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PART I
Item 1. Business
Our Company
Charah Solutions, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, “Charah Solutions,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a leading national service provider of mission-critical environmental services and byproduct recycling to the power generation industry. We offer a suite of remediation and compliance services, byproduct services, raw material sales and Environmental Risk Transfer ("ERT") services. We also design and implement solutions for complex environmental projects (such as coal ash pond closures) and facilitate coal ash recycling through byproduct marketing and other beneficial use services. We believe we are a partner of choice for the power generation industry due to our quality, safety, domain experience and compliance record, all of which are key criteria for our customers. In 2021, we performed work at more than 40 coal-fired generation sites nationwide.
Charah Solutions, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in 2018 in connection with our initial public offering in June 2018 and, together with its predecessors, has been in business since 1987. Since our founding, we have continuously worked to anticipate our customers’ evolving environmental needs, increasing the number of services we provide through our embedded presence at their power generation facilities. Our multi-service platform allows customers to efficiently source multiple required offerings from a single, trusted partner compared to service providers with a more limited scope.
On November 19, 2020, the Company sold its Allied Power Holdings LLC (“Allied”) subsidiary engaged in maintenance, modification and repair services to the nuclear and fossil power generation industry to an affiliate of Bernhard Capital Partners Management, LP (“BCP”), the Company’s majority shareholder, in an all-cash deal for $40 million (the “Allied Transaction”) subject to customary adjustments for working capital and other adjustments as set forth in the Purchase Agreement. As described in further detail in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, the Company has presented Allied as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes.
We operate as a single operating segment, reflecting the suite of end-to-end services we offer our utility partners and how our chief operating decision maker reviews consolidated financial information to evaluate results of operations, assess performance and allocate resources for these services. We provide the following services through our one segment: remediation and compliance services, byproduct services, raw material sales and ERT services. Remediation and compliance services are associated with our customers’ need for multi-year environmental improvement and sustainability initiatives, whether driven by regulatory requirements, power generation customer initiatives or consumer expectations and standards. Byproduct services consist of recurring and mission-critical coal ash management and operations for coal-fired power generation facilities while also supporting both our power generation customers’ desire to recycle their recurring and legacy volumes of coal combustion residuals (“CCRs”), commonly known as coal ash, and our ultimate end customers’ need for high-quality, cost-effective supplemental cementitious materials (“SCMs”) that provide a sustainable, environmentally-friendly substitute for Portland cement in concrete. Our raw materials sales provide customers with the raw materials that are essential to their business while also providing the sourcing, logistics, and management needed to facilitate these raw materials transactions around the globe. ERT services represent an innovative solution designed to meet utility customers' evolving and increasingly complex plant closure and environmental remediation needs. These customers need to retire and decommission older or underutilized assets while maximizing the asset's value and improving the environment. Our ERT services manage the sites' environmental remediation requirements, benefiting the communities and lowering the utility customers' costs.
As a result of our comprehensive offerings, the embedded nature of our on-site presence, our domain experience, and our track record of successful execution, we have built long-term relationships with leading U.S. regulated utilities and independent power producers, including Dominion Energy, Inc., Duke Energy Corporation, Dynegy Inc., PPL Corporation, The Southern Company, and Consumers Energy, among others. These relationships have spanned more than 20 years in some cases. Our operational footprint's national scale is also a key competitive differentiator, as many competitors are localized, focusing on a single geographic area (sometimes isolated to a single plant). We operate in more than 20 states, resulting in an overall footprint and density in key markets that we believe are difficult to replicate. We believe our national reach enables us to successfully pursue new business within our existing customer base and attract new customers while providing consistent quality, safety, and compliance standards.
Our services platform is led by a senior executive team with deep industry experience and is supported by a highly skilled labor force. The nature of our work requires employees to have specialized skills, training, and certifications for them to be allowed on-site at our customers’ facilities. Collectively, our focus on human capital management enables us to maintain and develop a labor force of highly qualified, well-trained personnel capable of handling our customers’ needs.
Market Opportunity
The U.S. power generation industry is composed of critical infrastructure providing essential electric power to communities nationwide. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (the “EIA”), as of 2019, there were approximately 500 large-scale facilities in the United States with generation capabilities of at least 250 megawatts, including more than 150 coal-fired power plants. With near-constant demand from consumers and industry, these facilities' continuous operation is critical given potentially high economic and reputational costs of downtime. These complex facilities have specialized and recurring environmental and compliance service needs to maintain continuous operations throughout their lifecycles. These service needs are particularly significant for coal-fired plants due to the increasing demands of environmental regulation, the aging nature of the installed base, and the feedstock characteristics required to power such facilities. Due to the breadth and scope of these service needs, power plant operators typically do not possess the necessary capabilities internally and instead outsource these mission-critical and often regulatory-driven requirements to a fragmented set of service providers. Many significant dynamics support the continuing need for these specialized services.
Coal-Fired Power Plants Have Significant and Recurring Environmental Management Needs Associated with Their Waste Byproducts
Coal-fired power plants consistently generate various waste byproducts throughout the power generation process. The primary type of these waste byproducts is CCRs. CCRs come in multiple forms, including fly ash, bottom ash, and boiler slag, and are collected throughout the coal burning process. Although not considered a hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as amended (the “RCRA”), utilities have significant regulatory and reputational risks associated with the handling and disposal of coal ash. According to the American Coal Ash Association, approximately 70 million tons of coal ash were produced in 2020, the latest year for which data is available. Coal ash management is mission-critical to coal-fired power plants' daily operations as they generally have on-site storage capacity for only three to four days of CCR waste accumulation. This limited coal ash storage capacity requires continuous daily monitoring, handling, transportation, and disposal to enable ongoing power plant operation. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) has estimated that coal-fired utilities spend approximately $2.9 billion per year on coal ash management. Power plant operators typically engage specialized service providers to conduct this critical recurring activity on-site alongside their plant personnel.
Large Installed Base of Legacy Coal Ash Disposal Ponds That Require Remediation
Collected coal ash is disposed of or beneficially used (recycled) in a range of applications. According to the American Coal Ash Association, utilities disposed of approximately 41% of coal ash produced in the United States during 2020. According to EPA data published, of the CCRs generated that were not beneficially used, approximately 80% were disposed in on-site disposals units, with the balance transported and disposed of off-site at third-party landfills. For many years, coal-fired power plants relied on ash ponds as the primary disposal locations for CCRs. The vast majority of these older inactive and older existing ash ponds were constructed without the design standards now mandated by regulation to prevent harm to the environment, and those ponds will require remediation or closure in the future. The EPA estimated that there are more than 1,000 active and inactive on-site landfill and surface impoundments, substantially all of which will require remediation or closure. These sites will require significant capital expenditures from their owners and specialized environmental expertise to monitor them on an ongoing basis, remediate and relocate the waste, or completely close.
Power Plant Operators Are Increasingly Focused on Environmental Stewardship and Regulatory Compliance
Power plant operators face increasing pressure from regulators, advocacy groups, and their communities to manage the environmental risks associated with their operations. Therefore, the industry is increasingly focused on environmental stewardship. Due to the potentially considerable consequences of environmental liabilities, spending on environmental liability management has increased over time and is expected to increase in the future.
Additionally, power plants are highly regulated by environmental authorities at the federal, state, and local government levels, which have recently added compliance requirements. A recent example is the Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; Final Rule (the “CCR Rule”). The EPA enacted the CCR Rule in April 2015 in response to two significant coal ash spills in Kingston, Tennessee and Eden, North Carolina, that caused widespread environmental damage. The CCR Rule regulates the disposal of coal ash as a solid waste. It established new requirements for the closure and remediation of existing coal ash ponds and restrictions on the location of new ash ponds. The CCR Rule will result in significant incremental environmental management costs for many industry participants. Also, the power generation industry is proactively implementing environmental best practices across their assets, even when not yet required by law.
Recycling Waste Byproducts Is a Critical Component of the Coal Ash Value Chain
Coal ash can be recycled to produce positive environmental, economic, and performance benefits, such as lower greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions, reduced use of other natural resources and improved strength and durability of materials.
According to the American Coal Ash Association, approximately 41 million tons, or 59%, of coal ash produced in the United States was beneficially used in 2020. The leading beneficial use of coal ash is as a direct and more economical substitute for cement during the production of concrete (approximately 11 million tons of CCRs production and use in 2020). There are many good reasons to view coal combustion residuals as a resource rather than a waste. Recycling them conserves natural resources and saves energy.
In many cases, products made with CCRs perform better than products made without them. For instance, coal fly ash makes concrete stronger and more durable. It also reduces the need to manufacture Portland cement, resulting in approximately 12 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions reductions each year. An economic analysis by the American Road and Transportation Builders Association estimates that coal fly ash used in roads and bridges saves approximately $5.2 billion per year in U.S. construction costs. Additionally, technologies currently available, including our EnviroSourceTM multi-process ash beneficiation technology, improve the characteristics of certain types of coal ash, making them more viable for recycling purposes and ultimately increasing the addressable market of recyclable coal ash.
Coal Power Generation Remains an Important Energy Source
According to the EIA, while renewable energy and natural gas sources are expected to provide an increasing share of U.S. domestic energy production, coal-fired power generation is expected to remain a key baseload energy source for decades, providing at least 0.9 trillion kilowatt-hours of energy production annually through 2050. In 2020, coal power generation accounted for approximately 20% of domestic U.S. energy generation. Coal power generation is projected to increase to 23% between 2021 and 2022, following a decline during 2020 from lower demand due to the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic and increasing demand for competing fuels used for power generation. Despite short-term improvements, coal-fired capacity will continue to shrink. Based on current plans, the EIA projects the removal of about 2.7 gigawatts (“GW”) of coal power generation capacity in 2021, following the loss of about 9.4 GW in 2020. From 2021 to 2025, the EIA forecast that about 25.2 GW of coal-fired capacity will be removed. Although other energy generation sources, such as natural gas and renewables, are expected to make moderate gains on a percentage contribution basis, we believe the aggregate demand for coal power generation will remain consistent as the installed base of coal plants is deeply entrenched throughout the U.S. national power grid.
The Power Generation Industry Increasingly Requires Larger Scale Environmental Service Providers
The mounting burden of environmental compliance, the constant need to maintain aging facilities, and the focus on continuous and safe plant operations have the power generation industry, particularly the coal-fired energy producers, increasingly seeking to partner with outsourced service providers having a larger and broader scale that can provide a range of services on their behalf. Most prospective service providers either have narrow service offerings or a highly localized geographic focus (sometimes limited to a single plant). Few service providers can offer broad service capabilities with a track record of quality service, exceptional safety, exacting environmental standards, and a reliable labor force like Charah Solutions.
According to the EIA, after substantial retirements of U.S. coal-fired electric generating capacity from 2015 to 2020 that averaged 11.0 GW a year, coal capacity retirement slowed to less than 5.0 GW in 2021. However, we expect the retirement of coal-fired generators to increase again this year; 12.6 GW of coal capacity is scheduled to retire in 2022, or 6% of the coal-fired generating capacity.
U.S. coal plants are retiring as the coal fleet ages and as coal-fired generators face increasing competition from natural gas and renewables. According to the EIA, power plant owners and operators have reported that they plan to retire 28%, or approximately 59.0 GW, of the coal-fired capacity currently operating in the United States by 2035. Since 2002, around 100 GW of coal capacity has retired in the United States, and the capacity-weighted average age at retirement was 50 years. As of September 2021, 212 GW of utility-scale coal-fired electric-generating capacity was operating in the United States, most of which was built in the 1970s and 1980s.
After a coal-fired plant is retired, the site will undergo a multi-year decommissioning, remediation and closure process. Remediation of CCRs is the main focus of coal plant decommissioning. Depending on the facility, CCRs are disposed of in on-site landfills or coal ash ponds or are beneficially reused in other products.
Many utilities are experiencing an increased need to retire and decommission older or less economically viable generating assets while minimizing costs and maximizing the asset's value and improving the environment. Our ERT services allow these partners to remove the environmental risk and insurance obligations and place control and oversight with a company specializing in these complex remediation and reclamation projects. We believe our broad set of service capabilities, track record of quality service and safety, exacting environmental standards, and a dependable and experienced labor force is a significant competitive advantage. Our work, mission and culture are directly aligned with meeting environmental, sustainability, and governance (“ESG”) standards and providing innovative services to solve our utility customers’ most
complex environmental challenges. We believe that we are an industry leader in quality, safety, and compliance, and we are committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and preserving our environment for a cleaner energy future.
Our Strengths
We believe our company has become a leader in providing mission-critical environmental services to the power generation industry. Our strengths that support our leading position include:
Industry-Leading Quality, Safety, and Compliance
We believe we are a partner of choice for our customers due to our reputation as a leader in quality, safety, and compliance. Utilities and independent power producers are generally risk-averse and focus on environmental and safety considerations as crucial factors for awarding on-site service provider contracts. We believe our reputation for and dedication to quality, industry-leading safety record, and adherence to environmental compliance standards provide a distinct competitive advantage and differentiate us from many of our competitors. We believe we have developed trusted relationships and credibility with regulatory agencies supported by our team of in-house compliance experts. We pride ourselves on being a reliable partner to our customers, consistently delivering high-quality, efficient, and on-time service.
These attributes are vital contributors to our leading market share positions. Our leading capabilities position us well for potential new business as customers recognize the value of engaging a proven service partner.
Broad Platform of Mission-Critical Environmental Services
Our broad platform of essential environmental services has enabled us to become a leading service provider to our power generation customers. In our end markets, we are a leading national service provider offering a suite of remediation and compliance services, byproduct services, raw material sales and ERT services. Our multi-service platform allows customers to gain efficiencies from sourcing multiple required offerings from a single, trusted partner compared to service providers with a more limited scope.
The national scale of our operational footprint is also a key differentiator, as many of our competitors are localized, focusing on a single geographic area (sometimes isolated to a single plant). We operate in more than 20 states across the country, resulting in an overall footprint and density in key markets that we believe are difficult to replicate. Our national reach enables us to successfully pursue new business within our existing customer base and attract new customers while providing consistent quality, safety, and compliance standards.
Long-Term Partnerships with Leading Power Generators
Our customers are some of the largest power generation companies in the United States, including Dominion Energy, Inc., Duke Energy Corporation, Dynegy Inc., PPL Corporation, The Southern Company and Consumers Energy. Given our services' essential nature, our on-site personnel becomes integrated into each facility's daily procedures, seamlessly working with utility employees to provide uninterrupted continuous operations. Our co-location and integration into our customers’ daily operations result in direct relationships with key decision-makers at every level of our customers’ organizations. We believe this embedded partnership deepens customer connectivity and drives longer customer tenure. In some cases, these relationships have spanned more than 20 years. For example, LG&E and KU Energy LLC, which PPL Corporation currently owns, have been customers for more than 20 years. We have also demonstrated the ability to grow our service offerings with a single customer. We first provided Duke Energy Corporation with byproduct services in 2001 at two plants, and we now provide all of our coal-related services across nine of their plants. We believe these long-term relationships are critical for renewing existing contracts, winning incremental business from existing customers at new sites, and adding new customers.
Innovative Solutions to Our Customers’ Environmental Challenges
Our customers regularly face complex, large-scale environmental challenges that require bespoke, technical solutions. We believe we have a proactive and differentiated approach to solving these challenges. Our internal technical and engineering experts have developed in-depth domain knowledge and capabilities in environmental remediation and the beneficial use of coal ash due to our long-term and significant experience in the sector. We believe this credibility, combined with an entrepreneurial mindset, enables us to source market opportunities not readily available to our competitors.
For example, we demonstrated this innovative approach for a major reclamation project at the Asheville Regional Airport in North Carolina. In the course of remediating an on-site ash pond at a nearby coal power plant, we had the vision to beneficially use that ash as structural fill to support a newly constructed taxiway at the airport. Our engineers designed a state-of-the-art, highly engineered structural fill system to capture the ash in an environmentally sound way. Asheville Regional Airport saved approximately $12 million by using coal ash instead of traditional materials, and approximately 4 million cubic yards of coal ash from an ash pond were beneficially used. We believe this innovative approach, coupled with new technologies and processes, generates additional value for our customers and stockholders.
Furthermore, our ERT turnkey project for Consumers Energy in Michigan is another example of our creative solutions to a complex problem. Remediating the existing ash ponds at the B.C. Cobb facility was part of the site's post-closure regulation requirements and sustainability objectives. Additionally, the utility and the community wished to further advance the wetlands along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. We provided Consumers with a cost-effective proposal to meet these goals, provide remediation of the ponds and repurpose the site to natural wetlands.
We further demonstrated our innovative approach to customer’s environmental challenges through our turnkey ERT services in acquiring the Texas Municipal Power Agency's Gibbons Creek Steam Electric Station and Reservoir in Grimes County, Texas. As part of the asset purchase agreement, the Company, through one of its subsidiaries, acquired the 6,166-acre area that included the closed power station and adjacent property, the 3,500-acre reservoir, dam and spillway and assumed responsibility for the shutdown and decommissioning of the coal power plant as well as the performance of all environmental remediation work for the site landfills and ash ponds. As a sustainability leader in utility services, the Company is redeveloping the property in an environmentally conscious manner designed to expand economic activity and benefit the surrounding communities through job creation, promotion of industry, support of the tax base, as well as restoring the property to a state that will enable it to be put to its best potential use.
Entrepreneurial Management Team Supported by Highly Skilled Labor Force
We are led by an experienced management team with an entrepreneurial mindset and a keen focus on safety and customer service. Our senior executive team consists of industry veterans with deep industry experience, helping us provide high-quality operational execution and solidify long-term customer relationships. In addition to a commitment to developing internal talent, we have made key strategic external hires to deepen our expertise further. Our entrepreneurial mindset drives us to continually search for new ways to maximize customer relevance and develop innovative solutions.
Our customers have unique certification and training requirements for the service providers they allow on-site. Our ability to hire, develop, and retain a highly-skilled labor force with specialized skills, training, and certifications is a critical differentiator in the sector. We also have a dedicated team of in-house professionals that focus exclusively on training, certification, and mentorship. As part of our commitment to safety and compliance, each of our on-site employees must complete a unique, rigorous training program. We train our managers to lead from the front line and share, involve, and support their teams. Our ability to staff large-scale projects rapidly is also critical. Collectively, our human capital management allows us to maintain and develop a labor force of highly qualified, well-trained personnel capable of handling our customers’ needs.
Our Growth Strategy
Expand Market Share by Capitalizing on the Significant Needs of Power Generation Customers
We have a substantial growth opportunity in the near term as U.S. coal-fired power generation facilities continue to remediate and close coal ash ponds and landfills. These projects are triggered as coal power plant operators preemptively manage environmental liabilities, comply with regulatory requirements (at the local, state, and federal levels), and work to meet consumer standards for environmental sustainability. We believe there are $75 billion in coal ash remediation opportunities in the United States, driving a need for creative remediation solutions, including the beneficiation of ash. We estimate there are more than 1,000 active and inactive landfills and surface impoundments, substantially all of which will require remediation or closure. We expect that customer spending for our core services, including ash pond and landfill remediation, will increase significantly over the next three to five years in response to these remediation requirements. We believe spending on coal ash management will increase due to our customers’ increased focus on environmental stewardship.
Continue to Grow On-Site Services Revenue by Expanding Our Offerings
We believe our broad platform of services is a competitive differentiator and, therefore, continuing to enhance the breadth of services offered to our existing customers is a key growth opportunity. We are a trusted partner and our team is embedded with the customer on-site to handle its most critical operational needs. As a result, we are well-positioned to identify relevant, attractive service offerings to add to our portfolio. We believe significant opportunities exist in remediation and compliance services and byproduct services across our platform. We have earned our reputation as the premier one-stop solution to the power generation industry for ash pond remediation and compliance, environmentally friendly ash recycling and daily ash operations. We believe our customers will continue to find value in a full-service platform and source incremental services from us as an existing, on-site, trusted partner.
Leverage New and Existing Customer Relationships to Maximize Fleet-Wide Opportunities
The trend among our customers is to consolidate service providers. Given the breadth of our service offerings and our access to our customers’ senior decision-makers, we believe we are well-positioned to deepen our relationship with current customers by providing our services to other coal-fired power plants within their fleets. We see an opportunity to increase this percentage meaningfully. We will also seek to generate business with new utility customers and compete fleet-wide across their power plant footprints. We see similar opportunities in international geographies.
Invest in Innovative Technologies, Processes, and Solutions
We believe investments in new technology and processes present opportunities to provide higher-margin offerings while improving the environment. Our operations' embedded nature gives us a superior understanding of unique customer problems allowing us to deploy innovative solutions. We believe there are opportunities for technological innovation in environmental compliance and stewardship. For example, our EnviroSourceTM ash beneficiation technology provides an innovative new proprietary thermal process for fly ash beneficiation. This technology converts previously unusable coal ash into consistent, high-quality fly ash that meets industry specifications, increasing marketable fly ash supply to concrete producers nationwide. We expect these innovative technologies will allow us to optimize our traditional fly ash sales and distribution, enter new markets for our products, and provide cleaner, environmentally friendly solutions to our customers. We intend to continue to invest in new technologies and other processes that expand our portfolio of solutions and further establish us as an innovator in our industry.
Our Services
We deliver services and solutions to the power generation industry through one reportable segment. We have over 30 years of experience constructing, operating, and managing structural fill projects for coal-fired utilities and assisting coal-fired utilities in beneficially using waste byproducts. We offer a suite of end-to-end services providing remediation and compliance services, byproduct services, raw material sales and ERT services. Our remediation and compliance services primarily include environmental management of landfills for coal-fired power generation facilities and new and existing active pond management, including closure by removal, cap-in-place, and design and construction of new ponds. Additional service offerings include all aspects of landfill development, construction, and management. Our remediation and compliance services teams can also provide site evaluation and characterization; preliminary design and cost estimates with life-cycle analysis; hydrogeological assessments; groundwater and containment modeling; permit application and processing for expansions and greenfield sites; design engineering; construction of landfills and cap and cover systems; conversion of impoundments to landfill sites; quality assurance and quality control and documentation; engineered fills (off-site) and other related services.
Our byproduct services offerings include recycling recurring and contracted volumes of coal-fired power generation waste byproducts, such as bottom ash, fly ash, and gypsum byproducts, as sustainable and environmentally-friendly construction materials. These byproducts can be used for various industrial purposes, including producing concrete products as a replacement for Portland cement. Our dedicated sales and marketing team has a national presence, and it works with many of the nation’s largest power generators to identify opportunities to improve each customer’s long-term position in the market while providing concrete producers with the consistent fly ash sourcing they need. With various coal sources being utilized across the power generation industry, we evaluate, process, and market the different bottom ash products to achieve the highest value for a given market area. Our byproduct services offerings also include coal ash management, which is mission-critical to the daily operations of power plants as they generally only have on-site storage capacity for three to four days of CCR waste accumulation. These services offerings focus on recurring and daily onsite management operations for coal-fired power generation facilities to fulfill our customers' environmental service needs in handling their waste byproducts. These services include silo management, on-site ash transportation and capture and disposal of ash byproducts from coal power operations. Our operations cover the management of a wide variety of combustion byproducts, including bottom ash, flue gas desulfurization ("FGD") gypsum disposal, Pozatec/fixated scrubber sludge disposal, and fluidized bed combustion fly ash disposal. We coordinate all aspects of the ash management operation, from processing and screening for sales to facilitating economical disposal.
Our raw materials sales provide customers with the raw materials that are essential to their business while also providing the sourcing, logistics, and management needed to facilitate these raw materials transactions around the globe.
Our ERT services represent an innovative solution designed to meet the utility customers' evolving and increasingly complex plant closure and environmental remediation needs. These customers need to retire and decommission older or underutilized assets while maximizing the asset's value and improving the environment. Our ERT services manage the sites' environmental remediation requirements benefiting the communities and lowering utility customers' costs. We provide a custom, environmentally-friendly approach to these large-scale projects that removes the liability from the utility through the acquisition of the property. We then provide environmental remediation of the ash ponds and landfills to meet all local, state and federal regulations. We will then redevelop the property upon project completion for public use, which typically includes natural habitat restoration for marine and other wildlife.
Safety Record
Utilities and independent power producers are focused on environmental and safety considerations as crucial factors for awarding on-site service provider contracts. We believe our strong safety record provides a distinct competitive advantage. We believe we have developed trusted relationships and credibility with regulatory agencies and utilities over the past 30 years
due to our long-standing safety record supported by an experienced team of in-house safety and regulatory compliance professionals.
Safety is integral to our culture and our results, and it is one of our core values. We believe we operate under the strictest safety standards, and we are committed to maintaining a safe working environment. Our dedicated in-house team of safety professionals develops and trains our employees and subcontractors to perform their jobs safely and proactively contribute to a safe workplace. This expert team includes highly trained professionals who are accredited Occupational Safety and Health Administration trainers, along with full-time transportation specialists in both over-the-road and rail operations.
We recognize the unique safety issues related to working with our utility industry partners. Our Engineering, Environmental, and Quality Group has the expertise and experience to ensure our operations are compliant with local, state, and federal regulations and exceed our industry's customary safety standards.
Sales and Marketing
Our MultiSource® materials network is a unique distribution system of nearly 40 locations serving the United States, Mexico, and Canada with sourcing, transportation modes, and distribution options that ensure a steady and reliable supply of supplementary cementitious materials (“SCMs”). The MultiSource® materials network provides SCMs to markets where they are needed and sufficient storage to level out seasonal supply and demand fluctuations. Logistics support must include an established network of transportation options, including truck, rail, and barge, as well as sufficient storage and supply capabilities to meet the on-time delivery requirements of customers. By combining the strengths of our EnviroSourceTM ash beneficiation technology, the proven MultiSource® network, and strategic investment in logistics infrastructure, we can meet demand in regions not previously attainable while maintaining a competitive price, consistent quality and supply for concrete producers.
Our dedicated sales and marketing team has built successful and long-term relationships with the nation’s largest power generators. We think we can leverage the deep connections and strong operational track record we have built to broaden our on-site presence and deepen client partnerships. We also seek to grow our business with new power generation customers and compete enterprise-wide across their power plant footprints. Through close connections with utility management and personal relationships developed daily by our network of embedded field teams of regional managers and site managers, we believe we understand our customers’ needs and that we can quickly respond to their project requirements and provide creative solutions. Our team includes professional engineers, experienced site managers, and seasoned estimators who strive to be detailed, accurate, and upfront, enabling us to minimize contract modifications after the work begins. We employ what we refer to as a “zippered” organizational approach to customer service and marketing, leveraging relationships up and down the organization. By structuring our organization around our customers’ needs through this unique network of regional field operations managers, we ensure that projects are completed on time and within budget. Additionally, we can quickly recognize opportunities to cross-sell and market our services.
