure and (5) audit premium.
Gross, ceded and net premiums written were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Gross premiums written
$
27,140

 
$
36,365

 
$
(9,225
)
 
(25.4
%)
Less: Ceded premiums written
3,150

 
3,683

 
(533
)
 
(14.5
%)
Net premiums written
$
23,990

 
$
32,682

 
$
(8,692
)
 
(26.6
%)
Gross Premiums Written
Gross premiums written reflected reinsurance premiums assumed by component as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Workers' compensation
$
23,356

 
$
32,146

 
$
(8,790
)
 
(27.3
%)
Healthcare professional liability
3,784

 
3,738

 
46

 
1.2
%
Other

 
481

 
(481
)
 
nm

Gross Premiums Written
$
27,140

 
$
36,365

 
$
(9,225
)
 
(25.4
%)
Gross premiums written for the 2020 and 2019 three-month period were primarily comprised of workers' compensation coverages assumed from our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment. The decrease in gross premiums written and the renewal retention rate during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019 was primarily driven by a reduction in premium funding for a large workers' compensation alternative market program. We do not participate in this program; therefore, the reduction in premium funding has no effect on our share of the segment operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The reduction in premiums also reflected the competitive workers' compensation market conditions and the resulting renewal rate decreases of 6% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Healthcare professional liability gross premiums written remained relatively unchanged during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019. We retained 100% of the 9 workers' compensation programs and 1 healthcare professional liability program up for renewal during the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Subsequent to the first quarter of 2020 and as a result of the economic impact of COVID-19, we expect downward pressure in future quarters on premium in certain SPCs, primarily those related to more economically sensitive business, resulting from reductions in insured payroll estimates and healthcare professional liability exposures; however, the length and magnitude of such changes depends on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. See Note 13 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
New business, audit premium, retention and renewal price changes for the assumed workers' compensation premium is shown in the table below:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in millions)
2020
 
2019
New business
$
1.1

 
$
1.1

Audit premium (including EBUB)
$
(0.3
)
 
$
0.5

Retention rate (1)
78
%
 
97
%
Change in renewal pricing (2)
(6
%)
 
(2
%)
(1) We calculate our workers' compensation retention rate as annualized expiring renewed premium divided by all annualized expiring premium subject to renewal. Our retention rate can be impacted by various factors, including price or other competitive issues, insureds being acquired, or a decision not to renew based on our underwriting evaluation.
(2) The pricing of our business includes an assessment of the underlying policy exposure and market conditions. We continue to base our pricing on expected losses, as indicated by our historical loss data.

87


Ceded Premiums Written
Ceded premiums written were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
2019
Change
Ceded premiums written
$
3,150

$
3,683

$
(533
)
(14.5
%)
For the workers' compensation business, each SPC has in place its own external reinsurance arrangements. The healthcare professional liability business is assumed net of reinsurance from our Specialty P&C segment; therefore, there are no ceded premiums related to the healthcare professional liability business reflected in the table above. The risk retention for each loss occurrence for the workers' compensation business ranges from $0.3 million to $0.35 million based on the program, with limits up to $119.7 million. In addition, each program has aggregate reinsurance coverage between $1.1 million and $2.1 million on a program year basis. Per the SPC external reinsurance agreements, premiums are ceded on a written premium basis and changes in ceded premiums written during the 2020 three-month period primarily reflected changes in workers' compensation gross premiums written, as compared to the same respective period in 2019. External reinsurance rates vary based on the alternative market program.
Ceded Premiums Ratio
Ceded premiums ratio was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Ceded premiums ratio
13.5%
 
11.5%
 
2.0
The above table reflects ceded premiums as a percent of gross premiums written for the workers' compensation business only; healthcare professional liability business is assumed net of reinsurance, as discussed above. The ceded premiums ratio reflects the weighted average reinsurance rates of all SPC programs. The increase in the ceded premiums ratio for the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same respective period of 2019 primarily reflected the reduction in premium funding for a large workers' compensation alternative market program (see previous discussion under the heading "Gross Premiums Written"). The reinsurance costs associated with this program are fixed, which resulted in an increase in the ceded ratio.
Net Premiums Earned
Gross, ceded and net premiums earned were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
2019
Change
Gross premiums earned
$
19,190

$
21,939

$
(2,749
)
(12.5
%)
Less: Ceded premiums earned
2,210

2,437

(227
)
(9.3
%)
Net premiums earned
$
16,980

$
19,502

$
(2,522
)
(12.9
%)
Net premiums earned consist of gross premiums earned less the portion of earned premiums that the SPCs cede to external reinsurers. Because premiums are generally earned pro rata over the entire policy period, fluctuations in premiums earned tend to lag those of premiums written. Policies ceded to the SPCs are twelve month term policies and premiums are earned on a pro rata basis over the policy period. Net premiums earned also include premium adjustments related to the audit of workers' compensation insureds' payrolls. Payroll audits are conducted subsequent to the end of the policy period and any related adjustments are recorded as fully earned in the current period. The decrease in net premiums earned during the 2020 three-month period primarily reflected the reduction in premium funding for a large workers' compensation alternative market program compensation alternative market program and the pro rata effect of a reduction in net premiums written during the preceding twelve months (see previous discussion under the heading "Gross Premiums Written").

88


Net Investment Income and Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)
Net investment income for the 2020 and 2019 three-month period was primarily attributable to interest earned on available-for-sale fixed maturity investments, which primarily includes investment-grade corporate debt securities. We recognized $3.2 million of net realized investment losses during the 2020 three-month period driven by the impact of decreases in fair value on our equity portfolio attributable to the recent disruptions in global financial markets related to COVID-19. We recognized $2.1 million of net realized investment gains during the 2019 three-month period driven by changes in the fair value of the SPCs' equity securities portfolio as a result of the market volatility experienced at the end of 2018.
Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The following table summarizes the calendar year net loss ratios by separating losses between the current accident year and all prior accident years. The current accident year net loss ratio reflected the aggregate loss ratio for all programs. Loss reserves are estimated for each program on a quarterly basis. Due to the size of some of the programs, quarterly loss results can create volatility in the current accident year net loss ratio to fluctuate significantly from period to period.
Calendar year and current accident year net loss ratios for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Calendar year net loss ratio
55.1
%
 
55.1
%
 

Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio
(10.6
%)
 
(11.6
%)
 
1.0
 pts
Current accident year net loss ratio
65.7
%
 
66.7
%
 
(1.0
 pts)
The decrease in the current accident year net loss ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same respective period of 2019 primarily reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns, partially offset by the effect of the continuation of intense price competition and the resulting renewal rate decreases. Due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, legislative and regulatory bodies in certain states have changed or are attempting to change compensability requirements and presumptions for certain types of workers related to COVID-19 claims. If successful, these endeavors could result in an increase in claims frequency and severity which may result in a higher current accident year net loss ratio in future quarters.
Calendar year ceded incurred losses ceded to our external reinsurers decreased $2.0 million for the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019. Current accident year ceded incurred losses increased $0.6 million for the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same respective period of 2019. Current accident year ceded incurred losses for the 2020 three-month period primarily related to healthcare professional liability business.
We recognized net favorable prior year development of $1.8 million and $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The net favorable prior year reserve development for the three months ended March 31, 2020 included $0.8 million related to the workers’ compensation business and $1.0 million related to the healthcare professional liability business, which primarily reflected the overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns. The current economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have introduced significant risk of a prolonged recession, which could have an adverse impact on our return to wellness efforts and the ability of injured workers to return to work, resulting in a potential reduction in favorable claim trends in future periods.

89


Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses
Our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses were comprised as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
DPAC amortization
$
5,135

 
$
5,150

 
$
(15
)
 
(0.3
%)
Other underwriting and operating expenses
(56
)
 
85

 
(141
)
 
(165.9
%)
Total
$
5,079

 
$
5,235

 
$
(156
)
 
(3.0
%)
DPAC amortization primarily represents ceding commissions, which vary by program and are paid to our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments for premiums assumed. Ceding commissions include an amount for fronting fees, commissions, premium taxes and risk management fees, which are reported as an offset to underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses within our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments. In addition, ceding commissions paid to our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment include cell rental fees which are recorded as other income within our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment.
Other underwriting and operating expenses primarily include bank fees, professional fees and recoveries of premiums receivables previously written off. The decrease in other underwriting and operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019 primarily reflected recoveries of premiums receivables previously written off, resulting in an adjustment to our allowance for expected credit losses.
Underwriting Expense Ratio (the Expense Ratio)
The underwriting expense ratio included the impact of the following:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Underwriting expense ratio, as reported
29.9
%
 
26.8
%
 
3.1
Less
 
 
 
 
 
Impact of audit premium on expense ratio
0.6
%
 
(0.6
%)
 
1.2
Underwriting expense ratio, excluding the effect of audit premium
29.3
%
 
27.4
%
 
1.9
Excluding the effect of audit premium, the underwriting expense ratio primarily reflected the weighted average ceding commission percentage of all SPC programs. The increase in the expense ratio during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019 primarily reflected the impact of the reduction in premium funding for a large workers' compensation alternative market program as the ceding commissions associated with this program are fixed and do not vary directly with changes in premium (see previous discussion under the heading "Gross Premiums Written").
SPC U.S. Federal Income Tax Expense
The SPCs at Inova Re have made a 953(d) election under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and are subject to U.S. federal income tax. U.S. federal income taxes incurred totaled $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. There was no provision for U.S. federal income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2019. U.S. federal income taxes are included in the total SPC net operating results and are paid by the individual SPCs.

90


Segment Operating Results - Lloyd's Syndicates
Our Lloyd's Syndicates segment includes operating results from our participation in certain Syndicates at Lloyd's of London. In addition to our participation in Syndicate operating results, we have investments in and other obligations to our Lloyd's Syndicates consisting of a Syndicate Credit Agreement and FAL requirements. For the 2020 underwriting year, our FAL was comprised of investment securities and cash and cash equivalents deposited with Lloyd's which at March 31, 2020 had a fair value of approximately $136.2 million, as discussed in Note 3 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
We normally report results from our involvement in Lloyd's Syndicates on a quarter lag, except when information is available that is material to the current period. Furthermore, the investment results associated with our FAL investments and certain U.S. paid administrative expenses are reported concurrently as that information is available on an earlier time frame.
Lloyd's Syndicate 1729. We provide capital to Syndicate 1729, which covers a range of property and casualty insurance and reinsurance lines in both the U.S. and international markets. The remaining capital for Syndicate 1729 is provided by unrelated third parties, including private names and other corporate members. To reduce our exposure and the associated earnings volatility, we decreased our participation in the operating results of Syndicate 1729 for the 2020 underwriting year to 29% from 61% which, due to the quarter lag, will not be reflected in our results until the second quarter of 2020. Syndicate 1729's maximum underwriting capacity for the 2020 underwriting year is £135 million (approximately $168 million based on March 31, 2020 exchange rates), of which £39 million (approximately $48 million based on March 31, 2020 exchange rates) is our allocated underwriting capacity.
Lloyd's Syndicate 6131. We are the sole (100%) capital provider to an SPA, Syndicate 6131, which focuses on contingency and specialty property business in both the U.S. and international markets. As an SPA, Syndicate 6131 is only allowed to underwrite one quota share reinsurance contract with Syndicate 1729. For the 2020 underwriting year, Syndicate 6131 has a maximum underwriting capacity of £12 million (approximately $15 million based on March 31, 2020 exchange rates).
We have exposures to potential COVID-19 claims through our participation in Syndicate 1729 and 6131. As of May 1, 2020, we anticipate losses related to COVID-19 of approximately $1.5 million, net of reinsurance, will be reflected in our results for the second quarter of 2020, due to the quarter lag. The largest risk the Syndicates have identified to-date is related to Syndicate 6131's contingency book of business, and we estimate that additional potential exposure to be approximately $2.5 million, net of reinsurance. Furthermore, we are closely monitoring the impact of potential legislation or court decisions that could retroactively require Syndicate 1729 and 6131 to extend certain insurance to cover COVID-19 claims, even if the original contract excluded the cover of communicable diseases as is typical in certain policies the Syndicates write. These actions could result in a significant increase in claim frequency and severity due to an unintended increase in exposure for Syndicate 1729 and 6131 which could have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows given our participation in the Syndicates.
In addition to the results of our participation in Lloyd's Syndicates, as discussed above, our Lloyd's Syndicates segment also includes 100% of the operating results of our wholly owned subsidiaries that support our operations at Lloyd's. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the results of our Lloyd's Syndicates segment were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
2019
Change
Gross premiums written
$
27,861

$
23,588

$
4,273

 
18.1
%
Ceded premiums written
(1,201
)
(2,592
)
1,391

 
(53.7
%)
Net premiums written
$
26,660

$
20,996

$
5,664

 
27.0
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
22,001

$
18,641

$
3,360

 
18.0
%
Net investment income
1,159

1,006

153

 
15.2
%
Net realized gains (losses)
81

178

(97
)
 
(54.5
%)
Other income (loss)
(232
)
(146
)
(86
)
 
58.9
%
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses
(14,780
)
(10,909
)
(3,871
)
 
35.5
%
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses
(9,142
)
(8,469
)
(673
)
 
7.9
%
Income tax benefit (expense)
29

(304
)
333

 
109.5
%
Segment operating results
$
(884
)
$
(3
)
$
(881
)
 
(29,366.7
%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss ratio
67.2
%
58.5
%
8.7
 pts
 
 
Underwriting expense ratio
41.6
%
45.4
%
(3.8
 pts)
 
 

91


Gross Premiums Written
Changes in our premium volume within our Lloyd's Syndicates segment are driven by four primary factors: (1) the amount of new business and the channels in which the business is written, (2) our retention of existing business, (3) the premium charged for business that is renewed, which is affected by rates charged and by the amount and type of coverage an insured chooses to purchase and (4) the timing of premium written through multi-period policies.
Gross premiums written during the three months ended March 31, 2020 consisted of property insurance coverages (45% of total gross premiums written), casualty coverages (35%), specialty property coverages (9%), contingency coverages (5%), catastrophe reinsurance coverages (4%) and property reinsurance coverages (2%). The increase in gross premiums written during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same respective period of 2019 was primarily driven by volume increases on renewal business and renewal pricing increases, primarily property insurance coverages, as well as new business written, primarily casualty coverages.
Ceded Premiums Written
Syndicate 1729 utilizes reinsurance to provide the capacity to write larger limits of liability on individual risks, to provide protection against catastrophic loss and to provide protection against losses in excess of policy limits. Ceded premiums written decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019 primarily due to the effect of a revision to our estimates of premiums due to reinsurers during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Net Premiums Earned
Net premiums earned consist of gross premiums earned less the portion of earned premiums that we cede to our reinsurers for their assumption of a portion of our losses. Premiums written through open-market channels are generally earned pro rata over the entire policy period, which is predominately twelve months, whereas premiums written through delegated underwriting authority arrangements are earned over twenty-four months. Therefore, net premiums earned is affected by shifts in the mix of policies written between the open-market and delegated underwriting authority arrangements. Additionally, fluctuations in premiums earned tend to lag those of premiums written. Premiums for certain policies and assumed reinsurance contracts are reported subsequent to the coverage period and/or may be subject to adjustment based on loss experience. These premium adjustments are earned when reported, which can result in further fluctuation in earned premium.
Gross, ceded and net premiums earned were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Gross premiums earned
$
28,196

 
$
23,828

 
$
4,368

18.3
%
Less: Ceded premiums earned
6,195

 
5,187

 
1,008

19.4
%
Net premiums earned
$
22,001

 
$
18,641

 
$
3,360

18.0
%
The increase in gross premiums earned during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019 was driven by the pro rata effect of higher premiums written during the preceding twelve months, primarily property insurance coverages.
The increase in ceded premiums earned during the 2020 three-month period was driven by the pro rata effect of an increase in premiums ceded under reinsurance arrangements during the preceding twelve months due to the increase in gross premiums earned, as previously discussed.
Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Losses for the period were primarily recorded using the loss assumptions by risk category incorporated into the business plans submitted to Lloyd's for Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 with consideration given to loss experience incurred to date. The assumptions used in each business plan were consistent with loss results reflected in Lloyd's historical data for similar risks. The loss ratios may fluctuate due to the timing of earned premium adjustments (see discussion in this section under the heading "Net Premiums Earned"). Premium and exposure for some of Syndicate 1729's insurance policies and reinsurance contracts are initially estimated and subsequently adjusted over an extended period of time as underlying premium reports are received from cedants and insureds. When reports are received, the premium, exposure and corresponding loss estimates are revised accordingly. Changes in loss estimates due to premium or exposure fluctuations are incurred in the accident year in which the premium is earned.

92


The following table summarizes calendar year net loss ratios by separating losses between the current accident year and all prior accident years. Net loss ratios for the period were as follows:
 
Net Loss Ratios
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Calendar year net loss ratio
67.2
%
 
58.5
%
 
8.7
 pts
Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio
(1.5
%)
 
4.0
%
 
(5.5
 pts)
Current accident year net loss ratio
68.7
%
 
54.5
%
 
14.2
 pts
The current accident year net loss ratio increased during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019 driven by a decrease in estimated reinsurance recoveries related to property and catastrophe related losses. A larger portion of property and catastrophe related losses exceeded the reinsurance retention limits during the 2019 three-month period whereas Syndicate 1729 retained more of these losses during the 2020 three-month period due to fewer significant storm-related catastrophes. Additionally, the higher current accident year net loss ratio reflected certain large contingency losses incurred during the first quarter of 2020.
We recognized $0.3 million of favorable prior year development for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to $0.8 million of unfavorable prior year development for the same respective period of 2019. The unfavorable prior year development for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was driven by higher than expected losses and development on certain large claims which resulted in unfavorable development with respect to a previous year of account.
Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses increased by $0.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same respective period of 2019 primarily due to an increase in DPAC amortization driven by an increase in net premiums earned, partially offset by the effect of higher operational expenses incurred associated with establishing Syndicate 6131 during the 2019 three-month period.
The underwriting expense ratio decreased during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the prior year period primarily due to the increased volume of earned premium as a result of the growth of the Syndicates, as discussed above.
Investments
Net investment income increased during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019 due to an increase in interest earned on our FAL due to a higher average FAL balance for the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019. Our FAL primarily includes investment-grade corporate debt securities. Syndicate 1729's fixed maturities portfolio includes certain debt securities classified as trading securities. Investment results associated with these fixed maturity trading securities are reported on the same quarter lag; therefore, any impact from the recent disruption in global financial markets due to COVID-19 on these investments will not be reported in our results until the second quarter of 2020.
Taxes
Operating results of this segment are subject to U.K. income tax law.

93


Segment Operating Results - Corporate
Our Corporate segment includes our investment operations, other than those reported in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance and Lloyd's Syndicates segments, interest expense and U.S. income taxes as discussed in Note 12 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Our Corporate segment also includes non-premium revenues generated outside of our insurance entities and corporate expenses. Segment operating results for our Corporate segment was a net loss of $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to net earnings of $40.2 million for the same respective period of 2019 and included the following:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
2019
Change
Net investment income
$
19,417

$
21,364

$
(1,947
)
(9.1
%)
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries
$
(1,562
)
$
(810
)
$
(752
)
(92.8
%)
Net realized gains (losses)
$
(25,547
)
$
34,304

$
(59,851
)
(174.5
%)
Other income
$
633

$
905

$
(272
)
(30.1
%)
Operating expense
$
4,827

$
4,570

$
257

5.6
%
Interest expense
$
4,129

$
4,330

$
(201
)
(4.6
%)
Income tax expense (benefit)
$
(12,047
)
$
6,657

$
(18,704
)
(281.0
%)
Net Investment Income, Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries, Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)
Net Investment Income
Net investment income is primarily derived from the income earned by our fixed maturity securities and also includes dividend income from equity securities, income from our short-term and cash equivalent investments, earnings from other investments and increases in the cash surrender value of BOLI contracts, net of investment fees and expenses.
Net investment income by investment category was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Fixed maturities
$
16,931

 
$
16,151

 
$
780

 
4.8
%
Equities
1,909

 
4,823

 
(2,914
)
 
(60.4
%)
Short-term investments, including Other
1,342

 
1,667

 
(325
)
 
(19.5
%)
BOLI
456

 
453

 
3

 
0.7
%
Investment fees and expenses
(1,221
)
 
(1,730
)
 
509

 
(29.4
%)
Net investment income
$
19,417

 
$
21,364

 
$
(1,947
)
 
(9.1
%)
Fixed Maturities
The increase in income from our fixed maturities during the 2020 three-month period was primarily due to higher yields from certain asset classes in our fixed maturity portfolio. In addition, on an overall basis, our average investment in fixed maturity securities was approximately 7% higher for the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same respective period of 2019.
Average yields for our fixed maturity portfolio were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
Average income yield
3.4%
 
3.3%
Average tax equivalent income yield
3.4%
 
3.4%
Equities
Income from our equity portfolio decreased during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same respective period of 2019 which reflected a decrease in our allocation to this asset category.

94


Short-term Investments and Other Investments
Short-term investments, which have a maturity at purchase of one year or less are carried at fair value, which approximates their cost basis, and are primarily composed of investments in U.S. treasury obligations, commercial paper and money market funds. Income from our short-term and other investments decreased during the 2020 three-month period primarily attributable to lower yields as compared to the same respective period of 2019.
Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries was comprised as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs
$
3,103

 
$
3,809

 
$
(706
)
 
(18.5
%)
Tax credit partnerships
(4,665
)
 
(4,619
)
 
(46
)
 
1.0
%
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries
$
(1,562
)
 
$
(810
)
 
$
(752
)
 
92.8
%
We hold interests in certain LPs/LLCs that generate earnings from trading portfolios, secured debt, debt securities, multi-strategy funds and private equity investments. The performance of the LPs/LLCs is affected by the volatility of equity and credit markets. For our investments in LPs/LLCs, we record our allocable portion of the partnership operating income or loss as the results of the LPs/LLCs become available, typically following the end of a reporting period. Due to this lack of availability, the impact of the recent disruption in global financial markets due to COVID-19 on these investments was not fully reflected in our results for the first quarter of 2020. Our investment results from our portfolio of investments in LPs/LLCs decreased for the 2020 three-month period as compared to the 2019 three-month period primarily due to lower reported earnings from two LPs reflecting the market environment during the early part of the first quarter of 2020.
Our tax credit partnership investments are designed to generate returns in the form of tax credits and tax-deductible project operating losses and are comprised of qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships and a historic tax credit partnership. We account for our tax credit partnership investments under the equity method and record our allocable portion of the operating losses of the underlying properties based on estimates provided by the partnerships. For our qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships, we adjust our estimates of our allocable portion of operating losses periodically as actual operating results of the underlying properties become available. Our historic tax credit partnership is short-term in nature and the majority of the remaining operating losses are expected to be recognized in 2020. The results from our tax credit partnership investments were relatively unchanged for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same respective period of 2019.
The tax benefits received from our tax credit partnerships, which are not reflected in our investment results above, reduced our tax expense in 2020 and 2019 as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
(In millions)
2020
 
2019
Tax credits recognized during the period
$
4.5

 
$
4.6

Tax benefit of tax credit partnership operating losses
$
1.0

 
$
1.0

Tax credits provided by the underlying projects of our historic tax credit partnership are typically available in the tax year in which the project is put into active service, whereas the tax credits provided by qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships are provided over approximately a ten year period.

95


Non-GAAP Financial Measure – Tax Equivalent Investment Result
We believe that to fully understand our investment returns it is important to consider the current tax benefits associated with certain investments as the tax benefit received represents a portion of the return provided by our tax-exempt bonds, BOLI, common and preferred stocks, and tax credit partnership investments (collectively, our tax-preferred investments). We impute a pro forma tax-equivalent result by estimating the amount of fully-taxable income needed to achieve the same after-tax result as is currently provided by our tax-preferred investments. We believe this better reflects the economics behind our decision to invest in certain asset classes that are either taxed at lower rates and/or result in reductions to our current federal income tax expense. Our pro forma tax-equivalent investment result is shown in the table that follows as well as a reconciliation of our GAAP net investment result to our tax equivalent result.
 
Three Months Ended March 31
(In thousands)
2020
 
2019
GAAP net investment result:
 
 
 
Net investment income
$
19,417

 
$
21,364

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries
(1,562
)
 
(810
)
GAAP net investment result
$
17,855

 
$
20,554

 
 
 
 
Pro forma tax-equivalent investment result
$
23,871

 
$
26,928

 
 
 
 
Reconciliation of pro forma and GAAP tax-equivalent investment result:
 
 
 
GAAP net investment result
$
17,855

 
$
20,554

Taxable equivalent adjustments, calculated using the 21% federal statutory tax rate
 
 
 
State and municipal bonds
161

 
247

BOLI
121

 
120

Dividends received
73

 
141

Tax credit partnerships
5,661

 
5,866

Pro forma tax-equivalent investment result
$
23,871

 
$
26,928



96


Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)
The following table provides detailed information regarding our net realized investment gains (losses).
 
Three Months Ended March 31
(In thousands)
2020
 
2019
Total impairment losses
 
 
 
Corporate debt
$
(1,817
)
 
$
(136
)
Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income before taxes:
 
 
 
Corporate debt
654

 
87

Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
(1,163
)
 
(49
)
Gross realized gains, available-for-sale fixed maturities
2,279

 
259

Gross realized (losses), available-for-sale fixed maturities
(1,403
)
 
(308
)
Net realized gains (losses), equity investments
15,197

 
1,790

Net realized gains (losses), other investments
48

 
379

Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), equity investments
(35,225
)
 
30,337

Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), convertible securities, carried at fair value as a part of other investments
(5,273
)
 
1,895

Other
(7
)
 
1

Net realized investment gains (losses)
$
(25,547
)
 
$
34,304

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we recognized credit-related impairment losses in earnings of $1.2 million and non-credit impairment losses in OCI of $0.7 million. The credit-related impairment losses related to four corporate bonds in the energy, consumer and entertainment sectors. The non-credit related impairment losses related to three corporate bonds in the energy and consumer sectors. For the 2019 three-month period, we recognized a nominal amount of both credit-related impairment losses in earnings and non-credit impairment losses in OCI, both of which related to a corporate bond.
We recognized $25.5 million of net realized investment losses during the 2020 three-month period driven by the impact of decreases in fair value on our equity portfolio of $35.2 million and convertible securities of $5.3 million attributable to the recent disruptions in global financial markets related to COVID-19. During the 2019 three-month period, we recognized $34.3 million of net realized investment gains driven by increases in fair value on our equity portfolio of $30.3 million due to the improvement of the market during the first quarter of 2019.
Operating Expenses
Corporate segment operating expenses were comprised as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Operating expenses
$
9,093

 
$
9,172

 
$
(79
)
 
(0.9
%)
Management fee offset
(4,266
)
 
(4,602
)
 
336

 
(7.3
%)
Segment Total
$
4,827

 
$
4,570

 
$
257

 
5.6
%
Operating expenses decreased during the 2020 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2019 primarily due to a decrease in facilities expenses partially offset by an increase in professional fees. The decrease in facilities expenses was due to an increase in the allocation of facilities costs to the operating subsidiaries within our Specialty P&C segment from our Corporate segment. The increase in professional fees was driven by transaction-related costs associated with our planned acquisition of NORCAL (see Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements).
Operating subsidiaries within our Specialty P&C and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments are charged a management fee by the Corporate segment for services provided to these subsidiaries. The management fee is based on the extent to which services are provided to the subsidiary and the amount of premium written by the subsidiary. Under the arrangement, the expenses associated with such services are reported as expenses of the Corporate segment, and the management fees charged are reported as an offset to Corporate operating expenses. While the terms of the arrangement were consistent between 2019 and 2020, fluctuations in the amount of premium written by each subsidiary can result in corresponding variations in the management fee charged to each subsidiary during a particular period.

97


Interest Expense
Consolidated interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 was comprised as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
($ in thousands)
2020
 
2019
 
Change
Senior Notes due 2023
$
3,357

 
$
3,357

 
$

 
%
Revolving Credit Agreement (including fees and amortization)
184

 
141

 
43

 
30.5
%
Mortgage Loans (including amortization)*
293

 
395

 
(102
)
 
(25.8
%)
(Gain)/loss on interest rate cap
295

 
437

 
(142
)
 
(32.5
%)
Interest expense
$
4,129

 
$
4,330

 
$
(201
)
 
(4.6
%)
* During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we received a nominal cash payment associated with our interest rate cap which was recorded as a reduction to interest expense associated with our Mortgage Loans.
Consolidated interest expense decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same respective period of 2019 driven by the change in the fair value of our interest rate cap and lower interest expense on our Mortgage Loans. The interest rate cap is designated as an economic hedge of interest rate risk associated with our variable rate Mortgage Loans. Our Mortgage Loans accrue interest at three month LIBOR plus 1.325%, and the decrease in interest expense during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the prior year period was primarily due to a decrease in the average three-month LIBOR. Interest expense on our Revolving Credit Agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 primarily reflected unused commitment fees as there were no outstanding borrowings during either period. See further discussion of our outstanding debt in Note 8 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and further discussion of our interest rate cap agreement in Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K.
Taxes
Tax expense allocated to our Corporate segment includes U.S. tax only, which would include U.S. tax expense incurred from our corporate membership in Lloyd's of London. The U.K. tax expense incurred by the U.K. based subsidiaries of our Lloyd's Syndicates segment is allocated to that segment. The SPCs at Inova Re, one of our Cayman Islands reinsurance subsidiaries, have made a 953(d) election under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and are subject to U.S. federal income tax; therefore, tax expense allocated to our Corporate segment also includes tax expense incurred from any SPC at Inova Re in which we have a participation interest of 80% or greater as those SPCs are required to be included in our consolidated tax return. Consolidated tax expense reflects the tax expense of both segments, as shown in the table below:
 
Three Months Ended
March 31
(In thousands)
2020
 
2019
Corporate segment income tax expense (benefit)
$
(12,047
)
 
$
6,657

Lloyd's Syndicates segment income tax expense (benefit)
(29
)
 
304

Consolidated income tax expense (benefit)
$
(12,076
)
 
$
6,961


98


Listed below are the primary factors affecting our consolidated effective tax rate for three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. The comparability of each factor's impact on our effective tax rate is affected by the consolidated pre-tax loss recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the consolidated pre-tax income recognized during the same period of 2019. Factors that have the same directional impact on income tax expense in each period have an opposite impact on our effective tax rate due to the effective tax rate being calculated based upon on a pre-tax loss during the three months ended March 31, 2020 versus pre-tax income during the same period of 2019. These factors include the following:
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
2020
 
2019
($ in thousands)
Income tax (benefit) expense
Rate Impact
 
Income tax (benefit) expense
Rate Impact
Computed "expected" tax expense (benefit) at statutory rate
$
(7,146
)
21.0
%
 
$
8,108

21.0
%
Tax-exempt income*
(280
)
0.9
%
 
(433
)
(1.1
%)
Tax credits
(4,471
)
13.1
%
 
(4,634
)
(12.0
%)
Non-U.S. operating results
186

(0.5
%)
 
132

0.4
%
Tax deficiency (excess tax benefit) on share-based compensation
405

(1.2
%)
 
137

0.4
%
Tax rate differential on loss carryback
(1,424
)
4.2
%
 

%
Change in uncertain tax positions
712

(2.1
%)
 
156

0.4
%
Other
(58
)
0.1
%
 
3,495

8.9
%
Total income tax expense (benefit)
$
(12,076
)
35.5
%
 
$
6,961

18.0
%
*Includes tax-exempt interest, dividends received deduction and change in cash surrender value of BOLI.
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we adopted the discrete effective tax rate method for recording the provision (benefit) for income taxes which treats the income tax expense (benefit) for the quarter as if it were the income tax expense (benefit) for the full year and determines the income tax expense (benefit) on that basis (see further discussion on this new method in the Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Estimation of Taxes/Tax Credits"). For the three months ended March 31, 2019, the provision (benefit) for income taxes and the effective tax rate were determined utilizing the estimated annual effective tax rate method which is based upon our current estimate of our annual effective tax rate at the end of the quarterly reporting period (the projected annual effective tax rate) plus the impact of certain discrete items that are not included in the projected annual effective tax rate. Our effective tax rates for both the 2020 and 2019 three-month periods were different from the statutory federal income tax rate primarily due to the benefit recognized from the tax credits transferred to us from our tax credit partnership investments. For the 2020 three-month period, our effective tax rate was also affected by the additional tax rate differential of 14% on the carryback of our 2019 NOL to the 2014 tax year as a result of changes made by the CARES Act to the NOL provisions of the tax law.
Our effective tax rate for the 2019 three-month period, as shown in the table above, differed from the projected annual effective tax rate of a benefit of 13.1% as of the first quarter of 2019 due to certain discrete items. These discrete items increased our effective tax rate by 31.1% for the 2019 three-month period mainly due to the treatment of net realized investment gains. When we utilize the annual effective tax rate method, net realized investment gains or losses are treated as discrete items and reflected in the effective tax rate in the period in which they are included in income. This treatment of net realized investment gains of $34.3 million in our Corporate segment for the three months ended March 31, 2019 accounted for an increase of 30.3% in the effective tax rate.

99


ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We believe that we are principally exposed to three types of market risk; interest rate risk, credit risk and equity price risk. We have limited exposure to foreign currency risk as we issue few insurance contracts denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar and we have few monetary assets or obligations denominated in foreign currencies.
Interest Rate Risk
Investments
Our fixed maturities portfolio is exposed to interest rate risk. Fluctuations in interest rates have a direct impact on the market valuation of these securities. As interest rates rise, market values of fixed income portfolios fall and vice versa. Future market interest rates are particularly uncertain at this time given the abrupt interest rate cuts recently made by the Federal Reserve in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Certain of the securities are held in an unrealized loss position; we do not intend to sell and believe we will not be required to sell any debt security held in an unrealized loss position before its anticipated recovery.
The following tables summarize estimated changes in the fair value of our available-for-sale fixed maturity securities for specific hypothetical changes in interest rates by asset class at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. There are principally two factors that determine interest rates on a given security: changes in the level of yield curves and credit spreads. As different asset classes can be affected in different ways by movements in those two factors, we have separated our portfolio by asset class in the following tables.
 
Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points
 
March 31, 2020
($ in millions)
(200)
 
(100)
 
Current
 
100
 
200
Fair Value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury obligations
$
137

 
$
133

 
$
129

 
$
126

 
$
122

U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations
13

 
13

 
12

 
12

 
12

State and municipal bonds
315

 
303

 
292

 
281

 
270

Corporate debt
1,379

 
1,332

 
1,289

 
1,247

 
1,209

Asset-backed securities
583

 
571

 
560

 
547

 
533

Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale
$
2,427

 
$
2,352

 
$
2,282

 
$
2,213

 
$
2,146

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury obligations
3.11

 
3.03

 
2.95

 
2.87

 
2.80

U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations
0.88

 
0.86

 
1.06

 
2.68

 
3.63

State and municipal bonds
3.86

 
3.79

 
3.75

 
3.73

 
3.73

Corporate debt
3.19

 
3.17

 
3.12

 
3.17

 
3.00

Asset-backed securities
2.17

 
2.14

 
2.25

 
2.61

 
2.89

Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale
3.02

 
2.98

 
2.97

 
3.08

 
3.06



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Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points
 
December 31, 2019
($ in millions)
(200)
 
(100)
 
Current
 
100
 
200
Fair Value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury obligations
$
117

 
$
113

 
$
111

 
$
108

 
$
105

U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations
18

 
17

 
17

 
17

 
16

State and municipal bonds
320

 
308

 
296

 
285

 
274

Corporate debt
1,425

 
1,382

 
1,340

 
1,300

 
1,261

Asset-backed securities
548

 
537

 
525

 
511

 
497

Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale
$
2,428

 
$
2,357

 
$
2,289

 
$
2,221

 
$
2,153

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury obligations
2.78

 
2.71

 
2.64

 
2.58

 
2.52

U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations
0.75

 
0.71

 
0.98

 
3.07

 
3.87

State and municipal bonds
3.91

 
3.84

 
3.82

 
3.89

 
3.93

Corporate debt
3.10

 
3.04

 
3.02

 
3.01

 
2.99

Asset-backed securities
2.12

 
2.21

 
2.46

 
2.73

 
2.87

Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale
2.95

 
2.92

 
2.96

 
3.04

 
3.07

Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including the maintenance of the existing level and composition of fixed income security assets, and should not be relied on as indicative of future results.
Certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the computation of the fair value of fixed rate instruments. Actual values may differ from the projections presented should market conditions vary from assumptions used in the calculation of the fair value of individual securities, including non-parallel shifts in the term structure of interest rates and changing individual issuer credit spreads.
At March 31, 2020, our fixed maturities portfolio includes fixed maturities classified as trading securities which do not have a significant amount of exposure to market interest rates or credit spreads.
Our cash and short-term investments at March 31, 2020 were carried at fair value which approximates their cost basis due to their short-term nature. Our cash and short-term investments lack significant interest rate sensitivity due to their short duration.
Debt
Our Mortgage Loans are exposed to interest rate risk as they accrue interest at three-month LIBOR plus 1.325%. However, a 1% change in LIBOR will not materially impact our annualized interest expense. Additionally, we have economically hedged the risk of a change in interest rates in excess of 1% on the Mortgage Loans through the purchase of an interest rate cap derivative instrument, which effectively caps our annual interest rate on the Mortgage Loans at a maximum of 3.675% (see Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K for additional information). The fair value of the interest rate cap is not materially impacted by a 1% change in LIBOR; however, the carrying value of the interest rate cap is impacted by future expectations for LIBOR as well as estimations of volatility in the future yield curve.
Our Revolving Credit Agreement is exposed to interest rate risk as it is LIBOR based and a 1% change in LIBOR will impact annual interest expense only to the extent that there is an outstanding balance. For every $100 million drawn on our Revolving Credit Agreement, a 1% change in interest rates will change our annual interest expense by $1 million. Any outstanding balances on the Revolving Credit Agreement can be repaid on each maturity date, which has typically ranged from one to three months. As of March 31, 2020, no borrowings were outstanding under our Revolving Credit Agreement.

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Credit Risk
We have exposure to credit risk primarily as a holder of fixed income securities. We control this exposure by emphasizing investment grade credit quality in the fixed income securities we purchase.
As of March 31, 2020, 95% of our fixed maturity securities were rated investment grade as determined by NRSROs, such as Fitch, Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s. We believe that this concentration in investment grade securities reduces our exposure to credit risk on our fixed income investments to an acceptable level. However, investment grade securities, in spite of their rating, can rapidly deteriorate and result in significant losses. Ratings published by the NRSROs are one of the tools used to evaluate the creditworthiness of our securities. The ratings reflect the subjective opinion of the rating agencies as to the creditworthiness of the securities; therefore, we may be subject to additional credit exposure should the ratings prove to be unreliable.
We also have exposure to credit risk related to our premiums receivable and receivables from reinsurers; however, to-date we have not experienced any significant amount of credit losses. At March 31, 2020, our premiums receivable was approximately $267 million, net of an allowance for expected credit losses of approximately $6 million. See Note 1 of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our allowance for expected credit losses related to our premiums receivable. Our receivables from reinsurers (with regard to both paid and unpaid losses) approximated $406 million at March 31, 2020 and $403 million at December 31, 2019. We monitor the credit risk associated with our reinsurers using publicly available financial and rating agency data. We have not historically experienced material credit losses due to the financial condition of a reinsurer, and as of March 31, 2020 our expected credit losses associated with our receivables from reinsurers were nominal in amount. After the end of the first quarter of 2020, we started to grant premium relief requests for certain insureds that have been adversely impacted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic in the form of either premium credits or premium deferrals. These efforts, along with the recent economic disruptions caused by COVID-19, may result in future increases in our allowance for expected credit losses associated with our premiums and reinsurance receivables.
Equity Price Risk
At March 31, 2020, the fair value of our equity investments, excluding our equity investments in bond investment funds as discussed in the following paragraph, was $35 million. These equity securities are subject to equity price risk, which is defined as the potential for loss in fair value due to a decline in equity prices. Recent disruptions in global financial markets related to COVID-19 have resulted in volatility in the fair value of our equity securities as of the end of the first quarter of 2020. We cannot predict the level of market disruption and subsequent declines in fair value that may occur should the COVID-19 pandemic and its related macro-economic impacts continue for an extended period of time. The weighted average beta of this group of securities was 1.15. Beta measures the price sensitivity of an equity security or group of equity securities to a change in the broader equity market, in this case the S&P 500 Index. If the value of the S&P 500 Index increased by 10%, the fair value of these securities would be expected to increase by 11.5% to $39 million. Conversely, a 10% decrease in the S&P 500 Index would imply a decrease of 11.5% in the fair value of these securities to $31 million. The selected hypothetical changes of plus or minus 10% do not reflect what could be considered the best or worst case scenarios and are used for illustrative purposes only.
Our equity investments include equity investments in certain bond investment funds which are not subject to significant equity price risk, and thus we have excluded these investments from the above analysis.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
The principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the Company participated in management’s evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in SEC Rule 13a-15(e)) as of March 31, 2020. ProAssurance’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Based on that evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no significant changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, those controls during the quarter.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
See Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
Our results may differ materially from those we expect and discuss in any forward-looking statements. The principal risk factors that may cause these differences are described in "Item 1A, Risk Factors" in our December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K and other documents we file with the SEC, such as our current reports on Form 8-K. Other than as described below, there have been no material changes to the "Risk Factors" disclosed in Part 1, Item 1A of ProAssurance's December 31, 2019 report on Form 10-K.
The Company's results of operations could be adversely impacted by catastrophes, both natural and man-made, pandemics, severe weather conditions, climate change or closely related series of events.
Catastrophes can be caused by unpredictable natural events such as hurricanes, windstorms, severe storms, tornadoes, floods, hailstorms, severe winter weather, earthquakes, explosions and fire, and by other natural and man-made events, such as terrorist attacks, as well as pandemics and other similar outbreaks in many parts of the world, including the recent outbreak of a coronavirus referred to as “COVID-19”. These events may have a material adverse effect on our workforce and business operations as well as the workforce and operations of our insureds and independent agents. Some of the assets in our investment portfolio may be adversely affected by declines in the equity markets, changes in interest rates, reduced liquidity and economic activity caused by large-scale catastrophes, pandemics, terrorist attacks or similar events which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
The Company's disaster preparedness encompasses our Business Continuity Plan, Disaster Recovery Plan, Operations Plan and Pandemic Response Plan. Our disaster preparedness is focused on maintaining the continuity of the Company's data processing and network and telecommunications system as well as the use of alternate and temporary facilities in the event of a natural disaster or medical event. The Company's plans are externally reviewed during the insurance department examinations of the statutory insurance companies. While the Company has plans in place to respond to both short- and long-term disaster scenarios, the loss of certain key operating facilities or data processing capabilities could have a significant impact on Company operations.
There are numerous risks and uncertainties around the Company's planned acquisition of NORCAL
We have entered into a definitive agreement to acquire NORCAL, an underwriter of medical professional liability insurance, subject to the demutualization of NORCAL Mutual, NORCAL's ultimate controlling party. See Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. If consummated, the transaction will provide strategic and financial benefits including additional scale and geographic diversification in the physician professional liability market and is expected to be accretive to earnings over time; nevertheless, there are numerous risks and uncertainties around transaction. The completion of our planned acquisition of NORCAL is subject to a number of conditions, including required regulatory approvals. The failure to satisfy all the required conditions could prevent the acquisition from occurring. In addition, regulators could impose additional requirements or obligations as conditions for their approval. We can provide no assurance that we will obtain the necessary approvals within the estimated timeframe or at all, or that any such requirements that are imposed by regulators would not result in the termination of the transaction. Investors’ reactions to a failure to complete the acquisition of NORCAL, including possible speculation about alternative uses of capital, may cause volatility in our stock

103


price. A failure to complete a proposed transaction of this nature could also result in litigation by stockholders and other affected parties.
In addition, even if we complete the proposed NORCAL acquisition, we may not be able to successfully integrate NORCAL into our business and therefore may not be able to achieve the synergies we would expect as a result of the acquisition. The process of integrating an acquired company or business can be complex and costly and may create unforeseen operating difficulties including ineffective integration of underwriting, risk management, claims handling, finance, information technology and actuarial practices and the design and operation of internal controls over financial reporting. Difficulties integrating an acquired business may also result in the acquired business performing differently than we expected including the loss of customers or in our failure to realize anticipated growth or expense-related efficiencies. We could be adversely affected by the acquisition due to unanticipated performance issues and additional expense, unforeseen or adverse changes in liabilities, including liabilities arising from events prior to the acquisition or that were unknown to us at the time of the acquisition, transaction-related charges, diversion of management time and resources to integration challenges, loss of key employees, regulatory requirements, exposure to tax liabilities, exposure to pension liabilities, amortization of expenses related to intangibles, and charges for impairment of assets or goodwill. Furthermore, the significant disruptions on global financial markets as of result of the recent COVID-19 pandemic could impact the future operating performance of NORCAL negatively, as well as negatively impact the fair value of its assets and liabilities. Therefore, our liquidity may be adversely impacted should NORCAL's operating performance deteriorate, requiring our holding company to infuse capital into NORCAL or preventing the ability to distribute capital from NORCAL to our holding company due to regulatory restrictions or other reasons.
In late 2020 or early 2021, we plan to utilize debt financing to partially fund our acquisition of NORCAL. The COVID-19 pandemic’s potential disruption to our business operations may require us to access our Revolving Credit Agreement which we have anticipated utilizing to partially fund the NORCAL transaction. Thus, we may be required to raise substantial additional financing to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements. Our ability to arrange additional financing or refinancing will depend on, among other factors, our financial position and performance, as well as prevailing market conditions and other factors beyond our control. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional financing or refinancing, if needed, on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are not able to access capital on acceptable terms, we may encounter difficulty funding the transaction, our business requirements, including debt repayments when they become due, or both. In addition, due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, we could experience loss of revenue and profits due to delayed payments or insolvency of insureds facing liquidity issues as well as lower yields on our investment portfolio. As a result, we may be compelled to take additional measures to preserve our cash flow, including the reduction of operating expenses or reduction or suspension of dividend payments, at least until the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic improve.
Increased levels of indebtedness associated with the NORCAL transaction or due to meeting our operational needs could make us more vulnerable to general adverse economic, regulatory and industry conditions in a period of uncertainty and volatility. This indebtedness could have the effect, among other things, of reducing our flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions and increasing interest expense. The increased levels of indebtedness following completion of the acquisition could also reduce funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes and may create competitive disadvantages relative to other companies with lower debt levels. If we do not achieve the expected benefits and cost savings from the NORCAL acquisition, or if the financial performance of the combined company does not meet current expectations, our ability to service our indebtedness may be adversely impacted.
Any of these events could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and stock price.

104


ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.
(a)
Not applicable.
(b)
Not applicable.
(c)
Information required by Item 703 of Regulation S-K.
Period
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased
 
Average Price Paid per Share
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs* (In thousands)
January 1 - 31, 2020
 

 
N/A
 

 
$109,643
February 1 - 29, 2020
 

 
N/A
 

 
$109,643
March 1 - 31, 2020
 

 
N/A
 

 
$109,643
Total
 

 
$—
 

 
 
*
Under its current plan begun in November 2010, the Board has authorized $600 million for the repurchase of common shares or the retirement of outstanding debt. This is ProAssurance’s only plan for the repurchase of common shares, and the plan has no expiration date.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
Exhibit Number
 
Description
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agreement and Plan of Acquisition by and among ProAssurance Corporation, PRA Professional Liability Group, Inc. and NORCAL Mutual Insurance Company dated as of February 20, 2020 filed as an exhibit herein.
 
 
 
 
Certification of Principal Executive Officer of ProAssurance as required under SEC rule 13a-14(a).
 
 
 
Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of ProAssurance as required under SEC rule 13a-14(a).
 
 
 
Certification of Principal Executive Officer of ProAssurance as required under SEC Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code, as amended (18 U.S.C. 1350).
 
 
 
Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of ProAssurance as required under SEC Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code, as amended (18 U.S.C. 1350).
 
 
 
XBRL Instance Document
 
 
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
 
 
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
 
 
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
 
 
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
 
 
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

105


SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
PROASSURANCE CORPORATION
May 7, 2020
 
/s/    Dana S. Hendricks
Dana S. Hendricks
Chief Financial Officer
(Duly authorized officer and principal financial officer)

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EXECUTION VERSION AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF ACQUISITION BY AND AMONG PROASSURANCE CORPORATION, PRA PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY GROUP, INC. AND NORCAL MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY 43126503 v1


 
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................2 1.1 Definition of Certain Terms; Interpretation .............................................................2 1.2 Index of Other Defined Terms .................................................................................7 ARTICLE 2 PLAN OF CONVERSION .......................................................................................12 2.1 NORCAL Plan of Conversion ...............................................................................12 2.2 Approval of the Plan of Conversion ......................................................................13 ARTICLE 3 OFFER TO PURCHASE SHARES ..........................................................................14 3.1 The Offer ................................................................................................................14 3.2 Purchase Price of NORCAL Common Stock ........................................................16 3.3 Reverse Stock Split ................................................................................................19 ARTICLE 4 THE CLOSING.........................................................................................................19 4.1 Closing ...................................................................................................................19 4.2 Exchange Agent .....................................................................................................19 4.3 Exchange Procedures .............................................................................................20 4.4 Deposit of Funds ....................................................................................................22 4.5 Effective Time of the Plan of Conversion .............................................................23 4.6 Purchase of NORCAL Common Stock by PRA....................................................23 4.7 Conversion and Exchange Procedures ...................................................................24 4.8 Payment of the Contingent PRA Consideration ....................................................24 4.9 Undistributed Exchange Fund................................................................................25 4.10 Withholding ...........................................................................................................25 ARTICLE 5 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF NORCAL. ................................25 5.1 Corporate Organization ..........................................................................................25 5.2 Subsidiaries ............................................................................................................26 5.3 Corporate Affairs ...................................................................................................27 5.4 Capitalization .........................................................................................................27 5.5 Authority; No Violation; Consents and Approvals ................................................28 5.6 Insurance Reports...................................................................................................29 5.7 Financial Statements; Financial Reporting ............................................................31 5.8 Broker’s Fees .........................................................................................................32 5.9 Absence of Certain Changes or Events ..................................................................32 5.10 Legal Proceedings and Judgments .........................................................................33 5.11 Insurance ................................................................................................................34 5.12 Taxes and Tax Returns...........................................................................................34 5.13 Employee Plans; Labor Matters .............................................................................36 i 43126503 v1


 
5.14 Employees ..............................................................................................................40 5.15 Compliance with Applicable Law .........................................................................41 5.16 Certain Contracts ...................................................................................................43 5.17 Investments and Interest Rate Risk Management Instruments ..............................44 5.18 Intellectual Property/Social Media ........................................................................45 5.19 Real Property; Environmental Liability .................................................................46 5.20 Personal Property ...................................................................................................48 5.21 Insurance Matters ...................................................................................................48 5.22 No Investment Company .......................................................................................52 5.23 Privacy and Data Security ......................................................................................52 5.24 Non-Reliance .........................................................................................................54 ARTICLE 6 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF PRA ..........................................54 6.1 Corporate Organization ..........................................................................................55 6.2 Authority; No Violation; Consents and Approvals. ...............................................55 6.3 SEC Reports; Financial Statements .......................................................................56 6.4 Broker’s Fees .........................................................................................................58 6.5 Absence of Certain Changes or Events ..................................................................58 6.6 Compliance with Applicable Law .........................................................................58 6.7 Financial Ability ....................................................................................................59 ARTICLE 7 COVENANTS ..........................................................................................................59 7.1 Conduct of Businesses of NORCAL Prior to the Purchase Effective Time .......................................................................................................59 7.2 NORCAL Forbearances .........................................................................................60 7.3 PRA Forbearances .................................................................................................62 7.4 NORCAL Subsidiaries, Directors and Officers .....................................................62 ARTICLE 8 ADDITIONAL AGREEMENTS ..............................................................................62 8.1 Regulatory Matters.................................................................................................63 8.2 Access to Information; Financial Reporting ..........................................................66 8.3 Special Meeting of, and Recommendation to, Eligible Policyholders..........................................................................................................68 8.4 Exemption from Registration of NORCAL Common Stock .................................69 8.5 Closing Date Disclosure Schedule .........................................................................69 8.6 Additional Agreements ..........................................................................................69 8.7 Negotiations with Other Parties .............................................................................70 8.8 Directors’ and Officers’ Indemnification and Insurance .......................................71 8.9 [Reserved] ..............................................................................................................72 8.10 Employee Plans ......................................................................................................72 8.11 ProAssurance Board of Directors ..........................................................................75 ARTICLE 9 CONDITIONS PRECEDENT ..................................................................................75 9.1 Conditions to Each Party’s Obligation ..................................................................75 ii 43126503 v1


 
9.2 Conditions to Obligation of PRA ...........................................................................76 9.3 Conditions to Obligation of NORCAL ..................................................................77 ARTICLE 10 TERMINATION AND AMENDMENT ................................................................77 10.1 Termination ............................................................................................................77 10.2 Effect of Termination .............................................................................................79 10.3 Amendment ............................................................................................................79 10.4 Extension; Waiver ..................................................................................................79 10.5 Liquidated Damages; Termination Fee ..................................................................80 ARTICLE 11 GENERAL PROVISIONS .....................................................................................80 11.1 Non-survival of Representations, Warranties and Agreements .............................80 11.2 Expenses ................................................................................................................80 11.3 Notices ...................................................................................................................81 11.4 Further Assurances.................................................................................................82 11.5 Assignment; No Third Party Beneficiaries ............................................................82 11.6 Presumptions ..........................................................................................................82 11.7 Exhibits and Schedules ..........................................................................................82 11.8 Interpretation ..........................................................................................................82 11.9 Counterparts ...........................................................................................................83 11.10 Entire Agreement ...................................................................................................83 11.11 Governing Law; Submission to Jurisdiction ..........................................................83 11.12 Severability ............................................................................................................84 11.13 Publicity .................................................................................................................84 11.14 Specific Performance .............................................................................................84 iii 43126503 v1


 
AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF ACQUISITION THIS AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF ACQUISITION (the “Agreement”), dated as of February 20, 2020, by and among PROASSURANCE CORPORATION, a Delaware corporation (“ProAssurance”), PRA PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY GROUP, INC., a Delaware corporation (“PRA Professional”, and together with ProAssurance, collectively, “PRA”) and NORCAL MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, a California mutual insurance company (“NORCAL”). WITNESSETH: WHEREAS, ProAssurance is an insurance holding company that provides, through insurance subsidiaries, professional liability insurance, liability insurance for medical technology and life sciences risk and workers’ compensation insurance and PRA Professional is a wholly owned subsidiary of ProAssurance that serves as a holding company for ProAssurance’s insurance subsidiaries that provide professional liability insurance; WHEREAS, NORCAL is a mutual insurance company that provides, directly and through its subsidiaries, medical professional liability insurance throughout the United States; WHEREAS, the Board of Directors of NORCAL (“NORCAL Board”) has, by at least two-thirds of the NORCAL Board, adopted the Plan of Conversion (as defined in Section 2.1 below), pursuant to which NORCAL will be converted (the “Conversion”) from a mutual insurance company to a stock insurance company and renamed NORCAL Insurance Company (“NORCAL INC.”) pursuant to Section 4097 et seq. of the California Insurance Code (“CA Insurance Code”); WHEREAS, the Plan of Conversion provides that each of NORCAL’s Policyholders has the right to elect to receive in the Conversion (i) a contribution certificate, (ii) cash, or (iii) shares of common stock of NORCAL INC. in exchange for their membership interests as policyholders of NORCAL, in accordance with and subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the Plan of Conversion; WHEREAS, PRA desires to acquire control of NORCAL INC. on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement; WHEREAS, in furtherance thereof and pursuant to this Agreement, ProAssurance has agreed to cause PRA Professional to offer to purchase all of the outstanding shares of NORCAL Common Stock immediately after the Conversion for the PRA Consideration on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement; and WHEREAS, the Board of Directors of ProAssurance (the “PRA Board”) has determined that it is in the best interests of PRA for PRA to acquire NORCAL through the transactions provided for in this Agreement and the NORCAL Board has determined that it is in the best interests of NORCAL and its policyholders for PRA to acquire NORCAL through the transactions provided for in this Agreement. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants, representations, 1 43126503 v1


 
warranties and agreements contained in this Agreement, and intending to be legally bound by this Agreement, the parties to this Agreement agree as follows: ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS 1.1 Definition of Certain Terms; Interpretation. The terms defined in this Section 1.1, whenever used in this Agreement (including in the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule or the PRA Disclosure Schedule), shall have the respective meanings indicated below for all purposes of this Agreement (each such meaning to be equally applicable to the singular and the plural forms of the respective terms so defined). The following terms, as used in this Agreement, have the meanings that follow: “Action” means any claim, action, cause of action, demand, lawsuit, arbitration, audit, proceeding, litigation, citation, summons or subpoena (whether civil, criminal, administrative or regulatory) whether at law or in equity. “Adoption Date” means February 18, 2020. “Affiliate” means with respect to any specified Person, any other Person that at the time of determination directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, Controls, or is Controlled by, or is under common Control with, such specified Person. “Applicable Law” means all laws, published rules, statutes, regulations, codes and judgments, injunctions, orders, decrees, licenses, permits and all other binding requirements of Governmental Authorities applicable to the Person, place and situation in question. “Business Day” means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or other day on which banking institutions in the State of California are required or authorized by law or executive order to be closed. “Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. “Control” means, as to any Person, the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise. The terms “Controlled by,” “under common Control with” and “Controlling” shall have correlative meanings. “Conversion Statutes” means the provisions of CA Insurance Code Section 4097 et seq. applicable to the conversion of a mutual insurance company to a stock insurance company, but excluding the provisions applicable to the organization of a mutual holding company. “Eligible Policyholder” means, at any time prior to the Closing Date, a person who is a Policyholder on the Adoption Date and, at any time on or after the Closing Date, a person who is a Policyholder on both the Adoption Date and the Closing Date. For the avoidance of doubt, a person who is a Policyholder on the Adoption Date and who terminates or non-renews his, her or 2 43126503 v1


 
its Policy (as defined in the Plan of Conversion) prior to the Closing Date will not be an Eligible Policyholder and will not be entitled to receive Conversion Consideration even if such person timely submits an election to receive the Conversion Consideration pursuant to the Plan of Conversion. “Employee Plan” means any “employee benefit plan,” as defined in Section 3(3) of ERISA; any employment, severance or similar service agreement, plan, arrangement or policy; any other plan or arrangement providing for compensation, bonuses, profit-sharing, stock option or other equity-related rights or other forms of incentive or deferred compensation, vacation benefits, insurance (including any self-insured arrangements), medical, dental or vision benefits, disability or sick leave benefits, life insurance, employee assistance program, workers’ compensation, supplemental unemployment benefits, severance benefits and post-employment or retirement benefits (including compensation, pension, insurance or medical benefits); or any loan; in each case including plans or arrangements, both written and oral, covering or extended to any current or former director, officer, manager, employee or independent contractor. “Environmental Laws” means any federal, state, local or foreign law (including common law) treaty, judicial decision, regulation, rule, judgment, order, decree, injunction, permit or binding governmental restriction or requirement relating to protection of the environment or to pollutants, contaminants, wastes or chemicals or any toxic, radioactive, ignitable, corrosive, reactive or otherwise hazardous substances, wastes or materials. “Environmental Permits” means, with respect to any Person, all permits, licenses, franchises, certificates, approvals and other similar authorizations of Governmental Authorities required by Environmental Laws and affecting, or relating in any way to, the business of such Person or any of such Person’s Subsidiaries, as currently conducted. “ERISA” means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, and the regulations promulgated thereunder. “ERISA Affiliate” means any Person that, together with NORCAL, would be treated as a single employer within the meaning of Section 414(b), (c), (m) or (o) of the Code. “Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. “Governmental Authority” means any United States federal, state or local or any supra- national or non-U.S. governmental, political subdivision, governmental, regulatory or administrative authority, instrumentality, agency, body or commission, self-regulatory organization or any court, tribunal, or judicial or arbitral body. “Insurance Laws” means all Applicable Laws applicable to the business of insurance and the regulation of insurance holding companies, whether domestic or foreign, and all applicable orders and directives of Governmental Authorities and market conduct recommendations resulting from market conduct examinations of Insurance Regulators. “Insurance Regulators” means all Governmental Authorities regulating the business of insurance under the Insurance Laws. 3 43126503 v1


 
“Intellectual Property” means all trademarks, service marks, logos, domain names, corporate names and registrations and applications for registration thereof, copyrights and registrations and applications for registration thereof, computer software (including computer software used in insurance operations or for accounting operations), data and documentation, trade secrets and confidential business information (including financial, marketing and business data, pricing and cost information, business and marketing plans, and customer and supplier lists and information), other proprietary rights, and copies and tangible embodiments thereof (in whatever form or medium). “Knowledge of NORCAL” means the actual knowledge of any person listed on Exhibit A after reasonable inquiry of such person’s direct reports. “Knowledge of PRA” means the actual knowledge of any person listed on Exhibit B after reasonable inquiry of such person’s direct reports. “Lien” means, with respect to any property or asset (real or personal, tangible or intangible), any mortgage, lien, pledge, charge, security interest or encumbrance of any kind in respect of such property or asset. For purposes of this Agreement, a Person shall be deemed to own subject to a Lien any property or asset that it has acquired or holds subject to the interest of a vendor or lessor under any conditional sale agreement, capital lease or other title retention agreement relating to such property or asset. “Material Adverse Effect” means, with respect to NORCAL and PRA, as the case may be, a material adverse effect on the business, assets, properties, operations, or condition (financial or otherwise) of such party and its Subsidiaries taken as a whole; provided that any adverse change or effect arising out of or resulting from or attributable to the following shall be excluded in any determination of Material Adverse Effect: (i) any circumstance, change or effect (including international events such as acts of terrorism or war) affecting generally companies operating in the medical professional liability insurance business; (ii) any circumstance, change or effect affecting generally the United States or world economy or capital, credit or financial markets generally, including changes in interest or exchange rates; (iii) changes or prospective changes in laws, rules or regulations or accounting or actuarial practices or principles or any change in the interpretation or enforcement thereof by a Governmental Authority; (iv) the execution or announcement of or the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or the Plan of Conversion (including the adverse effect of any loss or threatened loss of, or disruption or threatened disruption in, any customer, reinsurer, policyholder, supplier, and/or vendor relationships or loss of personnel resulting from such execution, announcement or consummation); (v) actions taken or omitted by such party at the direction of, or with the prior written consent of, the other party; (vi) the effect of any action taken by the other party or its Affiliates with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; (vii) compliance with the terms of, or the taking of any action required by, this Agreement; (viii) the effect of any breach, violation or non-performance of any provision of this Agreement by the other party or its Affiliates; (ix) any action taken in connection with obtaining regulatory or third party approvals, licenses or consents or any event, change or effect resulting therefrom; (x) any acts of war (whether or not declared), armed hostilities, sabotage or terrorism occurring after the date of this Agreement or the continuation, escalation or worsening of any such acts of war, armed hostilities, sabotage or terrorism threatened or underway as of the date of 4 43126503 v1


 
this Agreement; (xi) any earthquakes, hurricanes, floods or other natural disasters, acts of God, pandemics or force majeure events; (xii) any change in NORCAL’s credit rating or financial strength rating (including AM Best rating) or any failure by any party or its Affiliates to meet any projections, estimates or budgets for any period prior to, on or after the date of this Agreement (other than facts underlying such failure); (xiii) any deterioration in the business, financial condition (including statutory surplus) and/or prospects of any party or its Affiliates to the extent it relates to or arises out of circumstances or conditions existing as of the date of this Agreement that were known by, or disclosed to, the other party as of or prior to the date of this Agreement, including those matters set forth in the Disclosure Schedule or (xiv) any Action initiated or threatened on or after the date hereof by any policyholders of NORCAL against NORCAL, any of its Affiliates or any of their respective directors or officers arising out of this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to clauses (i), (ii), (iii), (x) or (xi) above, any adverse change or effect may be taken into account in determining whether or not there has been a “Material Adverse Effect” to the extent that NORCAL or PRA, as the case may be, and its respective Subsidiaries (taken as a whole) are disproportionately affected thereby as compared to other participants in the industries or markets in which NORCAL or PRA, as the case may be, operate. “Multiemployer Plan” means a plan as defined in ERISA Section 3(37). “NORCAL Disclosure Schedule” means the disclosure schedule delivered by NORCAL to PRA on the date of this Agreement, which such disclosure schedule will be arranged in paragraphs corresponding to the lettered and numbered paragraphs contained in Article 5; provided, however, (i) that each exception set forth in such disclosure schedule shall be deemed disclosed for purposes of all representations and warranties if such exception shall reasonably appear from the substance of the exception to be applicable to any such representations or warranties in Article 5, and (ii) the mere inclusion of an exception in such disclosure schedule shall not be deemed an admission by NORCAL that such exception represents a material fact, event or circumstance or would result in a material adverse effect, material adverse change or Material Adverse Effect on NORCAL. “NORCAL Privacy and Data Policies” means all of NORCAL’s and the NORCAL Subsidiaries’ internal or public-facing policies, notices, and statements concerning the privacy, security, or Processing of Personal Information in effect as of the date hereof or that have been in effect in the past three years. “Permitted Lien” means (i) any Liens included in the NORCAL Disclosure Schedules; (ii) statutory Liens for current Taxes or other governmental charges not yet due and payable or the amount or validity of which is being contested in good faith by appropriate Actions of NORCAL or its Affiliates; (iii) mechanics’, carriers’, workers’, repairers’ and similar statutory Liens arising or incurred in the ordinary course of business; and (iv) zoning, entitlement, building and other land use regulations imposed by any Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over owned real property which are not violated by the current use and operation of the owned real property. “Person” means an individual, corporation, partnership (general or limited), limited liability company, association, trust or other entity or organization, including any Governmental 5 43126503 v1


 
Authority. “Personal Information” means any information that identifies or, alone or in combination with any other information, could reasonably be used to identify, locate, or contact a natural Person, including name, street address, telephone number, email address, identification number issued by a Governmental Authority, credit card number, bank information, customer or account number, online identifier, device identifier, IP address, browsing history, search history, or other website, application, or online activity or usage data, location data, biometric data, medical or health information, or any other information that is considered “personally identifiable information,” “personal information,” or “personal data” under applicable Privacy Laws. “Policyholder” means a Person who (i) holds a policy of insurance issued by NORCAL, other than a reinsurance contract or reporting endorsement and (ii) by the records of NORCAL and by its articles of incorporation or bylaws, is deemed to be a holder of a membership interest in NORCAL as of an applicable date. “PRA Disclosure Schedule” means the disclosure schedule delivered by PRA to NORCAL on the date of this Agreement, which such disclosure schedule will be arranged in paragraphs corresponding to the lettered and numbered paragraphs contained in Article 6; provided, however, (i) that each exception set forth in such disclosure schedule shall be deemed disclosed for purposes of all representations and warranties if such exception shall reasonably appear from the substance of the exception to be applicable to any such representations or warranties in Article 6, and (ii) the mere inclusion of an exception in such disclosure schedule shall not be deemed an admission by PRA that such exception represents a material fact, event or circumstance or would result in a material adverse effect, material adverse change or Material Adverse Effect on PRA. “Privacy Laws” means all Applicable Laws concerning the privacy, security, or Processing of Personal Information, including, as applicable, data breach notification laws, consumer protection laws, laws concerning requirements for website and mobile application privacy policies and practices, Social Security number protection laws, and data security laws, and laws concerning email, text message, or telephone communications. Without limiting the foregoing, Privacy Laws include: the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, the Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act, the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003, the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended and supplemented by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, and all other similar international, federal, state, provincial, and local laws. “Processing” means any operation performed on Personal Information, including the collection, creation, receipt, access, use, handling, compilation, analysis, monitoring, maintenance, storage, transmission, transfer, protection, disclosure, destruction, or disposal of 6 43126503 v1


