3.A       Reserved

3.B       Capitalization and Indebtedness.

Not applicable.

3.C       Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

3.D       Risk Factors.

An investment in the Corporation’s securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, which are qualified in their entirety by reference to, and must be read in conjunction with, the detailed information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report and all documents incorporated by reference. The risks and uncertainties described below are those the Corporation currently believe to be material, but they are not the only ones the Corporation faces. If any of the following risks, or any other risks and uncertainties that the Corporation has not yet identified or that the Corporation currently considers not to be material, actually occur or become material risks, its business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.

Failure to drastically increase manufacturing capacity and efficiency could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

Although the Corporation’s existing manufacturing facilities, including contract manufacturers, which were used in 2022 to manufacture over 44 Vicinity Buses and 20 VMC Trucks, are able to satisfy the Corporation’s current manufacturing requirements, the future success of the Corporation’s business depends in part on its ability to drastically increase manufacturing capacity and efficiency, particularly in the United States in order to comply with the “Buy America” Act. The Corporation has completed construction of the Washington Facility, an assembly facility in Washington State that is expected to be able to deliver up to 1,000 buses annually over all sizes and powertrains or 6,250 electric trucks. The Corporation may be unable to expand its business, satisfy demand from its current and new customers, maintain its competitive position and improve profitability if it is unable to operate the Washington Facility and otherwise allow for increases in manufacturing output and speed. The construction of such a facility will require significant cash investments and management resources and may not meet the Corporation’s expectations with respect to increasing capacity, efficiency and satisfying additional demand. For example, if there are further delays in the Washington Facility becoming fully operational or achieving target yields and output, the Corporation may not meet its target for adding capacity, which would limit its ability to increase sales and result in lower than expected sales and higher than expected costs and expenses. Failure to drastically increase manufacturing capacity or otherwise satisfy customers’ demands may result in a loss of market share to competitors, damage the Corporation’s relationships with its key customers, a loss of business opportunities or otherwise materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation is and will be dependent on its manufacturing facilities. If one or more of its current or future manufacturing facilities becomes inoperable, capacity constrained or if operations are disrupted, the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

The Corporation’s revenue is and will be dependent on the continued operations of its existing manufacturing facilities as well as its other planned facilities, the Washington Facility. To the extent that the Corporation experiences any operational risk including, among other things, fire and explosions, severe weather and natural disasters (such as floods and hurricanes), failures in water supply, major power failures, equipment failures (including any failure of its information technology, air conditioning, and cooling and compressor systems), failures to comply with applicable regulations and standards, labor force and work stoppages, or if its current or future manufacturing facilities become capacity constrained, the Corporation will be required to make capital expenditures even though it may not have available resources at such time. Additionally, there is no guarantee that the proceeds available from the Corporation’s insurance policies will be sufficient to cover such capital expenditures. As a result, the Corporation’s insurance coverage and available resources may prove to be inadequate for events that may cause significant disruption to its operations. Any disruption in the Corporation’s manufacturing processes could result in delivery delays, scheduling problems, increased costs, or production interruption, which, in turn, may result in its customers deciding to purchase products from its competitors. The Corporation is and will be dependent on its current and future manufacturing facilities which will in the future require a high degree of capital expenditures. If one or more of the Corporation’s current or future manufacturing facilities becomes inoperative, capacity constrained or if operations are disrupted, its business, results of operations or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

The Corporation may not succeed in establishing, maintaining and strengthening its brand, which would materially and adversely affect customer acceptance of its vehicles, which in turn could materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation’s business and prospects heavily depend on its ability to develop, maintain and strengthen the Vicinity brand. If it is unable to establish, maintain and strengthen its brand, the Corporation may lose the opportunity to build and maintain a critical mass of customers. The Corporation’s ability to develop, maintain and strengthen the Vicinity brand will depend heavily on the success of its marketing efforts. The bus industry, the battery electric vehicle industry, and the alternative fuel vehicle industry in general, are highly competitive, and the Corporation may not be successful in building, maintaining and strengthening its brand. Many of the Corporation’s current and potential competitors, particularly bus manufacturers headquartered in the United States and Canada, have greater name recognition, broader customer relationships and substantially greater marketing resources than the Corporation. Failure to develop and maintain a strong brand would materially and adversely affect customer acceptance of the Corporation’s vehicles, could result in suppliers and other third parties being less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with the Corporation, and could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

Increases in costs, disruption of supply or shortage of lithium-ion battery cells could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

Any disruption in the supply of battery cells could temporarily disrupt production of the Corporation’s vehicles until a different supplier is fully qualified. Moreover, battery cell manufacturers may refuse to supply electric vehicle manufacturers if they determine that the vehicles are not sufficiently safe. Furthermore, various fluctuations in market and economic conditions may cause the Corporation to experience significant increases in freight charges and battery cell costs. Substantial increases in the prices for battery cells would increase the Corporation’s operating costs and could reduce the Corporation’s margins if the increased costs cannot be recouped through increased vehicle prices. There can be no assurance that the Corporation will be able to recoup increasing costs of battery cells by increasing vehicle prices.

The Corporation’s projected operating and financial results relies in large part upon assumptions and analyses developed by it. If these assumptions or analyses prove to be incorrect, the Corporation’s actual operating and financial results may be materially different from its forecasted results.

The financial and operating information of the Corporation appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report reflects current estimates of future performance made by it. Whether actual operating and financial results and business developments will be consistent with those expectations and assumptions as reflected in projected financial and operating information depends on a number of factors, some of which are outside the Corporation’s control, including, but not limited to:

Unfavorable changes in any of these or other factors, some of which are beyond the Corporation’s control, could cause actual results to differ materially from the Corporation’s projections and other forward-looking information included in this Annual Report, and could materially and adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

Some of the Corporation’s vehicles use lithium-ion battery cells, which have been observed to catch fire or vent smoke and flame.

The battery packs within some of the Corporation’s vehicles use lithium-ion cells. On rare occasions, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials as well as other lithium-ion cells. While the battery pack is designed to contain any single cell’s release of energy without spreading to neighboring cells, a field or testing failure of the Corporation’s vehicles could occur, which could result in bodily injury or death and could subject the Corporation to lawsuits, product recalls, or redesign efforts, all of which would be time consuming and expensive. Also, negative public perceptions regarding the suitability of lithium-ion cells for automotive applications, the social and environmental impacts of cobalt mining or any future incident involving lithium-ion cells, such as a vehicle or other fire, even if such incident does not involve the Corporation’s vehicles, could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

In addition, manufacturing of some of the Corporation’s vehicles requires it to store a significant number of lithium-ion cells at its facility. Any mishandling of battery cells may cause disruption to the operation of the Corporation’s current or future facilities. While the Corporation has implemented safety procedures related to the handling of the cells, a safety issue or fire related to the cells could disrupt the Corporation’s operations. Such damage or injury could lead to adverse publicity and potentially a safety recall. Moreover, any failure of a competitor’s electric vehicle or energy storage product may cause indirect adverse publicity for the Corporation and its products. Such adverse publicity could negatively affect the Corporation’s brand or could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation is dependent on third-party suppliers, some of which are single-source suppliers, and expects to continue to rely on third-party suppliers. The inability of any supplier to deliver necessary parts or components according to schedule and at prices, volumes or quality levels acceptable to it, or the termination or interruption of any supply arrangement could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation is dependent on its third-party suppliers, some of which are single or limited source suppliers, and such suppliers’ ability to supply and manufacture parts and components included in the Corporation’s vehicles. The Corporation expects to continue to rely on third parties to supply and manufacture such parts and components in the future, as well as to maintain and grow its supply chain for its manufacturing operations in both Canada and the United States. While the Corporation obtains components from multiple sources whenever possible, some of the components used in its vehicles, including certain key battery system components, are purchased from a single source. While the Corporation believes that it may be able to establish alternate supply relationships and can obtain or potentially engineer replacement components for some of its single source components, it may be unable to do so in the short term or at all, or at prices, volumes or quality levels that are acceptable to it. In addition, the inability of any of the Corporation’s suppliers to deliver necessary parts or components according to the Corporation’s schedule and at prices, volumes or quality levels acceptable to the Corporation, or the termination or interruption of any material supply arrangement could materially adversely affect the business, results of operations or financial condition. Also, if any suppliers become economically distressed or go bankrupt, or is acquired by a competitor, the Corporation may be required to, as applicable, provide substantial financial support or take other measures to ensure supplies of components or materials, which could increase its costs, affect its liquidity or cause production disruptions, all of which could materially adversely affect the business, results of operations or financial condition.

In addition, the Corporation operates in multiple jurisdictions is party to certain agreements with suppliers, vendors, and other third parties located in jurisdictions that could impact enforcement of judgments against such third parties. These agreements may contain provisions that limit such third parties’ liability, require arbitration or litigation in a specific jurisdiction, or provide for indemnification against certain claims. Any limitation in the Corporation enforcing its rights of judgments against suppliers or other third parties could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation may not be able to adequately forecast the supply and demand for its vehicles, its manufacturing capacity or its profitability under supply arrangements, which could result in a variety of inefficiencies in its business and hinder its ability to generate revenue.