Customers
We have developed our long-term, committed relationships to become a preferred provider to many of the largest power generation companies in the United States. In 2021, we performed work at more than 40 plants for more than 20 “blue-chip” entities, including Ameren Corporation, Big Rivers Electric Corporation, Consumers Energy, Dominion Energy, Inc., Duke Energy Corporation, Hoosier Energy Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc., NRG Energy, Inc., PPL Corporation, The Southern Company and Vistra Corp. The majority of our power generation clients have investment-grade credit ratings. During the year ended December 31, 2021, three customers accounted for 36% of total consolidated revenue. As of December 31, 2021, these three customers accounted for 18% of total consolidated trade accounts receivable, net. If a major customer decided to stop purchasing our services, revenue could decline, and our operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Award Status
In 2021, we won approximately $840 million in contracted new awards, the largest in the Company's history, as compared to $715 million and $430 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively. Though the timing of future awards is difficult to determine, we believe we are well-positioned to capture a significant portion of a large and growing addressable market.
Joint Ventures and Contractual Arrangements
A portion of our byproduct services was provided through the following two joint ventures:
Ash Venture Joint Venture
In December 2013, we formed Ash Venture LLC, a North Carolina limited liability company (“Ash Venture”), which provides ash management and marketing services to the utility industry. Ash Venture is a joint venture between Charah, LLC, a Kentucky limited liability company and our wholly-owned subsidiary (“Charah”), and Titan America, LLC, an unrelated third
party. Charah owns 67% of Ash Venture, and the third party owns 33%. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the agreement to provide ash management and marketing services with the third-party utility partner came to its conclusion, and the joint venture began settling its remaining current assets and liabilities through the normal course of business.
Equity Method Investment
In January 2016, we formed CV Ash, a joint venture with VHSC Holdings, LLC, an unrelated third party, which markets and sells fly ash to the ready-mix concrete market. We account for the joint venture under the equity method. Charah and the third party each own 50% of the joint venture. During the first quarter of 2021, the CV Ash joint venture relationship ended, and the joint venture began settling its remaining current assets and liabilities through the normal course of business.
Competition
The power and environmental services industries are highly fragmented across regional competitors. A limited subset of competitors provides a national presence, few of which offer the same spectrum of services we provide. Our competitors consist of a mix of large environmental and waste management businesses that do not specialize in ash management services and hundreds of regional and local companies with limited-service areas, typically servicing only one to three sites each. The highly fragmented and regional nature of our industry has produced a limited number of competitors with a national scope.
We are a leading national service provider offering a suite of coal ash management and recycling services to the power generation industry. While some competitors are significantly engaged in one of the core areas in the power or environmental services value chain, many have limited or no engagement in most of our core areas.
Seasonality
Based on historical trends, we expect our operating results to vary seasonally due to demand within our industry as well as weather conditions. For additional information on the effects of seasonality on our operating results, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Factors Affecting Our Business and Financial Statements—Seasonality of Business.”
Risk Management and Insurance
The nature of our business exposes us to liabilities arising out of our operations, including possible damages to the environment. Such potential liabilities could involve, for example, claims for remediation costs, personal injury, property damage, and damage to the environment, including natural resources, claims of employees, customers, or third parties for personal injury or property damage occurring in the course of our operations, or claims alleging negligence or other wrongdoing in the planning or performance of work. We could also be subject to fines, civil and criminal penalties and other sanctions in connection with alleged violations of regulatory requirements that could be significant. We maintain general liability, contractor’s pollution liability policies (as well as additional pollution and remediation policies as needed), vehicle liability, employment practices liability, fiduciary liability, directors’ and officers’ liability, workers’ compensation, property, and employer’s liability coverages. We also maintain umbrella liability policies to provide excess coverage over the underlying limits contained in these primary policies.
Regulation
Our coal-based generation utility customers are subject to various federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. Our operations and services for these utility customers are subject to many of the same environmental laws and regulations that govern the host utility site. These environmental laws and regulations, among other things, impose limits on the discharge of pollutants into the air and water, and they establish requirements for the treatment, storage, and disposal of solid and hazardous materials, remediation of releases of hazardous substances, and reclamation of land. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations adds to the cost of doing business. Moreover, to establish and operate power plants and collect, transport, and manage CCRs, our customers and we have obtained various federal, state, and local environmental permits. We must comply with these permits or processes and procedures approved by regulatory authorities. Any failure to comply with these laws or regulations, permits, or processes and procedures could result in the issuance of substantial fines and penalties or other sanctions and may cause us (or our customers) to incur environmental or reclamation liabilities or subject us (or our customers) to third-party claims.
We generally perform our remediation and compliance and byproduct service offerings on-site at the host utility power plant. As such, the utility holds permits for our operational activities performed on-site. We secure any necessary permits at facilities that we own or lease.
Despite the safeguards we follow, our operations entail risks of regulatory noncompliance or releases of hazardous substances that could create an environmental liability.
Regulations Affecting the Company
Our service offerings are subject to environmental laws and regulations that can increase operating costs and give rise to increased risk of regulatory noncompliance and environmental liabilities.
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. RCRA Subtitle C regulates the handling, transporting, and disposing of hazardous waste. RCRA Subtitle D regulates non-hazardous wastes and delegates authority to states to develop solid waste programs. In 1991, the EPA issued final regulations under RCRA Subtitle D, which set forth minimum federal performance and design criteria for municipal solid waste garbage landfills. In 2015, the EPA published regulations under RCRA Subtitle D for CCRs generated by the electric utility industry. Subtitle D municipal solid waste regulations are implemented by the states, although states can impose more stringent requirements than the Subtitle D standards. The CCR Rule regulates the disposal of CCRs under RCRA Subtitle D as non-hazardous wastes, as discussed below.
• EPA CCRs Rule. As a CCR, coal ash had previously mainly been exempted from regulation under the RCRA by the “Bevill amendment” and, therefore, was subject to state-level solid waste regulations. However, after a major spill at a Tennessee Valley Authority site in Tennessee in 2008, the EPA began a rulemaking process to regulate CCRs. That process ended with the publication in April 2015 of the CCR Rule to regulate the disposal of CCRs, including fly ash, bottom ash, and flue gas desulfurization products generated at coal-fired power plants. The CCR Rule, among other things, regulates CCRs as non-hazardous waste and imposes new standards for location, groundwater monitoring, and dam stability on surface impoundments and requires long-term monitoring of existing and new surface impoundments and landfill facilities. The CCR Rule also preserves an exemption for CCRs when used for beneficial purposes. In March 2018, the EPA issued proposed Phase-1 1-Part rules to reconsider certain sections of the CCR Rule. In July 2018, the EPA issued a final Phase-1 1-Part rule to modify the CCR Rule to establish the program to grant states authorization with approved CCR permit programs under the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act (the “WIIN Act”). The Phase-1 1-Part rule also allows CCRs to be used during certain closure situations and addresses certain matters remanded to the EPA by the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in June 2016. The EPA intends to reconsider and propose additional regulations to address litigation decisions by courts related to CCRs.
• WIIN Act. In December 2016, Congress passed the WIIN Act, which, among other things, establishes state primacy for enforcement of the CCR Rule. The WIIN Act directed the EPA to provide guidance to states on issuing state regulations to manage the CCR program. The EPA published the Coal Combustion Residuals State Permit Program Guidance Document (Interim Final) in August 2017. States may now submit their regulatory programs for CCRs and receive EPA approval provided they are equivalent to or more stringent than federal guidelines. As noted above, the rule finalized by the EPA in July 2018 further implements the WINN Act's objectives by allowing states or the EPA to incorporate flexibilities into their coal ash permit programs.
•Groundwater Protection. On January 11, 2022, the EPA took action to enforce the CCR Rule to expand and strengthen the regulation for coal ash and groundwater management of regulatory mandated surface impoundments and landfills for CCRs. The announced plans re-state the EPA’s consistently held position that surface impoundments or landfills cannot be closed with coal ash in contact with groundwater and provide for enforcement mechanisms for the regulation. The EPA rule provided remediation and closure criteria for leaking ash ponds, criteria for the location of new ash ponds, and water regulations on power plant discharges, resulting in approximately 1,000 regulatory mandated surface impoundments that needed to be remediated or closed. In addition, the EPA announced proposed decisions on requests for extensions to the current deadline for initiating closure of unlined CCR surface impoundments and accelerating plans to close coal ash ponds at plants in four states. This new rule will continue the increase in environmental management costs for many industry participants.
The CCR Rule affirms that beneficial uses of CCRs remain exempt from federal waste regulation under the RCRA’s “Bevill amendment.” The regulation defines beneficial use as where CCRs provide a functional benefit, substitute for the use of virgin material, meet the product specifications, follow established specifications for use, and are environmentally equivalent to the material that they substitute for or are below all thresholds for safety and environmental impact. In February 2014, the EPA released a report determining that the use of fly ash in concrete constitutes a beneficial use, and the CCR Rule notes explicitly that the incorporation of fly ash in concrete, as a replacement for Portland cement, is one of “the most widely recognized beneficial applications” of CCRs. The CCR Rule indicates that the use of CCRs in applications such as road base generally would qualify as beneficial use, so long as relevant regulations and guidelines are followed.
Both industry and environmental organizations have challenged the CCR Rule. The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals has ruled on several cases involving CCRs. The D.C. Circuit Court remanded certain provisions of the CCR Rule back to the EPA
to address through modification of the rules. The D.C. Circuit decision has indicated that CCR disposal or storage units that have only clay liners are not protective, and the EPA must now address the impacts of this decision on the CCR rules.
In September 2016, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (the “Civil Rights Commission”) issued a report which determined that CCR disposal facilities can negatively impact environmental justice communities. While the Civil Rights Commission cannot require changes to EPA regulations, environmental organizations may seek to use the Civil Rights Commission’s report to spur the EPA to make regulatory changes.
In July 2018, the EPA issued a final rule extending the deadline for the closure of certain impoundments and adopting other substantive changes. In August 2018, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals vacated and remanded portions of the CCR Rule. In December 2019, the EPA addressed the deficiencies identified by the court and proposed amendments to change the closure deadline to August 31, 2020, but allow certain extensions. The EPA extended the comment period on this legacy CCR surface impoundment advance notice of proposed rulemaking through February 23, 2022 on three proposals and until March 25, 2022 on a fourth proposal.
Regulations Affecting the Coal Industry
The services offerings are dependent upon managing CCRs produced by our customers, typically coal-fired power plants. Coal-fired power plants and the coal industry are generally highly regulated under federal and state law. Regulation affecting this industry is ever-evolving, including the following:
• Clean Air Act. The federal Clean Air Act of 1970 and subsequent amendments, particularly the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (as amended, the "CAA"), and corresponding state laws and EPA regulations (discussed below), regulate the emission of air pollutants such as SOx, NOx, particulate matter (“PM”), and ozone. The EPA finalized more stringent ambient air quality standards for fine PM in January 2013 and ozone in October 2015 and issued a final policy assessment for NOx in April 2017 and a draft policy assessment for SOx in August 2017. The EPA concluded that the current primary NOx standard is adequate, but has not taken additional steps concerning the SOx standards. Utilities have been required to make changes, such as changing fuel sources, installing expensive pollution control equipment, and, in some cases, shutting down plants to meet EPA emissions limits. On January 20, 2021, the current administration issued an executive order directing all federal agencies to review and take action to address any federal regulations, orders, guidance documents, policies and any similar agency actions promulgated during the prior administration that may be inconsistent with the administration’s policies. As a result, the degree to which certain recent regulatory developments may be modified or rescinded is unclear. The executive order also established an Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases (“Working Group”), which is called on to, among other things, develop methodologies for calculating the “social cost of carbon,” “social cost of nitrous oxide” and “social cost of methane.” The Working Group filed its final recommendations on January 25, 2022. with the public comment period ending on February 15, 2022. The recommendations are currently undergoing external scientific peer review managed by a contractor of the EPA. Further regulation of air emissions and uncertainty regarding the future course of regulation could eventually reduce the coal demand.
•National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The CAA requires the EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (“NAAQS”) for six pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment (“criteria pollutants”). Areas that are not in compliance with these standards are considered “non-attainment areas.” In recent years, the EPA has adopted more stringent NAAQS for these criteria pollutants that could directly or indirectly impact coal plants by designing new non-attainment areas. This could prompt local changes to permitting or emissions control requirements, as prescribed by federally mandated state implementation plans that require emission source identification and emission reduction plans. Final rules may require significant investment in emissions control technologies by our customers in the electric power generation industry and could affect coal demand. For example, in 2015, the EPA finalized the NAAQS for ozone pollution and reduced the limit to 70 parts per billion (ppb) from the previous 75 ppb standard. The final rule was challenged in the D.C. Circuit. On April 7, 2017, the EPA advised the D.C. Circuit that it intended to reconsider the final rule, and the Court subsequently stayed the litigation pending further action by the EPA. In August 2018, the EPA ultimately decided not to revisit the rule. As a result, the D.C. Circuit lifted its stay of the 2015 ozone NAAQS rule imposing the 70 ppb ambient air quality standard while the EPA reviews the standards under an expedited review process. On October 31, 2019, the EPA published a draft policy assessment recommending that the 70 ppb ozone NAAQS be retained. In December 2020, the EPA retained without changes these current NAAQS standards. However, as noted above, on January 20, 2021, the current administration issued an executive order directing federal agencies to review and take action to address any federal regulations or similar agency actions promulgated during the prior administration that may be inconsistent with the current administration’s stated priorities. On October 29, 2020,
the EPA determined that California, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Texas did not submit a State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision which satisfied the CAA’s reasonably available control technology (RACT) requirements with regard to ozone standards. The EPA’s findings trigger a 24-month deadline for the EPA approve the respective SIP or finalize a Federal Implementation plan which addresses the deficiencies.
• Cross-State Air Pollution Rule. In July 2011, the EPA adopted the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (the “CSAPR”), a cap-and-trade type program requiring utilities to make substantial reductions in SO2 and NOx and emissions that contribute to ozone and in fine PM emissions to reduce interstate transport of such pollution. The CSAPR was challenged and vacated by the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in August 2012, but the U.S. Supreme Court reversed that decision in April 2014. The D.C. Circuit has since lifted its stay on the CSAPR and ruled in favor of the EPA on the remaining significant issues. In January 2016, the EPA filed a brief with the D.C. Circuit addressing the remaining legal challenges left undecided by the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2014 decision. Conforming with a court-ordered schedule, the EPA implemented the first phase of the CSAPR in 2015 and 2016 and the second phase in 2017. In November 2014 and January 2015, the EPA issued notices of data availability outlining emission allowance allocations for existing generating units that began operating before and after 2010. In September 2016, the EPA finalized a rule updating the CSAPR to maintain 2008 ozone emission limitations in downwind states by addressing summertime (May-September) transport of ozone pollution (the "CSAPR Update"). The CSAPR Update, which commenced in May 2017, sets stricter NOx ozone season emission budgets in 22 states and could affect up to 886 coal-fired facilities. For both NOx and SO2, these emission control requirements can impact the quantity and quality of CCRs produced at a power plant, add to the costs of operating a power plant, and make coal a less attractive fuel alternative in the planning and building of utility power plants. On December 6, 2018, the EPA issued the CSAPR “Close-Out” Rule, a final determination that the CSAPR achieves concerning the 2008 ground-level ozone NAAQS in 20 states. Accordingly, those states will not be required to impose requirements for further reduction in transported ozone pollution. The covered states do not need to submit state implementation plans to establish additional requirements beyond the existing CSAPR Update. Several states and other entities challenged the CSAPR Close-Out Rule in the D.C. Circuit. In a September 13, 2019 ruling, the D.C. Circuit remanded the CSAPR Update to the EPA, finding that rule is inconsistent with the CAA. In a subsequent October 1, 2019 ruling, the CSAPR Close-Out Rule was vacated. On March 15, 2021, the EPA finalized its Revised CSAPR Update Rule to address 21 states’ outstanding interstate pollution transport obligations for the 2008 NAAQS. Starting in the 2021 ozone season, the rule requires additional emissions reductions of NOx from power plants in 12 states. The CSAPR Update Rule will affect the demand for coal.
• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. Certain environmental laws, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (the “CERCLA”) and similar state laws, impose strict, joint and several liability on responsible parties for the investigation and remediation of regulated materials at contaminated sites, including our sites, customer sites, and sites to which we sent wastes, including CCRs. CCRs may contain materials such as metals that are regulated materials under these laws. Management of CCRs can give rise to liability under the CERCLA and similar laws.
• Mercury and Air Toxics Standards for Power Plants. In February 2012, under its Mercury and Air Toxics Standards for Power Plants rule, the EPA promulgated final limits on mercury and other toxic chemicals from new and modified power plants. In June 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the EPA to undertake a cost-benefit analysis when promulgating mercury and air toxics standards. In April 2016, the EPA published a supplemental finding pursuant to the U.S. Supreme Court’s directive, currently being challenged in the D.C. Circuit. In April 2017, the D.C. Circuit granted the EPA’s motion to stay the litigation while the EPA reconsiders its finding that the rule is “appropriate and necessary” as required under the Clean Air Act. If upheld, requirements to control mercury emissions could result in the implementation of additional technologies at power plants that could negatively affect fly ash quality.
• GHG Emissions. Some states and regions have adopted legislation and regulatory programs to reduce GHG emissions, either directly or through mechanisms such as renewable portfolio standards for electric utilities. These programs require electric utilities to increase their use of renewable energy, such as solar and wind power. Federal GHG legislation appears unlikely in the near term. The EPA has initiated a review of rules finalized in August 2015 for GHG emissions from new and existing fossil fuel-fired electric power plants and for carbon emissions from existing sources in the power sector (the latter being known as the “Clean Power Plan”). The Clean Power Plan establishes state-specific, rate-based reduction goals for carbon emissions and calls on the power sector to reduce carbon emissions to 32% below 2005 levels by 2030.
On June 19, 2019, the EPA finalized the Affordable Clean Energy ("ACE") rule to replace the Clean Power Plan. The ACE rule establishes emission guidelines for states to develop plans to address greenhouse gas emissions from existing coal-fired power plants. The ACE rule has several components: a determination of the best system of emission reduction for greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants, a list of “candidate technologies” states can use when developing their plans, a new preliminary applicability test for determining whether a physical or operational change made to a power plant may be a “major modification” triggering New Source Review, and new implementing regulations for emission guidelines under Clean Air Act section 111(d). On February 19, 2021, the current administration rejoined the Paris Agreement. Regardless of the extent to which the United States ultimately participates in these reductions, participation in the Paris Agreement framework could reduce the overall demand for coal over the long term.
In December 2015, 195 nations (including the United States) signed the Paris Agreement, a long-term, international framework convention designed to address climate change over the next several decades. This agreement entered into force in November 2016 after more than 70 countries, including the United States, ratified or otherwise agreed to be bound by the agreement. The United States was among the countries that submitted its declaration of intended greenhouse gas reductions in early 2015, stating its intention to reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28% by 2025 compared to 2005 levels. Whether and to what extent the United States meets its stated intention likely depends on several factors, including whether the ACE rule is implemented. In June 2017, the Trump administration announced the United States' intention to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. In November 2019, the Trump administration formally initiated the withdrawal process and formally exited the Agreement on November 4, 2020. In January 2021, the current administration issued an executive order commencing the process to reenter the Paris Agreement, although the emissions pledges connected with that effort have not yet been updated. Regardless of the extent to which the United States ultimately participates in these reductions, participation in the Paris Agreement framework could reduce the overall demand for coal over the long term.
Several U.S. states have enacted legislation establishing greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals or requirements or joined regional greenhouse gas reduction initiatives. Some states have also enacted legislation or regulations requiring electricity suppliers to use renewable energy sources to generate a certain percentage of power or that provide financial incentives to electricity suppliers to use renewable energy sources. For example, eleven northeastern states are current members of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, a mandatory cap-and-trade program established in 2005 to cap regional carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. Six Midwestern states and one Canadian province entered into the Midwestern Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord to establish voluntary regional greenhouse gas reduction targets and develop a voluntary multi-sector cap-and-trade system to help meet the targets. However, it has been reported that the members no longer are actively pursuing the group’s activities. Lastly, California and Quebec remain members of the Western Climate Initiative, formed in 2008 to establish a voluntary regional greenhouse gas reduction goal and develop market-based strategies to achieve emissions reductions. Those two jurisdictions have adopted their own greenhouse gas cap-and-trade regulations. Several states and provinces that initially were members of these organizations and some current members have joined the new North America 2050 initiative, which seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create economic opportunities aside from cap-and-trade programs. Any particular state, or any of these or other regional groups, may have or adopt future rules or policies that cause some coal users to switch from coal to a lower carbon fuel. There can be no assurance at this time that a carbon dioxide cap-and-trade-program, a carbon tax or other regulatory or policy regime, if implemented by any one or more states or regions in which our customers operate or at the federal level, will not affect the future market for coal in those states or regions and lower the overall demand for coal.
• EPA Water Quality Regulations. The EPA is addressing water quality impacts from coal-fired power plants and coal mining operations. To obtain a permit for certain coal mining activities, including the construction of coal refuse areas and slurry impoundments that may result in impacts to waters of the United States, an operator may need to obtain a permit for the discharge of fill material from the Army Corps of Engineers (“ACOE”) under Section 404, as well as a corresponding permit from the state regulatory authority under Section 401 of the CWA. All permits associated with the placement of dredged or fill material subject to minimum thresholds require appropriate mitigation. Permit holders must receive explicit authorization from the ACOE before proceeding with mining activities. In September 2015, the EPA finalized new effluent limitations (the "Clean Water Rule") under the Clean Water Act for steam electric power generating facilities. The final rule requires coal plant operators with a generating capacity of over 50 megawatts to store fly ash and bottom ash in dry landfills rather than containment ponds. Approximately 12% of coal plants will be affected, and some marginal operations may shut down rather than face the expense of complying with the Clean Water Rule. Multiple challenges to the Clean Water Rule were
consolidated and are pending before the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. On February 28, 2017, President Trump issued an executive order prompting the EPA and ACOE to consider replacing the blocked Clean Water Rule. On December 11, 2018, the EPA and the ACOE proposed a new regulation to determine which waterbodies are subject to federal jurisdiction. A final rule repealing the 2015 definition of “Waters of the United States” ("WOTUS") became effective on December 23, 2019.
In December 2018, the EPA and ACOE also formally proposed a new rule revising the definition of WOTUS. The new rule -- the Navigable Waters Protection Rule -- became effective on June 22, 2020, and substantially reduces the scope of waters that fall within the Clean Water Act’s jurisdiction, in part by excluding ephemeral streams, which potentially qualified as “Waters of the United States” under the 2015 WOTUS rule. The repeal of the 2015 WOTUS rule and the implementation of the pre-2015 rule have been challenged in federal courts, as has the Navigable Waters Protection Rule, which is currently subject to a challenge in at least twelve federal district courts. A federal district court issued a preliminary injunction preventing the Navigable Waters Protection Rule from taking effect in Colorado, but the rule is otherwise effective in every other state. In addition, in April 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a decision finding that point source discharges to navigable waters through groundwater are subject to regulation under the Clean Water Act. The U.S. Supreme Court specifically held that the Clean Water Act requires a permit if the addition of the pollutants through groundwater is the “functional equivalent” of a direct discharge from the point source into navigable waters. As a result of such recent developments, substantial uncertainty exists regarding the scope of waters protected under the Clean Water Act and the discharges to such waters that are subject to permit requirements. Should the State of Colorado’s challenge to the new definition of “Waters of the United States” be unsuccessful, or should the new Biden administration further modify the definition, operators could incur increased costs or delays with respect to obtaining permits for such activities as dredge and fill operations. These more stringent regulations of coal-fired power plants and coal mining operations could increase the costs for utilities and, thus, indirectly impact the availability and cost of fly ash for our CCR activities.
Increasingly strict requirements, such as those described above, will generally increase the cost of doing business and may make burning coal less attractive for utilities. Faced with the prospect of more stringent regulations, litigation by environmental groups, and the relatively low cost of natural gas, an increasing number of electric utilities are reducing their portfolio of coal-fired power plants. For example, in recent years, multiple companies have closed coal-fired power plant units or plants or dropped plans to open new coal-fired plants, citing the cost of compliance with pending or new environmental regulations and the relatively low cost of natural gas. The potential negative impact on job prospects in the utility and mining industries has prompted considerable concern in Congress, leading to calls to restrict the EPA’s regulatory authority and prompting the EPA to reconsider the same. The outcome of these developments cannot be predicted. If the rate of coal-fired power plant closures increases, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Nevertheless, we believe that reliance on coal for a substantial amount of power generation in the United States is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.
Motor Carrier Operations
Through the services we provide, we operate as a motor carrier and are subject to regulation by the U.S. Department of Transportation (the “DOT”) and various state agencies. These regulatory authorities exercise broad powers governing activities, such as the authorization to engage in motor carrier operations; regulatory safety; hazardous materials labeling, placarding, and marking; financial reporting; and certain mergers, consolidations, and acquisitions. Additional regulations specifically relate to the trucking industry, including testing and specification of equipment and product handling requirements. The trucking industry is subject to possible regulatory and legislative changes that may affect the industry's economics by requiring changes in operating practices or by changing the demand for common or contract carrier services or the cost of providing truckload services. Some of these possible changes include increasingly stringent environmental regulations, changes in the hours of service regulations that govern the amount of time a driver may drive in any specific period, and requiring onboard black box recorder devices or limits on vehicle weight and size.
Interstate motor carrier operations are subject to safety requirements prescribed by the DOT. Intrastate motor carrier operations are subject to safety requirements that often mirror federal regulations. Such matters as weight and dimension of equipment are also subject to federal and state regulations. DOT regulations also mandate drug testing of drivers. From time to time, various legislative proposals are introduced, including proposals to increase federal, state, or local taxes, including taxes on motor fuels, which may increase our costs or adversely impact the recruitment of drivers. We cannot predict whether, or in what form, any increase in such taxes applicable to us will be enacted.
Human Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 693 employees. Approximately 90 of our employees were covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe we have good relations with our employees. We have 56 employees (more than 8.0% of all employees) with ten or more years of seniority working at the Company.
The Company is an Equal Opportunity Employer. We will consider all qualified applicants for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, or protected veteran status, and we will not discriminate against any qualified candidate based on disability.
Each eligible employee receives a comprehensive benefits package that includes full healthcare coverage, 100% paid preventive care, dental, vision, life insurance, short- and long-term disability, paid time off, and 401(k) with company contribution. We understand the importance of keeping our employees safe and healthy.