 
Personal Information. “Record Date Policyholder” means each Policyholder of record as of the record date for the Special Meeting as determined by the NORCAL Board in accordance with bylaws of NORCAL in effect as of the Adoption Date. “SEC” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. “Solicitation Period” means the 30-day period commencing on the date the Exchange Agent delivers the information required by Section 4.3(c), or such longer period as the parties may agree. “Subsidiary” of any Person means any corporation, general or limited partnership, joint venture, limited liability company, limited liability partnership, other business or insurance entity or organization or other Person that is a legal entity, trust or estate (i) where such Person has the right to elect a majority of the board of directors (or a majority of another body performing similar functions) of or otherwise control or manage such corporation or other Person, whether through ownership of voting securities or interests, by exercising of contractual rights or otherwise, or (ii) of which (or in which ) more than 50% of the (a) voting capital stock of such corporation or other Person, (b) interest in the capital or profits of such partnership, joint venture or limited liability company or (c) the beneficial interest in such trust or estate, is at the time of determination directly or indirectly owned or controlled by such Person. “Termination Fee” means $15,000,000. 1.2 Index of Other Defined Terms. Set forth below is an index to the definitions set forth in this Agreement. Term Section Action 1.1 Actuary 3.2(b)(iii) Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate 3.2(b)(iii) Acquisition Proposal 8.7(c) Adoption Date 1.1 Affiliate 1.1 After Tax Percentage 3.2(b)(i) Agreement Introduction Applicable Law 1.1 Articles of Incorporation 2.1(j) Authorized Conversion Shares 2.1(d) Business Day 1.1 Bylaws 2.1(k) CA Insurance Code Recitals Cash Distribution List 4.3(c)(ii) Cash Subscribers 2.1(g) 7 43126503 v1


 
Cash Subscriber Payment Amount 4.4(a)(ii) Certificate Distribution List 4.3(c)(i) Certificate of Authority 4.5 Certificate Subscribers 2.1(f) Claim 8.8(b) Closing 4.1 Closing Date 4.1 Closing Date NORCAL Disclosure Schedule 8.5 Closing Date PRA Disclosure Schedule 8.5 Code 1.1 Commissioner 2.2(a) Confidentiality Agreement 8.2(a) Contingent Consideration Exchange Fund 4.8(b) Contingent PRA Consideration 3.2(a) Continuing Employees 8.10 Contribution Certificates 2.1(e) Control 1.1 Controlled Group Liability 5.13(g) Conversion Recitals Conversion Condition 3.1(b) Conversion Consideration 4.5 Conversion Effective Time 4.5 Conversion Statute 1.1 Department 2.2(a) EDGAR 6.3(a) Election Solicitation 3.1(a) Eligible Policyholder Distribution List 4.3(a) Eligible Policyholders 2.2(b) Employee Plan 1.1 Environmental Laws 1.1 Environmental Permits 1.1 ERISA 1.1 ERISA Affiliate 1.1 Excess Amount 3.2(b) Exchange Act 1.1 Exchange Agent 4.2 Exchange Fund 4.4(b) Extended Stock Offer 3.1(a) Fixed PRA Consideration 3.2(a) Form A Filings 8.1(f) Form E Filings 8.1(f) Fractionalized Interest 2.1(c) GAAP 5.13(c) GAAP Financial Statements 8.1(c) Governmental Authority 1.1 HSR Act Report 6.2(e) 8 43126503 v1


 
HSR Act 3.1(d) Indemnified Parties 8.8(b) Information Statement 8.1(b) Initial Term 8.11 Insurance Contracts 5.21(a) Insurance Laws 1.1 Insurance Premium Amount 8.8(a) Insurance Regulators 1.1 Intellectual Property 1.1 IRS 5.12(a) Knowledge of NORCAL 1.1 Knowledge of PRA 1.1 Lien 1.1 Material Adverse Effect 1.1 Multiemployer Plan 1.1 Non-Electing Stock Subscriber 4.3(d) Non-Electing Stockholder Distribution List 4.3(c)(iv) NORCAL Introduction NORCAL Acquisition Event 10.5 NORCAL Actuarial Analyses 5.22(j) NORCAL Actuary or NORCAL Actuaries 5.22(j) NORCAL Appraised Value 2.1(b) NORCAL Benefit Plans 5.13(a) NORCAL Board Recitals NORCAL Committee 3.2(d) NORCAL Common Stock 2.1(d) NORCAL Contract 5.16(a) NORCAL Disclosure Schedule 1.1 NORCAL Employees 8.10 NORCAL Holding Company Act Reports 5.6(a) NORCAL INC. Recitals NORCAL Insurance Policies 5.11(a) NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries 5.2(b) NORCAL Nominees 8.11 NORCAL Personal Property Leases 5.20(b) NORCAL Privacy and Data Policies 1.1 NORCAL Real Property 5.19(a) NORCAL Real Property Leases 5.19(a) NORCAL Recommendation Event 10.1(d) NORCAL Registered Intellectual Property 5.18(a) NORCAL Regulatory Agreement 5.15(b) NORCAL Reinsurance Treaties 5.22(h) NORCAL Reserves 5.22(i) NORCAL SAP Statements 5.7(a) NORCAL Subsidiaries 5.2(a) NORCAL’s 2020 Ultimate Losses 3.2(b)(iii) 9 43126503 v1


 
NORCAL/PRA Severance Plan 8.10(e) NYSE 3.1(d) Offer 3.1(a) Offer Conditions 3.1(b) Offer Expiration Time 3.1(d) Offer to Purchase 3.1(c) Organizational Documents 5.3 Outside Date 10.1(i) Per Share Offer Price 3.2(a) Permitted Lien 1.1 Person 1.1 Personal Information 1.1 Plan of Conversion 2.1 Policyholder 1.1 Post-Closing Employment Period 8.10(e) Post-Closing Severance 8.10(e) PRA Introduction PRA Balance Sheet 6.3(c) PRA Board Recitals PRA Disclosure Schedule 1.1 PRA Filed SEC Reports 6.3(a) PRA Professional Introduction PRA SEC Reports 6.3(a) PRA Consideration 3.2(a) PRA Regulatory Agreement 6.6(b) PRA Subsidiaries 6.2(e) PRA Ultimate Loss Estimate 3.2(b)(ii) Pre-Merger Notification Agencies 6.2(e) Privacy Laws 1.1 ProAssurance Introduction Processing 1.1 Proposal 2.2(b) Purchase Effective Time 4.6 Purchased Stock 4.6 Qualified Benefit Plan 5.13(c) Quarter End Report 8.2(c) Record Date Policyholder 1.1 Requisite Regulatory Approvals 5.5(a) SAP 5.7(b) SEC 1.1 Second Actuary 3.2(c) Second Actuary’s Estimate 3.2(c) Securities Act 1.1 Security Incident 5.23(d) Selling Stockholder Distribution List 4.3(e) Selling Stockholders 2.1(m) 10 43126503 v1


 
Social Media Terms of Use 5.18(e) Solicitation Period 1.1 SOX 6.3(a) Special Meeting 2.2(b) SRO 5.5(c) Stock Offer 3.1(a) Stock Offer Initial Expiration Time 3.1(d) Stock Subscriber 2.1(h) Subscription Price Per Share 2.1(d) Subsidiary 1.1 Supporting Documents 8.1(b) Tail Policy 8.8(a) Tax or Taxes 5.12(a) Tax Return or Tax Returns 5.12(a) Termination Fee 1.1 WARN Act 5.14(e) 11 43126503 v1


 
ARTICLE 2 PLAN OF CONVERSION 2.1 NORCAL Plan of Conversion. Prior to the execution of this Agreement, the NORCAL Board, by at least two-thirds of the NORCAL Board, adopted a Plan of Conversion, a copy of which has been provided to PRA (as amended or supplemented from time to time in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, the “Plan of Conversion”), which complies with the Conversion Statutes and includes or provides for the following: (a) the conversion of NORCAL from a mutual insurance company to a stock insurance company under the name of NORCAL INC. in accordance with Section 4097(a) of the CA Insurance Code such that NORCAL INC. shall be a continuation of the existence of NORCAL and treated as such pursuant to Section 4097.11(b) of the CA Insurance Code; (b) the appraised value of NORCAL of Four Hundred Forty Million Dollars ($440,000,000) (the “NORCAL Appraised Value”), as determined in accordance with the Conversion Statutes; (c) a fair, just and equitable formula for the determination of each of Policyholder’s fractionalized interest of the NORCAL Appraised Value, as determined by the NORCAL Board in accordance with the Conversion Statute (each, a “Fractionalized Interest” and, collectively, the “Fractionalized Interests”); (d) each Eligible Policyholder’s preemptive right to acquire his or her proportionate part of all of the proposed shares to be issued in a single class of voting common stock of NORCAL INC. (the “NORCAL Common Stock”), within a reasonable time period, by (i) first dividing the total number of authorized shares of NORCAL Common Stock (the “Authorized Conversion Shares”) into the NORCAL Appraised Value to determine the per share price of the NORCAL Common Stock authorized to be issued in the Conversion (the “Subscription Price Per Share”), and (ii) next, dividing the Subscription Price Per Share into the value of a Fractionalized Interest of a Policyholder, as determined under the formula described in Section 2.1(c) hereof, to determine the number of shares of NORCAL Common Stock representing the Policyholder’s preemptive right in the NORCAL Appraised Value; (e) each Policyholder’s right to receive one of the following: (i) a contribution certificate equal to 100% of such Policyholder’s Fractionalized Interest in the NORCAL Appraised Value, which shall bear interest at the rate established in CA Insurance Code Section 10489.4 for minimum standard valuation of all life insurance policies of more than twenty (20) years’ duration issued in the year, and which shall be repayable within ten (10) years following the Plan Effective Date (as defined in the Plan of Conversion) but only with the written consent of the Commissioner and only out of NORCAL’s surplus in excess of four hundred percent (400%) of NORCAL’s “Risk-based Capital” as reflected on NORCAL’s last filed “RBC Report” (collectively, the “Contribution Certificates”); (ii) an amount of cash equal to 50% of such Policyholder’s Fractionalized Interest in the NORCAL Appraised Value; or (iii) a number of shares of NORCAL Common Stock with an aggregate value (based on the Subscription Price Per Share) equal to 100% of such Policyholder’s Fractionalized Interest in the NORCAL Appraised Value; 12 43126503 v1


 
(f) the issuance of Contribution Certificates to Policyholders who either (i) elect to receive a Contribution Certificate or (ii) do not elect to receive a cash payment or shares of capital stock of NORCAL INC. pursuant to the Plan of Conversion (the “Certificate Subscribers”); (g) the payment of cash to Policyholders who elect to receive a cash payment as determined in accordance with Section 2.1(e) above pursuant to the Plan of Conversion (the “Cash Subscribers”); (h) the issuance of NORCAL Common Stock to Policyholders who elect to receive shares of capital stock of NORCAL INC. pursuant to the Plan of Conversion (the “Stock Subscribers”); (i) the number of shares of NORCAL Common Stock to be authorized and the Subscription Price Per Share, as determined in accordance with Section 2.1(d); (j) the adoption of the articles of incorporation for NORCAL INC. after the Conversion in substantially the form attached to the Plan of Conversion (the “Articles of Incorporation”); (k) the adoption of bylaws for NORCAL INC. after the Conversion in substantially the form attached to the Plan of Conversion (the “Bylaws”); (l) the appointment of the persons named on Exhibit C to serve as directors and officers of NORCAL INC. after the Conversion; (m) that the effectiveness of the Plan of Conversion is conditioned upon Stock Subscribers holding at least 80% of the shares of NORCAL Common Stock outstanding immediately after the Conversion electing to sell their shares of NORCAL Common Stock to PRA Professional pursuant to Section 3.1 below (such Stock Subscribers, including, for the avoidance of doubt, Certificate Subscribers and Stock Subscribers who change their election or make an election, as the case may, during the Election Solicitation, the “Selling Stockholders”); (n) that the NORCAL Common Stock issued pursuant to the Plan of Conversion shall have been offered and issued in compliance with federal and applicable state securities laws; (o) that the requirement that the conditions set forth in Section 9.1 hereof shall be satisfied as conditions to the effectiveness of the Plan of Conversion; and (p) such additional terms and provisions as are agreed upon in writing by the parties hereto and not inconsistent with the provisions set forth herein. 2.2 Approval of the Plan of Conversion. Subject to the provisions of Section 8.3 and Section 8.7 hereof: (a) As promptly as reasonably practicable after the execution and delivery of this Agreement by the parties, NORCAL shall file the Plan of Conversion with the Insurance 13 43126503 v1


 
Commissioner (the “Commissioner”) of the California Department of Insurance (the “Department”) in accordance with the Conversion Statute. NORCAL shall take such action as may reasonably be required to obtain approval of the Plan of Conversion by the Commissioner, in accordance with the Conversion Statute, including without limitation providing notice of the Plan of Conversion to Policyholders and the public hearing thereon, if any, and appearing at the hearing on the Plan of Conversion; provided, however, that any changes to the Plan of Conversion required by the Commissioner shall require the consent of PRA (which such consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed) and at least two-thirds of the NORCAL Board. (b) NORCAL, in accordance with the Plan of Conversion and Applicable Law (including without limitation the Conversion Statute), shall submit a proposal to the Record Date Policyholders to approve the Plan of Conversion (the “Proposal”) in accordance with Section 8.3 hereof (which proposal shall include the terms and conditions of the Offer), and shall give such notice to the Record Date Policyholders containing the date, time and place for voting on the Proposal (the “Special Meeting”) as may be required under the Conversion Statute. Subject to Section 8.7 hereof, the Proposal shall include the determination of the NORCAL Board that the Plan of Conversion is fair, just and equitable to the Policyholders and NORCAL and shall include NORCAL Board’s recommendation that the Record Date Policyholders approve the Plan of Conversion. ARTICLE 3 OFFER TO PURCHASE SHARES 3.1 The Offer. (a) Commencement of the Offer. Unless this Agreement shall have been terminated in accordance with Article 10, and subject to the other terms and conditions set forth herein and in the Plan of Conversion, (i) simultaneously with the mailing of the Information Statement, PRA shall commence an offer to purchase from the Stock Subscribers the shares of NORCAL Common Stock that will be issued to Stock Subscribers in the Conversion in exchange for the PRA Consideration calculated in accordance with Section 3.2 below (the “Stock Offer”), and (ii) immediately following receipt of the information delivered by the Exchange Agent pursuant to Section 4.3(c) hereof, in the event the Offer Condition set forth in Section 3.1(b)(ii) and/or Section 3.1(b)(iii) is not satisfied or waived by PRA as of the date the Exchange Agent delivers the information required by Section 4.3(c), PRA shall commence a solicitation of the Certificate Subscribers to change their election from a Certificate Subscriber to, or to make an election to be, as the case may be, a Stock Subscriber and then sell, and/or, if applicable, a solicitation of the Stock Subscribers to sell, shares of NORCAL Common Stock of such Stock Subscribers pursuant to the Stock Offer (the “Election Solicitation”), in which case the Stock Offer shall be extended through the end of the Solicitation Period (the “Extended Stock Offer” and together with the Stock Offer, collectively, the “Offer”). (b) Terms and Conditions of the Offer. The obligation of PRA to accept for payment and purchase the shares of NORCAL Common Stock in the Stock Offer or the Extended Stock Offer validly tendered and not validly withdrawn pursuant to the Offer shall be 14 43126503 v1


 
subject to: (i) consummation of the Conversion in accordance with the Plan of Conversion and the Conversion Statute (the “Conversion Condition”); (ii) the face amount of the Contribution Certificates to be issued to Eligible Policyholders in the Conversion shall not exceed $200,000,000; (iii) the holders of not less than 80% of the outstanding shares of NORCAL Common Stock to be issued in the Conversion validly tender their shares of NORCAL Common Stock for purchase pursuant to the Offer; and (iv) the satisfaction, or waiver (to the extent permitted by Law and the terms of this Agreement) of the conditions set forth in Article 9 (together with the Conversion Condition, the conditions in clauses (ii), (iii) and (iv), collectively, the “Offer Conditions”). Subject to the satisfaction or waiver by PRA of the Offer Conditions, PRA shall, and shall cause PRA Professional to, consummate the Offer in accordance with its terms and shall pay for all shares of NORCAL Common Stock so purchased as promptly as practicable after the Closing in accordance with Article 4 hereof. (c) Offer to Purchase; Adjustment of Offer Price; Waiver of Conditions. The Offer shall be made by means of an offer to purchase (the “Offer to Purchase”) that describes the terms and conditions of the Offer as set forth in this Agreement, including the Offer Conditions, which terms and conditions shall comply with Section 14(e) of the Exchange Act and the rules promulgated thereunder. PRA expressly reserves the right (in its sole discretion) to waive, in whole or in part, any Offer Condition, to the extent allowed under Article 9 of this Agreement, to increase the PRA Consideration, or to make any other changes in the terms and conditions of the Offer; provided, however, that unless otherwise provided by this Agreement or as previously approved in writing by NORCAL, PRA shall not: (i) reduce the number of shares of NORCAL Common Stock subject to the Offer; (ii) reduce the PRA Consideration; (iii) add, amend or modify any Offer Condition in a manner adverse in any respect to any holders of shares of NORCAL Common Stock; (iv) except as otherwise provided in this Section 3.1, extend or otherwise change the expiration date of the Offer; (v) change the form of consideration payable in the Offer; or (vi) otherwise amend, modify, or supplement any of the terms of the Offer in a manner adverse in any respect to any holders of shares of NORCAL Common Stock. (d) Expiration of the Offer; Extension of Offer. The Stock Offer shall expire at 5:00 p.m. (Central Time) on the date that is sixty days (60) days after the initial mailing of the Information Statement (the “Stock Offer Initial Expiration Time”) or, in the event the Stock Offer Initial Expiration Time has been extended pursuant to this Agreement, including an extension through the end of the Solicitation Period pursuant to Section 3.1(a), the date and time to which the Offer has been so extended (the Stock Offer Initial Expiration Time, or such later date and time to which the Stock Offer Initial Expiration Time has been extended pursuant to this Agreement, is referred to as the “Offer Expiration Time”). Subject to Section 10.1(i), PRA shall, and shall cause PRA Professional to: (i) extend the Offer until the first Business Day following the issuance by the Commissioner of his decision and order approving the Plan of Conversion if such decision and order has not been issued prior to the sixtieth (60th) day following the initial mailing of the Information Statement; and (ii) extend the Stock Offer for any period required by Applicable Law, any interpretation or position of the SEC, the staff thereof, or the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) applicable to the Stock Offer, and until any waiting period (and any extension thereof) applicable to the consummation of the Stock Offer under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Anti-Trust Improvements Act, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the “HSR Act”), and any other similar Applicable Law shall have expired or been terminated; provided, however, that in no event shall PRA or PRA Professional 15 43126503 v1


 
be required to extend the Stock Offer at any time that PRA is permitted to terminate this Agreement pursuant to Article 10. (e) Payment. On the terms and subject to the conditions of this Agreement, PRA shall, and shall cause PRA Professional to, promptly after the Offer Expiration Time accept for payment all shares of NORCAL Common Stock validly tendered and not validly withdrawn pursuant to the Offer and promptly pay for such shares tendered pursuant to the Offer in accordance with Article 4 hereof. (f) Termination of Offer. PRA shall not terminate or withdraw the Offer prior to the applicable Offer Expiration Time without the prior written consent of NORCAL except in the event that this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Article 10. If the Offer is terminated or withdrawn by PRA in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, or this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Article 10, prior to the acceptance for payment of NORCAL Common Stock tendered in the Offer, PRA shall promptly return, and shall cause any depository acting on behalf of PRA to return, all tendered NORCAL Common Stock to the registered holders thereof. 3.2 Purchase Price of NORCAL Common Stock. (a) The aggregate purchase price for all Authorized Conversion Shares shall be the sum of the following (the “PRA Consideration”): (i) a fixed amount of $450,000,000 assuming all Policyholders are Stock Subscribers (the “Fixed PRA Consideration”) and (ii) a contingent amount of up to $150,000,000 to be determined as provided in Section 3.2(b) hereof (the “Contingent PRA Consideration”). For each share of NORCAL Common Stock issued in the Conversion, PRA agrees to pay to the holder of a share of NORCAL Common Stock cash in an amount equal to such holder’s pro rata share of each of the Fixed PRA Consideration and the Contingent PRA Consideration with such pro rata share to be determined on a per share basis by dividing the total number of Authorized Conversion Shares into the amount of each of the Fixed PRA Consideration and the Contingent PRA Consideration. The per share amount of the Fixed PRA Consideration and the Contingent PRA Consideration (the “Per Share Offer Price”) shall be payable to the Selling Stockholders in cash as provided in Article 4 hereof. For the avoidance of doubt, the Fixed PRA Consideration and Contingent PRA Consideration shall be payable only to those Eligible Policyholders who elect to receive NORCAL Common Stock in the Conversion and who tender their shares of NORCAL Common Stock to PRA pursuant to the Offer so that the total consideration paid by PRA under this Section 3.2(a) will be reduced by an amount equal to the aggregate Per Share Offer Price for the number of shares of NORCAL Common Stock that would have been issued to the Certificate Subscribers and Cash Subscribers if the Certificate Subscribers and Cash Subscribers had elected to become Stock Subscribers in the Conversion. By way of example, assuming that the total number of Authorized Conversion Shares (being the total number of shares of NORCAL Common Stock authorized to be issued in the Conversion) is 8,800,000 shares and that the total amount of the Contingent PRA Consideration is ultimately determined to be $150,000,000, the Per Share Offer Price for a share of NORCAL Common Stock pursuant to the Offer shall be $68.1818181818 which is an amount equal to the sum of (i) $51.1363636363 (determined by dividing the number of Authorized Conversion Shares (8,800,000) into the Fixed PRA Consideration ($450,000,000)); and (ii) $17.0454545454 (determined by dividing the number of Authorized Conversion Shares (1,000,000) into the 16 43126503 v1


 
Contingent PRA Consideration ($150,000,000)). Assuming further that only 7,040,000 shares of NORCAL Common Stock are issued to Stock Subscribers in the Conversion because Policyholders entitled to receive 1,760,000 shares of NORCAL Common Stock are Certificate Subscribers or Cash Subscribers, then the total PRA Consideration available for payment for the shares of NORCAL Common Stock issued to Stock Subscribers in the Conversion will be reduced by $120,000,000 (1,760,000 shares multiplied by the Per Share Offer Price of $68.1818181818) from $600,000,000 to $480,000,000. (b) The Contingent PRA Consideration shall be an amount equal to the product to be determined by multiplying (X) the After Tax Percentage (as defined in subparagraph (i) of this Section 3.2(b)) and (Y) the amount by which the PRA Ultimate Loss Estimate (as defined in subparagraph (ii) of this Section 3.2(b)) exceeds the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate (as defined in subparagraph (iii) of this Section 3.2(b)); provided that in the event the amount of the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate is equal to or greater than the PRA Ultimate Loss Estimate, the amount of the Contingent PRA Consideration shall be zero dollars ($0), and in no event shall the total amount of the Contingent PRA Consideration exceed $150,000,000; provided, however, that to the extent (A) the sum of the face amount of the Contribution Certificates to be issued to Eligible Policyholders in the Conversion; plus (B) the sum of the cash to be paid to Eligible Policyholders in the Conversion; plus (C) the value of the shares to be issued to Eligible Policyholders in the Conversion assuming all shares are valued at a purchase price equal to the Fixed PRA Consideration, exceeds $450,000,000 (such excess, if any, being referred to herein as the “Excess Amount”), then in such event (i) PRA shall not be obligated to make any payments of Contingent PRA Consideration hereunder until the aggregate amount of Contingent PRA Consideration exceeds the Excess Amount, in which event PRA shall only be required to pay Contingent PRA Consideration in excess of the Excess Amount; and (ii) the total possible Contingent PRA Consideration of $150,000,000 shall be reduced dollar-for-dollar by an amount equal to the Excess Amount. (i) The “After Tax Percentage” shall be the percentage determined by subtracting from one hundred percent (100%) the maximum federal income tax marginal rate for corporations for the taxable year ending December 31, 2023; provided, that to the extent any reserves of NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary are released in any of the taxable years ending December 31, 2020, December 31, 2021 or December 31, 2022, then the After Tax Percentage shall be adjusted to reflect (on a proportional basis) the maximum federal income tax for corporations for the taxable year(s) in which such reserves are released. (ii) The “PRA Ultimate Loss Estimate” shall be an amount equal to the sum of (A) Three Billion Six Hundred Twenty-Seven Million Dollars ($3,627,000,000) (being an amount equal to the consolidated ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses (allocated and unallocated) net of reinsurance as has been determined by PRA for NORCAL and its Subsidiaries for the accident years ended on or before December 31, 2018 determined in accordance with the reserve requirements, statutory accounting rules and actuarial principles applicable to NORCAL and its Subsidiaries under Applicable Law and, to the extent consistent therewith, commonly accepted actuarial and practices consistently applied in the preparation of the PRA Ultimate Loss Estimate schedule, a copy of which has been delivered to NORCAL on the date hereof); plus (B) an amount equal to 102% of the consolidated net earned premium as reported in the consolidated annual statement of NORCAL and its Subsidiaries for the year 17 43126503 v1


 
ending December 31, 2019; plus (C) an amount equal to 98% of the consolidated net earned premium reported in the consolidated annual statement of NORCAL and its Subsidiaries for the year ending December 31, 2020; provided that for purposes of this calculation the net earned premium amounts referenced in subsections (B) and (C) above shall exclude the effect of any adjustment related to NORCAL’s reserve for death, disability or retirement. (iii) The “Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate” shall mean the amount of the best estimate of NORCAL’s 2020 Ultimate Net Loss (herein defined) for accident years ended on or before December 31, 2020, to be determined as of December 31, 2023, by an independent actuary in accordance with this Section 3.2(b)(iii). Prior to Closing, NORCAL and PRA shall select a mutually acceptable independent actuarial consultant (the “Actuary”) to conduct a reserve review of the consolidated ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses (including both allocated and unallocated expenses) of NORCAL and its Subsidiaries. In connection with such review, the Actuary shall determine its best estimate of the consolidated ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses (allocated and unallocated) of NORCAL and its Subsidiaries at December 31, 2020 net of reinsurance for accident years ended on or before December 31, 2020 (“NORCAL’s 2020 Ultimate Losses”). The Actuary shall conduct an actuarial review of NORCAL’s 2020 Ultimate Losses at December 31, 2023, to roll forward its estimate of NORCAL’s 2020 Ultimate Losses. All actuarial calculations shall be in accordance with the reserve requirements, statutory accounting rules and actuarial principles applicable to NORCAL and its Subsidiaries under Applicable Law and, to the extent consistent therewith, commonly accepted actuarial standards and practices consistently applied in the preparation of the PRA Ultimate Loss Estimate schedule, a copy of which has been delivered to NORCAL on the date hereof. The Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate shall be an amount equal to the Actuary’s estimate of NORCAL’s 2020 Ultimate Losses at December 31, 2023, as the same may be adjusted in accordance with Section 3.2(c) hereof. (c) The determination of the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate shall be completed on or before June 30, 2024. Upon completion, the Actuary shall provide a written report to PRA and to the NORCAL Committee appointed pursuant to Section 3.2(d) hereof. PRA and the NORCAL Committee shall have a period of thirty (30) days to review the Actuary’s report on the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate. In the event that either of PRA or the NORCAL Committee disagrees with the determination of the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate, then PRA and/or the NORCAL Committee may deliver written notice of disagreement setting forth the basis of such disagreement to the other party within such thirty (30) day review period. If PRA and the NORCAL Committee are unable to resolve any disagreement within thirty (30) days of delivery of such notice of disagreement, then PRA and the NORCAL Committee shall jointly appoint a nationally recognized independent actuary (or, if PRA and the NORCAL Committee are unable to agree on such actuary, a nationally recognized independent actuary selected by the Actuary) (the “Second Actuary”) to perform an independent review to determine its best estimate of NORCAL’s 2020 Ultimate Losses at December 31, 2023 (the “Second Actuary’s Estimate”). If the loss reserve calculation embedded in the Second Actuary’s Estimate are within five percent (5%) of the loss reserve calculation embedded in the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate, then the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate as delivered by the Actuary shall be final and binding. If the loss reserve calculation embedded in the Second Actuary’s Estimate is not within five percent (5%) of the loss reserve calculation embedded in the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate, then the amount of the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate 18 43126503 v1


 
under Section 3.2(b)(iii) hereof shall be the average of the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate and the Second Actuary’s Estimate. The cost of the Actuary and a Second Actuary (if any) shall be paid in equal shares by PRA and by the NORCAL Committee from the Contingent PRA Consideration; provided that if there is no Contingent PRA Consideration to be paid after completion of the reviews by the Actuary and/or Second Actuary, PRA shall be solely responsible for the cost of the Actuary and the Second Actuary (if any). (d) On or before the Closing, NORCAL shall appoint a committee comprised of three individuals (the “NORCAL Committee”) to act for and on behalf of NORCAL in the appointment of the Actuary pursuant to Section 3.2(b)(iii) and to review the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate and to appoint a Second Actuary if the NORCAL Committee, in its discretion, determines to exercise the right to appoint a Second Actuary in accordance with Section 3.2(c) hereof. The NORCAL Committee shall act by a majority of its members. Any vacancy on the NORCAL Committee shall be filled by the remaining members on the Committee. The NORCAL Committee shall provide PRA notice of the names of the members of the Committee and an address at which notices to the NORCAL Committee can be delivered. The costs and expenses of the NORCAL Committee, including any amounts payable to members of the NORCAL Committee as compensation or the costs and expenses of legal, financial and other professional advisers retained by the NORCAL Committee to assist in the performance of its duties, shall reduce the Contingent PRA Consideration (if any) or be paid by NORCAL (if the Contingent PRA Consideration is determined to be $0 or is otherwise not sufficient to pay such costs and expenses). 3.3 Reverse Stock Split. Subject to the terms and provisions of this Agreement and Applicable Law, after the Closing, PRA may cause NORCAL INC. to be recapitalized through a reverse stock split of the NORCAL Common Stock or through other reorganization transactions. The consideration payable to each holder of fractional shares of NORCAL Common Stock will be an amount of PRA Consideration equal to the amount of PRA Consideration such holder would have received had such holder tendered his shares of NORCAL Common Stock to PRA in the Offer. ARTICLE 4 THE CLOSING 4.1 Closing. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the closing of the Conversion and the Offer as contemplated by this Agreement (the “Closing”) will take place at the offices of McDermott Will & Emery LLP in San Francisco, California, at 10:00 a.m. on a date to be specified in a notice delivered by PRA, which shall be on a date no later than five (5) Business Days after the satisfaction or waiver (subject to Applicable Law) of the latest to occur of the conditions set forth in Article 9 of this Agreement, or at such other time and place as may be mutually agreed by the parties (the “Closing Date”). 4.2 Exchange Agent. PRA and NORCAL shall mutually designate a bank or other institution (the “Exchange Agent”) to act as conversion agent and paying agent in effecting the distribution and payment of the Conversion Consideration to the Policyholders and the PRA Consideration to the Selling Stockholders. NORCAL and PRA shall each be responsible for and 19 43126503 v1


 
pay one-half of all of the charges and expenses of the Exchange Agent associated with the effecting the distributions and payments contemplated by this Agreement. 4.3 Exchange Procedures. (a) As soon as reasonably practicable (but in any event at least five (5) Business Days) before the mailing of the Information Statement to the Eligible Policyholders, NORCAL shall provide to the Exchange Agent a list, certified by the Secretary of NORCAL, which sets forth the name, address and other information reasonably requested by the Exchange Agent of each Eligible Policyholder, the Fractionalized Interest of such Eligible Policyholder and the estimated Allocable Equity (as defined in the Plan of Conversion) of such Eligible Policyholder (the “Eligible Policyholder Distribution List”). (b) As soon as practicable after NORCAL’s delivery to the Exchange Agent of the items required to be delivered pursuant to Section 4.3(a) hereof, the Exchange Agent shall, with the mailing of the Information Statement, send to each Eligible Policyholder an election form or other form of documentation, in form and substance reasonably acceptable to NORCAL and PRA, setting forth the options such Eligible Policyholder has with respect to the Conversion as set forth in Article 9 of the Plan of Conversion, including (i) the estimated amount of cash such Eligible Policyholder shall receive if such Eligible Policyholder elects to receive cash in the Conversion, (ii) the estimated face amount of a Contribution Certificate such Eligible Policyholder shall receive if such Eligible Policyholder elects (or fails to make any election) to receive a Contribution Certificate in the Conversion, (iii) the estimated number of shares of NORCAL Common Stock that will be issued to such Eligible Policyholder in the Conversion if such Eligible Policyholder elects to receive NORCAL Common Stock, and (iv) the estimated amount of Fixed PRA Consideration payable to such Eligible Policyholder and the right to receive Contingent PRA Consideration, if any, if such Eligible Policyholder elects to tender to PRA Professional all of his, her or its shares of NORCAL Common Stock. An IRS Form W-9 will accompany the election form or other form of documentation sent to Eligible Policyholders by the Exchange Agent for an Eligible Policyholder to complete and return to the Exchange Agent if such Eligible Policyholder elects to become a Cash Subscriber or a Selling Stockholder. A letter of transmittal will accompany the election form or other form of documentation sent to Eligible Policyholders by the Exchange Agent for an Eligible Policyholder to complete and return to the Exchange Agent if such Eligible Policyholder elects to tender all of his, her or its shares of NORCAL Common Stock to PRA Professional in accordance with Article 3 hereof. Upon Exchange Agent’s receipt of a letter of transmittal, duly executed by a Stock Subscriber and such other documents as may reasonably be required by the Exchange Agent, such Stock Subscriber shall be entitled to receive in exchange for such Stock Subscriber’s NORCAL Common Stock the Fixed PRA Consideration and the Contingent PRA Consideration, if any, in accordance with Section 3.1 and Section 3.2 hereof. In the event of a transfer of ownership of shares to a person that is not listed as an Eligible Policyholder in the Eligible Policyholder Distribution List, payment may be made to a person other than the person named in the Eligible Policyholder Distribution List if the letter of transmittal is executed in proper form for transfer and the person requesting such payment shall establish ownership of the shares to the satisfaction of the Exchange Agent. No interest will be paid or will accrue on the PRA Consideration. 20 43126503 v1