It is difficult to predict the Corporation’s future sales and appropriately budget for the Corporation’s expenses, and the Corporation may have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect its business. The Corporation will be required to provide forecasts of its demand to its suppliers several months prior to the scheduled delivery of products to customers. If the Corporation fails to accurately predict its manufacturing requirements, it could incur additional costs or experience delays. If the Corporation overestimates manufacturing requirements, its suppliers may have excess inventory, which indirectly would increase the Corporation’s costs. If the Corporation underestimates manufacturing requirements, its suppliers may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt manufacturing of the Corporation’s vehicles and result in delays in shipments and revenues. In addition, lead times for materials and components that the Corporation’s suppliers order may vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for each component at a given time. If the Corporation fails to order sufficient quantities of product components in a timely manner, the delivery of vehicles to its customers could be delayed, which could materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation’s operating and financial results may vary significantly from period to period due to fluctuations in its operating costs and other factors.

The Corporation expects its period-to-period operating and financial results to vary based on a multitude of factors, some of which are outside of the Corporation’s control. The Corporation expects its period-to-period financial results to vary based on operating costs, which it anticipates will fluctuate with the pace at which it increases its manufacturing capacity and continues to design, develop and produce new products. In addition, the Corporation’s revenues from period to period may fluctuate as it develops and introduces new vehicles. As a result of these factors, the Corporation believes that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of its operating or financial results, especially in the short term, are not necessarily meaningful and that these comparisons cannot be relied upon as indicators of future performance. Moreover, the Corporation’s financial results may not meet expectations of equity research analysts, ratings agencies or investors, who may be focused only on quarterly financial results. If any of this occurs, the trading price of the common shares could fall substantially, either suddenly or over time, which could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

While the Corporation expects to generate positive cash flows and profitability over time, the aforementioned anticipated expenditures will make it very challenging for the Corporation to achieve profitability and positive cash flow and the Corporation cannot guarantee it will achieve either in the near or medium term, or at all. If the Corporation is unable to generate adequate revenue growth and manage its expenses, it may continue to incur losses and have negative cash flows from operating activities.

The Corporation may make decisions that could reduce its short-term operating results if it believes those decisions will improve the quality of its products or services or improve its operating results, business or prospects over the long-term. These decisions may not be consistent with the expectations of investors and may not produce the long-term benefits that the Corporation expects, in which case the business, results of operations or financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

The Corporation’s business may not continue to generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to satisfy its obligations under its existing indebtedness and any future indebtedness it may incur. If the Corporation is unable to generate such cash flow, it may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as reducing or delaying investments or capital expenditures, selling assets, refinancing or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be highly onerous or dilutive. The Corporation’s ability to refinance existing or future indebtedness, including its facility with Royal Bank of Canada (“RBC”), will depend on the capital markets and its financial condition at such time. The Corporation’s ability to make payments may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing the Corporation’s current or future indebtedness. The Corporation may not be able to engage in these activities on desirable terms or at all. In addition, the Corporation’s ability to finance its operations, capital expenditures and working capital needs could be impacted by a rise in interest rates, as any such increase in interest rates would lead to higher costs of borrowing for the Corporation. The Corporation may not be able to effectively manage its borrowing costs and may lack alternative sources of funding to mitigate risks associated with a rise in interest rates. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect the business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation may experience significant delays in the design, production and launch of its new products.

Any delay in the financing, design, production and launch of any such new vehicles, including future production of the aforementioned all-electric buses and trucks could harm the Corporation’s reputation or materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

Increased freight and shipping costs or disruptions in transportation and shipping infrastructure could materially adversely impact the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation uses external freight shipping and transportation services to transport and deliver its vehicles as well as subcomponents and raw materials incorporated therein. Adverse fluctuations in freight costs, limitations on shipping and receiving capacity, and other disruptions in the transportation and shipping infrastructure at important shipping and delivery points for the Corporation’s products, as well as for subcomponents incorporated in the Corporation’s vehicles could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, delivery delays or increases in transportation costs (including through increased fuel costs, increased carrier rates or driver wages as a result of driver shortages, a decrease in transportation capacity, or work stoppages or slowdowns) could significantly decrease the Corporation’s ability to make sales and earn profits. Labor shortages or work stoppages in the transportation industry or long-term disruptions to the national and international transportation infrastructure that lead to delays or interruptions of deliveries or which would necessitate the Corporation securing alternative shipping suppliers could also increase the Corporation’s costs or otherwise materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition. Disruptions in the movement of freight may also impact the Corporation’s freight costs and ultimately its results of operations.

The Corporation’s employees and independent contractors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation is exposed to the risk that its employees, independent contractors or other parties it collaborates with may engage in misconduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless or negligent conduct or other activities that violate laws and regulations, including production standards, federal, state and provincial fraud, abuse, data privacy and security laws, other similar laws or laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions the Corporation takes to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting it from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. In addition, the Corporation is subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against the Corporation and it is not successful in defending itself or asserting its rights, those actions could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition, including, without limitation, by way of imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance, imprisonment, other sanctions, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment of its operations.

The Corporation has and may in the future make strategic alliances, partnerships or investments or acquisitions, all of which could divert management’s attention, result in the Corporation incurring significant costs or operating difficulties and dilution to its shareholders and otherwise disrupt its operations and materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

Pursuing potential strategic alliances, partnerships or investments or acquisitions and/or inorganic growth opportunities is part of the Corporation’s growth strategy. There are risks associated with any strategic partnership or arrangement, the termination or operation of joint ventures or other strategic alliances and pursuing strategic acquisitions or investment opportunities, including:

The Corporation may have limited ability to monitor or control the actions of any third party involved in any such transaction and, to the extent any of these strategic third parties suffers negative publicity or harm to their reputation from events relating to their business, the Corporation may also suffer negative publicity or harm to its reputation by virtue of its association with any such third party. Participation in strategic alliances, partnerships or investments or acquisitions may also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities, which could adversely affect the price of the common shares, or result in issuances of securities with superior rights and preferences to the common shares or the incurrence of debt with restrictive covenants that limit the Corporation’s future uses of capital in pursuit of business opportunities. The Corporation may also not be able to identify opportunities for strategic partnerships or arrangements, acquisition or investments that meet its strategic objectives, or to the extent such opportunities are identified, may not be able to negotiate terms with respect to any such opportunity that are acceptable to it. At this time the Corporation has made no commitments or agreements with respect to any such material transactions.

Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could result in declines in reported sales and net earnings.

The Corporation reports its financial results in United States dollars; however; some of its sales and operating costs are realized in Canadian dollars. The Corporation is also exposed to other currencies such as the Euro, and may in the future be exposed to other currencies. Although these risks may sometimes be naturally hedged by a match in sales and operating costs denominated in the same currency, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly the U.S.-Canadian dollar exchange rate, could create discrepancies between the Corporation’s sales and operating costs in a given currency that could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could also have a material adverse effect on the relative competitive position of the Corporation’s products in markets where it faces competition from manufacturers who are less affected by such fluctuations in exchange rates, especially in the U.S. market.

While the Corporation manages its exposure to foreign-exchange rate fluctuations and may enter into hedging contracts from time to time, such contracts hedge foreign-currency denominated transactions and any change in the fair value of the contracts could be offset by changes in the underlying value of the transactions being hedged. Furthermore, the Corporation does not have foreign-exchange hedging contracts in place with respect to currencies in which it does business. As a result, there can be no assurance that the Corporation’s approach to managing its exposure to foreign-exchange rate fluctuations will be effective in the future or that the Corporation will be able to enter into foreign-exchange hedging contracts as deemed necessary on satisfactory terms.

The Corporation’s growth will depend on its ability to successfully attract new customers and secure firm purchase orders from them and to retain existing customers and engage them into additional deployments in the future. Failure to increase sales to both new and existing customers could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation’s success, and its ability to increase revenue and operate profitably, depends in part on its ability to identify new customers and secure firm orders from them, its ability to retain existing customers and engage them into additional deployments in the future, and its ability to meet current and new customers’ business needs. Failure to achieve any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition. The Corporation may fail to attract new customers or retain existing customers, retain revenue from existing customers or increase sales to both new and existing customers as a result of a number of other factors, including:

The Corporation has limited experience servicing its electric bus, the Vicinity Lightning, and its electric truck, the VMC 1200. Failure to address the servicing requirements of its customers could harm the Corporation’s reputation or materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation has limited experience in servicing its electric bus, the Vicinity Lightning, and its electric truck, the VMC 1200, and it expects to be required to increase its servicing capabilities as it scales its operations and continues to grow. Servicing electric vehicles is different than servicing vehicles with internal combustion engines and requires specialized skills, including high voltage training and servicing techniques. Although the Corporation believes the experience it has gained servicing its traditional buses positions it well to service its electric buses and future products, the Corporation has no after-sale experience of maintaining and servicing electric buses for its customers, and there is no guarantee the Corporation will be able to do so. Failure to address the servicing requirements of its customers could harm the Corporation’s reputation or materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation’s customers will also depend on the Corporation’s customer support team to resolve technical and operational issues relating to the software integrated in its vehicles. The Corporation’s ability to provide effective customer support is largely dependent on its ability to attract, train and retain qualified personnel with experience in supporting customers on platforms such as the Corporation’s platform. As it continues to grow, additional pressure may be placed on the Corporation’s customer support team, and the Corporation may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for technical support. The Corporation may also be unable to modify the future scope and delivery of its technical support to compete with changes in the technical support provided by its competitors. Increased customer demand for support, without corresponding revenue, could increase costs and negatively affect the Corporation’s results of operation. If the Corporation is unable to successfully address the servicing requirements of its customers or establish a market perception that it maintains high-quality support, it may be subject to claims from its customers, including for loss of revenue or damages, and its business, results of operations or financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

The Corporation’s future growth is dependent upon the busing industries’ and the Corporation’s other customers’ willingness to adopt battery electric vehicles and specifically the Corporation’s vehicles.