Health and Safety
Safety is one of our core values. We are dedicated to maintaining a safe working environment and training our employees and subcontractors to perform their jobs safely and proactively contribute to a safe workplace.
A vital principle of the Charah Way involves actively caring for those around us and working together as one team. Caring for our coworkers and acting as a team is a crucial part of working safely. It requires us to coach and be coached when unsafe behaviors are identified or observed. Safety is not one person’s responsibility; we believe safety is everyone’s responsibility as well as being there for one another in times of crisis.
Charah Solutions recently passed a one-year safety milestone with 1.25 million person-hours of work without an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) recordable incident. Another significant milestone is that Charah has worked without a lost-time event since April 17, 2019 and logged more than 3 million person-hours. These significant achievements are a result of the commitment of all personnel to put safety first.
Our record in safety excellence also includes the following achievements:
•We accomplished a 0.32 Recordable Incident Rate in 2021 with no lost time or restricted time injuries in comparison to the most recent industry Recordable Incident Rate industry average of 3.1;
•An impressive three-year average Experience Modification Rate (“EMR”) of less than 0.7;
•A Charah Solutions employee is 8.8 times less likely to suffer a recordable injury versus the industry average.
Our Managers and Safety Specialists team utilize an advanced predictive analytics tool to document, monitor, and track behaviors and conditions. This tool utilizes observations, incidents, and historical event data to provide valuable information that we thoroughly assess. We provide our site, regional, and executive leadership "dashboards" that detail incident and observation data from the previous week, month, and year and identify particular trends in that data. We use this information to customize plans to mitigate hazards and reverse any negative trends aggressively. We also use this data, along with other analytical data at the project level to compare statistical data across regions and job sites. Over the last five years, our team has completed over 40,000 inspections and 1.9 million observations, with more than 23,000 opportunities for improvement identified.
Recent award recognition for our focus on Safety Leadership includes:
•AGC Willis Towers Watson Construction Safety Excellence Award for the fifth straight year, including being named the winner of the award in 2022
•Seven Employee Gold-Level Certificates of Safety Achievement from the North Carolina Department of Labor
•Construction Safety Leader Award from Coalition for Construction Safety for our proprietary Basin Excavation Strategies Training (“BEST”) program
•Event-Free Safety Award from Duke Energy for the Crystal River Energy Complex in Citrus County, Florida
Training and development
We strive to educate, advance and promote our talent internally. Career training such as our “Leading from the Frontline” program combines management education and leadership training so that all of our employees understand the importance and impact of leadership in our organization, and we pride ourselves in providing reimbursement for continuing education.
We provide career skills education to support our construction trade employees in mastering current skill areas and future areas of development. These programs include direct sessions with team leaders in safety protocol, specified skills, hands-on training sessions, equipment know-how, heavy equipment training and certification, and sessions on emerging trends impacting and changing the construction skill sets of the future. We offer construction trade professionals an attractive pathway for career advancement, with the potential to work on different projects and locations.
Exchange Act Reports
We make available free of charge through our website, www.charah.com, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statement and all amendments to these reports. These reports are available on the investor relations portion of our website, ir.charah.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). We use the investor relations portion of our website to distribute company information, including as a means of disclosing material, non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. We routinely post and make accessible financial and other information regarding the Company on our website's investor relations area. Accordingly, investors should monitor the investor relations portion of our website and follow our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls and webcasts. The information provided on our website is not part of this Annual Report and is not incorporated herein by reference.
The SEC also maintains a website, www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Risks Related to Our Business
A decline in the production of CCRs by our coal-fired utility industry customers due to environmental regulations or otherwise could negatively impact our profitability and hinder our growth.
Many of our services are dependent upon the production of CCRs by our coal-fired utility industry customers. The coal-fired utility industry faces several new and pending initiatives by regulatory authorities seeking to address air and water pollution, GHG emissions, and the management and disposal of CCRs. In recent years, federal and state environmental regulations have imposed more stringent requirements regarding the emission of air pollutants and other toxic chemicals, reduction of GHG emissions, and water quality impacts from coal operations. Adoption of more stringent regulations governing coal combustion, water discharges, or air emissions may decrease the amount of CCRs produced by our customers and, as a result, the demand for our services. Faced with the prospect of more stringent regulations, litigation by environmental groups, and the relatively low cost of natural gas, an increasing number of electric utilities are reducing their portfolio of coal-fired power plants. The pace of the reduction may increase due to changes in the U.S. executive administration, Congressional leadership and regulatory agency leadership. This reduction could cause states to substitute electricity generation from higher-emitting coal plants with low-emitting coal and natural gas plants and zero-emitting renewable sources. See “Item 1. Business—Regulation.”
Increasingly strict requirements generally will increase the cost of doing business and may make burning coal less attractive for utilities. In recent years, multiple companies have announced plans to close coal-fired power plant units or plants or dropped plans to open new plants, citing the cost of compliance with pending or new environmental regulations and the relatively low cost of natural gas. A reduction in coal use as fuel would cause a decline in the production and availability of CCRs, which would adversely affect our byproduct services offerings and result in reduced revenue. The outcome of these developments cannot be predicted but could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation, financial condition, and cash flows.
The COVID-19 pandemic and any future major public health crisis could disrupt the Company's operations and adversely impact its business, results of operations and financial conditions.
The COVID-19 pandemic, including new and emerging strains and variants, continues to have adverse effects on the U.S. and global economies. This outbreak has adversely affected workforces, customers, economies, supply chains, and global transportation and financial markets. While the Company has not incurred significant disruptions thus far from the COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic and any future major public health crisis could impact our business, consolidated results of operations and financial condition in the future. For example, our business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected if significant portions of our workforce are unable to work effectively, whether it is due to illness, quarantines, government actions or other restrictions in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic or any future major public health crisis. However, the significance of the impact on our operations going forward is not yet certain and depends on numerous evolving factors that the Company may not be able to accurately predict or effectively respond to, including, without limitation: the COVID-19 pandemic or any future major public health crisis, actions taken by governments, businesses and individuals in response, the effect on economic activity and actions taken in response, the effect on customers and their demand for the Company’s products and services and the timing of such demand, the ability of our subcontractors to perform under their contracts due to their own financial or operational difficulties, the availability of subcontractors and other talent, the speed and effectiveness of responses to combat the COVID-19 virus or any future major public health crisis, including vaccine efficacy, distribution and widespread public acceptance, and the Company’s ability to continue operations, including without limitation as a result of supply chain challenges, facility closures, social distancing, restrictions on travel, fear or anxiety by the populace and shelter-in-place orders.
Our business, financial condition and results of operations depend on the award of new contracts and the timing of the performance of these contracts.
We derive our revenue from the performance of customer contracts which itself is dependent on new contract awards. Reductions in the number and amounts of new awards, delays in the timing of the awards, or potential cancellations of such awards resulting from economic conditions, material and equipment pricing, and availability or other factors could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. It is particularly difficult to predict whether or when we will be awarded large-scale projects as these contracts frequently involve a lengthy and complex bidding and selection process that is affected by market conditions as well as regulatory requirements. We have experienced difficulty in the timely award of new projects and may again in the future. Because we generate our revenue from such projects, our results of operations and cash flows can fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter depending on the timing of our contract awards and the commencement and progress of work under awarded contracts. Also, many of these contracts are subject to financing contingencies. As a result, we are subject to the risk that the customer will not be able to secure the necessary financing for a project to proceed. If we are
unable to secure the awards of new contracts, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.
We may lose existing contracts through competitive bidding or early termination.
Many of our contracts are for a specified term and are subject to competitive rebidding after the term for such contract expires. Although we intend to bid to extend expiring contracts, we may not always be successful. Also, some or all of our customers may terminate their contracts with us before their scheduled expiration dates. If we are not able to replace lost revenue resulting from unsuccessful competitive bidding, early termination, or the renegotiation of existing contracts with other revenue within a reasonable period, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We could be precluded from entering into or maintaining permits or certain contracts if we are unable to obtain sufficient third-party financial assurance or adequate insurance coverage.
Our operations sometimes require us to obtain performance or surety bonds, letters of credit, or other means of financial assurance to secure our contractual performance. We currently obtain performance and surety bonds from multiple financial institutions; however, if we are unable to obtain financial assurance in the future in sufficient amounts from appropriately rated sureties or on acceptable terms, we could be precluded from entering into certain additional contracts or from obtaining or retaining landfill management or other contracts or operating permits. Any future difficulty in obtaining insurance could also impair our ability to secure future contracts conditioned upon having adequate insurance coverage.
Unsatisfactory service and safety performance may negatively affect our customer relationships and, to the extent we fail to retain existing customers or attract new customers, adversely impact our revenue.
Our ability to retain existing customers and attract new business is dependent on many factors, including our ability to demonstrate that we can reliably and safely operate our business in a manner that is consistent with our customers’ standards of service as well as applicable laws, rules, and permits, which are subject to change. Existing and potential customers consider the safety and service record of their third-party service providers to be of high importance in their decision to engage such providers. The power generation industry generally emphasizes safety and service over cost due to economic and reputational risk associated with operations at their facilities.
We may experience multiple or particularly severe accidents in the future, causing our safety record to deteriorate. This possibility may be more likely as we continue to grow, if we experience high employee turnover or a labor shortage or hire inexperienced personnel to support our staffing needs. If one or more accidents were to occur while we are providing services to our customers, or if we were unable to maintain the level of safety and service our customers require, the affected customer may seek to terminate our services and may be less likely to use our services in the future, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, our ability to attract new customers may be impaired if they view our safety or service record as unacceptable.
Our ERT services will require us to acquire significant real property and assume liabilities that could adversely impact our future results.
As part of our ERT services, we will purchase real and personal property and assume environmental liabilities. We will plan to sell these acquired assets to third parties. However, the timing of these future dispositions is difficult to predict, and we may not be able to realize the gains on sales as anticipated. If we cannot sell these assets, the assets may be written down to their fair value, with the impairment loss recognized as a non-cash charge in the consolidated statement of operations. Furthermore, these services will require us to assume environmental liabilities with long-term monitoring requirements. If actual costs exceed our cost estimates, we may incur future additional liabilities, which could adversely impact our results of operations.
The loss of a large customer may adversely affect our revenue and operating results.
We will likely continue to derive a significant portion of our revenue from a relatively small number of customers in the future. If a major customer fails to pay us promptly or at all, our revenue would be negatively impacted, and our operating results, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. Additionally, if we were to lose any material customer, such loss would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We and our customers operate in industries subject to significant environmental regulation, and compliance with changes in, or liabilities under, such regulations could add significantly to the costs of conducting business.
Our operations and the operations of our customers are subject to federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations that, among other matters, impose limitations on the discharge of pollutants into the air and water and establish standards for the treatment, storage, and disposal of solid, hazardous, and radioactive waste materials, the remediation of releases of hazardous substances, and the reclamation of land. We and our customers have obtained various federal, state, and
local environmental permits to conduct our operations, and we must comply with these permits and processes and procedures regulatory authorities have approved. Any failure to comply with these environmental requirements could give rise to sanctions, including, but not limited to: i) the cessation of all or part of our operations, ii) substantial fines and penalties, iii) environmental or reclamation liabilities, which liabilities may be strict and joint and several and iv) damages, including natural resource damages in connection with our sites, customer sites, or sites to which we sent wastes, including CCRs, and third-party claims. Moreover, changes in environmental laws and regulations occur frequently, and any changes that result in more stringent or costly environmental requirements could require our customers or us to make significant expenditures to attain and maintain compliance. New regulations, failure to comply with existing regulations, or environmental liabilities arising thereunder could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation, financial condition, and cash flows.
Success by environmental groups in convincing the EPA to restrict beneficial uses of CCRs, or to regulate CCRs as hazardous waste, may have an adverse effect on our business.
In April 2015, the EPA published the CCR Rule to regulate the disposal of CCRs, including fly ash and bottom ash generated at coal-fired power plants, as non-hazardous waste under Subtitle D of the RCRA and to distinguish the beneficial use of CCRs from disposal, which became effective in October 2015. The CCR Rule establishes national minimum criteria for CCR landfills and impoundments consisting of location restrictions, design and operating criteria, groundwater monitoring and corrective action, closure requirements, post-closure care, recordkeeping and reporting and other requirements, and requires closure of facilities unable to comply with these criteria within five to seven years. The CCR Rule has increased the complexity and cost of managing and disposing of CCRs and remediating existing ash ponds and landfills. Also, Congress passed the WIIN Act in December 2016, which, among other things, authorizes state permit programs to manage CCRs in place of the CCR Rule. The WIIN Act also gives the EPA the authority to regulate coal ash in states that choose not to implement state permitting programs and in states whose permitting programs are determined to be inadequate by the EPA. In July 2018, the EPA issued a final rule that would take further steps under the WIIN Act by granting states with approved CCR permit programs (or the EPA where it is the permitting authority) the ability to set specific alternative performance standards. The rule would also allow CCRs to be used during certain closure situations. Finally, it addresses certain matters remanded to the EPA by the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in June 2016, including clarifying corrective action triggers and requirements, adding boron to the list of constituents triggering corrective action, determining the proper height of woody and grassy vegetation for slope protection, and modifying alternative closure procedures. In August 2018, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals vacated and remanded portions of the CCR Rule. In December 2019, the EPA addressed the deficiencies identified by the court and proposed amendments to change the closure deadline to August 31, 2020, but to allow certain extensions. The EPA extended the comment period on this legacy CCR surface impoundment advance notice of proposed rulemaking through February 23, 2022 on three proposals and until March 25, 2022 on a fourth proposal.
Some environmental groups continue to urge the EPA to restrict certain beneficial uses of CCRs, such as in concrete, road base, and soil stabilization, alleging contaminants may leach into the environment. The CCR Rule created a definition of “beneficial use” that includes uses in concrete and road base, but changes in the definition could reduce the demand for fly ash and other CCRs, which would have an adverse effect on our revenue. Moreover, if the EPA were to regulate CCRs as hazardous waste, we, together with CCR generators, could be subject to environmental cleanup, personal injury, and other possible claims and liabilities that could result in significant additional costs. Any such changes in or new regulations or indemnity obligations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation, financial condition, and cash flows.
We may be adversely affected by uncertainty in the global financial markets and the deterioration of our customers' financial condition. If any of our customers suffer financial difficulties affecting their credit risk, our operating results could be negatively impacted.
Our future results of operations may be affected by the uncertainty caused by an economic downturn, natural disaster, pandemic, volatility or deterioration in the capital markets or credit markets, inflation, deflation, or other adverse economic conditions that may negatively affect us or parties with whom we do business, resulting in a reduction in our customers’ spending and their nonpayment or inability to perform obligations owed to us, such as the failure of customers to honor their commitments. Additionally, downturns in U.S. construction could lower the demand for our byproduct services and raw material sales offerings.
We also provide service to power generators. To the extent these entities suffer significant financial difficulties, they could be unable to pay amounts owed to us or to renew contracts with us on attractive terms. Our customers' inability, particularly larger customers, to pay us promptly or to pay increased rates could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, in the course of our business, we hold accounts receivable from our customers. In the event of the customer's financial distress or bankruptcy, we could lose all or a portion of such outstanding accounts
receivable associated with that customer. Further, if a customer was to enter bankruptcy, it could result in the cancellation of all or a portion of our service contracts with that customer at significant expense or loss of expected revenue.
If we are unable to accurately estimate the overall risks, revenues or costs on our projects, we may incur contract losses or achieve lower profits than anticipated.
Pricing on fixed unit price contracts is based on approved quantities irrespective of our actual costs, and contracts with a fixed total price require that the work be performed for an agreed-upon price irrespective of our actual costs. We only generate profits on fixed unit price and fixed total price contracts when our revenues exceed our actual costs, which requires us to estimate our costs accurately, control our actual costs and avoid cost overruns. If our cost estimates are too low or we do not perform the contract within our cost estimates, then cost overruns may cause us to incur a loss or cause the contract not to be as profitable as we expected. As a result, these types of contracts could negatively affect our cash flow, earnings and financial position.
The costs incurred and profit realized, if any, on our contracts can vary, sometimes substantially, from our original projections due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to:
•onsite conditions that differ from those assumed in the original bid or contract;
•failure to include required materials or work in a bid, or the failure to estimate properly the quantities or costs needed to complete a lump sum contract;
•delays caused by weather conditions or otherwise failing to meet scheduled acceptance dates;
•contract or project modifications creating unanticipated costs not covered by change orders or contract price adjustments;
•changes in availability, proximity and costs of materials, including steel, concrete, aggregates and other construction materials (such as stone, gravel, sand and oil for asphalt paving), as well as fuel and lubricants for our equipment;
•higher than anticipated costs to lease, acquire and maintain equipment;
•availability and skill level of workers in the geographic location of a project;
•rapidly increasing labor costs;
•the failure of our suppliers, subcontractors, designers, engineers or customers to perform their obligations;
•fraud, theft or other improper activities by our suppliers, subcontractors, designers, engineers, customers or our personnel;
•mechanical problems with our machinery or equipment;
•citations issued by a government authority, including OSHA;
•difficulties in obtaining required government permits or approvals;
•changes in applicable laws and regulations;
•uninsured claims or demands from third parties for alleged damages arising from the design, construction or use and operation of a project of which our work is part; and
•delays in quickly identifying and taking measures to address issues that arise during the execution of a project.
Increases in labor costs or our ability to find, employ and deploy technically skilled labor could impact our financial results.
Our continued success will depend on our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. We compete with other businesses in our markets for qualified employees. From time to time, the labor supply is tight in some of our markets. Labor is a primary component of operating our business. A number of factors may adversely affect the labor force available to us or increase labor costs from time to time, including high employment levels, federal unemployment subsidies, including unemployment benefits offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and other government regulations.
Although we have not experienced any material disruptions due to labor shortages to date, we have observed an overall tightening and increasingly competitive labor market. A sustained labor shortage or increased turnover rates within our employee base, whether caused by COVID-19 or as a result of general macroeconomic factors, could lead to increased costs, such as increased overtime to meet demand and increased wage rates to attract and retain employees, and could negatively
affect our ability to complete our construction projects according to the required schedule or otherwise efficiently operate our business. If we are unable to hire and retain employees capable of performing at a high level, or if mitigation measures we may take to respond to a decrease in labor availability, such as overtime and third-party outsourcing, have unintended negative effects, our business could be adversely affected. In addition, we dispose of CCRs and distribute our raw material sales offerings to customers primarily by truck. Reduced availability of trucking capacity due to shortages of drivers, primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, has caused an increase in the cost of transportation for us and our suppliers. An overall labor shortage, lack of skilled labor, increased turnover or labor inflation, caused by COVID-19 or as a result of general macroeconomic factors, could have a material adverse impact on our operations, results of operations, liquidity or cash flows.
Dependence on third-party subcontractors and equipment manufacturers could adversely affect our profits.
We rely on third-party subcontractors and equipment manufacturers to complete many of our projects. We could experience losses to the extent that we cannot engage subcontractors or acquire equipment or materials or if the amount we are required to pay for these goods or services exceeds the amount we have estimated in bidding for fixed-price contracts in the performance of these contracts. Also, if a subcontractor or a manufacturer is unable to deliver its services, equipment or materials according to the negotiated terms for any reason including, but not limited to, the deterioration of its financial condition, we may be required to purchase the services, equipment or materials from another source at a higher price. This may reduce the expected profit or result in a loss on a project, negatively impacting our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We service a significant portion of our contracts with our own construction equipment rather than leased or rented equipment. To the extent that we are unable to buy construction equipment necessary for our needs, either due to a lack of available funding or equipment shortages in the marketplace, we may be forced to rent equipment on a short-term basis, which could increase the costs of performing our contracts.
The property, plants and equipment needed to produce our products and provide our services can be very expensive. We must spend a substantial amount of capital to purchase and maintain such assets. Although we believe our current cash balance, along with our projected internal cash flows and available financing sources, will provide sufficient cash to support our currently anticipated operating and capital needs, if we are unable to generate sufficient cash to purchase and maintain the property, plants and equipment necessary to operate our business, or if the timing of payments on our receivables is delayed, we may be required to reduce or delay planned capital expenditures or to incur additional indebtedness. In addition, due to the level of fixed and semi-fixed costs associated with our business, volume decreases could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
Supply chain issues, including shortages of equipment, vehicles and construction supplies, could increase our costs or cause delays in our ability to complete our projects, which could have an adverse impact on our business and our relationships with customers.
We rely on our supply chain for equipment, vehicles and construction supplies in order to complete our projects. A reduction or interruption in supply, including disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant natural disaster, shortages in global freight capacity, significant increases in the price of critical components, a failure to appropriately forecast or adjust our requirements based on our business needs, or volatility in demand for our products and services could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition and could materially damage customer relationships. Our vendors and subcontractors also may be unable to meet our demand, significantly increase lead times for deliveries or impose significant price increases that we are unable to offset through alternate sources of supply, price increases to our customers or increased productivity in our operations. In some cases, we procure certain inputs and services from single or limited suppliers or subcontractors. In the event of supply disruptions from these suppliers or subcontractors, we may not be able to diversify our resources for such materials or services in a timely manner or may experience quality issues with alternate sources. Our growth and ability to meet customer demand depend in large part on our ability to obtain timely deliveries of equipment and vehicles from our suppliers, and significant disruptions in their supply could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition and could materially damage customer relationships.
Our employees perform services that involve certain risks, including risks of accident, and a failure to maintain a safe work site could result in significant losses.
Safety is a primary focus of our business and is critical to our reputation. Our services can place our employees and others in challenging environments near large equipment, dangerous processes and highly toxic or caustic materials. Our operations involve risks, such as truck accidents, equipment defects, malfunctions and failures, and natural disasters, which could potentially result in releases of CCR materials, injury or death of employees and others, or a need to shut down or reduce the operation of our customers’ facilities while we undertake remedial actions. We are responsible for safety on the sites where we work, and these risks expose us to potential liability for pollution and other environmental damages, personal injury, loss of
life, business interruption, and property damage or destruction. Unsafe work conditions also can increase employee turnover, increase costs and raise our operating costs. If we fail to implement appropriate safety procedures and/or our procedures fail, our employees or others may suffer injuries.
Although we maintain functional groups whose primary purpose is to implement effective health, safety, and environmental procedures throughout our company, the failure to comply with such procedures, client contracts, or applicable regulations could subject us to losses and liability and the potential loss of customers. If we were to incur substantial liabilities above any applicable insurance, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Our financial results may fluctuate from quarter to quarter due to seasonal weather patterns and other factors, making it difficult to predict our future performance.
Consumption of energy is seasonal, and any variation from normal weather patterns, including due to unseasonably cooler or warmer weather, can have a significant impact on energy demand. Additionally, adverse weather conditions, such as hurricanes, tropical storms, and severe cold weather, may interrupt or curtail our operations or our customers’ operations and result in a loss of revenue and damage to our equipment and facilities, which may or may not be insured.
Our byproduct services and raw material sales offerings are also subject to quarterly fluctuations from time to time. For these reasons, comparing our financial results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and our past results should not be relied on as an indication of our future performance. Our future quarterly and annual expenses as a percentage of our revenue may be significantly different from those we have recorded in the past or which we expect for the future. Our financial results in some quarters may fall below expectations. Changes in cost estimates relating to our services, which under the cost-to-cost input method of accounting principles could lead to significant fluctuations in revenue or changes in the timing of our recognition of revenue from such services, could cause our stock price to fall.
We operate in a highly competitive industry and may not be able to compete effectively with larger and better-capitalized companies.
While no specific company provides the range of services that we offer, the industries in which we operate are highly competitive and require substantial labor and capital resources. Some of the markets in which we compete or plan to compete are served by one or more large national companies and regional and local companies of varying sizes and resources, some of which may have accumulated a substantial reputation in their markets. Some of our competitors may also be better capitalized than we are, have greater name recognition than we do, or provide or be willing to bid their services at a lower price than we may be willing to offer. Our inability to compete effectively could hinder our growth or adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We rely on technology in our business, and any technology disruption or delay in implementing new technology could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows.
We invest in new technology and processes to provide higher-margin offerings for our customers while limiting and managing our environmental risk. We also depend on digital technologies to process and record financial and operating data, and we rely on sophisticated information technology systems and infrastructure to support our business, including process control technology. The failure of our technology initiatives and systems to perform as we anticipate or a delay in implementing new technology could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. For example, the roll-out of our technology initiatives, including our EnviroSourceTM ash beneficiation technology, has been slower than previously anticipated, resulting in lower than expected contribution to operating results.
Additionally, if competitors implement new technologies before we do, allowing such competitors to provide lower-priced or enhanced services of superior quality compared to those we provide, this could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets fully, or if competitors are able to replicate our technology or services, we may suffer a loss in our competitive advantage or market share.
Though we do not have patents or patent applications relating to many of our key processes and technology, if we cannot maintain our trade secrets' confidentiality, or if our competitors replicate our technology or services, our competitive advantage would be diminished. Further, our competitors may develop or employ comparable technologies or processes.
In addition, third parties, from time to time, may initiate litigation against us by asserting that the conduct of our business infringes, misappropriates, or otherwise violates intellectual property rights. If we are sued for infringement and lose, we could be required to pay substantial damages and/or be enjoined from using or selling the infringing products or technology. Any legal proceeding concerning intellectual property could be protracted and costly regardless of the merits of any claim, is inherently unpredictable, and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, irrespective of its outcome.
Additionally, we currently license certain third-party intellectual property in connection with our business, and the loss of any such license could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
We may be unable to make attractive acquisitions, integrate acquired businesses successfully or successfully complete divestitures, and any inability to do so may disrupt our business and hinder our growth.
From time to time, we may consider opportunities to acquire or make investments in other businesses and business lines that could enhance our technical capabilities, complement our current services, or expand the breadth of our markets. Any completed acquisition's success will depend on our ability to integrate the acquired business into our existing operations effectively. The process of integrating acquired businesses or dispositions may involve unforeseen difficulties or liabilities and may require a disproportionate amount of our managerial and financial resources. Also, possible future acquisitions may be larger and for purchase prices significantly higher than those paid for earlier acquisitions. No assurance can be given that we will be able to identify suitable acquisition opportunities, negotiate acceptable terms, obtain financing for acquisitions on acceptable terms, or successfully acquire identified targets. Our failure to achieve consolidation savings, integrate the acquired businesses and assets into our existing operations successfully or minimize any unforeseen operational difficulties or liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are vulnerable to significant fluctuations in our liquidity or capital requirements that may vary substantially over time.