 
(c) As soon as reasonably practicable after the Stock Offer Initial Expiration Time, the Exchange Agent shall provide NORCAL and PRA: (i) a list that sets forth the name of each Certificate Subscriber and the face amount of each Conversion Certificate to be issued to each of them as a result of the Conversion (the “Certificate Distribution List”); (ii) a list that sets forth the name of each Cash Subscriber and the amount of cash to be distributed to each of them as a result of the Conversion (the “Cash Distribution List”); (iii) a list that sets forth the name of each Selling Stockholder and the number of uncertificated shares of NORCAL Common Stock to be issued to each of them as a result of the Conversion; and (iv) a list that sets forth the name of each Non-Electing Stock Subscriber and the number of uncertificated shares of NORCAL Common Stock to be issued to each of them as a result of the Conversion (the “Non-Electing Stockholder Distribution List”). (d) As soon as practicable after the Exchange Agent’s delivery to NORCAL and PRA of the items required to be delivered pursuant to Section 4.3(c) hereof, if PRA Professional commences the Election Solicitation and/or the Extended Stock Offer, the Exchange Agent shall (i) send to each Stock Subscriber who did not elect to tender all of his, her or its shares of NORCAL Common Stock to PRA Professional in the Stock Offer (“Non-Electing Stock Subscriber”) an election form or other form of documentation, in form and substance reasonably acceptable to NORCAL and PRA, setting forth the number of shares of NORCAL Common Stock to be issued to such Non-Electing Stock Subscriber, the amount of Fixed PRA Consideration payable to such Non-Electing Stock Subscriber and the right to receive Contingent PRA Consideration, if any, if such Non-Electing Stock Subscriber changes his, her or its election to receive NORCAL Common Stock and tender all of his, her or its shares of NORCAL Common Stock, attaching an IRS Form W-9 that will accompany the election form or other form of documentation sent to Eligible Policyholders by the Exchange Agent for such Non-Electing Stock Subscriber to complete and return to the Exchange Agent if such Non-Electing Stock Subscriber elects to tender all of his, her or its shares of NORCAL Common Stock to PRA Professional in accordance with Article 3, and attaching a letter of transmittal for such Non- Electing Stock Subscriber to complete and return to the Exchange Agent if such Non-Electing Stock Subscriber elects to tender all of his, her or its shares of NORCAL Common Stock to PRA Professional in accordance with Article 3, and (ii) if PRA Professional initiates the Election Solicitation, send to each Certificate Subscriber an election form or other form of documentation, in form and substance reasonably acceptable to NORCAL and PRA, setting forth the amount of Fixed PRA Consideration payable to such Certificate Subscriber and the right to receive Contingent PRA Consideration, if any, if such Certificate Subscriber changes his, her or its election to receive NORCAL Common Stock and tenders all of his, her or its NORCAL Common Stock, and attaching an IRS Form W-9 that will accompany the election form or other form of documentation sent to Eligible Policyholders by the Exchange Agent for such Non- Electing Stock Subscriber to complete and return to the Exchange Agent if such Non-Electing Stock Subscriber elects to tender all of his, her or its shares of NORCAL Common Stock to PRA 21 43126503 v1


 
Professional in accordance with Article 3, and attaching a letter of transmittal for such Certificate Subscriber to complete and return to the Exchange Agent if such Certificate Subscriber elects change his, her or its election to receive NORCAL Common Stock and tender all of his, her or its NORCAL Common Stock to PRA Professional in accordance with Article 3. Upon Exchange Agent’s receipt of a letter of transmittal, duly executed by a Non-Electing Stock Subscriber or a Certificate Subscriber who has subsequently elected to be a Stock Subscriber in connection with the Election Solicitation and to tender all of his, her or its shares of NORCAL Common Stock, if applicable, and such other documents as may reasonably be required by the Exchange Agent, such Non-Electing Stock Subscriber or Certificate Subscriber who has subsequently elected to be a Stock Subscriber in connection with the Election Solicitation and to tender all of his, her or its shares of NORCAL Common Stock, as applicable, shall be entitled to receive in exchange for such Non-Electing Stock Subscriber’s or Certificate Subscriber’s NORCAL Common Stock, the Fixed PRA Consideration and the Contingent PRA Consideration, if any, in accordance with Section 3.1 and Section 3.2 hereof. In the event of a transfer of ownership of shares to a person that is not listed as a Non-Electing Stock Subscriber in the Non-Electing Stockholder Distribution List or a Certificate Subscriber who has subsequently elected to be a Stock Subscriber in connection with the Election Solicitation in the Certificate Subscription List, as applicable, payment may be made to a person other than the person named in the Non-Electing Stockholder Distribution List or Certificate Distribution List, as applicable, if the letter of transmittal is executed in proper form for transfer and the person requesting such payment shall establish ownership of the shares to the satisfaction of the Exchange Agent. No interest will be paid or will accrue on the PRA Consideration. (e) Promptly after the Offer Expiration Time, the Exchange Agent shall certify as to the number of shares of NORCAL Common Stock validly tendered and not withdrawn. If the number of shares of NORCAL Common Stock so tendered is 80% or more of the number of shares to be issued by NORCAL in the Conversion, the Exchange Agent shall provide to PRA a list which shall set forth the name and address of each Selling Stockholder who validly tendered, and did not validly withdraw, all of his, her or its shares of NORCAL Common Stock to PRA Professional pursuant to the Offer, the number of share of NORCAL Common Stock tendered to PRA Professional and the amount of the PRA Consideration payable to such Selling Stockholder (the “Selling Stockholder Distribution List”). (f) The Exchange Agent shall maintain the Selling Stockholder Distribution List until the distribution of the Contingent PRA Consideration is made to the Selling Stockholders in accordance with Section 4.8 hereof. The right to receive payment of the Contingent PRA Consideration shall not be transferable by any of the Selling Stockholders, except (i) to the personal representative or heirs of a deceased individual; or (ii) the successor to the business of a corporation or other business entity, in each case upon presentation to the Exchange Agent of documentation of such permitted transfer to the satisfaction of the Exchange Agent. The Exchange Agent shall provide a copy of the Selling Stockholder Distribution List to PRA and the NORCAL Committee upon their reasonable request. 4.4 Deposit of Funds. (a) At least three (3) Business Days prior to the Closing, NORCAL shall: 22 43126503 v1


 
(i) deposit with the Exchange Agent (or otherwise make available to the reasonable satisfaction of PRA and the Exchange Agent), for the benefit of the Certificate Subscribers, a number of Contribution Certificates equal to the total face amount of Contribution Certificates distributable to the Certificate Subscribers upon the effectiveness of the Conversion, and (ii) deposit with the Exchange Agent (or otherwise make available to the reasonable satisfaction of PRA and the Exchange Agent), for the benefit of the Cash Subscribers, an amount of cash equal to the total amount of cash distributable to the Cash Subscribers upon the effectiveness of the Conversion (the “Cash Subscriber Payment Amount”). (b) At least three (3) Business Days prior to the Closing, PRA shall deposit or cause to be deposited with the Exchange Agent (or otherwise make available to the reasonable satisfaction of NORCAL and the Exchange Agent), for the benefit of the Selling Stockholders and for exchange through the Exchange Agent, an amount of cash equal to the total amount of the Fixed PRA Consideration (such amount, together with the Cash Subscriber Payment Amount, the “Exchange Fund”). 4.5 Effective Time of the Plan of Conversion. At the Closing, NORCAL shall deliver a certified copy of the Plan of Conversion and Articles of Incorporation to the Department. Upon receipt of the certified copy of the Plan of Conversion and Articles of Incorporation, the Commissioner shall issue a new certificate of authority (the “Certificate of Authority”) for NORCAL stating the effective date of the Conversion and deliver the Articles of Incorporation to the office of the California Secretary of State for filing in accordance with CA Insurance Code Section 4097.11. The effective time of the Plan of Conversion (the “Conversion Effective Time”) shall be at such time as the Commissioner provides in the Certificate of Authority. At the Conversion Effective Time, NORCAL shall cause the Exchange Agent to issue or pay (i) the Contribution Certificates to all Certificate Subscribers in accordance with the Plan of Conversion; (ii) cash to all Cash Subscribers in accordance with the Plan of Conversion; and (iii) uncertificated shares of NORCAL Common Stock to all of the Stock Subscribers in accordance with the Plan of Conversion (collectively, the “Conversion Consideration”). The Conversion Consideration shall be payable by NORCAL by delivery of the same to the Exchange Agent. 4.6 Purchase of NORCAL Common Stock by PRA. At the Closing and immediately after the Conversion Effective Time (the “Purchase Effective Time”), PRA shall cause PRA Professional to purchase, and the Selling Stockholders shall sell, the shares of NORCAL Common Stock issued to the Selling Stockholders set forth on the Selling Stockholder Distribution List (the “Purchased Stock”) for the PRA Consideration. The purchase price of the Purchased Stock shall be payable by PRA by delivery of the Fixed PRA Consideration to the Exchange Agent as provided in Section 4.4(b) and by payment of the Contingent PRA Consideration as provided in Section 4.8 hereof. Upon the occurrence of both the Conversion Effective Time and delivery of the PRA Consideration to the Exchange Agent, the transfer of the Purchased Stock from the Selling Stockholders to PRA Professional shall be effective without any further action on the part of PRA, PRA Professional, the Selling Stockholders and NORCAL INC. shall reflect such transfer in its corporate records as of said time. 23 43126503 v1


 
4.7 Conversion and Exchange Procedures (a) As promptly as practicable, but in no event more than ten (10) Business Days after the Closing Date, the Exchange Agent shall distribute from the Exchange Fund: (i) to each Certificate Subscriber, a contribution certificate, in the face amount set forth on the Certificate Distribution List, as the contribution certificate required to be delivered to such Certificate Subscriber in connection with the Conversion; (ii) to each Cash Subscriber, a check or wire transfer for funds, in the amount set forth on the Cash Distribution List, as the cash payment required to be paid to such Cash Subscriber in connection with the Conversion; (iii) to each Non-Electing Stock Subscriber, a book entry registration representing the number of uncertificated shares of NORCAL Common Stock issued to such Stock Subscriber in connection with the Conversion; and (iv) to each Stock Subscriber who is a Selling Stockholder, a check or wire transfer for funds, in an amount equal to the Fixed PRA Consideration payable to such Selling Stockholder in exchange for the sale of such Selling Stockholder’s NORCAL Common Stock to PRA Professional, as set forth on the Selling Stockholder Distribution List. (b) Any other provision of this Agreement notwithstanding, neither PRA nor the Exchange Agent shall be liable to a Policyholder, Cash Subscriber, Selling Stockholder or Non-Electing Stock Subscriber for any amounts paid or property delivered in good faith to a public official pursuant to any applicable abandoned property law. 4.8 Payment of the Contingent PRA Consideration. If the Contingent PRA Consideration is due to be paid to the Selling Stockholders then the payment thereof shall be made in accordance with this Section 4.8. (a) As soon as practicable after the determination of the Actuary’s Ultimate Loss Estimate in accordance with Section 3.2 hereof, PRA shall provide the NORCAL Committee notice of the amount of the Contingent PRA Consideration, and the NORCAL Committee shall provide to PRA a list of the costs and expenses incurred pursuant to Section 3.2(d) hereof and the names and addresses of the payees of such costs and expenses. PRA shall then calculate the amount of the Contingent PRA Consideration to be paid to the Selling Stockholders after deducting payment of such costs and expenses. (b) Promptly after making the calculation required under Section 4.8(a) above, PRA shall deposit or cause to be deposited with the Exchange Agent (i) cash in an amount equal to the Contingent PRA Consideration (the “Contingent Consideration Exchange Fund”), (ii) the list of payees of costs and expenses provided to PRA by the NORCAL Committee under Section 4.8(a) above and (iii) the amount of the Contingent PRA Consideration payable to each of the Selling Stockholders. 24 43126503 v1


 
(c) Promptly after receipt of all of the required deliverables from PRA under Section 4.8(b) above, the Exchange Agent shall distribute from the funds deposited by or on behalf of PRA, (i) payment of costs and expenses on the list provided by the NORCAL Committee under Section 4.8(a) above; and (ii) payment of the amount of Contingent PRA Consideration to each of the Selling Stockholders in accordance with the list provided by PRA under Section 4.8(b) above. 4.9 Undistributed Exchange Fund. (a) Any portion of the Exchange Fund that remains undistributed to the Policyholders and/or Selling Stockholders for twelve (12) months after the Closing Date shall be delivered to PRA, on demand, and the Exchange Agent’s duties with respect to the Exchange Fund hereunder shall terminate. Thereafter and subject to applicable abandoned property, escheat and similar laws, each Policyholder and/or Selling Stockholder that has not yet received the distribution to which it is entitled to pursuant to this Agreement and the Plan of Conversion may contact PRA and PRA shall pay or deliver to such Policyholder and/or Selling Stockholder the consideration to which it is entitled. (b) Any portion of the Contingent Consideration Exchange Fund that remains undistributed to the Selling Stockholders for twelve (12) months after December 31, 2023 shall be delivered to PRA, on demand, and the Exchange Agent’s duties with respect to the Contingent Consideration Exchange Fund hereunder shall terminate. Thereafter and subject to applicable abandoned property, escheat and similar laws, each Selling Stockholder that has not yet received the distribution to which it is entitled to pursuant to this Agreement and the Plan of Conversion may contact PRA and PRA shall pay or deliver to such Selling Stockholder the consideration to which it is entitled. 4.10 Withholding. NORCAL, PRA and the Exchange Agent will be entitled to deduct and withhold from the consideration otherwise payable pursuant to this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby to any Policyholder and/or Selling Stockholder such amounts as NORCAL (or any Affiliate thereof), PRA (or any Affiliate thereof) or the Exchange Agent is required to deduct and withhold with respect to the making of such payment to such Policyholder and/or Selling Stockholder under the Code, or any applicable provision of U.S. federal, state, local or non-U.S. tax law. To the extent that such amounts are properly withheld by NORCAL, PRA or the Exchange Agent and remitted to the proper Governmental Authority, such withheld amounts will be treated for all purposes of this Agreement as having been paid to such Policyholder and/or Selling Stockholder in respect of whom such deduction and withholding were made by NORCAL, PRA or the Exchange Agent. ARTICLE 5 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF NORCAL. Except as set forth in the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule (including any changes to the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule that are disclosed by NORCAL to PRA in accordance with Section 8.5 of this Agreement), NORCAL represents and warrants to PRA as follows: 5.1 Corporate Organization. 25 43126503 v1


 
(a) NORCAL is a mutual insurance company duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of California. NORCAL has the corporate power and authority to own or lease all of its properties and assets and to carry on its business as it is now being conducted. (b) NORCAL is duly licensed or qualified to do business in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted by it or the character or location of the properties and assets owned or leased by it makes such licensing or qualification necessary, except where the failure to be so licensed or qualified would not have a Material Adverse Effect on NORCAL. Section 5.1(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule identifies a true, complete and correct list of (i) the type of insurance products that NORCAL is authorized or licensed to offer, (ii) the states or other jurisdictions in which NORCAL is authorized or licensed to offer such insurance products, and (iii) the licenses or authorizations held by NORCAL to offer such insurance products. NORCAL does not offer any insurance products in any jurisdiction where it is neither authorized nor licensed to offer such insurance products. All of such licenses identified in Section 5.1 of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedules are in full force and effect, and NORCAL has not received any written or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, oral notice from any Governmental Authority regarding the actual or proposed revocation, amendment, cancellation, termination, modification, impairment, failure to renew, limitation, suspension or restriction of any such license, nor is there any proceeding or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, investigation by a Governmental Authority pending or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, threatened which would reasonably be expected to lead to the revocation, amendment, cancellation, termination, modification, impairment, failure to renew, limitation, suspension or restriction of any such license. 5.2 Subsidiaries. (a) Section 5.2(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule sets forth the name and state of incorporation or organization of each Subsidiary of NORCAL (the “NORCAL Subsidiaries”). Each NORCAL Subsidiary (i) is duly organized and validly existing as a corporation under the laws of its jurisdiction of organization, and (ii) has all requisite corporate power and authority to own or lease its properties and assets and to carry on its business as now conducted. (b) Section 5.2(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule identifies a true, complete and correct list of (i) the NORCAL Subsidiaries that conduct insurance business of any kind and in any capacity, including as an insurer, insurance agent or broker, insurance adjustor, insurance administrator, risk purchasing group or risk retention group (the “NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries”), (ii) the states or other jurisdictions in which the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries are authorized or licensed to conduct such insurance business, (iii) the licenses or authorizations held by the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries to conduct insurance business in each of those states or other jurisdictions, and (iv) as applicable, the type of insurance products that they are authorized or licensed to offer in each such state or other jurisdiction. Except as set forth in Section 5.2(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedules, no NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary offers any insurance products or conducts any insurance business in any jurisdiction where it is neither authorized nor licensed to conduct such insurance business. The business of each NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary has been and is being conducted in compliance with all of its licenses in all 26 43126503 v1


 
material respects. All of such licenses identified in Section 5.2(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule are in full force and effect, and NORCAL and the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries have not received written or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, oral notice from any Governmental Authority regarding the actual or proposed revocation, amendment, cancellation, termination, modification, impairment, failure to renew, limitation, suspension or restriction of any such license, nor is there any proceeding or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, investigation by any Governmental Authority pending or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, threatened which would reasonably be expected to lead to the revocation, amendment, cancellation, termination, modification, impairment, failure to renew, limitation, suspension or restriction of any such license. Each NORCAL Subsidiary is duly qualified to do business and in good standing in all jurisdictions (whether federal, state, local or foreign) where its ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of its business requires it to be so qualified and in which the failure to be so qualified would have a Material Adverse Effect on NORCAL. (c) Except as set forth in Section 5.2(c) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, NORCAL is, directly or indirectly, the record and beneficial owner of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of each of the NORCAL Subsidiaries. There are no irrevocable proxies granted by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary with respect to such shares. There are no equity securities of any of the NORCAL Subsidiaries that are or may become required to be issued by reason of any option, warrants, scrip, rights, to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities or rights convertible into or exchangeable for, shares of any capital stock of any of the NORCAL Subsidiaries except shares of the NORCAL Subsidiaries issued to other wholly owned NORCAL Subsidiaries. There are no contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which any of the NORCAL Subsidiaries is bound to issue additional shares of its capital stock or options, warrants or rights to purchase or acquire any additional shares of its capital stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for such shares. All of the shares of the NORCAL Subsidiaries described in the first sentence of this Section 5.2(c) are validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free of preemptive rights, and are owned by NORCAL or a NORCAL Subsidiary free and clear of any and all Liens except for Permitted Liens. 5.3 Corporate Affairs. NORCAL has made available to PRA correct and complete copies of the articles of incorporation and bylaws of NORCAL and the articles of incorporation and bylaws of each of the NORCAL Subsidiaries (each as amended to date) (the “Organizational Documents”). NORCAL has made available to PRA all of the minute books containing the records of the meetings of the policyholders, the board of directors and any committee of the board of directors of NORCAL and each of the NORCAL Subsidiaries (except for confidential portions of such minutes relating to the Conversion and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement) since January 1, 2016. Subject to the immediately preceding sentence, the minute books of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries reflect all of the material actions taken by each of their respective boards of directors (including each committee thereof) and policyholders. NORCAL has made available to PRA all of the stock ledgers of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries. 5.4 Capitalization. 27 43126503 v1


 
(a) At the Conversion Effective Time, all of the shares of NORCAL Common Stock to be issued to Stock Subscribers pursuant to the Plan of Conversion will be authorized under the Articles of Incorporation. The shares of NORCAL Common Stock issued pursuant to the Plan of Conversion will constitute all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of NORCAL INC., all of which will be duly authorized and validly issued and fully paid, nonassessable and free of preemptive rights. As of the date of this Agreement and other than as provided in this Agreement, NORCAL does not have and is not bound by any outstanding subscriptions, options, warrants, calls, commitments or agreements of any character calling for the purchase or issuance of any shares of NORCAL Common Stock or any other equity securities of NORCAL INC. or any securities representing the right to purchase or otherwise receive any shares of NORCAL Common Stock or any other equity securities of NORCAL. (b) Section 5.4(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule sets forth a complete list of (i) the officers and directors of NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary, (ii) the percentage of the outstanding voting stock of each NORCAL Subsidiary owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by NORCAL, and (iii) the percentage of the outstanding voting stock of each NORCAL Subsidiary owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by one or more of the other Subsidiaries of NORCAL. Except as set forth in Section 5.4(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, NORCAL does not have any direct or indirect equity or ownership interest in any other business or entity and does not have any direct or indirect obligation or any commitment to invest any funds in any corporation or other business or entity, other than for investment purposes in the ordinary course of business in accordance with past practice. 5.5 Authority; No Violation; Consents and Approvals. (a) Subject to the receipt of all approvals of Governmental Authorities required to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement as set forth on Section 5.5(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule (all such approvals and the expiration or termination of all statutory waiting periods in respect thereof being referred to in this Agreement as the “Requisite Regulatory Approvals”), NORCAL has full corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The execution and delivery of this Agreement by NORCAL and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby have been authorized by the NORCAL Board. Other than obtaining approval and adoption of the Plan of Conversion by at least two-thirds of the NORCAL Board, the approval and adoption of the Plan of Conversion and this Agreement by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the Record Date Policyholders that actually vote, whether by ballot, in person or by proxy (provided there is a quorum as required by CA Insurance Code Section 4097.07), and any actions required to obtain all Requisite Regulatory Approvals, no other corporate proceedings on the part of NORCAL are necessary to approve the Plan of Conversion and this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Subject to the foregoing, this Agreement has been duly and validly executed and delivered by NORCAL and (assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by PRA and the receipt of all Requisite Regulatory Approvals) constitutes a valid and binding obligation of NORCAL, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, and subject, as to enforceability, to general principles of equity. 28 43126503 v1


 
(b) Neither the execution and delivery of this Agreement by NORCAL nor the consummation by NORCAL of the transactions contemplated by the Plan of Conversion and this Agreement, nor compliance by NORCAL with any of the terms or provisions of the Plan of Conversion and this Agreement, will (i) violate any provision of the Organizational Documents or (ii) assuming that all Requisite Regulatory Approvals and all of the consents and approvals referred to in Section 5.5(c) of this Agreement are duly obtained, (x) violate any Applicable Law applicable to NORCAL or any of its properties or assets, or (y) violate, conflict with, result in a breach of any provision of or the loss of any benefit under, constitute a default (or an event which, with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute a default) under, result in the termination of or a right of termination or cancellation under, accelerate the performance required by, or result in the creation of any Lien upon any of the properties or assets of NORCAL under, any of the terms, conditions or provisions of any note, bond, mortgage, indenture, surplus debentures, deed of trust, license, lease, agreement or other instrument or obligation to which NORCAL is a party, or by which it or any of its properties or assets may be bound or affected, except (in the case of clause (ii) above) as set forth in Section 5.5(b)(ii) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, or for such violations, conflicts, breaches, terminations, cancellations, accelerations, Liens or defaults which, either individually or in the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Effect on NORCAL. (c) Except for (i) the Requisite Regulatory Approvals and (ii) the approval of the Plan of Conversion and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement by the requisite votes of the Record Date Policyholders, no consents or approvals of or filings or registrations with any Governmental Authority, or with any other Person by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary are necessary in connection with the execution and delivery by NORCAL of this Agreement or the consummation by NORCAL of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, except where the failure to obtain any such consents or approvals or to make any such filings would not be material to the transaction or NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries, taken as a whole. (d) Except as provided by Section 4097.04 of the CA Insurance Code, no Policyholder of NORCAL shall have any pre-emptive rights under Applicable Law with respect to, or as a result of, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (including the Conversion). 5.6 Insurance Reports. (a) Since December 31, 2016 NORCAL and each NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary (i) have filed or submitted (or have filed or submitted on its behalf) with all applicable Insurance Regulators all reports, registrations, statements, documents, filings, submissions, notices and reports, together with all supplements and amendments thereto required under the Insurance Laws applicable to insurance holding companies (the “NORCAL Holding Company Act Reports”), (ii) have filed (or have had filed on its behalf) all NORCAL SAP Statements, (iii) have filed (or have had filed on its behalf) all other material reports, registrations, statements, documents, filings, submissions and notices, together with all amendments and supplements thereto, required to be filed with any Insurance Regulator under the Insurance Laws, and (iv) have paid all fees and assessments due and payable by them under the Insurance Laws. Section 5.6(a) to the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule sets forth a list of, and NORCAL has made available to PRA, accurate and complete copies of, all NORCAL SAP 29 43126503 v1


 
Statements, all NORCAL Holding Company Act Reports, and all other material reports, registrations, statements, documents, filings, submissions, and notices filed by NORCAL or any of the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries with any Insurance Regulator for periods ending and events occurring, after December 31, 2016 and prior to the Closing Date. All such NORCAL SAP Statements, NORCAL Holding Company Act Reports and other material reports, registrations, statements, documents, filings, submissions, and notices complied in all material respects with the Insurance Laws when filed or as amended or supplemented and, as of their respective dates, contained all material information required under the Insurance Laws and did not contain any false statements or material misstatements of fact or omit to state any material facts necessary to make the statements set forth therein not materially misleading in light of the circumstances in which such statements were made. No deficiencies have been asserted by any Governmental Authority with respect to such NORCAL SAP Statements, NORCAL Holding Company Act Reports and other material reports, registrations, statements, documents, filings, submissions, and notices. Nothing in this Section 5.6(a) shall apply to Taxes, which are covered exclusively by Section 5.12. (b) Except for normal examinations conducted by a Governmental Authority in the regular course of the business of NORCAL and its Subsidiaries, audits by taxing authorities and consumer complaints to Insurance Regulators in the ordinary course of business, and except as set forth in Section 5.6(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, there are no proceedings, investigations, examinations (including financial, market conduct, underwriting, rating or claims examinations) or material inquiries by any Governmental Authority in progress or that have not been completed with respect to NORCAL, any NORCAL Subsidiary or any director or officer of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, nor, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, no Governmental Authority initiated or scheduled any proceeding, examination (including financial, market conduct, underwriting, rating or claims examinations) or investigation into the business or operations of NORCAL, any NORCAL Subsidiary, or any director or officer of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, since December 31, 2016. All material deficiencies or violations noted with respect to the examinations of NORCAL or any of the NORCAL Subsidiaries (including financial, market conduct, underwriting, rating or claims examinations) have either been resolved, are subject to ongoing negotiation for which NORCAL or the NORCAL Subsidiary, as applicable, believes is a reasonable basis to contest such findings, or are subject to a plan that has been established to resolve such deficiencies or violations, and NORCAL or the NORCAL Subsidiary, as applicable, is in material compliance with any such plan, in each case, to the reasonable satisfaction of the Governmental Authority that noted such deficiencies or violations. (c) Section 5.6(c) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule lists all financial and market conduct (including underwriting, rating or claims) examinations that any Insurance Regulator has conducted with respect to NORCAL or any of the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries since December 31, 2016. NORCAL has made available to PRA correct and complete reports issued by the applicable Insurance Regulator with respect to such examinations, including solely with respect to examination for which a final report has not yet been issued, any draft reports and correspondence with respect to such examinations. There are no regulatory examinations (including financial, market conduct, underwriting, rating or claims examinations) of NORCAL or any of the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries currently in process. 30 43126503 v1