The Corporation’s future growth is highly dependent upon the adoption by the commercial busing industries and the Corporation’s other target consumers of, and the Corporation is subject to an elevated risk of any reduced demand for, alternative fuel vehicles in general and electric vehicles in particular. If the market for electric vehicles does not develop at the rate or in the manner or to the extent that the Corporation expects, or if critical assumptions the Corporation has made regarding the efficiency of its vehicles are incorrect or incomplete, the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition may be adversely materially affected. The market for alternative fuel vehicles is relatively new, rapidly evolving, characterized by rapidly changing technologies, price competition, additional competitors, evolving government regulation and industry standards, frequent new vehicle announcements and changing consumer demands and behaviors. Factors that may influence the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles, and specifically electric vehicles, include:

For example, it is unknown to what extent any decreases in the cost of diesel fuel may impact the market for electric vehicles. Even if the busing industries and the Corporation’s other target customers adopt battery electric vehicles, the Corporation may be unable to establish and maintain confidence in its long-term business prospects among consumers, analysts and within the industry, and may be subject to negative publicity. The influence of any of the factors described above may cause current or potential customers not to purchase the Corporation’s vehicles and may otherwise materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

Inadequate access to charging stations could impact the demand for all-electric vehicles, and failure by the Corporation to meet user expectations related to, or other difficulties in providing, charging solutions could harm the Corporation’s reputation or materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

Demand for the Corporation’s vehicles will depend in part upon the availability of a charging infrastructure. While the prevalence of charging stations generally has been increasing, charging station locations are significantly less widespread than gas stations. Some potential customers may choose not to purchase the Corporation’s vehicles because of the lack of a more widespread charging infrastructure. Further, to provide its customers with access to sufficient charging infrastructure, the Corporation will rely on the availability of, and successful integration of its vehicles with, third-party charging networks. Any failure of third-party charging networks to meet customer expectations or needs, including quality of experience, could impact the demand for all-electric vehicles, including the Corporation’s. To the extent the Corporation is unable to meet user expectations or experience difficulties in its users accessing charging solutions, its reputation could be harmed, and its business, results of operations or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

The Corporation’s inability to leverage vehicle and customer data could impact the servicing of its products, its software algorithms and impact research and development operations.

The Corporation relies on data collected from the use of its fleet of vehicles, including vehicle data and data related to battery usage statistics. The Corporation uses this data in connection with the servicing and normal course software updates of its products, its software algorithms and the research, development and analysis of its vehicles. The Corporation’s inability to obtain this data or the necessary rights to use this data or the Corporation’s inability to properly analyze or use this data could result in the Corporation’s inability to adequately service its vehicles or delay or otherwise negatively impact its research and development efforts. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

The bus industry and the electric vehicle industry are highly competitive and the Corporation is likely to face competition from a number of sources. The Corporation may not be successful in competing in these industries, which may materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The North American medium and heavy-duty bus market is highly competitive today and the Corporation expects it will become even more so in the future. The Corporation’s principal competition for their traditional medium and heavy-duty buses come from manufacturers of buses with internal combustion engines powered by diesel and compressed natural gas (“CNG”) fuels. This includes New Flyer, Nova, Gillig and Rev Group, and other automotive manufacturers. The Corporation cannot assure that customers will choose its vehicles over those of its competitors’ traditional buses. As of the date hereof, few battery electric buses are being sold in the United States or Canada. However, the Corporation expects that an increasing number of competitors will enter the electric vehicle market within the next several years and as they do so the Corporation expects that it will experience significant competition. A number of private and public companies have announced plans to offer battery electric buses, including companies such as GreenPower, Motiv, and others. Based on publicly available information, a number of these competitors have displayed prototype buses and have announced target availability and production timelines, while others have launched pilot programs in some markets. In addition, the Corporation is aware that competitors, including New Flyer, Proterra, GreenPower, Lion Electric and others, are currently manufacturing and selling battery electric buses.

Some of the Corporation’s current and potential competitors may also have greater financial resources, more extensive development, manufacturing, technical, marketing and service capabilities, greater brand, customer and industry recognition, a larger number of managerial and technical personnel or a lower cost of funds than the Corporation does or other competitive advantages relative to the Corporation. Many of the Corporation’s current and potential competitors may also be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, sale and support of their products.

The Corporation expects competition in its industry to intensify in the future in light of increased demand for electric and other alternative fuel vehicles and continuing globalization. Factors affecting competition include total cost of ownership, product quality and features, innovation and development time, pricing, availability, reliability, safety, fuel economy, customer service (including breadth of service network) and financing terms. Increased competition may lead to lower vehicle unit sales and increased inventory, which may result in further downward price pressure and adversely affect the Corporation’s business, financial condition and results of operation. There can be no assurances that the Corporation will be able to compete successfully in the markets in which it operates. If the Corporation’s competitors introduce new vehicles or services that compete with or surpass the quality, price, performance or availability of the Corporation’s vehicles or services, the Corporation may be unable to satisfy existing customers or attract new customers at the prices and levels that would allow it to generate attractive rates of return on its investment. Increased competition could result in price reductions and revenue shortfalls, loss of customers and loss of market share, which could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

The unavailability, reduction or elimination of government and economic incentives due to policy changes, government regulation or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

Any reduction, elimination or discriminatory application of government subsidies and economic incentives because of policy changes, the reduced need for such subsidies and incentives due to the perceived success of the electric vehicle industry or other reasons may result in the diminished competitiveness of the alternative fuel and electric vehicle industry generally or the Corporation’s vehicles. While certain tax credits and other incentives for alternative energy production, alternative fuel and electric vehicles have been available in the past, there is no guarantee these programs will be available in the future. If current tax incentives are not available in the future, the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

In particular, demand for the Corporation’s vehicles is influenced by federal, state, provincial and local tax credits, rebates, grants and other government programs and incentives that promote the use of battery electric vehicles. These include various government programs that make grant funds available for the purchase of battery electric vehicles. Additionally, demand for the Corporation’s vehicles may be influenced by laws, rules, regulations and programs that require reductions in carbon emissions, such as the various measures implemented by lawmakers and regulators in California and British Columbia, among others, designed to increase the use of electric and other zero-emission vehicles, including the establishment of firm goals in certain instances for the number of these vehicles operating on state and provincial roads by specified dates and the enactment of various laws and other programs in support of these goals. These programs and regulations, which have the effect of encouraging the use of battery electric vehicles, could expire or be repealed or amended for a variety of reasons. For example, parties with an interest in gasoline and diesel, hydrogen or other alternative vehicles or vehicle fuels, including lawmakers, regulators, policymakers, environmental or advocacy organizations, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), trade groups, suppliers or other groups, may invest significant time and money in efforts to delay, repeal or otherwise negatively influence regulations and programs that promote the use of battery electric vehicles. Many of these parties have substantially greater resources and influence than the Corporation has. Further, changes in federal, state, provincial or local political, social or economic conditions, including a lack of legislative focus on these programs and regulations, could result in their modification, delayed adoption or repeal. Any failure to adopt, delay in implementation, expiration, repeal or modification of these programs and regulations, or the adoption of any programs or regulations that encourage the use of other alternative fuels or alternative vehicles over battery electric vehicles, would reduce the market for battery electric vehicles and could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation’s inability to obtain or agree on acceptable terms and conditions for all or a significant portion of the government grants, loans and other incentives for which it may apply could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation has applied, and expects in the future to apply, for federal, state and provincial grants, loans and tax incentives under government programs designed to stimulate the economy and support the production of battery electric vehicles and related technologies. The Corporation anticipates that in the future there will be new opportunities to apply for grants, loans and other incentives from federal, state, provincial and foreign governments. The Corporation’s ability to obtain funds or incentives from government sources is subject to the availability of funds under applicable government programs and approval of the Corporation’s applications to participate in such programs. The application process for these funds and other incentives will likely be highly competitive and will cause management to divert time and resources from other aspects of its business. The Corporation cannot assure that it will be successful in obtaining any of these additional grants, loans and other incentives, and the Corporation’s inability to obtain or agree on acceptable terms and conditions for all or a significant portion of the government grants, loans and other incentives for which it may apply could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition.