Our operations could require us to utilize large sums of working capital, sometimes on short notice and sometimes without assurance of recovery of the expenditures. Environmental liabilities could result in significant cash outflows, including those arising from various customer contracts and acquisition agreements that require us to indemnify for certain environmental liabilities, litigation risks, unexpected costs or losses resulting from acquisitions, contract initiation or completion delays, political conditions, client payment problems and professional liability claims.
We may be unable to obtain or maintain sufficient bonding capacity, which could preclude us from bidding on certain projects.
A significant number of our contracts require performance and payment bonds. Sureties typically issue or continue bonds on a project-by-project basis, and they can decline to do so at any time or require the posting of additional collateral as a condition thereto. Our ability to obtain performance and payment bonds primarily depends on our capitalization, working capital, past performance, management expertise, reputation and certain external factors, including the overall capacity of the surety market. Events that adversely affect the insurance and bonding markets generally may result in bonding becoming more difficult or costly to obtain in the future. If we are unable to obtain or renew a sufficient level of bonding, or if bonding costs were to increase, we may be precluded from bidding on certain projects or successfully contracting with certain customers, which could limit the aggregate dollar amount of contracts that we are able to pursue. In addition, even if we are able to successfully renew or obtain performance or payment bonds, we may be required to post letters of credit in connection with such bonds, which could negatively affect our liquidity and results of operations.
Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations.
Our debt consists primarily of our borrowings under the Company’s 8.50% Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Notes”) and for equipment financing through notes payables and capital lease obligations. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had total indebtedness of $199.7 million, excluding debt issuance costs of $11.4 million. A significant portion of our cash flow is required to pay interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness, and we may be unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or have future borrowings available to enable us to repay our indebtedness or to fund other liquidity needs.
Our indebtedness could have significant consequences, including the following:
•require us to use a significant percentage of our cash flow from operations for debt service and the satisfaction of repayment obligations, and not for other purposes;
•limit our ability to borrow money or issue equity to fund our working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and debt service requirements;
• limit our flexibility in planning for, and reacting to, changes in our business;
• place us at a competitive disadvantage if we are more leveraged than our competitors;
• limit our ability to deduct our interest expense;
• make us more vulnerable to adverse economic and industry conditions; and
• limit our ability to exploit business opportunities.
To the extent that we incur new debt in addition to our current debt levels, the leverage risks described above would increase.
Our variable rate indebtedness related to borrowings under our Asset-Based Lending Credit Agreement subjects us to interest rate risk, and the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) could have an adverse impact on us.
On November 30, 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that LIBOR would be phased out and eventually replaced by June 2023. In the same announcement, banks were instructed to stop writing contracts using LIBOR by the end of 2021, and all contracts using LIBOR should wrap up by June 30, 2023. We expect that the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (or “SOFR”), published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York will replace U.S. Dollar LIBOR as the principal reference rate for U.S. Dollar-denominated floating rate instruments. However, the manner and timing of this shift are currently unknown. SOFR is an overnight rate instead of a term rate, making SOFR an inexact replacement for LIBOR.
Borrowings under our Asset-Based Lending Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. As interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness will increase even if the amount borrowed remains the same, and our results of operations and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease. Our Credit Agreement contains LIBOR benchmark replacement provisions and has identified the SOFR as its preferred alternative rate for the U.S. LIBOR. However, at this time, there can be no assurance as to whether this alternative benchmark or resulting interest rates may be more or less favorable than LIBOR or any other unforeseen impacts of the discontinuation of LIBOR. As a result, the proposals or consequences related to this transition could have a material adverse effect on our debt service obligations, financing costs, liquidity, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows and could impair our access to the capital markets.
We are subject to cyber security risks and interruptions or failures in our information technology systems. A cyber incident could occur and result in information theft, data corruption, operational disruption, and/or financial loss.
We depend on digital technologies to process and record financial and operating data, and we rely on sophisticated information technology systems and infrastructure to support our business, including process control technology. At the same time, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks, have increased. The U.S. government has issued public warnings that indicate that energy assets might be specific targets of cyber-security threats. Our technologies, systems, and networks and those of our vendors, suppliers and other business partners may become the target of cyber-attacks or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss, or destruction of proprietary and other information, or other disruption of business operations. In addition, certain cyber incidents, such as surveillance, may remain undetected for an extended period. Despite our considerable expenditures and efforts to secure our systems, our systems for protecting against cyber security risks may not be sufficient. As the sophistication of cyber incidents continues to evolve, we will likely be required to expend additional resources to continue modifying or enhancing our protective measures or investigate and remediate any vulnerability to cyber incidents. Additionally, these systems may be susceptible to outages due to fire, floods, power loss, telecommunications failures, usage errors by employees, computer viruses, cyber-attacks, or other security breaches or similar events. The failure of any of our information technology systems may cause disruptions in our operations, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability.
In the normal course of business, we may be subject to judicial, administrative, or other third-party proceedings that could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity.
We have in the past been, and may in the future be, named as a defendant in lawsuits, claims, and other legal proceedings during the ordinary course of our business. In the future, individuals, citizen groups, trade associations, community groups, or environmental activists may bring actions against us in connection with our operations that could interrupt or limit the scope of our business. Many of these proceedings could raise difficult and complicated factual and legal issues and are subject to uncertainties and complexities. These proceedings may seek, among other things, compensation for alleged personal injury, workers’ compensation, employment discrimination, breach of contract, property damage, punitive damages, civil penalties, or other losses, consequential damages, or injunctive or declaratory relief. Also, under our service agreements, we generally indemnify our customers for claims related to our conduct and the services we provide thereunder.
With respect to all such proceedings, we have and will, when warranted in the future, accrue expenses in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). If such actions or indemnities are ultimately resolved unfavorably at amounts exceeding our accrued expenses or at material amounts, the outcome could materially and
adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, payments of significant amounts, even if reserved, could adversely affect our liquidity position.
We recognize revenue from construction contracts using the cost-to-cost input method; therefore, variations of actual results from our assumptions may reduce our profitability.
We recognize revenue from construction contracts using the cost-to-cost input method permitted under GAAP, under which we measure the percentage of revenue to be recognized in a given period by the percentage of costs incurred to date on the contract to the total estimated costs for the contract. The cost-to-cost input method, therefore, relies on estimates of total expected contract costs. Contract revenue and total cost estimates are reviewed and revised on an ongoing basis as the work progresses. Adjustments arising from changes in the estimates of contracts revenue or costs are reflected in the fiscal period in which such estimates are revised. Estimates are based on management’s reasonable assumptions, judgment and experience but are subject to the risks inherent in estimates, including unanticipated delays or technical complications. Variances in actual results from related estimates on a large project or on several smaller projects could be material to our results of operations. The full amount of an estimated loss on a contract is recognized in the period such a loss is identified. Such adjustments and accrued losses could reduce profitability, which could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Our balance sheet includes a significant amount of goodwill and intangible assets which have been subject to impairment. A decline in our reporting unit's estimated fair value or trade name intangible asset could result in additional asset impairment charges, which would be recorded as a non-cash expense in our consolidated statement of operations.
Goodwill and our trade name and customer relationship intangible assets must be tested for impairment no less than annually. The fair value of the goodwill assigned to our reporting unit could decline if projected revenue or cash flows were to be lower in the future due to the timing of new awards or other causes. If the carrying value of intangible assets or goodwill exceeded its fair value, the asset would be written down to its fair value, with the impairment loss recognized as a non-cash charge in the consolidated statement of operations.
As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately $62.2 million of goodwill and $53.5 million of our trade name and customer relationship intangibles on our balance sheet, which together represent 34% of our total assets. No impairment charges to our goodwill and intangible assets were identified during the year ended December 31, 2021. However, changes in our operations' future outlook could result in impairment charges, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
Our stock's market price may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control.
These factors include the various risks described in this section as well as the following:
•the failure of securities analysts to continue to cover our common stock or changes in financial estimates or recommendations by analysts;
•announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, or capital commitments;
•changes in market valuation or earnings of our competitors;
•variations in quarterly operating results;
•internal control failures;
•changes in management;
•availability of capital;
•general economic conditions;
•terrorist acts;
•natural disasters and pandemics;
•legislation;
•future sales of our common stock; and
•investor perception of us and the power generation industry.
Additional factors that do not specifically relate to our company or the electric utility industry may also materially reduce our common stock market price, regardless of our operating performance.
The concentration of our capital stock will limit other stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters.
Bernhard Capital Partners Management, LP and its affiliates (“BCP”) beneficially own approximately 45% of the total voting power of our outstanding shares of common stock and all of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock (“Preferred Stock”). The Preferred Stock is convertible at BCP's option at any time into shares of common stock. As a result, BCP can exert substantial influence or actual control over our management and affairs and most matters requiring our stockholders' actions. The interests of BCP may not coincide with the interests of the other holders of our common stock. This concentration of ownership may also affect delaying or preventing a change in control otherwise favored by our other stockholders, which could depress our common stock's market price.
BCP and its respective affiliates are not limited in their ability to compete with us, and the corporate opportunity provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation could enable BCP to benefit from corporate opportunities that might otherwise be available to us.
Our governing documents provide that BCP and its respective affiliates (including portfolio investments of BCP and its affiliates) are not restricted from owning assets or engaging in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us. In particular, subject to the limitations of applicable law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, among other things:
• permits BCP and its respective affiliates to conduct business that competes with us and to make investments in any kind of property in which we may make investments; and
• provides that if BCP or its respective affiliates, or any employee, partner, member, manager, officer or director of BCP or its respective affiliates, which is also one of our directors or officers, becomes aware of a potential business opportunity, transaction, or other matter, they will have no duty to communicate or offer that opportunity to us.
BCP or its respective affiliates may become aware, from time to time, of certain business opportunities (such as acquisition opportunities) and may direct such opportunities to other businesses in which they have invested, in which case we may not become aware of or otherwise have the ability to pursue such opportunity. Furthermore, such businesses may choose to compete with us for these opportunities, possibly causing these opportunities to not be available to us or causing them to be more expensive for us to pursue. In addition, BCP and its respective affiliates may dispose of properties or other assets in the future without any obligation to offer us the opportunity to purchase any of those assets. As a result, our business or prospects may be negatively affected if such parties procure attractive business opportunities for their benefit rather than for ours.
We have engaged in transactions with our affiliates, and we may do so in the future. The terms of such transactions and the resolution of any conflicts that may arise may not always be in our or our stockholders’ best interests.
We have engaged in transactions with affiliated companies in the past and may do so in the future. The terms of such transactions and the resolution of any conflicts that may arise may not always be as favorable as may be obtained with a third party.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as Delaware law, contain provisions that could discourage acquisition bids or merger proposals, which may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval. If our board of directors elects to issue preferred stock, it could be more difficult for a third party to acquire us. Also, some provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, even if the change of control would be beneficial to our stockholders, including:
• after BCP and its affiliates no longer collectively hold more than 35% of the voting power of our common stock, providing that all vacancies, including newly created directorships, may, except as otherwise required by law or, if applicable, the rights of holders of a series of preferred stock, only be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum (before such time, vacancies may also be filled by stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote);
• after BCP and its affiliates no longer collectively hold more than 35% of the voting power of our common stock, permitting any action by stockholders to be taken only at an annual meeting or special meeting rather than by written consent of the stockholders, subject to the rights of any series of preferred stock concerning such rights;
• after BCP and its affiliates no longer collectively hold more than 35% of the voting power of our common stock, permitting our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws to be amended by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of our then outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote thereon;
• after BCP and its affiliates no longer collectively hold more than 35% of the voting power of our common stock, permitting special meetings of our stockholders to be called only by our board of directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by the affirmative vote of a majority of the total number of authorized directors whether or not there exist any vacancies in previously authorized directorships (before such time, a special meeting may also be called at the request of stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote);
• after BCP and its affiliates no longer collectively hold more than 35% of the voting power of our common stock, requiring the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% in voting power of all then outstanding common stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class, to remove any or all of the directors from office at any time, and directors will be removable only for “cause”;
• dividing our board of directors into three classes of directors, with each class serving staggered three-year terms;
• prohibiting cumulative voting in the election of directors;
• establishing advance notice provisions for stockholder proposals and nominations for elections to the board of directors to be acted upon at meetings of stockholders; and
• providing that the board of directors is expressly authorized to adopt or alter or repeal our amended and restated bylaws.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that our stockholders may initiate, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees, or agents.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, employees, agents, or stockholders to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us or any director, officer, employee, or agent of ours arising under any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of, and consented to, the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation described in the preceding sentence. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees, or agents, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and such persons. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
We do not intend to pay cash dividends on shares of our common stock. Consequently, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment is if our common stock price appreciates.
We do not plan to declare cash dividends on shares of our common stock in the foreseeable future. Additionally, our debt agreements place certain restrictions on our ability to pay cash dividends on common stock. Consequently, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment in us will be if you sell your common stock at a price higher than you paid for it. There is no guarantee that our common stock price will prevail in the market will ever exceed the price you paid for it.
Shares eligible for future sale may cause our common stock's market price to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.
Our common stock market price could decline due to sales of a large number of shares of our common stock in the market or the perception that these sales could occur. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.
On March 16, 2020, we issued $26.0 million in Preferred Stock to BCP, the terms of which could adversely affect the voting power or value of our common stock.
We currently have 26,000 shares of Preferred Stock outstanding, which is convertible at BCP's option at any time following the three-month anniversary of the issuance date into shares of common stock with an initial conversion price of $2.77 per share. Dividends will be payable quarterly at a rate of 13% per annum, provided that we pay dividends in-kind through the issuance of additional shares to BCP. Our Preferred Stock gives BCP a superior right to our assets upon liquidation compared to our common stock and could adversely impact the voting power or value of our common stock. For example, our preferred stock provides BCP the right to nominate one member of the Company's board of directors and the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences assigned to BCP could affect the common stock's residual value.
Taking advantage of the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies” may make our common stock less attractive to investors.
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). An emerging growth company may take advantage of certain reduced reporting and other generally applicable public company requirements. Under these reduced disclosure requirements, emerging growth companies are not required to, among other things, comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, provide certain disclosures regarding executive compensation, hold stockholder advisory votes on executive compensation, or obtain stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, emerging growth companies have extended phase-in periods to adopt new or revised financial accounting standards.
We intend to take advantage of all of the reduced reporting requirements and exemptions, including the extended phase-in periods for adopting new or revised financial accounting standards under Section 107 of the JOBS Act, until we are no longer an emerging growth company. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until those standards apply to private companies. If we were to subsequently elect instead to comply with these public company effective dates, such an election would be irrevocable under Section 107 of the JOBS Act.
Our election to use the longer phase-in periods permitted by this election may make it difficult to compare our financial statements to those of non-emerging growth companies and other emerging growth companies that have opted out of the extended phase-in periods under Section 107 of the JOBS Act and who will comply with new or revised financial accounting standards. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock, and our common stock price may be more volatile.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our common stock, or our operating results do not meet their expectations, our stock price could decline.
Our common stock's trading market is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. Moreover, if one or more of the analysts who cover our company adversely changes their recommendation concerning our common stock or if our operating results do not meet their expectations, our stock price could decline.
We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to remediate the material weakness, or if we experience additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.
Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, is designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in the implementation, could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by us, as and when required, our independent registered public accounting firm may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.
Management identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting in connection with our assessment as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of
deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Specifically, these control deficiencies constitute a material weakness, in the aggregate, relating to: (i) the lack of a sufficient number of trained resources with assigned responsibilities and accountability for the design and operation of internal controls over financial reporting; (ii) the lack of formal and effective controls over certain financial statement account balances, (iii) the lack of user profiles to ensure adequate restriction of users to perform only transactions that are consistent with their function; and (iv) the lack of appropriate segregation of duties within the accounting and finance functions, including order to cash, process to pay and payroll business processes.
Although we have begun to implement measures to address the material weakness, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weakness and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot conclude that these matters have been fully remedied. As we continue to evaluate, and work to improve, our internal control over financial reporting, management may determine that additional or different measures to address control deficiencies or modifications to the remediation plan are necessary. Further, in the future, we may determine that we have additional material weaknesses. Our failure to remediate the material weakness or failure to identify and address any other material weaknesses or control deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis, which could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which may result in volatility in and a decline in the market price of our common stock.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
While many of our employees are embedded directly at our customers’ power generation facilities, we lease our corporate headquarters in Louisville, Kentucky and own and lease other facilities throughout the United States where we conduct business. Our facilities are utilized for operations in our reportable segment and include offices, equipment yards, mines, storage, and manufacturing facilities. As of December 31, 2021, we owned two of our facilities and leased the remainder. We believe that our existing facilities are sufficient for our current needs.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are from time-to-time party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. With respect to all such lawsuits, claims and proceedings, we record reserves when it is probable a liability has been incurred, and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Although it is difficult to predict the ultimate outcome of these lawsuits, claims and proceedings, we do not believe that the ultimate disposition of any of these matters, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. We maintain liability insurance for certain risks that is subject to certain self-insurance limits.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Information About Our Executive Officers
The following information is provided for each of the Company's executive officers as of March 31, 2022.
| | | | | | | | |
Name | Age | Positions with Charah Solutions |
| | |
Scott A. Sewell | 42 | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director |
| | |
Roger D. Shannon | 57 | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer |
| | |
| | |
Scott A. Sewell—President, Chief Executive Officer and Director. Mr. Sewell has served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Charah Solutions and a member of our board of directors since January 2019. Before that, Mr. Sewell held several other leadership positions with Charah Solutions, including Chief Operating Officer from 2013 to January 2019, Senior Vice President of Operations from 2012 to 2013, Vice President of Operations from 2010 to 2012, and Operations Manager from 2008 to 2010. Before joining Charah Solutions, he worked for Bechtel Corporation from 2002 to 2007. He is a Six Sigma Yellow Belt and holds professional affiliations as a member of the Project Management Institute, the Association of Equipment Management Professionals and the International Erosion Control Association. Mr. Sewell holds a bachelor’s degree in international business from the College of Charleston in South Carolina.
Roger D. Shannon—Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. Mr. Shannon has served as Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Charah Solutions since June 2019. Mr. Shannon previously served in various roles, including CFO, Senior Vice President of Finance, Treasurer and Head of Corporate Development at ADTRAN, a publicly-traded provider of next-generation networking solutions. Mr. Shannon also served as CFO and Treasurer for Steel Technologies, plus various senior finance roles at the Brown-Forman Corporation, British American Tobacco, and accounting positions at Vulcan Materials Company, Lexmark International and KPMG. Roger is a CPA and CFA and has a bachelor’s of science degree in accounting from Auburn University and an MBA from the University of Georgia.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(dollars in thousands except per share data)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| | December 31, 2021 | | December 31, 2020 | | December 31, 2019 |
| Revenue | $ | 293,219 | | | $ | 232,377 | | | $ | 244,661 | |
| Cost of sales | (267,321) | | | (209,570) | | | (223,386) | |
| Gross profit | 25,898 | | | 22,807 | | | 21,275 | |
| General and administrative expenses | (42,189) | | | (34,064) | | | (51,085) | |
| Gain on sales-type lease | 5,568 | | | — | | | — | |
| Gains on sales of real estate, property and equipment, net | 23,543 | | | — | | | — | |
| Gain on ARO settlement | 3,623 | | | — | | | — | |
| Other operating expenses from ERT services | (5,078) | | | — | | | — | |
| Gain on change in contingent payment liability | — | | | 9,702 | | | — | |
| Impairment expense | (827) | | | (38,014) | | | — | |
| Operating income (loss) | 10,538 | | | (39,569) | | | (29,810) | |
| Interest expense, net | (15,227) | | | (13,774) | | | (14,624) | |
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | (638) | | | (8,603) | | | — | |
| Income (loss) from equity method investment | 191 | | | (2,516) | | | 2,295 | |
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | (5,136) | | | (64,462) | | | (42,139) | |
| Income tax (expense) benefit | (661) | | 914 | | | (4,190) |
| Loss from continuing operations, net of tax | (5,797) | | | (63,548) | | | (46,329) | |
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | | | 8,883 | | 7,105 |
| | | | | |
| Net loss | (5,797) | | | (54,665) | | | (39,224) | |
| Less income attributable to non-controlling interest | 17 | | | 1,198 | | | 2,834 | |
| Net loss attributable to Charah Solutions, Inc. | $ | (5,814) | | | $ | (55,863) | | | $ | (42,058) | |
| Amounts attributable to Charah Solutions, Inc. | | | | | |
| Loss from continuing operations, net of tax and non-controlling interest | $ | (5,814) | | | $ | (64,746) | | | $ | (49,163) | |
| Deemed and imputed dividends on Series A Preferred Stock | (592) | | | (461) | | | — | |
| Series A Preferred Stock dividends | (8,156) | | | (4,064) | | | — | |
| Net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders | (14,562) | | | (69,271) | | | (49,163) | |
| Net income from discontinued operations | — | | | 8,883 | | | 7,105 | |
| Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (14,562) | | | $ | (60,388) | | | $ | (42,058) | |
| | | | | |
| Net (loss) income from continuing operations per common share | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | (0.46) | | | $ | (2.32) | | | $ | (1.67) | |
| Diluted | $ | (0.46) | | | $ | (2.32) | | | $ | (1.67) | |
| | | | | |
| Net income (loss) from discontinued operations per common share | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | — | | | $ | 0.30 | | | $ | 0.24 | |
| Diluted | $ | — | | | $ | 0.30 | | | $ | 0.24 | |
| | | | | |
| Net loss attributable to common stockholders per common share | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | (0.46) | | | $ | (2.02) | | | $ | (1.43) | |
| Diluted | $ | (0.46) | | | $ | (2.02) | | | $ | (1.43) | |
| | | | | |
| Weighted-average shares outstanding used in loss per common share: | | | | |
| Basic | 31,573 | | | 29,897 | | | 29,495 | |
| Diluted | 31,573 | | | 29,897 | | | 29,495 | |
| | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-3
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(dollars in thousands unless otherwise indicated)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Charah Solutions, Inc. |
| | | Common Stock (Shares) | | Common Stock (Amount) | | Additional Paid-In Capital | | | | | | Retained
Earnings (Losses) | | Total | | Non-Controlling
Interest | | Total |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Balance, December 31, 2018 | | 29,082,988 | | | $ | 291 | | | $ | 82,880 | | | | | | | $ | 9,414 | | | $ | 92,585 | | | $ | 805 | | | $ | 93,390 | |
| Net (loss) income | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | (42,058) | | | (42,058) | | | 2,834 | | | (39,224) | |
| Share based compensation expense | | — | | | — | | | 2,513 | | | | | | | — | | | 2,513 | | | — | | | 2,513 | |
| Adoption of ASC 606, net of tax | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | (358) | | | (358) | | | — | | | (358) | |
| Shares issued under share-based compensation plan | | 568,500 | | | 5 | | | (5) | | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Distributions | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | — | | | — | | | (2,847) | | | (2,847) | |
| Taxes paid related to net settlement of shares | | (28,653) | | | — | | | (201) | | | | | | | — | | | (201) | | | | | (201) | |
| Balance, December 31, 2019 | | 29,622,835 | | | $ | 296 | | | $ | 85,187 | | | | | | | $ | (33,002) | | | $ | 52,481 | | | $ | 792 | | | $ | 53,273 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 |
| Mezzanine Equity | | | Permanent Equity |
| | Preferred Stock (Shares) | | Preferred Stock (Amount) | | | Common Stock (Shares) | | Common Stock (Amount) | | Additional Paid-In Capital | | Retained
Losses | | Total | | Non-Controlling
Interest | | Total |
| Balance, December 31, 2019 | — | | | $ | — | | | | 29,622,835 | | | $ | 296 | | | $ | 85,187 | | | $ | (33,002) | | | $ | 52,481 | | | $ | 792 | | | $ | 53,273 | |
| Net (loss) income | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (55,863) | | | (55,863) | | | 1,198 | | | (54,665) | |
| Share based compensation expense | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | 2,539 | | | — | | | 2,539 | | | — | | | 2,539 | |
| Distributions | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1,580) | | | (1,580) | |
| Shares issued under share-based compensation plans | — | | | — | | | | 549,705 | | | 5 | | | (5) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Taxes paid related to the net settlement of shares | — | | | — | | | | (95,522) | | | (1) | | | (231) | | | — | | | (232) | | | — | | | (232) | |
| Contribution from sale of subsidiary to entity under common control | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | 25,506 | | | — | | | 25,506 | | | — | | | 25,506 | |
| Issuance of Series A Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs | 26,000 | | | 24,253 | | | | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Deemed and imputed dividends on Series A Preferred Stock | — | | | 3,169 | | | | — | | | — | | | (461) | | | — | | | (461) | | | — | | | (461) | |
| Series A Preferred Stock Dividends | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | (4,064) | | | — | | | (4,064) | | | — | | | (4,064) | |
| Balance, December 31, 2020 | 26,000 | | | $ | 27,423 | | | | 30,077,018 | | | $ | 300 | | | $ | 108,471 | | | $ | (88,865) | | | $ | 19,906 | | | $ | 410 | | | $ | 20,316 | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-4
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(dollars in thousands unless otherwise indicated)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 |
| Mezzanine Equity | | | Permanent Equity |
| | Preferred Stock (Shares) | | Preferred Stock (Amount) | | | Common Stock (Shares) | | Common Stock (Amount) | | Additional Paid-In Capital | | Retained
Losses | | Total | | Non-Controlling
Interest | | Total |
| Balance, December 31, 2020 | 26,000 | | | $ | 27,423 | | | | 30,077,018 | | | $ | 300 | | | $ | 108,471 | | | $ | (88,865) | | | $ | 19,906 | | | $ | 410 | | | $ | 20,316 | |
| Net (loss) income | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (5,814) | | | (5,814) | | | 17 | | | (5,797) | |
| Share based compensation expense | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | 2,702 | | | — | | | 2,702 | | | — | | | 2,702 | |
| Issuance of common stock | — | | | — | | | | 2,889 | | | 29 | | | 12,971 | | | — | | | 13,000 | | | — | | | 13,000 | |
| Distributions | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (165) | | | (165) | |
| Shares issued under share-based compensation plans | — | | | — | | | | 535,417 | | | 6 | | | (5) | | | — | | | 1 | | | — | | | 1 | |
| Taxes paid related to the net settlement of shares | — | | | — | | | | (93,518) | | | (1) | | | (511) | | | — | | | (512) | | | — | | | (512) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Deemed and imputed dividends on Series A Preferred Stock | — | | | 8,109 | | | | — | | | — | | | (592) | | | — | | | (592) | | | — | | | (592) | |
| Series A Preferred Stock Dividends | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | (8,156) | | | — | | | (8,156) | | | — | | | (8,156) | |
| Balance, December 31, 2021 | 26,000 | | | $ | 35,532 | | | | 33,407,806 | | | $ | 334 | | | $ | 114,880 | | | $ | (94,679) | | | $ | 20,535 | | | $ | 262 | | | $ | 20,797 | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-5
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(dollars in thousands unless otherwise indicated) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Cash flows from operating activities: | | | | | |
| Net loss | $ | (5,797) | | | $ | (54,665) | | | $ | (39,224) | |
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash and restricted cash (used in) provided by operating activities: | | | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | 24,612 | | | 19,886 | | | 23,437 | |
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | 638 | | | 8,603 | | | — | |
| Paid-in-kind interest on long-term debt | 2,844 | | | 4,448 | | | — | |
| Impairment expense | 827 | | | 40,772 | | | — | |
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | 1,086 | | | 599 | | | 1,206 | |
| Deferred income tax expense (benefit) | 581 | | | (834) | | | 4,359 | |
| Gain on sales-type lease | (5,568) | | | — | | | — | |
| (Gain) loss on sales of real estate, property and equipment | (23,436) | | | 708 | | | 2,376 | |
| (Income) loss from equity method investment | (191) | | | 2,516 | | | (2,295) | |
| Distributions received from equity investment | — | | | 1,731 | | | 2,277 | |
| Non-cash share-based compensation | 2,702 | | | 2,539 | | | 2,513 | |
| Loss (gain) on interest rate swap | 270 | | | (181) | | | 2,006 | |
| Interest rate swap settlement | (745) | | | — | | | — | |
| Gain on ARO settlement | (3,623) | | | — | | | — | |
| Gain on change in contingent payment liability | — | | | (9,702) | | | — | |
| Interest accreted on contingent payments for acquisition | — | | | 171 | | | 267 | |
| Increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash due to changes in: | | | | | |
| Trade accounts receivable | 105 | | | (21,791) | | | 10,208 | |
| Contract assets and liabilities | (8,612) | | | 8,025 | | | 65,299 | |
| Inventory | (803) | | | 6,037 | | | 11,085 | |
| Accounts payable | 13,636 | | | (457) | | | (69) | |
| Asset retirement obligation | (9,712) | | | (9,694) | | | (10,934) | |
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 1,020 | | | 13,811 | | | (3,858) | |
| Net cash and restricted cash (used in) provided by operating activities | (10,166) | | | 12,522 | | | 68,653 | |
| Cash flows from investing activities: | | | | | |
| Proceeds from the sales of real estate, property and equipment | 36,383 | | | 1,517 | | | 2,312 | |
| Purchases of property and equipment | (8,499) | | | (4,304) | | | (18,071) | |
| Proceeds from sale-leaseback transaction | — | | | 7,000 | | | — | |
| Cash and restricted cash received from ERT transaction | 34,900 | | | — | | | — | |
| Payments of working capital adjustment and other items for the sale of subsidiary | (7,367) | | | — | | | — | |
| Proceeds from the sale of subsidiary, net of subsidiary cash | — | | | 37,860 | | | — | |
| Distributions received from equity method investment | 1,015 | | | — | | | — | |
| Net cash and restricted cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 56,432 | | | 42,073 | | | (15,759) | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-6
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Cash flows from financing activities: | | | | | |
| Net payments on line of credit | (12,003) | | | (6,997) | | | (799) | |
| Proceeds from senior unsecured notes | 135,000 | | | — | | | — | |
| Proceeds from term loan | — | | | 15,000 | | | 10,000 | |
| Proceeds from promissory note | 17,852 | | | — | | | — | |
| Proceeds from equipment and other debt | 3,449 | | | 3,897 | | | 10,843 | |
| Principal payments on term loan | (128,083) | | | (46,397) | | | (60,250) | |
| Principal payments on promissory note | (17,852) | | | — | | | — | |
| Principal payments on equipment and other debt | (8,841) | | | (17,599) | | | (9,018) | |
| Payments of debt issuance costs | (13,380) | | | (1,623) | | | (1,394) | |
| Principal payments on capital lease obligations | (4,768) | | | (316) | | | — | |
| Taxes paid related to net settlement of shares | (512) | | | (150) | | | (201) | |
| Net proceeds from issuance of convertible Series A Preferred Stock | — | | | 24,253 | | | — | |
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 13,000 | | | — | | | — | |
| Distributions to non-controlling interest | (165) | | | (1,580) | | | (2,847) | |
| Net cash and restricted cash (used in) financing activities | (16,303) | | | (31,512) | | | (53,666) | |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash | 29,963 | | | 23,083 | | | (772) | |
| Cash and restricted cash, beginning of period | 29,211 | | | 6,128 | | | 6,900 | |
| Cash and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 59,174 | | | $ | 29,211 | | | $ | 6,128 | |
Supplemental Disclosures and Non-cash investing and financing transactions
The following table summarizes additional supplemental disclosures and non-cash investing and financing transactions:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: | | | | | |
| Cash paid during the year for interest | $ | 12,579 | | | $ | 13,331 | | | $ | 12,044 | |
| Cash paid (refunded) during the year for taxes | 884 | | | (942) | | | (1,833) | |
| | | | | |
| Supplemental disclosures and non-cash investing and financing transactions: | | | | | |
| Gross proceeds from revolving loan included in line of credit | $ | 85,820 | | | $ | 118,895 | | | $ | 134,914 | |
| Gross payments on revolving loan included in line of credit | 73,817 | | | 125,892 | | | 135,713 | |
| Equipment acquired through capital leases | 24,508 | | | — | | | — | |
| Sale of structural fill asset through a sales-type lease | 6,000 | | | — | | | — | |
| Deemed and imputed dividends on Series A Preferred Stock | 8,109 | | | 3,169 | | | — | |
| Non-cash Series A Preferred Stock dividends included in accrued expenses | 1,994 | | | 1,356 | | | — | |
| Proceeds from the sale of equipment in accounts receivable, net | 1,313 | | | — | | | — | |
| Changes in property and equipment included in accounts payables and accrued expenses | 1,187 | | | 205 | | | 1,245 | |
| Debt issuance costs included in accounts payable and accrued expenses | 102 | | | — | | | — | |
| Property and equipment reduction due to sale-leaseback | — | | | 7,000 | | | — | |
| Working capital owed related to sale of subsidiary included in accrued expenses | — | | | 6,954 | | | — | |
| Sale of equipment through the issuance of a note receivable | — | | | 1,450 | | | — | |
| Asset retirement obligation reduction through property and equipment | — | | | 279 | | | — | |
| Taxes paid related to the net settlement of shares included in current liabilities of discontinued operations held for sale | — | | | 79 | | | — | |
| Equipment purchased with seller-provided financing | — | | | — | | | 1,051 | |
| | | | | |
| As reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheet: | | | | | |
| Cash from continuing operations | $ | 24,266 | | | $ | 24,787 | | | $ | 4,912 | |
| Restricted cash from continuing operations | 34,908 | | | 4,424 | | | 1,000 | |
| Cash from discontinued operations | — | | | — | | | 1 | |
| Restricted cash from discontinued operations | — | | | — | | | 215 | |
| Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as presented in the balance sheet | $ | 59,174 | | | $ | 29,211 | | | $ | 6,128 | |
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
1. Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation
Organization
Charah Solutions, Inc. (together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries, “Charah Solutions,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), is a holding company formed in Delaware in January 2018. The Company's majority shareholder is Bernhard Capital Partners Management, LP and its affiliates (“BCP”). BCP owns approximately 54% of the total voting power of our outstanding shares of common stock and all of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock (“Preferred Stock”), which is convertible at BCP's option at any time following the three-month anniversary of the issuance date into shares of common stock.