 
(d) Except as otherwise contemplated by this Agreement, since December 31, 2016, neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has received from any Person any Notice on Form A or such other form as may be prescribed under Applicable Law indicating that such Person intends to make or has made a tender offer for or a request or invitation for tenders of, or intends to enter into or has entered into any agreement to exchange securities for, or intends to acquire or has acquired (in the open market or otherwise), any voting security of NORCAL, if after the consummation thereof such Person would directly or indirectly be in control of NORCAL. 5.7 Financial Statements; Financial Reporting. (a) “NORCAL SAP Statements” means (i) the annual statutory statements of each of NORCAL and the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries filed with any Insurance Regulator for each of the years ended December 31, 2016, December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, (ii) the quarterly statutory statements of each of NORCAL and the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries filed with any Insurance Regulator for each quarterly period in 2019 prior to the date of this Agreement, and (iii) all exhibits, interrogatories, notes, schedules and any actuarial opinions, affirmations or certifications or other supporting documents filed in connection with such annual statutory statements and quarterly statutory statements. (b) All such NORCAL SAP Statements were prepared (i) in conformity with statutory accounting principles prescribed or permitted by the Insurance Regulators consistently applied (“SAP”) and (ii) in accordance with the books and records of NORCAL and the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries. The NORCAL SAP Statements, when read in conjunction with the notes thereto and any statutory audit reports relating thereto, present fairly in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of NORCAL and the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries for the dates and periods indicated in accordance with SAP. The annual balance sheets and income statements included in the NORCAL SAP Statements have been, where required by Insurance Laws, audited by an independent accounting firm of recognized national reputation. In accordance with Section 5.7(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, NORCAL has made available to PRA true and complete copies of all of the NORCAL SAP Statements and all audit opinions related thereto. (c) Each of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries maintains accurate books and records reflecting its assets and liabilities and maintains proper and adequate internal accounting controls over financial reporting which provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting. Neither the auditors nor the board of directors or audit committee of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary have been advised by their accountants with respect to the audited consolidated balance sheets of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018, and the related consolidated audited statements of earnings, policyholders’ equity and cash flows of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries for the period ended December 31, 2018 of: (x) any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the design or operation of the internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Section 13(b)(2)(B) and Rules 13d-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act) of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary which could materially adversely affect its ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data, or (y) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves 31 43126503 v1


 
management or other employees who have a significant role in the internal controls over financial reporting of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary. (d) Except as described in Section 5.7(d) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, at the dates of the aforementioned balance sheets, neither NORCAL nor any of the NORCAL Subsidiaries had any liabilities or obligations of any nature, whether accrued, absolute, contingent or otherwise, which would be required to be disclosed in or reflected or reserved for on a balance sheet prepared in conformity with SAP, other than (i) as disclosed in or reflected or reserved against on the balance sheets described in Section 5.7(a), (ii) those liabilities and obligations incurred pursuant to contractual obligations identified in this Agreement or the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule other than liabilities or obligations due to breaches by NORCAL thereunder, (iii) liabilities incurred or to be incurred pursuant to, in connection with, or as a result of, the Plan of Conversion and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement and (iv) those liabilities and obligations incurred in the ordinary course of business. (e) Section 5.7(e) of the NORCAL Disclosure Statement lists, and NORCAL has delivered to PRA copies of the documentation creating or governing, all securitization transactions and “off-balance sheet arrangements” (as defined in Item 303(c) of Regulation S-K of the SEC) effected by NORCAL or any of the NORCAL Subsidiaries since December 31, 2016. (f) KPMG US LLP, which has expressed its opinion with respect to the financial statements of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries (including the related notes), is and has been throughout the periods covered by such financial statements “independent” with respect to NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries within the meaning of Regulation S-X. 5.8 Broker’s Fees. Except as set forth in Section 5.8 of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, none of NORCAL, the NORCAL Subsidiaries and their respective officers and directors, has employed any broker or finder or incurred any liability for any broker’s fees or commissions, or investment banker fees or commissions, or finder’s fees in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. 5.9 Absence of Certain Changes or Events. (a) Since September 30, 2019, and except as set forth in Section 5.9(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, neither NORCAL nor any of its Subsidiaries has (except as required by Applicable Law): (i) increased the wages, salaries, compensation, pension, or other fringe benefits or perquisites payable to any executive officer, employee, or director from the amount thereof in effect as of June 30, 2019, (ii) granted any stock options or severance or termination pay, entered into any contract to make or grant any stock options or severance or termination pay, or paid any bonuses, or (iii) suffered any strike, work stoppage, slowdown, or other labor disturbance. (b) Since September 30, 2019, and except as set forth in Section 5.9(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, there has not been: (i) any material adverse change in the financial condition, assets, liabilities or business of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary; (ii) 32 43126503 v1


 
any material change in any method of accounting or accounting principles or practice by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, except as required by SAP and disclosed in the notes to the unaudited financial statements of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries; (iii) any material change in the actuarial, investment, reserving, underwriting or claims administration policies, practices, procedures, methods, assumptions (outside of the ordinary course of business) or principles of NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary; (iv) any damage, destruction or loss, whether or not covered by insurance, materially and adversely affecting the properties or business of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary; (v) any declaration or payment of any dividends or distribution of any kind to the Policyholders of NORCAL or in respect of the capital stock of any NORCAL Subsidiary; (vi) any direct or indirect redemption, purchase or other acquisition by NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary of any of the capital stock of any NORCAL Subsidiary; (vii) any discharge or cancellation, whether in part or in whole, of any indebtedness owed by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary to any Person, except reimbursement to employees of ordinary business expenses or other debts arising in the ordinary course of business; (viii) any sale or transfer or cancellation of any of the assets, properties, or claims of NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary, except in the ordinary course of business; (ix) any sale, assignment or transfer of any trademarks, trade names, or other intangible assets of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary; (x) except as set forth in Section 5.9(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, any material amendment to or termination of any material contract, agreement, instrument or license to which NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary is a party; or (xi) any other event or condition of any character materially and adversely affecting the business or properties of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary. 5.10 Legal Proceedings and Judgments. (a) Except as set forth in Section 5.10(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary is a party to any, and there are no pending or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, threatened, legal, administrative, arbitral or other inquiries, proceedings, claims (whether asserted or unasserted), actions or governmental or regulatory or applicable industry self regulatory organization (including, without limitation, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners) investigations of any nature (including noncontractual claims, bad faith claims and claims against any directors or officers of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, but excluding coverage and other claims made with respect to insurance policies issued by NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary for which adequate claims reserves have been established in accordance with SAP and generally accepted actuarial principles) against NORCAL, any NORCAL Subsidiary, any of their respective businesses or assets, any assets of any other Person which are used in any of the business or operations of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, any directors or officers of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, or the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, or challenging the validity or propriety of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, other than, in each case, as would not be material to NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries, taken as a whole. (b) Except as set forth in Section 5.10(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, there is no injunction, order, judgment, decree, or regulatory restriction (including noncontractual claims, bad faith claims and claims against any directors or officers of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, but excluding coverage and other claims made with respect to insurance policies issued by NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary for which 33 43126503 v1


 
adequate claims reserves have been established) imposed upon NORCAL, any NORCAL Subsidiary or the assets of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary. (c) Except as set forth in Section 5.10(c) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, since December 31, 2016 no breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duties under ERISA, bad faith, breach of warranty, tort, negligence, infringement, fraud, discrimination, wrongful discharge or other claim of any nature has been asserted or threatened against NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary. 5.11 Insurance. (a) Section 5.11(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule sets forth policies of general liability, fire and casualty, automobile, directors and officers, errors and omissions, fiduciary, and other forms of insurance currently maintained by NORCAL and the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries (the “NORCAL Insurance Policies”). All such policies are in full force and effect, all premiums due and payable thereon have been paid (other than retroactive or retrospective premium adjustments that are not yet, but may be, required to be paid with respect to any period ending prior to the Closing Date under comprehensive general liability and workmen’s compensation insurance policies), and no written or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, oral notice of cancellation or termination has been received with respect to any such policy which has not been replaced on substantially similar terms prior to the date of such cancellation. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, the activities and operations of NORCAL and the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries have been conducted in a manner so as to conform in all material respects to all applicable provisions of such insurance policies. (b) No issuer of the NORCAL Insurance Policies has issued a reservation-of- rights letter, or entered into a nonwaiver agreement, or otherwise denied or limited coverage (in whole or in part), under any open claims under the NORCAL Insurance Policies, and during the last twelve (12) months no declaratory judgment has been sought by any Person or entered by any court of competent jurisdiction that denies or limits coverage (in whole or in part) under any open claims under the NORCAL Insurance Policies. 5.12 Taxes and Tax Returns. (a) As used in this Agreement: “Tax” or “Taxes” means all federal, state, county, local, and foreign income, excise, gross receipts, gross income, profits, franchise, license, ad valorem, profits, gains, capital, sales, transfer, use, payroll, employment, severance, withholding, duties, intangibles, franchise, backup withholding, stamp, occupation, premium, social security (or similar), unemployment, disability, real property, personal property, sales, use, registration, alternative or add on minimum, estimated, and other taxes, charges, levies or like assessments together with all penalties and additions to tax and interest thereon). “Tax Return” or “Tax Returns” means any and all returns, declarations, claims for refunds, reports, information returns and information statements (including, without limitation, Form 1099, Form W-2 and W-3, Form 5500, and Form 990) with respect to Taxes filed, or required to be filed, by any Person or any Subsidiary of such Person with the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or any other Governmental Authority or tax authority or agency, whether domestic or foreign (including consolidated, combined and unitary tax returns). 34 43126503 v1


 
(b) NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries have duly filed all material Tax Returns required to be filed by them on or prior to the date of this Agreement (all such Tax Returns being accurate and complete in all material respects), taking into account any valid extension of time within which to file, and have duly paid or made sufficient provisions for the payment of all Taxes shown thereon as owing on or prior to the date of this Agreement (including, if and to the extent applicable, those due in respect of their properties, income, business, capital stock, premiums, franchises, licenses, sales and payrolls) other than Taxes which are not yet delinquent or are being contested in good faith and have not been finally determined for which adequate reserves have been made on the financial statements described in Section 5.7(a) of this Agreement. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has waived any statute of limitations in respect of Taxes or agreed to any extension of time with respect to a Tax Return or tax assessment or deficiency other than extensions that are automatically granted by the taxing authorities upon filing an application therefor. The unpaid Taxes of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries do not exceed the reserve for tax liability set forth on the balance sheets referenced in Section 5.7(a) of this Agreement as adjusted for the passage of time through the Closing Date in accordance with past custom and practice of NORCAL in filing its returns. No written claim (which remains unresolved) has been made since December 31, 2016 by an authority in a jurisdiction where NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary does not file Tax Returns that it is or may be subject to taxation by that jurisdiction. (c) There is no claim, audit, Action, other administrative or judicial proceeding or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, investigation now pending or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, threatened against or with respect to NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary in respect of any material Tax. NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary in connection with amounts paid or owed to any employee, independent contractor, creditor, shareholder or other third party have complied with applicable tax withholding in all material respects. NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary have reported such withheld amounts to the appropriate taxing authority and to each such employee, independent contractor, creditor, shareholder or other third party as required by Applicable Law. (d) There are no Tax Liens upon any property or assets of NORCAL or its Subsidiaries except for Permitted Liens. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has been required to include in income any adjustment pursuant to Section 481 of the Code by reason of a voluntary change in accounting method initiated by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, and the IRS has not initiated or proposed any such adjustment or change in accounting method. Except as set forth in the financial statements described in Section 5.7(a) of this Agreement, neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has entered into a transaction which is being accounted for as an installment obligation under Section 453 of the Code. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary is a party to or bound by any tax indemnity, tax sharing or tax allocation agreement (other than such agreements as exist by and among themselves or customary Tax indemnifications contained in ordinary course commercial contracts with third parties that do not relate primarily to Taxes). Except as set forth in Section 5.13(d) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, since January 1, 2013, neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has been a member of an affiliated group of corporations within the meaning of Section 1504 of the Code other than an affiliated group in which NORCAL has been the common parent corporation. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary is liable for the Taxes of any person under Section 1.1502 6 of the Treasury Regulations (or any similar 35 43126503 v1


 
provision of state, local or foreign Tax law) or by contract, as a successor or otherwise (other than ordinary course commercial contracts with third parties that do not relate primarily to Taxes). During the five (5) year period ending on the date hereof, neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary was a distributing corporation or a controlled corporation in a transaction intended to be governed by Section 355 of the Code. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary is a party to any joint venture, partnership or other arrangement or contract that could be treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. (e) To the Knowledge of NORCAL, there is no dispute or claim concerning any tax liability of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary except as disclosed in Section 5.12(e) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule. Section 5.12(e) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule identifies the last Tax Returns that have been audited by the taxing authority with whom they were filed, and indicates those Tax Returns that currently are the subject of an audit procedure or that NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary has received notice will be subject to an audit procedure. NORCAL has made available to PRA correct and complete copies of all federal income tax returns (including amendments thereto) of, all examination reports of, and statements of deficiencies assessed against or agreed to by, NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary since December 31, 2016. (f) Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary is a party to any employment, severance or termination agreement or other compensation arrangement (including any NORCAL Employee Plan) with any individual that obligates NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary to reimburse any employee for any taxes attributable to a “parachute payment” Section 280G of the Code. 5.13 Employee Plans; Labor Matters. (a) Section 5.13(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule contains a true and complete list of each pension, benefit, retirement, compensation, profit-sharing, deferred compensation, incentive, performance award, phantom equity or other equity, change in control, retention, severance, vacation, paid time off, material fringe-benefit and other similar agreement, plan, policy, program or arrangement (and any amendments thereto), in each case whether or not reduced to writing and whether funded or unfunded, including each “employee benefit plan” within the meaning of Section 3(3) of ERISA, whether or not tax-qualified and whether or not subject to ERISA, which is or has been during the preceding three (3) calendar years maintained, sponsored, contributed to, or required to be contributed to by NORCAL for the benefit of any current or former employee, officer, manager, retiree, independent contractor or consultant of NORCAL or any spouse or dependent of such individual, or under which NORCAL has or may have any liability, or with respect to which PRA or any of its ERISA Affiliates would reasonably be expected to have any liability, contingent or otherwise (as listed on Section 5.13(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, each, an “NORCAL Benefit Plan”). (b) With respect to each NORCAL Benefit Plan, NORCAL has made available to PRA accurate, current and complete copies of each of the following: (i) where the NORCAL Benefit Plan has been reduced to writing, the plan document together with all amendments; (ii) where the NORCAL Benefit Plan has not been reduced to writing, a written summary of all material plan terms; (iii) where applicable, copies of any trust agreements or 36 43126503 v1


 
other funding arrangements, custodial agreements, insurance policies and contracts, administration agreements and similar agreements, and investment management or investment advisory agreements, now in effect or required in the future as a result of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or otherwise; (iv) copies of any summary plan descriptions, summaries of material modifications, employee handbooks and any other material written communications relating to any NORCAL Benefit Plan; (v) in the case of any NORCAL Benefit Plan that is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code, a copy of the most recent determination, opinion or advisory letter from the Internal Revenue Service; (vi) in the case of any NORCAL Benefit Plan for which a Form 5500 is required to be filed, a copy of the most recently filed Form 5500, with schedules attached; (vii) actuarial valuations and reports related to any NORCAL Benefit Plans with respect to the two most recently completed plan years; and (viii) copies of material written notices, letters or other correspondence from the Internal Revenue Service, Department of Labor or Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation relating to the NORCAL Benefit Plan. (c) Each NORCAL Benefit Plan has been established, administered and maintained in accordance with its terms and in material compliance with all Applicable Laws (including ERISA and the Code). Each NORCAL Benefit Plan that is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code (a “Qualified Benefit Plan”) is so qualified and has received a favorable and current determination letter from the Internal Revenue Service, or with respect to a prototype plan, can rely on an opinion letter from the Internal Revenue Service to the prototype plan sponsor, to the effect that such Qualified Benefit Plan is so qualified and that the plan and the trust related thereto are exempt from federal income taxes under Sections 401(a) and 501(a), respectively, of the Code, and nothing has occurred that could reasonably be expected to cause the revocation of such determination letter from the Internal Revenue Service or the unavailability of reliance on such opinion letter from the Internal Revenue Service, as applicable, nor has such revocation or unavailability been threatened. Each such NORCAL Benefit Plan has been timely amended, as necessary, to reflect mandatory changes required by Applicable Law. Nothing has occurred with respect to any NORCAL Benefit Plan that has subjected or could reasonably be expected to subject NORCAL or, with respect to any period on or after the Closing Date, PRA or any of its ERISA Affiliates, to a penalty under Section 502 of ERISA or to tax or penalty under Section 4975 of the Code. All benefits, contributions and premiums relating to each NORCAL Benefit Plan have been timely paid in material compliance with the terms of such NORCAL Benefit Plan and all Applicable Laws and accounting principles, and all benefits accrued under any unfunded NORCAL Benefit Plan have been paid, accrued or otherwise adequately reserved to the extent required by, and in accordance with, generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). (d) Except as set forth in Section 5.13(d) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedules, neither NORCAL nor any of its ERISA Affiliates has (i) incurred or reasonably expects to incur, either directly or indirectly, any material liability under Title I or Title IV of ERISA or related provisions of the Code or foreign Applicable Law relating to employee benefit plans; (ii) failed to timely pay premiums to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation; (iii) withdrawn from any NORCAL Benefit Plan; or (iv) engaged in any transaction which would give rise to liability under Section 4069 or Section 4212(c) of ERISA. 37 43126503 v1


 
(e) No reportable event that would require notice (either advance or post event) under Section 4043 of ERISA has occurred within the past three (3) years. (f) With respect to each NORCAL Benefit Plan (i) no such plan is a “multiple employer plan” within the meaning of Section 413(c) of the Code or a “multiple employer welfare arrangement” (as defined in Section 3(40) of ERISA); and (ii) no Action has been initiated by the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation to terminate any such plan or to appoint a trustee for any such plan. (g) Except as described in Section 5.13(g) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, there does not now exist, nor do any circumstances exist that could result in, any Controlled Group Liability that would be a liability of PRA following the Closing. “Controlled Group Liability” means any and all liabilities (i) under Title IV of ERISA, (ii) under Section 302 of ERISA, (iii) under Sections 412 and 4971 of the Code, (iv) as a result of a failure to comply with the continuation coverage requirements of Section 601 et seq. of ERISA and Section 4980B of the Code and (v) under corresponding or similar provisions of foreign laws or regulations. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, NORCAL has not engaged in any transaction described in Section 4069 or Section 4203-4205 or 4212 of ERISA and no event has occurred or circumstance exists that constitutes, or could reasonably be expected to cause, any withdrawal from, or the participation, termination, reorganization, or insolvency of, any Multiemployer Plan that could result in any liability of NORCAL to a Multiemployer Plan. For each Multiemployer Plan, NORCAL has provided PRA with the following to the extent applicable and available to or in possession of NORCAL or NORCAL: (i) any letter from the administrator of the Multiemployer Plan setting forth the estimated withdrawal liability which would be imposed by the Multiemployer Plan if NORCAL or any ERISA Affiliate were to withdraw from the Multiemployer Plan in a complete withdrawal, as of the most recently-available information, and the factors used to determine such estimate and (ii) a copy of the most recently-available Form 5500 and/or actuarial report of the Multiemployer Plan, which sets forth the actuarial assumptions used in determining the present value of unfunded vested benefits for withdrawal liability purposes. (h) All contributions required to be made to any NORCAL Benefit Plan by Applicable Law or by any plan document or other contractual undertaking, and all premiums due or payable with respect to insurance policies funding any NORCAL Benefit Plan, for any period through the date hereof have been timely made or paid in full or, to the extent not required to be made or paid on or before the date hereof, have been fully reflected on the financial statements. (i) Except as required by Applicable Law, no provision of any NORCAL Benefit Plan or collective bargaining agreement could reasonably be expected to result in any limitation on PRA or any of its ERISA Affiliates from amending or terminating any NORCAL Benefit Plan. NORCAL has no commitment or obligation and has not made any representations to any employee, officer, manager, independent contractor or consultant, whether or not legally binding, to adopt, amend or modify any NORCAL Benefit Plan or any collective bargaining agreement, in connection with the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or otherwise. 38 43126503 v1


 
(j) Except as set forth in Section 5.13(j) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, other than as required under Section 601 et. seq. of ERISA or other Applicable Law, no NORCAL Benefit Plan provides post-termination or retiree welfare benefits to any individual for any reason, and neither NORCAL nor any of its ERISA Affiliates has any liability to provide post-termination or retiree welfare benefits to any individual or ever represented, promised or contracted to any individual that such individual would be provided with post-termination or retiree welfare benefits. (k) There is no pending or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, threatened Action relating to a NORCAL Benefit Plan (other than routine claims for benefits), and no NORCAL Benefit Plan has within the three years prior to the date hereof been the subject of an examination or audit by a Governmental Authority or the subject of an application or filing under or is a participant in, an amnesty, voluntary compliance, self-correction or similar program sponsored by any Governmental Authority. (l) Other than in the ordinary course of business or as disclosed under Section 5.13(l) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, there has been no amendment to, announcement by NORCAL or any of its ERISA Affiliates relating to, or change in employee participation or coverage under, any NORCAL Benefit Plan that would increase the annual expense of maintaining such plan above the level of the expense incurred for the most recently completed fiscal year with respect to any manager, officer, employee, independent contractor or consultant, as applicable. Other than in the ordinary course of business or as disclosed under Section 5.13(l) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, neither NORCAL nor any of its ERISA Affiliates has any commitment or obligation or has made any representations to any manager, officer, employee, independent contractor or consultant, whether or not legally binding, to adopt, amend or modify any NORCAL Benefit Plan. (m) Each NORCAL Benefit Plan that is or was a “nonqualified deferred compensation plan” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code and associated Treasury Department guidance has (i) been operated between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2008, in good faith compliance with Section 409A of the Code and Notice 2005-01 and (ii) since January 1, 2009 (or such later date permitted under applicable guidance), been operated in compliance with, is in documentary compliance with, and, no compensation is subject to reporting under, in all material respects, Section 409A of the Code and IRS regulations and guidance thereunder. No compensation payable by under any such NORCAL Benefit Plan has been reportable as nonqualified deferred compensation in the gross income of any individual or entity, and subject to an additional tax, as a result of the operation of Section 409A of the Code and no arrangement exists with respect to a nonqualified deferred compensation plan that would result in income inclusion under Section 409A(b) of the Code. (n) Except as set forth in Section 5.13(n) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, neither the execution of this Agreement nor any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will (either alone or upon the occurrence of any additional or subsequent events): (i) entitle any current or former director, manager, officer, employee, independent contractor or consultant of NORCAL to severance pay or any other payment; (ii) accelerate the time of payment, funding or vesting, or increase the amount of compensation due to any such individual; (iii) limit or restrict the right of NORCAL to merge, amend or terminate any NORCAL Benefit 39 43126503 v1


 
Plan; (iv) increase the amount payable under or result in any other material obligation pursuant to any NORCAL Benefit Plan; (v) result in “excess parachute payments” within the meaning of Section 280G(b) of the Code; or (vi) require a “gross-up” or other payment to any “disqualified individual” within the meaning of Section 280G(c) of the Code. NORCAL has made available to PRA true and complete copies of any Section 280G calculations prepared (whether or not final) with respect to any disqualified individual in connection with the transactions. 5.14 Employees. (a) NORCAL has made available to PRA a true and correct list of the names of the employees of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries, their birth dates, hire dates, compensation rates, name of employer and capacity in which employed, and accrued vacation and sick leave, if any, all as of December 31, 2019. Except as limited by any employment agreements and severance agreements listed on Section 5.14(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, and except for any limitations of general application which may be imposed under applicable employment laws, NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries have the right to terminate the employment of any of their respective employees at will and without payment to such employees. (b) NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries are in compliance, in all material respects, with all Applicable Laws regarding labor and employment and the compensation therefore, discrimination in employment, terms and conditions of employment, wages, hours and occupational safety and health, and employment practices, whether state or federal (including, without limitation, as applicable, wage and hour laws; workplace safety laws; workers’ compensation laws; equal employment opportunity laws; equal pay laws; civil rights laws; the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, as amended; the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, as amended; the Americans With Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., as amended; the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., as amended; the Equal Pay Act, 29 U.S.C. § 206d, as amended, the Portal-to-Portal Pay Act of 1947, 29 U.S.C. § 255 et seq., as amended; Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, as amended and 42 U.S.C. § 1981, as amended; Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended; the Vietnam-Era Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974, as amended; the Immigration Reform and Control Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1324A et seq., as amended; the Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988, as amended; the Veterans Re-employment Act - Handicap Bias, 38 U.S.C. § 2027 et seq., as amended; the Civil Rights Act of 1991, as amended; the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, as amended; the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, as amended; the Age Discrimination and Employment Act of 1967, as amended; and the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985). Except as set forth in Section 5.14(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, no action or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, investigation has been instituted or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, is threatened to be conducted by any state or federal agency regarding any potential violation by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary of any laws, orders, ordinances and regulations regarding labor and employment or the compensation therefore (including, without limitation, any of the aforementioned statutes, to the extent applicable) during the past three (3) years. (c) Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has ever been a party to or bound by any union or collective bargaining contract, nor is any such contract currently in 40 43126503 v1


 
effect or being negotiated by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary. NORCAL does not know of any activities or proceedings of any labor union to organize any employees of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, since December 31, 2018, no executive officer of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary has indicated in writing to any executive officer of NORCAL an intention to terminate his or her employment on or before six (6) months following the Closing of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. (d) NORCAL and each of the NORCAL Subsidiaries have complied with all applicable notice provisions of and have no material obligations under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 with respect to any former employees or qualifying beneficiaries thereunder. Except as set forth in Section 5.14(d) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedules, there is no action, claim, cause of action, suit or proceeding pending or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, threatened against NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, on the part of any employee or applicant for employment, including any such action, claim, cause of action, suit or proceeding based on allegations of wrongful termination or discrimination on the basis of age, race, religion, sex, sexual preference, or mental or physical handicap or disability. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary is delinquent in the payment of wages, salaries, bonuses, relocation benefits, stock options or other incentives due to or for the benefit of any employee of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, no person treated as an independent contractor by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary is an employee as defined in Section 3401(c) of the Code, nor has any employee been otherwise improperly classified, as exempt, nonexempt or otherwise, for purposes of federal or state income tax withholding or overtime laws, rules, or regulations. (e) Since December 31, 2018, neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has effectuated (i) a “plant closing” (as defined in the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (the “WARN Act”)) affecting any site of employment or one or more facilities or operating units within any site of employment or facility of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary; (ii) a “mass layoff” (as defined in the WARN Act); or (iii) such other transaction, layoff, reduction in force or employment terminations sufficient in number to trigger application of any similar foreign, state or local law. (f) Each individual who is classified by NORCAL as an independent contractor has been properly classified for purposes of participation and benefit accrual under each NORCAL Benefit Plan. 5.15 Compliance with Applicable Law. (a) NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries have complied in all material respects with, and are not in default in any material respect under any, and have maintained and conducted their respective businesses in all material respects in compliance with, all Applicable Laws during the last three (3) years. (b) Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary is subject to any cease and desist or other order issued by, or is a party to any written agreement, consent agreement or memorandum of understanding with, or is a party to any commitment letter or similar written undertaking to, or is subject to any order or directive by, or has been a recipient of any 41 43126503 v1


 
supervisory letter from, or since that date, has adopted any board resolutions at the request of any Governmental Authority that: (i) materially limits the ability of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary to conduct any line of business that it currently conducts, (ii) require any material investments of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary to be treated as non-admitted assets, (iii) requires divestiture of any material investments of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, (iv) in any manner imposes any material requirements on NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary in respect of risk based capital requirements that add to or otherwise modify the risk based capital requirements imposed under the Insurance Laws, (v) in any manner relates to the ability of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary to pay or declare dividends or distributions, or (vi) restricts in any material respect the conduct of the business, credit policies or management of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary (each, whether or not set forth in the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, an “NORCAL Regulatory Agreement”), nor has NORCAL or any of its Subsidiaries been advised in writing or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, orally by any Governmental Authority that it is considering issuing or requesting any such NORCAL Regulatory Agreement. (c) Except as set forth in Section 5.15(c) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, there is no pending or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, threatened charge by any Governmental Authority that NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary has violated any Applicable Laws (including any Insurance Laws), nor any pending or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, threatened investigation by any Governmental Authority with respect to possible violations of any Applicable Laws (including any Insurance Laws). (d) There are no material contracts (other than contracts relating to employment), real estate leases, loans, guarantees or other arrangements or transactions of any nature between NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, on the one hand, and any of their respective officers, directors, or affiliates (as such term is defined in Rule 405 of the SEC), on the other hand. NORCAL has not, since December 31, 2016, extended or maintained credit, arranged for the extension of credit, or renewed an extension of credit, in the form of a personal loan to or for any director or executive officer (or equivalent thereof) of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary. Section 5.15(d) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule identifies each loan or extension of credit maintained by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary to which the second sentence of Section 13(k)(1) of the Exchange Act applies. (e) None of NORCAL, the NORCAL Subsidiaries and, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, any of their respective current or former officers or directors or current or former employees, agents or representatives have: (i) used any corporate funds for any illegal contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses relating to political activity, (ii) used any corporate funds for any direct or indirect unlawful payments to any foreign or domestic government officials or employees, (iii) violated any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, (iv) established or maintained any unlawful or unrecorded fund of corporate monies or other assets, (v) made any false or fictitious entries on the books and records of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, (vi) made any bribe, rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment of any nature, or (vi) made any material favor or gift which is not deductible for federal income tax purposes. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, no director or officer of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary has engaged in any “insider trading” in violation of Applicable Law with respect to any security issued by NORCAL. 42 43126503 v1


 
5.16 Certain Contracts. (a) Section 5.16(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule sets forth all contracts, agreements, arrangements, commitments, or understandings, whether written or oral, (other than insurance policies or contracts issued by NORCAL or a NORCAL Subsidiary) to which NORCAL or a NORCAL Subsidiary is a party to or bound by: (i) with respect to the employment of any directors, officers or employees; (ii) which, upon the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will (either alone or upon the occurrence of any additional acts or events) result in any payment (whether of severance pay or otherwise) becoming due from NORCAL, PRA, or any of their respective Subsidiaries to any director, officer or employee thereof; (iii) which is a “material contract” (as such term is defined in Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K of the SEC) to be performed after the date of this Agreement; (iv) that concerns a partnership or joint venture that is not consolidated with NORCAL for financial reporting purposes; (v) the purpose of which is to restrict the ability of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary to compete with respect to any product, service or territory; (vi) that is in the nature of a collective bargaining agreement, employment agreement, consulting agreement or severance agreement that is not cancelable by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary without penalty or compensation on thirty (30) days’ notice or less; (vii) that provides for the payment to an employee of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary any incentive or bonus compensation based on the productivity or performance of such employee or of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary; (viii) that is with any Insurance Regulator and restricts (A) distributions or other payments to the Policyholders or any NORCAL Subsidiary, (B) the continued operation of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, or (C) any other matter relating to NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary and its affairs; or (ix) any of the benefits of which will be increased, or the vesting of the benefits of which will be accelerated, by the occurrence of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, or the value of any of the benefits of which will be calculated on the basis of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. NORCAL has previously made available to PRA true and correct copies of all employment and deferred compensation agreements which are in writing and to which NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary is a party. Each contract, agreement, arrangement, commitment, or understanding (whether written or oral) of the type described in Sections 5.16(a) of this Agreement, whether or not set forth in the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, is referred to in this 43 43126503 v1


 
Agreement as an “NORCAL Contract”, and neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has received written or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, oral notice of any violation of any NORCAL Contract by any of the other parties thereto. (b) Section 5.16(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule sets forth a list of, and NORCAL has made available to PRA correct and complete copies of, all written arrangements (or group of related written arrangements) from or to third parties, for the furnishing of services to, or receipt of services by, NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary (including without limitation, legal and accounting services, risk management services, agency agreements, managing general agent agreements, reinsurance intermediary agreements and other distribution agreements, and agreements relating to the sale or servicing of medical professional liability insurance products offered by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary) under which payments were made during any calendar year since December 31, 2018 in excess of $100,000 or that has a non-cancelable term in excess of one year (as to the latter, which is still in effect). (c) With respect to each NORCAL Contract: Such NORCAL Contract is in full force and effect (except for contracts that have expired pursuant to the terms thereof) and (assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by each other party thereto) is legally valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms against NORCAL or any relevant NORCAL Subsidiary (except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, reorganization or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and the availability of equitable remedies). There are no material defaults by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, any other party, under such NORCAL Contract. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has received written or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, oral notice of any material default, offset, counterclaim or defense under such NORCAL Contract. No condition or event has occurred which with the passage of time or the giving of notice or both would constitute a material default or material breach by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, any other party under the terms of such NORCAL Contract. All security deposits, reserve funds, and other sums and charges that have become due and payable under such NORCAL Contract have been paid in full. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, no party has repudiated any provision of such NORCAL Contract. 5.17 Investments and Interest Rate Risk Management Instruments. (a) Except as set forth in Section 5.17(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary have good and valid title to all securities held by it (except securities sold under repurchase agreements or held in any fiduciary or agency capacity), free and clear of any Lien. Such securities are permissible investments under all Applicable Laws and are valued on the books of NORCAL or the applicable NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary in accordance with SAP. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, none of the securities are in default in the payment of principal, interest or dividends nor is impaired to any extent. NORCAL has provided to PRA a copy of the investment policies of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries as of June 30, 2019. There has been no material change in investment policy of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries or in the composition of the investments of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries since June 30, 2019. 44 43126503 v1


 
(b) Except as described in Section 5.17(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, all interest rate swaps, caps, floors and option agreements and other interest rate risk management arrangements entered into for the account of NORCAL or its Subsidiaries were entered into in the ordinary course of business and, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, in accordance with business practices believed to be prudent by NORCAL management and Applicable Laws and with counterparties believed by NORCAL’s management to be financially responsible at the time. All of such interest rate swaps, caps, floors and option agreements and other interest rate risk management arrangements are (assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by each other party thereto) legal, valid and binding obligations of NORCAL or its Subsidiaries enforceable in accordance with their terms (except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, reorganization or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and the availability of equitable remedies), and are in full force and effect. NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary have duly performed in all material respects all of their material obligations thereunder to the extent that such obligations to perform have accrued; and, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, there are no material breaches, violations or defaults or allegations or assertions of such by any party thereunder. 5.18 Intellectual Property/Social Media. (a) NORCAL or a NORCAL Subsidiary owns or has the right to use all Intellectual Property necessary for the operation of the businesses of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries as presently conducted. Section 5.18(a)(i) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule lists all Intellectual Property that is registered or subject to a pending application filed with a Governmental Authority (collectively, the “NORCAL Registered Intellectual Property”), specifying as applicable to each: the title, mark, or design; the record owner, inventor(s), author(s) or assignees; the jurisdiction by or in which it has been issued, registered or filed; the patent number, serial number, application number, registration number or other designator assigned by the registering office; the filing date and the issue or registration date; and the current status of each item. Section 5.18(a)(ii) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule lists all material unregistered trademarks, service marks, logos, trade names and corporate names owned by NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary. With respect to all NORCAL Registered Intellectual Property, all assignments and other instruments necessary to establish, record, and perfect NORCAL’s ownership interest in the NORCAL Registered Intellectual Property have been validly executed, delivered, and filed with the relevant Governmental Authorities and authorized registrar. (b) To the Knowledge of NORCAL, neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has interfered with, infringed upon, misappropriated or otherwise violated any Intellectual Property owned by third parties. None of NORCAL, the NORCAL Subsidiaries, and any of the directors, officers or employees with responsibility for intellectual property matters of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary has since December 31, 2016 received any written or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, oral claim or notice alleging any such interference, infringement, misappropriation or violation. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, no third party has interfered with, infringed upon, misappropriated or otherwise violated any intellectual property rights of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary. 45 43126503 v1


 
(c) Section 5.18(c) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule identifies each item of Intellectual Property material to the business that any third party owns and that NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary uses pursuant to a license, sublicense, or other written agreement under which annual payments were made since December 31, 2018 in excess of $100,000 (excluding off-the-shelf software license agreements). With respect to each such item of such Intellectual Property: (i) (assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by each other party thereto) is legal, valid, binding and enforceable against NORCAL and such NORCAL Subsidiary; (ii) to the Knowledge of NORCAL no party to the license, sublicense, agreement or permission is in breach or default, and no event of default has occurred which with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute a breach or default or permit termination, modification or acceleration thereunder; (iii) to the Knowledge of NORCAL no party to the license, sublicense, agreement or permission has repudiated any provision thereof; (iv) with respect to any sublicense, the representations and warranties set forth in (i) through (iii) above are true and correct with respect to the underlying license; and (v) neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has granted any sublicense or similar right with respect to the license, sublicense, agreement or permission. (d) To the Knowledge of NORCAL, all of the NORCAL Registered Intellectual Property is valid and enforceable, and all registrations for NORCAL Registered Intellectual Property are subsisting and in full force and effect. NORCAL has taken commercially reasonable steps to maintain and enforce the NORCAL Registered Intellectual Property. All required filings and fees related to the NORCAL Registered Intellectual Property have been timely submitted with and paid to the relevant Governmental Authorities and authorized registrars. (e) Section 5.18(e) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedules contains a correct, current and complete list of all social media accounts used in NORCAL’s business. NORCAL has complied in all material respects with all terms of use, terms of service, or other agreements and all associated policies and guidelines relating to its use of any social media platforms, sites, or services (collectively, “Social Media Terms of Use”). There are no Actions, whether settled, pending, or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, threatened, alleging any (A) breach or other violation of any Social Media Terms of Use by NORCAL; or (B) defamation, violation of publicity rights of any Person, or any other violation by NORCAL in connection with its use of social media. 5.19 Real Property; Environmental Liability. (a) Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary owns any right, title or interest in any real property except as described on Section 5.19(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule (collectively, the “NORCAL Real Property”). Section 5.19(a) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule sets forth a complete and accurate list and general description of all material leases, subleases or other occupancy agreements for real property, together with all subordination, attornment, estoppel, non-disturbance or other ancillary agreements pertaining thereto, and all amendments to or modifications of any of the foregoing (collectively, the “NORCAL Real Property Leases”) to which NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary is a party or by which any of them are bound. NORCAL or a NORCAL Subsidiary owns all right, title and interest in, and has good and marketable title to, the NORCAL Real Property, and NORCAL or a 46 43126503 v1