Unfavorable changes in U.S. or Canadian laws or regulations and trade policy, including the imposition of tariffs or quotas, or changes in any free-trade arrangements such as the CUSMA could adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation expects to increasingly manufacture some of its vehicles in the United States at the Washington Facility. The U.S. market has been and is expected to continue generating sales growth. Several factors, including weakened international economic conditions, the introduction of new trade restrictions, increased protectionism or changes in free-trade arrangements such as the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (the “CUSMA”), tariffs, negative geo-political events or an outbreak of infectious disease, a pandemic or a similar public health threat, such as the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic, could adversely affect such growth. In particular, the U.S. government has adopted a new approach to trade policy and in some cases has attempted to renegotiate or terminate certain existing bilateral or multi-lateral trade agreements. It has also imposed tariffs on certain foreign goods, including steel and certain commercial vehicle parts, which have resulted in increased costs for goods imported into the United States. There is no guarantee that further tariffs or additional trade restrictions will not be implemented on a broader range of products or raw materials. The resulting environment could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

An adverse determination in any significant product liability claim against the Corporation could materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The development, manufacturing, sale and usage of vehicles expose the Corporation to significant risks associated with product liability claims. The automotive industry in particular experiences significant product liability claims, and the Corporation may face inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event its vehicles do not perform or are claimed to not have performed as expected. If the Corporation’s products are defective, malfunction or are used incorrectly by its customers, it may result in bodily injury, property damage or other injury, including death, which could give rise to product liability claims against the Corporation. Changes to manufacturing processes, including as a result of the establishment of manufacturing operations, and the production of new products and applications could result in product quality issues, thereby increasing the risk of litigation and potential liability. Any losses that the Corporation may suffer from any liability claims and the effect that any product liability litigation may have upon the brand image, reputation and marketability of the Corporation’s products could have a material adverse impact on business, results of operations or financial condition.

Although the Corporation maintains insurance with respect to future claims in amounts it believes to be appropriate, no assurance can be given that material product liability claims will not be made in the future against the Corporation, or that claims will not arise in the future in excess or outside the coverage of the Corporation’s indemnities and insurance. When required, the Corporation’s records provisions for known potential liabilities, but there is the possibility that actual losses may exceed these provisions and therefore negatively impact earnings. Also, the Corporation may not be able in the future to obtain adequate product liability insurance or the cost of doing so may be prohibitive. Adverse determinations of material product liability claims made against the Corporation could also harm its reputation and cause it to lose customers and could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition.

Significant product repair and/or replacement due to product warranty claims or product recalls could have a material adverse impact on the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation generally provides a limited warranty against defects for all of its products. In addition, the Corporation may in the future be required to make product recalls or could be held liable in the event that some of its products do not meet safety standards or statutory requirements on product safety, even if the defects related to any such recall or liability are not covered by the Corporation’s limited warranty. Although the Corporation employs quality control procedures, products manufactured by it will need repair or replacement or may be recalled. The Corporation’s standard warranties generally require it to repair or replace defective products during such warranty periods at no cost to the consumer. The Corporation records provisions based on an estimate of product warranty claims, but there is the possibility that actual claims may exceed these provisions and therefore negatively impact the Corporation’s results of operations of financial condition. Although the Corporation has not to this date made any major product recall, it could in the future be required to make major product recalls or could be held liable in the event that some of its products do not meet safety standards or statutory requirements on product safety. In addition, the risks associated with product recalls may be aggravated if production volumes increase significantly, supplied goods do not meet the Corporation’s standards, the Corporation fails to perform its risk analysis systematically or product-related decisions are not fully documented. The repair and replacement costs that the Corporation could incur in connection with a recall could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition. Product recalls could also harm the Corporation’s reputation and cause it to lose customers, particularly if recalls cause consumers to question the safety or reliability of its products, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition.

In addition, purchase agreements with the Corporation’s customers may from time to time contain, in addition to the Corporation’s limited warranty, undertakings related to certain specific levels of performance and availability for the vehicles sold thereunder. Failure by the Corporation to provide the required levels of performance and availability, even if such failure is the result of factors outside of the Corporation’s control, could result in the Corporation being liable under such contractual arrangements or allow customers to terminate their arrangements with the Corporation.

The Corporation is subject to information technology and cybersecurity risks to operational systems, security systems, infrastructure, integrated software in its vehicles and solutions and customer data processed by it, third-party vendors or suppliers, and any material failure, weakness, interruption, cyber event, incident or breach of security could prevent the Corporation from effectively operating its business, harm its reputation or materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation is at risk for interruptions, outages and breaches of: (i) operational systems, including business, financial, accounting, product development, data processing or production processes, owned by it or its third-party vendors or suppliers; (ii) facility security systems, owned by it or its third-party vendors or suppliers; (iii) transmission control modules or other in-product technology, owned by it or its third-party vendors or suppliers; (iv) the integrated software in the Corporation’s vehicles; or (v) customer or driver data that the Corporation processes or the Corporation’s third-party vendors or suppliers process on its behalf. Such cyber incidents could materially disrupt operational systems; result in loss of intellectual property, trade secrets or other proprietary or competitively sensitive information; compromise certain information of customers, employees, suppliers, drivers or others; jeopardize the security of the Corporation’s facilities; or affect the performance of transmission control modules or other in-product technology and the integrated software in the Corporation’s vehicles. A cyber incident could be caused by disasters, insiders (through inadvertence or with malicious intent) or malicious third parties (including nation-states or nation-state supported actors) using sophisticated, targeted methods to circumvent firewalls, encryption and other security defenses, including hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception. The techniques used by cyber attackers change frequently and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time.

Although the Corporation maintains information technology measures designed to protect it against intellectual property theft, data breaches and other cyber incidents, such measures will require updates and improvements, and there is no guarantee that such measures will be adequate to detect, prevent or mitigate cyber incidents. Any implementation, maintenance, segregation and improvement of the Corporation’s systems may require significant management time, support and cost. Moreover, there are inherent risks associated with developing, improving, expanding and updating current systems, including the disruption of the Corporation’s data management, procurement, production execution, finance, supply chain and sales and service processes. These risks may affect the Corporation’s ability to manage its data and inventory, procure parts or supplies or produce, sell, deliver and service its vehicles, adequately protect its intellectual property or achieve and maintain compliance with, or realize available benefits under, applicable laws, regulations and contracts. The Corporation cannot be sure that these systems upon which it relies, including those of its third-party vendors or suppliers, will be effectively implemented, maintained or expanded as planned. If the Corporation does not successfully implement, maintain or expand these systems as planned, its operations may be disrupted, the Corporation’s ability to accurately and timely report its financial results could be impaired, and deficiencies may arise in the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting, which may impact the Corporation’s ability to certify its financial results. Moreover, the Corporation’s proprietary information or intellectual property could be compromised or misappropriated, and its reputation may be adversely affected. If these systems do not operate as expected, the Corporation may be required to expend significant resources to make corrections or find alternative sources for performing these functions.

A significant cyber incident could impact the Corporation’s manufacturing capacity or production capability, harm its reputation, cause the Corporation to breach its contractual arrangements with other parties or subject the Corporation to regulatory actions or litigation, any of which could materially affect its business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, the Corporation’s insurance coverage for cyberattacks may not be sufficient to cover all the losses it may experience as a result of a cyber-incident.

The Corporation also collects, uses, discloses, stores, transmits and otherwise processes customer, driver and employee and others’ data as part of its business and operations, which may include personal data or confidential or proprietary information. The Corporation also works with partners and third-party service providers or vendors that may in the course of their business relationship with the Corporation collect, store and process such data on the Corporation’s behalf and in connection with the Corporation’s products and services. There can be no assurance that any security measures that the Corporation or its third-party service providers, vendors, or suppliers have implemented will be effective against current or future security threats. While the Corporation has developed systems and processes designed to protect the availability, integrity, confidentiality and security of the Corporation’s, the Corporation’s customers’, drivers’, employees’ and others’ data, such security measures or those of its third-party service providers, vendors or suppliers could fail and result in unauthorized access to or disclosure, acquisition, encryption, modification, misuse, loss, destruction or other compromise of such data. If a compromise of such data were to occur, the Corporation may become liable under its contracts with other parties and under applicable law for damages and incur penalties and other costs to respond to, investigate and remedy such an incident. Laws in all 50 states of the United States and Canada require the Corporation to provide notice to individuals, customers, regulators, credit reporting agencies and others when certain sensitive information has been compromised as a result of a security breach or where a security breach creates a real risk of significant harm to an individual. Such laws are inconsistent and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach could be costly. Depending on the facts and circumstances of such an incident, these damages, penalties, fines and costs could be significant. Any such event could harm the Corporation’s reputation and result in litigation against it, or otherwise materially adversely affect its business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition.