Description of Business Operations
The Company is a leading national service provider of mission-critical environmental services and byproduct recycling to the power generation industry, enabling our customers to address challenges related to the remediation of coal ash ponds and landfills at open and closed power plant sites while continuously operating and providing necessary electric power to communities nationwide. Services offered include a suite of remediation and compliance services, byproduct services, raw material sales and Environmental Risk Transfer (“ERT”) services. The Company has corporate offices in Kentucky and North Carolina and principally operates in the eastern and mid-central United States.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities, stockholders’ equity, members’ equity, and results of operations of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”), the Company meets the definition of an “emerging growth company,” which allows the Company to have an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards pursuant to Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act. The Company intends to take advantage of all of the reduced reporting requirements and exemptions, including the longer phase-in periods for the adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards under Section 107 of the JOBS Act until the Company is no longer an emerging growth company. Among other things, we are not required to provide an auditor attestation report on the assessment of the internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and our disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation may be reduced. We may take advantage of these provisions until the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the IPO, or December 31, 2023. However, if certain events occur before the end of such five-year period, including if we become a “large accelerated filer,” our annual gross revenue exceeds $1.07 billion, or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in any three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company before the end of such five-year period.
Discontinued Operations
On November 19, 2020, the Company sold its Allied subsidiary engaged in maintenance, modification and repair services to the nuclear and fossil power generation industry to an affiliate of BCP (the “Purchaser”), the Company’s majority shareholder, in an all-cash deal for $40,000 (the “Allied Transaction”), subject to adjustments for working capital and certain other adjustments as set forth in the purchase agreement (the "Purchase Agreement").
Discontinued operations comprise those activities that have been disposed of during the period and represent a separate major line of business that can be clearly distinguished for operational and financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, the Consolidated Balance Sheets, Statements of Operations, and the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the Allied results as discontinued operations for all periods presented. Unless otherwise specified, disclosures in these consolidated financial statements reflect continuing operations only. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows include both continuing and discontinued operations. Refer to Note 3, Discontinued Operations, for further information on the discontinued operations relating to the Allied Transaction.
Segment Information
After the Allied Transaction, the Company operates as one reportable segment, reflecting the suite of end-to-end services we offer our utility partners and how our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) reviews consolidated financial information to evaluate results of operations, assess performance and allocate resources. Due to the nature of the Company’s business, the Company's Chief Executive Officer, who is also the CODM, evaluates the performance of the Company and allocates resources of the Company based on consolidated gross profit, general and administrative expenses, balance sheet,
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
liquidity, capital spending, safety statistics and business development reports for the Company as a whole. Since the Company has a single operating segment, all required financial segment information can be found in the consolidated financial statements.
We provide the following services through our one segment: remediation and compliance services, byproduct services, raw material sales and ERT transfer services. Remediation and compliance services are associated with our customers’ need for multi-year environmental improvement and sustainability initiatives, whether driven by regulatory requirements, power generation customer initiatives or consumer expectations and standards. Byproduct services consist of recurring and mission-critical coal ash management and operations for coal-fired power generation facilities while also supporting both our power generation customers’ desire to recycle their recurring and legacy volumes of coal combustion residuals (“CCRs”), commonly known as coal ash, and our ultimate end customers’ need for high-quality, cost-effective supplemental cementitious materials (SCMs) that provide a sustainable, environmentally-friendly substitute for Portland cement in concrete. Our raw materials sales provide customers with the materials essential to their business while also providing the sourcing, logistics, and management needed to facilitate these raw materials transactions around the globe. ERT services represent an innovative solution designed to meet the evolving and increasingly complex needs of utility customers' evolving and increasingly complex plant closure and environmental remediation needs. These customers need to retire and decommission older or underutilized assets while maximizing the asset's value and improving the environment. Our ERT services manage the sites' environmental remediation requirements, benefiting the communities and lowering the utility customers' costs
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
In March 2020, the World Health Organization categorized the disease caused by a novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) to be a pandemic. Management continues to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and has concluded that while it is reasonably possible that the virus could have a negative effect on the Company’s financial position and results of its operations, the specific impact is not readily determinable as of the date of these financial statements. The financial statement does not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
On March 27, 2020, the U.S. government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), which includes modifications to the limitation on business interest expense and net operating loss carryforward provisions and provides a payment delay of certain employer payroll taxes during 2020. The Company deferred $1,637 of employer payroll taxes otherwise due in 2020 with 50% due and paid by December 31, 2021 and the remaining 50% due by December 31, 2022. The CARES Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Management’s Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions, in particular estimates of legal reserves, costs to complete contracts in process, contract modifications and unapproved change orders, that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Balance Sheet Classification
The Company includes in current assets and liabilities contract assets, contract liabilities and retainage amounts payable, which may extend beyond one year. One year is used as the basis for classifying all other assets and liabilities.
Cash
The Company maintains cash in bank deposit accounts which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash.
Restricted Cash
We maintain restricted cash in non-interest bearing escrow accounts for specific remediation and compliance projects, cash collateral for letters of credit, and insurance-related items. This cash becomes unrestricted as project milestones are completed in accordance with each project's defined project schedule, or when credit agreements requiring cash collateral are terminated. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, restricted cash in these accounts held $34,908 and $4,424, respectively.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
Trade Accounts Receivable, Net
Trade accounts receivable, net consist of amounts due from customers. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded to the extent it is probable that a portion of a particular account will not be collected. Management determines the allowance for doubtful accounts by evaluating individual customer receivables and considering a customer’s financial condition, credit history, and current economic conditions. An allowance for doubtful accounts of $146 and $467 was included in trade accounts receivable, net as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Trade accounts receivable balances are considered past due based upon contract or invoice terms and are charged off when deemed uncollectible. The Company does not charge interest on customer accounts and generally does not require collateral on sales and services during the normal course of business. The Company has the right to file liens on the owner’s property with regard to certain construction contracts.
Inventory
Inventories, mainly comprising ash for resale, are valued using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost. Construction-in-progress represents costs incurred on the construction of assets that have not been completed or placed in service as of the end of the year. We evaluate the long-lived assets each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support the asset's carrying value. Depreciation is provided principally by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | |
| Plant, machinery and equipment | | 2 - 15 years |
| Vehicles | | 2 - 10 years |
| Office equipment | | 2 - 10 years |
| Buildings and leasehold improvements | | 5 - 40 years |
| Capital lease assets | | 3 - 7 years |
Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred and expenditures for improvements are capitalized.
Asset Retirement Obligations
Asset retirement obligations (“ARO”) associated with retiring long-lived assets are recognized as a liability in the period in which a legal obligation is incurred and becomes determinable. The ARO liability reflects the estimated present value of the closure and post-closure activities associated with the Company’s land and structural fill assets. The Company utilizes current retirement costs to estimate the expected cash outflows for retirement obligations.
Inherent in the present value calculation are numerous assumptions and judgments, including the ultimate settlement amounts, inflation factors, credit-adjusted discount rates, timing of settlement, and changes in the legal, regulatory, environmental and political environments. To the extent future revisions to these assumptions impact the present value of the existing ARO liability, a corresponding adjustment is made to the land and/or structural fill balance. Accretion expense is recognized over time as the discounted liability is accreted to its expected settlement value. Gains and losses on ARO settlement are recognized as specific remediation tasks are performed. These gains and losses are determined based on the differences between the estimated costs used in the measurement of the fair value of the Company's AROs and the actual costs incurred for specific remediation tasks recognized on a proportionate basis.
Goodwill and Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. Our intangible assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 include a trade name that is considered to have an indefinite life.
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but instead are tested for impairment at least annually or more often if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the fair value of the asset may have decreased below its carrying value.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level, which has been determined to be the Company. When performing its goodwill impairment test, the Company considers a qualitative assessment, when appropriate, and a quantitative assessment using the market approach and its market capitalization when determining the fair value of the reporting unit.
We evaluate the indefinite-lived trade name each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. When performing its indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test, the Company considers a qualitative assessment, when appropriate, and a quantitative assessment using the relief-from-royalty method, an income approach, that estimates the present value of royalty income that could be hypothetically earned by licensing the brand name to a third party over the remaining useful life.
The assets will be written down to their implied fair value if the carrying value exceeds its fair value.
Definite-Lived Intangible Assets
Definite-lived intangible assets are comprised of our customer relationships. We evaluate our definite-lived intangible asset each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances indicate that a triggering event has occurred that suggests that the fair value of the asset is below its carrying value. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, as shown in the table below.
| | | | | |
| Definite Lived Intangible | Useful Life |
| Customer relationships | 10 years |
Fair Value Disclosure
The Company follows Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurements, which provides a framework for measuring and disclosing fair value under generally accepted accounting principles. ASC 820 requires disclosures about the fair value of assets and liabilities recognized in the balance sheet in periods subsequent to initial recognition, whether the measurements are made on a recurring basis or on a nonrecurring basis.
ASC 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value.
Fair Value Hierarchy
Level 1 - Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 1 assets and liabilities generally include debt and equity securities that are traded in an active exchange market. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets and liabilities.
Level 2 - Valuation is based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. The valuation may be based on quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3 - Valuation is based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.
In determining the appropriate levels, the Company performs a detailed analysis of assets and liabilities that are subject to ASC 820. The Company's contingent payments for acquisitions and interest rate swap are the only assets or liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis. The Company may also be required, from time to time, to measure certain other financial and non-financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a non-recurring basis in accordance with GAAP. There have been no transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
The fair value of the Company's 8.50% Senior Notes due 2026 (the "Notes") were estimated using quoted prices based on current transactions for similar debt, which are considered to be Level 2 measurements. The Notes had a fair value and carrying value of $131,760 and $135,000, respectively, as of December 31, 2021.
The book value of our outstanding equipment and other notes approximated fair value as December 31, 2021 based on consideration of recently executed transactions for similar debt, which are considered to be Level 2 measurements. The equipment notes had a fair value and carrying value of $17,672 as of December 31, 2021.
Our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2020 primarily bore interest at variable rates and book value approximated fair value, which were considered to be Level 2 measurements.
The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s recurring fair value measurements as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are presented in the following table:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2021 | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total Fair Value | | Total Carrying Value |
| Recurring: | | | | | | | | | | |
Contingent payments for acquisitions(1) | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1,950 | | | $ | 1,950 | | | $ | 1,950 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2020 | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total Fair Value | | Total Carrying Value |
| Recurring: | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest rate swap(2) | | $ | — | | | $ | 935 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 935 | | | $ | 935 | |
Contingent payments for acquisitions(1) | | — | | | — | | | 1,950 | | | 1,950 | | | 1,950 | |
1.As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the fair value of the contingent payments for acquisitions was estimated at the acquisition date using the present value of future payments and a discount rate in effect at the time of the acquisition. This analysis is updated at each reporting date to determine if any changes to the fair value are required and is considered to be a Level 3 measurement.
2.As of December 31, 2020, the fair value of the interest rate swap was measured based on observable market data, which were considered to be Level 2 measurements.
The Company's non-recurring level 3 fair value measurements consist of the measurement of AROs as described in Notes 5 and 7, the valuation of goodwill, intangible assets, and real estate, property and equipment, net as described in Notes 6 and 10 and the measurement of the preferred stock paid-in-kind dividends as described in Note 14.
Debt Issuance Costs
Debt issuance costs associated with our various credit agreements are amortized as interest expense over the term of the applicable agreement. Debt issuance costs related to the Notes are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Debt issuance costs related to the Asset-Based Lending Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Freight Costs
Freight costs charged to customers are included in revenue. Costs incurred by the Company for freight are included in cost of sales.
Leases
Leases are accounted under ASC 840, Leases, and are categorized as either operating or capital leases at inception. Operating lease costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. For capital leases, an asset and a corresponding liability are established for the present value at the beginning of the lease term of minimum lease payments during the lease term, excluding any executory costs. If the present value of the minimum lease payments exceeds the fair value of the leased property at lease inception, the amount measured initially as the asset and obligation shall be the fair value. The capital lease obligation is amortized over the life of the lease.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for in accordance with ASC 740. Income tax expense, or benefit, is calculated using the asset and liability method under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.
The Company assesses its deferred tax assets each quarter to determine whether the assets are more likely than not (probability of more than 50%) realizable under ASC 740. The Company is required to record a valuation allowance for any portion of the tax assets that, based on the assessment, are not more likely than not realizable. The assessment considers, among other things, earnings in prior periods, forecasts of future taxable income, statutory carryforward periods, and tax planning strategies, to the extent feasible. The realization of deferred tax assets largely depends part on the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the differences become deductible. The value of the deferred tax assets will also depend on applicable income tax rates. Judgment is required in determining the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements. Differences between anticipated and actual outcomes of these future tax consequences could have a material impact on the financial statements. Changes in existing tax laws and tax rates also affect actual tax results and the valuation of deferred tax assets over time.
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation plans as equity-classified plans, in accordance with the fair value recognition provisions of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes model, which requires the input of subjective assumptions. These assumptions include estimating (i) the volatility of the common stock price over the expected term, (ii) the expected term, and (iii) expected dividends. Where the vesting of the stock is also based upon performance measures, management determines the likelihood of meeting such measures. Changes in the subjective assumptions can materially affect the estimate of the fair value of stock-based compensation and, consequently, the related amounts recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Stock-based compensation expense is recognized in general and administrative expenses.
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Revenue is measured based on the amount of consideration specified in a contract with a customer. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied, which generally occurs with the transfer of control of the goods or services to the customer.
Contract Combination
To determine revenue recognition for contracts, we evaluate whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as one single contract and whether the combined or single contract should be accounted for as more than one performance obligation. This evaluation requires significant judgment, and the decision to combine a group of contracts or separate a combined or single contract into multiple performance obligations could change the amount of revenue and profit recorded in a given period. Contracts are considered to have a single performance obligation if the promise to transfer the individual goods or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts primarily because we provide a service that involves multiple inter-related and integrated tasks to achieve the completion of a specific, single project. We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation for contracts with multiple performance obligations using our best estimate of the stand-alone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract.
Sales and Services Contracts
For sales and service contracts where we have the right to consideration from the customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value received by the customer based on our performance to date, revenue is recognized at a point in time when services are performed and contractually billable. Certain service contracts contain provisions dictating fluctuating rates per unit for the certain services in which the rates are not directly related to changes in the Company’s effort to perform under the contract. We recognize revenue based on the stand-alone selling price per unit for such contracts, calculated as the average rate per unit over the term of those contractual rates. This creates a contract asset or liability for the difference between the revenue recognized and the amount billed to the customer.
Under the typical payment terms of our services contracts, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, at periodic intervals (e.g., weekly, biweekly or monthly).
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
Construction Contracts
We recognize revenue over time, as performance obligations are satisfied, for substantially all of our construction contracts due to the continuous transfer of control to the customer. For most of our construction contracts, the customer contracts with us to provide a service that involves multiple inter-related and integrated tasks to complete a specific, single project and is therefore accounted for as a single performance obligation. We recognize revenue using the cost-to-cost input method, based primarily on contract costs incurred to date compared to total estimated contract costs. This method is the most accurate measure of our contract performance because it depicts the company’s performance in transferring control of goods or services promised to customers according to a reasonable measure of progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation.
Contract costs include all direct material, labor and subcontractor costs and indirect costs related to contract performance. The costs incurred that do not relate directly to transferring a service to the customer are excluded from the input method used to recognize revenue. Project mobilization costs are generally charged to the project as incurred when they are an integrated part of the performance obligation being transferred to the client. Pre-contract costs are expensed as incurred unless they are expected to be recovered from the client.
The payment terms of our construction contracts from time to time require the customer to make advance payments as well as interim payments as work progresses. The advance payment generally is not considered a significant financing component as we expect to recognize those amounts in revenue within a year of receipt as work progresses on the related performance obligation.
Variable Consideration
It is common for our contracts to contain contract provisions that give rise to variable consideration such as unpriced change orders or volume discounts that may either increase or decrease the transaction price. We estimate the amount of variable consideration at the expected value or most likely amount, depending on which is determined to be more predictive of the amount to which the Company will be entitled. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price when it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur or when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include such amounts in the transaction price are based largely on our assessment of legal enforceability, anticipated performance, industry business practices, and any other information (historical, current or forecasted) that is reasonably available to us. Variable consideration associated with unapproved change orders is included in the transaction price only to the extent of costs incurred.
We provide limited warranties to customers for work performed under our contracts. Such warranties are not sold separately, assure that the services comply with the agreed-upon specifications and legal requirements and do not provide customers with a service in addition to assurance of compliance with agreed-upon specifications. Accordingly, these types of warranties are not considered to be separate performance obligations. Historically, warranty claims have not resulted in material costs incurred.
Contract Estimates and Modifications
Due to the nature of the work required to be performed on many of our performance obligations, the estimation of total revenue and cost at completion is complex, subject to many variables and requires significant judgment. As a significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of our contracts, we routinely review and update our contract-related estimates through a disciplined project review process in which management reviews the progress and execution of our performance obligations and the estimated costs at completion. As part of this process, management reviews information including, but not limited to, outstanding contract matters, progress towards completion, program schedule and the associated changes in estimates of revenue and costs. Management must make assumptions and estimates regarding the availability and productivity of labor, the complexity of the work to be performed, the availability and cost of materials, the performance of subcontractors, and the availability and timing of funding from the customer, along with other risks inherent in performing services under all contracts where we recognize revenue over-time using the cost-to-cost method.
We recognize changes in contract estimates on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period in which the changes are identified. Such changes in contract estimates can result in the recognition of revenue in a current period for performance obligations that were satisfied or partially satisfied in prior periods. Changes in contract estimates may also result in the reversal of previously recognized revenue if the current estimate differs from the previous estimate. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on the contract, we recognize the total loss in the period it is identified.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements. Most of our contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct from existing contracts due to the significant integration provided in the context of the contract and are accounted for as if they were part of the original contract. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and our measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis. We account for contract modifications when the modification results in the promise to deliver additional goods or services that are distinct and the increase in the price of the contract is for the same amount as the stand-alone selling price of the additional goods or services included in the modification.
We evaluate our contracts whether we are acting as the principal or as the agent when providing services, which we consider in determining if revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis. We determine the Company to be a principal if we control the specified service before that service is transferred to a customer.
Contract Assets and Liabilities
Billing practices are governed by each project's contract terms based upon costs incurred, achievement of the milestones or predetermined schedules. Billings do not necessarily correlate with revenue recognized over time using the cost-to-cost input method. Contract assets include unbilled amounts typically resulting from revenue under long-term contracts when the revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract liabilities consist of billings in excess of revenue recognized as well as deferred revenue.
Contract assets also include retainage, which represents amounts withheld by our clients from billings according to provisions in the contracts and may not be paid to us until the completion of specific tasks or the completion of the project and, in some instances, for even longer periods.