 
NORCAL Subsidiary has a valid leasehold interest under each NORCAL Real Property Lease, in each case free and clear of all Liens except for (i) rights of lessors, co-lessees or sublessees under each NORCAL Real Property Lease; (ii) taxes and assessments not yet due and payable; (iii) easements, covenants, conditions, restrictions and reservations of record, and such nonmonetary imperfections of title and encumbrances, if any, as do not materially detract from the value of or materially interfere with the present use of the subject property; (iv) matters which would be shown or disclosed by a current survey of the subject property; (v) all Applicable Laws, including zoning, building, use and life-safety laws, ordinances, codes, rules and regulations; and (vi) Permitted Liens. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, the activities of NORCAL and its Subsidiaries with respect to all NORCAL Real Property and NORCAL Real Property Leases used in connection with their operations are in all material respects permitted under applicable zoning laws, ordinances and regulations. (b) NORCAL or its applicable Subsidiary enjoys peaceful and undisturbed possession under each NORCAL Real Property Lease, subject to the terms of such NORCAL Real Property Lease. NORCAL has made available to PRA complete and correct copies of all of the NORCAL Real Property Leases. Each NORCAL Real Property Lease is (assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by each other party thereto) in full force and effect and is legally valid, binding and enforceable against NORCAL and the applicable NORCAL Subsidiary in accordance with its terms (except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, reorganization or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and the availability of equitable remedies). There are no current outstanding monetary defaults and no current outstanding material nonmonetary defaults by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, any other party, under any NORCAL Real Property Lease. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has received written notice of any default, offset, counterclaim or defense under any NORCAL Real Property Lease which has not heretofore been cured or resolved. Except as set forth in Section 5.5(b)(ii)(y) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, no condition or event has occurred which with the passage of time or the giving of notice or both would constitute a default or breach by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, or any other party, under of the terms of any NORCAL Real Property Lease. All rent, security deposits, reserve funds, allowances and other sums and charges that have become due and payable under the NORCAL Real Property Leases have been paid in accordance with the terms of the NORCAL Real Property Leases, and no disputes with respect to the amount of payment thereof presently exist. Except as set forth on Section 5.19(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedules, consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement does not require any consent or approval by any counterparty to any of the NORCAL Real Property Leases, and will not result in any breach or default under any of the NORCAL Real Property Leases. (c) NORCAL and its Subsidiaries are and have been since December 31, 2016 in compliance in all material respects with all Environmental Laws and all Environmental Permits. There are no legal, administrative, arbitral or other proceedings, claims, actions, causes of action, private environmental investigations or remediation activities or governmental investigations of any nature pending or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, threatened seeking to impose on NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, or that could reasonably be expected to result in the imposition on NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary of, in each case, any liability or obligation arising under any Environmental Law which would have a Material Adverse Effect on 47 43126503 v1


 
NORCAL. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, there is no reasonable basis for any such proceeding, claim, action, investigation or remediation activity. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary is subject to any agreement, order, judgment, decree, letter or memorandum by or with any Governmental Authority or private Person imposing any liability or obligation under any Environmental Law that would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on NORCAL. For purposes of this 5.19, the terms “NORCAL” and “Subsidiaries” include any Person that is, in whole or in part, a predecessor of NORCAL or any of its Subsidiaries. 5.20 Personal Property. (a) None of the material personal property owned by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary is subject to, or as of the Closing Date will be subject to, any Lien, except Permitted Liens. (b) Section 5.20(b) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule lists each personal property lease to which NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary is a party that is not cancelable upon ninety (90) or fewer days’ notice without penalty and has monthly rent that exceeds $10,000 (collectively, the “NORCAL Personal Property Leases”). NORCAL has made available to PRA complete and correct copies of all of the NORCAL Personal Property Leases. Each NORCAL Personal Property Lease is (assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by each other party thereto) in full force and effect and is legally valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms against NORCAL or the applicable NORCAL Subsidiary (except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, reorganization or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and the availability of equitable remedies). There are no material defaults by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, any other party, under any NORCAL Personal Property Lease. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary has received written or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, oral notice of any material default, offset, counterclaim or defense under any NORCAL Personal Property Lease. No condition or event has occurred which with the passage of time or the giving of notice or both would constitute a material default or breach by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, any other party under of the terms of any NORCAL Personal Property Lease. All rent, security deposits, reserve funds, allowances and other sums and charges that have become due and payable under the NORCAL Personal Property Leases have been paid in accordance with the terms of the NORCAL Personal Property Leases, and no disputes with respect to the amount or payment thereof presently exist. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, there are no purchase contracts, options or other agreements of any kind whereby any Person has acquired or will have any basis to assert any right, title or interest in, or right to the possession, use, enjoyment or proceeds of, any interest in the personal property subject to the NORCAL Personal Property Leases. Consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement does not require any consent or approval by any lessor, lender or other counterparty to any of the NORCAL Personal Property Leases, and will not result in any breach or default under any of the NORCAL Personal Property Leases. 5.21 Insurance Matters. 48 43126503 v1


 
(a) Since December 31, 2016, all benefits claimed by any Person under any policy, binder, slip, certificate or other agreement of insurance in effect as of the date hereof (including all applications, endorsements, supplements, endorsements, riders and ancillary agreements in connection therewith) issued by NORCAL or a NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary (the “Insurance Contracts”) have in all material respects been administered and paid (or provision for payment thereof has been made) in accordance with the terms of such Insurance Contract and the laws under which they arose. (b) NORCAL has provided or made available to PRA true and complete copies of the current underwriting standards and guidelines utilized and rates and rating factors and criteria applied by NORCAL and the applicable NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries. (c) All policy and contract forms on which NORCAL or a NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary has issued currently effective Insurance Contracts or which are currently being used by NORCAL or any applicable NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary have, to the extent required by Applicable Law, been approved by all Insurance Regulators or filed with and not objected to by such Insurance Regulators within the period provided by Applicable Law for objection. (d) Except as set forth in Section 5.21(d) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, the Insurance Contracts have been marketed, sold and issued in material compliance with all Applicable Laws, including Applicable Laws relating to (i) the use of unfair methods of competition and deceptive acts or practices relating to the advertising, sale and marketing of insurance, (ii) all applicable disclosure, filing and other requirements with respect to any variation in premiums or other charges resulting from time to time at which such premiums or charges are paid and (iii) all applicable requirements regulating the underwriting, rating, nonrenewal, cancellation or replacement of insurance policies; and, in each case, all marketing materials, brochures, illustrations and certificates pertaining to the Insurance Contracts comply with the Insurance Laws in all material respects. (e) Except as set forth in Section 5.21(e) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, each agent, broker, service provider, managing general agent, third party administrator, adjuster, or other Person engaged by NORCAL or a NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary to provide claims management or other insurance services with respect to the Insurance Contracts requiring licensure was, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, at the time such Person provided such services (or within any permitted grace period), to the extent required by Applicable Law, duly licensed or exempt from licensure to provide each of the services provided by such Person in each case, in the particular jurisdiction in which (i) such Person performed such services, (ii) the applicable Policyholder of the Insurance Contract subject to such services resides and (iii) the loss under such Insurance Contract occurred. Except as set forth in Section 5.21(e) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, all agents agreements, brokers agreements, service contracts, third party administrator agreements, adjuster agreements and managing general agents agreements to which NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary is a party comply with Applicable Law in all material respects. Except as set forth in Section 5.21(e) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, no agent, broker, service provider, managing general agent, third party administrator, adjuster or other Person engaged by NORCAL or a NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary is in material violation, or has, since December 49 43126503 v1


 
31, 2016, been in material violation, of any law applicable to such Person or the services provided by such Person to the extent relating to the services provided to NORCAL or a NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary. All agents, brokers and other representatives engaged by NORCAL have been engaged and duly appointed in accordance with applicable insurance laws. (f) As to premium rates established by NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary which are required to be filed with, approved or not objected to by any Insurance Regulators, the rates have been so filed, approved or not objected to, the premiums charged conform thereto, and such premiums comply with the Insurance Laws. Section 5.21(f) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule sets forth all increases in premium rates for medical professional liability insurance submitted by NORCAL and the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries which have been disapproved by any Insurance Regulators since December 31, 2016. Section 5.21(f) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule lists all written correspondence or written communications from any Insurance Regulator received by NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary after December 31, 2016, that requests that its premium rates, if applicable, for professional liability insurance should be reduced below the current approved premium levels. (g) Except as set forth in Section 5.21(g) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary has issued any participating Insurance Contracts or any retrospectively rated Insurance Contracts. NORCAL has not declared any policyholder dividend which has not been paid prior to the date of this Agreement. (h) All reinsurance treaties or agreements, including retrocessional agreements, to which NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary is a party or under which NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary has any existing rights, obligations or liabilities are listed on Section 5.21(h) of the Disclosure Schedule (the “NORCAL Reinsurance Treaties”). NORCAL has provided PRA with correct and complete copies of all of such NORCAL Reinsurance Treaties and all such NORCAL Reinsurance Treaties are in full force and effect, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will not result in any party having the right to terminate a NORCAL Reinsurance Treaty. The NORCAL Reserves at each of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, as reflected in the NORCAL SAP Statements, are stated net of reinsurance ceded amounts. The NORCAL SAP Statements accurately reflect as of and for the dates indicated therein the extent to which, pursuant to Insurance Laws, NORCAL and/or the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries are entitled to take credit for reinsurance under the NORCAL Reinsurance Treaties. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, all reinsurance recoverable amounts reflected in the NORCAL SAP Statements are collectible, and NORCAL is unaware of any material adverse change in the financial condition of its reinsurers that might raise concern regarding their ability to honor their reinsurance commitments, except as set forth in Section 5.21(h) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule. No party to any of the NORCAL Reinsurance Treaties has given written or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, oral notice to NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary that such party intends to terminate or cancel any of the NORCAL Reinsurance Treaties as a result of or following consummation of the Conversion and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Each NORCAL Reinsurance Treaty is (assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by each other party thereto) valid and binding on NORCAL and each NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary party thereto, and none of NORCAL, any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary, and, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, any other party thereto, is in default in any material respect 50 43126503 v1


 
with respect to any NORCAL Reinsurance Treaty. No NORCAL Reinsurance Treaty contains any provision providing that the other party thereto may terminate the same by reason of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, or contains any other provision which would be altered or otherwise become applicable by reason of such transactions. Since December 31, 2018 no NORCAL Reinsurance Treaty has been canceled and there has not been any change in the retention level under any of such NORCAL Reinsurance Treaty. (i) Each of the NORCAL SAP Statements, as of the date thereof, sets forth all of the loss and loss adjustment expense reserves of NORCAL and the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries as of such date (collectively, the “NORCAL Reserves”). The NORCAL Reserves were determined in accordance with SAP in all material respects and generally accepted actuarial methods and standards, consistently applied except as set forth therein, and were fairly stated in all material respects in accordance with sound actuarial and statutory accounting principles. NORCAL has provided or made available to PRA copies of all internally prepared work papers used as the basis for establishing the NORCAL Reserves. Except for regular periodic assessments based on developments that are publicly known within the insurance industry, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, no claim or assessment is pending or threatened against NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary which is peculiar or unique to NORCAL or such NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary by any state insurance guaranty association in connection with such association’s fund relating to insolvent insurers. (j) Section 5.21(j) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule lists each actuary, independent or otherwise, that has reviewed, on behalf of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, the reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses of NORCAL or any of the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries and their premium rates for liability insurance in each of the years commencing after December 31, 2016 (collectively the “NORCAL Actuaries” and separately a “NORCAL Actuary”). Section 5.21(j) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule lists each and every actuarial report, and all attachments, supplements, addenda and modifications thereto prepared for or on behalf of NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary by the NORCAL Actuaries, or delivered by the NORCAL Actuaries to NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary, since December 31, 2016, in which a NORCAL Actuary has (i) either expressed an opinion on the adequacy of such reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses or made recommendations as to either the amount of reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses that should be maintained by NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary, or (ii) expressed an opinion as to the adequacy of such premiums or made a recommendation as to the premiums that should be charged by NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary for liability insurance (collectively, the “NORCAL Actuarial Analyses”). To the Knowledge of NORCAL the information and data furnished by NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary to the NORCAL Actuaries in connection with the NORCAL Actuarial Analyses were accurate in all material respects. To the Knowledge of NORCAL, each NORCAL Actuarial Analysis was based upon an accurate inventory of policies in force for NORCAL and the NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries, as the case may be, at the relevant time of preparation, was prepared using appropriate modeling procedures accurately applied and in conformity with generally accepted actuarial principles consistently applied, and the projections contained therein were properly prepared in accordance with the assumptions stated therein. NORCAL has made available to PRA a true and correct copy of each of the NORCAL Actuarial Analyses. 51 43126503 v1


 
(k) Except for the non-reviewed items set forth on Schedule 5.21(k) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, the reserve analysis prepared by Milliman, dated October 3, 2019, contains reserve data for all NORCAL Insurance Subsidiaries that issue or have issued any Insurance Contracts. (l) Except for assessments in the ordinary course of business, no material claim or material assessment is pending or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, threatened in writing against NORCAL or a NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary by any state insurance guaranty association in connection with such association’s fund relating to insolvent insurers, and neither NORCAL nor a NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary has, since December 31, 2016, received written notice of any such claim or assessment. NORCAL and each NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary, as applicable, has timely paid all guaranty fund assessments that are due to any state guaranty fund or association or other applicable Insurance Regulator. (m) NORCAL has made available to PRA a true and correct copy of each filing submitted by NORCAL or an applicable NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary to any Insurance Regulator since December 31, 2016 relating to risk based capital calculations of NORCAL or the applicable NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary. Such reports are correct and complete in all material respects. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary has suffered a decrease in its risk based capital to the “Company Action Level.” (n) Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary is “commercially domiciled” under the Applicable Laws of any jurisdiction or is otherwise treated as domiciled in a jurisdiction other than its jurisdiction of organization. 5.22 No Investment Company. Neither NORCAL nor any NORCAL Subsidiary is an “investment company,” or a company “controlled” by an “investment company,” within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. 5.23 Privacy and Data Security. (a) NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary, and, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, all vendors, processors, or other third parties acting for or on behalf of NORCAL or a NORCAL Subsidiary in connection with the Processing of Personal Information or that otherwise have been authorized to have access to Personal Information in the possession or control of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary comply and at all times in the past three years have complied, in all material respects with all of the following: (A) Privacy Laws; (B) the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard; (C) NORCAL Privacy and Data Security Policies; and (D) all obligations or restrictions concerning the privacy, security, or Processing of Personal Information under any contracts or other written agreements, arrangements, commitments, or understandings to which NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary is a party or otherwise bound as of the date hereof. (b) The execution, delivery, and performance of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, including the transfer of all Personal Information in the possession or control of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary to PRA or its Subsidiaries, do not and will not: (A) conflict with or result in a material violation or breach of 52 43126503 v1


 
any Privacy Laws or NORCAL Privacy and Data Policies; or (B) require the consent of or notice to any Person concerning such Person’s Personal Information. (c) NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary, in compliance with Privacy Laws in all material respects, has posted to each of their websites and mobile applications and published or otherwise made available in connection with any products or services offered by NORCAL, NORCAL Privacy and Data Policies. No disclosure or representation made or contained in any such policy has been materially inaccurate, misleading, deceptive, or in material violation of any Privacy Laws (including by containing any material omission), and the practices of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries with respect to the Processing of Personal Information conform, and at all times in the past three years have conformed, to NORCAL Privacy and Data Policies that govern the use of such Personal Information in all material respects. NORCAL has delivered or made available to PRA true, complete, and correct copies of all NORCAL Privacy and Data Policies that are in effect as of the date hereof or have been in effect in the past three years. (d) Except as set forth in Section 5.23(d) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedules to the Knowledge of NORCAL, no Personal Information in the possession or control of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, or held or Processed by any vendor, processor, or other third party for or on behalf of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, has been subject to any data or security breach or unauthorized access, disclosure, use, loss, denial or loss of use, alteration, destruction, compromise, or Processing that NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary is required to report to a Governmental Authority or other Person (a “Security Incident”). (e) Except as set forth in Section 5.23(e) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedules, in the past three years, NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries have not received any written or, to the Knowledge of NORCAL, oral notice, request, claim, complaint, correspondence, or other communication from any Governmental Authority or other Person, and to the Knowledge of NORCAL there has not been any audit, investigation, enforcement action (including any fines or other sanctions), or other Action relating to, any actual, alleged, or suspected Security Incident or violation of any Privacy Law involving Personal Information in the possession or control of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, or held or Processed by any vendor, processor, or other third party for or on behalf of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. (f) NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary has at all times in the past three years implemented and maintained, and required all vendors that Process any Personal Information for or on behalf of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary to implement and maintain, commercially reasonable security measures, plans, procedures, controls, and programs, including written information security programs, designed to (A) identify and reasonably address internal and external risks to the privacy and security of Personal Information in their possession or control; (B) implement and monitor reasonable and appropriate administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to protect the integrity and security of such Personal Information and their software, systems, applications, and websites involved in the Processing of Personal Information; and (C) provide notification in compliance in all material respects with applicable Privacy Laws in the case of any Security Incident. 53 43126503 v1


 
(g) In the past three years NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary has performed or obtained from a third party a security risk assessment and obtained an independent vulnerability assessment performed by a third-party security auditor or information security consultant, in each case to the extent required by applicable Privacy Laws. NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary has used commercially reasonable efforts to address and remediate all critical or high risk threats and deficiencies identified in each such assessment. Section 5.23(g) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedules sets forth a complete and accurate list of each such internal and external assessment. (h) To the Knowledge of NORCAL, none of its policyholders or customers are located in the European Union. 5.24 Non-Reliance. Except for the representations and warranties set forth in this Article 5, neither NORCAL nor any other Person makes any express or implied representation or warranty with respect to NORCAL or any of the NORCAL Subsidiaries, their respective businesses or with respect to any other information provided to PRA in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, and neither PRA nor any of its Affiliates has relied on any such representation or warranties or other information. Neither NORCAL nor any other Person will have or be subject to any liability or indemnification obligation to PRA or any other Person resulting from the distribution to PRA, or PRA’s use of, any such information, including any information, documents, projections, forecasts of other material made available to PRA in “data rooms” or management presentations in expectation of the transactions contemplated hereby, unless, and to the extent that, any such information is expressly included in a representation or warranty contained in this Article 5. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, neither NORCAL nor any other person makes any representation or warranty with respect to, and nothing contained in this Agreement or any other agreement, document or instrument to be delivered in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby is intended or shall be construed to be a representation or warranty (express or implied) of NORCAL or any of its Affiliates, for any purpose of this Agreement or any other agreement, document or instrument to be delivered in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, with respect to: (i) the adequacy or sufficiency of any of the NORCAL Reserves, (ii) other than as set forth in Section 5.21(d), whether or not such NORCAL Reserves were determined in accordance with any actuarial, statutory or other standard, (iii) the future profitability of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary or (iv) the effect of the adequacy or sufficiency of such Reserves on any “line item” or asset, liability or equity amount. Furthermore, PRA acknowledges and agrees that no fact, condition, development or issue relating to the adequacy or sufficiency of Reserves may be used, directly or indirectly, to demonstrate or support the breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement contained in this Agreement or any other agreement, document or instrument to be delivered in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby. ARTICLE 6 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF PRA Except as disclosed by PRA to NORCAL in accordance with Section 8.5 of this Agreement, PRA hereby represents and warranties to NORCAL, as of the date hereof or such other date as specified, as follows: 54 43126503 v1


 
6.1 Corporate Organization. (a) ProAssurance is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware, and has the corporate power and authority to own or lease all of its properties and assets and to carry on its business as now being conducted. (b) PRA Professional is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware, and has the corporate power and authority to own or lease all of its properties and assets and to carry on its business as now being conducted. 6.2 Authority; No Violation; Consents and Approvals. (a) ProAssurance has full corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement have been duly and validly approved by the PRA Board, and no other corporate proceedings on the part of ProAssurance (including any approval of the stockholders of ProAssurance) are necessary to approve this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. This Agreement has been duly and validly executed and delivered by ProAssurance and (assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by NORCAL and the receipt of all Requisite Regulatory Approvals) constitutes a valid and binding obligation of ProAssurance, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, and subject, as to enforceability, to general principles of equity. (b) PRA Professional has full corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement have been duly and validly approved by the board of directors of PRA Professional, and no other corporate proceedings on the part of PRA Professional (including any approval of the stockholders of PRA Professional) are necessary to approve this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. This Agreement has been duly and validly executed and delivered by PRA Professional and (assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by NORCAL and the receipt of all Requisite Regulatory Approvals) constitutes a valid and binding obligation of PRA Professional, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, and subject, as to enforceability, to general principles of equity. (c) Neither the execution and delivery of this Agreement by ProAssurance nor the consummation by ProAssurance of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, nor compliance by ProAssurance with any of the terms or provisions of this Agreement, will (i) violate any provision of the Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws of ProAssurance or (ii) assuming that all Requisite Regulatory Approvals and all of the consents and approvals referred to in Section 5.5(c) of this Agreement are duly obtained, (x) violate any Applicable Law applicable to ProAssurance or any of its properties or assets, or (y) violate, conflict with, result in a breach of any provision of or the loss of any benefit under, constitute a default (or an event 55 43126503 v1


 
which, with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute a default) under, result in the termination of or a right of termination or cancellation under, accelerate the performance required by, or result in the creation of any Lien upon any of the properties or assets of ProAssurance under, any of the terms, conditions or provisions of any note, bond, mortgage, indenture, deed of trust, license, lease, agreement or other instrument or obligation to which ProAssurance is a party, or by which it or any of its properties or assets may be bound or affected, except (in the case of clause (ii) above) for such violations, conflicts, breaches, terminations, cancellations, accelerations, Liens or defaults which, either individually or in the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Effect on ProAssurance. (d) Neither the execution and delivery of this Agreement by PRA Professional nor the consummation by PRA Professional of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, nor compliance by PRA Professional with any of the terms or provisions of this Agreement, will (i) violate any provision of the Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws of PRA Professional or (ii) assuming that all Requisite Regulatory Approvals and all of the consents and approvals referred to in Section 5.5(c) of this Agreement are duly obtained, (x) violate any Applicable Law applicable to PRA Professional or any of its properties or assets, or (y) violate, conflict with, result in a breach of any provision of or the loss of any benefit under, constitute a default (or an event which, with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute a default) under, result in the termination of or a right of termination or cancellation under, accelerate the performance required by, or result in the creation of any Lien upon any of the properties or assets of PRA Professional under, any of the terms, conditions or provisions of any note, bond, mortgage, indenture, deed of trust, license, lease, agreement or other instrument or obligation to which PRA Professional is a party, or by which it or any of its properties or assets may be bound or affected, except (in the case of clause (ii) above) for such violations, conflicts, breaches, terminations, cancellations, accelerations, Liens or defaults which, either individually or in the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Effect on PRA Professional. (e) Except for (i) the filing of applications, notices and forms with, and the obtaining of approvals from, the Insurance Regulators pursuant to the Insurance Laws, with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, (ii) the filing of a notification and report form (the “HSR Act Report”) with the Pre Merger Notification Office of the Federal Trade Commission and with the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (collectively, the “Pre-Merger Notification Agencies”) pursuant to the HSR Act, (iii) any consents, authorizations, clearances, orders and approvals required under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and the HSR Act, and (iv) the approval of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement by the requisite votes of the Record Date Policyholders, no consents or approvals of, or filings or registrations with any Governmental Authority or with any other Person by ProAssurance or any Subsidiary of PRA, including without limitation PRA Professional (the “PRA Subsidiaries”), are necessary in connection with the execution and delivery by ProAssurance and PRA Professional of this Agreement or the consummation by PRA or any PRA Subsidiary of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. 6.3 SEC Reports; Financial Statements. (a) PRA has on a timely basis filed all forms, reports and documents required to be filed by it with the SEC since December 31, 2016. Section 6.3(a) of the PRA Disclosure 56 43126503 v1


 
Schedule lists, and PRA has delivered to NORCAL (except to the extent available in full without redaction on the SEC’s web site through the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval database (“EDGAR”) two days prior to the date of this Agreement) copies in the form filed with the SEC of (i) PRA’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K for each fiscal year of PRA commencing after December 31, 2015, (ii) its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for each of the first three fiscal quarters in each of the fiscal years of PRA commencing after December 31, 2015, (iii) all proxy statements relating to PRA’s meetings of shareholders (whether annual or special) held, and all information statements relating to shareholder consents, since December 31, 2015, (iv) all certifications and statements required by (x) the SEC’s Order dated June 27, 2002 pursuant to Section 21(a)(1) of the Exchange Act (File No. 4-460), (y) Rule 13a-14 or 15d-14 under the Exchange Act or (z) 18 U.S.C. §1350 (Section 906 of the Sarbarnes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”) with respect to any report referred to in clause (i) or (ii) of this sentence, (v) all other forms, reports, registration statements and other documents (other than preliminary materials if the corresponding definitive materials have been provided to NORCAL pursuant to this Section 6.3(a) filed by PRA with the SEC since December 31, 2015 (the forms, reports, registration statements and other documents referred to in clauses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) of this sentence together with any and all amendments thereto are, collectively, the “PRA SEC Reports” and, to the extent available in full without redaction on the SEC’s web site through EDGAR two days prior to the date of this Agreement, are, collectively, the “PRA Filed SEC Reports”), and (vi) all comment letters received by PRA from the staff of the SEC since December 31, 2015 and all responses to such comment letters by or on behalf of PRA. (b) The PRA SEC Reports (i) were prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as the case may be, in all material respects, and (ii) did not at the time they were filed with the SEC, or if thereafter amended, at the time of such amendment, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements made therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. No Subsidiary of PRA is or has been required to file any form, report, registration statement or other document with the SEC. As used in this Section 6.3, the term “file” shall be broadly construed to include any manner in which a document or information is furnished, supplied otherwise made available to the SEC. (c) The financial statements of PRA and its Subsidiaries included in the PRA SEC Reports (including the related notes) complied or will comply as to form, as of their respective dates of filing with the SEC, in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the published rules and regulations of the SEC with respect thereto (including, without limitation, Regulation S-X), were or will be prepared in accordance with GAAP during the periods and at the dates involved (except as may be indicated in the notes thereto and except, in the case of unaudited statements, to the extent permitted by Regulation S-X for Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q), and fairly present in all material respects the consolidated financial condition of PRA and its Subsidiaries at the dates thereof and the consolidated results of operations and cash flows for the periods then ended. Except (x) as reflected in PRA’s unaudited balance sheet at September 30, 2019, or liabilities described in any notes thereto (or liabilities for which neither accrual nor footnote disclosure is required pursuant to GAAP) (the “PRA Balance Sheet”), or (y) for liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business since September 30, 2019 consistent with past practice or in connection with this Agreement or the transactions 57 43126503 v1


 
contemplated hereby, neither PRA nor any PRA Subsidiary has any material liabilities or obligations of any nature. 6.4 Broker’s Fees. Except as set forth in Section 6.4 of the PRA Disclosure Schedule, none of PRA, the PRA Subsidiaries and their respective officers and directors, has employed any broker or finder or incurred any liability for any broker’s fees or commissions, or investment banker fees or commissions, or finder’s fees in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. 6.5 Absence of Certain Changes or Events. Since September 30, 2019, there has not been: (i) any change in the financial condition, assets, liabilities, prospects (financial and otherwise) or business of PRA or any PRA Subsidiary which, either individually or in the aggregate, has had or would have a Material Adverse Effect on PRA; or (ii) any material change in any method of accounting or accounting principles or practice by PRA, except as required by GAAP or SAP and disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements of PRA and PRA Subsidiaries. 6.6 Compliance with Applicable Law. (a) PRA and the PRA Subsidiaries have complied in all material respects with, and are not in default in any material respect under any, and have maintained and conducted their respective businesses in all material respects in compliance with, all Applicable Laws during the last three (3) years. (b) Neither PRA nor any PRA Subsidiary is subject to any cease and desist or other order issued by, or is a party to any written agreement, consent agreement or memorandum of understanding with, or is a party to any commitment letter or similar written undertaking to, or is subject to any order or directive by, or has been a recipient of any supervisory letter from, or since that date, has adopted any board resolutions at the request of any Governmental Authority that: (i) materially limits the ability of PRA or any PRA Subsidiary to conduct any line of business that it currently conducts, (ii) require any material investments of PRA or any PRA Subsidiary to be treated as non-admitted assets, (iii) require divestiture of any material investments of PRA or any PRA Subsidiary, (iv) in any manner imposes any material requirements on PRA or any PRA Subsidiary in respect of risk based capital requirements that add to or otherwise modify the risk based capital requirements imposed under the Insurance Laws, (v) in any manner relate to the ability of PRA or any PRA Subsidiary to pay or declare dividends or distributions, or (vi) restricts in any material respect the conduct of the business, credit policies or management of PRA or any PRA Subsidiary (each, whether or not set forth in the PRA Disclosure Schedule, a “PRA Regulatory Agreement”), nor has PRA or any of its Subsidiaries been advised in writing or, to PRA’s Knowledge, orally by any Governmental Authority that it is considering issuing or requesting any such PRA Regulatory Agreement. (c) Except as set forth in Section 6.6(c) of the PRA Disclosure Schedule, there is no pending or, to the Knowledge of PRA, threatened charge by any Governmental Authority that PRA or any PRA Subsidiary has violated any Applicable Laws (including any Insurance Laws), nor any pending or, to the Knowledge of PRA, threatened investigation by any 58 43126503 v1


 
Governmental Authority with respect to possible violations of any Applicable Laws (including any Insurance Laws). (d) Other than as disclosed in PRA’s annual proxy statements, there are no material contracts (other than contracts relating to employment), real estate leases, loans, guarantees or other arrangements or transactions of any nature between PRA or any PRA Subsidiary, on the one hand, and any of their respective officers, directors, or affiliates (as such term is defined in Rule 405 of the SEC), on the other hand. PRA has not, since December 31, 2016, extended or maintained credit, arranged for the extension of credit, or renewed an extension of credit, in the form of a personal loan to or for any director or executive officer (or equivalent thereof) of PRA or any PRA Subsidiary. Section 6.6(d) of the PRA Disclosure Schedule identifies each loan or extension of credit maintained by PRA or any PRA Subsidiary to which the second sentence of Section 13(k)(1) of the Exchange Act applies. (e) None of PRA, the PRA Subsidiaries and, to the Knowledge of PRA, any of their respective current or former officers or directors or current or former employees, agents or representatives have: (i) used any corporate funds for any illegal contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses relating to political activity, (ii) used any corporate funds for any direct or indirect unlawful payments to any foreign or domestic government officials or employees, (iii) violated any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, (iv) established or maintained any unlawful or unrecorded fund of corporate monies or other assets, (v) made any false or fictitious entries on the books and records of PRA or any PRA Subsidiary, (vi) made any bribe, rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment of any nature, or (vi) made any material favor or gift which is not deductible for federal income tax purposes. To the Knowledge of PRA, no director or officer of PRA or any PRA Subsidiary has engaged in any “insider trading” in violation of Applicable Law with respect to any security issued by PRA. (f) PRA has no reason to believe that any facts or conditions related to its identity or regulatory status are reasonably likely to impede its ability to promptly obtain the approvals and consents required to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. 6.7 Financial Ability. Other than the fulfillment or valid waiver of the conditions set forth in Section 9.1 and Section 9.2, the obligations of PRA hereunder are not subject to any conditions regarding PRA’s ability to obtain financing for the consummation of the Offer transaction. PRA has, and at the Purchase Effective Time will have, sufficient immediately available funds to pay or cause to be paid the Fixed PRA Consideration and PRA’s costs and expenses in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. ARTICLE 7 COVENANTS 7.1 Conduct of Businesses of NORCAL Prior to the Purchase Effective Time. (a) During the period between the date of this Agreement and the Purchase Effective Time, except as expressly contemplated or permitted by this Agreement, NORCAL 59 43126503 v1


 
shall, and shall cause each NORCAL Subsidiary to: (a) conduct its business in the ordinary course consistent with past practice, (b) use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain and preserve intact its business organization and advantageous business relationships and retain the services of its key employees and agents, and (c) take no action which would adversely affect or delay the ability of any party to this Agreement to obtain any Requisite Regulatory Approval for the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or to perform such party’s covenants and agreements under this Agreement. (b) During the period between the date of this Agreement and the Purchase Effective Time, NORCAL shall permit PRA’s senior officers to meet with the Chief Financial Officer and Controller of NORCAL and officers of NORCAL responsible for the financial statements, the internal controls, and disclosure controls and procedures of NORCAL to discuss such matters as PRA may deem reasonably necessary or appropriate for PRA to satisfy its obligations under Sections 302, 404 and 906 of SOX and any rules and regulations relating thereto. (c) NORCAL agrees to consult with PRA with respect to material litigation against NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries and to provide information and updates requested by PRA on reserve policies and practices (including the levels of reserves) with respect to losses and loss adjustment expenses. PRA and NORCAL shall also consult with respect to the character, amount and timing of restructuring charges to be taken by each of them in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, nothing in this Section 7.1(c) shall require NORCAL or any of its Affiliates to provide PRA with any information the disclosure of which would reasonably be expected to jeopardize the attorney-client or other privilege of it or contravene any Applicable Law or contract in existence as of the date hereof. 7.2 NORCAL Forbearances. During the period from the date of this Agreement to the Purchase Effective Time, except as set forth in Section 7.2 of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule, and, except as expressly contemplated or permitted by this Agreement, NORCAL shall not, and NORCAL shall not permit any NORCAL Subsidiary to, without the prior written consent of PRA (which consent will not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed): (a) incur any indebtedness for borrowed money (other than short-term indebtedness incurred on commercially reasonable terms to refinance indebtedness of NORCAL or any of its Subsidiaries, on the one hand, to NORCAL or any of its Subsidiaries, on the other hand), or assume, guarantee, endorse or otherwise as an accommodation become responsible for the obligations of any other individual, corporation or other entity, or make any loan or advance (it being understood and agreed that incurrence of indebtedness in the ordinary course of business shall include entering into repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements); (b) redeem, repay, discharge or defease any surplus note, unless such redemption, repayment, discharge or defeasance is an express condition of any Requisite Regulatory Approval; 60 43126503 v1