Any unauthorized control or manipulation of the information technology systems in the Corporation’s vehicles could result in loss of confidence in the Corporation and its vehicles and harm its reputation, which could materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation’s vehicles contain complex information technology systems and built-in data connectivity to accept and install periodic remote updates to improve or update functionality. The Corporation has designed, implemented and tested security measures intended to prevent unauthorized access to its information technology networks and its vehicles and related systems. However, hackers may attempt to gain unauthorized access to modify, alter and use such networks, vehicles and systems to gain control of or to change the Corporation’s solutions’ functionality, user interface and performance characteristics, or to gain access to data stored in or generated by the vehicles. Future vulnerabilities could be identified and the Corporation’s efforts to remediate such vulnerabilities may not be successful. Any unauthorized access to or control of the Corporation’s vehicles, or any loss of customer data, could result in legal claims or proceedings and remediation of such problems could result in significant, unplanned capital expenditures. In addition, regardless of their veracity, reports of unauthorized access to its technology systems or data, as well as other factors that may result in the perception that the Corporation’s vehicles, technology systems or data are capable of being “hacked,” could materially negatively affect the Corporation’s brand and harm the Corporation’s business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation’s vehicles, as well as the maintenance and repair services it offers to its customers, rely on software and hardware that is highly technical, and if these systems contain errors, bugs or vulnerabilities, or if the Corporation is unsuccessful in addressing or mitigating technical limitations in its systems, the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

The Corporation’s vehicles rely on software and hardware, including software and hardware developed or maintained by third parties, that is highly technical and complex and will require modification and updates over the life of the vehicle. In addition, the performance of the software solutions included in the Corporation’s vehicles depends on the ability of such software and hardware to store, retrieve, process and manage immense amounts of data. The Corporation’s software and hardware may contain errors, bugs or vulnerabilities, and its systems are subject to certain technical limitations that may compromise the Corporation’s ability to meet its objectives. Some errors, bugs or vulnerabilities inherently may be difficult to detect and may only be discovered after the code has been released for external or internal use. Errors, bugs, vulnerabilities, design defects or technical limitations may be found within the Corporation’s software and hardware. Although the Corporation attempts to remedy any issues it observes in its vehicles and software as effectively and rapidly as possible, such efforts may not be timely, may hamper production or may not be to the satisfaction of the Corporation’s customers. Additionally, if the Corporation is able to deploy updates to the software addressing any issues, but such updates cannot or are not installed by its customers, such customers’ software will be subject to these vulnerabilities until they install such updates. If the Corporation is unable to prevent or effectively remedy errors, bugs, vulnerabilities or defects in its software and hardware, the Corporation may suffer damage to its reputation, loss of customers, loss of revenue or liability for damages, any of which could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

Interruption or failure of the Corporation’s information technology and communications systems could impact the Corporation’s ability to effectively provide the Corporation’s services.

The availability and effectiveness of the Corporation’s goods and services depend on the continued operation of information technology and communications systems. The Corporation’s systems will be vulnerable to damage or interruption from, among others, physical theft, fire, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, power loss, war, telecommunications failures, viruses, denial or degradation of service attacks, ransomware, social engineering schemes, insider theft or misuse or other attempts to harm the Corporation’s systems. The Corporation utilizes reputable third-party service providers or vendors for the Corporation’s data, and these providers could also be vulnerable to harms similar to those that could damage the Corporation systems, including sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism causing potential disruptions. Some of the Corporation’s systems may not be redundant, and the Corporation’s disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Any problems with the Corporation’s third-party cloud hosting providers could result in lengthy interruptions in the Corporation’s business. In addition, the Corporation’s products utilize technical and complex technology which may contain errors or vulnerabilities that could result in interruptions in the Corporation’s business or the failure of the Corporation’s systems.

The Corporation is subject to evolving laws, regulations, standards and contractual obligations related to data privacy and security, and the Corporation’s actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm its reputation, subject it to significant fines and liability or adversely affect its business.

Collection, use, disclosure, storage, transmission or other processing of the Corporation’s customers’, employees’ and others’ information in conducting the Corporation’s business may subject it to various legislative and regulatory burdens related to data privacy and security that could require notification of data breaches, restrict or impose burdensome conditions on the Corporation’s use of such information and hinder the Corporation’s ability to acquire new customers or market to existing customers. The regulatory framework for data privacy and security is rapidly evolving, and the Corporation may not be able to monitor and react to all developments in a timely manner. For example, California requires connected devices to maintain minimum information security requirements. As legislation continues to develop, the Corporation will likely be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance the Corporation’s protective measures and internal processes to comply with such legislation. In addition, non-compliance with these laws or a significant breach of the Corporation’s third-party service providers’ or vendors’ or the Corporation’s own network security and systems could have serious negative consequences for its business and future prospects, including possible fines, penalties and damages, reduced customer demand for its vehicles and harm to its reputation and brand. Customers may also object to the Corporation’s or its third party service providers’ or vendors’ collection or processing of certain information, including personal data, which could materially adversely affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

The performance characteristics of the Corporation’s vehicles, including battery life and range, may vary or decline over time, including due to factors outside of the Corporation’s control. Any such variation or decline may negatively influence potential or existing customers’ decisions whether to purchase the Corporation’s vehicles or affect the Corporation’s reputation, or could materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The performance characteristics of the Corporation’s vehicles, including battery life and range, may vary or decline over time, including due to factors outside of the Corporation’s control. Factors such as driver behavior, usage, speed, terrain, time and stress patterns may also impact the battery’s ability to hold a charge, which would decrease the Corporation’s vehicles’ range before needing to recharge. Such battery deterioration and the related decrease in range may negatively influence potential customer decisions. In addition, the Corporation cannot guarantee that battery life and range deterioration will not be greater than what is currently anticipated. Any deterioration above the expected level could affect the Corporation’s reputation or could materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

The Corporation relies on unpatented proprietary know-how, trade secrets and contractual restrictions, and not patents, to protect its intellectual and other proprietary rights. Failure to adequately protect, enforce or otherwise manage the Corporation’s intellectual and other proprietary rights may undermine its competitive position and could materially adversely affect its business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition.

Protection of proprietary technology, processes, methods and other intellectual property related to the Corporation is critical to its business. The Corporation relies on unpatented proprietary know-how, trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights and contractual restrictions to protect its intellectual property and other proprietary rights and the Corporation does not hold any patents related to its business. As a matter of course, the Corporation employs numerous measures to protect its intellectual property and other confidential information, including technical data. For instance, the Corporation has implemented procedures designed to make the proprietary technology incorporated in its vehicle systems very difficult to access and/or retrieve and imposes consequences for users that seek to obtain unauthorized access to such technology. In addition, the Corporation enters into confidentiality agreements with suppliers, vendors, service providers, customers and other third parties with whom it may share information about its business and operations, and the Corporation also requires all of its employees, consultants and other persons who work for it to enter into confidentiality and assignment of intellectual property agreements. However, failure to adequately protect the Corporation’s intellectual property rights could result in the Corporation’s competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of the Corporation’s competitive advantage and a decrease in revenue which would adversely affect the Corporation’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

As well, there can be no assurance that competitors and other third parties will not independently develop the know-how and trade secrets related to the Corporation’s proprietary technology, in which case the Corporation would not be able to prevent such third parties from using such know-how and trade secrets, or develop better products or manufacturing methods or processes than it.

Further, the Corporation may not be able to deter current and former employees, consultants, suppliers and customers as well as other parties from breaching confidentiality agreements and misappropriating proprietary information and it is possible that third parties may copy or otherwise obtain and use the Corporation’s information and proprietary technology without authorization or otherwise infringe on the Corporation’s intellectual property and other proprietary rights. The Corporation may in the future need to rely on litigation to enforce its intellectual property rights and contractual rights, and, if not successful, may not be able to protect the value of its intellectual property. Any litigation could be protracted and costly and have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition regardless of the outcome. As well, in some cases the costs associated with such litigation could make enforcement impracticable. Further, intellectual property and contract laws vary throughout the world. Some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States and Canada. Policing the unauthorized use of the Corporation’s intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions may be difficult. Therefore, the Corporation’s intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as easily enforced outside of the United States and Canada. Failure to adequately enforce the Corporation’s intellectual property rights could result in its competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of the Corporation’s competitive advantage and a decrease in its revenue, which would adversely affect its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The Corporation has a long sales, production, and technology development cycle for new public transit customers, which may create fluctuations in whether and when revenue is recognized, and may have an adverse effect on the Corporation’s business.

The vast majority of the Corporation’s current and historical sales are to transit agencies that do not procure transit buses every year. The complexity, expense and nature of government procurement processes result in a lengthy customer acquisition and sales process. It can take the Corporation years to attract, obtain an award of contract from, contract with, and recognize revenue from the sale of a vehicle to a new customer, if the Corporation is successful at all. Before awarding an order for transit buses, transit agencies generally conduct a comprehensive and competitive proposal process based on a variety of criteria, including technical requirements, reliability, reputation and price. Even if the Corporation is awarded an order, the actual realization and timing of revenue is subject to various contingencies, many of which are beyond the Corporation’s control, including the customer’s interpretation of technical or performance requirements for acceptance, timing and conditions of customer acceptance, and the customer’s reduction, modification or termination of an order. A customer is not obligated to purchase the transit buses and may cancel or modify an award prior to entering into a contract or purchase order with the Corporation. The Corporation may experience customer cancellations or modifications of awards. Prior to entering into a contract or purchase order with the Corporation, a customer can cancel or modify an award for a variety of reasons, including as a result of improvements in the Corporation’s technology or the technology of the Corporation’s competitors between the dates of award and signed contract, or as the result of a successful bid protest.