Our contract assets and liabilities are reported in a gross position on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. We include in current assets and liabilities contract assets and liabilities, which may extend beyond one year.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), requiring all leases to be recognized on the balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and a lease liability unless the lease is a short-term lease (generally a lease with a term of 12 months or less). At the commencement date of the lease, the Company will recognize: (i) a lease liability for the Company’s obligation to make payments under the lease agreement, measured on a discounted basis; and (ii) a right-of-use asset that represents the Company’s right to use, or control the use of, the specified asset for the lease term. This ASU originally required recognition and measurement of leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective transition method. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, which provided an additional (and optional) transition method that permits the application of this ASU at the adoption date with recognition of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. In June 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-05 and delayed the effective date of this ASU, extending the effective date for non-public business entities, and making the ASU effective for the Company for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022, and interim periods within the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company has not yet selected a transition method and, while we are still in the process of assessing the impact of this new standard on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows, we expect the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial position due to the recognition of the right-of-use asset and lease liability related to operating leases. We had operating leases with remaining rental payments of approximately $29,106 as of December 31, 2021. The discounted minimum remaining rental payments will be the starting point for determining the right-of-use asset and lease liability.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which introduces a new model for recognizing credit losses on financial instruments based on an estimate of current expected credit losses. The new model will apply to: (1) loans, accounts receivable, trade receivables, and other financial assets measured at amortized cost, (2) loan commitments and certain other off-balance sheet credit exposures, (3) debt securities and other financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, and (4) beneficial interests in securitized financial assets. The amendments contained in this ASU will be applied through a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is adopted. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, which amended the effective date of ASU No. 2016-13 and clarified that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. In October 2019, the FASB delayed the effective date of this ASU, extending the effective date for non-public
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
business entities and making the ASU effective for the Company for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023, and interim periods therein, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or another rate that is expected to be discontinued. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). This ASU provides supplemental guidance and clarification to ASU No. 2020-04, and these updates must be adopted concurrently, cumulatively referred to as “Topic 848.” The amendments in Topic 848 are currently effective for all entities and upon adoption may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made on or before December 31, 2022. The Company is still assessing the impact of Topic 848 on its consolidated financial statements.
In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815 – 40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. This ASU simplifies the guidance on accounting for convertible debt instruments by removing the separation models for convertible debt with a cash conversion feature and convertible debt with a beneficial conversion feature. As a result, after adopting the ASU’s guidance, entities will not separately present in equity an embedded conversion feature in such debt. Instead, they will account for a convertible debt instrument wholly as debt, and for convertible preferred stock wholly as preferred stock unless certain other conditions are met. Also, the ASU requires the application of the if-converted method for calculating diluted earnings per share and the treasury stock method will no longer be available. This ASU will be effective for the Company for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024, and interim periods therein, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.
3. Discontinued Operations
On November 19, 2020, the Company completed the Allied Transaction through an all-cash deal for $40,000, subject to adjustments for working capital and certain other adjustments as set forth in the Purchase Agreement. The Allied Transaction was approved by a special committee of the Company’s board of directors consisting solely of independent directors, which obtained a fairness opinion in connection with the Allied Transaction. This Allied Transaction has been treated as a sale to an entity under common control, with $25,506 recognized as a contribution to equity.
The parties made customary representations and warranties and have agreed to customary covenants in the Purchase Agreement. The Company entered into a non-competition and non-solicitation arrangement under the Purchase Agreement with the Purchaser, subject to customary exceptions. In addition, the parties also entered into a Transition Services Agreement pursuant to which the Company provided Allied and the Purchaser with certain transition assistance services from the date of the Allied Transaction until April 30, 2021 in exchange for payment. The Transition Services Agreement was subsequently amended and extended with certain transition assistance services provided until August 30, 2021. In total, the Company received $60 for its performance under the Transition Services Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company had receivables outstanding from Allied of $0 and $120 at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance for the disposal of long-lived assets, the results of the Allied Transaction are presented as discontinued operations and, as such, have been excluded from continuing operations for all periods presented.
The Company received cash proceeds of $37,860, which was net of transaction costs of $1,900 and Allied restricted cash of $240. The Company assumed Allied liabilities of $3,500, recorded a $301 increase to paid-in-capital for the income tax impact related to the Allied Transaction and recognized accruals of $6,954 for working capital adjustments and $413 for other acquisition-related charges in accrued expenses in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2021. All accruals recognized through the Allied Transaction were paid during the year ended December 31, 2021.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
The Company derecognized the following assets and liabilities through this Allied Transaction:
| | | | | |
| Restricted cash | $ | 240 | |
| Trade accounts receivable, net | 25,752 | |
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1,453 | |
| Property and equipment, net | 1,112 | |
Goodwill(a) | 12,020 | |
| Accounts payable | (8,681) | |
| Accrued liabilities | (26,367) | |
| Carrying value of Allied | $ | 5,529 | |
(a) Goodwill was allocated to discontinued operations on a relative fair value basis.
The following amounts related to discontinued operation were derived from historical financial information and have been segregated from continuing operations and reported as discontinued operations in our Consolidated Statements of Operations:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2020 | | 2019 | | |
| Revenue | $ | 314,251 | | | $ | 310,207 | | | |
| Cost of sales | 295,423 | | | 291,106 | | | |
| Gross profit | 18,828 | | | 19,101 | | | |
| General and administrative expenses | 7,106 | | | 9,785 | | | |
| Operating income | 11,722 | | | 9,316 | | | |
Interest expense, net(b) | (2,745) | | | (2,211) | | | |
| Income from discontinued operations before income taxes | 8,977 | | | 7,105 | | | |
| Income tax expense | 94 | | | — | | | |
| Income from discontinued operations | $ | 8,883 | | | $ | 7,105 | | | |
(b) Interest expense was allocated to discontinued operations due to a requirement in our amended Credit Agreement that cash generated from the Allied Transaction was to be used to reduce our borrowings.
The following table provides supplemental cash and restricted cash information related to discontinued operations:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2020 | | 2019 | | |
| Cash and restricted cash: | | | | | |
| Cash and restricted cash - continuing operations | $ | 29,211 | | | $ | 5,912 | | | |
| Cash and restricted cash - discontinued operations | — | | | 216 | | | |
| Total cash and restricted cash | $ | 29,211 | | | $ | 6,128 | | | |
The depreciation and amortization, capital expenditures and significant operating noncash items of Allied were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2020 | | 2019 | | |
| Cash flows from discontinued operating activities: | | | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | $ | 755 | | | $ | 591 | | | |
| Loss on disposal of fixed assets | 22 | | | — | | | |
| Non-cash shared-based compensation | 145 | | | 99 | | | |
| | | | | |
| Cash flows from discontinued investing activities: | | | | | |
| Purchase of property and equipment | $ | 93 | | | $ | 1,412 | | | |
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
4. Revenue
We disaggregate our revenue from customers by customer arrangement and geographic region as we believe it best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. See details in the tables below.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Construction contracts | 160,632 | | | 80,805 | | | 80,968 | |
| Byproduct services | 101,355 | | | 106,704 | | | 110,842 | |
| Raw material sales | 31,232 | | | 44,868 | | | 52,851 | |
| Total revenue | $ | 293,219 | | | $ | 232,377 | | | $ | 244,661 | |
Byproduct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| United States | $ | 293,219 | | | $ | 231,032 | | | $ | 244,661 | |
| Foreign | — | | | 1,345 | | | — | |
| Total revenue | $ | 293,219 | | | $ | 232,377 | | | $ | 244,661 | |
On December 31, 2021, we had $605,765 in transaction price for existing contracts allocated to remaining performance obligations. We expect to recognize approximately 20% of our remaining performance obligations as revenue during 2022, 13% in 2023, 11% in 2024 and 55% thereafter. Revenue associated with our remaining performance obligations relates to our construction contracts. The balance of remaining performance obligations does not include variable consideration that was determined to be constrained as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, there were $3,887 in an unapproved change orders associated with project scope changes included in estimated costs at completion on certain construction contracts, of which $2,243 were approved after year end.
5. Asset Acquisition
As part of our ERT service offerings, in February 2021, the Company, through its wholly-owned special purpose vehicle subsidiary Gibbons Creek Environmental Redevelopment Group (“GCERG”), closed on an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “APA” or the “Agreement”) with Texas Municipal Power Agency to acquire, remediate and redevelop the Gibbons Creek Steam Electric Station and Reservoir (the “Gibbons Creek Transaction”). As part of this Agreement, GCERG took ownership of the 6,166-acre area (collectively, the “Purchased Assets”), which includes the closed power station and adjacent property, the 3,500-acre reservoir, dam and floodway. GCERG assumed all environmental obligations and became responsible for the decommissioning of the coal power plant as well as performing all environmental remediation work for the site landfills and ash ponds. At the closing of the APA, GCERG became liable for and expressly fully assumed any and all environmental liabilities and environmental compliance, as well as, without limitation, any remediation, investigation, management, mitigation, closure, maintenance, reporting, removal, disposal of and any other actions with respect to any hazardous substances at, on, in, under, or emanating from the Purchased Assets.
GCERG, at its discretion, plans to redevelop the property in an environmentally conscious manner that will expand economic activity and benefit the surrounding communities, as well as restore the property to a state that will enable it to be put to its best potential use. The existing power plant is being demolished, and GCERG is working with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality to complete all environmental remediation required for the property and then plans to redevelop the remediated property within all zoning restrictions. The redevelopment of the property is expected to be completed within 34 months from the date of acquisition.
The Gibbons Creek Transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, with the assumed liabilities net of cash received or owed to us by the seller comprising the purchase price. Since the fair value of the net assets acquired exceeded the cost, the Company allocated the difference pro-rata to reduce land, property and equipment, and intangible assets acquired on the basis of relative fair values.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
The assets acquired and liabilities assumed as recognized within the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet upon closing on the APA consisted of the following:
| | | | | |
| Consideration and direct transaction costs: | |
| Asset retirement obligations | $ | (50,590) | |
| Bond and insurance accrued expenses, net | (2,229) | |
| Direct transaction costs | (2,336) | |
| Total consideration and transaction costs incurred | $ | (55,155) | |
| |
| Asset Received: | |
| Cash | $ | 6,354 | |
| Restricted cash | 28,546 | |
| Water rights | 5,196 | |
| Land | 14,385 | |
| Plant, machinery and equipment | 610 | |
| Vehicles | 64 | |
| Total allocated value of assets acquired | $ | 55,155 | |
The Company has identified asset retirement obligations within the assumed liabilities to be initially measured and valued in accordance with ASC 410, Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations. We developed our estimates of these obligations based on our interpretation of current requirements and proposed regulatory changes, and we believe they approximate fair value. Absent quoted market prices, the estimate of fair value is based on the best available information, including the results of present value techniques, and is considered to be a Level 3 measurement. We use professional engineering judgment and estimated prices paid for similar work to determine the fair value of these obligations. We are required to recognize these obligations at market prices whether we plan to contract with third parties or perform the work ourselves.
Once we determined the estimated closure and post-closure costs for each asset retirement obligation, we inflation-adjusted those costs to the expected time of payment and discounted those expected future costs back to present value using an inflation rate of 3.0%. We discounted these costs to present value using the credit-adjusted, risk-free rate effective at the time the obligation was incurred, consistent with the expected cash flow approach. Any changes in expectations that result in an upward revision to the estimated cash flows are treated as a new liability and discounted at the current rate, while downward revisions are discounted at the historical weighted average rate of the recorded obligation. The credit-adjusted, risk-free discount rate used to calculate the present value of an obligation is specific to each individual asset retirement obligation. The weighted average rate applicable to our long-term asset retirement obligations related to the Gibbons Creek Transaction was approximately 4.5% at the acquisition date.
Because these obligations are measured at estimated fair value using present value techniques, changes in the estimated cost or timing of future final capping, closure, and post-closure activities could result in a material change in these liabilities and results of operations. We assess the appropriateness of the estimates used to develop our recorded balances annually or more often if conditions warrant. Differences between the estimated costs and actual costs incurred are recognized in earnings as specific obligations are settled.
Demolition costs will be capitalized as part of the land as incurred as part of preparing the site for sale since, at the acquisition date, (i) we planned to demolish the existing structure as part of the redevelopment plan for the acquired property, (ii) demolition is expected to occur within a reasonable period of time after the acquisition, and (iii) such expected costs will be incurred to make the land saleable to a third party.
As part of the acquisition, the Company acquired certain plant, machinery and equipment and vehicles for which management committed to a plan to sell. Property and equipment of $193 that was initially classified as held for sale was subsequently sold to third parties during the year ended December 31, 2021.
As of December 31, 2021, the Company has completed the sale of nearly 80% of the real property acreage acquired through the Gibbons Creek Transaction. The sale of property included 4,860 acres of the 6,166-acre area, the 3,500-acre reservoir, dam and spillway. The Company received net proceeds of $23,575 and recorded a gain on sales of property and
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
equipment, net, of $14,669 in the Consolidated Statements of Operations related to this transaction. The proceeds were recorded in cash flows from investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
6. Balance Sheet Items
Property and equipment, net
The following table shows the components of property and equipment, net:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Plant, machinery and equipment | $ | 63,937 | | | $ | 68,308 | |
| Structural fill site improvements | 55,760 | | | 55,760 | |
| Vehicles | 11,718 | | | 12,824 | |
| Office equipment | 600 | | | 582 | |
| Buildings and leasehold improvements | 267 | | | 262 | |
| Land, land improvements and structural fill sites | 12,231 | | | 432 | |
| Capital lease assets | 31,172 | | | 6,627 | |
| Construction in progress | 1,522 | | | 1,961 | |
Total property and equipment | $ | 177,207 | | | $ | 146,756 | |
| Less: accumulated depreciation | (106,734) | | | (97,286) | |
Property and equipment, net | $ | 70,473 | | | $ | 49,470 | |
Land, land improvements and structural fill sites include $5,953 of real property acquired in the Gibbons Creek Transaction that the Company is actively demolishing and for which depreciation expense is not being recorded. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company capitalized $4,067 of demolition costs and sold scrap with a cost basis of $2,511.
Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $16,718, $17,659, and $17,353, respectively.
During the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company re-assessed the useful life estimates of certain assets adjusted to fair value through the application of "push-down" accounting in conjunction with the transaction on January 13, 2017 in which BCP acquired a 76% equity position in Charah Management. These assets are depreciated through cost of sales. The Company accounted for this as a change in estimate that was applied prospectively, effective as of October 1, 2019. This change in depreciable lives resulted in a decrease in the useful lives for these assets and an increase of $941 in depreciation expense during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Other than Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Long-lived assets other than goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, held and used by the Company, including inventory and property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates the recoverability of assets to be held and used by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset to determine if the carrying value is not recoverable. If the carrying value is not recoverable, the Company fair values the asset and compares to the carrying value. If the asset is considered to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company determined that a triggering event occurred that indicated that the carrying value of certain remaining grinding technology-related equipment may not be recoverable. The fair value of the assets was determined through a market approach using the net realizable value of the assets, which indicated that the assets were impaired and resulted in an impairment charge of $673. The long-lived assets impaired had no remaining fair value as of December 31, 2021.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, as a result of the expiration of the option as discussed below, the Company determined that a triggering event had occurred that indicated that the asset group may not be recoverable as the option expiration led to a significant adverse change in the manner in which the long-lived asset was being used. The Company evaluated the recoverability of the structural fill site assets to be held and used by comparing the carrying amount of the asset group to the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated to determine if the carrying value is not recoverable. The recoverability test indicated that these assets were not recoverable. The fair value of the assets was determined using an income approach of the discounted cash flows expected from the assets and compared to the assets' carrying value, which indicated that the assets were impaired and resulted in an impairment charge. The Company recognized an impairment charge
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
of $6,399. The long-lived assets impaired during the year ended December 31, 2020, had a remaining fair value of $711 before the asset retirement obligation reassessment discussed below.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, as a result of a significant adverse change in the manner in which the long-lived assets were being used, the Company determined that certain grinding technology-related equipment and construction in progress assets were no longer viable as certain performance sales levels would not be achieved. We concluded that a triggering event had occurred that indicated that the asset group may not be recoverable. The fair value of the assets was determined through a market approach using the net realizable value of the assets, which indicated that the assets were impaired and resulted in an impairment charge. The Company recognized an impairment charge of $9,150.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, in connection with the impairment of certain grinding technology equipment and construction in progress assets, the Company determined that certain slow-moving inventory stored at two locations would no longer be used to create finished goods through the use of the previously mentioned technology-related equipment and would be sold to external parties. We concluded that a triggering event had occurred that the inventory value may not be recoverable. The fair value was determined through a market approach using the net realizable value of the inventory, which indicated that the assets were impaired and resulted in an impairment charge. The Company recognized an impairment charge of $2,757, which was recorded in cost of sales in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the inventory impaired during the year ended December 31, 2020 had a remaining fair value of $8 and $1,090, respectively.
Purchase Option Liability
On January 13, 2017, Charah Management, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Charah Solutions (“Charah Management”), completed a transaction with BCP, a previously unrelated third party, pursuant to which BCP acquired a 76% equity position of Charah Management (“the BCP transaction”). As part of this transaction, Charah Management recorded the fair value of a bargain purchase liability for an option held by a customer and a third party for its structural fill sites. The purchase option liability was calculated as the difference between the estimated fair value of the structural fill sites at the date of the BCP transaction and the option price to be paid by the customer or third party. The purchase options were exercisable after completion of work at the structural fill sites. The bargain purchase option was amortized over the structural fill sites’ estimated useful lives. The options expired without exercise in August 2020, and the remaining purchase option liability was reduced through amortization expense within general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statement of Operations.
The following table reflects activity related to the bargain purchase liability:
| | | | | |
| December 31, 2020 |
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | 7,110 | |
| Amortization expense | (7,110) | |
| Balance, end of period | $ | — | |
Sales-type lease
In March 2021, the Company amended an existing ground lease with a third party concerning one of the Company's structural fill assets with a 30-year term expiring on December 31, 2050. The lease includes multiple options that may be exercised at any time during the lease term for the lessee to purchase all or a portion of the premises, as well as a put option (the “Put Option”) that provides the Company the option to require the lessee to purchase all of the premises at the end of the lease term.
In accordance with ASC 840, Leases, the Company considered whether this lease, as amended, met any of the following four criteria as part of classifying the lease at the amendment date: (a) the lease transfers ownership of the property to the lessee by the end of the lease term; (b) the lease contains a bargain purchase option; (c) the lease term is equal to 75 percent or more of the estimated economic life of the lease property; and (d) the present value of the minimum lease payments, excluding executory costs, equals or exceeds 90 percent of the excess of the fair value of the lease property to the lessor at lease inception. This lease was recorded as a sales-type capital lease due to the Put Option provision contained within the lease agreement that represents a transfer of ownership of the property by the end of the lease term. Additionally, the Company determined that collectability of the lease payments was reasonably assured and that there were not any significant uncertainties related to costs that it has yet to incur with respect to the lease.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
At the amendment date of the lease, a discount rate of 3.9% implicit in the sales-type lease was used to calculate the present value of the minimum lease payments, which the Company recorded as a lease receivable. The Company recognized a gain of $5,568 within operating income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The following table reflects the classification of the lease receivable within our Consolidated Balance Sheet:
| | | | | |
| December 31, 2021 |
| Lease receivable | $ | 5,937 | |
| Less: current portion in prepaid expenses and other current assets | (65) | |
| Non-current portion in other assets | $ | 5,872 | |
Asset sale agreement
In June 2021, the Company consummated an asset sale with an unrelated third party in which the Company assigned a lease agreement to the purchaser and sold certain grinding-related inventory and fixed assets for an aggregate sale price of $2,852. The Company received $1,250 in cash at closing, with the remaining portion to be paid over time on specified dates, with the final payment to be received 36 months from the closing date.
The Company determined that the note receivable included a significant financing component. As a result, the sale price and gain on sale were determined on a discounted cash flow basis. The Company recognized a gain of $1,187 within gains on sales of fixed assets in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The following table reflects the classification of the note receivable within our Consolidated Balance Sheet:
| | | | | |
| December 31, 2021 |
| Note receivable | $ | 1,352 | |
| Less: current portion in prepaid expenses and other current assets | (500) | |
| Non-current portion in other assets | $ | 852 | |
Accrued liabilities
The following table shows the components of accrued liabilities:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Accrued expenses | $ | 25,074 | | | $ | 19,323 | |
| Accrued working capital adjustment for the Allied Transaction | — | | | 6,954 | |
| Accrued payroll and bonuses | 7,798 | | | 7,227 | |
| Accrued preferred stock dividends | 1,994 | | | 1,356 | |
| Accrued interest | 2,008 | | | 77 | |
Accrued liabilities | $ | 36,874 | | | $ | 34,937 | |
Contingent payments for acquisitions
The following table presents the changes in the contingent payments for acquisitions:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | 1,950 | | | $ | 11,481 | |
| Add: interest accreted on contingent payments for acquisition | — | | | 171 | |
| Less: gain on change in contingent payment liability | — | | | (9,702) | |
| Balance, end of period | $ | 1,950 | | | $ | 1,950 | |
On March 30, 2018, Charah Management completed a transaction with SCB Materials International, Inc. and affiliated entities (“SCB”), a previously unrelated third party, pursuant to which Charah Solutions acquired certain assets and liabilities of SCB for a purchase price of $35,000, with $20,000 paid at closing and $15,000 to be paid over time in conjunction with certain performance metrics. The contract also contained various mechanisms for a working capital true-up. The acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, (“ASC 805”)
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
with the allocation of the purchase price for the acquisition finalized as of March 31, 2019 with the recognized goodwill allocated to the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In November 2018, the $15,000 to be paid over time was reduced by $3,300.
As previously discussed and as further discussed in Note 10, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company evaluated the recoverability of certain grinding technology assets. As part of that review, we assessed the likelihood of paying the contingent liability based on achieving certain performance sales levels using these technology assets. The Company concluded that certain sales levels would not be achieved, and we reduced the corresponding liability by $9,702 and this reduction was recognized as a component of operating (loss) income in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of December 31, 2021, the remaining liability balance of $1,950 is expected to be paid after 2022.
7. Asset Retirement Obligations
The Company owns one structural fill site with continuing maintenance and monitoring requirements after its closure and four tracts of real property with decommissioning, remediation and monitoring requirements. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company has accrued $42,413 and $5,159, respectively, for the asset retirement obligations (“ARO”).
Structural Fill Site ARO
Asset retirement activities and our related accounting for this ARO are as follows:
•Final capping and closure involve the installation of drainage and compacted soil layers and topsoil over areas where total airspace capacity has been consumed. Asset retirement obligations are recorded on a units-of-consumption basis as airspace is consumed. The liability is based on estimates of the discounted cash flows.
•Post closure involves the maintenance and monitoring of the structural fill sites. Generally, we are required to maintain and monitor the structural fill sites for a 30-year period. These maintenance and monitoring costs are recorded as an asset retirement obligation as airspace is consumed over the life of the structural fill sites. Post-closure obligations are recorded over the life of the structural fill sites on a units-of-consumption basis as airspace is consumed, based on estimates of the discounted cash flows associated with performing post-closure activities.
We develop our estimates of these obligations using input from our operations personnel. Our estimates are based on our interpretation of current requirements and proposed regulatory changes and are intended to approximate fair value. Absent quoted market prices, the estimate of fair value is based on the best available information, including the results of present value techniques. We use professional engineering judgment and estimated prices paid for similar work to determine the fair value of these obligations. We are required to recognize these obligations at market prices whether we plan to contract with third parties or perform the work ourselves. In those instances where we perform the work with internal resources, the incremental profit margin realized will be recognized as a component of operating income when the work is completed.
Once we determined the final capping, closure, and post-closure costs, we inflated those costs to the expected time of payment and discount those expected future costs back to present value using an inflation rate of 3.0%. We discounted these costs to present value using the credit-adjusted, risk-free rate effective of 5.25% at the time an obligation was incurred, consistent with the expected cash flow approach.
We record the estimated fair value of final capping, closure, and post-closure liabilities for our structural fill sites based on the capacity consumed through the current period. Because these obligations are measured at estimated fair value using present value techniques, changes in the estimated cost or timing of future final capping, closure, and post-closure activities could result in a material change in these liabilities, related assets, and results of operations. We assess the appropriateness of the estimates used to develop our recorded balances annually, or more often if conditions warrant.
Real Estate AROs
The Company acquired certain real property through the Gibbons Creek Transaction with decommissioning, remediation and monitoring requirements. Refer to Note 5, Asset Acquisition, for asset retirement activities and our related accounting for these AROs.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
The following table reflects the activity for our asset retirement obligations:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | 5,159 | | | $ | 15,131 | |
| Liabilities incurred | 50,590 | | | — | |
| Liabilities settled | (11,725) | | | (8,413) | |
| Accretion | 2,012 | | | 568 | |
| Gain on ARO settlement | (3,623) | | | — | |
| Revision in estimate | — | | | (2,127) | |
| Balance, end of period | 42,413 | | | 5,159 | |
| Less: current portion | (27,534) | | | (2,043) | |
| Non-current portion | $ | 14,879 | | | $ | 3,116 | |
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized a gain on ARO settlement of $3,623 representing differences between the estimated costs used in the measurement of the fair value of the Company's AROs and the actual expenditures incurred for specific remediation tasks performed during the year ended December 31, 2021.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, after the expiration of the option and the impairment of the structural fill site assets in August 2020 as discussed above, the Company performed a review of the asset retirement obligation to determine if there had been changes in the estimated amount or timing of cash flows. The Company identified a downward adjustment of $2,127 primarily due to the refinement of cost information associated with project bonding and insurance and the decrease in actual closure costs incurred since the site has ceased operations. The Company views the asset retirement obligation and the related structural fill site asset as a single asset so we first recorded a reduction of $279 to the carrying value of the asset and then recorded the excess balance of $1,848 as a reduction to cost of sales in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
8. Equity Method Investments
In January 2016, Charah, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Charah Solutions, organized a joint venture with VHSC Holdings, LLC, an unrelated third party, to provide ash management and remarketing services to the electric utility industry. The Company owns a 50% interest in the joint venture and accounts for its investment under the equity method of accounting because we have significant influence over the financial and operating policies of the company. The Company had a receivable due from the equity method investment of $0 and $182 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
In December 2020, the Company informed our joint venture partner of our decision to exit the joint venture due to unfavorable economic conditions associated with a new contract that would adversely impact the future earnings capacity of our investment. As a result, the Company determined it was unlikely that it would recover the full carrying amount of the investments and recognized an impairment charge of $3,800 in the year ended December 31, 2020. In 2021, the joint venture sold its property and equipment at an amount exceeding carrying value and continues to settle its remaining current assets and liabilities through the normal course of business.