 
(c) grant any stock options or stock awards or stock appreciation rights or any other right with respect to the NORCAL Common Stock to be authorized under the Plan of Conversion; (d) other than paying dividends that have been declared prior to the date hereof, make, declare or pay any dividend or make any other distribution on or with respect to insurance policies written by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary; (e) sell, transfer, mortgage, encumber or otherwise dispose of any of its material properties or material assets to any Person other than a Subsidiary, or cancel, release or assign any material indebtedness of any such Person or any material claims held by any such Person, except (i) in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice, or (ii) pursuant to contracts or agreements in force at the date of this Agreement; (f) except pursuant to contracts or agreements in force at the date of this Agreement, make any material non-portfolio investment (by purchase of stock or securities, contributions to capital, property transfers, or purchase of any property or assets) in any Person other than a Subsidiary; (g) increase in any manner the compensation of the employees of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries, or pay any bonus or incentive compensation to such employees outside of the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice; provided that NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries may make annual increases in the salaries and wages of their employees in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practice so long as the aggregate amount of such increases in compensation on an annualized basis does not exceed three percent (3%) of the aggregate amount of the compensation paid to the affected employees in the 12 months preceding the effective date of the increase in compensation; (h) pay any pension or retirement allowance not required by any existing plan or agreement to any of its employees or become a party to, amend (except as may be required by law) or commit itself to any pension, retirement, profit sharing or welfare benefit plan or agreement or employment agreement with or for the benefit of any employee or accelerate the vesting of any stock options or other stock based compensation, other than pension funding in the normal course or as required by Applicable Law; (i) settle any claim, action or proceeding involving money damages, except in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice; provided, however, that prior to the settlement of any lawsuit, claim, action or proceeding against NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary or otherwise in which NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary is a named defendant involving a payment by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary in excess of $250,000 or the settlement of any ECO, XPL or bad faith claim involving any insurance policy of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary involving a payment by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary in excess of $250,000, NORCAL will notify PRA of the terms of the proposed settlement and will consult with PRA regarding the terms of the settlement, but shall not be required to obtain PRA’s consent to the terms of the settlement (it being acknowledged and agreed that this proviso does not apply to the settlement of any claims involving any insurance policy of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary not involving ECO, XPL or bad faith claims); 61 43126503 v1


 
(j) amend its Organizational Documents, except as provided for in the Plan of Conversion and this Agreement; (k) other than in accordance with its current investment guidelines, restructure or materially change its investment securities portfolio through purchases, sales or otherwise, or the manner in which such portfolio is classified or reported; (l) offer or sell insurance or reinsurance of any type in any jurisdiction other than such lines of insurance and reinsurance that it offers and sells on the date of this Agreement and other than in those jurisdictions where it offers and sells such lines of insurance and reinsurance on the date of this Agreement; (m) take any action that is intended or may reasonably be expected to result in any of the conditions set forth in Article 9 of this Agreement not being satisfied, except, in every case, as may be required by Applicable Law; (n) take any action that is intended or likely to adversely affect its ability to perform its covenants and agreements under this Agreement; or (o) agree to, or make any commitment to, take any of the actions prohibited by this Section 7.2; provided, that except for and subject to Section 7.2(l), nothing in this Section 7.2 shall prohibit NORCAL or any NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary from issuing any insurance policy or contract or any rider or endorsement thereto in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice. 7.3 PRA Forbearances. During the period from the date of this Agreement to the Purchase Effective Time, except as set forth in Section 7.3 of the PRA Disclosure Schedule, and, except as expressly contemplated or permitted by this Agreement, PRA shall not, and PRA shall not permit any PRA Subsidiary to, without the prior written consent of NORCAL: (a) take any action that is intended or may reasonably be expected to result in any of the conditions set forth in Article 9 of this Agreement not being satisfied, except, in every case, as may be required by Applicable Law; (b) take any action that is intended or likely to adversely affect its ability to perform its covenants and agreements under this Agreement; or (c) agree to, or make any commitment to, take any of the actions prohibited by this Section 7.3. 7.4 NORCAL Subsidiaries, Directors and Officers. At PRA’s request, NORCAL, to the extent it has the authority to do so, shall cause the officers and directors of the NORCAL Subsidiaries to resign effective as of the Closing Date and cause successor officers and directors to be appointed or elected effective as of the Closing Date. ARTICLE 8 ADDITIONAL AGREEMENTS 62 43126503 v1


 
8.1 Regulatory Matters. (a) The parties shall promptly make all filings and notifications with, and shall use reasonable best efforts to promptly obtain all authorizations, consents, clearances, orders and approvals of all Governmental Authorities that may be or become necessary for their respective execution and delivery of, and the performance of their respective obligations pursuant to, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by, this Agreement, including as set forth in Section 9.1(b) and Section 9.1(c) below, and shall take all actions as may be requested by any such Governmental Authorities to obtain such authorizations, consents, clearances, orders and approvals; provided, however, that in no event shall PRA or any of its Affiliates be required to agree to (i) (A) the divesture of any business, line of business, or entity of PRA or its Subsidiaries or NORCAL or its Subsidiaries in each case except for such actions related to de minimis assets (with such assets measured on a scale relative to PRA and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole) or (B) the imposition after the Closing Date of any restrictions to compete in any jurisdiction on PRA or any of its Affiliates or NORCAL or any of its Subsidiaries, in each case, which has or would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on PRA and its Subsidiaries (including NORCAL INC. and its Subsidiares after the Closing Date), taken as a whole, or (ii) any requirement imposed by a Governmental Authority that would reasonably be expected to have a (A) Material Adverse Effect on NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, (B) material adverse effect on the aggregate financial benefits reasonably expected to be realized by PRA in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, or (C) Material Adverse Effect on PRA and its Subsidiaries (including NORCAL INC. and its Subsidiaries after the Closing Date), taken as a whole. Neither PRA nor NORCAL shall take any action that they should be reasonably aware would have the effect of delaying, impairing or impeding the receipt of any required clearances or approvals. (b) In connection with the solicitation of approval of the Conversion by the Eligible Policyholders and Commissioner, as contemplated by this Agreement, NORCAL will prepare, with PRA’s assistance at NORCAL’s reasonable request, and file with the Department the Plan of Conversion, any supporting documents required by CA Insurance Code Section 4097.02(b) (the “Supporting Documents”), and any information statement relating to the Plan of Conversion, the Supporting Documents, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and PRA’s tender offer solicitation materials in accordance with the Insurance Laws, if applicable (the “Information Statement”). NORCAL and PRA, as applicable, will prepare the Plan of Conversion in accordance with Section 2.1 hereof and the provisions of CA Insurance Code Section 4097.04. NORCAL shall use reasonable best efforts to (i) obtain and furnish (with the reasonable cooperation of PRA) the information (x) required to be included in the Plan of Conversion by the Conversion Statutes, (y) required to be submitted to the Commissioner as Supporting Documents by CA Insurance Code Section 4097.02(b) and (z) agreed to by the parties to be included in the Information Statement, and (ii) to obtain the approval of the Commissioner of the Plan of Conversion. PRA and NORCAL will use all reasonable efforts to respond to the comments of the staff of the Department with respect to the Plan of Conversion, Supporting Documents and Information Statement as promptly as practicable. As soon as reasonably practicable after the date hereof, NORCAL shall mail or deliver the Plan of Conversion, Supporting Documents and Information Statement to the Policyholders. Each of NORCAL and PRA agrees that the information provided and to be provided by NORCAL or PRA, as the case may be, specifically for use in the Plan of Conversion, Supporting Documents 63 43126503 v1


 
and Information Statement shall not, with respect to the information supplied by such party (i) on the date upon which the Plan of Conversion, Supporting Documents and Information Statement is mailed to Eligible Policyholders, (ii) on the commencement date of the Offer, (iii) on the last date on which Record Date Policyholders are entitled to vote on the Proposal, (iv) during the solicitation period for the Offer, (v) at the Offer Expiration Time, and/or (vi) on the date of the Closing, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. No less than ten (10) days prior to the filing of the Plan of Conversion, Supporting Documents and Information Statement with the Commissioner, NORCAL shall provide PRA a draft of the Plan of Conversion, Supporting Documents and Information Statement and an opportunity to comment on such drafts. Each of PRA and NORCAL agree to promptly correct any such information provided by it which shall have become false or misleading in any material respect as of the dates described in clauses (i) – (vi) above and to take all steps necessary to file with the Department and obtain approval of the Commissioner for any amendment or supplement to the Plan of Conversion, Supporting Documents, and Information Statement, and to cause the Plan of Conversion, Supporting Documents, and Information Statement so corrected to be distributed to the Eligible Policyholders to the extent required by Applicable Law. (c) NORCAL shall prepare consolidated financial statements of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries in accordance with GAAP for the years ended December 31, 2017, December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019 and each quarterly period thereafter (the “GAAP Financial Statements”), which financial statements shall include balance sheets at the end of each period, and statements of policyholders’/shareholders’ equity, earnings and cash flow for each of said periods, and notes thereto (except in the case of interim financial statements). NORCAL shall cause the annual GAAP Financial Statements to be audited by KPMG US LLP or such other independent public accounting firm as may be reasonably acceptable to PRA; provided that such accounting firm shall as part of its engagement agree to consent to the use of its report on the GAAP Financial Statements in a PRA registration statement if and to the extent required by SEC regulations. (d) Pursuant to the HSR Act, PRA and NORCAL will promptly prepare and file, or cause to be filed, the HSR Act Report with the Pre-Merger Notification Agencies in respect of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, which filing shall comply as to form with all requirements applicable thereto and all of the data and information reported therein shall be accurate and complete in all material respects. Each of PRA and NORCAL will promptly comply with all requests, if any, of the Pre-Merger Notification Agencies for additional information or documentation in connection with the HSR Act Report forms filed by or on behalf of each of such parties pursuant to the HSR Act, and all such additional information or documentation shall comply as to form with all requirements applicable thereto and shall be accurate and complete in all material respects. (e) [Reserved]. (f) In furtherance of, and without limitation to, the foregoing, PRA shall (i) prepare and make its Form A filings with the Department and all other applicable Governmental Authorities (the “Form A Filings”) and file any required Form E pre-acquisition notices with an 64 43126503 v1


 
Insurance Regulator in any U.S. jurisdiction requiring that Form E pre-acquisition notices be filed with respect to NORCAL or a NORCAL Insurance Subsidiary (“Form E Filings”) and all other documentation to effect all necessary notices, reports, applications and other filings, as soon as practicable following the date hereof and (ii) respond promptly to any reasonable request by the Department or any other Insurance Regulator, for any additional information and documentary material in connection therewith. (g) The parties hereto shall cooperate with each other and use their commercially reasonable efforts to promptly prepare and file all necessary documentation, to effect all applications, notices, petitions and filings, to obtain as promptly as practicable all permits, consents, clearances, approvals and authorizations of all third parties and Governmental Authorities which are necessary or advisable to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (including the Plan of Conversion), and to comply with the terms and conditions of all such permits, consents, approvals and authorizations of all such Governmental Authorities. As permitted by Applicable Law, each party agrees to provide a draft of all applications, notices, petitions and filings (and each amendment or supplement thereto), including the Plan of Conversion and any Form A or Form E, submitted to Governmental Authorities pursuant to this Section 8.1 to the other party and to allow the other party three (3) Business Days to review such and to consult with the drafting party regarding any issues arising as a result of its review, application, notice, petition and filing (and each amendment or supplement thereto) prior to the submission by the drafting party of such application, notice, petition and filing (and each amendment or supplement thereto) to the Insurance Regulator. In addition, PRA and NORCAL shall have the right to review in advance, and, to the extent practicable, each will consult the other on, in each case subject to Applicable Laws relating to the exchange of information, all the information relating to PRA or its Subsidiaries or NORCAL or its Subsidiaries, as the case may be, which appear in any filing made with, or written materials submitted to, any third party or any Governmental Authority in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The cooperation and coordination of each party required under this Section 8.1 shall include giving timely (to the extent permitted by Applicable Law): (i) notices to the other party with respect to any meeting, hearing, discussion, appearance or contact with any Governmental Authority in connection with any such material filing (including the Plan of Conversion and Form A), with such notice being sufficient to provide the other party with the opportunity to attend and participate in such meeting, discussion, appearance or contact; and (ii) public notice of any public hearings regarding the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and having the other party’s representatives attend and testify at such public hearings. In addition, each of the parties hereto shall act reasonably and as promptly as practicable. The parties hereto agree that they will consult with each other with respect to the obtaining of all permits, consents, approvals and authorizations of all third parties and Governmental Authorities necessary or advisable to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and each party will keep the other apprised of the status of matters relating to completion of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, nothing in this Agreement shall require NORCAL or any of its Affiliates to provide PRA with any information the disclosure of which would reasonably be expected to jeopardize the attorney- client or other privilege of it or contravene any Applicable Law or contract in existence as of the date hereof. 65 43126503 v1


 
(h) Each party shall provide to the other, on its request, (i) promptly after filing thereof, copies of all statements, applications, correspondence or forms filed by such party prior to the Closing Date with the Insurance Regulators, the SEC and any other Governmental Authority in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and (ii) promptly after delivery to, or receipt from, such authorities, all written communications, letters, reports or other documents relating to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; provided, however, nothing contained in this Section 8.1 shall require NORCAL to provide PRA with any presentations, board books, work papers or other materials prepared in support of any appraisal or other valuation analysis of NORCAL; provided, further that the party sharing such filing or materials may redact from such filing and communications any competitively sensitive information of such party and its Affiliates. (i) PRA and NORCAL shall, upon request, furnish each other with all information concerning themselves, their Subsidiaries, directors, officers and shareholders/policyholders and such other matters as may be reasonably necessary or advisable in connection any statement, filing, notice or application made by or on behalf of PRA, NORCAL or any of their respective Subsidiaries to any Governmental Authority in connection with the Conversion and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement. NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries on the one hand, and PRA on the other, shall reasonably cooperate with each other and each other’s agents, including public accounting firms, in connection with the preparation of GAAP financial statements of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries with respect to periods prior to the Closing Date. (j) PRA and NORCAL shall consult with each other with respect to the obtaining of all approvals of Governmental Authorities necessary, proper or advisable to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and each of them shall keep the other apprised on a prompt basis of the status of matters relating to such approvals, including the receipt of any communication from any Governmental Authority whose consent or approval is required for consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. 8.2 Access to Information; Financial Reporting. (a) Upon reasonable prior notice and subject to Applicable Laws relating to the exchange of information and to the Confidentiality Agreement, dated July 16, 2018, respectively (the “Confidentiality Agreement”) which is hereby incorporated into this Agreement by reference and shall continue in full force and effect until Closing, NORCAL shall afford to the officers, employees, accountants, counsel and other representatives of PRA, (i) access, during normal business hours during the period prior to the Closing Date, to all its properties, books, contracts, commitments and records and (ii) make available such officers and employees whose assistance and expertise is reasonably necessary to assist PRA in connection with PRA’s preparation to integrate NORCAL’s and its Subsidiaries’ business and operations into PRA’s organization following the Closing Date; provided, however, that such access does not unreasonably interfere with the operation of the businesses of PRA and the PRA Subsidiaries or NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries, as applicable; provided, further, that the independent accountants of PRA or NORCAL, as applicable, shall not be obligated to make any working papers available to NORCAL and its representatives or PRA and its representatives, as applicable, unless and until PRA and its relevant representatives or NORCAL and its relevant 66 43126503 v1


 
representatives, as applicable, has signed a customary confidentiality and hold harmless agreement relating to such access to working papers in form and substance reasonably acceptable to such independent accountants. During such period, each of PRA (and its Subsidiaries) and NORCAL (and its Subsidiaries) shall make available to the other party a copy of each report, schedule, registration statement and other document filed or received by it during such period pursuant to the requirements of federal securities laws or Insurance Laws (other than reports or documents which PRA or NORCAL, as the case may be, is not permitted to disclose under Applicable Law or by agreement). Neither PRA (or its Subsidiaries) nor NORCAL (or its Subsidiaries) shall be required to provide access to or to disclose information where such access or disclosure would violate or prejudice the rights of PRA or NORCAL, as the case may be, or their respective customers, jeopardize the attorney-client and work product privileges of the entity in possession or control of such information or contravene any Applicable Law, order, judgment, decree, fiduciary duty or binding agreement entered into prior to the date of this Agreement. The parties hereto will make appropriate substitute disclosure arrangements under circumstances in which the restrictions of the preceding sentence apply. (b) Each of PRA and NORCAL agrees to keep confidential, and not divulge to any other party or Person (other than employees of, and attorneys, accountants, financial advisors and other representatives for, any said party who agree to be bound by the terms of the Confidentiality Agreement), any non-public documents, information, records or financial statements received from the other and, in addition, any and all reports, information or financial information of the other party obtained through audits or other reviews conducted pursuant to this Agreement (unless readily ascertainable from public or published information, or trade sources, or already known or subsequently developed by a party independently of any investigation or received from a third party not under an obligation to the other party to keep such information confidential), and to use the same only in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; and if the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are not consummated for any reason, each party agrees to promptly return to the other party all written materials furnished by the other party, and all copies thereof, and to destroy all documents and records in its possession containing extracts or summaries of any such non-public information. (c) As soon as practicable, but in any event within ninety (90) days following the end of each calendar quarter which is completed prior to the Closing Date, commencing with the quarter ending December 31, 2019, NORCAL shall cause to be delivered to PRA the “Quarter End Report” prepared by NORCAL with respect to such quarter, which report shall include (x) a SAP balance sheet of NORCAL as of the end of such quarter and (y) a SAP statement of earnings and policyholders’/shareholders’ equity of NORCAL for the year-to-date period ending the end of such quarter, prepared in a manner consistent with, and in a format comparable to, the statements of earnings and policyholders’/shareholders’ equity referred to in Section 5.7(a) hereof. (d) NORCAL shall provide to PRA a monthly report setting forth each claim, action or proceeding settled in excess of applicable policy limits, including any ECO, XPL or bad faith claim settled in excess of applicable policy limits. (e) If this Section 8.2 conflicts with any provision of the Confidentiality Agreement, the provisions of this Agreement shall control. 67 43126503 v1


 
8.3 Special Meeting of, and Recommendation to, Eligible Policyholders. (a) After the setting of the public hearing with respect to the Conversion and the Plan of Conversion by the Commissioner, NORCAL acting through the NORCAL Board, shall in accordance with Applicable Law and the NORCAL Organizational Documents, duly call, give notice of (as required by Applicable Law), convene and hold a Special Meeting for the purpose of considering and acting upon the approval and adoption of the Plan of Conversion, including the adoption of the Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws. NORCAL shall consider in good faith the request of PRA to postpone the Special Meeting to allow additional time to solicit the Eligible Policyholders in accordance with Section 8.3 below. (b) NORCAL shall solicit proxies from the Record Date Policyholders for approval of the Plan of Conversion at the Special Meeting. In connection with the solicitation of proxies from the Eligible Policyholders, NORCAL shall, in accordance with Section 8.1(b) hereof, prepare the Plan of Conversion, Supporting Documents and Information Statement in accordance with the requirements of Applicable Law subject to review and comment by PRA prior to furnishing the Plan of Conversion, Supporting Documents and Information Statement to the Department and the Eligible Policyholders. Unless prohibited by Applicable Law or by the Regulatory Authority, the Plan of Conversion, Supporting Documents and Information Statement shall include the following: (i) the form of proxy solicited from Eligible Policyholders will provide that each Eligible Policyholder shall have the preemptive right to acquire his or her proportionate part of the NORCAL Common Stock within a reasonable time period, and each Eligible Policyholder not applying the foregoing preemptive right will elect (or be deemed to elect pursuant to Section 4097.04(c) of the Code) to receive one of the following in the Conversion: (A) a contribution certificate as provided in Section 2.1(e)(i); or (B) an amount of cash in accordance with Section 2.1(e)(ii); (ii) that each Eligible Policyholder will be afforded an opportunity to elect to receive one of the following in the Conversion: (A) a contribution certificate as provided in Section 2.1(e)(i); (B) an amount of cash in accordance with Section 2.1(e)(ii); or (C) a number of shares of NORCAL Common Stock in accordance with Section 2.1(d); (iii) that each Eligible Policyholder who is a Stock Subscriber will be afforded an opportunity to elect to sell all of such Policyholder’s shares of NORCAL Common Stock to PRA in exchange for the PRA Consideration; (iv) the recommendation of the NORCAL Board that the Record Date Policyholders vote in favor of the Plan of Conversion (unless the NORCAL Board determines in its good faith judgment after consultation with its advisors and any Insurance Regulators that a change in the recommendation is required in order for the NORCAL Board to comply with its fiduciary obligations); (v) that the NORCAL Board will recommend that the Eligible Policyholders elect to receive shares of NORCAL Common Stock in the Conversion and tender such shares of NORCAL Common Stock pursuant to the terms of the Stock Offer (unless the 68 43126503 v1


 
NORCAL Board determines in its good faith judgment after consultation with its advisors and any Insurance Regulators that a change in the recommendation is required in order for the NORCAL Board to comply with its fiduciary obligations); and (vi) that NORCAL and PRA shall have the right to mutually agree to postpone the Special Meeting, to extend the solicitation period and to allow Eligible Policyholders to revoke their elections prior to the Special Meeting. 8.4 Exemption from Registration of NORCAL Common Stock. NORCAL and PRA understand and agree that the NORCAL Common Stock to be issued pursuant to the Plan of Conversion and this Agreement will not be registered under the Securities Act or applicable state securities laws in reliance on exemptions from such registration. NORCAL and PRA shall use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the NORCAL Common Stock to be issued pursuant to available exemptions from registration under the Securities Act and state securities laws. PRA shall take no action that would require any such exemption to become unavailable. 8.5 Closing Date Disclosure Schedule. PRA shall update the PRA Disclosure Schedule (the “Closing Date PRA Disclosure Schedule”) to a date that is no earlier than ten (10) Business Days prior to the Closing Date and no later than seven (7) Business Days prior to the Closing Date and shall deliver the Closing Date PRA Disclosure Schedule to NORCAL not less than three (3) Business Days prior to the Closing Date. NORCAL shall update the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule (the “Closing Date NORCAL Disclosure Schedule”) to a date that is no earlier than ten (10) Business Days prior to the Closing Date and no later than seven (7) Business Days prior to the Closing Date and shall deliver the Closing Date NORCAL Disclosure Schedule to PRA not less than three (3) Business Days prior to the Closing Date. The obligation of PRA to deliver to NORCAL the Closing Date PRA Disclosure Schedule as provided above shall be a material obligation for purposes of Section 9.3(a) hereof, and the obligation of NORCAL to deliver to PRA the Closing Date NORCAL Disclosure Schedule shall be a material obligation for purposes of Section 9.2(a) hereof. The provisions of this Section 8.5 and any notices by PRA on the one hand, and NORCAL on the other, shall not be deemed in any way to constitute a waiver by the counterparty of the conditions set forth in Article 9 hereof or any of its remedies under Article 10 hereof, nor shall any such notices cure any breach of any representation or warranty which is inaccurate. 8.6 Additional Agreements. (a) In the event that any further action is necessary or desirable to carry out the purposes of this Agreement or to vest PRA or any of its Subsidiaries with full title to all properties, assets, rights, approvals, immunities and franchises of any of the parties to this Agreement including the Plan of Conversion, the proper officers and directors of each party to this Agreement shall take all such necessary action as may be reasonably requested by, and at the sole expense of, PRA. (b) Prior to the Closing Date, except in connection with the acquisition of shares or interests in mutual funds or exchange-traded funds, NORCAL shall not acquire, directly or indirectly, beneficial or record ownership of any shares of PRA common stock or 69 43126503 v1


 
other equity securities of PRA, or any securities convertible into or exercisable for any shares of PRA common stock or other equity securities of PRA. 8.7 Negotiations with Other Parties. (a) So long as this Agreement remains in effect and no notice of termination has been given under this Agreement, NORCAL shall not authorize or knowingly permit any of its representatives, directly or indirectly, to initiate, entertain, solicit, encourage, engage in, or participate in, negotiations with any Person or any group of Persons other than the other party to this Agreement or any of its Affiliates concerning any Acquisition Proposal (as herein defined) other than as expressly provided in this Agreement. NORCAL will promptly inform PRA of any serious, bona fide inquiry it receives with respect to any Acquisition Proposal and shall furnish to PRA a description of the terms of a possible transaction, if any (but need not identify the Person, or group of Persons, making the offer). (b) Nothing contained in this Agreement shall prohibit the NORCAL Board from either furnishing information to, or entering into discussions or negotiations with, any Person or group of Persons regarding any Acquisition Proposal, or approving and recommending to the Eligible Policyholders of NORCAL an Acquisition Proposal from any Person or group of Persons, if the NORCAL Board determines in good faith that such action is appropriate in furtherance of the best interests of the Policyholders and in order for the NORCAL Board to comply with its fiduciary obligation. In connection with any such determination: (i) NORCAL shall direct its representatives, officers and other appropriate personnel to cooperate with and be reasonably available to consult with any such Person, or group of Persons; (ii) NORCAL will disclose to PRA that it is furnishing information to, or entering into discussions or negotiations with, such Person or group of Persons, which disclosure shall describe the terms thereof (but need not identify the Person, or group of Persons making the offer); (iii) prior to furnishing such information to such Person or group of Persons, NORCAL shall enter into a written agreement with such Person or group of Persons which provides for, among other things, (A) the furnishing to such Person or group of Persons of information regarding NORCAL that is relevant to its ability to finance and otherwise perform its obligations under its Acquisition Proposal, (B) the confidentiality of all non-public information furnished to such Person or group of Persons by NORCAL, and (C) procedures reasonably satisfactory to NORCAL that are designed to restrict or limit the provision of information regarding NORCAL that could be used to the competitive disadvantage of NORCAL; (iv) NORCAL will not furnish any non-public information regarding PRA or the transactions contemplated hereby; and (v) NORCAL will keep PRA informed of the status of any such discussions or negotiations (provided that NORCAL shall not be required to disclose to PRA confidential information concerning the business or operations of such Person or group of Persons). (c) As used in this Agreement, “Acquisition Proposal” means (i) any proposal pursuant to which any Person or group of Persons, other than PRA or NORCAL, would acquire or participate in a merger, consolidation, or other business combination involving NORCAL, directly or indirectly; (ii) any proposal by which any Person or group of Persons, other than PRA or NORCAL, would acquire a substantial equity interest in NORCAL, including the right to vote 10% or more of the capital stock (following a reorganization or conversion) of NORCAL entitled to vote thereon for the election of directors; (iii) any acquisition of 10% or 70 43126503 v1


 
more of the assets of NORCAL, other than in the ordinary course of business; (iv) any acquisition in excess of 10% of the outstanding capital stock (following a reorganization or conversion) of NORCAL, other than as contemplated by this Agreement; (v) any acquisition of control (as defined under the Insurance Laws) of NORCAL; or (vi) any transaction similar to the foregoing. 8.8 Directors’ and Officers’ Indemnification and Insurance. (a) NORCAL shall use its commercially reasonable efforts, immediately prior to the Closing, to purchase a single payment, run-off policy or policies of directors’ and officers’ liability insurance covering current and former officers and directors of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries on terms and conditions, including limits, at least as favorable as their respective directors and officers liability insurance policy in effect on the date of this Agreement, such policy or policies to become effective at the Purchase Effective Time and remain in effect for a period of six years after the Purchase Effective Time or the period of the applicable statute of limitation, if longer (the “Tail Policy”). If NORCAL is unable to obtain the Tail Policy prior to Closing, PRA shall use its best efforts to cause the individuals serving as officers and directors of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries prior to the Purchase Effective Time to be covered for a period of six years from the Purchase Effective Time (or the period of the applicable statute of limitations, if longer) by the directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy maintained by PRA (provided that PRA may substitute therefore policies of the same or greater coverage and amounts containing terms and conditions which are at least as favorable as their respective directors and officers liability insurance policy in effect on the date of this Agreement) with respect to acts or omissions occurring on or prior to the Purchase Effective Time which were committed by such officers and directors in their capacity as such; provided, however, that in no event shall the annual premium for any such insurance be more than 300% of the current annual amount expended by NORCAL or the NORCAL Subsidiary (the “Insurance Premium Amount”); and provided further, that if PRA is unable to maintain or obtain the insurance called for by this Section 8.8, PRA shall use its best efforts to obtain as much comparable insurance as available for the Insurance Premium Amount. (b) In addition to the obligations set forth in Section 8.8(a), PRA shall, and shall cause NORCAL and each NORCAL Subsidiary to, indemnify, defend and hold harmless each person who is now, or who has been at any time before the date hereof or who becomes before the Purchase Effective Time, an officer, director or employee of NORCAL or a NORCAL Subsidiary (the “Indemnified Parties”) against all losses, claims, damages, costs, expenses (including attorney’s fees), liabilities or judgments or amounts that are paid in settlement of or in connection with any claim, action, suit, proceeding or investigation, whether civil, criminal, or administrative (each a “Claim”), in which an Indemnified Party is, or is threatened to be made, a party or witness in whole or in part on or arising in whole or in part out of the fact that such person is or was a director, officer or employee of NORCAL or a NORCAL Subsidiary if such Claim pertains to any matter of fact arising, existing or occurring at or before the Purchase Effective Time (including, without limitation, the Conversion and the other transactions contemplated hereby), regardless of whether such Claim is asserted or claimed before, or after, the Purchase Effective Time, to the fullest extent NORCAL is permitted under Applicable Law and consistent with NORCAL’s or any NORCAL Subsidiary’s Organizational Documents as in effect on the date hereof. PRA shall pay expenses in advance of the final disposition of any such 71 43126503 v1


 
action or proceeding to each Indemnified Party to the full extent provided in NORCAL’s or any NORCAL Subsidiary’s Organizational Documents or under any agreement of any Indemnified Party with NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, in each case in effect as of the date of this Agreement, or under Applicable Law. The Indemnified Parties may retain counsel reasonably satisfactory to them; provided, however, that (A) unless the Indemnified Party reasonably concludes that PRA has a conflict of interest with respect to the Claim, PRA shall have the right to assume the defense thereof, provided that PRA shall not effect any settlement without the consent of the Indemnified Party unless the settlement requires solely the payment of money by PRA, NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary and the settlement unconditionally releases the Indemnified Party from all liability with respect to the Claim, (B) PRA shall be obligated pursuant to this paragraph to pay for only one firm of counsel for all Indemnified Parties except to the extent representation by a single firm or attorney is, in the absence of an informed consent by the Indemnified Party, prohibited in the judgment of such firm by ethical rules relating to lawyers’ conflicts of interest, in which case PRA shall be obligated to pay for counsel for each Indemnified Party, as applicable, (C) PRA shall not be liable for any settlement effected without its prior written consent (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld), (D) PRA shall have no obligation hereunder to any Indemnified Party when and if a court of competent jurisdiction shall ultimately determine, and such determination shall have become final and nonappealable, that indemnification of such Indemnified Party in the manner contemplated by this Agreement is prohibited by Applicable Law and (E) PRA shall have no obligation hereunder to any Indemnified Party for which and to the extent payment is actually and unqualifiedly made to such Indemnified Party under any insurance policy, any other agreement for indemnification or otherwise. Any Indemnified Party wishing to claim indemnification under this Section 8.8, upon learning of any such claim, action, suit, proceeding or investigation, shall notify PRA thereof, provided that the failure to so notify shall not affect the obligations of PRA under this Section 8.8 except to the extent such failure to notify materially prejudices PRA. PRA’s obligations under this Section 8.8 continue in full force and effect for a period of six years from the Purchase Effective Time (or the period of the applicable statute of limitations, if longer); provided, however, that all rights to indemnification in respect of any Claim asserted or made within such period shall continue until the final disposition of such Claim. If PRA or any of its respective successors or assigns (x) consolidates with or merges into any other Person and is not the continuing or surviving corporation or entity of such consolidation or merger or (y) transfers or conveys all or substantially all its properties and assets, then, and in each case, PRA shall ensure that such surviving corporation or entity or the transferees of such properties or assets assume the obligations set forth in this Section 8.8. The rights of each Indemnified Party under this Section 8.8 shall be in addition to any rights such Indemnified Party may have under Organizational Documents of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary or under any agreement of any Indemnified Party with NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary, in each case in effect as of the date of this Agreement, or under Applicable Law. These rights shall survive consummation of the Conversion and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement and are intended to benefit, and shall be enforceable by, each Indemnified Party. 8.9 [Reserved]. 8.10 Employee Plans. 72 43126503 v1