The Corporation’s sales and production cycle for a transit customer can be a long and time-consuming process. The initial sales process from first engagement to award typically ranges from 6 to 18 months. The award of a proposal is typically followed by a pre-production process where the design and specifications of the customized buses are mutually agreed and the Corporation negotiates a final contract and purchase order with the customer. Procurement of parts and production typically follow this final agreement between the Corporation and the customer. Once a bus is fully manufactured, the customer performs a final inspection and determines whether to accept delivery of the bus, at which time the Corporation recognizes revenue on the sale. The length of time between a customer award and vehicle acceptance typically varies between nine and 24 months, depending on product availability, production capacity and the pre-delivery and post-delivery inspection process by the customer which often results in additional changes to the transit bus after manufacturing completion, re-works, further product validation and acceptance periods and additional costs to the Corporation that the Corporation may not be able to recover. Consequently, the Corporation may invest significant resources and incur substantial expenses before a customer accepts a bus order and these expenses may not be recovered at all if a customer does not accept the completed bus, the bus requires costly modifications or the Corporation extends additional warranties. For instance, the Corporation creates a bill of materials and obtains the appropriate parts for each customized bus for a customer, which can result in excessive inventory risk if a customer changes or cancels the order. In addition, the Corporation may devote significant management effort to develop potential relationships that do not result in bus orders, acceptance of the bus as delivered, and the corresponding recognition of revenue, and the diversion of that effort may prevent the Corporation from pursuing other opportunities. As a result, the Corporation’s long sales and development cycle may subject the Corporation to significant risks that could have an adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The Corporation’s business could be adversely affected from an accident or safety incident involving the Corporation’s transit buses or other products.

An accident or safety incident involving one of the Corporation’s transit buses or other products could expose the Corporation to significant liability and a public perception that the Corporation’s transit buses and products are unsafe or unreliable. The Corporation’s agreements with customers contain broad indemnification provisions, and in the event of a major accident, the Corporation could be subject to significant personal injury and property claims that could subject the Corporation to substantial liability. While the Corporation maintains liability insurance in amounts and of the type generally consistent with industry practice, the amount of such coverage may not be adequate to cover fully all claims, and the Corporation may be forced to bear substantial losses from an accident or safety incident. In addition, any accident or safety incident involving one of the Corporation’s buses, even if fully insured, could harm the Corporation’s reputation and result in a loss of future customer demand if it creates a public perception that the Corporation’s transit buses are unsafe or unreliable as compared to those offered by other transit bus manufacturers or other means of transportation. While the Corporation has not experienced significant accident or safety incidents involving its transit buses, the Corporation has experienced malfunctions, such as thermal events and a bus fire related to low voltage wiring. Also, any accident or safety incident involving the buses of the Corporation’s competitors could result in reduced customer demand if it creates a public perception that bus transit in general is unsafe or unreliable. There are also risks particular to the operation of electric transit buses, and the Corporation’s business could be adversely affected by an accident or safety incident involving the Corporation’s battery systems, electrification and charging solutions, fleet and energy management systems or electric transit buses. Such an incident could expose the Corporation to significant liability and a public perception that the Corporation’s electric transit buses are unsafe or unreliable. As a result, any accident or safety incident involving the Corporation’s buses, or the buses of the Corporation’s competitors, could materially and adversely affect the Corporation’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The Corporation’s work with government customers exposes it to unique risks inherent in government contracting.

The Corporation must comply with and is affected by laws and regulations relating to the award, administration and performance of government contracts. Government contract laws and regulations affect how the Corporation does business with its customers and impose certain risks and costs on its business. A violation of specific laws and regulations by the Corporation, its employees, or others working on its behalf could harm its reputation and result in the imposition of fines and penalties, the termination of the Corporation’s contracts, suspension or debarment from bidding on or being awarded contracts and civil or criminal investigations or proceedings.

The Corporation’s performance under its contracts with government entities and its compliance with the terms of those contracts and applicable laws and regulations are subject to periodic audit, review and investigation by various agencies of the government. If such an audit, review or investigation uncovers a violation of a law or regulation or improper or illegal activities relating to the Corporation’s government contracts, the Corporation may be subject to civil or criminal penalties or administrative sanctions, including the termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, the triggering of price reduction clauses, withholding of payments, suspension of payments, fines and suspension or debarment from contracting with government agencies. There is inherent uncertainty as to the outcome of any audit, review or investigation. If the Corporation incurs a material penalty or administrative sanction or otherwise suffers harm to its reputation, its business, prospects, financial condition or operating results could be adversely affected.

Further, if a government regulatory authority were to initiate suspension or debarment proceedings against the Corporation as a result of a conviction or indictment for illegal activities, the Corporation may lose its ability to be awarded contracts in the future or receive renewals of existing contracts for a period of time. The Corporation could also suffer harm to its reputation if allegations of impropriety were made against the Corporation, which would impair the Corporation’s ability to win awards of contracts in the future or receive renewals of existing contracts. Inability to be awarded contracts in the future or receive renewal of existing contacts could have an adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

If the Corporation is unable to obtain bid bonds, performance bonds or letters of credit required by public transit agencies or other customers, the Corporation’s ability to obtain future projects could be negatively affected.

The Corporation has in the past been, and may in the future be, required to provide bid bonds or performance bonds to secure its performance under customer contracts or, in some cases, as a prerequisite to submitting a bid on a potential project. The Corporation’s continued ability to obtain these bonds will depend primarily upon its capitalization, working capital, past performance, management expertise, reputation and certain external factors, including the overall capacity of the surety market. Surety companies consider these factors in relation to the amount of the Corporation’s awards and their underwriting standards, which may change from time to time. Surety companies also require that the Corporation collateralize a percentage of the bond with cash or other form of credit enhancement. With a decreasing number of insurance providers in that market, it may be difficult to find sureties who will continue to provide contract-required bonding on acceptable terms and conditions, or at all. Furthermore, events that affect surety markets generally may result in bonding becoming more difficult to obtain in the future or being available only at a significantly greater cost.

In addition, some of the Corporation’s customers also require collateral guarantees in the form of letters of credit to secure performance or to fund possible damages in the event of default under the Corporation’s contracts with them. If the Corporation enters into agreements that require the issuance of letters of credit, the Corporation’s liquidity could be negatively impacted. The Corporation’s inability to obtain adequate bonding or letters of credit and, as a result, to bid or enter into agreements, could have an adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The Corporation’s business relies heavily on its specialized sales personnel and technical sales support to market and sell its products, in addition to its key personnel. If the Corporation is unable to effectively hire, train, manage and retain the relevant personnel, its business may be adversely impacted.

The success of the Corporation’s businesses largely depends on the Corporation’s ability to hire, train and manage its sales personnel who have experience with and connections to the public and other transit agencies and commercial vehicle OEMs that are the Corporation’s current and potential customers. Because the Corporation employs a small and specialized sales force, the loss of any member of the Corporation’s sales team or technical sales support professionals could weaken its sales expertise and its customer reach, and adversely affect the Corporation’s business, and the Corporation may not be able to find adequate replacements on a timely basis, or at all. Moreover, there are no assurances that the Corporation will be able to maintain a sufficient level of sales personnel to effectively meet its needs as its business continues to grow.

Competition for sales personnel who are familiar with and trained to sell the Corporation’s products and services continues to be strong. The Corporation trains its sales personnel to better understand its existing and new product technologies and how they can be positioned against the Corporation’s competitors’ products. The Corporation also trains its sales personnel to be adept at working with long sales cycles characteristic of public agency customers and commercial vehicle manufacturers, as well as the special requirements attendant to each.

These initiatives are intended to improve the productivity of the Corporation’s sales personnel and the Corporation’s revenue and profitability. It takes time for the sales professionals to become productive following their hiring and training and there can be no assurance that sales representatives will reach adequate levels of productivity, or that the Corporation will not experience significant levels of attrition in the future. Measures the Corporation implements to improve productivity may not be successful and may instead contribute to instability in the Corporation’s operations, departures from the Corporation’s sales and technical support organizations, or reduce the Corporation’s revenue or profitability, and harm its business.

Further, the Corporation is highly dependent on the services of management and skilled mechanical engineering technicians. The unexpected loss of or failure to retain one or more of the Corporation’s key employees could adversely affect the business, results of operations or financial condition. The Corporation does not currently maintain key man life insurance policies for any director, officer or employee.

Experienced and highly skilled employees are in high demand and competition for these employees can be intense. The Corporation’s ability to hire, attract and retain them depends on its ability to provide competitive compensation. The Corporation may not be able to attract, assimilate, develop or retain qualified personnel in the future, and the Corporation’s failure to do so could materially adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, global labor shortages have exacerbated and may continue to exacerbate in the future the Corporation’s exposure to such risk.

Regulations related to “conflict minerals” may force the Corporation to incur additional expenses, may make the Corporation’s supply chain more complex and may result in damage to the Corporation’s reputation with customers.

Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the SEC has adopted requirements for companies that use certain minerals and metals, known as conflict minerals, in their products, whether these products are manufactured by third parties. These requirements require companies to perform due diligence, disclose and report whether such minerals originate from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries, or come from recycled or scrap sources. These requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availability and pricing of minerals used in the manufacture of heavy-duty electric vehicles, including the Corporation’s products. While these requirements continue to be subject to administrative uncertainty, the Corporation will incur additional costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to determining the source of any of the relevant minerals and metals used in the Corporation’s products. Since the Corporation’s supply chain is complex, the Corporation may not be able to sufficiently verify the origins for these minerals and metals used in the Corporation’s products through the due diligence procedures that the Corporation implements, which may harm its reputation. In such event, the Corporation may also face difficulties in satisfying customers who require that all of the components of the Corporation’s products are certified as conflict mineral free.

Failure to comply with anti-corruption, anti-money laundering and sanction laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (“FCPA”) and similar laws associated with the Corporation’s activities outside of the United States, could subject the Corporation to penalties and other adverse consequences.

The Corporation is subject to the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the UK Bribery Act of 2010, the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (Canada), U.S. and foreign laws relating to economic sanctions, including the laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control and may be subject to other anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and sanctions laws in countries in which the Corporation conducts activities. The Corporation faces significant risks if the Corporation fails to comply with the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws that prohibit companies and their employees and third-party intermediaries from promising, authorizing, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to foreign government officials, political parties and private sector recipients for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business, directing business to any person or securing any advantage. In many foreign countries, particularly in countries with developing economies, it may be a local custom that businesses engage in practices that are prohibited by the FCPA or other applicable laws and regulations. The Corporation may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and the Corporation can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third- party intermediaries, the Corporation’s employees, representatives, contractors, partners and agents, even if the Corporation does not explicitly authorize such activities. The Corporation has implemented an anti-corruption compliance program but cannot assure you that all of its employees and agents, as well as those companies to which the Corporation outsources certain of its business operations, will not take actions in violation of the Corporation’s policies and applicable law, for which the Corporation may be ultimately held responsible.

Any violation of the FCPA, other applicable anti-corruption, anti-money laundering and other applicable laws could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges or severe criminal or civil sanctions, which could have an adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. In addition, responding to any enforcement action may result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources, significant defense costs and other professional fees.

Cancellations, reductions or delays in customer orders or customer breaches of purchase agreements may adversely affect the Corporation’s results of operations.

The Corporation provides products to its customers for which the Corporation is customarily not paid in advance. The Corporation relies on the creditworthiness of its customers to collect on its receivables from them in a timely manner after it has billed for products previously provided. While the Corporation generally provides products pursuant to a written contract which determines the terms and conditions of payment to it by its customers, it is possible that customers may dispute an invoice and delay, contest or not pay the Corporation’s receivable. The Corporation’s failure to collect its receivables could adversely affect its cash flows and results of operations and, in certain cases, could cause the Corporation to fail to comply with the financial covenants under its outstanding debt.

Fuel shortages, or high prices for fuel, could have a negative effect on sales of the Corporation’s products.

CNG or diesel fuel is required for the operation of most of the Corporation’s vehicles and there is no assurance that the supply of these petroleum products will continue uninterrupted or that the price of or tax on these petroleum products will not significantly increase. High fuel costs generally drive greater demand for better fuel economy and substantial increases in the price of fuel have had a material adverse effect on the specialty vehicle industry as a whole in the past and could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s business in the future. Fluctuations in fuel prices have also historically negatively impacted consumer confidence and increased customer preferences for alternative fuel vehicles, only some of which the Corporation produces. The Russia-Ukraine conflict could increase instability in fuel prices.

Unfavorable global economic conditions and world events may have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Corporation’s business may be affected by global economic markets and levels of consumer comfort and spend, including recessions, slow economic growth, economic and pricing instability (including the current inflationary environment), increase of interest rates and credit market volatility, all of which could impact demand in the worldwide transportation industries or otherwise have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, unforeseen events such as the global COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical conflicts, including the current military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, have resulted and may in the future result in widespread disruptions to economic markets, manufacturing operations, supply chains, employment and consumer behavior or governmental spending (as a result of a reduction or different allocation in spending or otherwise). The impact of these and any future unforeseen events on the Corporation’s business, results of operations and financial condition is yet unknown and varied across geographic regions. The Corporation’s ability to accurately project supply and demand, infrastructure requirements and pace of delivery for the Corporation’s vehicles and allocate resources accordingly is critical. If current global market conditions continue or worsen, including further pandemic-related disruptions, geopolitical conflicts, or other unforeseen events, the Corporation’s business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

The Corporation maintains the majority of its cash and cash equivalents in accounts with RBC, a major Canadian bank, and its deposits at these institutions, may at times, exceed insured limits. Market conditions can impact the viability of these institutions. In the event of failure of any of the financial institutions where the Corporation maintains its cash and cash equivalents, there can be no assurance that the Corporation would be able to access uninsured funds in a timely manner or at all. Any inability to access or delay in accessing these funds could adversely affect the Corporation’s business and financial position.

The Corporation may sell additional common shares or other securities that are convertible or exchangeable into common shares in subsequent offerings or may issue additional common shares or other securities to finance future acquisitions.

The Corporation cannot predict the size or nature of future sales or issuances of securities or the effect, if any, that such future sales and issuances will have on the market price of the common shares. Sales or issuances of substantial numbers of common shares or other securities that are convertible or exchangeable into common shares, or the perception that such sales or issuances could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of the common shares. With any additional sale or issuance of common shares or other securities that are convertible or exchangeable into common shares, investors will suffer dilution to their voting power and economic interest in the Corporation. Furthermore, to the extent holders of the Corporation’s stock options or other convertible securities convert or exercise their securities and sell the common shares they receive, the trading price of the common shares may decrease due to the additional amount of common shares available in the market.

The market price for the common shares may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond the Corporation’s control.

The factors which may contribute to market price fluctuations of the common shares include the following:

The Corporation has not declared and paid dividends in the past and may not declare and pay dividends in the future.

Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on, among other things, financial results, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that the Board of Directors may deem relevant. As a result, investors may not receive any return on an investment in the common shares unless they sell their common shares for a price greater than that which such investors paid for them.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, of common shares by existing shareholders or by us, or future dilutive issuances of common shares by us, could adversely affect prevailing market prices for the common shares.

Subject to compliance with applicable securities laws, sales of a substantial number of common shares in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the market perception that the holders of a large number of common shares or securities convertible into common shares intend to sell common shares, could reduce the prevailing market price of the Corporation’s common shares. The Corporation cannot predict the effect, if any, that future public sales of these securities or the availability of these securities for sale will have on the market price of its common shares. If the market price of its common shares were to drop as a result, this might impede the Corporation’s ability to raise additional capital and might cause remaining shareholders to lose all or part of their investment.

In addition, certain holders of options and other share-based awards will have an immediate income inclusion for tax purposes when they exercise their options or when their other awards are share-settled (that is, tax is not deferred until they sell the underlying common shares). As a result, these holders may need to sell common shares purchased on the exercise of options or issued upon share settlement of share-based awards in the same year that they exercise their options or in which their share-based awards are share-settled. This might result in a greater number of common shares being sold in the public market, and reduced long-term holdings of common shares by the Corporation’s management and employees.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about the Corporation’s business, or if they downgrade the common shares, the price of the common shares could decline.

The trading market for the Corporation’s common shares depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about the Corporation or its business. The Corporation does not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover the Corporation downgrade the Corporation’s stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about the Corporation’s business, the price of the common shares would likely decline. In addition, if the Corporation’s results of operations fail to meet the forecast of analysts, the price of the common shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of the Corporation or fail to publish reports on the Corporation regularly, demand for the common shares could decrease, which might cause the price and trading volume of the common shares to decline.

The Corporation incurs increased costs as a result of being a public company in the United States and Canada, and management is required to devote substantial time to public company compliance efforts.

As a public company in the United States and Canada, the Corporation incurs additional legal, accounting, reporting and other expenses that the Corporation would not incur if it was private, and incurs increased expenses from being a public company in both jurisdictions. The additional demands associated with being a U.S. public company may disrupt regular operations of the Corporation’s business by diverting the attention of some of the Corporation’s senior management team away from revenue-producing activities to additional management and administrative oversight, adversely affecting the Corporation’s ability to attract and complete business opportunities and increasing the difficulty in both retaining professionals and managing and growing the Corporation’s business. Any of these effects could harm the Corporation’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

If the Corporation’s efforts to comply with new United States laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies, such regulatory bodies or third parties may initiate legal proceedings against the Corporation and its business may be adversely affected. As a public company in the United States, it is more expensive for the Corporation to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and the Corporation will be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to continue its coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for the Corporation to attract and retain qualified directors.

The U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002, as amended (the “U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), requires that the Corporation maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Pursuant to Section 404 of the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404”), the Corporation is required to furnish a report by its management on its internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”), which, if or when the Corporation is no longer an emerging growth company, must be accompanied by an attestation report on ICFR issued by its independent registered public accounting firm.