The following table sets forth the summarized balance sheet information of our equity method investment entity as of:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Current assets | $ | 14 | | | $ | 1,812 | |
| Noncurrent assets | — | | | 282 | |
| Total assets | $ | 14 | | | $ | 2,094 | |
| Current liabilities | — | | | 432 | |
| Equity of Charah | 7 | | | 831 | |
| Equity of joint venture partner | 7 | | | 831 | |
| Total liabilities and members’ equity | $ | 14 | | | $ | 2,094 | |
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
Summarized financial performance of our equity method investment entity is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Operating Data | | | | | |
| Revenue | $ | 555 | | | $ | 6,012 | | | $ | 9,354 | |
| Net income | $ | 381 | | | $ | 2,569 | | | $ | 4,590 | |
| The Company’s share of net income | $ | 191 | | | $ | 1,284 | | | $ | 2,295 | |
The following table reflects our proportional ownership activity in our investment account:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Opening balance | $ | 831 | | | $ | 5,078 | | | $ | 5,060 | |
| | | | | |
Distributions | (1,015) | | | (1,731) | | | (2,277) | |
Share of net income | 191 | | | 1,284 | | | 2,295 | |
| Impairment | — | | | (3,800) | | | — | |
| Closing balance | $ | 7 | | | $ | 831 | | | $ | 5,078 | |
9. Distributions to Stockholders, Receivable from Affiliates, and Related Party Transactions
ATC Group Services LLC (“ATC”), an entity owned by BCP, our majority stockholder, provided environmental consulting and engineering services at certain service sites. Expenses to ATC were $100, $288, $184, during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019. The Company had no receivables outstanding from ATC at December 31, 2021 and 2020. The Company had payables and accrued expenses, net of credit memos, due to ATC of $4 and $29 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Brown & Root Industrial Services, LLC (“B&R”), an entity 50% owned by BCP, our majority stockholder, provided subcontracted construction services at one of our remediation and compliance service sites in 2019. Expenses to B&R were $1,565 during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company had no receivables outstanding from or payables due to B&R at December 31, 2021 and 2020.
The Company previously rented its corporate office through October 2019 through a triple net lease and rented housing at work sites and a condo through March 2020 from Price Real Estate, LLC (“Price Real Estate”), an entity owned by a stockholder of the Company. Rental expense associated with Price Real Estate of $391 was incurred during the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively. The Company had no receivables outstanding from or payables due to Price Real Estate at December 31, 2021 and 2020.
PriceFlight, LLC (“PriceFlight”), an entity owned by a stockholder of the Company, previously provided flight services to the Company in 2019. Expenses to PriceFlight for flight services amounted to $85 during the years ended December 31, 2019. The Company had no receivables outstanding from or payables due to PriceFlight at December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Management determined that Price Real Estate and PriceFlight are variable interest entities. The Company has variable interests in them through the common ownership and contractual agreements discussed above. The Company is not considered to be the primary beneficiary. Management considers the likelihood to be remote that the Company will be required to make future funds available to Price Real Estate and PriceFlight. However, were the Company required to make funds available, the maximum exposure to the Company would be any excess of the debt obligations of Price Real Estate and PriceFlight over the fair value of their respective assets.
As further discussed in Note 10, Long-term Debt, in August 2021, the Company completed an offering of $135,000, in the aggregate, of the Notes, which amount included the exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase an additional $5,000 aggregate principal amount of Notes. B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“B. Riley”), a shareholder of the Company with board representation, served as the lead book-running manager and underwriter for this offering, purchasing a principal amount of $80,325 of the Notes. Fees paid to B. Riley related to this offering were $7,914 for the year ended December 31, 2021. These fees were capitalized as debt issuance costs within notes payable, less current maturities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and will be amortized prospectively through interest expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations using the effective interest method through the maturity date of the Notes. In addition, Charah, LLC, a Kentucky limited liability company and
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
indirect subsidiary of the Company, issued a promissory note in exchange for cash in favor of B. Riley Commercial Capital, LLC, an affiliate of B. Riley, evidencing a loan in aggregate principal amount of $17,852. The promissory note was repaid in full as of December 31, 2021.
As further discussed in Note 3, in November 2020, the Company sold its Allied subsidiary to an affiliate of BCP.
As further discussed in Note 13, in March 2020, the Company entered into an agreement with an investment fund affiliated with BCP to sell 26,000 shares of Preferred Stock.
10. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but instead are tested for impairment annually or more often if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the fair value of the asset may have decreased below its carrying value. We perform our impairment test effective October 1st of each year and evaluate for impairment indicators between annual impairment tests.
Goodwill
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, goodwill was $62,193. We performed a quantitative assessment of the Company, which we concluded was a single reporting unit, as of October 1, 2021 using a market approach, whereby the market capitalization of the Company was compared to its carrying value. The market capitalization was derived from the Company's publicly traded stock price. The fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, and therefore, no impairment was recognized.
Indefinite-Lived Intangible Asset
Our intangible assets, net include a trade name that is considered to have an indefinite life. The Charah trade name fair value is based upon the income approach, primarily utilizing the relief-from-royalty methodology. This methodology assumes that, in lieu of ownership, a third party would be willing to pay a royalty in order to obtain the rights to use the comparable asset. An impairment loss is recognized when the estimated fair value of the intangible asset is less than the carrying value. The fair value calculation requires significant judgments in determining both the assets’ estimated cash flows as well as the appropriate discount and royalty rates applied to those cash flows to determine fair value. Variations in economic conditions or a change in general consumer demands, operating results estimates or the application of alternative assumptions could produce significantly different results.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded an impairment of our Charah trade name intangible asset of $21,014, primarily as a result of a decrease in the royalty rate used in the valuation that was primarily attributable to the recent performance of the Company.
Definite-Lived Intangible Assets
Definite-lived intangible assets are comprised of our customer relationships. Amortization expense of definite-lived intangible assets was $7,894, $8,582, and $8,400 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Long-lived assets, including definite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever certain triggering events may indicate impairment. There was no impairment of definite-lived intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2021.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, as discussed in Note 6, the Company determined that certain technology- related equipment and construction in progress assets were no longer viable and recognized an impairment charge associated with those assets. As a result of this impairment, we concluded that a triggering event had occurred that indicated that the technology intangible asset group may not be recoverable. We determined that the technology intangible asset had no value since we will no longer be attempting to use the technology in construction equipment. The Company recognized an impairment charge of $1,452.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
The Company’s intangible assets consist of the following as of:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2021 | | December 31, 2020 |
| | Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization and Impairment | | Net Carrying Amount | | Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization and Impairment | | Net Carrying Amount |
| Definite-lived intangibles | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Customer relationships | $ | 78,942 | | | $ | (38,727) | | | $ | 40,215 | | | $ | 78,942 | | | $ | (30,832) | | | $ | 48,110 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Indefinite-lived intangibles | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Charah trade name | 13,316 | | | — | | | 13,316 | | | 34,330 | | | 21,014 | | | 13,316 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total | | | | | $ | 53,531 | | | | | | | $ | 61,426 | |
As of December 31, 2021, the total estimated amortization expense of the Company’s definite-lived intangible assets for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows:
| | | | | |
| For the Year Ending December 31, | |
| 2022 | $ | 7,894 | |
| 2023 | 7,894 | |
| 2024 | 7,894 | |
| 2025 | 7,894 | |
| 2026 | 7,894 | |
| Thereafter | 745 | |
| Total | $ | 40,215 | |
11. Long-term Debt
Senior Notes
On August 25, 2021, the Company completed an offering of $135,000, in the aggregate, of the Company’s Notes, which amount includes the exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase an additional $5,000 aggregate principal amount of Notes.
The Notes were issued pursuant to the First Supplemental Indenture (the “First Supplemental Indenture”), dated as of August 25, 2021, between the Company and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as trustee (the “Trustee”). The First Supplemental Indenture supplements the Indenture entered into by and between the Company and the Trustee, dated as of August 25, 2021 (the “Base Indenture” and, together with the First Supplemental Indenture, the “Indenture”).
The public offering price of the Notes was 100.0% of the principal amount. The Company received proceeds before payment of expenses and other fees of $135,000. The Company used the proceeds, along with cash from the issuance of $13,000 of common stock, to fully repay and terminate the Company’s Credit Facility, as defined below.
The Notes bear interest at the rate of 8.50% per annum. Interest on the Notes is payable quarterly in arrears on January 31, April 30, July 31 and October 31 of each year, commencing October 31, 2021. The Notes will mature on August 31, 2026.
The Company may redeem the Notes for cash in whole or in part at any time (i) on or after August 31, 2023 and prior to August 31, 2024, at a price equal to 103% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption, (ii) on or after August 31, 2024 and prior to August 31, 2025, at a price equal to 102% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption, and (iii) on or after August 31, 2025 and prior to maturity, at a price equal to 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. On and after any redemption date, interest will cease to accrue on the redeemed Notes.
The Indenture also contains customary event of default and cure provisions. If an uncured default occurs and is continuing, the Trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Notes may declare the Notes to be immediately due and payable.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
The Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and rank equal in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness.
As a result of the issuance of the Notes, $12,116 of third-party fees were capitalized as debt issuance costs that will be amortized through interest expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations using the effective interest method through the maturity date of the Notes.
Asset-Based Lending Credit Agreement
On November 9, 2021, the Company entered into a new Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“JPMorgan”), as administrative agent, the lenders party thereto and certain subsidiary guarantors named therein. The Credit Agreement provides for a four-year senior secured revolving credit facility with initial aggregate commitments from the lenders of $30,000, which includes $5,000 available for swingline loans, plus an additional $5,000 of capacity available for the issuance of letters of credit if supported by cash collateral provided by the Company (with a right to increase such amount by up to an additional $5,000) (“Aggregate Revolving Commitments”). Availability under the Credit Agreement is subject to a borrowing base calculated based on the value of certain eligible accounts receivable, inventory, and equipment of the Company and subject to redeterminations made in good faith and in the exercise of permitted discretion of JPMorgan. Proceeds of the Credit Agreements may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.
The Credit Agreement provides for borrowings of either base rate loans or Eurodollar loans. Principal amounts borrowed are payable on the maturity date with such borrowings bearing interest that is payable (i) with respect to base rate loans, monthly and (ii) with respect to Eurodollar loans, the last day of each Interest Period (as defined below); provided that if any Interest Period for a Eurodollar loan exceeds three months, interest will be payable on the respective dates that fall every three months after the beginning of such Interest Period. Eurodollar Loans bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the Adjusted LIBOR for one, three or six months (the “Interest Period”), plus an applicable margin of 2.25%. Base rate loans bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the greatest of (i) the agent bank’s reference rate, (ii) the federal funds effective rate plus 50 basis points and (iii) the rate for one month Adjusted LIBOR loans plus 100 basis points, plus an applicable rate of 125 basis points. The Credit Agreement contains a provision for sustainability adjustments annually that will impact the applicable margin by between positive 0.05% and negative 0.05% based on the achievement, or lack thereof, of certain metrics agreed upon between JPMorgan and the Company and publicly reported through the Company’s annual non-financial sustainability report.
The Credit Agreement is guaranteed by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and is secured by substantially all of the Company’s and such subsidiaries’ assets. The Credit Agreement contains customary restrictive covenants for asset-based loans that may limit the Company’s ability to, among other things: incur additional indebtedness, sell assets, make loans to others, make investments, enter into mergers, make certain restricted payments, incur liens, and engage in certain other transactions without the prior consent of the lenders.
A covenant testing period (“Covenant Testing Period”) is a period in which excess availability (which is defined in the Credit Agreement as the sum of availability and an amount up to $1,000), is less than the greater of (a) 12.5% of the lesser of the aggregate revolving commitments and the borrowing base, (b) the lesser of $7,500 and the PP&E Component as defined in the Credit Agreement, and (c) $3,500, for three consecutive business days. During a Covenant Testing Period, the Credit Agreement requires the Company to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio as defined in the Credit Agreement, determined for any period of twelve (12) consecutive months ending on the last day of each fiscal quarter, of at least 1.00 to 1.00.
As of December 31, 2021, the Company has not drawn on the Credit Agreement. Outstanding letters of credit were $19,027 as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $13,387 of outstanding letters of credit with JPMorgan and $5,649 with Bank of America, N.A.
As a result of entering into the Credit Agreement, $1,366 of third-party fees were capitalized as debt issuance costs that will be amortized through interest expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations using the effective interest method through the maturity date of the Credit Agreement.
Letter of Credit Cash Collateralization Promissory Note
On August 25, 2021, Charah, LLC issued a Secured Promissory Note (the “Promissory Note”), as the borrower, in favor of B. Riley Commercial Capital, LLC, as the noteholder (the “Noteholder”), evidencing a loan in aggregate principal amount of $17,852 made by the Noteholder to Charah, LLC. The loan outstanding under the Promissory Note bears interest at a rate of eight percent (8%) per annum and was set to mature on the thirteen-month anniversary of the effective date of the
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
Promissory Note. The proceeds of the Promissory Note were used by the Company and its subsidiaries to collateralize the Company's existing letters of credit issued through Bank of America, N.A. The loan was repaid in full during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Previous Credit Facility
On September 21, 2018, we entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Facility”) by and among us, the lenders party thereto from time to time and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (the “Administrative Agent”). The Credit Facility included:
•A revolving loan not to exceed $50,000 (the “Revolving Loan”);
•A term loan of $205,000 (the “Closing Date Term Loan”); and
•A commitment to loan up to a further $25,000 in term loans, which expired in March 2020 (the “Delayed Draw Commitment” and the term loans funded under such Delayed Draw Commitment, the “Delayed Draw Term Loan,” together with the Closing Date Term Loan, the “Term Loan”).
Pursuant to the terms of the Credit Facility and its related amendments, all amounts associated with the Revolving Loan and the Term Loan under the Credit Facility were set to mature in July 2022. The interest rates per annum applicable to the loans under the Credit Facility were based on a fluctuating rate of interest measured by reference to, at our election, either (i) the Eurodollar rate, currently LIBOR, or (ii) an alternative base rate. Various margins were added to the interest rate based upon our consolidated net leverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Facility). Customary fees were payable regarding the Credit Facility and included (i) commitment fees for the unused portions of the Credit Facility and (ii) fees on outstanding letters of credit. Amounts borrowed under the Credit Facility were secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company.
The Credit Facility contained various customary representations, warranties, restrictive covenants, certain affirmative covenants, including reporting requirements, and customary events of default.
Outstanding letters of credit under the previous Credit Facility were $11,079 as of December 31, 2020.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, using the proceeds from the Notes, along with cash from the issuance of $13,000 of common stock, to fully repay and terminate the Credit Facility, the Company paid $114,123 of outstanding principal on the Closing Date Loan and $12,340 of outstanding loans on the Revolver. Further, the Company paid $2,000 of previously accrued fees required as consideration for Amendment No. 3 to Credit Agreement that was otherwise due and payable on the maturity date. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company wrote off unamortized debt issuance costs of $638 as a result of extinguishment of debt, which is included in loss on extinguishment of debt in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
12. Notes Payable
The following table summarizes the significant components of debt at each balance sheet date and provides maturities and interest rate ranges for each major category as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
Various equipment notes entered into in November 2017, payable in monthly installments ranging from $6 to $24, including interest at 5.2%, maturing in December 2022 through December 2023. The notes are secured by equipment with a net book value of $983 as of December 31, 2021. | $ | 1,748 | | | $ | 2,871 | |
Various equipment notes entered into in 2018, payable in monthly installments ranging from $1 to $39, including interest ranging from 5.6% to 6.8%, maturing in March 2023 through May 2025. The notes are secured by equipment with a net book value of $5,471 as of December 31, 2021. | 5,952 | | | 8,446 | |
Various equipment notes entered into in 2019, payable in monthly installments ranging from $2 to $23, including interest ranging from 3.9% to 6.4%, maturing in April 2021 through December 2024. The notes are secured by equipment with a net book value of $2,454 as of December 31, 2021. | 2,633 | | | 3,490 | |
Various equipment notes entered in 2020, payable in monthly installments ranging from $9 to $10, including interest of 5.4%, maturing in August and September 2025. The notes are secured by equipment with a net book value of $1,767 as of December 31, 2021. | 1,624 | | | 2,011 | |
Various equipment notes entered into in 2021, payable in monthly installments ranging from $3 to $9, including interest ranging from 4.0% to 6.5%, maturing in February 2026 through August 2026. The notes are secured by equipment with a net book value of $1,696 as of December 31, 2021. | 1,861 | | | — | |
Various commercial insurance premium financing agreements entered into 2020, payable in monthly installments ranging from $22 to $126, including interest ranging from 3.4% to 3.8%, maturing in February and March 2021. | — | | | 453 | |
Various commercial insurance premium financing agreements entered into in 2021, payable in monthly installments ranging from $24 to $117, including interest ranging from 3.0% to 3.9%, maturing in October 2021 through April 2022. | 467 | | | — | |
A $10,000 equipment line with a bank, entered into in December 2017, secured by all equipment purchased with the proceeds of the loan. Interest is calculated on any outstanding amounts using a fixed rate of 4.5%. The equipment line converted to a term loan in September 2018, with a maturity date of June 22, 2023. The term loan is secured by equipment with a net book value of $2,292 as of December 31, 2021. | 3,387 | | | 5,791 | |
The Closing Date Term Loan and the Delayed Draw Term Loan entered into in September 2018 as part of the Syndicated Credit Facility (see Note 10). In August 2021, the Credit Facility was terminated and the full outstanding principal balance was repaid. | — | | | 125,239 | |
Senior Unsecured Notes, issued August 2021 (see Note 10). The Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company, bearing stated interest at 8.50%, and rank equal in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness. | 135,000 | | | — | |
| Total | 152,672 | | | 148,301 | |
| Less debt issuance costs | (11,444) | | | (1,024) | |
| 141,228 | | | 147,277 | |
| Less current maturities | (7,567) | | | (22,308) | |
| Notes payable due after one year | $ | 133,661 | | | $ | 124,969 | |
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
Future maturities of notes payable at December 31 are as follows:
| | | | | |
| For the Year Ending December 31, | |
| 2022 | $ | 7,567 | |
| 2023 | 5,545 | |
| 2024 | 3,226 | |
| 2025 | 1,122 | |
| 2026 | 135,212 | |
| Thereafter | — | |
| Total | $ | 152,672 | |
13. Sale-leaseback Transaction
In November 2020, we entered into a sale-leaseback transaction whereby we sold and leased back plant, machinery and equipment and vehicles. The transaction met the requirements of a sale in accordance with ASC 606, and the lease is classified as a capital lease. Proceeds from the sale were $7,000, and the cost and related accumulated depreciation of the plant, machinery and equipment and vehicles of $9,841 and $3,302, respectively, were removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheet at the time of the sale. The $461 gain realized on the sale and $88 in loan origination fees incurred at the time of the sale were included in the capital lease asset that will be depreciated over the life of the lease or three years. The lease obligation of $2,357 and $2,128 is recorded within current and long-term liabilities, respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2021. The proceeds from the sale were recorded within investing activities in the Consolidated Cash Flow Statements.
14. Mezzanine Equity
In March 2020, the Company entered into an agreement with an investment fund affiliated with BCP to sell 26 (twenty-six thousand) shares of Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Preferred Stock”), with an initial aggregate liquidation preference of $26,000, net of a 3% Original Issue Discount (“OID”) of $780 for net proceeds of $25,220 in a private placement (the “Preferred Stock Offering”). Proceeds from the Preferred Stock Offering will be used for liquidity and general corporate purposes. In connection with the issuance of the Preferred Stock, the Company incurred direct expenses of $966, including financial advisory fees, closing costs, legal expenses and other offering-related expenses. The Preferred Stock was initially recorded net of OID and direct expenses, which will be accreted through paid-in-capital as a deemed dividend from the date of issuance through the first possible known redemption date, March 16, 2023. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had accrued dividends of $1,030 associated with the Preferred Stock, which was recorded at a fair value of $1,994 using unobservable information for similar items and is classified as a level 3 fair value measurement.
Dividend Rights The Preferred Stock ranks senior to the Company’s common stock with respect to dividend rights and rights on the distribution of assets in any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company. The Preferred Stock had an initial liquidation preference of $1 (one thousand dollars) per share.
The holders of the Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend paid in cash at the rate of 10.0% per annum, payable on a quarterly basis. If we do not declare and pay a dividend to the holders of the Preferred Stock, the dividend rate will increase to 13.0% per annum and the dividends are paid-in-kind by adding such amount to the liquidation preference. Upon meeting certain "specified payment conditions," the Company has the ability under the Asset-Based Lending Credit Agreement to pay cash dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock. However, the Company’s intention is to pay dividends in-kind for the foreseeable future. The dividend rate will increase to 16.0% per annum upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default. As of December 31, 2021, the liquidation preference of the Preferred Stock was $32,712.
Conversion Features The Preferred Stock is convertible at the option of the holders at any time on and subsequent to the three-month anniversary of the date of issuance into shares of common stock at a conversion price of $2.77 per share (the “Conversion Price”), which represents a 30% premium to the 20-day volume-weighted average price ended March 4, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the maximum number of common shares that could be required to be issued if converted is 11,809 (eleven million eight hundred nine thousand). The conversion rate is subject to the following customary anti-dilution and other adjustments:
•the issuance of common stock as a dividend or the subdivision, combination, or reclassification of common stock into a greater or lesser number of shares of common stock;
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
•the dividend, distribution or other issuance of rights, options or warrants to holders of common stock entitling them to subscribe for or purchase shares of common stock at a price per share that is less than the market value for such issuance;
•the issuance of a dividend or similar distribution in-kind, which can include shares of any class of capital stock, evidences of the Company’s indebtedness, assets or other property or securities, to holders of common stock;
•a transaction in which a subsidiary of the Company ceases to be a subsidiary of the Company as a result of the distribution of the equity interests of the subsidiary to the holders of the Company’s common stock; and
•the payment of a cash dividend to the holders of common stock.
On or subsequent to the three-year anniversary of the date of issuance, if the holders have not elected to convert all their shares of Preferred Stock, the Company may give 30 days’ notice to the holders giving the holders the option to choose, in their sole discretion, to have all outstanding shares of Preferred Stock converted into shares of common stock or redeemed in cash at the then applicable Redemption Price (as defined below). The Company may not issue this conversion notice unless (i) the average volume-weighted average price per share of the Company’s common stock during each of the 20 consecutive trading days before the conversion is greater than 120% of the conversion price; (ii) the Company’s common stock is listed on a national securities exchange; (iii) a registration statement for the re-sale of the common stock is then effective; and (iv) the Company is not then in possession of material non-public information as determined by Regulation FD promulgated under the Exchange Act.
The Preferred Stock and the associated dividends during the year ended December 31, 2021 did not generate a beneficial conversion feature (“BCF”) upon issuance as the fair value of the Company’s common stock was less than the conversion price at the dividend dates. The Company will determine and, if required, measure a BCF based on the fair value of our stock price on the date dividends are declared for each subsequent dividend. If a BCF is recognized, a reduction to paid-in capital and the Preferred Stock will be recorded and then subsequently accreted through the first redemption date.
Additionally, the Company determined that the nature of the Preferred Stock was more akin to an equity instrument and that the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded conversion options were clearly and closely related to the Preferred Stock. As such, the conversion options were not required to be bifurcated from the host under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging.
Redemption Rights If the Company undergoes certain change of control transactions, the Company will be required to immediately make an offer to repurchase all of the then-outstanding shares of Preferred Stock for cash consideration per share equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the Liquidation Preference, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, plus, if applicable for a transaction occurring before the third anniversary of the closing, a make-whole premium determined pursuant to a calculation of the present value of the dividends that would have accrued through such anniversary, discounted at a rate equal to the applicable treasury rate plus 0.50% (the “Make-Whole Premium”); provided that if the transaction occurs before the first anniversary of the closing, the Make-Whole Premium shall be no greater than $4,000 and (ii) the closing sale price of the common stock on the date of such redemption multiplied by the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the outstanding Preferred Stock.
On or subsequent to the three-year anniversary of the issuance of the Preferred Stock, the Company may redeem the Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, for an amount in cash equal to the greater of (i) the closing sale price of the common stock on the date the Company delivers such notice multiplied by the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the outstanding Preferred Stock and (ii) (x) if the redemption occurs before the fourth anniversary of the date of the closing, 103% of the Liquidation Preference, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, or (y) if the redemption occurs on or after the fourth anniversary of the date of the closing, the Liquidation Preference plus accrued and unpaid dividends (the foregoing clauses (i) or (ii), as applicable, the “Redemption Price”).
On or subsequent to the seven-year anniversary of the date of issuance, the holders have the right, subject to applicable law, to require the Company to redeem the Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, into cash consideration equal to the liquidation preference, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends, from any source of funds legally available for such purpose.
Since the redemption of the Preferred Stock is contingently or optionally redeemable and therefore not certain to occur, the Preferred Stock is not required to be classified as a liability under ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. As the Preferred Stock is redeemable in certain circumstances at the option of the holder and is redeemable in certain
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
circumstances upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within our control, we have classified the Preferred Stock in mezzanine equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Liquidation Rights In the event of any liquidation, winding-up or dissolution of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, the holders of the Preferred Stock would receive an amount in cash equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the liquidation preference plus a Make-Whole Premium and (ii) the amount such holders would be entitled to receive at such time if the Preferred Stock were converted into Company common stock immediately before the liquidation event. The Make-Whole Premium is removed from the calculation for a liquidation event occurring subsequent to the third anniversary of the issuance date.
Voting Rights The holders of the Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with the holders of the common stock on an as-converted basis in addition to voting as a separate class as provided by applicable Delaware law and the Company’s organizational documents. The holders, acting exclusively and as a separate class, shall have the right to appoint either a non-voting observer to the Company’s Board of Directors or one director to the Company’s Board of Directors.
Registration Rights The holders of the Preferred Stock have certain customary registration rights with respect to the Preferred Stock and the shares of common stock into which they are converted, pursuant to the terms of a registration rights agreement.
15. Interest Rate Swap
The Company entered into an interest rate swap in December 2017 whereby the Company agreed to exchange with the counterparty, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed and variable interest amounts calculated by reference to a notional amount. On August 19, 2021, the Company terminated the interest rate swap in conjunction with the termination of the Credit Facility and issuance of the Notes. In conjunction with the termination, the Company settled the outstanding liability that was previously classified within other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet by paying $745 to the counterparty, which represented the fair value of the swap as of the termination date.
The total amount of gain (loss) included in interest expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $190, $181 and $(2,007), respectively.