 
(a) From and after the Purchase Effective Time, the NORCAL Benefit Plans in effect as of the date of this Agreement and at the Purchase Effective Time shall remain in effect with respect to the current and former employees of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries (the “NORCAL Employees”) covered by such NORCAL Benefit Plans at the Purchase Effective Time, until such time as PRA shall otherwise determine. PRA agrees that it will honor all NORCAL Benefit Plans in accordance with their terms as in effect at the Purchase Effective Time, subject to any amendment or termination thereof that may be required or permitted by the plans or Applicable Law. PRA will review all NORCAL Benefit Plans to determine whether to maintain, terminate or continue such plans; provided, however, that PRA will not amend or terminate a NORCAL Benefit Plan with an effective amendment or termination date prior to January 1, 2021, will not amend or terminate the Medi-Gap Health Coverage for Officers or other retiree medical benefit arrangements for retirees or officers receiving such post-retirement medical benefit arrangements immediately prior to Closing (provided, however, that for purposes of clarity, nothing in this Section 8.10 shall obligate PRA or NORCAL (following the Closing) to continue to offer Medi-Gap Health Coverage to any officers or other retirees who are not receiving or eligible to receive such benefits as of the Closing Date), and will not stop payment on bonus or incentive compensation that (1) is earned for calendar year 2020 pursuant to a formal written incentive plan that has been disclosed to PRA and (2) has not been paid prior to January 1, 2021, other than as may be required by Applicable Law; provided that in any event no incentive compensation described herein shall be due or payable to any NORCAL employee who is not an employee of PRA, NORCAL, or a NORCAL Subsidiary at the time such compensation ordinarily would be paid in March 2021. In the event employee compensation and/or benefits as currently provided by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary are changed or terminated by PRA, in whole or in part, PRA shall provide any NORCAL Employees who continue in employment with PRA or any of its Subsidiaries (“Continuing Employees”) with compensation and benefits that are, in the aggregate, substantially similar to the compensation and benefits provided to similarly situated employees of PRA or applicable PRA Subsidiary (as of the date any such compensation or benefit is provided). In the event of any termination of any NORCAL health plan, or consolidation of any health plan with any PRA health plan, any coverage limitation under the PRA health plan due to any pre-existing condition shall be waived by the PRA health plan to the degree that such condition was covered by the NORCAL health plan and such condition would otherwise have been covered by the PRA health plan in the absence of such coverage limitation. All NORCAL employees who cease participating in a NORCAL health plan and become participants in a comparable PRA health plan during any plan year shall receive credit toward the applicable deductible under the PRA health plan for any amounts paid by the employee under NORCAL’s health plan during the applicable plan year, upon substantiation, in a form satisfactory to PRA, that such payments have been made. (b) Employees of NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary who become participants in an Employee Plan of PRA shall, for purposes of determining eligibility for and for any applicable vesting periods of such employee benefits only (and not for benefit accrual purposes unless specifically set forth herein) be given credit for meeting eligibility and vesting requirements in such plans for service as an employee of NORCAL or any predecessor thereto prior to the Purchase Effective Time; provided, however, that credit for benefit accrual purposes will be given only for purposes of PRA vacation policies or programs. In the event of any termination or consolidation of any NORCAL health plan with any PRA health plan, PRA shall 73 43126503 v1


 
make available to Continuing Employees and their dependents employer-provided health coverage on substantially the same basis as it provides such coverage to PRA employees. Unless a Continuing Employee affirmatively terminates coverage under a NORCAL health plan prior to the time that such Continuing Employee becomes eligible to participate in the PRA health plan, or unless a Continuing Employee and/or a dependent of a Continuing Employee has an event which, under the terms of the NORCAL health plan, results in a loss of coverage (which may include a sale or other disposition of a NORCAL Subsidiary or substantially all of the business operations thereof), no coverage of any of the Continuing Employees or their dependents shall terminate under any of the NORCAL health plans prior to the time such Continuing Employees and their dependents become eligible to participate in the health plans, programs and benefits common to all employees of PRA and their dependents. In the event of a termination or consolidation of any NORCAL health plan, terminated NORCAL employees and qualified beneficiaries will have the right to continued coverage under group health plans of PRA in accordance with Code Section 4980B(f). (c) Nothing in this Section 8.10 shall be interpreted as preventing PRA from terminating the employment of any individual or from amending, modifying or terminating any Employee Plans of PRA, or any NORCAL Benefit Plans, or any benefits under any Employee Plans of PRA or any NORCAL Benefit Plans, or any other contracts, arrangements, commitments or understandings, in accordance with their terms and Applicable Law. (d) The parties agree that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall not constitute a separation, termination or severance of employment of any employee of NORCAL or any of the NORCAL Subsidiaries, including for purposes of any benefit or compensation arrangement, plan, policy, contract or practice that provides for separation, termination or severance benefits. The parties further agree that the employment of each employee of NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries who was such an employee immediately prior to the Closing shall continue, uninterrupted, immediately after the Closing; provided, however, that this Section 8.10(d) shall not apply to executives or other employees of NORCAL or a NORCAL Subsidiary if the executive or employee is a party to an agreement that provides certain benefits upon a change in control of NORCAL that occurs upon Closing. The rights and obligations set forth in this Section 8.10(d) shall inure solely to the benefit of the parties hereto and shall not create any rights in any employee as a third-party beneficiary. (e) Except as described in Section 8.10(d), if within the first ninety (90) days of the Closing Date (the “Post-Closing Employment Period”) PRA terminates without cause the employment of an employee who was employed by NORCAL or any NORCAL Subsidiary immediately prior to the Closing, PRA shall pay and/or provide to such terminated employee compensation and benefits to which such employee was entitled for a period equal to the number of days remaining in the Post-Closing Employment Period from the date of such termination (the “Post-Closing Severance”); provided, however, that if such terminated employee is eligible to receive severance in accordance with the severance plan set forth in Section 8.10(e) of the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule (the “NORCAL/PRA Severance Plan”), such terminated employee shall receive severance in accordance with the NORCAL/PRA Severance Plan and shall not receive any Post-Closing Severance if the NORCAL/PRA Severance Plan provides greater benefits than the Post-Closing Severance. Notwithstanding the foregoing, (i) nothing herein is intended to prevent the termination of any employee for misconduct and (ii) PRA shall 74 43126503 v1


 
not, and shall cause NORCAL and the NORCAL Subsidiaries not to, take any action within the Post-Closing Employment Period that could result in WARN Act liability. 8.11 ProAssurance Board of Directors. NORCAL may nominate two individuals (the “NORCAL Nominees”), at least one of whom is a physician, for election as directors of ProAssurance. The NORCAL Nominees shall be vetted by the ProAssurance Nominating Corporate Governance Committee and in the event either or both of such individuals does not satisfy the criteria for service on the PRA Board in the reasonable judgment of the ProAssurance Nominating Corporate Governance Committee then NORCAL may nominate alternative individuals as NORCAL Nominees who satisfy such criteria. ProAssurance shall cause the NORCAL Nominees to be elected as directors of ProAssurance promptly after the Closing Date. In accordance with the Bylaws of ProAssurance, the NORCAL Nominees will be slotted into one of the three director classes and will serve on the PRA Board for the remainder of the term of the class into which he or she has been slotted (the “Initial Term”); provided, however, that at least one of the NORCAL Nominees shall have an Initial Term of at least two (2) years following the Closing Date. After the Initial Term, each NORCAL Nominee shall be eligible for nomination for a term of three (3) years, provided that he or she (i) consents to being named as a director in the proxy statement of ProAssurance for such annual meeting and to serving as a director of ProAssurance, (ii) provides such information relating to him or her as is required to be disclosed in such proxy statement under Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act, and (iii) qualifies as an independent director under the policy established by the PRA Board for determining director independence. If the NORCAL Nominees are nominated for election to a three-year term, the PRA Board shall recommend to the stockholders of ProAssurance that they vote for the election of the NORCAL Nominees as directors of ProAssurance in the proxy statement for the meeting of stockholders at which the election will occur. The NORCAL Nominees may serve additional three-year terms subject to the rules and nomination procedures generally applicable to all ProAssurance directors. ARTICLE 9 CONDITIONS PRECEDENT 9.1 Conditions to Each Party’s Obligation. The respective obligation of each party to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Plan of Conversion and this Agreement shall be subject to the satisfaction of the following conditions: (a) The Plan of Conversion, including the Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and the issuance of the NORCAL Common Stock as herein contemplated, shall have been approved and adopted by at least two-thirds of the NORCAL Board and by at least two- thirds affirmative vote of the Record Date Policyholders of NORCAL entitled to vote thereon. (b) All Requisite Regulatory Approvals and all approvals referred to in Section 5.5(c) of this Agreement shall have been obtained and shall remain in full force and effect and all statutory waiting periods in respect thereof shall have expired or been terminated. (c) No order, injunction or decree issued by any Governmental Authority of competent jurisdiction or other legal restraint or prohibition preventing the consummation of the 75 43126503 v1


 
Plan of Conversion or any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall be in effect. No statute, rule, regulation, order, injunction or decree shall have been enacted, entered, promulgated or enforced by any Governmental Authority which prohibits, materially restricts or makes illegal consummation of the Plan of Conversion, including the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. (d) NORCAL has been converted from a mutual insurance company to a stock insurance company in accordance with the Applicable Law of the State of California, including the Conversion Statute and the shares of NORCAL Common Stock issued in connection with the Conversion shall be duly authorized and validly issued. 9.2 Conditions to Obligation of PRA. The obligation of PRA to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Plan of Conversion and this Agreement is also subject to the satisfaction or waiver by PRA of the following conditions: (a) NORCAL shall have performed in all material respects all material obligations required to be performed by it under this Agreement at or prior to the Closing Date, and PRA shall have received a certificate signed on behalf of NORCAL by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of NORCAL to such effect. (b) (i) The representations and warranties of NORCAL (other than in Section 5.1(a), Section 5.2(a) and (c), Section 5.4, Section 5.5(a) and (d) and Section 5.8) contained in Article 5 of this Agreement shall be true and correct on and as of the Closing Date without giving effect to any limitation as to “materiality”, “in all material respects”, “in any material respect” or “Material Adverse Effect” set forth in such representations and warranties as if made on and as of such date (except to the extent that any such representation or warranty has by its terms been made as of a specific date in which case such representation and warranty shall have been true and correct as of such specific date), except where the failure of such representations and warranties to be so true and correct would not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect on NORCAL, and (ii) the representations and warranties of NORCAL set forth in Section 5.1(a), Section 5.2(a) and (c), Section 5.4, Section 5.5(a) and (d) and Section 5.8 shall be true and correct on and as of the Closing Date. The Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of NORCAL shall deliver, on behalf of NORCAL, a certificate to PRA to such effect. (c) NORCAL shall not have suffered a Material Adverse Effect and there shall have been no occurrence, circumstance or combination thereof (whether arising on or after the date hereof), which, as of the Closing Date, is reasonably likely to result in a Material Adverse Effect on NORCAL and PRA shall have received a certificate signed on behalf of NORCAL by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of NORCAL to such effect. (d) The Offer Conditions set forth in Section 3.1(b)(ii) and (iii) shall have been satisfied. 76 43126503 v1


 
(e) NORCAL shall have deposited the items required to be deposited by it in trust with the Exchange Agent for the benefit of the Policyholders as required by Section 4.4(a) of this Agreement. 9.3 Conditions to Obligation of NORCAL. The obligation of NORCAL to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Plan of Conversion and this Agreement is also subject to the satisfaction or waiver by NORCAL of the following conditions: (a) PRA shall have performed in all material respects all material obligations required to be performed by it under this Agreement at or prior to the Closing Date, and NORCAL shall have received a certificate signed on behalf of PRA by the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of PRA to such effect. (b) PRA shall have deposited the items required to be deposited by it in trust with the Exchange Agent for the benefit of the Policyholders and Selling Stockholders, as applicable, as required by Section 4.4(b) of this Agreement. (c) The representations and warranties of PRA contained in Article 6 of this Agreement shall be true and correct on and as of the Closing Date without giving effect to any limitation as to “materiality”, “in all material respects”, “in any material respect” or “Material Adverse Effect” set forth in such representations and warranties as if made on and as of such date (except to the extent that any such representation or warranty has by its terms been made as of a specific date in which case such representation and warranty shall have been true and correct as of such specific date), except where the failure of such representations and warranties to be so true and correct would not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect on PRA. NORCAL shall have received a certificate signed on behalf of PRA by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of PRA to such effect. ARTICLE 10 TERMINATION AND AMENDMENT 10.1 Termination. This Agreement may be terminated at any time prior to the Closing Date, whether before or after approval of the matters presented in connection with the Plan of Conversion by the Record Date Policyholders of NORCAL: (a) by mutual consent of PRA and NORCAL in a written instrument, if the PRA Board and the NORCAL Board so determine to terminate this Agreement by an affirmative vote of a majority of the members of the PRA Board or the NORCAL Board, as the case may be; (b) by either PRA or NORCAL if (i) any Governmental Authority which must grant a Requisite Regulatory Approval has denied approval of the Plan of Conversion or approval of the Form A as herein contemplated, and such denial has become final and nonappealable or any Governmental Authority of competent jurisdiction shall have issued a final nonappealable order permanently enjoining or otherwise prohibiting the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and (ii) the PRA Board or the NORCAL Board, as the case may be, decides to terminate this Agreement by an affirmative vote of a majority of the directors of PRA or a majority of the members of the NORCAL Board, as the case may be; 77 43126503 v1


 
(c) by either PRA or NORCAL (provided that the terminating party is not then in material breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or other agreement contained in this Agreement) if (i) (x) there shall have been a breach of any of the representations and warranties set forth in this Agreement on the part of the other party (without giving effect to any limitation as to “materiality” or “Material Adverse Effect” set forth in such representations and warranties), which breach is not cured within forty-five (45) days following written notice to the party committing such breach, or which breach, by its nature or timing, cannot be cured prior to the date specified in Section 10.1(i), and (y) such material breach or breaches of the representations and warranties, individually or in the aggregate, has resulted in a Material Adverse Effect on such party and its Subsidiaries taken as a whole and (ii) the non-breaching party decides to terminate this Agreement by an affirmative vote of a majority of the members of its entire board of directors; (d) by PRA upon written notice to NORCAL if (i) the NORCAL Board shall indicate in writing to PRA that the NORCAL Board is unwilling or unable (other than in connection with the failure to satisfy the conditions set forth in Sections 9.1(b) and (c) hereof) to adopt the Plan of Conversion; (ii) the NORCAL Board is unwilling or unable (other than in connection with the failure to satisfy the conditions set forth in Sections 9.1(b) and (c) hereof) to recommend to its Record Date Policyholders that they approve and adopt the Plan of Conversion; (iii) the NORCAL Board is unwilling or unable (other than in connection with the failure to satisfy the conditions set forth in Sections 9.1(b) and (c) hereof) to recommend to the Eligible Policyholders the Stock Offer; or (iv) after recommending that its Record Date Policyholders approve and adopt the Plan of Conversion or recommending the Stock Offer to the Eligible Policyholders, the NORCAL Board shall have withdrawn, modified or amended such recommendation in any respect materially adverse to PRA, without PRA’s prior written consent (each an “NORCAL Recommendation Event”); provided that any such notice of termination must be provided to NORCAL not later than ten (10) Business Days after the later of the date PRA shall have been advised by NORCAL in writing of a NORCAL Recommendation Event, or such later date as may be agreed upon by PRA and NORCAL in writing; (e) by PRA upon written notice to NORCAL, if a NORCAL Acquisition Event (as herein defined) has occurred; (f) by either PRA or NORCAL if (i) a meeting of the Record Date Policyholders has been duly held for purposes of voting on the Plan of Conversion and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and (ii) approval of the Record Date Policyholders required for the consummation of the Plan of Conversion shall not have been obtained by reason of the failure to obtain the required vote at such duly held meeting of Record Date Policyholders or at any adjournment or postponement thereof; (g) by PRA if the condition set forth in Section 3.1(b)(iii) is not satisfied; (h) by PRA if on the Closing Date the NORCAL Disclosure Schedule discloses any Material Adverse Effect on NORCAL or any change from the NORCAL Disclosure Schedules which has, or is reasonably likely to have, a Material Adverse Effect on NORCAL; 78 43126503 v1


 
(i) by written notice from NORCAL to PRA, or from PRA to NORCAL, if the Closing does not occur on or before the two-year anniversary of the date of this Agreement (the “Outside Date”) for any reason other than breach of this Agreement by the party giving such notice; provided, however, that if the Offer extends beyond the two-year anniversary of the date of this Agreement pursuant to Section 3.1(d), then the Outside Date shall be extended until the expiration of the Offer; or (j) by NORCAL upon the occurrence of a NORCAL Acquisition Event or NORCAL Recommendation Event. 10.2 Effect of Termination. In the event of termination of this Agreement by either PRA or NORCAL as provided in Section 10.1 of this Agreement, (i) this Agreement shall forthwith become void and have no effect, except that Sections 8.2(b) (Access to Information), 10.2 (Effect of Termination), 10.5 (Liquidated Damages; Termination Fee), 11.1 (Non-survival of Representations, Warranties and Agreements), 11.2 (Expenses), 11.3 (Notices), 11.5 (Assignment; No Third Party Beneficiaries), 11.6 (Presumptions) 11.7 (Exhibits and Schedules), 11.8 (Interpretation), 11.10 (Entire Agreement), 11.11 (Governing Law), 11.12 (Severability), and 11.13 (Publicity) of this Agreement shall survive any termination of this Agreement, and (ii) neither PRA or NORCAL, nor any of their respective Subsidiaries or any of the officers or directors of any of them shall have any liability of any nature whatsoever under this Agreement, or in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, except as otherwise provided in Section 10.5 of this Agreement; provided, however, that notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, neither PRA nor NORCAL shall be relieved or released from any liabilities or damages arising out of its willful breach of any provision of this Agreement. 10.3 Amendment. This Agreement may not be amended except by an instrument in writing signed on behalf of each of the parties hereto. Subject to the previous sentence and in compliance with Applicable Law, this Agreement may be amended by the parties hereto, by action taken or authorized by the PRA Board and the NORCAL Board, at any time before or after approval of the matters presented in connection with the Plan of Conversion and this Agreement by the Eligible Policyholders of NORCAL; provided, however, that after any approval of the Plan of Conversion and transactions contemplated by this Agreement by the Eligible Policyholders of NORCAL, there may not be, without further approval of such Eligible Policyholders, any amendment of this Agreement which changes or otherwise modifies or amends the amount or the form of the Conversion Consideration or the PRA Consideration other than as contemplated by this Agreement. 10.4 Extension; Waiver. At any time prior to the Closing Date, the parties to this Agreement may, to the extent permitted by Applicable Law, (a) extend the time for the performance of any of the obligations or other acts of the other parties to this Agreement, (b) waive any inaccuracies in the representations and warranties contained in this Agreement or in any document delivered pursuant hereto, or (c) waive compliance with any of the agreements or conditions contained in this Agreement; provided, however, that after any approval of the Plan of Conversion and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement by the Eligible Policyholders of NORCAL, there may not be, without further approval of such Eligible Policyholders, any extension or waiver of this Agreement or any portion thereof which reduces the amount or 79 43126503 v1


 
changes the form of the Conversion Consideration or the PRA Consideration other than as contemplated by this Agreement. Any agreement on the part of a party to this Agreement to any such extension or waiver shall be valid only if set forth in a written instrument signed on behalf of such party, but such extension or waiver or failure to insist on strict compliance with an obligation, covenant, agreement or condition shall not operate as a waiver of, or estoppel with respect to, any subsequent or other failure. 10.5 Liquidated Damages; Termination Fee. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, in the event that any of the following events or circumstances shall occur, NORCAL shall, within ten (10) Business Days after notice of the occurrence thereof by PRA, pay to PRA the sum equal to the Termination Fee (which the parties agree and stipulate as reasonable and full liquidated damages and reasonable compensation for the involvement of PRA in the transactions contemplated in this Agreement and is not a penalty or forfeiture): (i) PRA shall terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 10.1(d) or (e) (other than, for the avoidance of doubt, a termination relating to the conditions set forth in Sections 9.1(b) and (c) not being satisfied); (ii) NORCAL shall terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 10.1(j) (other than, for the avoidance of doubt, a termination relating to the conditions set forth in Sections 9.1(b) and (c) not being satisfied); or (iii) if the Record Date Policyholders of NORCAL fail to hold the Special Meeting as required by Section 8.3 of this Agreement within 120 days after the Commissioner issues his decision and order approving the Plan of Conversion. For purposes of this Agreement a “NORCAL Acquisition Event” shall mean that NORCAL shall have authorized, recommended, approved, or entered into an agreement with any Person (other than any of the parties to this Agreement) to effect an Acquisition Proposal. Upon the making and receipt of such payment under this Section 10.5, NORCAL shall have no further obligation of any kind under this Agreement and PRA shall not have any further obligation of any kind under this Agreement, except in each case under Section 10.2 of this Agreement, and no party shall have any liability for any breach or alleged breach by such party of any provision of this Agreement. ARTICLE 11 GENERAL PROVISIONS 11.1 Non-survival of Representations, Warranties and Agreements. None of the representations, warranties, covenants and agreements of NORCAL or PRA in this Agreement or in any instrument delivered by NORCAL or PRA pursuant to this Agreement shall survive the Closing Date, except as otherwise provided in Section 10.2 of this Agreement and except for those covenants and agreements contained in this Agreement and in any such instrument which by their terms apply in whole or in part after the Closing Date. 11.2 Expenses. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement, all costs and expenses incurred in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall be paid by the party incurring such expense; provided, however, that (a) NORCAL shall pay all expenses relating to the approval of the Plan of Conversion by the Commissioner, (b) PRA shall pay all expenses in connection with the approval of the Form A as contemplated by this Agreement by the Commissioner, and any other required filings with any 80 43126503 v1


 
Insurance Regulator, and (c) the cost of the HSR Act filing fee shall be borne 70% by PRA and 30% by NORCAL. 11.3 Notices. All notices and other communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given if delivered personally, by facsimile or email (with confirmation) followed by delivery of an original via overnight courier service, mailed by registered or certified mail (return receipt requested) or delivered by an overnight courier service (with confirmation) to the parties at the following addresses (or at such other address for a party as shall be specified by like notice): if to PRA, to: ProAssurance Corporation 100 Brookwood Place Birmingham, Alabama 35209 Attention: Chief Executive Officer, copy to Corporate Secretary Fax: (205) 877-4405 Email: edwardrand@proassurance.com with copies to: Burr & Forman LLP 420 N. 20th Street, Suite 3400 Birmingham, Alabama 35203 Attention: Edward R. Christian, Esq. Fax: (205) 458-5100 Email: echristian@burr.com and if to NORCAL, to: NORCAL Mutual Insurance Company 575 Market Street, Suite 1000 San Francisco, CA 94105 844.4NORCAL Attention: Chief Executive Officer Fax: (415) 520-5570 Email: sdiener@norcal-group.com with copies to: McDermott Will & Emery LLP 444 West Lake Street, Suite 4000 Chicago, Illinois 60606 Attention: Robert K. Clagg 81 43126503 v1


 
Fax: 312-277-1936 Email: rclagg@mwe.com 11.4 Further Assurances. Prior to the Closing, at the reasonable request of any party to this Agreement, the other parties shall execute, acknowledge and deliver such other documents and/or instruments as may be reasonably required by the requesting party to carry out the purposes of this Agreement. In the event any party to this Agreement shall be involved in litigation, threatened litigation or government inquiries with respect to a matter covered by this Agreement, every other party to this Agreement shall also make available to such party, at reasonable times and subject to the reasonable requirements of its own businesses, such of its personnel as may have information relevant to such matters; provided that such party shall reimburse the providing party for its reasonable costs for employee time incurred in connection therewith if more than one (1) Business Day is required. 11.5 Assignment; No Third Party Beneficiaries. Neither this Agreement nor any of the rights, interests or obligations, shall be assigned by any of the parties to this Agreement (whether by operation of law or otherwise) without the prior written consent of the other parties to this Agreement. Subject to the preceding sentence, this Agreement will be binding upon, inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by the parties and their respective successors and assigns. Except as otherwise expressly set forth herein, including, without limitation, Section 8.8, this Agreement (including the documents and instruments referred to in this Agreement) is not intended to confer upon any person other than the parties to this Agreement any rights or remedies under this Agreement. 11.6 Presumptions. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that all parties have been represented by counsel and have participated in the negotiation and drafting of this Agreement, and that there shall be no presumption against any party on the ground that such party was responsible for preparing this Agreement or any part of it. 11.7 Exhibits and Schedules. Each of the Exhibits and Schedules referred to in, and/or attached to, this Agreement is an integral part of this Agreement and is incorporated in this Agreement by this reference. 11.8 Interpretation. When a reference is made in this Agreement to Sections, Exhibits or Schedules, such reference shall be to a Section of or Exhibit or Schedule to this Agreement unless otherwise indicated. The headings contained in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement. Whenever the words “include,” “includes” or “including” are used in this Agreement, they shall be deemed to be followed by the words “without limitation”. Whenever the context may require, any pronoun shall include the corresponding masculine, feminine and neuter forms. References to “funds,” “US dollar,” “dollars,” “US$” or “$” in this Agreement are to the lawful currency of the United States of America. No provision of this Agreement shall be construed to require PRA, NORCAL or any of their respective Subsidiaries or Affiliates to take any action which would violate any Applicable Law, rule or regulation. 82 43126503 v1


 
11.9 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original and all of which shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each of the parties and delivered to the other parties, it being understood that all parties need not sign the same counterpart. A signed copy of this Agreement delivered by facsimile, email or other means of electronic transmission shall be deemed to have the same legal effect as delivery of the original signed copy of this Agreement. 11.10 Entire Agreement. This Agreement (including the documents and the instruments referred to in this Agreement) constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings, both written and oral, among the parties with respect to the subject matter of this Agreement. 11.11 Governing Law; Submission to Jurisdiction. (a) This Agreement shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, without regard to any applicable conflicts of law principles, except that the Plan of Conversion shall be effected in accordance with and governed by the laws of the State of California, and the insurance laws of the State of California as they relate to NORCAL shall govern to the extent the application of such laws would be inconsistent with or in contravention of the laws of the State of Delaware. (b) Each of the parties hereto irrevocably agrees that any Action with respect to this Agreement and the rights and obligations arising hereunder, or for recognition and enforcement of any judgment in respect of this Agreement and the rights and obligations arising hereunder brought by any other party hereto or its successors or assigns shall be brought and determined exclusively in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or in the event (but only in the event) that such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over such Action, in the federal courts located within the State of Delaware. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, each of the parties hereto irrevocably agrees that any Action with respect to any act of the Commissioner or any other Governmental Authority concerning or arising out of the Plan of Conversion or any amendment thereto shall be brought and determined exclusively in the state courts of the State of California in accordance with the Insurance Laws of the State of California. Each of the parties hereto agrees that mailing of process or other papers in connection with any such Action in the manner provided in Section 11.3 or in such other manner as may be permitted by Applicable Laws, will be valid and sufficient service thereof. Each of the parties hereto hereby irrevocably submits with regard to any such Action for itself and in respect of its property, generally and unconditionally, to the personal jurisdiction of the aforesaid courts and agrees that it will not bring any action relating to this Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in any court or tribunal other than the aforesaid courts. Each of the parties hereto hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert, by way of motion, as a defense, counterclaim, or otherwise, in any Action with respect to this Agreement and the rights and obligations arising hereunder, or for recognition and enforcement of any judgment in respect of this Agreement and the rights and obligations arising hereunder: (a) any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of the above named courts for any reason other than the failure to serve process in accordance with this Section 11.11(b); (b) any claim that it or its property is exempt or immune from jurisdiction of any such court or from any legal process 83 43126503 v1


 
commenced in such courts (whether through service of notice, attachment prior to judgment, attachment in aid of execution of judgment, execution of judgment or otherwise); and (c) to the fullest extent permitted by the Applicable Law, any claim that (i) the suit, action, or proceeding in such court is brought in an inconvenient forum, (ii) the venue of such suit, action, or proceeding is improper, or (iii) this Agreement, or the subject matter hereof, may not be enforced in or by such courts. 11.12 Severability. Any term or provision of this Agreement which is invalid or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall, as to that jurisdiction, be ineffective to the extent of such invalidity or unenforceability without rendering invalid or unenforceable the remaining terms and provisions of this Agreement or affecting the validity or enforceability of any of the terms or provisions of this Agreement in any other jurisdiction. If any provision of this Agreement is so broad as to be unenforceable, the provision shall be interpreted to be only so broad as is enforceable. 11.13 Publicity. PRA and NORCAL shall develop a joint communications plan and each party shall (i) ensure that all press releases and other public statements and communications (including any communications that would require a filing under Rule 425, Rule 165 and Rule 166 under the 1933 Act or Rule 14a-2, Rule 14a-12 or Rule 14e-2 under the Exchange Act) with respect to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby shall be consistent with such joint communications plan and (ii) unless otherwise required by Applicable Law or by obligations pursuant to any listing agreement with or rules of the NYSE, consult with each other for a reasonable time before issuing any press release or otherwise making any public statement or communication (including any communications that would require a filing with the SEC), and mutually agree upon any such press release or any such public statement or communication, with respect to this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby. In addition to the foregoing, except to the extent disclosed in the proxy statement, unless otherwise required by Applicable Law or by obligations pursuant to any listing agreement with or rules of the NYSE, neither PRA nor NORCAL shall issue any press release or otherwise make any public statement or disclosure concerning the other party or the other party’s business, financial conditions or results of operations without the consent of the other party. 11.14 Specific Performance. Subject to Section 10.5, each party hereto hereby agrees that, in the event of breach of this Agreement, damages would be difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain, that irreparable damage would occur in the event that any of the provisions of this Agreement were not performed in accordance with their specific terms or were otherwise breached and that money damages or other legal remedies would not be an adequate remedy for any such breach. It is accordingly agreed that, in addition to and without limiting any other remedy or right it may have, each party shall be entitled to seek an injunction or other equitable relief in any court of competent jurisdiction, without any necessity of proving damages or any requirement for the posting of a bond or other security, enjoining any such breach, and enforcing specifically the terms and provisions of this Agreement. [SIGNATURES ON FOLLOWING PAGE] 84 43126503 v1


 
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, PRA and NORCAL have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective officers thereunto duly authorized as of the date first above written. PROASSURANCE CORPORATION, a Delaware corporation By: /s/ Edward L. Rand, Jr. Name: Edward L. Rand, Jr. Title: President and Chief Executive Officer PRA PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY GROUP, INC., a Delaware corporation By: /s/ Edward L. Rand, Jr. Name: Edward L. Rand, Jr. Title: Chairman NORCAL MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, a California mutual insurance company By: /s/ Theodore Scott Diener Name: Theodore Scott Diener Title: President and Chief Executive Officer [Signature Page to Agreement and Plan of Acquisition] 43126503 v1


 
Exhibits Exhibit A – Knowledge of NORCAL Exhibit B – Knowledge of PRA Exhibit C – Officers and Directors of NORCAL INC. NORCAL Disclosure Schedules Section 5.1 – Corporate Organization Section 5.2 – Subsidiaries Section 5.4 – Capitalization Section 5.5 – Authority; No Violation; Consents and Approvals Section 5.6 – Insurance Reports Section 5.7 – Financial Statements; Financial Reporting Section 5.8 – Broker’s Fees Section 5.9 – Absence of Certain Changes or Events Section 5.10 – Legal Proceedings and Judgments Section 5.11 – Insurance Section 5.12 – Taxes and Tax Returns Section 5.13 – Employee Plans; Labor Matters Section 5.14 – Employees Section 5.15 – Compliance with Applicable Law Section 5.16 – Certain Contracts Section 5.17 – Investments and Interest Rate Risk Management Instruments Section 5.18 – Intellectual Property/Social Media Section 5.19 – Real Property; Environmental Liability Section 5.20 – Personal Property Section 5.21 – Insurance Matters Section 5.23 – Privacy and Data Security Section 7.2 – NORCAL Forbearances Section 8.10(e) – NORCAL/PRA Severance Guidelines PRA Disclosure Schedules Section 6.3 – SEC Reports; Financial Statements Section 6.4 – Broker’s Fees Section 6.6 – Compliance with Applicable Law Section 7.3 – PRA Forbearances 43126503 v1


 


Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION
I, Edward L. Rand, Jr., certify that:
1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-Q of ProAssurance Corporation;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15 (e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: May 7, 2020
 
 
/s/ Edward L. Rand, Jr.
Edward L. Rand, Jr.
Chief Executive Officer and
principal executive officer





Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION
I, Dana S. Hendricks, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-Q of ProAssurance Corporation;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15 (e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: May 7, 2020
 
 
/s/ Dana S. Hendricks
Dana S. Hendricks
Chief Financial Officer and
principal financial officer





Exhibit 32.1
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to ProAssurance Corporation and will be retained by ProAssurance Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of ProAssurance Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ending March 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Edward L. Rand, Jr., principal executive officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.
 
 
/s/ Edward L. Rand, Jr.
Edward L. Rand, Jr.
Chief Executive Officer and
principal executive officer
May 7, 2020





Exhibit 32.2
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to ProAssurance Corporation and will be retained by ProAssurance Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of ProAssurance Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ending March 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Dana S. Hendricks, principal financial officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.
 
 
/s/ Dana S. Hendricks
Dana S. Hendricks
Chief Financial Officer, and
principal financial officer
May 7, 2020