To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, the Corporation will document and evaluate its ICFR, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, the Corporation needs to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of its ICFR, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for ICFR. Despite the Corporation’s efforts, there is a risk that neither the Corporation nor its independent registered public accounting firm will be able to conclude within the prescribed timeframe that the Corporation’s ICFR is effective as required by Section 404. This could result in a determination that there are one or more material weaknesses in the Corporation’s ICFR, which could cause an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements. In addition, in the event that the Corporation is not able to demonstrate compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, that its internal control over financial reporting is perceived as inadequate, or that it is unable to produce timely or accurate financial statements, investors may lose confidence in its operating results and the price of the common shares may decline. In addition, if the Corporation is unable to continue to meet these requirements, it may not be able to remain listed on Nasdaq .

Inability to meet Nasdaq listing standards

The Corporation received a letter from the Listings Qualifications Department of Nasdaq on February 28, 2023 notifying the Corporation that it was not in compliance with Listing Rule 5550 (a)(2), which requires the listed securities of the Corporation to maintain a minimum bid price of US$1 per share. The Corporation had not met the requirement for a period of 30 consecutive business days prior to receipt of the Nasdaq letter. The Corporation has a compliance period of 180 calendar days or until August 28, 2023, to regain compliance with Nasdaq ‘s minimum bid price requirement. If at any time during the compliance period the Corporation’s closing bid price is at least $1 for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, Nasdaq will provide the Corporation with a written confirmation of compliance and the matter will be closed. As of the date of this Annual Report, the common share per share closing bid price remains below $1. In the event the Corporation does not regain compliance by August 28, 2023, the Corporation may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day compliance period. To qualify, the Corporation would need to, among other things, meet the continued listing requirement for the market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for Nasdaq , with the exception of the minimum bid price requirement, and provide written notice to Nasdaq that it intends to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period. There is no guarantee that the Corporation will regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, that the Corporation will maintain compliance with other Nasdaq listing standards, or that the Corporation will be eligible for a second compliance period. If Nasdaq concludes that the Corporation will not be able to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period, or the Corporation does not make the required representations, then Nasdaq will give notice that the common shares are subject to delisting and the Corporation will be able to appeal that delisting before a Nasdaq hearings panel. The Corporation’s management is reviewing various options available to the Corporation in order to regain compliance and continued listing on Nasdaq . The delisting of the Corporation’s common shares from Nasdaq could negatively impact the Corporation because it: (i) could reduce the liquidity, and possibly the market price, of the common shares; (ii) could reduce the number of U.S. investors willing to hold or acquire its common shares, which could negatively impact the Corporation’s ability to raise equity financing; and (iii) would limit the Corporation’s ability to use certain types of registration statements in the United States to offer and sell freely tradable securities, thereby preventing the Corporation from accessing the U.S. public capital markets.

As a foreign private issuer, the Corporation is subject to different U.S. securities laws and rules than a domestic U.S. issuer, which may limit the information publicly available to its shareholders.

The Corporation is a “foreign private issuer” as such term is defined in Rule 405 under the U.S. Securities Act, and is permitted, under a multijurisdictional disclosure system adopted by the United States and Canada, to prepare its disclosure documents filed under the Exchange Act in accordance with Canadian disclosure requirements. Under the Exchange Act, the Corporation is subject to reporting obligations that, in certain respects, are less detailed and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. As a result, the Corporation will not file the same reports that a U.S. domestic issuer would file with the SEC, although it will be required to file or furnish to the SEC the continuous disclosure documents that it is required to file in Canada under Canadian securities laws. In addition, the Corporation’s officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Therefore, the Corporation’s shareholders may not know on as timely a basis when its officers, directors and principal shareholders purchase or sell shares, as the reporting deadlines under the corresponding Canadian insider reporting requirements are longer.

As a foreign private issuer, the Corporation is exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements. The Corporation is also exempt from Regulation FD, which prohibits issuers from making selective disclosures of material non-public information. While the Corporation expects to comply with the corresponding requirements relating to proxy statements and disclosure of material non-public information under Canadian securities laws, these requirements differ from those under the Exchange Act and Regulation FD and shareholders should not expect to receive in every case the same information at the same time as such information is provided by U.S. domestic companies.

In addition, as a foreign private issuer, the Corporation has the option to follow certain Canadian corporate governance practices, except to the extent that such laws would be contrary to U.S. securities laws, and provided that it discloses the requirements it is not following and describe the Canadian practices it follows instead. For example, the Corporation intends to utilize exemptions under Nasdaq listing standards from the requirement to have fully independent compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees, as defined under Nasdaq rules. In addition, the Corporation does not intend to follow the minimum quorum requirements for shareholder meetings as well as certain shareholder approval requirements prior to the issuance of securities under Nasdaq listing standards, as permitted for foreign private issuers. As a result, the Corporation’s shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of U.S. domestic companies that are subject to all U.S. corporate governance requirements. 

If the Corporation ceases to qualify as a foreign private issuer, it will be subject to the same reporting requirements and corporate governance requirements as a U.S. domestic issuer which will likely increase its costs of being a public corporation in the United States.

The Corporation is an emerging growth company and intends to take advantage of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could make the common shares less attractive to investors.

The Corporation is an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012. The Corporation will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which it has total annual gross revenue of $1.07 billion or more; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of common shares pursuant to the Registration Statement; (iii) the date on which it has issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period; or (iv) the date it qualifies as a “large accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC, which means the market value of the common shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter after it has been a reporting company in the United States for at least 12 months. For so long as the Corporation remains an emerging growth company, it is permitted to and intends to rely upon exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

The Corporation may take advantage of some, but not all, of the available exemptions available to emerging growth companies. The Corporation cannot predict whether investors will find the common shares less attractive if it relies on these exemptions. If some investors find the common shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for the common shares and the price of the common shares may be more volatile.

The Corporation is governed by the corporate and securities laws of Canada which in some cases have a different effect on shareholders than the corporate laws of Delaware, U.S. and U.S. securities laws.

The Corporation is governed by the British Columbia Business Corporations Act (the “BCBCA”) and other relevant laws, which may affect the rights of shareholders differently than those of a Corporation governed by the laws of a U.S. jurisdiction, and may, together with the Corporation’s constating documents, have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of the Corporation by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise, or may affect the price an acquiring party would be willing to offer in such an instance. The material differences between the BCBCA and Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”) that may have the greatest such effect include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) for material corporate transactions (such as mergers and amalgamations, other extraordinary corporate transactions or amendments to the Corporation’s articles) the BCBCA generally requires a two-thirds majority vote by shareholders, whereas DGCL generally requires only a majority vote; and (ii) under the BCBCA, holders of 5% or more of the Corporation’s shares that carry the right to vote at a meeting of shareholders can requisition a special meeting of shareholders, whereas such right does not exist under the DGCL.

As the Corporation is a Canadian corporation and most of its directors and officers reside or are organized in Canada, it may be difficult for United States shareholders to effect service on the Corporation, and it may be difficult for Canadian investors to enforce civil liabilities against its directors and officers residing outside of Canada.

The Corporation is governed by the BCBCA with its principal place of business in Canada, most of its directors and officers reside or are organized in Canada or the provinces thereof and the majority of the Corporation’s assets and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these persons may be located outside the United States. Consequently, it may be difficult for investors who reside in the United States to effect service of process in the United States upon the Corporation or upon such persons who are not residents of the United States, or to realize upon judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. A judgment of a U.S. court predicated solely upon such civil liabilities may be enforceable in Canada by a Canadian court if the U.S. court in which the judgment was obtained had jurisdiction, as determined by the Canadian court, in the matter. Investors should not assume that Canadian courts: (i) would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against the Corporation or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or the securities or blue sky laws of any state within the United States, or (ii) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against the Corporation or such persons predicated upon the U.S. federal securities laws or any such state securities or blue sky laws. Similarly, some of the Corporation’s directors and officers are residents of countries other than Canada and all or a substantial portion of the assets of such persons are located outside Canada. As a result, it may be difficult for Canadian investors to initiate a lawsuit within Canada against these persons. In addition, it may not be possible for Canadian investors to collect from these persons judgments obtained in courts in Canada predicated on the civil liability provisions of securities legislation of certain of the provinces and territories of Canada. It may also be difficult for Canadian investors to succeed in a lawsuit in the United States based solely on violations of Canadian securities laws.

If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of the common shares, such holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly, or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of the common shares, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation” in its group. Because the Corporation’s group includes one or more non-U.S. subsidiaries, the Corporations expects that certain of its non-U.S. subsidiaries will be treated as controlled foreign corporations (regardless of whether or not it is treated as a controlled foreign corporation). A United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation may be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income,” and investments in U.S. property by controlled foreign corporations, regardless of whether it makes any distributions. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject a United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to such shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. The Corporation cannot provide any assurances that it will assist investors in determining whether any of its non-U.S. subsidiaries is treated as a controlled foreign corporation or whether any investor is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any such controlled foreign corporation or furnish to any United States shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations. A United States investor should consult its advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to an investment in the common shares.