16. Contract Assets and Liabilities
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in accounts receivable, contract assets, and contract liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Our contract assets are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings | $ | 17,163 | | | $ | 12,196 | |
| Retainage | 9,681 | | | 6,133 | |
Total contract assets | $ | 26,844 | | | $ | 18,329 | |
The increase in contract assets in 2021 was primarily attributable to an increase in the total number of remediation and compliance services projects and the timing of the billings for such projects.
Our contract liabilities are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Deferred revenue | $ | 483 | | | $ | 128 | |
| Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings | 5,716 | | | 6,167 | |
Total contract liabilities | $ | 6,199 | | | $ | 6,295 | |
We recognized revenue of $6,295 for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was previously included in the contract liability balance at December 31, 2020.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
The following table sets forth the costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts as of:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Costs incurred on uncompleted contracts | $ | 227,195 | | | $ | 123,339 | |
| Estimated earnings | 22,331 | | | 18,425 | |
Total costs and earnings | 249,526 | | | 141,764 | |
| Less billings to date | (238,079) | | | (135,735) | |
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings | $ | 11,447 | | | $ | 6,029 | |
The net balance in process is classified on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings | $ | 17,163 | | | $ | 12,196 | |
| Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings | (5,716) | | | (6,167) | |
Net balance in process | $ | 11,447 | | | $ | 6,029 | |
Anticipated losses on long-term contracts are recognized when such losses become evident. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, accruals for anticipated losses on long-term contracts were $159 and $155, respectively.
17. Stock-Based Compensation
The Company adopted the Charah Solutions, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), pursuant to which employees, consultants, and directors of the Company and its affiliates, including named executive officers, are eligible to receive awards. The 2018 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, bonus stock, dividend equivalents, other stock-based awards, substitute awards, annual incentive awards, and performance awards intended to align the interests of participants with those of Company's stockholders. The Company has reserved 3,007 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2018 Plan, and all future equity awards described above will be issued pursuant to the 2018 Plan. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company amended the 2018 Plan to reserve an additional 2,000 shares of common stock, for a total of 5,007 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan.
Restricted share units (“RSUs”)
During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company granted 501, 542 and 769, respectively, RSUs under the 2018 Plan that have time-based vesting requirements.
Of the RSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2021, 3 vested immediately, 90 vest at the end of a one-year period, and 408 vest in equal annual installments over three years. The fair value of these RSUs is based on the market price of the Company’s shares on the grant date. As of December 31, 2021, 3 of the shares were vested and none had been forfeited.
Of the RSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2020, 15 vest at the end of an eleven-month period, 90 vest at the end of a one-year period, and 437 vest in equal annual installments over three years. The fair value of these RSUs is based on the market price of the Company’s shares on the grant date. As of December 31, 2021, 251 of the shares were vested and 71 had been forfeited.
Of the RSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2019, 2 vested immediately, 128 vest after one year, 550 vest in equal installments over three years, and 89 vest in equal installments over four years. The fair value of these RSUs is based on the market price of the Company's shares on the grant date. As of December 31, 2021, 491 of the shares were vested and 111 had been forfeited.
Performance share units (“PSUs”)
During the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company granted 235 and 228 PSUs, respectively , under the 2018 Plan that cliff vest after three years. The vesting of the PSUs is dependent upon the following performance goals during a specified period (the “Performance Period”): (i) the relative total stockholder return (“TSR”) percentile ranking of the Company as compared to the specified performance peer group and (ii) cumulative revenue. Each performance goal is weighted at 50% in
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
determining the number of PSUs that become earned PSUs. The maximum number of earned PSUs for the Performance Period is 200% of the target number of PSUs. The total compensation cost we will recognize under the PSUs will be determined using the Monte Carlo valuation methodology, which factors in the value of the TSR market condition when determining the grant date fair value of the PSU. Compensation cost for each PSU is recognized during the Performance Period based on the probable achievement of the two performance criteria. The PSUs are converted into shares of our common stock at the time the PSU award value is finalized. As of December 31, 2021, none of the shares granted during 2021 were vested or had been forfeited. As of December 31, 2021, none of the shares granted during 2020 were vested and 43 had been forfeited.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, we also granted 331 performance share units (“PSUs”) under the 2018 Plan that cliff vest after three years. The vesting of these PSUs is dependent upon the Company’s achievement of certain stock price metrics. The fair value of the PSUs was determined using a binomial lattice model based upon the grant date stock price, a risk-free interest rate of 2.29% based upon the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grants, and an assumed volatility rate of 30% based upon a comparable public company analysis. As of December 31, 2021, none of the shares were vested and 72 had been forfeited.
A summary of the Company’s non-vested share activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Restricted Stock | | Performance Stock | | Total |
| Shares | | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value | | Shares | | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value | | Shares | | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | 981 | | | $ | 5.08 | | | 453 | | | $ | 4.02 | | | 1,434 | | | $ | 4.74 | |
| Granted | 501 | | | 5.41 | | | 235 | | | 4.74 | | | 736 | | | 5.20 | |
| Forfeited | (62) | | | 7.54 | | | (40) | | | 4.76 | | | (102) | | | 6.45 | |
| Vested | (535) | | | 5.88 | | | — | | | — | | | (535) | | | 5.88 | |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 885 | | | $ | 4.62 | | | 648 | | | $ | 4.24 | | | 1,533 | | | $ | 4.46 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Restricted Stock | | Performance Stock | | Total |
| Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Terms (Years) | | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Terms (Years) | | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Terms (Years) | | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | 0.79 | | $ | 2,817 | | | 1.68 | | $ | 1,299 | | | 1.07 | | $ | 4,116 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 0.88 | | $ | 4,072 | | | 1.26 | | $ | 2,979 | | | 1.04 | | $ | 7,051 | |
Stock-based compensation expense related to the restricted stock issued was $1,945, $1,839 and $2,069 during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested awards of restricted stock, net of estimated forfeitures, was $1,512, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.29 years. The total fair value of awards vested for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $2,463.
Stock-based compensation expense related to the performance stock issued was $757, $555, and $345 during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested awards of performance stock, net of estimated forfeitures, was $968, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.91 years.
18. Defined Contribution Retirement Plan
Charah and its operating subsidiary, Ash Management Services (“AMS”), provide a defined contribution employee benefit plan (the “Charah and AMS 401(k) Plan”) qualified under Section 401(k) of the Code to employees who have completed 90 days of service and have attained age 18. Participants may contribute up to the lesser of 90% of eligible compensation or the maximum allowed under the Code. Charah and AMS make safe harbor contributions to participant accounts equal to 3% of the participant’s annual compensation, commencing the quarter after the employee completes one year of service. Charah and AMS may also make discretionary contributions, and the contributions may vary from year to year for employees who have met one year of employment. Participants are immediately vested in their elective contributions and safe harbor contributions. Participants are vested in discretionary contributions after completing six years of service. During the year
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, Charah and AMS contributed $940, $393 and $1,014, respectively, to the Charah and AMS 401(k) Plan.
19. Commitments and Contingencies
We were party to a lawsuit filed against North Carolina by an environmental advocacy group alleging that the issuance by the state of certain permits associated with our Brickhaven clay mine reclamation site exceeded the state’s power. In December 2020, the Company, the environmental advocacy group and the state settled, resolved and dismissed all matters. Before the settlement, all customer-related work at the Brickhaven site had been completed. The settlement allows for all completed work to remain unchanged. Per the settlement, the Company will not place any additional material at the site, will place a deed restriction requiring engineering oversight for the future development of the site and will continue groundwater monitoring at the site. In April 2021, the state approved the Company’s application to modify its permit to conform to the work as completed. The Company will continue its work with the state to complete the remaining site closure operations.
Allied Power Services, LLC and its affiliate, Allied Power Resources, LLC, were named in a collective action lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, alleging violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act. This lawsuit included related class claims alleging violations of the Illinois Minimum Wage Law and the Pennsylvania Minimum Wage Act for failure to pay overtime. This case was one of a series filed against companies in the oil, gas and energy industries in Illinois and Texas. The parties mediated this case in November 2018 and reached a settlement. As part of the Allied Transaction, the Company assumed the remaining settlement liability. On July 15, 2020, the court granted final approval of the settlement, and the final settlement payment was made in April 2021.
In addition to the above matters, we are from time to time party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. For all such lawsuits, claims and proceedings, we record reserves when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Although it is difficult to predict the ultimate outcome of these lawsuits, claims and proceedings, we do not believe that the ultimate disposition of any of these matters, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. We maintain liability insurance for certain risks that is subject to certain self-insurance limits.
We believe amounts previously recorded are sufficient to cover any liabilities arising from the proceedings with all outstanding legal claims. Except as reflected in such accruals, we are currently unable to estimate a range of reasonably possible loss or a range of reasonably possible loss in excess of the amount accrued for outstanding legal matters.
20. Multiemployer Pension Plan
AMS contributes to union-sponsored multiemployer retirement defined benefit pension plans (the “multiemployer plans”) under the terms of collective bargaining agreements that cover its union-represented employees. The risks of participating in multiemployer plans are different from single-employer plans in the following aspects:
•Assets contributed to the multiemployer plans by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers.
•If a participating employer stops contributing to the multiemployer plans, the unfunded obligations of the multiemployer plans may be borne by the remaining participating employers.
•If AMS chooses to stop participating in the multiemployer plans, AMS may be required to pay the multiemployer plans an amount based on the underfunded status of the multiemployer plans, referred to as a withdrawal liability.
The primary multiemployer plan to which AMS made contributions for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 is outlined in the table below. The “EIN/Pension Plan Number” column provides the Employer Identification Number (“EIN”). The most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2021 is for the respective multiemployer plan’s year-end within those years, unless otherwise noted. The zone status is based on information that AMS received from the multiemployer plans and is certified by the respective multiemployer plan’s actuary. Among other factors, multiemployer plans in the red zone (critical) are generally less than 65% funded, multiemployer plans in the yellow zone (endangered) are less than 80% funded, and multiemployer plans in the green zone (neither critical and declining, critical, or endangered) are at least 80% funded. The “FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented” column indicates multiemployer plans for which a financial improvement plan (“FIP”) or a rehabilitation plan (“RP”) is either pending or has been implemented. The last column lists the expiration dates of the collective bargaining agreements to which the multiemployer plans are subject.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | Year ended December 31, 2021 | | Year ended December 31, 2020 | | Year ended December 31, 2019 | | | | |
| Pension Fund | | EIN/Pension
Plan Number | | Pension Protection
Act Zone
Status | | FIP/RP Status
Pending/
Implemented | | Contributions
to Funds by
AMS | | Contributions
to Funds by
AMS | | Contributions
to Funds by
AMS | | Surcharge
Imposed | | Expiration
Date of Collective
Bargaining
Agreement |
| Central states, southeast and southwest areas pension plan | | 36-6044243 | | Red - Critical and declining | | Progress under FIP or RP | | $ | 111 | | | $ | 55 | | | $ | 47 | | | No | | Continuous with notice period by either party |
| Operating Engineers Local 324 Pension Fund | | 38-1900637 | | Red - Critical | | Progress under FIP or RP | | $ | — | | | $ | 27 | | | $ | — | | | Yes | | 2021 |
| Employer Teamsters Locals 175 & 505 pension trust fund | | 55-6021850 | | Red - Critical | | Progress under FIP or RP | | $ | 81 | | | $ | 74 | | | $ | 112 | | | Yes | | 2021 |
21. Income Taxes
The Company is a “C” Corporation under the Code and, as a result, is subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income taxes. The Company’s subsidiaries previously operated as partnerships for income tax purposes. Before the contribution of assets and liabilities to the Company on June 18, 2018, the subsidiaries passed through their taxable income to their owners for U.S. federal and other state and local income tax purposes and, thus, the subsidiaries were not subject to U.S. federal income taxes or other state or local income taxes, except for franchise tax at the state level.
The total income tax (benefit) expense on (loss) income before income taxes was allocated as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Continuing operations | $ | 661 | | | $ | (914) | | | $ | 4,190 | |
| Discontinued operations | — | | | 94 | | | — | |
| Total | $ | 661 | | | $ | (820) | | | $ | 4,190 | |
The components of the provision for income taxes attributable to continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Current income tax expense (benefit): | | | | | |
| Federal | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
| State | 80 | | | (80) | | | (169) | |
| 80 | | | (80) | | | (169) | |
| Deferred income tax expense (benefit): | | | | | |
| Federal | 500 | | | (843) | | | 2,389 | |
| State | 81 | | | 9 | | | 1,970 | |
| 581 | | | (834) | | | 4,359 | |
| Total income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 661 | | | $ | (914) | | | $ | 4,190 | |
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
The items accounting for differences between income taxes computed at the federal statutory rate and the (benefit) provision recorded for income taxes for continuing operations were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Income tax benefit at the federal statutory rate (21%) | $ | (1,079) | | | $ | (13,537) | | | $ | (8,849) | |
| State income tax (benefit) expense, net of federal tax benefit | 127 | | | (70) | | | 1,180 | |
| Non-controlling interest | (3) | | | (251) | | | (595) | |
| Stock compensation | (164) | | | 277 | | | 78 | |
| Valuation allowance | 1,578 | | | 12,328 | | | 12,190 | |
| | | | | |
| Permanent items | 202 | | | 339 | | | 186 | |
| Total income tax (benefit) expense | $ | 661 | | | $ | (914) | | | $ | 4,190 | |
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, which requires an asset and liability approach for measuring deferred taxes based on temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities existing at each balance sheet date using enacted tax rates for the years in which taxes are expected to be paid or recovered.
The components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Deferred tax assets: | | | |
| Loss carryovers | $ | 14,333 | | | $ | 5,505 | |
| Intangible assets | 3,431 | | | 4,315 | |
| Other accrued expenses and reserves | 2,326 | | | 3,987 | |
| Loan modification costs | — | | | 1,828 | |
| Capital leases | 1,091 | | | 1,646 | |
| Deferred asset sale | 226 | | | 1,440 | |
| Accrued bonus | 1,195 | | | 1,278 | |
| Asset retirement obligations | 10,222 | | | 1,253 | |
| Capitalized cost | 819 | | | — | |
| Deferred tax assets | 33,643 | | | 21,252 | |
| Valuation allowance | (19,937) | | | (17,158) | |
| Net deferred tax asset | 13,706 | | | 4,094 | |
| Deferred tax liabilities: | | | |
| Fixed assets, including land | 9,757 | | | 4,345 | |
| Restricted cash from ERT projects | 4,838 | | | — | |
| Prepaid expenses | 60 | | | 117 | |
| Deferred tax liabilities | 14,655 | | | 4,462 | |
| Net deferred tax liability | $ | 949 | | | $ | 368 | |
The Company has net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $47,324 for federal income tax purposes as of December 31, 2021. The increase in the net operating loss carryforward from 2020 is primarily due to bonus depreciation. Additionally, capital losses recognized in 2021 will be carried back to increase the net operating loss carryforward. Deferred interest expense carried forward to 2022 is approximately $9,900. Net operating losses have unlimited carryover periods. Net operating losses and deferred interest expense for state tax purposes vary by state due mainly to apportionment. Most states allow net operating loss carryovers for a limited number of years.
Net deferred tax liabilities were $949 and $368 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We consider both positive and negative evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it may be objectively verified. Current and cumulative financial reporting results are a source of objectively verifiable evidence. Operating results during the most recent three-year period receive a significant weight in our analysis. We typically only consider forecasts of future profitability when positive cumulative operating results exist in the most recent three-year period. We perform scheduling exercises to determine if sufficient taxable income of the appropriate
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
character exists in the periods required in order to realize our deferred tax assets with limited lives before their expiration. Realization of net operating losses and other carryforwards is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income in the appropriate jurisdiction before the expiration of the carryforward periods, which involves business plans, planning opportunities and expectations about future outcomes.
Furthermore, we consider tax planning strategies available to accelerate taxable amounts if required to utilize expiring deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is not required to the extent that, in our judgment, positive evidence exists with a magnitude and duration sufficient to result in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized. A valuation allowance is recorded if it is more likely than not that a portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The change in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Beginning balance | $ | (17,158) | | | $ | (12,908) | |
| Current additions recorded in income tax (benefit) or expense | (2,708) | | | (14,204) | |
| Current reductions recorded in income tax (benefit) or expense | 837 | | | 3,264 | |
| Other adjustments | (908) | | | 6,690 | |
| Ending balance | $ | (19,937) | | | $ | (17,158) | |
Based on the available evidence as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 we were not able to conclude it was more likely than not certain deferred tax assets would be realized. Therefore, a valuation allowance of $19,937 and $17,158 was recorded respectively, against our deferred tax assets. We will continue to evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets in future periods.
The Company classifies any interest and penalties related to income taxes assessed as part of income tax expense. The Company has concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the financial statements, nor has the Company been assessed any significant interest or penalties by any major tax jurisdiction to any open tax periods.
The Company’s income tax returns for the year ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 have been timely filed with the U.S. federal, state and local governments. The statute of limitations is open for the federal income tax return and certain state returns through October 15, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively, and for most of the remaining state returns through October 15, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The examination of prior period tax returns filed for partnerships, the interests of which were contributed to the Company in the reorganization, could impact the Company’s tax expense and balance sheet tax accounts.
The Company has a foreign subsidiary located in a foreign jurisdiction, for which 2020 and prior calendar years are open for examination by local tax authorities. The Company is not aware of any potential adjustments for 2020 or prior years and any potential adjustment is not expected to be material to the financial statements.
22. Leases
Operating leases
The Company leases buildings, vehicles and equipment under various non-cancellable agreements classified as operating leases, which expire through December 2026 and require various minimum annual rentals.
Future minimum lease payments are as follows:
| | | | | |
| For the Years Ending December 31, | Operating Leases |
| 2022 | $ | 10,216 | |
| 2023 | 9,271 | |
| 2024 | 5,646 | |
| 2025 | 2,151 | |
| 2026 | 1,003 | |
| Thereafter | 819 | |
| Total | $ | 29,106 | |
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
The total rent expense included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $26,990, $19,406 and $18,613, respectively.
Capital leases
The Company's depreciation of capital lease assets is included with depreciation expense. The following table shows the components of capital lease assets, net:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Capital lease assets | $ | 31,172 | | | $ | 6,627 | |
| Less: accumulated depreciation | (3,606) | | | (368) | |
| Capital lease assets, net | $ | 27,566 | | | $ | 6,259 | |
Future minimum lease payments are as follows:
| | | | | |
| For the Year Ending December 31, | |
| 2022 | $ | 8,680 | |
| 2023 | 8,429 | |
| 2024 | 6,231 | |
| 2025 | 4,794 | |
| 2026 | 2,293 | |
| 30,427 | |
| Amount representing interest | 4,097 | |
| Present value of lease payments | $ | 26,330 | |
23. Loss Per Share
Basic loss per share is computed by dividing loss attributable to the Company’s stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share reflects all potential dilutive ordinary shares outstanding during the period and is computed by dividing loss available to the Company’s stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period increased by the number of additional shares that would have been outstanding as dilutive securities.
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
Basic and diluted loss per share is determined using the following information:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Numerator: | | | | | |
| Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (5,814) | | | $ | (64,746) | | | $ | (49,163) | |
| Deemed and imputed dividends on Series A Preferred Stock | (592) | | | (461) | | | — | |
| Series A Preferred Stock dividends | (8,156) | | | (4,064) | | | — | |
| Net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders | (14,562) | | | (69,271) | | | (49,163) | |
| Net income from discontinued operations | — | | | 8,883 | | | 7,105 | |
| Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (14,562) | | | $ | (60,388) | | | $ | (42,058) | |
| | | | | |
| Denominator: | | | | | |
| Weighted average shares outstanding | 31,573 | | | 29,897 | | | 29,495 | |
| Dilutive share-based awards | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Total weighted average shares outstanding, including dilutive shares | 31,573 | | | 29,897 | | | 29,495 | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Net loss from continuing operations per common share | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | (0.46) | | | $ | (2.32) | | | $ | (1.67) | |
| Diluted | $ | (0.46) | | | $ | (2.32) | | | $ | (1.67) | |
| | | | | |
| Net income from discontinued operations per common share | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | — | | | $ | 0.30 | | | $ | 0.24 | |
| Diluted | $ | — | | | $ | 0.30 | | | $ | 0.24 | |
| | | | | |
| Net loss attributable to common stockholders per common share | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | (0.46) | | | $ | (2.02) | | | $ | (1.43) | |
| Diluted | $ | (0.46) | | | $ | (2.02) | | | $ | (1.43) | |
The holders of the Preferred Stock have non-forfeitable rights to common stock dividends or common stock dividend equivalents. Accordingly, the Preferred Stock qualifies as participating securities.
As a result of the net loss from continuing operations per share for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, the inclusion of all potentially dilutive shares would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, dilutive shares (in thousands) of 12,234, 9,250, and 1,329 were excluded from the computation of the weighted average shares for diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 respectively.
A summary of securities excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share is presented below:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 | | |
| Diluted earnings per share: | | | | | | | |
| Anti-dilutive restricted and performance stock units | 1,318 | | | 1,510 | | | 1,329 | | | |
| Anti-dilutive Series A Preferred Stock convertible into common stock | 10,916 | | | 7,740 | | | — | | | |
| Potentially dilutive securities, excluded as anti-dilutive | 12,234 | | | 9,250 | | | 1,329 | | | |
CHARAH SOLUTIONS, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, continued
(amounts in thousands except per share data)
24. Major Customers
Revenues from certain customers in excess of 10% of total consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31 are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2021 | | Revenue | | % of Total | | % of A/R, net | | |
| Customer 1 | | $ | 40,590 | | | 13.8 | % | | 4.6 | % | | |
| Customer 2 | | 34,788 | | | 11.9 | % | | 11.1 | % | | |
| Customer 3 | | 29,670 | | | 10.1 | % | | 2.4 | % | | |
During the year ended December 31, 2020, no customers accounted for greater than 10% of total consolidated revenue or trade accounts receivable, net.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2019 | | Revenue | | % of Total | | % of A/R, net | | |
| Customer 2 | | 46,587 | | | 19.0 | % | | 14.0 | % | | |
25. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
The following table summarizes the unaudited quarterly results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| First Quarter(a) | | Second Quarter | | Third Quarter | | Fourth Quarter(b) |
2021 | | | | | | | |
| Revenue | $ | 52,107 | | | $ | 63,518 | | | $ | 84,161 | | | $ | 93,433 | |
| Operating income (loss) | 1,978 | | | (770) | | | 2,661 | | | 6,669 | |
| Income (loss) from continuing operations, net of tax and non-controlling interest | (1,287) | | | (4,166) | | | (1,677) | | | 1,316 | |
| Deemed and imputed dividends on Series A Preferred Stock | (147) | | | (148) | | | (148) | | | (149) | |
| Series A Preferred Stock dividends | (2,067) | | | (2,148) | | | (1,946) | | | (1,995) | |
| Net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders | (3,501) | | | (6,462) | | | (3,771) | | | (828) | |
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Net loss attributable to common stockholders | (3,501) | | | (6,462) | | | (3,771) | | | (828) | |
| | | | | | | |
| Net loss from continuing operations per common share | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | (0.12) | | | $ | (0.21) | | | $ | (0.12) | | | $ | (0.02) | |
| Diluted | $ | (0.12) | | | $ | (0.21) | | | $ | (0.12) | | | $ | (0.02) | |
| | | | | | | |
| Net income from discontinued operations per common share | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
| Diluted | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
| | | | | | | |
| Net loss attributable to common stockholders per common share | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | (0.12) | | | $ | (0.21) | | | $ | (0.12) | | | $ | (0.02) | |
| Diluted | $ | (0.12) | | | $ | (0.21) | | | $ | (0.12) | | | $ | (0.02) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| First Quarter | | Second Quarter | | Third Quarter(c) | | Fourth Quarter(d) |
2020 | | | | | | | |
| Revenue | $ | 51,277 | | | $ | 52,304 | | | $ | 63,116 | | | $ | 65,680 | |
| Operating loss | (5,773) | | | (3,451) | | | (108) | | | (30,237) | |
| | | | | | | |
| Deemed and imputed dividends on Series A Preferred Stock | — | | | (167) | | | (147) | | | (147) | |
| Series A Preferred Stock dividends | (111) | | | (858) | | | (877) | | | (2,218) | |
| | | | | | | |
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | 3,043 | | | 3,777 | | | 119 | | | 1,944 | |
| Net loss attributable to common stockholders | (14,361) | | | (4,561) | | | (5,240) | | | (36,226) | |
| | | | | | | |
| Net loss from continuing operations per common share | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | (0.59) | | | $ | (0.28) | | | $ | (0.18) | | | $ | (1.27) | |
| Diluted | $ | (0.59) | | | $ | (0.28) | | | $ | (0.18) | | | $ | (1.27) | |
| | | | | | | |
| Net income from discontinued operations per common share | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | 0.10 | | | $ | 0.13 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 0.06 | |
| Diluted | $ | 0.10 | | | $ | 0.13 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 0.06 | |
| | | | | | | |
| Net loss attributable to common stockholders per common share | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | (0.48) | | | $ | (0.15) | | | $ | (0.17) | | | $ | (1.21) | |
| Diluted | $ | (0.48) | | | $ | (0.15) | | | $ | (0.17) | | | $ | (1.21) | |
| | | | | | | |
(a)First-quarter of 2021 includes a $5,568 gain on sales-type lease in operating income (loss).
(b)Fourth-quarter of 2021 includes a $14,669 gain on the sale of real estate and $4,750 in accrued bonus compensation in general and administrative expenses.
(c)Third-quarter of 2020 includes a $6,399 impairment of a structural fill asset and a $7,110 reduction in general and administrative expenses from the expiration of a purchase option liability.
(d)Fourth-quarter of 2020 includes a $35,415 impairment of tangible, intangible assets and equity method investments and a $9,702 gain on change in contingent payment liability.
Basic and diluted (loss) earnings per common share for each of the quarters presented above is based on the respective weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding for each quarter, and the sum of the quarters may not necessarily be equal to the full-year basic and diluted earnings per common share amounts.
Schedule II. Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
The table below presents valuation and qualifying accounts:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Balance at Beginning of Period | | Charged to Expense | | Deductions | | Balance at End of Period |
Year ended December 31, 2021: | | | | | | | |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 467 | | | $ | 62 | | | $ | (383) | | | $ | 146 | |
Valuation allowance for deferred taxes | 17,158 | | | 3,616 | | | (837) | | | 19,937 | |
Year ended December 31, 2020: | | | | | | | |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 146 | | | $ | 354 | | | $ | (33) | | | $ | 467 | |
Valuation allowance for deferred taxes | 12,908 | | | 14,204 | | | (9,954) | | | 17,158 | |